case_metadata.csv

case_id,title,publication_date,clinical_history,differential_diagnosis,final_diagnosis,link
case0183,Lhermitte Duclos disease mistaken for metastases in a patient with breast cancer,30.03.2022,"A 60-year-old woman diagnosed with breast cancer who had received a mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, presented with persistent headache of low intensity that had been present for 2 months and had no other without other neurological symptoms.",Lhermitte-Duclos disease; Metastases; Medulloblastoma; Cerebellitis,Lhermitte-Duclos disease,https://eurorad.org/case/17676
case0016,Oligodendroglioma Masquerading as a Cerebral Contusion,23.12.2015,"A 38-year-old male presented to the emergency department after a fall, with frontal cranial impact and loss of consciousness. At admittance he had a Glasgow Coma Scale Score of 14, without focal neurological deficits.",Oligodendroglioma (WHO grade II); Astrocytoma (specially low grade diffuse astrocytoma); Ganglioglioma; Dysembryonic neurorpithelial tumor (DNET); Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA); Cerebral arteriovenous malformation; Cerebral Contusion,Oligodendroglioma (WHO grade II),https://eurorad.org/case/13265
case0276,TB or not TB? En plaque tuberculoma masquerading as meningioma,24.09.2024,"A 14-year-old boy presented with complaints of headache, low-grade fever, and dizziness since two months. He also had multiple episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures. He had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis four years back, for which he had completed his course of anti-tubercular drugs. On clinical examination, there was neck rigidity.",En plaque tuberculoma; Meningioma; Dural metastasis; Sarcoidosis; Lymphoma,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/18700
case0018,Symptomatic colloid cyst,31.01.2016,"A 56-years-old man consulted his General Practitioner with a history of increased feeling of cranial pressure and headache for two days. The patient was sent to the local Casualty Department. In clinical examination nothing abnormal was detected. All laboratory tests were normal. A cranial CT was performed, followed by cranial MRI.",Colloid cyst; Intraventricular haemorrhage; Ependymoma,Colloid cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/13336
case0062,Hemimegalencephaly,21.05.2017,4-month-old male patient with increasing seizure frequency.,Hemimegalencephaly; Focal cortical dysplasia; Rasmussen encephalitis; Tuberous sclerosis; Infiltrating glioma in gliomatosis pattern,Hemimegalencephaly,https://eurorad.org/case/14735
case0158,Pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation,12.05.2021,"A 45-year-old female patient with history of headache and vomiting presented to the OPD. On examination, bulk, power and reflexes were normal. Initial laboratory results show no evidence of biochemical abnormalities and blood counts were normal. Then the patient was subjected to Imaging.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation (PPTID),https://eurorad.org/case/17267
case0221,Huge intracranial heterogeneous extra-axial mass lesion,06.03.2023,"43-year-old woman with progressive left hemiparesis, headaches and behavioural changes.","Solitary Fibrous Tumour of the meninges; Meningioma; Dural metastasis; Chloroma; Non-tumoral extra-axial mass lesion (Rosai-Dorfman disease, sarcoidosis, etc)",Solitary Fibrous Tumour of the meninges,https://eurorad.org/case/18038
case0104,Cerebello-pontine angle epidermoid,19.09.2018,"Headache for 15 days, left-sided hearing difficulties, left-sided facial numbness and sharp shooting pain for 15 days, vertigo for 20 days. No limb weakness, h/o trauma or surgery. Physical examination shows left-sided 5th to 8th cranial nerve deficits.",Left cerebello-pontine cistern epidermoid; Arachnoid cyst; Dermoid,Left cerebello-pontine cistern epidermoid,https://eurorad.org/case/16026
case0263,An uncommon case presentation of loss of consciousness: Artery of Percheron infarction,12.03.2024,"A 65-year-old male presented in view of multiple episodes of transient loss of consciousness , each episode lasting approximately 15 minutes. There were no symptoms prior to or following the period of unconsciousness. Examination was unremarkable, and investigations, including ECG, echocardiogram, and CT stroke protocol, were unremarkable. An MRI brain was later organised.",Artery of Percheron infarction; Bilateral internal cerebral venous thrombosis; Acute basilar artery occlusion,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/18487
case0196,MRI findings in a case of acute methanol intoxication,15.06.2022,A 35-year-old man was brought to the Emergency Department with a history of unconsciousness. He had a history of acute wild alcohol (made out of fox meat) intake 24 hours prior to the presentation.  Examination revealed the Glasgow Coma Scale to be 6. An arterial blood gas analysis showed a high anion gap metabolic acidosis.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Acute toxic leukoencephalopathy due to methanol toxicity,https://eurorad.org/case/17772
case0003,Imaging findings in MELAS syndrome,28.07.2015,"A 41-year-old male patient with a history of deafness, mitral valve prolapse, arterial hypertension but without toxic habits came to the emergency room with dyschromatopsia and mild dysarthria. Ten days before, he had been diagnosed with ischaemic stroke after having developed a confusional state and fluctuating sensory aphasia that recovered completely.","MELAS: mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and ""stroke-like"" episodes.; Stroke; MERRF (Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged-Red Fibres); Leigh syndrome; Kearns-Sayre syndrome","MELAS: mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and ""stroke-like"" episodes.",https://eurorad.org/case/12858
case0147,Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis with complication of obstructive hydrocephalous,01.12.2020,"65-year-old male. Headache since 5-6 months. Gait disturbance increasing gradually since 5-6 months. Left eye blurred vision and Right eye watery discharge since 2 days. No other significant relevant past medical history. The patient’s routine biochemistry was normal and CSF showed normal cell count, sugar and protein levels. Patient’s HIV, HBsAG, VDRL, Rheumatoid factor and Antinuclear antibodies were negative. Patient was undergoing corticosteroid therapy and had improved vision and headache.",Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis; Tolosa hunt syndrome; Sarcoidosis; Lymphoma; Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis,Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis,https://eurorad.org/case/17070
case0246,A case study: Early presentation of Fahr’s syndrome,04.10.2023,"A 27-year-old male had an incidental finding of intracranial calcifications on a CT head scan. The scan was performed to evaluate an enlarged external occipital protuberance discovered after shaving his head . According to the family, over the past two years, the patient has experienced forgetfulness with a reduced attention span. His academic performance at the university has progressively declined during this period, especially in the last few months, during which he has become more silent and less communicative . He reported no sensory-motor disturbances, cerebellar symptoms, seizures, or extrapyramidal features. Consequently, both CT and MRI scans of the head were requested.",Hypoparathyroidism; Toxoplasmosis; Mitochondrial myopathy; Cokayne syndrome; Kenny Caffey syndrome; Fahr’s syndrome,Fahr’s syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/18297
case0070,Hypertrophic olivary degeneration,22.02.2018,"One month after having run out of his anti-hypertensive medication, a 61-year-old male patient was diagnosed in the emergency room as having had a stroke. Nine months after the stroke, he developed a synchronous tremor in his palate.",Hypertrophic olivary degeneration; Demyelinating disorders; Astrocytoma; Infections,Hypertrophic olivary degeneration,https://eurorad.org/case/14830
case0096,"Marchiafava-Bignami disease, a rare alcoholic encephalopathy",11.05.2018,"A 46-year-old alcoholic Caucasian female patient admitted at the emergency department with an encephalopathy that started 3 hours earlier. Symptoms were mutism, dysarthria, a partial left upper limb hemiparesis and a left facial nerve paralysis.",Marchiafava-Bignami disease; Multiple sclerosis; Diffuse axonal injury; Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; Callosal infarction,Marchiafava-Bignami disease,https://eurorad.org/case/15688
case0043,Hypomelanosis of Ito with central nervous system manifestation,02.10.2016,"A 6-year-old boy came for MRI with complaints of delayed development, hypotonia, seizures. Birth history was normal and he was born to non-consanguineous parents. His younger sibling was normal. On clinical examination, the patient had multiple hypopigmented and hyperpigmented patches on limbs, back and chest.",Hypomelanosis of Ito; Tuberous sclerosis; Vitiligo; Neurofibromatosis,Hypomelanosis of Ito,https://eurorad.org/case/14076
case0274,Tuberculosis meningoencephalitis mimicking herpes encephalitis,22.08.2024,"A 42-year-old female with a history of chronic cough and night sweats presented to the emergency department with a 2-week history of headache, fever, confusion, and altered mental status. The patient had no significant past medical history or known contact with tuberculosis. On examination, she was febrile (38.5°C), disoriented, and had nuchal rigidity. No focal neurological deficits were noted.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Tuberculosis meningoencephalitis,https://eurorad.org/case/18669
case0172,Classical Arnold Chiari malformation: Type II,18.10.2021,A 3-month-old male baby presented with progressive swelling over the lower back since birth.,Arnold Chiari malformation type II (closed type); Arnold Chiari malformation type I; Isolated myelomeningocele without posterior fossa abnormality; Encephalocele,Arnold Chiari malformation type II (closed type),https://eurorad.org/case/17441
case0049,A rare case of posterior cranial fossa dermoid cyst with malignant transformation,22.11.2016,A 48-year-old lady presented with vertigo and headache for 2 weeks.,Posterior cranial fossa dermoid cyst with malignant transformation; Metastasis (less likely); Simple dermoid cyst (unlikely due to aggressive feature),Posterior cranial fossa dermoid cyst with malignant transformation,https://eurorad.org/case/14282
case0002,A rare cause of exophthalmos,20.07.2015,A 82-year-old man presented with a history of right parietal low-grade meningioma operated 18 years before. He reported severe headache for one year with recent worsening of symptoms with left hemiplegia and painless progressive exophthalmos of the right eye. Fundus examination was normal in both eyes.,Multiple intra-cranial meningiomas; Lymphoma; Metastasis; Meningeal haemangiopericytoma,Multiple intra-cranial meningiomas,https://eurorad.org/case/12839
case0076,Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum in an elderly patient: MR-imaging,24.08.2017,"A 77-year old woman presented to our institution with persistent headache, gait instability, dysarthria and dysphagia. A head MRI was scheduled.",Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum; (Capillary) aemangioblastoma; Low-grade astrocytoma,Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum,https://eurorad.org/case/14955
case0006,Developmental venous anomaly and cavernous malformation,29.10.2015,"A 59-year-old woman consulted for a 3-month difficulty closing the right eye not associated with ptosis nor diplopia. On neurological examination the patient had right upper facial weakness, hypoesthesia in the distribution of V3 of the right trigeminal nerve and mild right hearing loss.",Cerebral developmental venous anomaly and cavernous malformation.; Arteriovenous malformation; Vascular neoplasm,Cerebral developmental venous anomaly and cavernous malformation.,https://eurorad.org/case/13013
case0041,Butterfly glioma: A pretty name for an ugly glioblastoma,31.07.2016,"Previously healthy 54-year-old man saw his family physician complaining of a one-month presentation of spatial disorientation, auditory hallucinations, and short-term memory-loss. Upon physical examination, the patient presents subtle right paresthesias, right hemianopsia and dyscalculia. Blood-analysis shows no relevant anomalies. Brain imaging is indicated to discard organic cause.",Glioblastoma multiforme; Primary CNS lymphoma; Corpus callosum metastasis; Cerebral toxoplasmosis (AIDS),Glioblastoma multiforme,https://eurorad.org/case/13910
case0138,Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase (AMACR) deficiency: Characteristic MRI brain findings of the rare entity,30.07.2020,"A lady in her mid-fifties presented with visual disturbances. She had had multiple episodes of encephalitis, the first at the age of 22 years, and was on antiepileptic medications since. She also had ophthalmoscopically confirmed retinal abnormalities; a condition she shared with her younger sister. An MRI brain was performed.",Adult-onset phenotype Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMACR) deficiency,Adult-onset phenotype Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMACR) deficiency,https://eurorad.org/case/16929
case0035,Bithalamic venous infarction due to straight sinus thrombosis,08.07.2016,77-year-old man attended the ER due to prolonged intense headaches and decreased mental state. Relevant medical history includes chronic anticoagulant therapy due to atrial fibrillation. A non-enhanced cranial CT was indicated (NECT).,Deep cerebral venous thrombosis with bithalamic infarction.; Glioma; Primary CNS lymphoma; Percheron artery infarction,Deep cerebral venous thrombosis with bithalamic infarction.,https://eurorad.org/case/13697
case0249,Progression of Niemann-Pick disease type C in a paediatric patient,11.10.2023,"A 17-year-old boy experienced daily seizures and cataplectic episodes. Audiometry revealed hearing loss on the left. Somatosensory evoked potential test showed prolonged cortical responses and central conduction, with weaker right-side cortical response. Minor liver enlargement, dysphagia, rapidly progressing learning disability, memory issues, and increased clumsiness with walking difficulties were present. The first neurological symptoms appeared at 6 years of age.",Niemann-Pick disease type A; Niemann-Pick disease type B; Niemann-Pick disease type C; Multiple sclerosis; Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; Metachromatic leukodystrophy,Niemann-Pick disease type C,https://eurorad.org/case/18331
case0244,Diffuse Gyriform restriction in MRI brain: A feature of hypoxic injury in children,24.08.2023,"A 14-year-old female was diagnosed with a perforated appendix after an ultrasound. During surgery, her vitals rapidly declined, became hypoxic and she required cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and was eventually transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the following day was obtained.",Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy; Vascular thrombotic-occlusion; Hypoglycemia; Hyperammonemia; Cerebritis,Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/18274
case0118,"Editors selection

    
                              Rare manifestation of dengue fever as acute cerebellitis",17.09.2019,"A 22-year-old female patient came to our emergency department initially with complaints of fever, headache, vomiting and shortness of breath for 10 days and dizziness with gait disturbance for 3 days. Physical examination showed unsteady gait and horizontal nystagmus. Bilateral lower limb petechial haemorrhage and decreased breath sounds were also present. Laboratory investigations showed decreased platelet count. Blood films for malarial parasite were negative. Dengue IgM serology was performed which was positive. Rest of laboratory investigations were unremarkable.","Dengue cerebellitis; Acute cerebellitis secondary to other viral infections such VZV, measles, HSV and others; Lhermitte-Duclos disease",Dengue cerebellitis,https://eurorad.org/case/16456
case0045,Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with dural involvement,14.12.2016,"A 13-month-old female infant is brought to consultation due to repeated spastic seizures during the 2 previous months, without loss of consciousness, which have progressively become more frequent, now occurring up to 5-6 times a day. The patient is initiated on anti-epileptic drugs and a cranial MRI is performed.",Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with dural reaction.; Ganglioglioma; Pilocytic astrocytoma; DNET; Oligodendroglyoma; Meningioangiomatosis,Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with dural reaction.,https://eurorad.org/case/14216
case0036,Dyke Davidoff Mason syndrome,19.06.2016,14-year-old female patient with right-sided hemiparesis and convulsions.,Dyke Davidoff Masson syndrome; Chronic Rasmussen encephalitis; Sturge-Weber syndrome,Dyke Davidoff Masson syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/13750
case0130,Enterovirus Rhombencephalomyelitis,26.06.2020,"A 10-month-old girl was referred to the emergency department for acute cardiopulmonary failure in the context of myocarditis. She presented acute flaccid paralysis, respiratory distress, and ophthalmoplegia. Lumbar puncture for CSF analysis was not performed because blood tests revealed a coagulation disorder (INR = 2.33) due to her shock.","Enterovirus A71 rhombencephalomyelitis; Enterovirus encephalitis (enterovirus 68-71, poliovirus); Herpes simplex virus; Listerial rhombencephalitis; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis",Enterovirus A71 rhombencephalomyelitis,https://eurorad.org/case/16801
case0077,SMART syndrome (stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation-therapy),22.09.2017,"32 year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with headache, right homonymous hemianopsia and weakness in the right upper limb. She had a history of pineal germinoma treated with surgery and whole-brain radiotherapy 24 years before. An EEG done at presentation demonstrated left hemisphere slowing with no epileptogenic activity.",SMART syndrome; Ischaemic stroke; Post-ictal changes; Posterior reversible encephalopathy; Arteriovenous fistula; Venous sinus thrombosis,SMART syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/14978
case0089,Haemorrhagic colloid cyst with sudden clinical deterioration: emergency CT and MRI findings,14.02.2018,"A 65-year-old female patient presented to the Emergency Department with instability, vertigo and loss of muscle tone resulting in an episode of fall and sudden urinary incontinence. Past medical history was unremarkable.",Surgically and histologically confirmed haemorrhagic colloid cyst causing non-communicating hydrocephalus; Colloid cyst; Subependymal giant cell tumour; Central neurocytoma; Choroid plexus tumour; Subependymoma; Ependymoma; Metastasis; Basilar tip aneurysm,Surgically and histologically confirmed haemorrhagic colloid cyst causing non-communicating hydrocephalus,https://eurorad.org/case/15390
case0013,Paediatric brainstem glioma: MR Spectroscopy,21.11.2015,"The patient presented with altered sensorium with multiple episodes of vomiting since 1 week. On ophthalmological examination, the eye showed papillaedema. A general examination was normal.",High grade braistem (Pontine) glioma; Granulomatous lesion; Demyelinating diseases,High grade braistem (Pontine) glioma,https://eurorad.org/case/13182
case0133,A Parkinson Plus Case.,08.07.2020,A 78 years-old woman presented with rapidly progressive Parkinsonism despite treatment. Parkinsonian symptoms consist of left upper extremity trembling and bilateral upper extremities cogwheel rigidity. She also referred gait disturbance with frequent falls and sporadic visual hallucinations for one year. The patient had cognitive decline but no criteria for dementia. The blood test and lumbar puncture revealed no abnormalities.,Multiple system atrophy type C.; Multiple system atrophy type P; Parkinson's disease; Dementia with Lewy bodies,Multiple system atrophy type C.,https://eurorad.org/case/16857
case0008,A typical case of Leigh’s disease: Case report,13.10.2015,Four year old boy presented with history of regression of milestones and startle response along with rhythmic repetitive movement of upper limb since 15th month of age. EEG was normal with generalised spike at the time of sound-induced startle. Biochemical examination revealed increased serum lactate.,Leigh's disease (Mitochondrial disorder); Profound perinatal asphyxia; Mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis stroke-like episodes (MELAS); Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-1),Leigh's disease (Mitochondrial disorder),https://eurorad.org/case/13090
case0091,Gliosarcoma: a rare brain tumour in a middle-aged man,25.02.2018,"A 55-year-old man presented to our department with persistent headache, behavioural, expressive and walking disorders. He initially underwent a computed tomography scan (CT) and subsequently a brain magnetic resonance (MR) examination.",Gliosarcoma; Glioblastoma multiforme; Meningioma; Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET); Astroblastoma; Gliofibroma; Brain abscess; Metastasis,Gliosarcoma,https://eurorad.org/case/15514
case0209,Giant Tumefactive Perivascular Spaces: A rare cause of cognitive decline and gait instability,14.10.2022,"A 54-year-old woman was hospitalized due to cognitive decline, left hemiparesis , gait instability and urinary incontinence that progressed over a year. The patient had a past medical history of Bipolar Disorder.",Mesencephalic giant tumefactive perivascular spaces; Neurocysticercosis; CNS cryptococcosis; Neuroglial cysts; Abscess; Chronic lacunar infarctions,Mesencephalic giant tumefactive perivascular spaces,https://eurorad.org/case/17895
case0219,A unique complication of autologous fat graft migration,06.02.2023,A 70-year-old man with a right vestibular schwannoma underwent right retrosigmoid craniotomy and excision of the lesion. He later developed paradoxical CSF rhinorrhea for which right re-exploration mastoidectomy with CSF leak repair was performed. He presented with acute loss of left finger grip three months after the re-exploration surgery.,Autologous fat graft migration with aseptic chemical meningitis and secondary acute infarct; Dermoid cyst; Teratoma; Lipoma; Subarachnoid haemorrhage – subacute; Melanoma metastasis,Autologous fat graft migration with aseptic chemical meningitis and secondary acute infarct,https://eurorad.org/case/17991
case0180,Dangerous black fungus intercavernous spread,17.01.2022,A 48-year-old male presented with complaints of swelling of right eye with ptosis and restriction of eye movements. He had history of COVID 19 pneumonia one month before the present complaints and treated with steroids. He is a type II diabetic with uncontrolled sugars.,Intercavernous spread of angioinvasion to ICA by mucormycosis; Rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis; Orbital cellulitis with cavernous sinus thrombosis; Angioinvasion; Intercavernous spread,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/17587
case0230,Pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic pathway,10.05.2023,"6-year-old boy with intermittent headache, nausea, and vomiting in the past 2 months. No relevant personal or family history. He was taken to the emergency room due to symptoms of intracranial hypertension where a brain CT is performed and, after that, was referred to our neuroradiological team to perform an MRI examination.",Pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic pathway; Pilomyxoid astrocytoma; Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor; Ganglioglioma/gangliocytoma,Pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic pathway,https://eurorad.org/case/18127
case0023,Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis,13.05.2016,"A 77-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with tonic to clonic seizures after 2 months of worsening frontal headache. Apart from seizures and headache, the patient suffered from myelodysplastic syndrome, porphyria cutanea tarda, myxoedema and chronic heart disease.",Idiopathic hyperatrophic pachymeningitis.; Metastasis; Lymphoma; Meningioma [1]; Hyperatrophic pachymeningitis secondary to infectious infiltration such as tuberculosis or syphilis; IGg4-related hyperatrophic pachymeningitis [3],Idiopathic hyperatrophic pachymeningitis.,https://eurorad.org/case/13442
case0069,Schwannoma in intraconal space of orbit is an underreported entity,07.07.2017,"An 18-year-old female patient was referred to the radiology department with complaints of slowly progressive proptosis and diplopia of the left eye for the past 6 months. The patient had no complains of pain, fever or loss of vision. Her visual acuity was normal and ophthalmoscopic examinations were unremarkable.",Schwannoma of orbit arising from intraorbital branch of trigeminal nerve; Cavernous haemangioma of orbit; Rhabdomyosarcoma,Schwannoma of orbit arising from intraorbital branch of trigeminal nerve,https://eurorad.org/case/14811
case0241,Occipital Intradiploic Encephalocoele,14.06.2023,A 52 year old male presented with history of chronic headache and gradually enlarging swelling in occipital region of scalp.  He also complained of occasional visual disturbances in form of blurring vision. No history of seizure or trauma was noted. No history of body weakness or hemiparesis noted.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Occipital intradiploic encephalocele,https://eurorad.org/case/18218
case0127,Case of Wilson disease in a patient with giddiness,19.08.2021,"19-year-old girl presented with mild tremors of hand in the last two months and giddiness, vomiting in the past two days. There was no significant history of similar complaints or other major illnesses in the patient's family. Neurologic examination showed subtle extra pyramidal symptoms and hence was referred for brain MRI.",Case of Wilson disease in a patient with giddiness; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Leigh Disease; Huntington Disease,Case of Wilson disease in a patient with giddiness,https://eurorad.org/case/16733
case0171,Atypical CNS imaging features of Wilson's disease,08.10.2021,"A 20-year-old male with the inability to speak, faecal and urinary incontinence since 3 weeks. Left hemiparesis 1 year back. Increase tone of left lower limb, ankle clonus and cerebellar signs. Bilateral Kayser-Fleischer rings present. 24 hours urinary copper levels: 132ug (elevated). Past h/o jaundice. CSF analysis was normal.",Wilson’s disease with superimposed demyelination; CADASIL (Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy); MELAS (Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like symptoms); CNS vasculitis; Extensive demyelination – Multiple sclerosis,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/17437
case0207,Choroidal metastasis as the primary presentation of metastatic pulmonary carcinoma,08.09.2022,"A 65-year-old female patient presented with a two-week progressive loss of visual acuity and occasional dull pain in the right eye. Ophthalmologic examination was remarkable for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of hand motion, retinal pigment epithelium mottling with choroidal folds and an altered macular reflex in the right eye.",Choroidal and brain metastases from pulmonary carcinoma; Choroidal metastasis; Primary intraocular lymphoma; Hemorrhagic detachment of choroidea; Central serous chorioretinopathy; Choroidal melanoma,Choroidal and brain metastases from pulmonary carcinoma,https://eurorad.org/case/17876
case0212,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: The role of neuroimaging in diagnosis,17.11.2022,"A 3-year-old boy presented with a history of development delay, showing difficulties in the acquisition of words and sentence construction, and delayed capacity to walk without support. Parents concerns first began at 2 months of age because of hypotonia. Physical examination showed brachycephaly, ataxic gait and dysmetria.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria,https://eurorad.org/case/17933
case0073,Cerebral fat embolism (CFE): A unique lesion distribution,03.09.2017,"A 32-year-old man with multiple fractures was admitted to the emergency department after a motorbike accident. Initial CT of the head was unremarkable, 7 days later a brain MRI was performed due to altered level of consciousness.",Cerebral fat embolism; Cerebral fat embolism; Diffuse axonal injury,Cerebral fat embolism,https://eurorad.org/case/14866
case0129,Choroid plexus carcinoma,10.08.2020,"A 15-months-old female patient diagnosed with macrocephaly at birth presented at the emergency room with irritability, 1 kg weight loss and a 1.5 cm increase of the cephalic perimeter during the last month. A Li-Fraumeni syndrome with a mutation of the TP53 gene in the mother's germ line was known.","Choroid plexus carcinoma.; Choroid plexus papilloma and atypical choroid plexus papilloma.; Choroid plexus metastasis from neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor or retinoblastoma.; Meningioma: uncommon in children.",Choroid plexus carcinoma.,https://eurorad.org/case/16772
case0025,Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy,02.05.2016,"A known patient of chronic kidney disease on maintenance haemodialysis was brought to the emergency room in unresponsive state. On examination GCS was 3/15, pupils were dilated and fixed. He was in cardiac asystole. 3 cycles of CPR were done and patient was intubated. Post resuscitation pupils became sluggishly reactive.",Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy; Carbon monoxide poisoning; Brain death; Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy; PRES (Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome),Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/13462
case0217,Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with a subcortical cyst,16.01.2023,A 5-year-old male child presented with an enlarged head size since birth and a history of recurrent loss of consciousness. Delayed attainment of the gross and fine motor milestones was noted.  She is academically weak and had three episodes of seizures since birth.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/17972
case0080,Methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA) in a child,05.10.2017,"A six-year-old male child presented to the emergency room complaining about weakness, lethargy, abnormal respiration and episodes of vomiting together with dizziness one month before. The parents admitted to developmental delay, eating disorders, seizures, iron-deficiency-anaemia under treatment, and surgical excision of adenoids 2 months ago. Workup revealed elevated ammonia and methylmalonyc acid levels and low vitamin-B12 levels in the blood.",Methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA); Propionic acidaemia; Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency; Kernicterus; Carbon monoxide poisoning,Methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA),https://eurorad.org/case/15037
case0137,Thalamo-mesencephalic giant tumefactive perivascular spaces- A rare cause of chronic obstructive hydrocephalus and hemiparesis,29.07.2020,A 10-year-old male patient came to our hospital for headache and right-sided hemiparesis for one year. No other significant history was present .,Thalamo-mesencephalic giant tumefactive perivascular spaces type 3; Neurocysticercosis; Porencephalic cyst; Hydatid cyst; Neuroglial cyst,Thalamo-mesencephalic giant tumefactive perivascular spaces type 3,https://eurorad.org/case/16924
case0075,Krabbe disease in a 6-month old male presenting with neurodevelopmental regression and psychomotor delay: A case report,12.08.2017,"A 6-month-old male patient was born full-term to a G1P1 mother via vaginal delivery, with unremarkable prenatal and birth history. Early development was unremarkable. At 4 to 6 months of age, blank stares, poor head control and signs of developmental regression such as loss of previously made sounds were noted.",Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy); Gangliosidoses (GM1 and GM2); Metachromatic leukodystrophy,Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy),https://eurorad.org/case/14919
case0197,Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor,15.06.2022,"A 7-year-old patient with history of neuroblastoma 5 years prior , who remained disease free for 3 years, presented with headache and seizure s . Head CT (Computed Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) were performed due to suspicion of recurrence with CNS (Central Nervous System) affection.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Diffuse leptomeningeal ganglioneural tumour,https://eurorad.org/case/17773
case0262,A new stroke mimic,12.03.2024,"A gentleman in his 70s presented to the Emergency Department after developing sudden onset upper limb numbness, incoordination, blurring of vision and slurred speech. On initial assessment, he had some left-sided sensory loss of the face, ataxic left-sided upper limb features, a dysarthric speech pattern and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. He was known to have a background of myelodysplastic syndrome, and relapsing polychondritis.",Infection; Vasculitis; Multiple sclerosis; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM); CLIPPERS syndrome; VEXAS syndrome,VEXAS syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/18486
case0061,Central neurocytoma with atypical imaging appearance,13.06.2017,"A 30-year-old patient presented to the emergency department with 3 days history of headache, nausea and vomiting. Memory loss and disorientation in time and space were reported, without other neurological manifestations.",Central neurocytoma; Central neurocytoma; Subependymoma; Ependymoma; Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma,Central neurocytoma,https://eurorad.org/case/14734
case0182,Tri-ventricular hydrocephalus: Aqueduct web,21.03.2022,"An 11-month-old baby came to our institution with increasing head circumference acute mental status changes, headache, and vomiting.",Obstructive triventricular dilatation due to aqueductal stenosis caused by aqueductal web; Aqueductal web causing obstructive hydrocephalus.; Superior velum medullary synechia; Aqueductal stenosis,Obstructive triventricular dilatation due to aqueductal stenosis caused by aqueductal web,https://eurorad.org/case/17661
case0272,Vitreal silicone oil migration to lateral ventricle via optic nerve,27.06.2024,71-year-old female who presented to the Emergency Department with a sudden onset headache. A CT brain was carried out to exclude intracranial haemorrhage. Past medical history of silicone oil injection for retinal detachment.,Intraventricular migration of intra-ocular silicone oil via the optic nerve; Subarachnoid haemorrhage; Colloid cyst; Tumour,Intraventricular migration of intra-ocular silicone oil via the optic nerve,https://eurorad.org/case/18594
case0024,Lipoma of the corpus callosum,11.04.2016,A 14-year-old girl with no previous pathological history was admitted to the hospital with atypical headache without fever or any other specific signs. The neurological examination was normal and the patient was sent to our department to conduct a brain CT.,Lipoma of the corpus callosum; Fatty transformation of some brain tumours: glioma; Ependymoma; Dermoid teratoma,Lipoma of the corpus callosum,https://eurorad.org/case/13458
case0184,Recurring Dysembryoplastic Neuroepitelial Tumor,30.03.2022,"A 15-year-old male was sent for a brain MRI due to epileptic seizures that were not responding properly to the established treatment. The scan was obtained (figure 1 and 2) showing left parietooccipital lesion which was later excised. Control MRI scans over the next few years showed no abnormality other than surgical changes. After 3 years, seizures recurred and a new MRI scan was obtained (figure 3).",Dysembryoplastic Neuroepitelial Tumor; Diffuse astrocytoma; High-grade glioma; Dysembryoplastic Neuroepitelial Tumor with malignant transformation,Dysembryoplastic Neuroepitelial Tumor,https://eurorad.org/case/17677
case0281,A rare case of posterior fossa teratoma in an adult,04.11.2024,"A 36-year-old woman presented with holocranial headache, accompanied by dizziness and nausea for 6 months. She subsequently developed projectile vomiting and visited the emergency department, where she was referred to our institution with a diagnosis of infratentorial haemorrhage and probable vascular malformation.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Mature teratoma of the posterior fossa,https://eurorad.org/case/18756
case0149,An unusual case of intracranial meningioma appearing as cystic lesion with nodule within,11.02.2021,A 67-year-old male patient presented with gradually increasing headache for 2 weeks. He is a hypertensive patient well controlled with medications. No other co-morbidities noted.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,WHO grade II meningioma with cystic changes,https://eurorad.org/case/17159
case0159,Eye of tiger sign: the sign of brain iron accumulation,25.05.2021,"A 24-year-old male, presented with complaints of abnormal dystonic movements of the left hand for 3 years and dystonic movements in the neck for 2 years. There was no other significant past or family history. On ocular examination, no KF ring was seen. His serum ceruloplasmin level is within the normal limit. Other blood tests revealed no significant abnormality.",Neurodegeneration with Brain iron accumulation.; Wilson’s disease.; Atypical parkinsonism.; Organophosphate poisoning.,Neurodegeneration with Brain iron accumulation.,https://eurorad.org/case/17270
case0264,MRI aspect of hypoglycaemic encephalopathy: An image to remember,15.03.2024,"A 44-year-old man with a history of type 1 Diabetes mellitus was discovered unconscious at home. On admission, he had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 with an initial blood glucose level of 45 mg/dL. After normalization of blood glucose to 129 mg/dL, there was no clinical improvement.",Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy; Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury; Acute ischaemic infarct; Seizure-related changes; Status epilepticus,Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/18490
case0164,A child with cerebral hemiatrophy: a rare case report of Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome,30.06.2021,A 12-year-old female child was brought to our Outpatient Department with history of epilepsy who was taking antiepileptic drugs. There was history of vacuum delivery at birth without significant family history. Vitals were normal. Examination of the central nervous system revealed hemiparesis on the right side.,Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome; Rasmussen encephalitis; Sturge Weber syndrome; Hemimegalencephaly; Fishman syndrome,Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/17335
case0198,De novo cavernoma appeared due to radiotherapy after 5 years,19.07.2022,"A 13-year-old male with a history of cranial surgery for medulloblastoma and radiotherapy history both on cranial and spinal area. After 5 years of tumour-free follow-up MR images, his last brain MR scan revealed a hemorrhagic tumour in the right temporal lobe. He had no neurologic symptoms.",Cavernoma appeared due to radiotherapy; Tumour recurrence; Hemorrhagic metastases; Radiation-induced vasculopathy; Chronic encapsulated hematoma,Cavernoma appeared due to radiotherapy,https://eurorad.org/case/17781
case0082,Brain abscess secondary to chronic middle otitis,14.11.2017,"A 24-year-old male patient presented at the emergency department with headache, high-grade fever and sensory disturbance. He had a history of deafness and otorrhoea.",Otogenic brain abscess secondary to the cholesteatoma; High-grade glioma (e.g. glioblastoma); Brain metastasis; Tumefactive demyelinating lesion,Otogenic brain abscess secondary to the cholesteatoma,https://eurorad.org/case/15246
case0093,Cerebral solitary fibrous tumour,02.04.2018,65-year-old male patient with gait instability and hypofunction came to the emergency department.,Cerebral solitary fibrous tumour; Fibrous meningioma; Haemangiopericytoma,Cerebral solitary fibrous tumour,https://eurorad.org/case/15616
case0139,Central pontine myelinolysis: A pictorial review of MRI findings,03.08.2020,"A male patient, with known history of alcohol excess, was brought to the accident and emergency department in a drowsy and lethargic state. On admission, patient was hyponatraemic. Despite correction of serum sodium, the patient continued to deteriorate neurologically.",Central pontine myelinolysis; Pontine glioma; Vasculitis (Behcet’s disease); Traumatic brainstem injury; Hepatic encephalopathy; Multiple sclerosis,Central pontine myelinolysis,https://eurorad.org/case/16939
case0005,Hypoparathyroidism:Case report,01.09.2015,A 15-year-old male patient with history of seizures and limb spasm presented at our hospital.,Basal ganglia calcifications secondary to hypoparathyroidism; Hyperparathyroidism; Familial idiopathic cerebral calcification (Fahr’s syndrome); Birth anoxia; Carbon monoxide intoxication; Lead poisoning,Basal ganglia calcifications secondary to hypoparathyroidism,https://eurorad.org/case/12995
case0214,Giant Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma in a child with paresis: A Case Report,29.11.2022,"A 21-month-old male baby was brought with a history of left-sided weakness. He is unable to grasp objects in his left hand and had difficulty walking. He has normal social, language, and cognitive development. Normal perinatal history without similar episodes in family members was noted.",Giant Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma with obstructive mild hydrocephalus; Pituitary macroadenoma with cystic degeneration; Rathke cleft cyst; Dermoid cyst,Giant Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma with obstructive mild hydrocephalus,https://eurorad.org/case/17943
case0187,Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome with pure cerebellar ataxia and no cerebellar cysts: Expanding the clinical phenotype and brain imaging findings,07.04.2022,"Two monozygotic adolescent male twins, complaining of unsteadiness on walking and slurred speech for the previous year. Clinical evaluation revealed a pure cerebellar syndrome: scanning dysarthria, predominantly axial ataxia, slight symmetrical limb dysmetria and ataxic gait (both able to walk unaided). Past medical and family history was unremarkable.",Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome; Friedreich’s ataxia; Joubert syndrome,Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/17693
case0148,Granulomatous Hypophysitis,12.01.2021,"A 56-year-old lady presented with 6-8 weeks history of frontal headache associated with, photophobia, double vision and an episode of transient loss of consciousness. Bloods show deranged electrolytes, hyperprolactinaemia, hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency. On examination, all cranial nerves intact, no weakness in upper or lower limbs, no cerebellar signs.",Granulomatous Hypophysitis secondary to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Pituitary adenoma; Physiological pituitary hypertrophy in children and perimenopausal females; Abscess; Craniopharyngioma; Pituitary metastases,Granulomatous Hypophysitis secondary to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis,https://eurorad.org/case/17113
case0169,Mighty methanol becomes mistaken ethanol: Two unusual presentations of methanol intoxication as optic neuritis,18.08.2021,"Two gentlemen, 35 and 40 years old, presented with severe headache and blurring of vision in bilateral eyes. They had a history of consumption of hooch – a day prior. Clinical and fundoscopic examination was unremarkable.",Methanol toxicity; Wilson disease; Mitochondrial encephalopathies; Acute cyanide poisoning,Methanol toxicity,https://eurorad.org/case/17390
case0268,Central neurocytoma with intratumoural bleeding and imaging evaluation,31.05.2024,A 31-year-old female with vertigo underwent a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.,Central neurocytoma; Subependymoma; Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma; Ependymoma,Central neurocytoma,https://eurorad.org/case/18570
case0123,Rare case report of rabies encephalitis,20.03.2020,A 27-year-old male patient with history of a dog bite on the face presented with altered sensorium and incomprehensible speech since 15 days.,Changes of encephalitis; Japanese encephalitis; Guillian-Barre syndrome; Acute demyelinating encephalitis,Changes of encephalitis,https://eurorad.org/case/16610
case0029,Pericallosal lipoma associated with corpus callosum dysgenesis,15.04.2016,A 22-year-old man presented with hearing impairment.,Pericallosal lipoma associated with corpus callosum dysgenesis; Intracranial dermoid; Intracranial teratoma,Pericallosal lipoma associated with corpus callosum dysgenesis,https://eurorad.org/case/13557
case0218,Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: An important diagnostic consideration in a non-specifically unwell child,16.01.2023,"A 16-month-old boy presented as generally unwell, hypersomnolent and lethargic for 2-3 weeks and  a short history of gait disturbance and photophobia with a possible antecedent mild non-specific viral infection. Standard MR brain imaging was performed. The patient was transferred to a regional centre for further assessment and treatment.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Paediatric cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST),https://eurorad.org/case/17979
case0050,Cluster of teeth in brain - Pituitary teratoma an uncommon tumor in common location,14.12.2016,A 7-year-old child presented with short stature. Lab investigations revealed growth hormone deficiency.,Mature Pituitary teratoma.; Craniopharyngioma with odontogenesis; Mature Pituitary teratoma,Mature Pituitary teratoma.,https://eurorad.org/case/14314
case0054,Transient splenial lesion of corpus callosum associated with discontinuation of antiepileptic therapy,07.03.2017,"A 17-year-old female patient with a known seizure disorder presented to the casualty with tonic-clonic seizures, in an unconscious state, and loss of both upper and lower limb reflexes. She was previously on anti-epileptics, which were stopped for 2 months for a gummatous inflammation.",Transient splenial lesion of corpus callosum due to sudden withdrawal of anti-epileptic drugs.; Infections like influenza; measles; herpes; salmonella; mumps; varicella zoster; HIV; tubercular menigitis; Hypoglycaemia; Cerebral trauma; Brain infarction; Multiple sclersosis; Neoplasm; Marchiafava-bignami syndrome; Haemolytic uraemic syndrome with encephalopathy,Transient splenial lesion of corpus callosum due to sudden withdrawal of anti-epileptic drugs.,https://eurorad.org/case/14482
case0121,"Editors selection

    
                              A typical case of central neurocytoma causing signs of raised intracranial pressure in a young male",10.10.2019,A 16-year-old male patient presented with headache and blurring of vision since few months. On examination the patient was afebrile. There was raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure with normal CSF analysis.,"Central neurocytoma with signs of intracranial hypertension; Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, ependymoma, choroid plexus papilloma, metastasis",Central neurocytoma with signs of intracranial hypertension,https://eurorad.org/case/16503
case0084,Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome,23.04.2018,"A 60-year-old female patient presented with an episode of intense headache. She had a personal history of recurrent migraines, hypertension and smoking.",Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome; Subarachnoid haemorrhage with intracranial vasospasm; Primary angiittis of the central nervous system; Arterial dissection,Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/15285
case0047,Cystic meningioma in an adult,27.11.2016,The patient presented with sudden onset of seizures and loss of conscience.,"Cystic meningioma, type IV.; dural metastasis; primary intra-axial glial neoplasm","Cystic meningioma, type IV.",https://eurorad.org/case/14267
case0193,"Editors selection

    
                              Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor",10.06.2022,"A 13-year-old patient with history of extra-gonadal germ cell tumour 3 years prior that responded successfully to chemotherapy, was brought for imaging follow-up. He referred having occasional headache as well as pain and paresthesia in both legs. Physical exam revealed decreased strength of both legs, as well as decreased reflexes.",Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor; Leptomeningeal metastases; Tuberculous meningitis; CNS sarcoidosis,Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor,https://eurorad.org/case/17735
case0038,MRI detected bilateral putaminal haemorrhagic necrosis due to methanol intoxication,08.07.2016,"A 30-year-old man was referred to undergo brain MRI from outside the hospital. According to the attendant, this previously healthy man had a history of intake of an unknown type and amount of alcohol one week ago. Thereafter he vomited and lost bilateral vision. At time of presentation he had been in an unconscious state for the past three days.",Alcohol intoxication; Carbon monoxide intoxication; hypoglycaemic brain damage,Alcohol intoxication,https://eurorad.org/case/13776
case0240,Poisoned and breathless,14.06.2023,"A 10-year-old child was brought with history of snakebite followed by convulsions. At the time of arrival, he had no spontaneous respiration for which he received CPCR, was intubated. After ROSC, he received 10 vials of ASV. Post extubation he had complete loss of vision.",Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy with cortical blindness; ADEM; Atypical PRES,Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy with cortical blindness,https://eurorad.org/case/18213
case0155,Chronic subdural hematomas in young patient: unusual complication of intracranial arachnoid cyst,02.04.2021,"An 18-year-old man presenting a 1-month history of headache. At present, he comes to our hospital with seizures. No other accompanying symptoms. He refers to headache and vomiting the day before.",Chronic subdural hematoma associated with arachnoid cyst.; Intracranial hypotension; Spontaneous subdural haemorrhage; Squizencephaly,Chronic subdural hematoma associated with arachnoid cyst.,https://eurorad.org/case/17236
case0132,Diffuse midline thalamic glioma – H3 K127M mutant,30.06.2020,"A 37-year old man complaining since the last 3 months of progressive headaches, memory failure, sporadic vomiting and gait disturbances was admitted to the emergency department because of an acute onset of urinary incontinence. A brain CT was performed and showed a homogeneous isodense mass at the level of the third ventricle and left thalamus, with secondary hydrocephalus. No calcifications or hemorrhage were noticed within the lesion. The patient was referred for a brain MRI.",Diffuse midline glioma´s with H3 K27M–mutant; Pilocytic astrocytoma; Anaplastic astrocytoma; Diffuse astrocytoma; Glioblastoma; Autoimmune white matter disease e.g. ADEM,Diffuse midline glioma´s with H3 K27M–mutant,https://eurorad.org/case/16831
case0226,Large tumefactive lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere,28.03.2023,A 47-year-old man with two weeks history of headache and vomiting.,Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula with cerebellar congestive edema; Subacute infarct; Glioblastoma; Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos); Hemispheric medulloblastoma,Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula with cerebellar congestive edema,https://eurorad.org/case/18086
case0090,Atypical cause of short stature with growth hormone deficiency: Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome,25.02.2018,"Short stature, generalised weakness and easy fatigability. Development milestones: normal. X-ray of both hands with wrist for bone age: Bone age is less than chronological age of patient. Hormonal values: Growth Hormone: 0.127 ng/ml. Free T4: 0.51 ng/dl. S. TSH: 4.292 microIU/ml. Insulin-like growth factor: <25 ng/ml.",Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.; Ectopic posterior pituitary gland; Empty sella,Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.,https://eurorad.org/case/15437
case0120,"Editors selection

    
                              Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy",18.09.2019,"A 37-year-old female patient was admitted to emergency room, because of unconsciousness. The patient's blood glucose was too low to measure. Computed tomography of the brain was performed. The next days, the patient was still in a coma. MR examination was performed for assessing the extent of brain damage.",Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy; Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD); Ischaemic infarct; Seizure-related changes; Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy,Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/16470
case0122,Atypical posterior reversible encephalopathy with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI),23.10.2019,"A 30-year-old male patient with complaints of headache, dizziness and vomiting for one week. Blood pressure was elevated (188/106 mm of hg) at admission. Sensorium was intact with no signs of meningeal irritation/ focal neurological deficit. Ophthalmoscopy showed bilateral papilloedema s/o Grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was normal.","Posterior reversible encephalopathy with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI); Cerebral infarction - Gray and white matter involvement, follow vascular territories, restricted diffusion; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis - Post viral illness/immunisation, asymmetrical multifocal subcortical T2-hyperintensities; Transverse myelitis - Clearly defined sensory level on examination",Posterior reversible encephalopathy with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI),https://eurorad.org/case/16535
case0114,Temporal Lobe Herniation into the Transverse Sinus mimicking Sinus thrombosis,20.11.2018,"A 13 year old female presented to Medicine Department with chronic headache. There was no other associated complaint. There was no precipitating factor. Neurological examination was completely normal. Considered young age of patient, a MRI of brain with MR venography was advised.",Temporal lobe herniation into the left transverse sinus; Transverse sinus thrombosis; Arachnoid granulations,Temporal lobe herniation into the left transverse sinus,https://eurorad.org/case/16309
case0163,"Editors selection

    
                              Anaplastic astrocytoma: the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign",22.06.2021,A 37-year-old male patient arrived at the emergency room due to first episode of left facial paralysis and a subsequent generalized tonic-clonic seizure without sphincters relaxation. He remained in a post-critical state of drowsiness for a few minutes and recovered asymptomatic. The neurological examination revealed no abnormalities.,"Anaplastic astrocytoma (IDH-mutant and 1p/19q non-co-deleted), WHO grade III; Low-grade astrocytoma; Oligodendroglioma (IDH-mutant, 1p/19q co-deleted); Cerebral metastases; Tumefactive demyelination","Anaplastic astrocytoma (IDH-mutant and 1p/19q non-co-deleted), WHO grade III",https://eurorad.org/case/17308
case0074,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,11.08.2017,A 35-year-old male patient was referred to our Medicine Department with a history of altered behaviour and intention tremors for six months which progressed to weakness of bilateral upper and lower limbs. An MRI brain was advised.,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Primary lateral sclerosis; Metabolic disease involving the corticospinal tracts,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,https://eurorad.org/case/14898
case0232,Brain abscess caused by Streptococcus Intermedius,12.06.2023,"A 25-year-old female patient, without relevant medical history, presented to the emergency department with a one-week history of intense frontal pulsating headaches, vomits, abdominal pain, and daily fever. On physical examination, the patient presented nuchal rigidity and mydriasis. Meningitis was suspected, and a head-CT scan was solicited before performing a lumbar puncture.",Intraparenquimatous brain abscess; Metastatic disease; Lymphoma of the central nervous system; High-grade glioma; Demyelinating disease; Radiation necrosis,Intraparenquimatous brain abscess,https://eurorad.org/case/18141
case0030,Olfactory groove meningioma,17.05.2016,A 40 year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for headache and bilateral decreased visual acuity for 8 months. She did not have a specific past medical history or trauma. The neurological examination was normal.,Olfactory groove meningioma; Dural metastases; Falx meningioma,Olfactory groove meningioma,https://eurorad.org/case/13561
case0112,Jugular foramen schwannoma: an incidental finding after a TBI,07.12.2018,53-year-old female patient who presented with a traumatic brain injury after being in a car accident. A head CT and a cervical spine CT were performed.,Jugular foramen schwannoma; Jugular foramen schwannoma; Paraganglioma; Meningioma; Metastases,Jugular foramen schwannoma,https://eurorad.org/case/16299
case0213,Percheron syndrome,29.11.2022,"A 44-year-old female with a history of recent abdominoplasty and a 3-day history of fluctuating consciousness and retrograde amnesia was admitted to the emergency room with typical vital signs, Glasgow 8/15, central palsy of bilateral III and VI right cranial nerves.",Percheron syndrome; Encefalomielitis diseminada aguda; Glioma; Lymphoma; Wernicke’s encephalopathy; Fahr’s disease; Wilson’s disease; Venous thrombosis,Percheron syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/17934
case0012,An interesting case of tumefactive demyelination,28.08.2016,"A 44-year-old gentleman, a known case of pulmonary sarcoidosis since 10 years, came to the ER department following an episode of seizure along with sudden onset weakness on the right side of the face and right lower limb. Clinically, vasculitis-induced stroke or a glioma were suspected.",Tumefactive demyelination.; Glioma; Stroke; ADEM; Lymphoma; Metastasis; Abscess; Neurosarcoidosis,Tumefactive demyelination.,https://eurorad.org/case/13166
case0216,Bilateral open lip Schizencephaly with absent septum pellucidum in an adult with seizure,29.11.2022,A 25-year-old male presented with a history of recurrent seizures and diminution of vision. He used to take medication but the seizure was persistent. Minimal weakness in the left half of the body was noted.,Bilateral open lip Schizencephaly with absent septum pellucidum; Bilateral arachnoid cyst; Porencephalic cyst; Holoprosencephaly,Bilateral open lip Schizencephaly with absent septum pellucidum,https://eurorad.org/case/17963
case0124,Young adult with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS),01.04.2020,"A 20-year-old woman presented with aphasia following a history of flu-like illness. The aphasia resolved in hospital, lasting less than 24 hours. Bloods tests revealed a c-reactive protein of 37 but normal white cell count (WCC). Lumbar puncture results were all within normal range (glucose 2.9mmol/L, protein 0.4g/L, WCC 2 cells/mm 3 ).",Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS); Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES); Acute demyelinating encephalopathy; Multiple sclerosis; Diffuse axonal injury,Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS),https://eurorad.org/case/16671
case0026,Role of MRI in asymptomatic and symptomatic Virchow Robin spaces,17.03.2016,"A 28-year-old male patient came with a history of headache, altered sensorium, difficulty in walking and abnormal movements for 3 years. On examination, there was a decreased bulk of muscles and power bilaterally in the lower limbs and the left upper limb.",Giant tumefactive Virchow Robin space; Cystic neoplasm; Arachnoid cyst,Giant tumefactive Virchow Robin space,https://eurorad.org/case/13472
case0166,Atypical intraventricular meningioma in an adult female,06.07.2021,"A 50-year-old woman presented with history of acute exacerbation of chronic headache and gradually progressive weakness of left upper and lower limbs of 2 weeks duration. Neurologic evaluation reveals reduced power (3/5) in left upper limb and left lower limb, exaggerated left sided deep tendon reflexes and papilledema.",Atypical intraventricular meningioma (WHO grade-II); Hemangiopericytoma; Metastasis,Atypical intraventricular meningioma (WHO grade-II),https://eurorad.org/case/17348
case0231,Generalized parenchymal injury in an infant with non-accidental trauma,12.06.2023,"Two-month-old male infant is brought to the emergency room by ambulance. He suffers from rhythmic tonic-clonic seizure on the left side of his body and a flaccid paresis on the right side. Eyes are open, sight deviation to the right. No fever. Normal delivery. Parents state a fall from his bed (height 40 cm) two days ago, otherwise no reported trauma.","Non-accidental trauma with bilateral SDH, SAH, extensive hypoxic ischemic (cytotoxic) injury and global edematous brain swelling; Accidental trauma; Metabolic disease; Bleeding disorder; Hypoxic ischemic injury from different cause (drowning etc.)","Non-accidental trauma with bilateral SDH, SAH, extensive hypoxic ischemic (cytotoxic) injury and global edematous brain swelling",https://eurorad.org/case/18140
case0136,"Editors selection

    
                              Optic nerve glioblastoma",27.07.2020,"A 37-year-old woman complained of left-sided painless vision loss and dyschromatopsia for several weeks. On examination, there was a decreased visual acuity on the left side. She was diagnosed with optic neuritis. However, during treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone, there was significant worsening of the visual acuity in one-month time.",Optic nerve glioblastoma; Neurosarcoidosis; Lyme disease; Meningioma; Perineuritis,Optic nerve glioblastoma,https://eurorad.org/case/16918
case0259,Typical intracranial changes in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) in a child,26.01.2024,"A 6-year-old female child presented with acute onset (2-3 days) of seizures and altered sensorium. No pyrexia, recent vaccination, limb weakness, visual/bowel/bladder symptoms. Fever and cold history about 10–11 days back. No previous history of seizures. On clinical findings, no evidence of neurocutaneous markers or dysmorphism. EEG was normal.",Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease; Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM); HIV encephalopathy / Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; Multiple sclerosis,Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease,https://eurorad.org/case/18443
case0267,Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) with atrophy,15.05.2024,"39-year-old and 5-month pregnant female, first time evaluated for seizures in 2 years. The patient had altered behaviour with H/o right-sided weakness and difficulty talking since 10 years of age (cause not evaluated). No history of previous hospital admission or intake of any medications.",Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) with atrophy; Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome; Rasmussen encephalitis; Hemimegalencephaly,Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) with atrophy,https://eurorad.org/case/18551
case0222,Bilateral restricted diffusion in an unconscious patient,06.03.2023,"An unconscious 30 year old female was presented to the emergency department. Toxicology screen was positive for insulin, benzodiazepines and ketamine. Glasgow coma scale remained low for several days and epileptiform abnormalities were seen on electro-encephalogram.",Hypoglycemic encephalopathy; Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; Creutzfeldt Jakob disease; Seizure related changes; Hepatic encephalopathy,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/18044
case0113,Familial Cerebral Cavernous malformation Syndrome: A Silent Threat,15.11.2018,A 44-year-old female presented to the Neurology clinic complaining of chronic headache. She had no other complaint. There was no history of any associated aura or nausea. Patient refused for a Computed tomography of brain due to radiation hazard and underwent a non contrast MRI of brain.,FAMILIAL CEREBRAL CAVERNOUS MALFORMATION SYNDROME; Amyloid angiopathy; Hypertensive bleed,FAMILIAL CEREBRAL CAVERNOUS MALFORMATION SYNDROME,https://eurorad.org/case/16308
case0247,Cerebellar tuberculoma with resultant hydrocephalus,09.10.2023,"A 7-year-old female patient presents with regression of motor developmental milestones. The patient had a cough, low-grade fever and weight loss for the past 6 months.",Intracranial tuberculous abscess; Tuberculoma involving cerebellum with resultant hydrocephalus; Neurocysticercosis; Cerebral toxoplasmosis; Cerebral metastasis; CNS lymphoma,Tuberculoma involving cerebellum with resultant hydrocephalus,https://eurorad.org/case/18316
case0261,X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A case report,11.03.2024,"A 12-year-old boy presented with increasing pigmentation of the face. He was the only boy born of a non-consanguineous marriage. The antenatal period and infancy were uneventful. He had complaints of tiredness and fatigue, with one episode of syncope at school. The mother reported normal intelligence and school performance. No history of fever, head injury seizure or focal neurological deficits. MRI brain was done. Blood investigations were normal except for raised ACTH levels (1456 pg/dL) and cortisol level of 2 g/dL.",Krabbe disease; Posterior reversible encephalopathy; Metachromatic leukodystrophy; X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy; Leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented; Alexander disease,X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy,https://eurorad.org/case/18480
case0034,Intracranial epidermoid cyst,02.05.2016,"The patient presented with headache, generalized weakness, abnormal gait and loss of balance which gradually developed over the period of the past 2 years. There was no sensorymotor deficit.",Epidermoid cyst; Arachnoid cyst; Dermoid cyst,Epidermoid cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/13624
case0037,Ocular toxoplasmosis in HIV patients — MRI findings,13.06.2016,"The patient presented sudden unilateral optical impairment of the left eye that lasted 3 days without signs of infection. He was not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Toxo IgM, Toxo IgG were positive, whereas CMV, EBV, Leptospira, Borrelia, RPR, HSV, VZV antibodies, SACE, Mantoux were negative. Vitreous PCR was not submitted due to the patient’s refusal.",Laboratory tests and MRI confirmed toxoplasmosis of the optic nerve.; infective conditions; non-infective conditions; [8; 9],Laboratory tests and MRI confirmed toxoplasmosis of the optic nerve.,https://eurorad.org/case/13761
case0131,Delayed Diagnosis of Retinal Vasculopathy with Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy,30.06.2020,"A 61 -year -old male was admitted for progressive apathy, limb weakness and lower body edema for 4 years. N o obvious visual disturbance was complained. He presented slow reaction and weakness in the lower limbs 4 years ago, while he could walk by himself. The brain MRI revealed a left frontal ring-enhanced mass (Figure 1). He was diagnosed as tuberculous meningoencephalitis and treated by the antituberculous therapy , accompanied with corticosteroid . After short-term improvement, his condition continued to deteriorate, during which the patient developed edema in the lower limbs. At admission, the physical examination showed he was: alert and oriented. His cognition was impaired (MMSE:15/30. MoCA: 12/30). Muscle strength was measured 3/5 in the lower extremities. Babinski sign was positive bilaterally. Brain MRI and CT showed leukoencephalopathy with calcifications (Figure 2). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured 45ml/(min*1.73m 2 ) (reference range: 80-120).  He had a history of renal dysfunction, hypothyroidism and mild elevation of liver enzyme. No biopsy was performed.",Retinal Vasculopathy with Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy; Fabry disease; Tuberous sclerosis complex; Intracranial neoplasm; Central nervous system vasculitis; Central nervous system tuberculosis; Neurocysticercosis,Retinal Vasculopathy with Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/16830
case0192,A rare case of Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis in Sjogren’s syndrome.,10.06.2022,"A 49-year-old female, with known hypothyroidism and post-cholecystectomy status , was being evaluated for intermittent headache for 2 years. The patient also experienced dry mouth and dry cough which were not relieved by medication. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain performed at our Institute showed diffuse enhancing dural thickening with nodular lesions along the thickened dura . The patient underwent craniotomy and microsurgical excision and biopsy of the right frontal lesion . The histopathological analysis from brain tissue and slide block review of gall-bladder specimen both showed non- necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. The patient tested positive for SSA and Ro 52 antibodies.","Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in Sjögren's syndrome; Meningiomatosis; Rosai Dorfman disease; Infections (neurosyphilis, tuberculosis); Sarcoidosis; Systemic autoimmune disease (IgG4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis); Malignancy (Dural carcinomatosis)",Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in Sjögren's syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/17734
case0165,Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle,30.06.2021,"A 16-year-old male patient with no previous pathologies, consulted in the neurology department because of morning headache, dizziness and ataxia, evolving for weeks. Neurologic examination was normal. A CNS MRI was performed.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/17344
case0106,Pontine tuberculoma in a known case of tuberculosis,24.09.2018,"A 32-year-old male patient presented with complaints of sudden loss of consciousness and right-sided weakness for the past 2 days. The patient had chronic cough with expectoration, low-grade fever and weight loss for the past 6 months.",Pontine tuberculoma; Neurocysticercosis; Cerebral toxoplasmosis; Glioblastoma; Intracranial metastasis,Pontine tuberculoma,https://eurorad.org/case/16105
case0140,Fucosidosis,06.08.2020,"At the age of 30 months, the patient began presenting an evolving framework of severe cognitive and neurological impairment, with tetraparesis and mixed spastic-dystonic features, language delay and deafness. Moreover, she has coarse facial features, presenting a high forehead and hypertelorism; her tongue is protruding due to macroglossia.",Fucosidosis; Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD); Hurler Syndrome; Fabry disease,Fucosidosis,https://eurorad.org/case/16943
case0256,Rare form of a common intracranial lesion - Atypical meningioma,15.11.2023,"A 51-year-old woman presented with headache and progressive scalp swelling in the right frontoparietal region since eight years. On examination, the swelling was firm with mild tenderness.",Malignant meningioma; Atypical meningioma (WHO grade II); Dural metastasis; Hemangiopericytoma; Malignant mesenchymal tumour; Gliosarcoma,Atypical meningioma (WHO grade II),https://eurorad.org/case/18377
case0108,Wernicke Encephalopathy,20.11.2018,"A 54-year-old female patient presented with acute onset confusion and mental sluggishness. Apart from a delay in psycho-motor responsiveness, no other neurological features were present. She was diagnosed with alimentary B12 deficiency a month before the onset of the current episode.",Wernicke Encephalopathy; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease; Deep cerebral venous thrombosis; Artery of Percheron infarction,Wernicke Encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/16152
case0044,Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration,01.11.2016,"A 56-year-old female patient presented with dizziness and a history of pontine haemorrhage (1 year ago), due to an episode of hypertension.",Hypertrophic Olivary degeneration secondary to ipsilateral pontine hemorrhage.; Multiple Sclerosis; Wallerian Degeneration; Medulla Infarction,Hypertrophic Olivary degeneration secondary to ipsilateral pontine hemorrhage.,https://eurorad.org/case/14196
case0111,Wolfram Syndrome,10.11.2018,A 21 years old female presented to us with progressive visual loss since 1 year. She was a known case of type I diabetes mellitus since 6 years of age and had hearing loss since the past 5 years. Her polyuria and polydipsia had been attributed to diabetes mellitus.,Wolfram syndrome; Septo-optic dysplasia; Multiple sclerosis; Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy; Multi System Atrophy; Familial spinocerebellar degeneration,Wolfram syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/16282
case0088,Primary dural lymphoma (PDL),06.02.2018,"A 55-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to painless progressive swelling over the right frontal area for the last one year. The overlying skin was healthy. The patient referred occasional mild headaches. He had no history of fever, weight loss or night sweats.",Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the dura  with disseminated disease; Primary dural lymphoma (PDL); Invasive meningioma,Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the dura  with disseminated disease,https://eurorad.org/case/15380
case0032,Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour,19.06.2016,An 18-year-old male patient presented to the hospital with a history of seizures lasting for several months even under antiepileptic medication. The neurological examination showed no abnormalities.,Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour; Ganglioma; Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma; Pilocytic astrocytoma,Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour,https://eurorad.org/case/13604
case0220,A rare case of brainstem venous congestion secondary to cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula masquerading as a primary brainstem neoplasm,06.02.2023,"A 57-year-old man with past medical history of hypertension presented to our emergency department with right-sided weakness, left facial droop, difficulty in swallowing and shallow respiration. He was admitted and investigated by various radiological and laboratory exams. His lumbar puncture was normal.",Brainstem venous congestion secondary to cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF); Acute brainstem infarction; Brainstem glioma; Osmotic demyelination syndrome; Multiple sclerosis,Brainstem venous congestion secondary to cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF),https://eurorad.org/case/17997
case0260,Radiological findings in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A case report,04.03.2024,"A 51-year-old man presented with complaints of progressive dysarthria, dysphagia and weakness in the left hand since two years. There was atrophy of the intrinsic muscles of the left hand. There was spasticity with hypertonia in all the limbs. There was atrophy of the tongue with fasciculations.",Primary lateral sclerosis; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Wallerian degeneration; Metabolic encephalopathy (cobalamin deficiency); Metabolic encephalopathy (hepatic encephalopathy),Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,https://eurorad.org/case/18463
case0161,Persistent anterior falcine sinus: a rare anatomical variant mimicking an interhemispheric mass,26.05.2021,A 14-year-old girl admitted with complaints of fever and headache. An MRI was performed as part of evaluation for meningitis.,Persistent anterior falcine sinus; Meningioma; Interhemispheric epidermoid; Arteriovenous malformation; Distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm,Persistent anterior falcine sinus,https://eurorad.org/case/17283
case0021,Isolated Agenesis of Septum Pellucidum,08.03.2016,"A 33-year old lady and mother of 2 healthy children, complained of frequently occurring headaches. Her physical examination and vital signs were normal. Her laboratory results were normal. She had no visual disturbances and her ENT examination was normal. She had no behavioural or psychological disorders.",This patient was diagnosed as having isolated agenesis of the septum pellucidum.; Holo-prosencephaly.; Septo-optic dysplasia.; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum.,This patient was diagnosed as having isolated agenesis of the septum pellucidum.,https://eurorad.org/case/13413
case0028,Bifrontal and bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria,21.04.2016,A 26-year-old woman presented with intellectual disability and refractory epilepsy.,Bifrontal and bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria; Pachygyria; Diffuse bihemispheric polymicrogyria,Bifrontal and bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria,https://eurorad.org/case/13556
case0224,A sporadic case of hypothalamic-optochiasmatic glioma in a young male,17.03.2023,"A 15-year-old male presented with recurring episodes of severe headaches for a period of 6 months and insidious onset loss of vision. He presented with complete loss of vision. On ophthalmologic examination, there was vision field loss and nystagmus.",Hypothalamic-optochiasmatic glioma; Optic nerve meningioma; Optic nerve sheath mengioma; Pituitary and hypothalamic masses,Hypothalamic-optochiasmatic glioma,https://eurorad.org/case/18064
case0269,Incidental discovery: Two adult cases of septo-optic dysplasia,31.05.2024,"The first patient, a woman aged 56, presented to the ER following a fall, where an incidental frontal meningioma was detected during a CT exam. As a result, she was recommended to undergo a brain MRI. Since childhood, she has had no vision in her right eye. The second patient, a 48-year-old woman, was diagnosed with cervical cancer and was recommended to undergo a CT scan for neoplastic staging. In childhood, she was diagnosed with anophthalmia and subsequently fitted with an ocular prosthesis in her right eye. She has hyperopia and presbyopia in the left eye. Neither patient has had other skull imaging yet.",Septo-optic dysplasia; Kallmann syndrome; Optic-infundibular dysplasia with normal septum; Lobar holoprosencephaly,Septo-optic dysplasia,https://eurorad.org/case/18571
case0239,Cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma in a pediatric patient,14.06.2023,"A 3-year-old male patient presented with instability, headache and vomiting episodes that had started nearly a month before and progressively worsened. Neurological examination revealed signs of cerebellar disfunction (ataxia, gait disturbance and hypotonia) and increased intracranial pressure (the fundus oculi examination revealed bilateral papilloedema).",Pilocytic astrocytoma; Medulloblastoma; Hemangioblastoma; Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour; Ependymoma,Pilocytic astrocytoma,https://eurorad.org/case/18208
case0027,Bitalamic infarction related to occlusion of Percheron artery in patient with patent foramen-ovale,15.03.2016,"A 59-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room with sudden onset of unconsciousness. Neurological examination showed altered mental status, vertical gaze palsy and VII cranial nerve impairment. A not specified genetic bleeding diathesis was reported from his wife. CT and MRI were consequently performed.",Bithalamic and cranial-midbrain infarction from occlusion of the Percheron artery.; Tip of the basilar artery thrombosis; Deep venous brain thrombosis; Wernicke encephalopathy; Primitive thalamic bilateral glioma,Bithalamic and cranial-midbrain infarction from occlusion of the Percheron artery.,https://eurorad.org/case/13501
case0039,Posterior fossa arachnoid cyst,09.07.2016,An 18-year-old female patient presented with complaints of progressively increasing headache for the past 2 months. There were no other complaints. On examination there were no signs of neurological deficit or sensory loss.,Posterior fossa arachnoid cyst; Epidermoid cyst; Pilocystic astrocytoma,Posterior fossa arachnoid cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/13852
case0083,Progressive supranuclear palsy,15.11.2017,"A 61-year-old male patient presented with gait disturbances, slowness and falls while walking for more than 2 years. The symptoms were of insidious onset and progressive course. Also, alteration of eye movements had started 1 year ago.",Progressive supranuclear palsy; Parkinson's disease; Multisystem atrophy,Progressive supranuclear palsy,https://eurorad.org/case/15247
case0128,Recurrent perilesional oedema around calcified neurocysticercosis,06.05.2020,"A 47-year-old male presented in ER with status epilepticus. One year before that, he began to suffer from recurrent headache and seizures. Twenty years ago, he had brain CT performed after one episode of seizure. It revealed multiple calcifications and anthelmintic treatment was administered for suspected neurocysticercosis. He remained seizure-free until last year. From then on, albendazole and praziquantel were readministered but to no avail. Prednisone 20 mg daily reduced the frequency of seizures. However, when prednisone stopped, seizures rebounded.",Brain oedema caused by calcified neurocysticercosis; CNS tuberculoma; Brain metastatic neoplasm; Autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy; Tuberous sclerosis,Brain oedema caused by calcified neurocysticercosis,https://eurorad.org/case/16742
case0107,"Editors selection

    
                              Less commonly reported but fairly pathognomonic radiological appearance of acute severe hepatic encephalopathy on MRI brain.",17.12.2018,"34 years old male with history of liver cirrhosis admitted for pretransplant workup. Initial workup shows negative hepatitis B/C serology, negative autoimmune and Wilson’s marker and it was labelled as cryptogenic liver cirrhosis. During the course of admission patient suddenly developed generalized tonic clonic seizures.",Acute severe hepatic encephalopathy; Status epilepticus; Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; Hypoglycemic encephalopathy; Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; Uremic encephalopathy,Acute severe hepatic encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/16106
case0115,Pyogenic brain abscess with ventriculitis,03.06.2019,"A 49-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse presented to the Emergency Department with fever, headache and productive cough for the past 4 days. The day before his clinical conditions were aggravated by confusion and motor slowing. No relevant previous medical history. Laboratory analysis found leukocytosis and increased c-reactive-protein.","Pyogenic brain abscess with intraventricular rupture; Metastases; Glioblastoma multiforme; Tumour radionecrosis; Multiple sclerosis; Fungal, parasitic or mycobacterial abscess",Pyogenic brain abscess with intraventricular rupture,https://eurorad.org/case/16385
case0278,At the edge of the seat – Skull base chondrosarcoma,08.10.2024,"A 21-year-old girl presented with complaints of headache since five months, which progressed significantly over a few days. She also developed diplopia over the past two days.",Trigeminal schwannoma; Skull base chondrosarcoma; Chordoma; Meningioma,Skull base chondrosarcoma,https://eurorad.org/case/18724
case0135,"Editors selection

    
                              CLIPPERS with brain and spinal cord involvement",27.07.2020,"A 71-year-old male patient complained of gait ataxia, loss of muscle strength, recurrent falls, tremor in both hands and a weight loss of 10 kg over the last 3 months. The patient came to the emergency room after an acute episode of dysarthria and tingling in the face on the left side.",Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids; Viral infection; Listeria monocytogenes; Neurosarcoidosis; Vasculitis; Central nervous system lymphoma,Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids,https://eurorad.org/case/16917
case0085,Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle,12.12.2017,A previously healthy 54-year-old woman was referred with a 14-months history of headaches and right facial paraesthesias.,Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle.; Intrinsic third ventricular craniopharyngioma.; Primary choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle.; Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle.; Intraventricular meningioma.,Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle.,https://eurorad.org/case/15287
case0175,Complicated viral encephalitis in a 16-year-old patient,27.10.2021,"16-year-old female who started with worsening headaches and fever, with additional behavioural and language impairment 4 days after. She then had a non-contrast head CT and an MRI performed and was admitted into ICU. 4 days later she developed consciousness deterioration and seizures, needing another head CT scan.",Herpes simplex encephalitis complicated with bilateral temporal and subarachnoid hemorrhage; Limbic autoimmune encephalitis; Low grade glioma; Central Nervous System vasculitis; Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis; Hemorragic transformation of multianeurismatic intracranial diseases,Herpes simplex encephalitis complicated with bilateral temporal and subarachnoid hemorrhage,https://eurorad.org/case/17486
case0157,Primary Cerebellar Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma,07.04.2021,"A 39-year-old man presented to our hospital with progressive headache, vertigo, and visual impairment from one month without fever or other signs/symptoms of infections. The patient was not immune-compromised. A small left testicle mass was incidentally found on physical examination . Left radical orchiectomy was performed and histopathological examination revealed a testicular seminoma.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Primary cerebellar diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,https://eurorad.org/case/17243
case0189,Actinomyces cranial osteomyelitis with subdural empyema,11.04.2022,"A 45 year-old-patient with history of penetrating head trauma caused by a bull horn 1 year prior to evaluation, presented 3 episodes of epileptic seizures in the last 6 months. A non-enhanced head CT scan (not shown) reported an extra-axial frontal lesion suggesting meningioma; a brain MRI was ordered for further evaluation The patient was taken to surgery 3 months later where the lesion was excised. Histopathological evaluation found granulomatous necrosis with microorganisms that had yellow sulfur granules (Figure 2).",Actinomyces osteomyelitis with subdural empyema; High grade meningioma; Pachymeningeal metastases; High grade oligodendroglioma,Actinomyces osteomyelitis with subdural empyema,https://eurorad.org/case/17701
case0253,Metastatic meningioma – A radiological conundrum,31.10.2023,"60-year-old female, presented with right pelvic pain and swelling past one month. She also complained of intermittent headaches with vomiting for one month. No neurocognitive impairment or family history of cancer. MRI pelvis was performed, and biopsy was done from sacroiliac lesion. Based on the histopathological findings, which revealed meningothelial tumour with fascicular and whorled pattern of cells with no nuclear atypia, MRI brain was performed for further evaluation.",Metastatic meningioma; Meningothelial sarcoma; Solitary fibrous tumour; Dural melanoma; Lymphoma,Metastatic meningioma,https://eurorad.org/case/18362
case0236,Baló’s concentric sclerosis,13.06.2023,"A 40-year-old woman presented with tingling over the right side of her head and swaying to the right side while walking for two months. She had altered sensorium two months back, which had improved after administering methylprednisolone. However, she again presented with altered sensorium after three weeks.",Baló’s concentric sclerosis; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; Multiple sclerosis; Marburg variant of MS; Metastatic lesions; Brain abscesses,Baló’s concentric sclerosis,https://eurorad.org/case/18175
case0177,Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Focal areas of signal intensity in the brain,10.11.2021,A 15-year-old female patient is being followed up for neurofibromatosis type 1. Cranial MR examination was taken for control purposes.,Cranial focal area of signal intensty in NF type 1,Cranial focal area of signal intensty in NF type 1,https://eurorad.org/case/17516
case0248,Grade-3 Oligodendroglioma: Case report of progressive headache and aggressive malignancy,09.10.2023,"A 54-year-old female without significant past medical history presented with stable vitals and three months of gradually worsening headaches, personality changes, fatigue, left upper extremity weakness, and depression. There is no significant surgical, social, or relevant family history. She was evaluated with a non-contrast CT head and a brain MRI.",Bi-frontal anaplastic oligodendroglioma; Diffuse anaplastic astrocytoma; Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); Brain Metastasis; Ganglioma; Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA),Bi-frontal anaplastic oligodendroglioma,https://eurorad.org/case/18319
case0105,A curious case of a jugular foramen schwannoma,13.09.2018,"A 58-year-old female patient presented to our hospital with right-sided tinnitus and progressive hearing loss. Her clinical presentation was highly suspicious for an acoustic neuroma. Therefore, an MRI of her internal auditory meatus (IAM) was performed.",Lower cranial nerve schwannoma; Vestibulo-cochlear nerve schwannoma; Cerebello-pontine angle meningioma; Paraganglioma: glomus jugulare tumour; Metastatic malignant tumours or lymphoma,Lower cranial nerve schwannoma,https://eurorad.org/case/16096
case0270,Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy,31.05.2024,"The patient (8-year-old, male) had a presentation with increased head size and a history of delayed development of milestones. There were three episodes of seizure in the last year, with recent complaints of ataxia for 3 weeks. Birth history was normal, with no history of birth asphyxia or antenatal infections.",Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (Van der Knaap disease); Canavan disease; Alexander disease; Metachromatic leukodystrophy,Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (Van der Knaap disease),https://eurorad.org/case/18572
case0170,Traumatic rupture arachnoid cyst leading to subdural hygroma: Rare presentation of a common pathology,22.09.2021,A 13-year-old boy presented with a history of headache and nausea. His neurological examination revealed papilledema and features of raised intracranial pressure. He reported a trauma of being hit by a ball on the head about two weeks back.,Traumatic rupture arachnoid cyst leading to subdural hygroma; Ruptured arachnoid cyst with subdural hygroma; Isolated subdural hygroma,Traumatic rupture arachnoid cyst leading to subdural hygroma,https://eurorad.org/case/17404
case0097,Atypical choroid plexus papilloma,17.05.2018,"A teenage patient presented with a history of 2 years of symptoms characterised by a frontal headache accompanied by night awakenings. However, paresthesias began on the left side of the head during the past week. Then, she started with an acute central facial palsy, positive Romberg and nystagmus.",Atypical choroid plexus papilloma; Meningioma; Ependymoma; Haemangioblastoma,Atypical choroid plexus papilloma,https://eurorad.org/case/15706
case0042,Neurosyphilis: a case with bilateral mesiotemporal involvement,08.11.2016,"A 35-year-old man presented with seizures, altered mental status and dysphasia. The blood tests showed a serology positive for syphilis. A lumbar puncture showed pleocytosis, elevated protein and increased IgG index. Treponemal serology was also positive in the CSF. The patient showed improvement of symptoms after initiation of treatment with penicillin.",Neurosyphilis; 1.	Herpes encephalitis; 2.	Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis; 3.	Bihemispheric diffuse glioma; 5.	Vasculitis; 4.	Neurosyphilis,Neurosyphilis,https://eurorad.org/case/14052
case0010,First episode of seizure in young adult :cerebral caverous malformation,08.11.2015,"The patient presented in emergency department after a single seizure episode few hours back. There was no history of fever, headache, weakness, head injury, recent medication or any previous history of seizure. Patient has no history of smoking, alcohol or illicit drug intake. Patient was conscious, oriented, with normal systemic examination. Blood investigations where normal.",Cerebral cavernous malformation ( Zabrasmski type 2 ).; Mixed vascular malformation.; Haemorrhagic (glioblastoma) or densely calcified neoplasm (oligodendroma).,Cerebral cavernous malformation ( Zabrasmski type 2 ).,https://eurorad.org/case/13113
case0057,Case report of calcified intraventricular meningioma and review of literature,07.04.2017,"A 49-year-old female patient presented with the chief complaints of headache for the past year. The headache was initially occipital and then later became generalized. There were no symptoms of raised intracranial pressure like seizures, loss of consciousness or vomiting. The patient had neither previous head irradiation nor head trauma.",Calcified intraventricular meningioma; Ependymoma; Astrocytoma,Calcified intraventricular meningioma,https://eurorad.org/case/14567
case0046,Cerebral TB,20.11.2016,"A 25-year-old male presented with fever, headache and confusion. MRI head revealed multiple ring enhancing lesions mainly affecting the cerebellum. The patient developed diplopia shortly after – 6th nerve palsy. Repeat MRI head showed a right caudate infarct and several new ring enhancing lesions.",•	CNS Tuberculosis•	Pulmonary Tuberculosis; Neurocysticercosis; Metastasis; Lymphoma; Cerebral abscess,•	CNS Tuberculosis•	Pulmonary Tuberculosis,https://eurorad.org/case/14249
case0151,Developmental Venous Anomaly with Dystrophic Calcification in the left basal ganglia.,22.03.2021,"A patient with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome presented with recurring episodes of headache, concentration difficulties and drowsiness. An MRI was performed following a low-dose CT of the sinuses that showed large dystrophic calcifications in the left basal ganglia.",Developmental venous anomaly with dystrophic calcification in the left basal ganglia; Prior unilateral injury: infection of neoplasm; Primary Familial Brain Calcification; Non-ketotic hyperglycemic hemichorea-hemiballismus,Developmental venous anomaly with dystrophic calcification in the left basal ganglia,https://eurorad.org/case/17170
case0009,Pilocytic astrocytoma - MRI appearance,31.05.2016,A 15-year-old male patient presented with headache and gait disturbance for 1 month. He had no history of convulsion.,Pilocytic astrocytoma; Medulloblastoma; Haemangioblastoma; Ependymoma; Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma,Pilocytic astrocytoma,https://eurorad.org/case/13099
case0056,Early MR Imaging features of Wilson disease,12.03.2017,"A young patient presented with acute onset of expressive and receptive dysphasia with associated personality changes. There was no relevant past clinical history, no infective features, no known metabolic or hereditary diseases and no history of any toxic exposure like carbon monoxide or methanol poisoning.",Wilson disease; Carbon monoxide poisoning; Extrapontine myelinolysis,Wilson disease,https://eurorad.org/case/14530
case0152,Balo's concentric sclerosis,01.03.2021,A 48-year-old woman with no history of interest presented to the emergency department with progressive weakness and sensitivity loss in her right hand.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Balo’s concentric sclerosis.,https://eurorad.org/case/17189
case0174,Listeriosis presenting with multiple supratentorial and infratentorial abscesses: The neuroimaging perspective,27.10.2021,"A 50-year-old female with Crohn's disease in anti-TNFα therapy presented with myalgia, dysarthria, and incoherent text messaging. The clinical picture started 24 hours before, and the medical team requested imaging evaluation with brain MRI. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis indicated pleocytosis. In addition, blood culture was positive for Listeria monocytogenes.",Multiple supratentorial and infratentorial brain abscesses due to listeriosis; Vasculitis; Ischemic lesions; Tuberculomas or other granulomatous abscesses; Nocardiosis; Pyogenic abscesses,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/17473
case0022,Incidentally detected cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae,13.03.2016,The patient presented with severe lancinating left-sided facial pain which was triggered on chewing. He was clinically diagnosed to have left-sided trigeminal neuralgia and referred for an MRI brain study.,Persistent cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae (normal variants); Cavum velum interpositum; Asymmetric lateral ventricle; Absent septi pellucidi; Suprasellar arachnoid cyst; Ependymal cyst,Persistent cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae (normal variants),https://eurorad.org/case/13430
case0204,Imaging spectrum of acute early onset neurological Wilson’s disease—a case-based review,31.08.2022,A 9-year-old boy presented with a history of inability to walk or speak for 15 days. Neurologic examination revealed Kayser–Fleischer rings in both the eyes and dystonic tremors of the right hand. No evidence of jaundice or cirrhosis was seen to imply hepatic involvement. Liver function tests were normal.,Acute early onset neurological Wilson’s disease; HIV encephalopathy; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; Post-hypoxic encephalopathy,Acute early onset neurological Wilson’s disease,https://eurorad.org/case/17865
case0258,"Editors selection

    
                              Diabetic striopathy, shortly diagnosed complication in diabetes mellitus II. Case report",16.11.2023,"An 86-year-old female patient with clinical history of hospitalization due to diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient refers she refused to use insulin for a year after it was prescribed. She attended clinical control presenting dysarthria, involuntary movements, gait disorder, and confusional symptoms during a 48-hour period.",Diabetic striopathy; Cerebrovascular event; Wilson's disease; Fahr's disease; Diabetic uremic syndrome,Diabetic striopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/18381
case0266,Atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumour: A case report,18.04.2024,A 1-year-old male patient with persistent vomiting and weight loss since a month ago. A brain MRI is ordered.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumour,https://eurorad.org/case/18529
case0238,Collision Tumors: Co-existing CP angle Schwannoma and Meningioma!,14.06.2023,"A 40-year-old female with headache since 6 months, right-sided hearing loss, right facial paraesthesias since 2 months. No history of facial deviation, dysphagia or hoarseness. On examination, right cerebellar signs, V2 and V3 facial hypoaesthesia. Pure tone audiometry suggestive of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). No evidence of phacomatoses.",Right cerebello-pontine angle collision tumor – vestibular schwannoma and meningioma; Ependymoma; Metastasis; Epidermoid,Right cerebello-pontine angle collision tumor – vestibular schwannoma and meningioma,https://eurorad.org/case/18196
case0060,Suprasellar ganglioglioma,30.05.2017,A 25-year-old man with chronic headaches and recent onset of violent behaviour was transferred from outside the medical facility due to “aqueductal stenosis”.,Suprasellar ganglioglioma; Craniopharingioma; Meningioma; Epidermoid tumour; Germinoma; Hypothalamic glioma,Suprasellar ganglioglioma,https://eurorad.org/case/14731
case0191,Coronavirus: “Unsheathing the dreary brain”,13.05.2022,"A 25-year-old female came with the complaints of headache. Cerebellar examination demonstrated ataxic gate with incoordination and left motor neuron facial nerve weakness. No complaints of nausea, delirium, she had no focal sensory/ motor deficit. History of being diagnosed COVID positive RT -PCR 8 months back.",Covid induced demyelination; Low grade glioma; Isolated demyelination; Multiple sclerosis,Covid induced demyelination,https://eurorad.org/case/17721
case0141,Cerebral oligodendroglioma,26.08.2020,A 31-year-old woman presents with a new-onset seizure.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/16976
case0160,Krabbe disease,25.05.2021,A 7-months-old male child came with complaints of neuroregression and tightening of body while crying since 4 months. The mother also complained of reduced oral feeds with not recognising her. He had never achieved head holding.,Krabbes disease; Metachromatic leukodystrophy; Canavan disease (increased NAA on MRS),Krabbes disease,https://eurorad.org/case/17275
case0142,Atypical histology in a typical posterior fossa cyst with mural nodule configuration,26.08.2020,A 16-year-old male with no previous comorbidities came with complaints of occipital headache and vomiting since 2 months suggestive of intracranial hypertension. Central nervous system examination revealed evidence of papilledema without any cerebellar signs.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Posterior fossa Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour,https://eurorad.org/case/16977
case0277,Clinical and imaging features of a paediatric recurrent craniofacial mass,01.10.2024,"A 10-year-old patient with a personal history of strabismus surgery at the age of 2 years, presented with progressive limitation of upward eye movements and proptosis of the right eye. She does not report diplopia, blurred vision or pain.",Dysplasia fibrosa; Cemento-ossifying fibroma; Meningioma; Chondromesenchymal hamartoma; Psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma,Psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma,https://eurorad.org/case/18713
case0059,Meningothelial hyperplasia,12.05.2017,"A 42-year-old man presented to ER with hallucinations and delirium. Initial work up revealed both intracranial and pulmonary lesions thought to be neurosarcoidosis, for which he was put on high dose steroids. A hilar node biopsy was obtained but results were inconclusive. Neurosurgery performed a  stereotactic brain biopsy for definitive diagnosis.",Meningothelial hyperplasia within subarachnoid space of segment of cortex and underlying white matter.; Neurosarcoidosis; Meningioma en plaque,Meningothelial hyperplasia within subarachnoid space of segment of cortex and underlying white matter.,https://eurorad.org/case/14675
case0051,What to know in a case of  Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET) of brain,21.12.2016,A 12-year-old male presented with complaints of convulsion for the last year. He also had a history of developmental delay for the last 4 years. He was referred for MRI Brain study to rule out intracranial pathology.,Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET); Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumours; Low grade Glioma; Gangliogliomas,Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET),https://eurorad.org/case/14337
case0007,Extramedullary hematopoiesis of the falx,25.09.2015,"A 63 year old woman suffering from a mixed myeloproliferative syndrome for 14 years, with spleen and liver involvement, had a splenectomy and later signs of hepatomegaly and portal hypertension. She previously presented 3 episodes of transient ischemic attack, and recently presented with gait instability, and was therefore referred for brain MRI.","Regarding the whole file, we believe it is falx EMH.; subdural hematoma; extramedullary hematopoiesis; meningioma; meningeal metastasis","Regarding the whole file, we believe it is falx EMH.",https://eurorad.org/case/13036
case0081,Joubert syndrome,11.11.2017,"Sisters of 14 and 7 years of age born from consanguine parents with no history of the disease in their family. They present with delayed motor and language development, horizontal pendular nystagmus and strabismus, facial dysmorphism with forehead prominence, deep set eyes, and bilateral epicanthic folds.",Joubert syndrome; Dandy-Walker continuum; Rhombencephalosynapsis; Mega cisterna magna,Joubert syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/15048
case0199,"Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma, a rare cause of Intracranial Hypertension in the Young Adult",28.07.2022,"A 28-year-old man came to the Emergency Department because of nausea and vomiting (which had begun four days before), and sporadic episodes of blurry vision occurred in the last months. He also had history of headaches in the past three months, which had worsened in the previous three days.",Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma; Cerebellitis; Subacute cerebellar infarction; Nodular medulloblastoma,Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma,https://eurorad.org/case/17833
case0173,"Editors selection

    
                              Hyperglycemia induced hemichorea-hemiballismus in a 71-year old female presenting with involuntary unilateral movements",27.10.2021,"A 71-year-old female with poorly controlled diabetes presented with a one-month history of involuntary, irregular, writhing movements starting with intermittent elevation of the left shoulder, followed by the ipsilateral forearm and lower extremity. Cranial nerves were intact, and no sensory and motor deficits were noted. Initial serum glucose levels were elevated.","Hyperglycemia induced hemichorea-hemiballismus; Vascular etiology; Infection; Medications; Immunological disorders; Metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus",Hyperglycemia induced hemichorea-hemiballismus,https://eurorad.org/case/17472
case0233,Angiomatous Meningioma with Intra-Tumoral and Subdural Hemorrhage,12.06.2023,A 40-year-old female patient presented with insidious onset headache more on the right side than left for few months followed by diffuse global headache which was associated with few episodes of nausea and vomiting for the past 8 days which was relieved on taking medication.,Angiomatous Meningioma CNS WHO Grade-I; Glioblastoma Multiforme; Metastasis; Anaplastic oligodendroglioma,Angiomatous Meningioma CNS WHO Grade-I,https://eurorad.org/case/18142
case0031,Brainstem glioma,14.04.2016,"A 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with gait disturbance, headache and weakness of the limb for a week. Neurological examination revealed a cerebellar ataxia with dysarthria, paresthesis and left hemibody paralysis. No history of fever or cancer.",Brainstem glioma; Metastasis; Abscess; Vascular malformation,Brainstem glioma,https://eurorad.org/case/13562
case0223,Hot-cross bun: An important sign in diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy - Cerebellar type,15.03.2023,"A 55-year male presented with insidious onset slurring of speech, abnormal changes in behaviour and difficulty in walking for the 3 months and cognitive impairment for 1 year. He had difficulty in walking and postural imbalance. However, he did not show any obvious psychiatric symptoms. On examination, there was bilateral finger nose ataxia and ataxic gait. Tendon reflexes were brisk, exaggerated and bilateral extensor plantar reflex was noted.",Multiple System Atrophy - Cerebellar type; Spinocerebellar ataxia; Cerebral vasculitis (causing Wallerian degeneration of pontocerebellar tracts); Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD); JC virus granule cell neuronopathy,Multiple System Atrophy - Cerebellar type,https://eurorad.org/case/18050
case0098,Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM),08.05.2018,"An 18-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department with five day-neurological symptoms consistent of motor dysfunction, right hand clumsiness and dysarthria. The previous days he had had cough and expectoration without fever. Both blood test and cerebrospinal fluid obtained through lumbar puncture were normal. Antibodies were also negative.",Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM); Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; Epstein-barr virus encephalitis; Multiple sclerosis; Autoimmune paraneoplastic encephalitis; Bihemisferic diffuse glioma,Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM),https://eurorad.org/case/15727
case0001,Septo-optic dysplasia and schizencephaly,28.02.2016,A ten-month-old infant presented with vertical nystagmus. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral atrophy of optic nerves. Physical exam showed no focal deficits. Labs revealed no endocrine abnormality.,Septo – optic dysplasia; Lobar holoprosenchephaly; Agenesis of corpus callosum,Septo – optic dysplasia,https://eurorad.org/case/12631
case0257,"Editors selection

    
                              Joubert Syndrome. A case presentation",15.11.2023,"2-year-old male. First pregnancy of non-consanguineous parents, obtained at term by cesarean section due to cephalopelvic disproportion, without crying and cyanosis that required ventilatory support. Sucking with choking, poor support of the head. Epicanthus and anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, retrognathia, diastasis recti, limbs with diminished trophism and tone.",COACH syndrome; Cerebellar hypoplasia; Joubert syndrome; Meckel-Gruber syndrome; Vermian dysgenesis,Joubert syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/18379
case0202,Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor,22.08.2022,A 65-years-old female patient was admitted to the emergency service with a complaint of dizziness for two days. She had a prior history of surgery for endometrium adenocarcinoma. The neurological examination showed no focal neurologic deficit. The patient was referred to the radiology department for further evaluation.,Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors; Enlarged perivascular spaces; Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET); Focal cortical dysplasia,Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors,https://eurorad.org/case/17852
case0065,Porencephalic cavity (External type),04.07.2017,Fourteen-year-old boy with history of two attacks of seizures in the past two months.,Congenital porencephalic cavity (External type); Closed lip schizencephaly; Arachnoid cyst,Congenital porencephalic cavity (External type),https://eurorad.org/case/14792
case0079,Spontaneous rupture of a subarachnoid cyst with subdural hygroma formation.,17.09.2017,A 35-year-old male patient who recently started to develop progressive headache. The patient denies any history of recallable head trauma.,Spontaneous ruptured arachnoid cyst with subdural hygroma formation.; Isolated subdural hygroma; Large epidermoid cyst,Spontaneous ruptured arachnoid cyst with subdural hygroma formation.,https://eurorad.org/case/15029
case0017,Cerebellar abscess secondary to occipital dermoid cyst with dermal sinus,16.02.2016,"A young man with known Goldenhar syndrome with hemifacial microsomia and dextrocardia presented with four weeks history of headaches and dizziness. Examination revealed nystagmus, unsteadiness, inability to stand in Romberg with eyes open or closed, inability to perform tandem gait, complete deafness on right side and a small abscess on his scalp in the occipital region.",Cerebellar abscess in adult secondary to occipital dermoid cyst with dermal sinus; Bacterial meningitis; Brain cancer (primary or metastatic); Focal encephalitis; Septic dural sinus thrombosis,Cerebellar abscess in adult secondary to occipital dermoid cyst with dermal sinus,https://eurorad.org/case/13329
case0225,Schilder's disease: A case report,17.03.2023,"A 17-year-old male presented with sudden-onset sensitive and motor deficits of the lower limbs. During the previous days the patient mentioned a gradual feeling of fatigue. The patient was submitted to a thorough neurological examination that revealed lower limbs ataxia, motor deficits of the left hand and generalized hyperreflexia.",Schilder’s disease; Marburg variant of multiple sclerosis; Balo’s concentric sclerosis; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM); X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD); Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/18070
case0271,A rare type of cerebrovascular accident,31.05.2024,"A 77-year-old man with hypertension and type 2 diabetes, presented with bilateral upper and lower limb weakness and dyspnoea. He was intubated at a nearby hospital and referred to us for further management. At admission, he was drowsy with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of E4M1VT. He was admitted to the ICU and put on mechanical ventilator, and a nasogastric tube was inserted. An initial CT-Brain was done, which was unremarkable, followed by an MRI Brain.",Bilateral medial medullary infarction,Bilateral medial medullary infarction,https://eurorad.org/case/18573
case0156,"Flavivirus encephalitis presenting with cortical, thalami and posterior fossa lesions",02.04.2021,"A 35-year-old male patient, presenting with ataxia, upper right limb spasms, and disorientation. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicated pleocytosis and increased protein levels.",Flavivirus encephalitis.; Toxic metabolic disorder.; Varicella encephalitis.; Epstein Barr infection.,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/17239
case0201,An interesting location of the arachnoid cyst: cavum velum interpositi,03.08.2022,A 46-year-old female patient is referred to our radiology clinic for Magnetic Rezonans Imaging (MRI) due to headache for 2 months. Her neurological examination was unremarkable .,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Cavum Velum Interpositi Aarachnoid Cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/17844
case0178,Neuroimaging Findings In Neurofibromatosis 1,10.11.2021,"34 years male presenting with swelling over left upper eyelid and forehead with left eye ptosis from 1 year. On examination, café u lait spots seen on back and few small swellings on both the forearms appeared as dermal neurofibromas. The patient gave history of similar cutaneous findings in sibling.",Neurofibromatosis Type 1; Left palpebral hemangioma; Normal pressure hydrocephalus; Metabolic encephalopathy,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/17517
case0103,Neuromyelitis optica,08.07.2018,"A previously healthy 35-year-old female patient presenting with a 2-week history of nausea and constipation, followed by fever, pruritus and difficulty walking in the week prior to admission. Neurological examination revealed generalised weakness in all four limbs, most marked crural.",Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD); Multiple sclerosis; Neurosarcoidosis; ADEM; NMOSD; Neuro-Behçet’s disease,Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD),https://eurorad.org/case/15896
case0254,Unusual presentation of autoimmune encephalitis,31.10.2023,"A 31-year-old woman experienced sudden tonic and clonic seizures while sleeping. These events recurred on multiple occasions. She started receiving anti-seizure treatment, and an electroencephalogram revealed epileptic activity in the right temporal lobe. The medical team also conducted a test to determine the presence of anti-neuronal antibodies in her blood, which came back positive for anti-GABAb.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Autoimmune encephalitis,https://eurorad.org/case/18363
case0188,Cerebral Aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient,11.04.2022,"A previously healthy 6-year-old girl was taken to the ER after having an isolated convulsive crisis. She was diagnosed with febrile convulsions and a viral infection for which she was prescribed supportive measures. A week later she developed progressive right hemiparesis, for which a non-enhanced CT was performed (figure 1), reporting a right frontal tumour; she was then referred to our institution for further examination. MRI of the brain was performed.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Cerebral Aspergillosis,https://eurorad.org/case/17700
case0011,An aetiology of late-onset epilepsy,01.11.2015,"A 38-year-old African woman, who recently had a first seizure and presented at emergency with another generalized tonic-clonic seizure. She was born in Cabo Verde. No focal neurological deficit and she had no complaints in the past. Laboratory findings depicted normal blood and cerebrospinal fluid. A CT and then a brain MR were performed.",Adult onset seizures in a patient with neurocysticercosis.; Metastasis; Abscess; Glioma (high grade),Adult onset seizures in a patient with neurocysticercosis.,https://eurorad.org/case/13128
case0102,Haemangioblastoma (central nervous system),12.07.2018,"A 35-year-old man with a clinical course that began 2 months before, with global headache associated with a rotating environment sensation that did not improve with the intake of common analgesics. 8 days before he reported an increase in headache associated with emesis.",Haemangioblastoma; Posterior fossa metastases; Pilocytic astrocytoma; Glioblastoma (GBM); Medulloblastoma,Haemangioblastoma,https://eurorad.org/case/15855
case0205,Intracranial Hydatid Cyst: MRI and MR Spectroscopy imaging features,31.08.2022,"A 16-year-old female presented with two months history of progressive headache and difficulty in speaking, to the current state of inability to speak. There was no other significant neurological history. Physical examination revealed Broca’s aphasia with normal motor, sensory, cranial nerve, and cerebellar functions. Contrast-enhanced MRI was subsequently performed.",Intracranial hydatid cyst; Cerebral abscess; Neuroglial cyst; Arachnoid cyst; Porencephalic cyst; Cystic neoplasms,Intracranial hydatid cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/17868
case0019,Intracranial tuberculous granuloma,04.02.2016,"A 19-year-old female patient presented with headache, vomiting and low-grade fever for 1 month. She had a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis 2 years ago and was a treatment defaulter.",Intracranial tuberculous granuloma (Tuberculoma); Neurocysticercosis; Bacterial cerebral abscess; Cerebral toxoplasmosis; Cerebral metastasis; CNS lymphoma,Intracranial tuberculous granuloma (Tuberculoma),https://eurorad.org/case/13344
case0235,Tectal Plate Cavernoma: A Rare Brainstem Lesion,13.06.2023,"A 45-year-old female presented with headache, diplopia and vertigo for two months. On examination, she had positive cerebellar signs and ataxia on tandem walk. Her cranial nerves were intact. Funduscopic evaluation revealed mild papilledema.",Tectal Plate Cavernoma/Cavernous Malformation; Hemorrhagic neoplasm; Arteriovenous malformation; Hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage; Metastasis,Tectal Plate Cavernoma/Cavernous Malformation,https://eurorad.org/case/18158
case0145,MRI findings of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a child with thalassemia,02.11.2020,A thirteen-year-old female presented with four recent episodes of tonic clonic seizures associated with vomiting. She had one episode of epistaxis. She was a known case of thalassemia major on regular blood transfusions. She received her last blood transfusion four days ago. Her birth and development history was normal. She was afebrile at the time of admission and laboratory investigations revealed mild thrombocytopenia (platelet count of 1.19 lakh per microlitre). Her blood pressure was 150/90 mm of Hg. There was no leukocytosis and serum electrolytes were normal.,Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome; Cerebral Vasculitis; Intracranial hemorrhage; Venous sinus thrombosis,Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/17038
case0176,Not as Simple(x) as it seems: the importance of radiological follow-up in HSV encephalitis,02.11.2021,"An 18-year-old male, with no significant past medical history, presented to hospital with a frontal headache, pyrexia, and generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Examination revealed no focal neurological deficit. He was commenced on intravenous acyclovir for suspected Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE), prior to confirmation of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) from positive cerebrospinal fluid analysis.",Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) encephalitis with rare complication of intracerebral haemorrhage; Infarction; Meningitis; Low-grade glioma,Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) encephalitis with rare complication of intracerebral haemorrhage,https://eurorad.org/case/17487
case0014,Tiger striped pattern: Probable Lhermitte-Duclos disease,23.11.2015,"The patient presented in medicine OPD with non-radiating remitting moderate intensity occipital headache for 2 months. There was no history of any trauma or drug intake. The patient was well oriented and could tell the time, place and person. Neurological examination showed no signs of cerebellar dysfunction.",Lhermitte-Duclos disease; cerebellitis; Metastasis,Lhermitte-Duclos disease,https://eurorad.org/case/13186
case0033,Cavernous angioma of the medulla oblongata,24.04.2016,A 77-years-old male patient presented with dysphagia and dysarthria during the past 3 months. No other relevant symptoms related to the central nervous system were described.,Cavernous angioma of the medulla oblongata.; Haemorrhagic metastases.; Neurocysticercosis; Haemorrhagic primary brain tumour,Cavernous angioma of the medulla oblongata.,https://eurorad.org/case/13610
case0190,Megalencephaly leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts,13.05.2022,7 months old male child presented with recurrent seizure and delayed developmental milestones. The child has macrocephaly with head circumference 53cm ( more than 97 percentile).,Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (Van der Knaap disease); Glutaric aciduria type 1; Canavans disease; Alexander disease,Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (Van der Knaap disease),https://eurorad.org/case/17716
case0071,Porencephaly,03.12.2018,38-year-old male with Right hand and foot dystonia.,Porencephaly; Schizencephaly; Neuroglial cysts,Porencephaly,https://eurorad.org/case/14832
case0206,Rheumatoid Leptomeningitis due to Rheumatoid arthritis,08.09.2022,"A 76-year-old female presented with a 10-minute aphasic episode and bilateral leg numbness. Additionally, the patient had a six-month history of daily left leg focal clonic seizures and a two-month history of bilateral metacarpophalangeal joint synovitis.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/17875
case0101,Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma with late presentation,27.05.2018,A 6-year-old male patient presented to the emergency room with a history of headache for the past 6 months. The patient’s mother also complained of sudden increase in head circumference of the child. There was no significant past history. No previous investigation was done prior to this.,Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma with late presentation; Primitive neuroectodermal tumour; Ependymoma; Ganglioglioma; Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour,Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma with late presentation,https://eurorad.org/case/15798
case0234,Neurosarcoidosis,12.06.2023,"A 44-year-old man with chronic anterior uveitis had his first epileptic seizure. He displayed severe psychomotor retardation, moderate apraxia of the right hand, and no other neurological symptoms. MRI and skin lesion biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Methotrexate treatment led to marked improvement seen in a follow-up MRI after 3 months.",Neurosarcoidosis; Tuberculous leptomeningitis; Metastatic disease; Lymphoma/leukaemia infiltration; Cryptococcosis,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/18153
case0265,IV ventricle neurocysticercosis causing acute obstructive hydrocephalus,26.03.2024,"A 64-year-old female patient with no relevant previous medical history attended the emergency room (ER) after a 3-day episode of disorientation, mental gaps, and symmetrical paresis of both lower extremities associated with frequent falls. No fever, dyspnoea, or other symptomatology was reported.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,IV ventricle neurocysticercosis (vesicular-colloidal phase) with acute hydrocephalus,https://eurorad.org/case/18503
case0200,"Editors selection

    
                              Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids (CLIPPERS): a case presentation",28.07.2022,"A 24-year-old man presented to our hospital with an established subacute dizziness with gait instability, ataxia, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, slurred speech and quadriplegia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed elevated white blood cell count with lymphocytes. Extensive laboratory evaluation of serum and CSF biomarkers for autoimmune and infectious causes werd negative.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Chronic Lymphocytic,https://eurorad.org/case/17834
case0125,Acute hyperammonaemic encephalopathy after TIPS,21.04.2020,"A 71-year-old man with significant history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension presenting at the emergency department with profuse haematemesis. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was performed. In the following 3 days, the patient deteriorated neurologically with reduced level of consciousness and seizures. Lab tests (hyperammonaemia 152µmol/L (5-55 µmol/L)) and MRI were performed to investigate the altered mental state. MRI was obtained 6 days after the first epileptic event.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Acute hyperammonaemic encephalopathy after TIPS,https://eurorad.org/case/16726
case0275,Septo-optic dysplasia plus syndrome,12.09.2024,The patient is a 5-year-old male with a history of medicated panhypopituitarism and psychomotor development delay. Ophthalmologic examination revealed an absence of light perception and a pale optic disc on the left side.,Septo-optic dysplasia plus syndrome; Lobar holoprosencephaly; Congenital hypopituitarism; Kallmann syndrome,Septo-optic dysplasia plus syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/18692
case0064,Lissencephaly-pachygyria spectrum,16.11.2017,Two-month-old male patient with new onset seizure.,Lissencephaly-pachygyria spectrum; Polymicrogyria; Normal premature infant,Lissencephaly-pachygyria spectrum,https://eurorad.org/case/14760
case0092,Racemose neurocysticercosis,14.02.2018,"A 32-year-old male patient presented with chronic daily headache for more than 6 months. There was no fever, seizure, visual problem or focal motor deficit.",Racemose neurocysticercosis; Arachnoid cysts; Hydatid disease; Cystic astrocitoma,Racemose neurocysticercosis,https://eurorad.org/case/15521
case0053,Central Pontine and Extra Pontine Myelinolysis,30.01.2017,"A 72-year-old alcoholic patient was brought to the ED with an altered state of consciousness. On arrival, serum electrolyte levels were as follows: sodium (Na): 110 mmol/l (135-145 mmol/l). The patient was diagnosed with hyponatremia and was put on sodium corrective measures. MRI brain was performed due to drowsiness, confusion, and raised Na: 145 mmol/l after 2 days.",Pontine and extra pontine myelinolysis.; Stroke; Wernicke Encephalopathhy,Pontine and extra pontine myelinolysis.,https://eurorad.org/case/14449
case0250,Intracranial tuberculomas accompanied by a singular intramedullary tuberculoma,13.10.2023,"A 62-year-old male, born in São Tomé, former ship kitchen assistant and without relevant medical history, was brought to the Emergency Department due to encephalopathy, cough, and thoracic pain that had been developing for two weeks. On examination, there were no signs of meningeal involvement or focal neurological deficits.",Metastasis; Neurocysticercosis; Toxoplasmosis; Necrotising sarcoid granulomatosis; Intracranial and intramedullary tuberculomas,Intracranial and intramedullary tuberculomas,https://eurorad.org/case/18344
case0068,Gliobastoma with leptomeningeal dissemination,26.06.2017,34-year-old female patient presented to the emergency room with headaches and seizures after falling asleep while eating.,Gliobastoma with leptomeningeal dissemination; Leptomeningeal inflammation: leptomeningitis; Spinal astrocytoma; Ependymoma,Gliobastoma with leptomeningeal dissemination,https://eurorad.org/case/14808
case0154,Neuro-Imaging in congenital CMV infection,31.03.2021,"A 2-year-old female child, presented with global developmental delay and microcephaly.","Congenital TORCH infection (most likely CMV); Microcephaly: Rubella, zika virus infection; Intracranial calcification: Toxoplasmosis, tuberous sclerosis.; Temporal lobe cysts: Megalencephalic Leukodystrophy with subcortical cysts, vanishing white matter disease",Congenital TORCH infection (most likely CMV),https://eurorad.org/case/17232
case0004,Intacranial epidermoid cyst,02.10.2015,A 42-year-old male patient presented with chronic headache for the past 6 months. He had also experienced occasional episodes of vomiting for 2 months.,Intracranial epidermoid cyst; Arachnoid cyst; Dermoid cyst; Cerebral abscess,Intracranial epidermoid cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/12933
case0168,"Editors selection

    
                              A rare fatal case of acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis secondary to COVID-19",04.08.2021,"A 25-year-old male patient presented with the complaints of fever, altered sensorium  and convulsions with RT PCR positive status for COVID-19 three weeks back.  MRI brain was advised.",Acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis; Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis; Deep cerebral vein thrombosis; ADEM (Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis),Acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis,https://eurorad.org/case/17361
case0203,A rare case of meningioangiomatosis,24.08.2022,"A four-year-old boy was brought to the hospital with recurrent episodes of focal left seizures since one and half years of age. Antiepileptic medications were started for the same. He had breakthrough seizures on medications, and hence MRI was advised.",Meningioangiomatosis; Giant cavernous malformation; Granulomatous disease; Calcifying pseudoneoplasm of the neuraxis; Meningioma,Meningioangiomatosis,https://eurorad.org/case/17859
case0242,Multiple midline cysts alongside corpus callosum dysplasia,12.08.2023,"We present the case of a 15-month-old boy for whom an EEG and transfontanellar ultrasound was performed in the context of hypotonia, revealing an interhemispheric cyst. An MRI was requested to further evaluate the cyst. The patient was clinically well, having begun to babble and use simple words.",Type 2a Barkovich multicystic lesion; Type 1a Barkovich lesion; Type 2b Barkovich lesion,Type 2a Barkovich multicystic lesion,https://eurorad.org/case/18240
case0237,MRI brain findings in a case of uremic encephalopathy,13.06.2023,"A 46-year-old diabetic female who is a known case of chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, presented with recent onset complaints of slurring of speech, difficulty in walking and slowing of gait. No history of alcohol or any substance abuse. Her laboratory results revealed elevated levels of serum creatinine and blood urea levels. MRI brain was done to look for an answer to this clinical scenario.",Uremic encephalopathy; Osmotic demyelination syndrome; Hepatic encephalopathy; Methanol poisoning; Wernicke encephalopathy; Ethylene glycol poisoning,Uremic encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/18186
case0052,Pericallosal Lipoma,11.02.2017,"A 43-year-old female patient with hypertension and anxiety was referred to the neurology department due to numbness on the left side of the body and disequilibrium. Physical examination and laboratory findings were unremarkable. A non-contrast-enhanced cranial CT and subsequently an MRI, were performed.",Pericallosal lipoma; Intracranial dermoid; Intracranial teratoma; Intracranial epidermoid,Pericallosal lipoma,https://eurorad.org/case/14428
case0255,A case of sinus pericranii in a 5-year-old boy,09.11.2023,"A 5-year-old boy presented to the paediatric clinic with a parietal cranial soft tissue mass present since birth. The mass had become progressively sore and increased in size. The patient had no significant medical history, other complaints, or neurological deficits.",Haemangioma; Subgaleal haematoma; Pseudomeningocele; Sinus pericranii; Dermoid cyst,Sinus pericranii,https://eurorad.org/case/18372
case0134,A rare case of a DWI-negative acute complete occlusion of internal carotid artery.,28.07.2020,"An 87-year-old female was found on the floor at home. In the emergency room, she was drowsy, showed a conjugate eye deviation to the right side, a right-sided hemiparesis and aphasia. Cranial CT imaging did not detect haemorrhage or hypodensities suggestive for early signs of ischaemic stroke.",DWI-negative acute complete occlusion of internal carotid artery.; Migraine.; Seizure.; Hypoglycemia.; Dissociative disorder.,DWI-negative acute complete occlusion of internal carotid artery.,https://eurorad.org/case/16911
case0243,Secondary CNS lymphoma,18.08.2023,59-year-old male presenting with first occurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Patient had a history of mantle cell lymphoma 2-years prior and was on maintenance therapy.,Primary CNS lymphoma; Secondary CNS lymphoma; Cerebritis/encephalitis; Subacute cerebral infarction; Glioblastoma,Secondary CNS lymphoma,https://eurorad.org/case/18260
case0273,Wernicke’s encephalopathy with bi-thalamic haemorrhage,18.07.2024,"A 22-year-old male with autism spectrum disorder and a history of eating disorders was presented to the emergency department due to abdominal pain, reduced communication, and refusal to eat or drink for 4 days. While he was hospitalised, he developed cognitive decline and his mental status changed.",Bi-thalamic and intraventricular haemorrhage with Wernicke’s encephalopathy; AVM; Deep cerebral venous thrombosis; Artery of Percheron infarct,Bi-thalamic and intraventricular haemorrhage with Wernicke’s encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/18626
case0228,Autoimmune paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis,18.04.2023,"A 53-year-old woman with a history of high blood pressure, smoker, cocaine and 3,4-methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA) user, has been suffering from progressive cognitive impairment, abnormal behaviour and weight loss over the past seven months. She was admitted to the hospital after developing a focal left-hemispheric episode followed by a seizure. On physical examination, she presented aphasia and right hemiparesis, temporal-spatial disorientation, severe alteration of episodic memory and abolition of Achilles reflexes.",Autoimmune paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis; Herpetic encephalitis; Perivascular lymphoma; Low-grade glioma; Hashimoto’s encephalopathy,Final Diagnosis not found.,https://eurorad.org/case/18108
case0167,JC-Virus granule cell neuronopathy,23.07.2021,"A 50-year-old male patient, previously undiagnosed HIV infection, presenting with a 3-month history of progressive gait and swallowing difficulty. Mild nystagmus on examination. No motor weakness or sensory/autonomic complaints.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,JC Virus Granule Cell Neuronopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/17357
case0116,Smart syndrome after glioblastoma treatment,27.06.2019,"A 53-year-old woman, who had undergone surgery and chemoradiotherapy for a glioblastoma 9 years before, was admitted for sudden right-sided headache with photophobia, left-sided hemianopia and dyspraxia for the past 4 days. Four months after admission and receiving a steroid tapering schedule her symptoms completely resolved.",Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES); Familial/Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine (F/SHM); Postictal changes; SMART syndrome; Encephalitis,SMART syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/16395
case0040,Neurosyphilis - Clinically dementia and radiologically meningoencephalitis,30.08.2016,32-year-old gentleman with progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment for 2 years.,Temporal lobe atrophy and meningoencephalitis secondary to neurosyphilis; Acute meningoencephalitis; Progressive dementia; Psychosis,Temporal lobe atrophy and meningoencephalitis secondary to neurosyphilis,https://eurorad.org/case/13894
case0179,Seudotumoral presentation of neurocysticercosis: Typical imaging findings for its diagnosis,13.01.2022,"A Bolivian 50-year-old man came to the emergency department with headache. He had no fever or other neurological focality. As medical history of interest, he was HIV + (CD4 <50) and he presented with pancytopenia in his blood test.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Neurocysticercosis,https://eurorad.org/case/17584
case0279,Atypical choroid plexus papilloma – An interesting case,16.10.2024,"A 5-year-old female child presented with an afebrile seizure, persistent headaches, vomiting, and altered mental status in the emergency room. The patient had been experiencing headaches and ataxia for the past 2 months. During the clinical examination, signs of raised intracranial pressure were observed, prompting a contrast-enhanced MRI to be recommended.",Choroid plexus papilloma; Atypical choroid plexus papilloma; Choroid plexus carcinoma; Choroid plexus metastasis; Subependymoma; Central neurocytoma; Meningioma; Hemangioblastoma,Atypical choroid plexus papilloma,https://eurorad.org/case/18734
case0099,The bilateral thalamic infarction,15.06.2018,"86-year-old female patient, found down, scalp haematoma, concern for seizure vs stroke.",Bilateral thalamic infarction; Top of the basilar artery syndrome; Bilateral internal cerebral vein thrombosis,Bilateral thalamic infarction,https://eurorad.org/case/15741
case0162,H1N1 encephalitis,26.05.2021,"A 3-year-old child, previously well developmentally normal child, came with fever, multiple episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures, poor activity and altered sensorium. On admission child was drowsy and not responding to commands (GCS-12/15) with associated hypertonia of all four limbs. Laboratory tests revealed Severe leukopenia and Dengue NS1-negative. Lumbar puncture was done and CSF was sent for Japanese encephalitis and HSV, which were also negative. EEG showed slowing of background activity. H1N1 throat swab was positive.",Acute necrotizing encephalitis of childhood (ANEC) by H1N1 virus; Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM); Leigh syndrome; Reye syndrome,Acute necrotizing encephalitis of childhood (ANEC) by H1N1 virus,https://eurorad.org/case/17286
case0144,Septo-optic dysplasia plus syndrome with associated arachnoid cyst in a toddler presenting with ocular and motor dysfunction,07.10.2020,"A one-year-old female presented with rotatory nystagmus, generalised hypotonia, and developmental delay. Ophthalmologic examination revealed bilaterally small optic discs, while physical examination showed hyperreflexia in the right lower extremity. A past history of febrile seizure was elicited. Her mother reported of alcohol intake during the first month of pregnancy.",Septo-optic dysplasia plus syndrome; Septo-optic dysplasia; Lobar holoprosencephaly; Corpus callosal dysgenesis,Septo-optic dysplasia plus syndrome,https://eurorad.org/case/16993
case0087,Multiple system atrophy - Extrapiramidal subtype,18.12.2017,"A 67-year-old female patient diagnosed with Parkinson disease three years ago, with poor response to carbidopa/levodopa therapy.",Multiple system atrophy - Extrapyramidal subtype (striatonigral degeneration).; Parkinson disease; Parkinson-plus syndromes; Wilson disease,Multiple system atrophy - Extrapyramidal subtype (striatonigral degeneration).,https://eurorad.org/case/15346
case0067,A choroid plexus carcinoma in the lateral ventricle of an adult,26.06.2017,"A 34-year-old male patient with an unremarkable medical history was referred to the emergency department because of an increasing headache and persistent neck pain, combined with intermittent confusion and disorientation. The clinical examination revealed a drowsy and sleepy patient without any other abnormalities.",Choroid plexus carcinoma in the lateral ventricle of an adult; (Atypical) choroid plexus papilloma; Ependymoma; Subependymal giant cell tumour; Hypervascular metastatic papillary adenocarcinoma (typically originating from a thyroid or renal malignancy),Choroid plexus carcinoma in the lateral ventricle of an adult,https://eurorad.org/case/14804
case0185,Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis,30.03.2022,"A malnourished 8-year-old girl with history of facial trauma 3 months prior, presented with somnolence, vomit and non-specific headache; a head CT was obtained (not shown), reporting a left frontal tumour. Lumbar puncture was performed and CSF analysis showed no abnormalities.",Granulomatous amebic encephalitis; High grade glioma; Lymphoma; Brain absscess,Granulomatous amebic encephalitis,https://eurorad.org/case/17678
case0020,Focal cortical dysplasia,25.02.2016,"The patient presented with complaints of refractory focal seizures, delayed speech development and was apparently ambidextrous. On EEG, the focus was localised to left frontal and temporal lobe.",Atypical Taylor Type IIb Focal Cortical Dysplasia; Cortically based neoplasms:; a.Dysembryonic neuroepithelial tumour (DNET); b.Ganglioglioma; c.Oligodendroglioma; d.Low grade diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma (WHO GRADE II); Cortical tuber of tuberous sclerosis (in the presence of other features of tuberous sclerosis),Atypical Taylor Type IIb Focal Cortical Dysplasia,https://eurorad.org/case/13396
case0048,An unusual case of unilateral frontal presylvian polymicrogyria with periventricular heterotopia.,08.12.2016,"A 50-year-old patient presented to A&E with tonic-clonic seizure for the first time, lasting a few seconds, followed by post-ictal agitation and confusion for approximately 10 min. No past medical history of note. Neurological and other systemic examinations were unremarkable. Routine bloods were all within normal range.",MRI findings were suggestive of long standing left frontal PMG+PNH; Brain tumour/Space occupying lesion; Intracranial haemorrhage,MRI findings were suggestive of long standing left frontal PMG+PNH,https://eurorad.org/case/14281
case0066,Brain herniation into dural venous sinus,12.06.2017,31-year-old male patient involved in a motor vehicle accident evaluated for head trauma.,Brain herniation into dural venous sinus.; Dural venous sinus thrombosis; Dural-based tumour; Giant arachnoid granulation,Brain herniation into dural venous sinus.,https://eurorad.org/case/14794
case0110,Neuroimaging of Tuberous Sclerosis (tubers-subependymal hamartomas),29.10.2018,A 6 year-old female patient with seizures.,Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease); TORCH; Neurocysticercosis; Tuberculoid granuloma; Taylor-Type Cortical Dysplasia; X-Linked Subependymal Heterotopia,Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease),https://eurorad.org/case/16253
case0215,Balo's concentric sclerosis: A case report,29.11.2022,"A 25-year-old woman presented with left hemiparesis and hypoesthesia lasting for 1 hour, with no other associated symptoms.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Balo’s concentric sclerosis,https://eurorad.org/case/17946
case0227,Cavum vergae cyst presenting with headache,18.04.2023,The 14-year male was referred for an MRI brain for more than six months of persistent headaches,Cavum vergae cyst; Cavum septum pellucidum et vergae; Cavum velum interpositum; Interhemispheric arachnoid cyst; Pineal cyst,Cavum vergae cyst,https://eurorad.org/case/18099
case0252,Neuroradiologic findings in scleroderma in “coup de sabre”,17.10.2023,A 6-year-old child presents with seizures. He presents a lineal band of soft tissue atrophy in right frontoparietal region.,Rasmussen's encephalitis; Linear scleroderma in “coup de sabre”; Hemimegalencephaly,Linear scleroderma in “coup de sabre”,https://eurorad.org/case/18349
case0186,Frontal sinus organized hematoma after endoscopic sinus surgery,30.03.2022,"An 82-year-old patient presented with progressive and painless swelling in the medial canthus of the right eye, which was tender and slightly fluctuating at clinical inspection. He previously had several local recurrences of sinonasal adenocarcinoma in the ethmoidal sinus, for which he received multiple endoscopical resections.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Organized sinonasal hematoma in the frontal sinus after multiple endoscopic sinus interventions,https://eurorad.org/case/17680
case0210,PWML: A punctate differential diagnosis in neonates,14.10.2022,"A term newborn (39 weeks), after dystocyte delivery, develops hypotonia, perinatal respiratory depression (Apgar 5,7,9) and involuntary movements of the upper limbs and masticatory muscles, interpreted as seizures. There was analytical evidence of metabolic acidosis. No relevant family or gestational history. Patient was transferred to NICU for induced hypothermia.",Punctate White Matter Lesions (PWML); Ischemic lesions related to MCA territory microemboli; Small watershed ischemic lesions; Deep venous thrombosis,Punctate White Matter Lesions (PWML),https://eurorad.org/case/17907
case0072,White matter lesions in Wilson’s disease,23.06.2017,A 13-year-old boy presented with a history of tremors of bilateral upper limbs and dysarthria progressing over six months to abnormal behaviour and cognitive dysfunction. There was no prior history of liver disease in the child or any family members. Neurological examination revealed abnormal rigidity and posturing with intention tremors affecting the upper limbs.,Wilson's disease with extensive white matter abnormalities.; Hypoxia; Extrapontine myelinolysis,Wilson's disease with extensive white matter abnormalities.,https://eurorad.org/case/14852
case0280,Meningioma with oculomotor nerve palsy,17.10.2024,"A 75-year-old male with a history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy was referred to A&E due to six months of left eye ptosis, diplopia, and discomfort worsening over the last month. Examination revealed isolated left oculomotor nerve palsy, with the left eye unable to move past the midline.",Dural metastasis; Oculomotor nerve schwannoma; Meningioma; Paraclinoid meningioma; Gliosarcoma,Paraclinoid meningioma,https://eurorad.org/case/18735
case0229,A rare case of relapsing seizures in a young adult,18.04.2023,"A 26-year-old man, with a history of recurrent seizures despite therapy with levetiracetam 500 mg bid, presented to our hospital for alternating headaches, with associated vertiginous episodes.",Lhermitte-Duclos Disease; Medulloblastoma; Uncommon cerebellar cortical dysplasias; Tuberous sclerosis complex; Cerebellitis; Subacute cerebellar infarction,Lhermitte-Duclos Disease,https://eurorad.org/case/18109
case0245,Coexistence of partial hemimegalencephaly and developmental venous anomaly with duplex drainage angioarchitectural pattern,24.08.2023,A 5-year-old male with post-ictal micturition and a history of loss of consciousness.,Partial hemimegalencephaly with developmental venous anomaly with a duplex drainage pattern.; Agyria-pachygyria complex; Incomplete Lissencephaly,Partial hemimegalencephaly with developmental venous anomaly with a duplex drainage pattern.,https://eurorad.org/case/18277
case0208,"Angiocentric Glioma, a rare long-term associated-epilepsy tumour",07.10.2022,"A 15-year-old male with a history of refractory epilepsy for the last three years. During the previous weeks, the patient had a gradual clinical worsening with frequent and prolonged seizures. The patient had no other relevant clinical history. The patient was submitted to an electroencephalogram (EEG) that revealed interictal and sporadic paroxysmal activity with a right superior frontal location.",Angiocentric glioma; Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (DNET); Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumor (MVNT); Ganglioglioma; Oligodendroglioma,Angiocentric glioma,https://eurorad.org/case/17881
case0100,Central nervous system germinoma,24.06.2018,"22-year-old patient presented with a history of 1 month of symptoms characterised by headache accompanied by vomiting. The B-HCG in cerebrospinal fluid was 87.95 mIU/ml, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-fetoprotein (Alpha-FP) were negative. The serum levels of B-HCG was 19.52 mIU/ml.",Central nervous system germinoma; Teratoma; Pineoblastoma; Pineocytoma,Central nervous system germinoma,https://eurorad.org/case/15783
case0194,Intracranial malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor,10.06.2022,An 18-year-old patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 was sent for MRI evaluation since a CT scan (not shown) revealed a large left frontal lesion.,Differential Diagnosis not found.,Intracranial malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour,https://eurorad.org/case/17751
case0153,The middle cerebellar peduncle sign in the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome,03.03.2021,"A 72-year-old male with slowly progressive instability, bradykinesia, wide base walking, ataxic dysarthria, dysphagia executive dysfunction and recent memory loss. He had a brother with similar symptoms.",Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS); Multiple system atrophy of cerebellar type (MSA-C); Spinocerebellar ataxia; Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia; Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration; Wilson disease,Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS),https://eurorad.org/case/17194
case0055,Transient lesion of splenium of corpus callosum,22.02.2017,A 6-year-old girl came with history of one episode of convulsion in the last 24 hour prior to admission. Since then the patient was in a semiconscious state.,Transient lesion of the splenium of the corpus callosum.; Ischaemia; Boomerang sign,Transient lesion of the splenium of the corpus callosum.,https://eurorad.org/case/14491
case0015,Encephalitis in bone marrow transplant patient,15.01.2016,"50-year-old man presented with acute onset confusion Day 49 post bone marrow transplant for relapsed ALL (Acute lymphocytic leukaemia) Transplant conditioning regime: Melphalan, Fludarabine, Alemtuzumab Other background history: Appendectomy, Inguinal hernia repair CSF virology: positive for HHV 6 (Human Herpesvirus) EEG: non-specific",HHV 6 encephalitis; Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis; Paraneoplastic mesolimbic encephalitis,HHV 6 encephalitis,https://eurorad.org/case/13246
case0094,Diffuse astrocytoma with protoplasmic pattern: MR imaging features of low grade infiltrative glial tumours,11.05.2018,56-year-old male patient presented with partial seizures and progressive onset of focal neurological deficits over the last 8 months. No relevant past medical history.,Diffuse astrocytoma NOS with protoplasmic pattern; Diffuse astrocytoma; Cystic oligodendroglioma; Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (DNET),Diffuse astrocytoma NOS with protoplasmic pattern,https://eurorad.org/case/15668
case0109,Cerebral Actinomycosis,05.10.2018,"37 years old male presented with complaints of severe left parietal headache, few episodes of unconsciousness, 2 episodes of seizure, low grade fever , speech difficulties and right upper limb weakness. No history of trauma. On examination right upper limb motor tone power is 2/5 and other focal neurological deficits.",Left high Parietal Actinomycosis Abscess; Tubercular Abscess; Metastasis; Primary neoplastic lesion.,Left high Parietal Actinomycosis Abscess,https://eurorad.org/case/16176
case0119,Eye of the tiger: a key diagnostic sign of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration,18.09.2019,"A 12-year-old male patient presented with developmental regression detected at the age of 6. The examination revealed dysarthria, choreoathetosis predominantly in the upper limbs, postural tremor, rigid gait with dystonic movements of both legs, brisk tendon reflexes and right clonus. EEG, EMG, and metabolic tests were unremarkable.",Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; Neuroferritinopathy; Progressive supranuclear palsy; Multiple system atrophy; Mitochondrial membrane-associated neurodegeneration,Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration,https://eurorad.org/case/16463
case0058,Primary angiitis of the central nervous system,04.05.2017,A 47-year-old woman with a 3-week history of headache and progressive cognitive dysfunction was admitted to the hospital. The patient underwent a brain MRI including spectroscopy and DSC perfusion imaging. Diagnosis was made 3 days after MRI on the basis of biopsy including cortex and subcortical white matter for histological analysis.,Primary angiitis of the central nervous system; Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; Primary CNS lymphoma; Fungal infection; Marburg disease; Primary angiitis of the central nervous system,Primary angiitis of the central nervous system,https://eurorad.org/case/14632
case0078,Endolymphatic sac tumour (ELST): a case report,30.09.2017,A 45-year-old female patient presented with complaints of persistent drooping of the right corner of the mouth. She had a waxing and waning right occipital headache. Her medical history revealed a complete hearing loss on the right side. Clinical examination revealed a right-sided peripheral paresis of the facial nerve.,Endolymphatic Sac Tumour (ELST).; Paraganglioma; Chondroid tumour; Atypical schwannoma,Endolymphatic Sac Tumour (ELST).,https://eurorad.org/case/15023
case0143,Frontal lobe abscess as a result of remote penetrating trauma,05.10.2020,"A 57-year-old male with a history of facial reconstruction following a firework accident in 1987 presented to the emergency department with several months of persistent headache, vomiting, weight loss, uncontrolled anger, and poor judgement. He denied intravenous drug use, immunocompromise, and any personal or family history of malignancy. Physical examination was unremarkable.","Frontal lobe abscess, likely secondary to displaced sinus mucosa from prior trauma; Cerebral metastasis; Toxoplasmosis; Glioblastoma multiforme; Primary CNS lymphoma","Frontal lobe abscess, likely secondary to displaced sinus mucosa from prior trauma",https://eurorad.org/case/16988
case0146,COVID patient with first presentation with neurological manifestations. A case report,12.11.2020,"Our patient was known diabetic and was in close contact with a COVID patient that’s why he presented to our dedicated clinics where PCR was done and the result came out positive and as the patient was clinically free he was sent for home quarantine and to follow up if any new manifestations appeared. 6 days later he presented to the ER with confusion, unsteadiness, memory impairment, disoriented to time and unsteady gait. On examination, the patient was vitally stable with no fever, or signs of meningeal irritation, ataxic gait, and left-sided hemiparesis grade 4, the patient was admitted for evaluation.",Post-COVID-19 viral encephalopathy; Encephalitis; Ischaemic; Vasculitis; Demyelinating disease,Post-COVID-19 viral encephalopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/17049
case0251,White epidermoid masquerading as meningioma on CT,13.10.2023,"A 62-year-old male presented with a history of a headache on and off for one year and weakness in the right upper and lower limbs for one year. He had no other complaints. On examination, power was 4 out of 5 in the upper and lower limbs. All laboratory investigations done were within the expected range.",White epidermoid; Cystic meningioma; Atypical dermoid,White epidermoid,https://eurorad.org/case/18345
case0063,Romboencephalosynapsis,25.05.2017,22-month-old male patient with developmental disability and delayed walking.,Romboencephalosynapsis; Cerebellar hypoplasia; Unilateral cerebellar disruption; Vermian agenesis: Partial or complete,Romboencephalosynapsis,https://eurorad.org/case/14736
case0195,Isolated intracranial Rosai-Dorfman disease mimicking en plaque meningioma,15.06.2022,"We report a 47-year-old male patient under study for three recent episodes of seizures. Video EEG shows frequent slow and sharp abnormalities over the frontotemporal region, predominantly on the left side.",Differential Diagnosis not found.,Rosai-Dorfman disease,https://eurorad.org/case/17771
case0095,Atretic parietal cephalocele,15.04.2018,"1-year-old boy presented with a soft, non-painful midline parietal lump of the scalp, which was present since birth.",Atretic parietal cephalocele with concomitant subependymal grey matter heterotopia; Sinus pericranii; Dermoid or epidermoid cyst; Cephalohaematoma; Sebaceous cyst; Vascular lesions (haemangioma),Atretic parietal cephalocele with concomitant subependymal grey matter heterotopia,https://eurorad.org/case/15672
case0117,"Editors selection

    
                              Hypertropic olivary degeneration secondary to dilated Virchow-Robin spaces",19.07.2019,"A 63-year-old male patient presented with a chronic history of loss of coordination for 18 months, which was gradually progressive. Subsequently, diplopia appeared 10 months ago, which had worsened. Now, on examination, he had palatal myoclonus and dysarthric speech.",DNET causing hypertrophic olivary degeneration; Metastasis; Hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to dilated Virchow-Robin spaces; Vascular malformation; Infectious / inflammatory processes,Hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to dilated Virchow-Robin spaces,https://eurorad.org/case/16398
case0181,Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis,02.02.2022,"23-year-old mentally retarded female patient, presented with a history of seizures since childhood. On examination, the patient had cataracts bilaterally and soft tissue swellings along the posterior aspect of both ankles. No other significant family or personal history.",Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis; Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome; Sitosterolemia; Hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipemia (especially type IIa),Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis,https://eurorad.org/case/17618
case0086,"Congenital disorder of glycosylation, a neuroradiologic case report",23.12.2017,"A 16-year-old male patient with a known congenital disorder of glycosylation, presents to the pediatrics consultation with symptoms of a stroke-like event and transitory paresis of the left arm. After an initial CT, an MRI was scheduled.",Congenital disorder of glycosylation type-1a; Dandy-walker malformation; Pontocerebellar atrophy of other origin.,Congenital disorder of glycosylation type-1a,https://eurorad.org/case/15330
case0211,Intracranial Myeloid Sarcoma,28.11.2022,A 75-year-old white female presents to the emergency department with fever and fatigue. Her medical history is notable for acute myeloid leukaemia on multi-regimen chemotherapy and marrow-stimulating agents. Physical exam is unremarkable. WBC count is 0.03. CSF WBC count of is 2914. CSF flow cytometry showed myeloblasts.,Myeloid Sarcoma; Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage; Primary CNS Lymphoma; Hemorrhagic Metastasis,Myeloid Sarcoma,https://eurorad.org/case/17927
case0150,Diabetic striatopathy with ketoacidosis in older diabetic woman: A case report with CT and MRI findings.,11.02.2021,"A 66-year-old female with type II diabetes mellitus since 25 years on irregular treatment, presenting with complaint of random, uncontrollable, involuntary, jerking movements of left upper limb and left lower-limb , her random blood sugar was found 580 mg/dl, HbA1c -17.46% and urine ketones ++.",Diabetic striatopathy; Wilson’s disease; Manganese toxicity; Chronic hepatic encephalopathy; Striato-capsular infarct,Diabetic striatopathy,https://eurorad.org/case/17161
case0126,Metachromatic leukodystrophy with cranial nerve and cauda equina enhancement,22.04.2020,"A 25-month-old girl was hospitalised with generalised muscle weakness that appeared and progressed in 3 weeks. Due to absent peripheral reflexes, elevated CSF protein and EMG pointing to acquired demyelinating polyneuroradiculopathy, treatment with IV immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome was implemented. Improvement was not optimal. Additional investigations revealed low serum concentration of arylsulfatase A.",Late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy; Guillain-Barre syndrome; Krabbe disease; Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; Lyme disease; Metachromatic leukodystrophy,Late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy,https://eurorad.org/case/16731