Upload 25 files

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,202 @@
----
-license: apache-2.0
----
+---
+license: apache-2.0  
+base_model: microsoft/MiniLM-L6-v2  
+tags:  
+- transformers  
+- sentence-transformers  
+- sentence-similarity  
+- feature-extraction  
+- text-embeddings-inference  
+- information-retrieval  
+- knowledge-distillation  
+language:
+- en
+---
+
+<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center;">      
+    <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;">      
+        <img src="logo.webp" alt="MongoDB Logo" style="height: 36px; width: auto; border-radius: 4px;">      
+        <span style="font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold">MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-mt-asym</span>      
+    </div>      
+</div>  
+
+# Content
+
+1. [Introduction](#introduction)
+2. [Technical Report](#technical-report)
+3. [Highlights](#highlights)
+4. [Benchmarks](#benchmark-comparison)
+5. [Quickstart](#quickstart)
+6. [Citation](#citation)
+
+# Introduction
+
+`mdbr-leaf-mt-asym` is a compact high-performance text embedding model designed for classification, clustering, semantic sentence similarity and summarization tasks. 
+
+This model is the asymmetric variant of `mdbr-leaf-mt`, which uses [`MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-mt`](https://huggingface.co/MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-mt) for queries and [`mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1`](https://huggingface.co/mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1) for documents.
+
+The model is robust to [vector quantization](#vector-quantization) and [MRL truncation](#mrl-truncation).
+
+If you are looking to perform semantic search / information retrieval (e.g. for RAGs), please check out our [`mdbr-leaf-ir`](https://huggingface.co/MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-ir) model, which is specifically trained for these tasks.
+
+> [!Note]  
+> **Note**: this model has been developed by the ML team of MongoDB Research. At the time of writing it is not used in any of MongoDB's commercial product or service offerings.
+
+# Technical Report
+
+A technical report detailing our proposed `LEAF` training procedure is [available here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.12539).
+
+# Highlights  
+
+* **State-of-the-Art Performance**: `mdbr-leaf-mt-asym` achieves state-of-the-art results for compact embedding models, **ranking #1** on the public [MTEB v2 (Eng) leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mteb/leaderboard) for models with ≤30M parameters.
+* **Flexible Architecture Support**: `mdbr-leaf-mt-asym` uses an asymmetric retrieval architecture enabling even greater retrieval results.
+* **MRL and Quantization Support**: embedding vectors generated by `mdbr-leaf-mt-asym` compress well when truncated (MRL) and can be stored using more efficient types like `int8` and `binary`.  [See below](#mrl-truncation) for more information.
+
+## Benchmark Comparison
+
+The table below shows the scores for `mdbr-leaf-mt` on the MTEB v2 (English) benchmark, compared to other retrieval models.
+
+`mdbr-leaf-mt` ranks #1 on this benchmark for models with <30M parameters.
+
+| Model                              | Size    | MTEB v2 (Eng) |  
+|------------------------------------|---------|---------------|  
+| OpenAI text-embedding-3-large      | Unknown | 66.43         |  
+| OpenAI text-embedding-3-small      | Unknown | 64.56         |  
+| **mdbr-leaf-mt**                   | 23M     | **63.97**     |  
+| gte-small                          | 33M     | 63.22         |  
+| snowflake-arctic-embed-s           | 32M     | 61.59         |  
+| e5-small-v2                        | 33M     | 61.32         |  
+| granite-embedding-small-english-r2 | 47M     | 61.07         |  
+| all-MiniLM-L6-v2                   | 22M     | 59.03         |  
+
+# Quickstart
+
+## Sentence Transformers
+
+```python  
+from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer  
+
+# Load the model  
+model = SentenceTransformer("MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-mt-asym")  
+
+# Example queries and documents
+queries = [
+    "What is machine learning?", 
+    "How does neural network training work?",
+]
+
+documents = [
+    "Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms that can learn from data.",
+    "Neural networks are trained through backpropagation, adjusting weights to minimize prediction errors.",
+]
+
+# Encode queries and documents
+query_embeddings = model.encode_query(queries)
+document_embeddings = model.encode_document(documents)
+
+# Compute similarity scores
+scores = model.similarity(query_embeddings, document_embeddings)
+
+# Print results
+for i, query in enumerate(queries):
+    print(f"Query: {query}")
+    for j, doc in enumerate(documents):
+        print(f" Similarity: {scores[i, j]:.4f} | Document {j}: {doc[:80]}...")
+
+# Query: What is machine learning?
+#  Similarity: 0.8483 | Document 0: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorith...
+#  Similarity: 0.6805 | Document 1: Neural networks are trained through backpropagation, adjusting weights to minimi...
+
+# Query: How does neural network training work?
+#  Similarity: 0.6050 | Document 0: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorith...
+#  Similarity: 0.7689 | Document 1: Neural networks are trained through backpropagation, adjusting weights to minimi...
+```
+
+## Transformers Usage  
+
+See [here](https://huggingface.co/MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-mt/blob/main/transformers_example_mt.ipynb).
+  
+## Asymmetric Retrieval Setup
+  
+`mdbr-leaf-mt` is *aligned* to [`mxbai-embed-large-v1`](https://huggingface.co/mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1), the model it has been distilled from. This enables flexible architectures in which, for example, documents are encoded using the larger model, while queries can be encoded faster and more efficiently with the compact `leaf` model. This generally outperforms the symmetric setup in which both queries and documents are encoded with `leaf`.
+
+To use exclusively the leaf model, use [`mdbr-leaf-mt`](https://huggingface.co/MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-mt).
+
+## MRL Truncation
+
+Embeddings have been trained via [MRL](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13147) and can be truncated for more efficient storage:
+```python
+query_embeds = model.encode_query(queries, truncate_dim=256)
+doc_embeds = model.encode_document(documents, truncate_dim=256)
+
+similarities = model.similarity(query_embeds, doc_embeds)
+
+print('After MRL:')
+print(f"* Embeddings dimension: {query_embeds.shape[1]}")
+print(f"* Similarities:\n{similarities}")
+
+# After MRL:
+# * Embeddings dimension: 256
+# * Similarities:
+# tensor([[0.8584, 0.6921],
+#         [0.5973, 0.7893]])
+```
+
+## Vector Quantization
+Vector quantization, for example to `int8` or `binary`, can be performed as follows:
+
+**Note**: For vector quantization to types other than binary, we suggest performing a calibration to determine the optimal ranges, [see here](https://sbert.net/examples/sentence_transformer/applications/embedding-quantization/README.html#scalar-int8-quantization). 
+Good initial values are -1.0 and +1.0.
+```python
+from sentence_transformers.quantization import quantize_embeddings
+import torch
+
+query_embeds = model.encode(queries, prompt_name="query")
+doc_embeds = model.encode(documents)
+
+# Quantize embeddings to int8 using -1.0 and +1.0
+ranges = torch.tensor([[-1.0], [+1.0]]).expand(2, query_embeds.shape[1]).cpu().numpy()
+query_embeds = quantize_embeddings(query_embeds, "int8", ranges=ranges)
+doc_embeds = quantize_embeddings(doc_embeds, "int8", ranges=ranges)
+
+# Calculate similarities; cast to int64 to avoid under/overflow
+similarities = query_embeds.astype(int) @ doc_embeds.astype(int).T
+
+print('After quantization:')
+print(f"* Embeddings type: {query_embeds.dtype}")
+print(f"* Similarities:\n{similarities}")
+
+# After quantization:
+# * Embeddings type: int8
+# * Similarities:
+# [[2202032 1422868]
+#  [1421197 1845580]]
+```
+
+# Evaluation
+
+Please [see here](https://huggingface.co/MongoDB/mdbr-leaf-mt/blob/main/evaluate_models.ipynb).
+
+# Citation
+  
+If you use this model in your work, please cite:  
+  
+```bibtex  
+@misc{mdbr_leaf,
+      title={LEAF: Knowledge Distillation of Text Embedding Models with Teacher-Aligned Representations}, 
+      author={Robin Vujanic and Thomas Rueckstiess},
+      year={2025},
+      eprint={2509.12539},
+      archivePrefix={arXiv},
+      primaryClass={cs.IR},
+      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.12539}, 
+}
+```  
+  
+# License  
+  
+This model is released under Apache 2.0 License.  
+  
+# Contact  
+  
+For questions or issues, please open an issue or pull request. You can also contact the MongoDB ML research team at [email protected].  

config_sentence_transformers.json

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "model_type": "SentenceTransformer",
+  "__version__": {
+    "sentence_transformers": "5.1.0",
+    "transformers": "4.56.1",
+    "pytorch": "2.8.0+cu126"
+  },
+  "prompts": {
+    "query": "Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: ",
+    "document": ""
+  },
+  "default_prompt_name": null,
+  "similarity_fn_name": "cosine"
+}

document_0_Transformer/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "architectures": [
+    "BertModel"
+  ],
+  "attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1,
+  "classifier_dropout": null,
+  "dtype": "float32",
+  "gradient_checkpointing": false,
+  "hidden_act": "gelu",
+  "hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1,
+  "hidden_size": 1024,
+  "initializer_range": 0.02,
+  "intermediate_size": 4096,
+  "layer_norm_eps": 1e-12,
+  "max_position_embeddings": 512,
+  "model_type": "bert",
+  "num_attention_heads": 16,
+  "num_hidden_layers": 24,
+  "pad_token_id": 0,
+  "position_embedding_type": "absolute",
+  "transformers_version": "4.56.1",
+  "type_vocab_size": 2,
+  "use_cache": false,
+  "vocab_size": 30522
+}

document_0_Transformer/model.safetensors

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:e86b2a89f7f8933cf7bd90586cdf69d0012140e412818234b234f807e51ee574
+size 1340612432

document_0_Transformer/sentence_bert_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+    "max_seq_length": 512,
+    "do_lower_case": false,
+    "model_args": {
+        "add_pooling_layer": false
+    }
+}

document_0_Transformer/special_tokens_map.json

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "cls_token": {
+    "content": "[CLS]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "mask_token": {
+    "content": "[MASK]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "pad_token": {
+    "content": "[PAD]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "sep_token": {
+    "content": "[SEP]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "unk_token": {
+    "content": "[UNK]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  }
+}

document_0_Transformer/tokenizer_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "added_tokens_decoder": {
+    "0": {
+      "content": "[PAD]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "100": {
+      "content": "[UNK]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "101": {
+      "content": "[CLS]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "102": {
+      "content": "[SEP]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "103": {
+      "content": "[MASK]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    }
+  },
+  "clean_up_tokenization_spaces": true,
+  "cls_token": "[CLS]",
+  "do_basic_tokenize": true,
+  "do_lower_case": true,
+  "extra_special_tokens": {},
+  "mask_token": "[MASK]",
+  "model_max_length": 512,
+  "never_split": null,
+  "pad_token": "[PAD]",
+  "sep_token": "[SEP]",
+  "strip_accents": null,
+  "tokenize_chinese_chars": true,
+  "tokenizer_class": "BertTokenizer",
+  "unk_token": "[UNK]"
+}

document_1_Pooling/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+    "word_embedding_dimension": 1024,
+    "pooling_mode_cls_token": true,
+    "pooling_mode_mean_tokens": false,
+    "pooling_mode_max_tokens": false,
+    "pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens": false,
+    "pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens": false,
+    "pooling_mode_lasttoken": false,
+    "include_prompt": true
+}

modules.json

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[
+  {
+    "idx": 0,
+    "name": "0",
+    "path": "",
+    "type": "sentence_transformers.models.Router"
+  },
+  {
+    "idx": 1,
+    "name": "1",
+    "path": "1_Normalize",
+    "type": "sentence_transformers.models.Normalize"
+  }
+]

query_0_Transformer/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "architectures": [
+    "BertModel"
+  ],
+  "attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1,
+  "classifier_dropout": null,
+  "dtype": "float32",
+  "gradient_checkpointing": false,
+  "hidden_act": "gelu",
+  "hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1,
+  "hidden_size": 384,
+  "initializer_range": 0.02,
+  "intermediate_size": 1536,
+  "layer_norm_eps": 1e-12,
+  "max_position_embeddings": 512,
+  "model_type": "bert",
+  "num_attention_heads": 12,
+  "num_hidden_layers": 6,
+  "pad_token_id": 0,
+  "position_embedding_type": "absolute",
+  "transformers_version": "4.56.1",
+  "type_vocab_size": 2,
+  "use_cache": true,
+  "vocab_size": 30522
+}

query_0_Transformer/model.safetensors

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:08a4fce05c16baee8b6ca143d1ae11535ababb05412f506e7a89a8b56916a6a5
+size 90272656

query_0_Transformer/sentence_bert_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+    "max_seq_length": 512,
+    "do_lower_case": false,
+    "model_args": {
+        "add_pooling_layer": false
+    }
+}

query_0_Transformer/special_tokens_map.json

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "cls_token": {
+    "content": "[CLS]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "mask_token": {
+    "content": "[MASK]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "pad_token": {
+    "content": "[PAD]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "sep_token": {
+    "content": "[SEP]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  },
+  "unk_token": {
+    "content": "[UNK]",
+    "lstrip": false,
+    "normalized": false,
+    "rstrip": false,
+    "single_word": false
+  }
+}

query_0_Transformer/tokenizer_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+{
+  "added_tokens_decoder": {
+    "0": {
+      "content": "[PAD]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "100": {
+      "content": "[UNK]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "101": {
+      "content": "[CLS]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "102": {
+      "content": "[SEP]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    },
+    "103": {
+      "content": "[MASK]",
+      "lstrip": false,
+      "normalized": false,
+      "rstrip": false,
+      "single_word": false,
+      "special": true
+    }
+  },
+  "clean_up_tokenization_spaces": false,
+  "cls_token": "[CLS]",
+  "do_basic_tokenize": true,
+  "do_lower_case": true,
+  "extra_special_tokens": {},
+  "mask_token": "[MASK]",
+  "max_length": 128,
+  "model_max_length": 512,
+  "never_split": null,
+  "pad_to_multiple_of": null,
+  "pad_token": "[PAD]",
+  "pad_token_type_id": 0,
+  "padding_side": "right",
+  "sep_token": "[SEP]",
+  "stride": 0,
+  "strip_accents": null,
+  "tokenize_chinese_chars": true,
+  "tokenizer_class": "BertTokenizer",
+  "truncation_side": "right",
+  "truncation_strategy": "longest_first",
+  "unk_token": "[UNK]"
+}

query_1_Pooling/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+    "word_embedding_dimension": 384,
+    "pooling_mode_cls_token": false,
+    "pooling_mode_mean_tokens": true,
+    "pooling_mode_max_tokens": false,
+    "pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens": false,
+    "pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens": false,
+    "pooling_mode_lasttoken": false,
+    "include_prompt": true
+}

query_2_Dense/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "in_features": 384,
+    "out_features": 1024,
+    "bias": false,
+    "activation_function": "torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity"
+}

query_2_Dense/model.safetensors

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:dfe95933b75110ca0c1650dc0a78f06d0a05a028892ac74ffc5aa3644283f16f
+size 1572952

router_config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+    "types": {
+        "query_0_Transformer": "sentence_transformers.models.Transformer.Transformer",
+        "query_1_Pooling": "sentence_transformers.models.Pooling.Pooling",
+        "query_2_Dense": "sentence_transformers.models.Dense.Dense",
+        "document_0_Transformer": "sentence_transformers.models.Transformer.Transformer",
+        "document_1_Pooling": "sentence_transformers.models.Pooling.Pooling"
+    },
+    "structure": {
+        "query": [
+            "query_0_Transformer",
+            "query_1_Pooling",
+            "query_2_Dense"
+        ],
+        "document": [
+            "document_0_Transformer",
+            "document_1_Pooling"
+        ]
+    },
+    "parameters": {
+        "default_route": "document",
+        "allow_empty_key": true
+    }
+}