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For our May meeting, we're going to learn all about lichens. And how is this related to mycology, you ask? Well - to vastly oversimplify things - a lichen is really just a fungus that evolved an appetite for algae and/or cyanobacteria along the way, then learned how to farm it. So if you'd like to know more about these fascinating fungi (mostly fungi), please come join us on Tuesday evening to get ... the rest of the story.
In addition to being algae farmers, lichens can be also pretty cute to look at. In our area, and to my eye, the top three on ascetics alone include: 1) Cladonia Cristatella otherwise known as British Soldiers because of the scarlet red apothecia which makes them look a little like British infantry from a bygone era; 2) Graphis Scripta, which looks as if someone were practicing calligraphy on the side of a tree, and; 3) Cladonia Pyxidata, which kinda looks like it could've been used as a goblet by those mythological and diminutive woodland creatures, pixies. As an aside, I think we had a lot more imagination, and time to notice the little things, before we invented the internet.
Matt Nelsen, a postdoctoral researcher at the Field Museum, will be our lecturer. Matt studies how fungi have shaped, and have been shaped by, the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems.
- If you'd like to participate in a carpool, as either a driver or passenger, please go to the carpool application to try to find other participating MAW members.
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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| 0.961468 | 340 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Before we discuss repairing a built up roof, let’s clarify what does built up roof mean? A built up roof consists of layers called asphalt or tar that are alternated with reinforced fabrics for support. It is installed directly on the roof in as many layers as the building owner chooses or is recommended by the roofing contractor. Once all the layers are installed, a layer of gravel or stone is installed on top.
A built-up roof is one of the oldest roofing processes still used today. A built up roof is water repellant and leak resistant. It is a durable roof material with a long life span on a commercial structure when maintained and kept up. The basic steps to install a built up roof are:
A built-up roof typically includes several materials that account for the weight. There is the built-up membrane, insulation, and then the final layer of gravel if the owner chooses. The thickness of the layers can vary the weight and the thickness of the insulation can affect the weight as well.
For an existing roof’s weight estimate, it is recommended to do a field verification because of these factors that can alter the weight of built up roof. In addition, when estimating a built up roof weight, the weight of all materials used to build the roof supporting structure should be included. This is the roof rafters and trusses in addition to the built up roof system.
Flat roofing is common for commercial and industrial structure. This is where the HVAC system is installed along with electrical and plumbing. There are several option for roofing materials on a flat roof, with built up roofing and modified bitumen being the most popular. Where they are alike is the reinforcement, surfacing, and weatherproofing layers. Where they differ is explained as follows:
Built-up roof system, or BUR system have been used over a century in America. The name is derived from the way it is installed: Layer after layer after layer, typically 4 layers, of asphalt and reinforced fabric or tar and reinforced fabric, then a layer of gravel is the final layer.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://paramountcommercialroofing.com/how-do-you-repair-a-built-up-roof/
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|
en
| 0.958162 | 429 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Going solar isn’t going to save the world — yet — but it can save you money right now.
More and more Australians are installing PV solar panels to cut down on the rising costs of electricity. Solar technology is becoming more affordable and electricity is getting more expensive. The government has also made it more affordable to install solar panels by the introduction of their small-scale technology emissions trading scheme. Here are some standout reasons why it can make sense to go solar in your home.
Who do homeowners go solar?
Solar makes the most sense for medium to long term homeowners looking to offset their energy expenditure and reduce their carbon footprint. At present, PV solar power becomes cost effective after a period of years. Investors should also consider how a solar PV system can raise the resale price of the property. Solar electricity also has the potential to boost rental yields.
The main benefits of solar power:
- Reduce your electricity bill.
- Reduce your carbon footprint.
- Make money by selling power to the grid.
- Small-scale technology certificates can significantly reduce the cost of installing rooftop PV solar modules.
- Make money by selling small-scale technology certificates on the small-scale renewable scheme market.
- A rooftop PV system and solar batteries can make your dwelling energy independent.
Average daily electricity production for household solar PV systems in Australian capital cities
Average daily household electricity consumption by capital city
|City||Postcode||Household Residents||Pool||Gas Main||Average Daily Use|
- Figures are based on average yearly PV solar energy generation estimates by the Clean Energy Council, the peak body for the clean energy industry in Australia.
- Household electricity usage estimate provided by https://www.energymadeeasy.gov.au/benchmark
Save money on your electricity bill
It’s hard to say how much money solar electricity can save you. Industry research indicates you can reduce your electricity bill by up to half and can pay for itself in as little as 10 years.
According to the Clean Energy Council, the average Australian household consumes about 18kWh of electricity every day. A 1-2 kW solar PV system could potentially reduce your overall energy bill by approximately a third. And that’s a safe estimate. A solar heating system can increase the savings even further.
Household electricity bill savings depend on
- Your household electricity consumption.
- How much electricity you use in the day and in the night.
- The size of your solar electricity system.
- The location of your home.
- Your feed-in tariff.
Make money by selling power to the grid.
Any excess power you don’t use can be sold back to the grid. Solar revenue depends on your feed-in tariff arrangement with the electricity supplier.
Most feed-in tariffs are ‘net’ arrangements. You’re paid for each unit (kWh) of electricity you can provide the grid. You can usually sell a unit of energy for a little more than purchase price; however, feed-in tariff arrangements vary greatly between states and territories and electricity suppliers.
Talk with your solar retailer to find the ‘sweet spot’ between power consumption and export to get the most savings on your electricity bill.Back to top
Earn small-scale technology certificates and reduce your carbon footprint
Luis and Rose have just purchased their first home and want to install a PV solar electricity system. Although they like the idea of saving money on their electricity bill and helping the environment, they can’t afford the upfront costs of the system, which Luis heard could be as much as $10,000.
When Luis and Rose found out about the federal government’s renewable power incentives they decided to go solar.
Small-scale technology certificates
Small-scale technology certificates (STCs) are a government rebate that makes installing a PV solar system more affordable.
By installing a solar electricity system in their home Luis and Rose can earn STCs from the government, which are a type of digital currency. STCs can be sold on the STC market or given to a third party like their solar retail company for a discount on solar system and installation costs. The government lets people like Luis and Rose claim their STCs in advance by calculating expected power generation over the next 5, 10 or 15 years.
Small-scale technology certificates solar discount
|Solar system size:||2.0kWh PV Solar System.|
|Location:||Sydney (Zone 3)|
|STC unit price:||$40|
|Discounted system cost:||$3,360|
Another option for the couple is to go for solar energy finance. Most solar retailers can arrange finance so a solar system can be installed without upfront capital. If you want to enter into an agreement with a broker to finance the cost of your solar power system be sure to shop around and read the terms and conditions.
Solar is cheaper than ever and electricity is as expensive as ever, save money and save the environment by going solar.
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<urn:uuid:c1fec6ad-a507-49cf-bbdd-d4ada59a12b4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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https://www.finder.com.au/why-go-solar
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en
| 0.913926 | 1,034 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Grounded is a two-day film festival in Berlin that brings together some of the most vivid, compelling films about soil from around the world. The works of ten filmmakers highlight the diversity of personal, cultural, historical, scientific and environmental meanings of the soil.
The program of narrative, experimental and documentary films evokes our awareness of soil in the environment and in society, from soil as medium for food production to soil as habitat for diverse life systems.
Grounded is a public highlight of the first Global Soil Week, an event and forum of exchange and dialogue for actors from science, government, business and civil society, taking place from November 18th to 22nd in Berlin. It aims to translate experience and expertise into a plan of action for sustainably managing and governing soil as a global resource.
All films will be shown in English
Entrance is free to the public.
SUNDAY, November 18th
12:00 to 16:00
Underground Universe: Soil as Dynamic Ecosystem
Sunday’s film program presents soil as a diverse living resource teeming with millions of tiny creatures that support the diverse habitats of the earth as well as the food we grow for our existence.
The films reveal to us how the precious ecosystem beneath our feet is threatened by over-development, climate change, and poor land management.
WEDNESDAY, November 21nd
12:00 to 18:00
Agriculture Matters I: From Plow to Grain
Desertification: From Fertility to Futility
Agriculture Matters II: From Forest to Field
Wednesday’s film program takes a detailed look at agricultural politics, practice and management problems around the world. Agriculture Matters I looks at U.S. American agricultural history, from the dust storms of the 1930s that led to soil protection legislation and erosion protection policy to the rise of subsidized corn and industrial agriculture to new movements and new faces of organic farming.
The second block, Desertification, highlights three case studies in central Asia, Africa, and the American West to address the threats of climate change, water shortages, land management, and over development due to population growth. Agriculture Matters II investigates alternatives to slash and burn agriculture, concluding with a short discussion to bring the festival to a close.
Visit our Facebook page!
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| 0.919754 | 472 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The gradual accumulation of cell damage plays a very important role in the origin of ageing. There are many sources of cellular damage, however, which ones are really responsible for ageing and which ones are inconsequential for ageing is a question that still lacks an answer.
The Oxidative Hypothesis of Ageing -- also known as the Free Radicals Hypothesis -- was put forward in 1956 by Denham Harman. Since then, the large majority of attempts to prove that oxidative damage is relevant for ageing have failed, including multiple clinical trials in humans with antioxidant compounds. For this reason, although the accumulation of oxidative damage with ageing is undisputed, most scientists believe that it is a minor, almost irrelevant, cause of ageing.
However, this may change in light of the recently published observations. A group of scientists from the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) headed by Manuel Serrano, in collaboration with a group from the University of Valencia, directed by José Viña, and researchers at IMDEA Food from Madrid, have tried to increase the global antioxidant capacity of the cells, rather than just one or a few antioxidant enzymes. To achieve this global improvement in the total antioxidant capacity, researches have focused on increasing the levels of NADPH, a relatively simple molecule that is of key importance in antioxidant reactions and that, however, had not been studied to date in relation to ageing.
The researchers used a genetic approach to increase NADPH levels. In particular, they generated transgenic mice with an increased expression throughout their bodies of one of the most important enzymes for the production of NADPH, namely, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (or G6PD).
The results, published today in the journal Nature Communications, indicate that an increase in G6PD and, therefore, in NADPH, increases the natural antioxidant defences of the organism, protecting it from oxidative damage, reducing ageing-related processes, such as insulin resistance, and increasing longevity.
ANTIOXIDANTS THAT DELAY AGEING
"As anticipated, the cells in these transgenic animals are more resistant to highly toxic artificial oxidative treatments, thus proving that an increase in G6PD really improves antioxidant defences," explains Sandrina Nóbrega-Pereira, first author of the study and currently a researcher at the Institute of Molecular Medicine of the University of Lisbon.
Furthermore, when researchers analysed long-lived transgenic animals, they noted that their levels of oxidative damage were lower than in non-transgenic animals of the same age. They also studied the propensity of these animals to develop cancer and found no difference, suggesting that enhancing G6PD activity does not have an important effect on the development of cancer.
The greatest surprise for the team was when they measured the ageing process in the transgenic mice: the animals with a high G6PD expression and, therefore, high levels of NADPH, delayed their ageing, metabolised sugar better and presented better movement coordination as they aged. In addition, transgenic females lived 14% longer than non-transgenic mice, while no significant effect on the longevity of males was observed.
"This increased longevity, although modest, is striking taking into account that until now attempts to increase longevity by manipulating individual antioxidant enzymes had failed," said Pablo Fernández-Marcos, co-first author of the study and researcher at IMDEA Food.
OVERALL INCREASE IN THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF CELLS
Perhaps the key is that the researchers involved in this paper enhanced all antioxidant enzymes in a comprehensive manner. "Compared to the traditional approach of administering antioxidants that react directly with oxygen, we have stimulated all the cell's natural antioxidant mechanisms by raising G6PD levels, and its by-product, NADPH," emphasizes Mari Carmen Gómez-Cabrera, co-author of the paper and researcher at the University of Valencia.
Based on these results, the authors of the study point to the use of pharmacological agents or nutritional supplements that increase NADPH levels as potential tools for delaying the ageing process in humans and age-related diseases, such as diabetes, among others. More specifically, vitamin B3 and its derivatives are responsible for the synthesis of NADPH precursors and are suitable candidates for future studies.
The study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition, the Community of Madrid, the European Research Council, the Botín Foundation and Banco Santander through Santander Universities, the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC), the Ramón Areces Foundation, the AXA Foundation, the Spanish Ageing and Fragility Network RETICEF, and the European Regional Development Fund.
G6PD protects from oxidative damage and improves healthspan in mice. Sandrina Nóbrega-Pereira, Pablo J. Fernandez-Marcos, Thomas Brioche, Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Andrea Salvador-Pascual, Juana M. Flores, Jose Viña, Manuel Serrano. Nature Communications (2016). doi: 10.1038/ncomms10894
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<urn:uuid:4d9e2704-c55e-48e3-a8bb-27fcca1ab64d>
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CC-MAIN-2018-09
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https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-03/cndi-agi031416.php
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812938.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220110011-20180220130011-00224.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944993 | 1,045 | 3.078125 | 3 |
take up the cudgels (for/on behalf of someone or something)(redirected from take up the cudgels on behalf of)
take up the cudgels (for/on behalf of someone or something)
To defend, show strong support for, or argue on behalf of someone or something. People from across the country are taking up cudgels on behalf of the young man being held by police. He's got plenty of money to hire a proper legal team. I don't think he needs the likes of us taking up the cudgels.
take up the cudgelsor
take up the cudgel
If you take up the cudgels for someone or take up the cudgel for them, you speak or fight in support of them. The trade unions took up the cudgels for the 367 staff who were made redundant. We are hoping that the government will take up the cudgel on our behalf. Note: A cudgel was a short, thick stick that was used as a weapon in the past.
take up the cudgelsstart to support someone or something strongly.
take up the ˈcudgels for somebody/something,
take up the cudgels on behalf of somebody/something(old-fashioned, written) start to defend or support somebody/something: The local newspapers have taken up the cudgels on behalf of the woman who was unfairly dismissed from her job because she was pregnant.
A cudgel is a short thick stick that is used as a weapon.
take up the cudgels
To join in a dispute, especially in defense of a participant.
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<urn:uuid:e242c498-fc4b-4f6e-bc82-cd7dcd2c1bff>
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CC-MAIN-2018-34
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https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/take+up+the+cudgels+on+behalf+of
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en
| 0.957543 | 355 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A diagnosis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be a devastating one; and the fact that subsequent stage of AIDS can leave a person prone to all kinds of infections and cancers can make this a life altering diagnosis.
However it is important to remember that not only is living with HIV possible, it is possible also to live a full and fruitful life even after this devastating diagnosis.
HIV and AIDS
Living with the HIV need not be so very different from your life up to that point, since HIV is not the same thing as AIDS and this difference is important to understand.
According to the WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease, the first stage of HIV is not considered AIDS and is asymptomatic.
Even stage two of the HIV infection will manifest only in certain recurrent conditions such as repeated upper respiratory tract infections.
Stage three may include serious conditions such as pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic diarrhea and severe bacterial infections.
It is only stage 4 that is classified as AIDS, which can have life threatening conditions such as toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the lungs, trachea etc, and Kaposi’s Sacroma.
Living with HIV; and living a healthy and full life even after this diagnosis, should become the aim of each person with this condition. There are changes/alterations that a person with HIV can make to their life to help them achieve that goal.
Live a healthy life
Make healthy lifestyle choices not only in terms of improving physical health but also in terms of sexual health. It is important to break the chain of infection by choosing safe sex and condoms every single time.
This is important even if both partners are HIV positive because there are different strains of HIV and these can pass between two infected people and make treatment ineffective for either or both.
Condom use also prevents other sexually transmitted diseases which a person with compromised immunity is already at higher risk of contracting.
Become informed and consult a specialist
One of the most important aspects of living with HIV is to become well informed on the subject of HIV, AIDS, and the way that opportunistic infections work and so on. Also it is important to consult with a doctor who is an HIV specialist so that he can offer valuable guidance and monitor your condition.
Keep in regular touch with the specialist to help safeguard health most effectively by taking necessary steps towards illness prevention.
Seek Inspiration from other HIV positive individuals
Support groups, online and elsewhere of other people living with HIV and AIDs can prove to be highly inspirational and educative. When you read success stories of people who have successfully lived normal lives with HIV for years, this can be reassuring and encouraging.
Such support groups and communities can also help a person overcome and deal with the kind of stigma that HIV and AIDS inevitably have associated with them. Getting emotional support and coming to terms with the condition can be a large part of learning to live with HIV.
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<urn:uuid:c7e625f3-4c7f-4f81-8943-9cf426e634bd>
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://www.womenhealthzone.com/sexually-transmitted-diseases/hiv-aids/living-with-hiv/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494976.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127101040-20230127131040-00776.warc.gz
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en
| 0.962526 | 603 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Paul Buchheit writes at Common Dreams:
Many wealthy Americans believe that dysfunctional behavior causes poverty. Their own success, they would insist, derives from good character and a strict work ethic. But they would be missing some of the facts. Ample evidence exists to show a correlation between wealth and unethical behavior, and between wealth and a lack of empathy for others, and between wealth and unproductiveness.
The poor, along with a middle class that is sinking toward them, make up the American meritocracy. Here is some of the evidence.
1. The Poor Don’t Cheat As Much
An analysis of seven different psychological studies found that “upper-class individuals behave more unethically than lower-class individuals.” A series of experiments showed that upper-class individuals were more likely to break traffic laws, take valued goods from others, lie in a negotiation, and cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize.
And this doesn’t even begin to examine the many, many significant cases of fraudulent behavior in the banking industry. Or private equity firms that cheat their investors over 50 percent of the time. Or the many unscrupulous corporate tax avoidance strategies.
2. The Poor Care More About Other People
Numerous reputable sources have concluded that lower class individuals tend to be more generous and trusting and helpful, compared to the upper class. As people gain in wealth, they depend less on others, and thus they have less reason to understand the feelings and needs of the less fortunate. The poor are better at interpersonal relationships because they need other people.
In addition, careful studies have determined that money pushes people further to the right, making them less egalitarian, and less willing, as a practical consequence, to provide broad educational opportunities to all members of society.
Read more here.
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<urn:uuid:ce312f56-1ddb-4aad-8b93-f869e30cd8ab>
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CC-MAIN-2018-17
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http://disinfo.com/2014/05/meritocracy-made-poor-people/
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en
| 0.956729 | 367 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Originally published at Digital Architecture: http://www.davidmaudlin.com/ARCHICAD/DigitalArchitecture/Extra/Tips/MeshContours/MeshContours.html
The following article will help you to extract contours from a Mesh and apply to the 2D view.
With the Mesh selected, right-click and select Show Selection/Marquee in 3D (so only the mesh appears in the 3D Window).
Set your 3D Cutting Planes: In the “Z” box, enter the height of the contour, click the “Z” icon to lock it, then draw the Z Cutting Plane in the window above, click above the line to remove all above, set the Fill Material & Edge of Pen Cuts to Custom, and set the pen number for a unique pen (this will help in seeing and selecting the lines).
Activate 3D Cutaway
Go to the 3D Window, your Mesh will be cut at the contour height, the cut line will be the pen previously selected
Note: The 3D Window with the Mesh and Cutting Plane can be preserved with a 3D View: after generating the 3D Window, use the Organizer to pull the Generic Axonometry from the 3D List into the View Map, give the view a descriptive name (for example: Contour -10’), click the Settings button and click the Get Current Window’s Settings to save the settings of the 3D Window, including the Cutting Plane. This allows the contours to be regenerated more quickly if the mesh is later altered.
Select the Marquee Tool, flat marquee option, select the area around the contour line and copy.
In the appearing Copy dialog box select Scaled Drawing, Edges, and Remove Redundant Lines
Go to the 2D Window and Paste, the contour lines will come in over the Mesh matching their position from the 3D Window.
Repeat steps 3 to 6 for each contour level
Now you can select the lines, change their layer, line type and other attributes depending on your drafting standards. You can add text for the contour heights. If you have a mesh showing the existing grade and a new mesh showing proposed grades, then lines from both meshes can be extracted to show grading changes.
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<urn:uuid:d3b0d114-386a-4705-b2e1-1263e2b4b24a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://helpcenter.graphisoft.com/tips/archicad/modelling/extracting-contours-from-mesh/
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en
| 0.841297 | 479 | 2.84375 | 3 |
New Behaviors Observed in Northern Fur Seals
Thanks to the emergence of new technologies in tagging, scientists are able to gain an unprecedented level of insight into the movements of marine mammals in the wild. These data offer an important window into the daily habits of northern fur seals, and provide possible explanations for the population decline occurring in the central Bering Sea.
A new Consortium study led by Brian Battaile (University of British Columbia) used data loggers to identify several previously undocumented behaviors amongst northern fur seals, and to gain new insights into their activity at sea.
Using data loggers that were temporarily affixed to 82 female northern fur seals, the researchers gathered valuable data about how each animal behaved at sea, including its orientation in the water, the depth of its dives, and its rate of movement through the water. By analyzing the combined data, the researchers were able to describe how the animals moved through the water.
Shaking & Rolling
“We were interested in recording fur seal behaviors, and discovering how much time fur seals from a declining and an increasing population in Alaska spent grooming, travelling, sleeping and diving,” says Battaile. “Some of the shaking and grooming behaviors we saw had been described before, but the things that were really new, were two types of rolling behaviors and a prone position.”
The researchers identified the new rolling behaviors as a revolving 300-degree ‘w-spin’ and a 360-degree ‘sine spin’. To confirm these behaviors, the scientists observed tagged northern fur seals they are studying at the Vancouver Aquarium, and matched those same behaviors to the recorded wild data.
The data from the wild fur seals enabled the researchers to construct an at-sea activity budget, which describes how the seals typically spend their time at sea.
“The at-sea activity budget tells what percentage of the time they spent travelling, diving, shaking, or grooming,” says Battaile. “We were surprised to see that they spent as much as 30 percent of their time doing the two new rolling behaviors, primarily at the surface. We are not sure what the point of it is, but suspect it may allow the seals to search and scan an area while swimming at high speeds.”
The mystery deepened when the researchers compared data from animals in two distinct but nearby populations—St. Paul Island and Bogoslof Island. From an earlier study, the researchers knew that animals from the increasing Bogoslof population were travelling shorter distances to their feeding grounds than the animals from the declining St. Paul population. They wondered whether this may translate into different behaviors at sea—but this was not the case when they looked at the data.
“We were surprised to find that there weren’t any differences in the proportion of behaviors between the two populations,” says Battaile. “We expected to see more travelling-type behaviors in the St. Paul animals because they travel so much further. Similarly, we expected to see more resting-type behaviors and less diving time in the Bogoslof animals because we assumed they were getting into denser foraging areas and wouldn’t need to dive as much.”
Battaile says that their behaviors might be “hardwired” by other factors, such as the time of day. “An animal could be travelling around at the surface during daytime trying to find suitable foraging habitat,” he says, “but may be more likely to just dive at night when their prey are closer to the surface.”
Having a ‘daily diary’ for northern fur seals at sea will help energetics researchers construct an energy budget, which estimates how much energy the animals need to perform these basic activities. From this, researchers can calculate the amount of food needed to produce this energy, which could ultimately help determine why the St. Paul population is declining, as well as help make management decisions on fisheries quotas in the Bering Sea.
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://mmru.ubc.ca/2016/08/rolling-in-the-deep/
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en
| 0.964507 | 838 | 3.625 | 4 |
Round , absolute and relative error
i have find this exercise in internet and try solve it but cant, pls help me.
1.Given A = 3.9 after rounding. Find the range of real value for A before rounding if A has been round to
(i) 1 decimal places.
(ii) 2 significant figures
2.If x = 2.0, y = 3.0 and z = 4.0, all are corrected to 1 decimal places, calculate the absolute and relative error for
(i) 2x + y
3.The position of nine trees which are to be planted a long the sides of a road, five on the north side and four on the south side.
If there are 3 figs, 4 prunes and 2 magnolias, find the number of different ways in which these could be planted assuming that the trees of the same species are identical.
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<urn:uuid:bed44208-3972-4d58-b444-8a8c19497788>
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CC-MAIN-2017-17
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/125137-round-absolute-relative-error-print.html
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This is a title to a chapter used by the historian John Bakeless in his book The Eyes of Discovery (republished by Dover in paperback as America As Seen by Its First Explorers).
Last time I looked this excellent book was out of print, but it now seems to be around again. Heartily recommended to anyone who's interested in North America pre-contact and shortly afterwards:
I think the chapter on the Southeast of what's now the United States in pre-Columbian times -- what Bakeless calls "The Red Man's Dixie" -- is particularly interesting.
This part of the country seems to have been something of a paradise:
I think it interesting that they did farm even though the country, according to Bakeless was rich in game. This suggests to me what several theorists have already said -- that early views of the rise of farming, viz. that people took it up to ensure a reliable and plentiful food supply are probably wrong. People, I think, just don't make these narrow "rational" economic calculations. And that view embodies an anachronism anyway: how would you know, in advance of taking up farming, what the advantages would be anyway?Even without their well-tended crops, the southern Indians could have lived on the natural produce of their forests. A good many excellent foods grew wild. So rich was the country that James Adair ... wrote: "If an Indian were driven out into the extensive woodlands, with only a knife and tomahawk ... it is not to be doubted but he would fatten, even where a wolf would starve."
I'm inclined to think: if these people liked the crops they knew about and were able grow, and tending them was not too much work, and didn't interfere with their lifestyle, well ... why wouldn't they grow them even if they didn't actually need to?
The land in the SE was, Bakeless says:
He continues:"richly productive, fertile, and very beautiful ... Elsewhere in North America dining with the Indians could be a nauseating experience ... [but in the South] all their food was 'grateful for a wholesome stomach'."
It sounds like this abundance bred big people:... potatoes and other roots were boiled and roasted. Pumpkins were barbecued ... Persimmons were dried, mashed with parched corn, and baked into cakes, which were served with fat venison or bear's oil, of which a single animal might yield fifteen gallons. ...
... grapes hung thickly from the trees. The hungry or thirsty traveler could pick them ... without even leaving his canoe.
... in Western Texas food was often scarce. Elsewhere the menace of winter famine, from which the northern tribes were never free, was unknown. Bear fat and walnut oil were stored in calabashes ... the land produced two crops [of maize] a year. ...
... Deer were ... common ... Pigeons ... plentiful ...
People in the South had so much food they could just give it away:The Timucuas were big ... men--one skeleton unearthed in modern times is said to have been seven feet tall!
The Creeks, according to the Spaniard Ranjel also... a Cherokee chief in North Carolina made a gift of seven hundred turkeys [to de Soto]
Bakeless, describing de Soto's travels, continuesraised "dogs of a small size which do not bark" [probably opposums] ... [which were] "good eating"
There were also wild strawberries. And there was abundance of nuts in season from which the drink powhicora was made.Mere sport gave them [the Indians] all they wanted to eat. They shot fish in the water with arrows; speared them with ... cane ... caught them in ... weirs ... poisoned [them]
So there we are. With such abundant, but natural and unprocessed, food around it's no wonder, perhaps, that in contemporary prints these Indians look big and muscular. Here's an example in a Theodore de Bry engraving:
I think one might wonder whether the artist has drawn the man to look as he thinks a male figure conventionally should look, drawing on classical models. Certainly, many primitive people do not look as muscular as this in later times when photographs of them have been available. However, maybe that is just how they did look.
Last edited by Lewis; 04-24-2012 at 12:35 PM. Reason: spelling
Interesting stuff. I wonder if the grapes mentioned were muscadines. We used to eat them frequently in Alabama.
There seems to have been a lot of grapes in America, vines everywhere. The Vikings referred to the country as Vinland.
Bakeless says that the English said that the grapes in Virginia were nearly as big as English cherries -- but adds that you have to remember that cultivated varieties of fruits were not as big in those days, so maybe the cherries were somewhat smaller.
He says one 17th-century writer speaks of clusters of grapes [in Ohio or Illinois?] a foot and a half long hanging from trees.
The bears fattened up on them and were said to be "luscious" eating. One traveller even speaks of the bear meat as too fat at this time of year.
There's a lot of interesting information on food scattered throughout the book. The sheer quantity of game in some parts is staggering. You could literally scoop fish out of streams, and they reached sizes that wouldn't been seen later, since they were able to grow for longer. Lewis and Clark at one point had to literally push and shove through deer, like making your way through a crowd, there were so many. Pigeons darkened the sky. (However, I think it's now thought that an explosion in the population of some birds was an artifact of land-clearance by European settlers; and, anyway, it seems the Indians didn't eat birds for whatever reason.) Interestingly, the sheer quantity of game seems to have boggled the minds of European arrivals on the East coast; but within a century or two, as that area got hunted out and over-exploited, the opening up of land further west boggled the minds of Americans who'd grown up in the East all anew.
In some respects some of the information in the book would have Paleo advocates rubbing their hands in glee but would be a shock to modern fat-phobic people in the U.S./Europe/Australasia -- "the West". People opening up a new area of country found the deer had four inches of fat on them. A bear would yield 15 gallons of oil, which the Indians would flavour with sassafras (in the South) or maple sugar (in the North) and it seems you could collect enough to last from winter to winter.
And it seems the Indians didn't even have honey, unlike tribal peoples in the Old World:
Bakeless says the honey-bees were moving about one hundred miles in advance of the frontier, as that moved. He also says the bears soon learned to use honey for food.Bees brought into the colonies soon escaped ... but as late as 1753 there were none beyond the West branch of the Susquehanna.
He wrote the book about 1950. I'd love to see some more recent work on this sort of thing. I guess a lot of what he tells the reader comes from contemporary sources, and that doesn't change. But of course the science has moved on since then: for example, environmental archaeologists must now able to get a clearer idea of what was growing where by analysing the pollen and seed residues and even snail species -- which tell you about the wider environment -- in soil samples from cores.
As showing that Paleo assumptions might be a little hasty sometimes, the stuff on wild rice is interesting. This was something of a staple for the Menominee and Winnebago. Apparently, there were stands of wild rice that went on for miles. There was so much of it that the animals, wildfowl, and humans couldn't make much of a dent in it. The last year's crop was still standing, by the time the new year's crop was ready. As for harvesting -- well, you just paddled up in a canoe and whacked the stems of the plant. Makes one wonder just how prolific stands of other wild cereals may have been in parts the Old World before populations had expanded right across the available land. Reading that's not going to make me eat grains, for all the obvious reasons, but it's interesting to find out just how prolific one wild cereal could be in uncultivated land.
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The scop in Anglo-Saxon times had a very defined role. A comparison between the scop in Beowulf and the scop in Widsith will more clearly define for us what that role was.
The 142 verses of Widsith are the oldest in the English language, and form the earliest output in verse of any Germanic people. Widsith contains a huge catalog of 70 tribes and 69 important people, many of whom are proven to have lived in the third, fourth and fifth centuries. The vast knowledge of history which was required of a good scop, just amazes the reader. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature(v1,ch3,s6,n30) states that so many princes and peoples are mentioned in the course of the poem that its importance for the history of the migration period can hardly be overestimated. This Old English poem was transcribed by a monk around the year 1000. Widsith tells the story of the scop Widsith, who accompanies Ealhhild, a Lombard princess, on her journey eastward from Angel to the court of Eormanric the Goth. Ealhhild, the sister of Aelfwine, King of the Lombards, is made to marry Eormanric. In this poem the geography and the chronology are not precise or accurate.
“At an early date Germanic kings began to keep professional poets, with functions not wholly unlike those of the poet laureate or official poet of later times” (Malone 75). This pretty well expresses the life of Widsith, except that he was not located at any one court, rather he travelled from the country of Egypt, India and Israel to Britain and to northern Europe, going from court to court. His home court, if it can be called such, was with King Eadgils. But Widsith travelled to all the “heathen” and non-heathen k...
... middle of paper ...
...st was the theme of sacrifice. . . .” ( Malone 77).
It’s obvious from our brief comparison between the scop in Beowulf and the scop in Widsith that the scop in Anglo-Saxon times had a very defined role: He was singer, storyteller, public relations man, recipient of gifts, traveller, linguist, historian, and servant of the audience.
Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.
Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000
Malone, Kemp. “The Old English Scop and Widsith.” In Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.
The Earliest English Poems, translated by Michael Alexander. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
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Updated: Sep 13
Our pilgrim ancestors believed in the worth of their life stories. Just like the story of the Pilgrim's Progress, the struggles of their daily life had larger meaning. Steve Isham, Australian Mayflower descendant and Elder, asks the question, what story do we inhabit today?
Dangerous Journey - A fine abridgement of Pilgrim's Progress, not just for children.
"We might be among the first generation of people who have no idea what we are doing here .... and no story to tell." said author and social critic Douglas Murray recently.
Not the Mayflower passengers. Our Pilgrim ancestors knew the story that they were in. Although they rejected some story-telling mediums, particularly theatre, because they perceived bawdy and idolatrous associations, none-the-less the Pilgrims were full of a sense of the worth of their individual life stories. Separatist diaries and accounts had all the elements of the great narrative tropes: A worthy adventure, daily life encounters redolent with larger meaning, travails, suffering, and impediments to overcome and especially the denouement -- a glorious destination and reward.
It is no coincidence that John Bunyan's life unfolds back in England commensurate with the Pilgrim's real life adventure. When Pilgrim's Progress was published in 1678, Plymouth was still a colony and when copies of that hugely popular book arrived in New England our forebears would read it eagerly in rapt identification with the plot and with the characters.
So what story do we inhabit? In what larger story is our own personal story embedded? Are our culture's contemporary story offerings time-tested enough to give our own individual life story adequate and ultimate meaning? And is there evidence along the way of where our story is going? Do we miss the hints in the midst of the story as to the consummation, the resolution of it?
Jesus in a few phrases encapsulates the nub of the grand Biblical narrative. (Luke 18:31-33) The Christ would be anticipated by the prophets, flogged , killed, and then -- oh glory -- risen from the dead. But "this saying was hidden from the disciples and they did not grasp what he said." All those hints in earlier chapters, but the disciples have a blind spot. Ah, blind spots. Do we recognise the essentials of the Big Story and see how it nourishes us as our Pilgrim ancestors did?
By Steve Isham Society of Australian Mayflower Descendants member & Elder, descended from Edward Fuller
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Official Standard of the Finnish Lapphund
The Finnish Lapphund is a medium sized breed that combines the look of the northern type dog with the temperament of the herding dog. They are intelligent, alert, agile, friendly and eager to learn. Developed to live and work outside, north of the Arctic Circle, the breed is strongly built and thickly coated. These dogs were never intended as guardians, and are particularly submissive towards people. Despite its strength, the Finnish Lapphund conveys a certain softness, particularly in expression. Males are recognizably masculine and females feminine.
Size Proportion, Substance
Size - The ideal male stands 19½ inches at the shoulder and the ideal female is 17½ inches. The acceptable range for males is 18 to 21 inches and for females is 16 to 19 inches. Type and soundness are far more important than size. Proportion - The length of the body is slightly greater than the height at the withers, in a ratio of approximately 11:10. Care should be taken not to interpret a heavily coated dog as being too short of leg. In addition, a dog which carries itself in a more upright manner will give the impression of being closer to square than it is in actual fact. Substance - The breed has a greater substance than might be expected for its size: bone is substantial and muscles are well developed.
The general appearance of the head conveys strength, yet the expression is soft. The skull is approximately as broad as it is long. The top of the skull is slightly domed. Depth of skull is equal to breadth. The stop is well defined, with an easily distinguishable frontal furrow. The ears are set rather far apart, just off the top of the head and should be small to medium in size, triangular in shape, broad at the base and rounded at the tip, and covered with a heavy coat of hair. Ears may be erect or semi-erect (tipped). Drop ears are a fault. Eyes are oval in shape and as dark as possible. The color of the eyes may blend with the color of the coat, being lighter in lighter colored dogs. Yellow or blue eyes are a serious fault. The muzzle is strong, broad and straight. When viewed from above or in profile, it tapers slightly but evenly. The length of the muzzle, from tip of nose to stop, is slightly less than the length of the skull, from stop to occiput. Pigmentation of the nose leather, the eye rims, and the lips are preferably black. However, brown dogs will have dark brown pigmentation. The jaw is strong, the lips tight, and the bite is scissors. A bite that is overshot or undershot is a serious fault.
Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is medium in length, strong and well muscled. The back is broad, strong and straight. The loin is short and muscular. The croup is of medium length, well developed and only slightly sloping. Overall, the topline is level. The depth of chest is slightly less than half the height of the dog, reaching almost to the elbows. The ribcage is rather long and not very broad. The ribs are slightly arched, with a clearly visible, but not strongly defined, forechest, never barrel-chested. The underline includes only a slight tuck up, more pronounced in males than females. The tail is set on rather high and is covered with a profuse coat. When moving, the tail is carried over the back or side. When at rest, it is often dropped, particularly in females. A mobile tail is desirable. The tail may have a "J" hook in the end, but should not be kinked. A kinked tail results from the fusion of vertebrae and cannot be straightened out completely. A kinked tail is a serious fault.
The front legs give the appearance of being strong and powerful, with heavy bone emphasized by thick coat. When standing, the front legs are straight and parallel when viewed from the front. The shoulder is moderately laid back. The upper arm is equal in length to the shoulder blade, and the angle formed by the two bones is slightly greater than 90 degrees.
The elbow is just below the bottom of the rib cage and points straight backwards. The pasterns are of medium length, flexible and slope slightly when standing. Front dewclaws are normally present and should not be faulted, but may be removed. If present, they are set on very close to the leg and are barely visible under the coat. Feet are well arched, oval rather than round, with toes slightly spread, to act as a snowshoe. Pads are thick and elastic. Pigment in the pads and nails is generally dark, but may blend with the color of the coat. The feet are covered with a thick coat of hair, including between the pads.
The rear legs are strong and powerful, appearing straight and parallel when the standing dog is viewed from behind. From the side, the angulation is clearly marked but not extreme, and in balance with forequarters. The upper thigh is of medium length, rather broad, with well developed muscles. The stifle is well angulated. The second thigh is at least equal to the upper thigh in length, and is well developed. The hock joint is moderately low set and well defined. The metatarsus is rather short, strong and vertical. Rear dewclaws may be present, but are not desirable. Removal is acceptable. Rear feet are the same as described in Forequarters.
The coat is thick and profuse, but shorter on the head and the fronts of the legs. The outer coat is straight and long, and very harsh and water-repellant. The under coat is soft, very dense and plentiful, so that it makes the outer coat stand erect. The outer coat may have a slight wave, particularly in young dogs, which is less desirable but permissible as long as it is still harsh. Males, in particular, should carry a profuse mane. It is important for undercoat to be present.
All colors are permitted, but the primary color (the color which covers the largest portion of the dog) must cover the body. A color which consists of bands of different colors on a single hair shaft (sable, wolfsable, or domino) is considered a single color. Secondary colors are allowed on the head, neck, chest, underside of the body, legs, and tail.
Movement is effortless and changes easily from a trot to a gallop, which is the most natural style of movement for the breed. When working, Finnish Lapphunds are very agile and capable of sudden bursts of speed. When moving at a trot, the limbs angle slightly toward the midline when viewed from the front or rear. Viewed from the side, the trotting dog appears powerful, with a medium stride.
Finnish Lapphunds were developed to herd reindeer, an animal that is not as fearful of dogs and wolves as many other herd animals. As a result, the breed has a temperament that reflects a basic need to both control, and get away from, these animals. When herding reindeer, the dogs are extremely active and noisy. They must be constantly on the watch, as a reindeer may turn and try to trample them at any moment. As a result, the breed has a very strong "startle reflex", as well as being extremely agile and alert. However, they also recover quickly after startling, and will return to their work, exhibiting extreme courage. When interacting with people, Finnish Lapphunds are calm, friendly, and very submissive. At times, they may appear a little distant or aloof. This combination of submissiveness and reserve should not be misinterpreted as shyness. Although excited barking is typical, excessive sharpness and snarling are by no means acceptable, not even in males toward other males.
Approved May 12, 2008 Effective July 1, 2009
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Human-induced climate change directly influenced the winter 2013/2014 floods in southern England, reports a paper published online this week in Nature Climate Change. The study shows that the extreme rainfall that led to the floods was the result of two factors associated with global warming: an increase in the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere (thermodynamic changes) and more January days with westerly air flow (dynamic changes).
The succession of storms that reached southern England in the winter of 2013/2014 caused severe flooding that led to ￡451 million in insured losses. The possibility that anthropogenic climate change contributed to this event was much discussed at the time.
Nathalie Schaller, Neil Massey and colleagues used the ‘weather@home’ citizen-science project to model weather for January 2014 in both the current climate and one in which there was no human influence on the atmosphere. Looking at changes in precipitation (thermodynamic) and atmospheric circulation (dynamic), the authors estimate that anthropogenic climate change is responsible for a 43% increase in risk of the 1-in-100-year rainfall event seen in the winter of 2013/2014, with approximately 67% of the increased risk attributable to thermodynamic changes and 33% to dynamic changes. They use hydrological mapping of the Thames river catchment to show that, during the 2013/2014 floods, these changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation caused higher peak 30-day river flow, and use flood risk mapping to show a small increase in flood risk for properties in the catchment.
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via Papua New Guinea
One type of stilt house in Milne Bay - Other housing
From: Mary Kidu
Subject: Stilt Homes In PNG.
Papua New Guinea is a country of high mountains, forests, lowlands, swamps and of course coral beaches, islands and oceans. The mountainous part of the country is called the Highlands and the low land part which meets the sea is called the Coastal region. Naturally enough the Islands region is called exactly that (Islands).
Papua New Guinea, although known to outsiders as one country and one people, consists of many different people who live totally different life styles from one and another. Believe it or not they speak over 700 different languages, so you see each of them will have their own beliefs and customs completely different from one another.
Life along the Southern Coastal area, especially among the group of people who are known as the Motuans, live slightly similar lives to one another. For example the language they speak is Motu, except you can distinguish the area a person is from by the dialect of the language he speaks.
The Motuans live in villages along the southern coastal area of PNG. They live in houses built on stilts over the sea. Even today they still like to build their houses over the sea.
Click on the small photo to see a large 150K picture of a Motuan Village
(Use your browser's back button to return here)
Stilt houses can last from 20 to 30 years. This will depend on the type of timber used for the posts, so the type of tree they choose is very important. They just don't go into the forest to chop any big trees down. They have to chop the trees that suits the sea. If that is ignored, they will probably replace the posts quite often, say every five or so years.
Stilt house built for the 2008 Hiri Moale Festival
visit Kairuku-Hiri Website - photo © 2008- http://www.kairukuhiri.gov.pg/ - Hubert Dion
The height from the ground to the floor of the houses are about 3.5 to 4.00 metres. (for people still using imperial measurements that is about 10 to 12 feet) This allows for the water level at high tide.
How long it takes to build a house depends on the availability of materials. The posts need to go up first, so in this case, the sea has to be at a reasonable level, to allow men to put the posts up. It takes the whole village men to help put up the posts because the houses are quite big, as we in live in an extended family style.
This is what the poles look like up close
To erect one post requires about 20 men. However, before the post is put up, the end which is to go down in the ground (seabed) is sharpened to allow it to go in easily. The 20 men divide themselves in half. They tie a strong long rope around the post and half hold onto one side whilst the other half hold the other side. The place where they want the post to go up is marked, so they just place it in the right spot and start making it stand up at the right place. The 20 men stand ready on either side while another lot of men support or guide the post as it positioned. Once it is standing, the men holding onto the ropes start pulling in and out until the post is about a metre (3 foot) or so deep, then they go on to the next post and so forth.
Click on this thumbnail to see another stilt village
(use your browser's back button to return here)
Getting water to a stilt house is no problem. We either run water pipes to the house or simply by going and fetching water from taps in big pots or buckets.
The stilt houses are built to allow for strong winds. Occasionally an unlucky person will lose a roof by having it blow off, otherwise the houses stand up to storms quite well.
People can use their village houses for trade-stores (tiny shops) there is no problem about that but they don't build Police stations or prisons as in most areas the houses are in a small village or hamlet. Houses in the town are built from non-traditional materials such as pre-sawn timber and roofing iron, concrete bricks etc.
Getting power (electricity) to a stilt house is no problem. It can be connected quite easily by an electrician.
Stilt house at low tide
About the writer of this note...
I have lived all my life in a stilt house. So life living in stilt houses and with an extended family is just as normal for me as it is how you live your normal life.
I am married with 5 children. My children go to school except the small one, who is only 3 years old. English is our national language, so we have to learn English to communicate with others. I hope this information is good enough to help people doing school projects on stilt houses.
Stilt house over water in Manus.
Stilt house meets helicopter
NOTE: Stilt houses or pile dwellings are houses raised on piles or poles over the surface of the soil or a body of water.
©1998 - 2020 Mary Kidu & Trevor Michie
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The Benefits Of:
Structural Glazing/Bolted systems
Structural Glazing produces seamless expanses of glass creating a stunning façade.
The glass actually performs as part of the structure of the building. Structural glass works by using toughened or laminated glass set in layers. Sometimes these layers can be four or five layers deep. The resulting glass can be single, double or triple glazed.
The structural requirements are defined by the Building Regulations and through Structural Calculations performed by a Professional. The actual thickness of the glass is determined by the size and thickness of the sheet and other factors such as wind loads, barrier loads etc.
My Builder Reviews
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Five Steps to Happiness
Learning to Explore & Understand Your Emotional Mind
Do you suffer from panic attacks? Do you ever feel afraid, anxious or even depressed? Would you like to feel more in control of your emotions? Five Steps to Happiness: Learning to Explore & Understand Your Emotional Mind offers steps to overcome certain behavioral patterns and also removes the stigma that can be associated with conditions such as anxiety and depression.
With over thirty years’ experience in the field of mental health, Enda Murphy draws on case histories to inform readers about the five modes of behavior that can cause mental health problems. Through a writing style that is free from psychobabble and jargon, readers are offered qualified advice on how to cope with and overcome panic attacks, anxiety and depression by changing just five ways of behaving. The book also sets out how to deal with our emotions, and how we can avoid the errors in our thinking that cause mental health problems. Readers are invited to change their ways of thinking to live happier and more emotionally healthy lives.
Although this book specifically targets those who suffer from mental health problems, it is also essential reading for anybody interested in why such conditions occur: family members and loved ones of those who suffer, as well as therapists and health professionals.
Extremely practical in terms of identifying and address mental health problems based on experiences from Enda Murphy’s longstanding and respected career as a mental health professional.
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Below are two brief articles that discuss the phenomenon of in-group --
out-group distinctions. The first short article focuses on the way
in which the in-group -- out-group distinction helps to maintain
boundaries between groups of people. In many social situations, the
maintenance of such boundaries is very important.
The second article is a more detailed description of the meanings inherent in in-group -- out-group distinctions. It is one of the best discussions of this phenomenon to be found. You will have to overlook some of the outdated terminology and illustrations. Written in 1963, it predates our modern terminology with respect to ethnic/racial minorities, and our predilection for political correctness.
Frankie: Shush, just now I realized something. The trouble with me is that for a long time I have been just an "I" person. All other people can say "we." When Berenice says "we" she means her lodge and church and colored people. Soldiers can say "we" and mean the army. All people belong to a "we" except me.In-groups and out-groups, in short, are not actual groups except in so far as people create them in their use of the pronouns "we" and "they." The distinction is nevertheless an important formal distinction because it enables us to construct two significant sociological principles, which we shall now proceed to examine.
John Henry: What are we going to do?
Frankie: Not to belong to a "we" makes you too lonesome. Until this afternoon I didn't have a "we," but now after seeing Janice and Jarvis I suddenly realize something.
John Henry: What?
Frankie: I know that the bride and my brother are the "we" of me. So I'm going with them, and joining with the wedding.'
(Copyright 1949, 1951, by Carson McCullers and reprinted by permission of the publisher, New Dirertions.)
[The botanist] has a strong feeling for systematic botanists as against plant physiologists, whom he regards as lewd and evil scoundrels in this relation; but he has a strong feeling for all botanists and indeed all biologists, as against physicists, and those who profess the exact sciences, all of whom he regards as dull, mechanical, ugly-minded scoundrels in this relation; but he has a strong feeling for all who profess what he calls Science, as against psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, and literary men, whom he regards as wild, foolish, immoral scoundrels in this relation; but he has a strong feeling for all educated men as against the working man, whom he regards as a cheating, lying, loafing, drunken, thievish, dirty scoundrel in this relation; but so soon as the working man is comprehended together with these others, as Englishmen, he holds them superior to all sorts of Europeans, whom he regards…This amusing bit, of course, is highly exaggerated, but there is no doubt that it makes the point.
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What’s risk administration:
Risk management may be the process associated with identification, evaluation and remedy of dangers that looks for to reduce, control as well as monitor the actual impact associated with risk occurrence with the cost efficient utilisation associated with resources.
Exactly where does danger management utilize
Risks occur in most walk associated with life, in most industry and in most service shipping enterprise, each private as well as public industries. The intensity of dangers occurring is determined by many elements. In purchase to evaluate such severities the majority of organisations typically employ some kind of risk procedures to assess the probability of risks happening and their own perceived or even calculated effect. This allows risks to become prioritised as well as resources put on meet the entire best interests from the organisation and it is internal as well as external stakeholders.
Dangers, great as well as small
In the current connected as well as integrated globe risks as well as their effects can as well as do convert across worldwide boundaries. No more are these people confined in order to departments as well as within person companies. Economic limitations and physical structures are so that companies now have to assess risks inside a world the place where a volcano within Iceland may cause the closure of the manufacturing grow in Asia.
Equally in the individual company level the significance of undertaking safety and health risk assessments to be able to protect the, safety as well as welfare associated with it’s employees is really a legal obligation for a lot of companies. Product companies will take on design danger assessments to be able to ensure how the ultimate customers are guarded from any kind of safety associated design risk.
Local authorities have to ensure they provide secure highways as well as passage for everyone. For instance, they will have to assess the quantity of sand as well as grit they will have to ensure they are able to cope using the pressures associated with harsh the winter season to protect the person motorists and also the unsuspecting pensioner with an icy sidewalk.
All from the above and in several more personal and open public sector sectors and services there’s the basic requirement of someone or even some persons to recognize a possible risk, to evaluate the probability of the danger occurring and also to calculate the actual impact or even consequence from the risk to be able to best reduce its effect.
Risk administration – will it work?
Armed using the knowledge which risk is actually everywhere but that we now have robust techniques and processes to handle them could it be safe to express that this kind of systems as well as processes function?
Certainly there are lots of examples associated with where danger management did. If the actual available techniques and procedures didn’t work they simply wouldn’t supply. Risk sections and danger mangers will be unlikely in order to exist as well as an irresponsible mindset to risk may likely be common.
Risk administration however can not work in just about all cases. It’s impossible to not be tempted to say that the actual BP essential oil well catastrophe within the Gulf could happen to be prevented when the risks have been fully examined. Similarly the possible lack of controls in order to adherence associated with risk processes which has resulted within global monetary problems may be laid in the doors of a few of the worlds largest lender and banking institutions.
Another sizing to danger management
Using the proliferation associated with risk administration tools, using highly complicated modelling methods and specialists and specialists within their fields associated with expertise, exactly why is it which risks from the magnitude as well as scale mentioned above, towards the trip hazard about the local sidewalk, to the actual vulnerability from the child inside a local government bodies occur?
It is merely that danger management isn’t just about foibles. Successful danger management requires a culture and some values that helps to ensure that it becomes a part of an companies DNA. If business culture is regarded as resentful towards people who raise dangers then any kind of risk procedure is ineffective. People may hope how the problems just disappear. The lifestyle must permit honesty as well as openness which allows for optimum benefits in order to arise in the tools as well as modelling methods.
Why select a career within risk administration?
Risk managers the ones whose job it’s to reduce the event of dangers are experts within their field. Their own value factor to any kind of organisation is actually immense. Qualifications within risk management for many specialised sectors – for instance insurance – may also be necessary and can certainly increase an people self advertising capability. However a lot of active danger management individuals don’t consciously put down on work path associated with risk administration. They a few how stumble into it. At this time there is really a choice. Would you stick using the tools as well as techniques or would you grasp the danger agenda and go forward? The actual emergence associated with enterprise danger management aimed to techniques thinking; the actual inescapable hyperlink between prosperous risk smart organisations as well as culture; the thorough knowledge of the organisation and it is independencies tend to be immeasurable assets inside a world exactly where some allow us a reduced tolerance in order to risk. A profession in danger management is often as dull as possible exciting. The option is your own.
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Understand your HVAC system better by learning about its various components, for example, the compressor.
Compressors are mechanical devices offering a number of different functions. One example of a compressor is a pump. There are different functions and types of compressors.
A Compressor and Its Uses
HVAC compressors are refrigerant gas pumps where vaporous refrigerant is supplied by an evaporator at low pressure before its pressure is increased. Once the gas is compressed, its pressure and temperature will increase. The condenser will receive the vaporous refrigerant at a pressure where condensation will happen at a suitable temperature level.
A compressor is made up of two components, the source of the power and the compressing component, such as a vane or piston. The compressing component of an air compressor packs atmospheric pressure together. The following is the process of how an air compressor functions:
- Air goes into the vane or piston before pressure is increased and volume is decreased to compress the air.
- Once the maximum pressure limit set by the operator is reached, air intake is stopped through a switch on the compressor.
- The pressure levels go down when the compressed air is being utilized.
- Air is allowed to go into the compressor once the minimum pressure level set by the operator is attained.
- The process will continue unless the compressor is turned off.
Factors Affecting the Performance of a Compressor
The performance of a compressor is affected by a number of factors, which are rotation speed, absorption pressure, discharge pressure, and type of refrigerant used. Comparable compressors are capable of operating at various capacities by simply changing the refrigerant and power input of the compressor. It is essential for buyers to determine some features when they aim to purchase certain kinds of compressors. These features include the cost of operation, price, operation type, and configuration of the device. It is also important to look at the compressor performance and ask for recommendations from the manufacturer on the most appropriate and most secure compressor that is suitable to meet the requirements and budget of the buyer.
Types of Compressors
The most common types of compressors utilized in refrigeration are as follows:
Rotary Compressors: These compressors are normally low capacity devices. They are typically used for home freezers and refrigerators. These compressors cannot be used for air conditioning units. The vane of single-vane compressors is attached to the rotor inside the body. The vanes of multi-vane rotary compressors are also positioned on the rotor.
Centrifugal Compressors: These are high-speed compressors where centrifugal force is used in compressing the refrigerant. Refrigerants with high specific volumes use this type of compressor since it requires a low compression ratio. To achieve higher discharge pressures, multi-stage units are utilized. The discharge temperature of the gas when it goes out of the rotor dictates the number of stages the compressor will have. These compressors are mainly used in cooling water of air conditioning units as well as freezing water at lower temperatures.
Reciprocating Compressors: These compressors have pistons which reciprocate inside the cylinders thus providing suction of refrigerant at low pressure and discharge at high pressure. The two kinds of reciprocating compressors are the hermetic compressors and open compressors.
Now that you know a little more about your HVAC system, take it as a first step towards its better care and maintenance. Call Scott-Lee Heating Company at (314) 756-9444 to schedule maintenance for your HVAC system.
Photo credit: Steve Johnson via Flickr
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Via the ANCD:
INDEPENDENT REFERENCE GROUP TO THE UNITED NATIONS CALLS FOR MEMBER STATES TO SCALE UP EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS TO ADDRESS HIV AMONG PEOPLE WHO INJECT DRUGS AHEAD OF THE HIGH LEVEL MEETING ON AIDS
On the eve of the 2011 high level meeting on HIV/AIDS, the Independent Reference Group to the United Nations on HIV and Injecting Drug Use calls for Member States to scale up evidence-based interventions to address HIV among people who inject drugs . Although injecting drug use continues to fuel the HIV epidemic in many countries, particularly in Eastern Europe and Asia, the majority of people who inject drugs remain unable to access quality HIV prevention or treatment. There are an estimated 16 million people who inject drugs worldwide, of which 3 million are estimated to be HIV positive. The Reference Group calls on Member States to commit to an evidence-based and rights-based public health approach to reach universal access to quality HIV prevention and treatment for people who inject drugs and to revise punitive drug policies that counteract and undermine public health and human rights. More specifically, the Reference Group calls on countries to:
1. Improve engagement with people who inject drugs in shaping responses to HIV/AIDS.
The centrality of people living with HIV to the HIV/AIDS response is clear, but the voices of the most marginalised actors in the epidemic, including people who inject drugs, have not been widely heard. This is despite their engagement being core to developing acceptable services that ensure successful outcomes. Member States should commit to engaging with and working alongside people who inject drugs to effectively prevent new infections and to treat HIV among people who inject drugs and their sexual partners.
2. Support a public health, rights-based approach to HIV programming that recognizes that access to life-saving, proven interventions for the prevention and treatment of HIV is a human right for all people, including people who inject drugs.
Drug dependence and HIV infection are adverse health conditions that require a public health response, not legal punishment, arrest and imprisonment. Legal punitive approaches to drugs and HIV problems only worsen them and can have major, adverse public health consequences. As such, Member States should provide people who inject drugs and their sexual partners with full access to a comprehensive package of services for the prevention and treatment of HIV and co-morbidities including drug dependence.
3. Urgently implement and/or scale up the comprehensive package of nine interventions outlined in the WHO, UNODC and UNAIDS technical guide for the prevention and treatment of HIV among people who inject drugs.
The national HIV strategies of Member States, and the international declaration with which the High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS will conclude, should explicitly commit to the implementation and scaling up of the following nine interventions so that they are widely available and accessible to all people who inject drugs: needle and syringe programmes; drug dependence treatment and in particular opioid substitution therapy for people who use opioids; antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive people (and their sexual partners); HIV testing and counseling; prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections; condom programmes for people who inject drugs and their sexual partners; targeted information, education and communication for people who inject drugs and their sexual partners; vaccination, diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis; and the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Although the number of countries that have introduced these core HIV prevention services is growing, for the most part the scale of these programmes is inadequate to
prevent the spread of HIV among people who inject drugs. As a matter of priority, member states should work towards scaling up access to needle and syringe programmes for people who inject drugs, opioid substitution therapy for people who are dependent on opioids, antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive people who inject drugs (and their sexual partners), and sexual risk reduction interventions for people who inject drugs. These interventions are cost-effective and reduce HIV transmission in societies when implemented to scale.
4. Remove legislation and policies that prevent the introduction or inhibit the delivery of these nine interventions.
Legislation that prohibits the purchase, carrying or distribution of injecting equipment should be immediately revised to support the provision of clean and safe needles and syringes to injecting drug users. Similarly, legislation that does not allow for accurate information about methadone or buprenorphine to be distributed, or prohibits the prescribing of these medications—which are on the WHO list of essential medicines— should be immediately repealed. Other laws and policies that impede delivery of effective HIV prevention and treatment to people who inject drugs, including those that lead to imprisoning people for drug use or possession of drugs for personal use, also should be revised.
5. Commit to ending punitive law enforcement approaches to injecting drug use.
Punitive law enforcement approaches including harassment of people who inject drugs, imprisonment of drug users for drug use or possession of drugs for personal use, and forced treatment for people who use drugs should also be revised. These approaches are an inappropriate response to a public health challenge and often impede access to and the uptake of HIV prevention and treatment. Evidence suggests that these approaches fuel the HIV epidemic in people who inject drugs by limiting the impact of evidence-based prevention programmes. For example, police harassment of people who inject drugs may impede access to needle and syringe programmes. Detention settings where needle and syringe programmes are not available expose people who inject drugs to more HIV risk than the drug use itself and may exacerbate other public health problems such as tuberculosis. At a minimum, governments should commit to ensuring that people who inject drugs in prisons and pre-trial detention centres have access to HIV prevention and treatment including needle and syringe programmes, opioid substitution therapy and antiretroviral therapy. Long-term detention in the name of drug “rehabilitation” or “education” has no proven efficacy, violates human rights and should be ended immediately.
6. Improve integration of HIV services with treatment for drug dependence
Member States should commit to ensuring better integration of drug dependence treatment and HIV prevention, treatment and care services. Evidence-based drug dependence treatment should be readily available to those who need it. In addition, HIV prevention and treatment services should be readily accessible in drug dependence treatment to prevent the spread of HIV among those who may resume injection use following treatment and to provide treatment and care for those individuals who may be HIV positive. At a minimum, referral pathways between HIV prevention and treatment services and drug treatment programmes should be in place within all Member States.
7. Commit to treating health conditions that co-occur alongside HIV among people who inject drugs.
People who inject drugs should have access to a broad range of health services. Access to treatment for common health conditions that co-occur alongside HIV (such as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B and C, sexually transmitted infections and mental health disorders) are important for people who inject drugs in general and particularly so for improving adherence to and the outcomes of HIV treatment among those who are living with HIV. Active injecting drug use should not be a criterion for delaying or denying treatment of HIV or other comorbid conditions. Member States must urgently work towards improving the access of people who inject drugs to appropriate treatment and care for these conditions.
8. Gather data to enhance the response to HIV among people who inject drugs.
Research and surveillance activities should be considered an integral part of the global response to HIV/AIDS. Ongoing surveillance data allows countries to respond in a timely manner to emerging risks for HIV. Yet, for many regions, data on injecting drug use are sparse. Member States should renew efforts to collect routine and accurate data on the size of the injecting drug population, the proportion of people who inject drugs who are positive for HIV or co-occurring morbidities, and service provision data for people who inject drugs. These activities have been shown to be cost-effective in terms of allowing countries to assess their progress towards preventing and treating HIV. As Member States prepare for the 2011 High Level meeting, the Reference Group would like to refer members to the 2010 Consensus Statement which forms the basis for this call to action. This statement was developed by the Reference Group at the request of the United Nations to inform the policy development and priority setting by UN agencies involved in addressing HIV and injecting drug use. It draws on research examining the effectiveness of interventions to address HIV and injecting drug use and their impact in differing contexts around the world. The full report and summary of recommendations can be accessed at:
www.idurefgroup.com as well as the UNAIDS, UNODC and WHO websites.
The Reference Group to the United Nations on HIV and Injecting Drug Use was established in 2002 and provides independent advice to the United Nations system on matters related to injecting drug use and HIV. The Group consists of experts from around the world and includes researchers, clinicians and representatives from civil society organisations.
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Proving the existence of God using Burhan Al-Imkan – the proof that the Philosophers preferred over Burhan Al-Huduth, because it did not require them to grant the world's emergence.
If it is not impossible for God to be attributed with some quality, then it is necessary for Him to be attributed with this quality. Consequently, this means that He is attributed with all necessary qualities.
Proving that change is impossible for Allah ﷻ. This is because everything that changes is necessarily emergent, whereas Allah is beginningless.
Given the emergence of some beings, there necessarily must exist a being that brought those contingent beings into existence. This creator is God.
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Diplomats just finished a marathon round of climate talks in Lima, Peru, which resulted in an agreement that for the first time ever will commit each country to taking action to reduce their emissions of global warming pollutants, such as carbon dioxide. The agreement leaves much still to be decided next year, with a looming deadline for a new climate treaty that will go into effect in 2020.
What negotiators have been trying to do for much of the past two-plus decades is to address the accelerating increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the planet's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is released when burning coal and other fossil fuels for energy, and it lasts hundreds to a thousand years once it is in the air, making a failure to cut emissions now a problem for future generations.
The definitive chart for increasing carbon dioxide concentrations is known as the Keeling Curve. This data began to be collected in 1958 by Charles David Keeling, a scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He installed a monitoring device at the summit of Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano, where the air is relatively free of other air pollution. These measurements are still carried out at Mauna Loa today, led by Keeling's son, Ralph Keeling. Other monitoring devices are also deployed worldwide to collect similar data.
In the first part of the 20th century, scientists suspected that carbon dioxide might be increasing because of fossil fuel burning, but few monitoring stations were tracking it. Keeling's readings were the first to raise the alarm that, in fact, carbon dioxide concentrations were rising rapidly, with a seasonal variation as the planet takes in more carbon dioxide during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere, and releases it during the winter as trees lose their leaves.
In other words, the Keeling Curve shows the planet breathing during the course of the year.
Scientists have established through a plethora of studies that show how carbon dioxide levels are tied to global average temperature changes, with the two marching in near (but not exact) lockstep throughout Earth's history. Data going back 800,000 years shows that carbon dioxide levels today are the highest in all of human history, and rising.
According to Scripps, during ice ages, carbon dioxide levels tended to average around 200 parts per million (ppm), and during the comparatively warm interglacial periods, they were higher, at about 280 ppm.
Yet today, the concentration is hovering close to 400 ppm, on their way to at least 450 ppm. The higher carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas concentrations go, scientists say, the higher global average temperatures will become.
The climate talks in Lima were meant to stop global warming from exceeding the agreed upon temperature target of 2 degrees Celsius, or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial levels, beyond which many scientists say dangerous climate impacts, such as the complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet, would occur.
However, given recent emissions trends and the pace of the climate talks, it is quite possible that this temperature target will be at least temporarily exceeded.
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In an investigation of the N400 component, event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by 4 types of word stimuli (real words, pseudowords, random letter strings, and false fonts) and 3 types of picture stimuli (real pictures, pseudopictures, and picture parts) presented in separate lists were recorded from 10- and 11-year-old children. All types of word stimuli elicited an anteriorly distributed negativity peaking at about 400 msec (antN400). Words and pseudowords elicited similar ERPs, whereas ERPs to letter strings differed from those to both pseudowords and false fonts. All types of picture stimuli elicited dual anterior negativities (N350 and N430). Real pictures and pseudopictures elicited similar ERPs, whereas pseudopictures and picture parts elicited asymmetrical processing. The results are discussed in terms of increased sensitivity to and dependence on context in children.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
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What are clinical trials?
Clinical trials are research studies in which people help doctors find ways to improve health and cancer care. Each study tries to answer scientific questions and to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer.
What are the types of clinical trials?
- Treatment trials test new treatments (like a new cancer drug, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy, new combinations of treatments, or new methods such as gene therapy).
- Prevention trials test new approaches, such as medicines, vitamins, minerals, or other supplements that doctors believe may lower the risk of a certain type of cancer. These trials look for the best way to prevent cancer in people who have never had cancer or to prevent cancer from coming back or a new cancer occurring in people who have already had cancer.
- Screening trials test the best way to find cancer especially in its early stages.
- Quality of Life trials (also called Supportive Care trials) explore ways to improve comfort and quality of life for cancer patients.
What are the phases of clinical trials?
Most clinical research that involves the testing of a new drug progresses in an orderly series of steps, called phases. This allows researchers to ask and answer questions in a way that results in reliable information about the drug and protects the patients. Clinical trials are usually classified into one of three phases:
- Phase I trials: These first studies in people evaluate how a new drug should be given (by mouth, injected into the blood, or injected into the muscle), how often, and what dose is safe. A phase I trial usually enrolls only a small number of patients sometimes as few as a dozen.
- Phase II trials: A phase II trial continues to test the safety of the drug and begins to evaluate how well the new drug works. Phase II studies usually focus on a particular type of cancer.
- Phase III trials: These studies test a new drug, a new combination of drugs, or a new surgical procedure in comparison to the current standard. A participant will usually be assigned to the standard group or the new group at random (called randomization). Phase III trials often enroll large numbers of people and may be conducted at many doctors’ offices, clinics, and cancer centers nationwide.
Information courtesy of the National Institutes of Health.
Our physicians participate in many clinical trials, allowing our patients access to the very newest medical developments and treatment options.
If you would like to participate in a clinical trial or have heard of a new treatment option, please feel free to discuss this with your physician.
If you are interested in knowing what clinical trials are currently underway, you can search the National Cancer Institute’s database: http://http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials
Research and Training
Tacoma/Valley Radiation Oncology Centers are active partners in the Bellevue Community College Associates Program for radiation therapists. Our center holds a position on the school’s Educational Board of Directors.
Students may participate in your care, under the guidance of a board certified therapist. If you do not wish to have a student participate in your care, please advise your physician or therapist.
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http://tacomaradiation.com/for-patients-public/clinical-trials/
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en
| 0.936259 | 643 | 3.734375 | 4 |
My class made some predictions about car data, without seeing it, and came up with 3 claims:
- The heavier the car, the lower the MPG.
- Electric cars will have a lower curb weight (than non-electric cars).
- Gas powered vehicles will have higher highway MPG than electric or hybrid vehicles. (We think this was written incorrectly, but didn’t catch the error, so decided to go with it.)
We focused on claim 1 first. Students easily produced the scatter plot …
and concluded that there didn’t appear to be much of a relationship between highway MPG and curb weight. But they wanted to quantify it – evidence has to be clear, after all.
Because of the viewing window, the line looks kind of steep. But the slope of the line is -0.01 (highway mpg / pound), so it’s really not very steep at all. And the correlation coefficient is -0.164, so that’s a pretty weak relationship when we group cars of all fuel types together.
Are there different relationships for the different fuel types?
Turns out, yeah.
Working on the quality
Step one was getting my students to write these CER paragraphs. (I’ve written about this before and how disastrous my efforts were.) Step two is improving the quality. I shared a rubric with my students.
We all sat around a table (it’s a small class) and reviewed all of the paragraphs together. They talked, I listened and asked clarifying questions. They assessed each paragraph. They decided that most of their paragraphs were below target. They said things like:
- “That’s some good reasoning, but there’s no evidence to support it.”
- “I’d like to see some actual numbers to support the claim.”
- “I really like how clearly this is stated.”
Even though it took time to review, it was worth it.
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<urn:uuid:075dc3dc-e976-4380-8d85-900317db2657>
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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https://rawsonmath.com/2017/03/15/making-progress/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262029.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527065651-20190527091651-00400.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971183 | 417 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is Corneal Disease?
The cornea is the eye’s outermost layer and the first part of the optical system. It is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. Although the cornea is clear, it is actually a highly organized group of cells and proteins. Unlike most tissues in the body, the cornea contains no blood vessels to nourish or protect it against infection. Instead, the cornea receives its nourishment from the tears and aqueous humor that fills the chamber behind it. The cornea functions like a window that controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye. The cornea must remain transparent to refract light properly, and the presence of even the tiniest blood vessels can interfere with this process. To see well, all layers of the cornea must be free of any cloudy or opaque areas.
The term “Corneal Disease” refers to a variety of conditions that affect mainly the cornea. When damage or disease affects the cornea, light does not enter the eye as it should, and vision becomes impaired. The cornea also acts as a barrier for the rest of the eye, protecting it from germs, bacteria and foreign matter.
What causes Corneal Disease?
Eye infections, degenerations, and many other disorders of the cornea that arise due to heredity can all cause of corneal disease. Common corneal diseases and disorders can be caused by allergies, pink eye (conjunctivitis), corneal infections, and dry eye. Inherited ophthalmic disorders where the cornea becomes thick and cloudy, called Corneal Dystrophies are also classified as Corneal Disease. Fuch’s Disease is one example.
Symptoms of Corneal Disease
Common symptoms of Corneal Disease include:
- Eye Pain
- Blurred vision
- Extreme sensitivity to light
How is Corneal Disease treated?
If you experience any of these symptoms around your cornea, you should be seen by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. Depending on the cause, if left untreated, it can result in permanent damage to the cornea. Some symptoms can also indicate a more serious problem or require special treatment to prolong the life of the cornea.
To learn more: Facts about the Cornea from the National Eye Institute
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.apexeye.com/common-eye-conditions/corneal-disease/
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en
| 0.920857 | 493 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Henk Aay, Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies
Where Am I Going and Why? Understanding Campus Spatial Behavior. CEAP is interested in knowing how much and what parts of the campus environment are known and used by students. The aim of the Geog 110 assignment is to help students understand and work with concepts such as geographical knowing, mapping, spatial behavior, spatial routines, activity spaces, space-time manifold, personal geographies. For one week each student will map their on campus spatial behavior and also include the locations of their arrivals on and exits from campus, and note their destinations when they leave campus (locations/addresses of work, shopping, amusement, socializing, eating out, church, etc.) Maps will include pathways and destinations for each day. Campus maps will be provided for the assignment. Students will be asked to prepare a final map(s) which clearly presents all of the information collected on the daily sketch maps. In groups the students will analyze and interpret the results looking for and suggesting explanations for common pathways, nodes and activity patterns. The data will be more carefully analyzed by students in one of Jim Bradley's statistics classes.
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CC-MAIN-2016-50
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http://www.calvin.edu/admin/provost/sustainability/initiatives/ceap/academics/courses/GGES/110/world-regional-geog.html
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en
| 0.957344 | 237 | 2.625 | 3 |
Why was Cromer Pier lit up in green?
- Credit: Archant
Cromer Pier has gone green to mark this year’s Recycle Week.
The popular attraction on the north Norfolk coast is being lit up in green every evening until Sunday, September 27 to mark the awareness week, which is run by government-funded recycling campaign, Recycle Now.
Councillor Nigel Lloyd, portfolio holder for the environment at North Norfolk District Council, which owns the pier, said: “North Norfolk manages to recycle around 40pc of its waste - a great start, but there is room for improvement.
“It only takes a second to ensure that your recyclable waste items end up in the correct bin. Recycling will keep your carbon footprint down because it reduces the waste going to incineration or landfill. It’s a win-win.”
Recycle Now’s post-lockdown figures show 73pc of people are “people are prepared to change their lifestyles to help the environment”, up from 68 per cent in 2019.
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<urn:uuid:42fda598-70dd-4292-a78e-83b716858f6c>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://www.northnorfolknews.co.uk/news/green-cromer-pier-recycling-week-1647176
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en
| 0.945562 | 225 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Roma issue is difficult, not only in Ukraine. In fact, similar problems exist in all countries of the former Soviet Union, whether they entered the EU or not. The main problems of the Roma are similar in all countries: social isolation from the local population, low educational level, poor living conditions, total poverty, appalling living conditions, poor health and lack of representatives in government, household racism, lack of protection of the law enforcement agencies.
During the work of our Fund, we concluded that the complexity of the processes of the social integration of Roma lies in two interrelated dimensions. Social and territorial isolation of Roma restricts access to information and resources that would contribute to the development of their inclusion in society. Without access to information about their rights, Roma remain illiterate and passive population of our country, which leads to sustainable preservation of customary law within the community and keeps stable isolation from the outside world. The lack of information about their rights and opportunities prevents the development of Roma communities: customary law, gender inequality, low educational level, limited access to health services in Roma community. Alienation and closeness of the community, lack of their representation on the public arena, stereotyping and stigmatization are the reasons for the existence of such shameful phenomena for a democratic country as Anti-Roma attitude, discrimination and hate speech.
To break this vicious circle we are working simultaneously in two directions. We conduct educational work with Roma and provide free legal aid, with the goal to strengthen the legal opportunities and access for Roma to resources of the city, region and country. However, to reduce the social distance between Roma and other residents of Ukraine we are gradually implementing an advocacy campaign “Open Roma” – we open Roma settlements.
Each problem, which Roma face, entails more problems. That’s why we’re working in several directions:
– Providing of legal aid for the Roma population;
– Support of the Roma in public institutions by social workers, lawyers and, where necessary, by interpreters;
– Dispelling myths and destruction of stereotypes by publishing materials related to the Roma history and culture;
– Showing successful stories of Roma who defended their rights in the public authorities;
– Lobbying for changes in legislation to simplify procedures for obtaining personal documents;
– Strengthening Roma communities through the development of self-government of the Roma people;
– Conducting advocacy campaigns and combating hate speech;
If Ukraine claims to be a democratic European country and its citizens are worth to live in democracy, we must walk the same way: all efforts should be directed on help for Roma to destroy the isolation, which exist for ages, teach them to live by the laws and regulations of our common state and finally help them integrate into Ukrainian society, as it has done by the other nationalities, which live in Ukraine.
Of course, integration is a long and complicated process. But if every day we make steps, small and invisible to others, then in a few years we can go through a long way to peaceful coexistence.
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<urn:uuid:2fb5a08b-a97c-444c-8f63-74183de3aeb1>
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CC-MAIN-2018-30
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http://rozvitok.org/en/the-protection-of-the-rights-of-roma-people/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592387.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721051500-20180721071500-00124.warc.gz
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en
| 0.946287 | 617 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Race plays a huge role in the lives of ethnic minority students at university.
They can face overt and covert racism which often goes unchecked. In fact, since the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, Asian students report having been pelted with stones.
This kind of incident doesn’t exist in a vacuum. Racism can impact the chances of people of colour (POC) getting into university, how they perform during their studies and their career prospects after graduation. Studies show that just 56% of black students achieve a 2:1, compared to 80% of their white peers.
Recent research also shows BME students apply for 45% more jobs than their white counterparts.
The socioeconomic backgrounds of many POC families stop them from even applying to university, and when they do, they can expect to receive fewer offers.
Research shows that this gap isn’t because white students are any brighter – black pupils have the same levels of attainment, or better, during school. But once at university, the attainment gap widens.
Even the highest achieving minority students – those getting four As at A Levels – are less likely to get a first or 2:1 at university compared to their white peers.
And once they leave uni, BAME students are also more likely to be unemployed and have a higher chance of experiencing a pay gap.
The plethora of studies and research show that there is a problem with institutional and individual racism in higher education – but what is actually being done about it?
We spoke to some students past and present who argue that it’s high time universities were honest about how prevalent the race problem is – and, crucially, actually do something about it.
Nico* is a second-year student at an Edinburgh university and says it has been a mixed and alienating experience. He has noticed prejudiced comments and attitudes towards him just because he is mixed race.
‘The racism mostly manifests in subtle ways: infantilisation, being treated as an exotic “other” etc. I have had my ideas dismissed, but if someone white suggests something similar then they are praised for it.
‘I have had people make me feel like I’m stupid and unwanted and I have had the classic; “you come across as angry and intimidating”, even though there are white women on the course who fit that description more accurately than I do.’
Nico adds that nothing about his disposition suggests being an aggressive person, but inherently negative attitudes towards blackness paint him as such.
‘It’s frustrating being treated like a walking caricature and having to deal with this because people don’t want to do the work to deal with their own confirmation biases,’ he says.
‘I feel like I can’t be who I am. I can only be this fascinating “exotic” creature. I’ve encountered this in many other settings too such as work. The racism I experienced in my youth was more blatant: I would be spat on, called racial slurs etc. Now, it’s a lot more subtle and I frequently encounter microaggressions which is just as insidious as it eats away and erodes your sense of self and sanity little by little.’
These instances are similar to those Warwick student Amira has faced, though via different platforms.
‘I have experienced racism after playing lacrosse against a team of entirely white girls, going out with a white boy from a boarding school, travelling with my white friends. I am constantly apologising for my race. Desperately trying to address it as the “elephant in the room”,’ she tells us.
‘When I was at school playing lacrosse, I used to turn up to matches with samosas in my lunch box and for the rest of the team, making a joke out of my race. Making sure people were aware that I knew I was brown and that I was different. ‘
Victoria Ademosu, an owner of tuition services, says she encountered racism from staff and students when she attended university more than a decade ago.
‘Once, I was walking to a lecture on one of my first days at uni and a tall, white male was walking towards me,’ she remembers. ‘As I walked passed, he literally punched me in the arm with full force.
‘I was in disbelief because I’d never been physically attacked by a stranger before and everyone around just looked and said nothing.
‘Fetishising comments by actual staff members were really shocking and upsetting. And then there were subtle moments of racism where my voice was shunned in lectures or I was told I was only there to tick a box.
‘These instances made me feel scared, vulnerable and isolated.’
Associate Lecturer Sofia Akel investigated racism at Goldsmiths University and published the findings in her report: The Role of Race in Shaping the Experiences of Black and Minority Ethnic Students.
She tells us that the onus falls on the institution.
‘Universities, for many years have been continually denying the experiences of staff and students when it comes to race, so in order for institutions to begin tackling structural racism, they must first practice radical honesty and self-reflection, one that casts aside white-fragility, centering the experiences of racially minoritised students and staff.
‘Universities must act with urgency, the plethora of literature out there will enable an institution to begin examining the depth of its own institutional inequalities and start taking meaningful action, such as embedding racial justice work, prioritising anti-racist strategies and initiatives, decolonise their practices and more.
Findings of the Goldsmiths report:
Sofia used a series of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and a survey for her research.
She says: ‘I found that throughout the student academic lifecycle – from the lecture theatre to the social – students of colour were entering a racial battlefield within which their very existence in these spaces was called into question. This was solidified and upheld through racial microaggressions, overt forms of racism, disproportionate academic scrutiny, the attainment gap, social exclusion and more. Students were describing racial battle fatigue in which they constantly had to deploy strategic navigational skills in attempts to predict and outmanoeuvre forms of structural racism.’
She continues: ‘Whilst it is important to have a bespoke understanding of your own institution, I urge that we do not continue to stall progress in favour of producing more and more reports that effectively provide the same findings, which end up not acted on by their institution but provides good publicity instead. This does not help staff and students, only the institution.’
To make BAME students feel more welcome, institutions must try harder to, firstly, accept more applications. There must be an attempt to address the historical imbalance that has allowed opportunity to be disproportionately available to white students.
The next step would be to try harder to decolonise the curriculum to allow more diverse thinkers as well as encourage critical thought by offering and encouraging alternative perspectives.
If universities truly want to be a melting pot that nurtures their students, they must do better to invite more BAME participants and equip them for their life outside of their institutions.
That might look like encouraging and providing more BAME spaces in the form of society and networking groups. It might mean having lecturers and seminar leaders that look more like the students, and it may include a curriculum that isn’t so white.
*Names have been changed.
Source: Read Full Article
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https://chatsaudicam.com/health-news/there-is-still-too-much-racism-in-universities/
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| 0.974096 | 1,590 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Among communities in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the chewing of khat is a social custom dating back many thousands of years.
By: Matteo Crippa Leave a comment
Somalilandsun – It is high season for reports and studies relating to piracy. The latest World Bank report, Pirate Trails, which follows the recent IMB annual report on the number of piracy incidents as well as the UNSG situation report on piracy in Somalia, is dedicated to the largely unchartered topic of the illicit financial flows of Somali piracy. So far, apart for the disappointing report of the UK sponsored International Piracy Ransom Task Force, little public attention has been paid to tracking and disrupting the financial flows generated by piracy through the payment of ransoms for ships, crew and their cargos. Pirates, defined in the report as hostis humani generi (but wrongly attributing this definition to Cicero) have been capable of modernizing their actives and developing specific business models that adapt to the situation in which they operate. In Somalia, alongside pirates who attack and board ships crossing the Gulf of Aden, a sophisticated network of investors, local and foreign financiers and shareholders, but also negotiators, interpreters, guards, cooks and drivers, flourished and profited from piracy.
The report estimates that US$339 million to US$413 million was claimed in ransoms between April 2005 and December 2012 for pirate acts off the Horn of Africa. With low level pirates typically netting a pre-agreed fee between US$30,000 and US$75,000 (about 0.01–0.025 percent of an average ransom payment), the pirate financiers who invested in the piracy operations receive the bulk of the ransom, estimated at 30–75 percent of the total ransom.
Ransom payments can be invested locally, generally by low level pirates but increasingly also by financers, or moved by financial transfer, particularly to Djibouti, Kenya, and the United Arab Emirates. Most of the money is moved by cross-border cash smuggling, made easy by the porosity of the borders in the region and trade-based money laundering. Money transfer services are also exploited to move money outside Somalia.
Depending on the profit made, ransom money may be used to fuel other illicit activities in the region. Some pirate financiers are engaging in human trafficking, including migrant smuggling, and investing in militias and military capacities in Somalia. To launder their proceeds, pirate financiers can also buy into legitimate business interests, particularly the real estate market. Allegations that ransoms payments fueled the real estate prices in the region are not new, although any definitive evidence has yet to be shown. Other legitimate businesses in trade (for example, trade in petroleum), transportation, and the services industry (for example, restaurants, hotels, shops), also offer viable opportunities for the pirates to invest the proceeds from piracy, depending on the profit originally made.
Khat (also commonly referenced to as qat, qaad, gat, jaad, tchat, and miraa) is a small leafy plant. Among communities in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the chewing of khat is a social custom dating back many thousands of years.
Interestingly, the report sheds light of the role played by the trade of Khat, a mild stimulant popular in Somalia and very popular among pirates, in the financial flows generated by piracy. Khat is provided on credit to low level pirates throughout highjack operations. Its use is recorded. When ransoms are finally paid, the debt accumulated by the pirates during the captivity period is paid back by subtracting it from their share of the profit. In light of the potential profit to be generated, pirates are ready to pay their khat’s provisions at a price well above the market price. There is more. Given the lucrative nature of the trade, which predominantly cash-based, the traditional culture of khat chewing in Somalia, and Somalis’ control over the distribution network, pirates are also investing their profit and increasingly buying into this multi-million dollar business.
Khat trade with northern Kenya, in particular, is largely unregulated and is becoming fertile ground for the pirates’ business interests in this sector. An estimate of nine tons of khat is flown daily from Kenya to Mogadishu. The report recommends the regulation of the khat trade as one of the means to disrupt piracy financial flows in the region. Considering the pirates involvement in the growth, distribution and consumption of khat, however, the khat trade may already be an effective indicator of the pirates financial and laundering activities. Monitoring this business can therefore add to the efforts to track the pirates network upwards to their financiers within and outside Somalia.
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<urn:uuid:ed7aefd7-7fad-4b9f-80a6-c2395c9e0153>
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
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http://www.somalilandsun.com/2013/11/12/follow-the-khat-tracking-piracys-financial-flows/
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en
| 0.951855 | 978 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, Connecticut vital records (births, deaths, marriages) and deeds were typically recorded locally by a town clerk. Town clerks, however, did not go looking for such information. Residents were expected to bring the data and documents to the town clerk who was expected to record it in ledgers. These ledgers and any notes were stored in the clerk’s home where they were subject to fire, damage or being misplaced when the clerk was not re-elected or died. In Lebanon, there was not a town hall until the late 1830s, but town clerks were still storing records at home until well into the 20th century.
In Connecticut, a town clerk’s register of vital records included many births, but not necessarily all births since not all families made the effort to notify the town of a new family member. Family Bibles often serve to fill that gap as father’s recorded each new child’s arrival. Church records often include lists of baptisms with names, dates and sometimes parents’ names. However, in Lebanon there are some births that can be documented only on the headstones of children who died.
The beginning of formal birth certificates, as opposed to town registers of births, seems to be linked to the 1935 creation of the social security system. However, even today there is no federal requirement that all births be certified although one needs to present a birth certificate to get a social security card and/or a passport.
Marriage licenses (as issued by town or state) were not provided in the United States until the mid-1800s. It was not until 1923 that the federal government passed the Uniform Marriage and Marriage License Act and it was 1929 before every state had marriage license laws. Marriages were often noted in town clerks’ vital records registers and in some church records. In 17th and early 18th century Connecticut, marriages were civil not religious acts. Congregational church records, therefore, do not always note marriages as the ceremony was often performed by justices or other government officials not ordained ministers.
Records of deaths were kept by town clerks and by churches in the 18th and 19th centuries. Usually deaths, like other vital records, were listed in registers. In the United States, a standardized death certificate was introduced around 1910.
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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https://historyoflebanon.org/genealogy/understanding-connecticut-vital-records/
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en
| 0.991566 | 477 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Global fresh water demand is expected to grow by 2 percent yearly over the next several decades. Based on the assumption that water supply will remain relatively stable, demand growth is expected to lead to serious water stress. This is largely the result of a linear model of water usage, in which the resource becomes more polluted and increasingly wasted as it travels through the system, shortening the water cycle.
Less is More: Circular Economy Solutions to Water Shortages*, a* new report by ING in partnership with Deltares, an independent knowledge institute for water and subsoil, is attempting to address these issues by laying out a circular model for water usage. In this model, the take-make-waste approach is replaced by a reduce-reuse-retention approach, which aims to close the loop and make the water system regenerative by design so water retains its quality and can move through the cycle again and again. According to the report, moving towards more circular water systems will improve the local balance of water supply and demand.
In the report, ING and Deltares analyze the circular potential in six regions: Northern India, California, Ghana, United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh and the Netherlands. The report finds that while the circular economy is not able to fully eliminate water shortages, it has the potential to save 400 billion m3 of water yearly, the equivalent of 11 percent of global water demand and almost the entirity of water consumption in the U.S.
In California, a region that has, for the last six years, been plagued by severe drought , the circular economy has the potential to almost halve the number of years with anticipated water shortages. For the years where shortages remain, these are reduced by over 90 percent. A circular approach could also provide an alternative for desalination projects that come with high environmental and social costs.
Northern India has a very large and water intensive agriculture sector, a reality which further aggravates its position as a water-stressed region. Water shortages pose a significant problem for the region and are expected to occur every year up to 2050. The introduction of a reduce-reuse-retention approach could help reduce these water shortages by one-third and save around 350 billion m3 yearly. This equates to 10 percent of the water used globally.
Like Northern India, Bangladesh is also expected to experience water shortages every year up to 2050. Similarly, circular practices have the potential to almost halve water shortages and save 20 billion m3 each year. The same can be said for the United Arab Emirates, where a circular approach to water could help one of the most water-stressed countries in the world reduce water shortages by around 16 percent annually.
Ghana and the Netherlands would also benefit from a new model. A regenerative model to water usage has the potential to reduce shortages by two-thirds (117 million m3 annually) in 14 of the years leading up to 2050 for Ghana, and could reduce water shortages in the agriculture sector in the Netherlands by up to one-quarter.
“As our findings demonstrate, circular water measures certainly have high potential to reduce water stress. Applying the principals of the circular economy requires transformative change of current linear water systems, which in turn also presents businesses with a range of opportunities throughout the supply chain,” said Gerben Hieminga, ING.
“Nonetheless, we must be cognizant of the fact that these measures cannot be implemented in isolation. Barriers to progress, such as costs of implementation, regulatory control and free water rights, as well as the entire water cycle from supply, demand and behavior needs to be improved before a circular water solution can be as effective in achieving such positive results.”
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://sustainablebrands.com/read/the-next-economy/ing-circular-solutions-to-water-stress-could-save1-of-global-water-demand
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en
| 0.956116 | 758 | 3.65625 | 4 |
chemical formula: NH4NO3
( powder/chunks )
Ammonium Nitrate is an oxidizer that is commonly used as a fertilizer, various chemical processes, as well as a component in rocket propellants and explosives. It is also used in 'cold packs' and for demos of endothermic (heat absorbing) reactions. When water is added to a quantity of Ammonium Nitrate, the temperature of the solution drops rapidly below freezing. It needs to be kept in a tightly closed container, it has a bad habit of absorbing moisture from the air and forming into a solid block.
High purity recrystallized material.
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=92
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en
| 0.943299 | 138 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Possibly explaining the recent dramatic decline in their population, Croatian scientists have successfully used honeybees to sniff out land mines. A swarm of bees will be released, and then a heat-sensing camera will be used to track their movements to any mines that might be hidden below the soil.
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CC-MAIN-2018-22
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http://www.extremetech.com/tag/croatia
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en
| 0.871145 | 98 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Davie and Julie Yen ["3 acres, 2 green thumbs," LI Life, Jan. 20], are correct in saying that "we need young people to continue farming." As a nation, we are embarking on a new way of thinking about food and farming, and it would be exciting if Long Island schools stayed ahead of the times by spearheading the move toward sustainable lifestyles; that is, using fewer resources.
Currently, education relies too heavily on standardized tests, and schools don't always take into account the various ways students learn. The use of gardens in our schools is a sustainable education approach that could open up a whole range of inventive teaching strategies in many subject areas.
The Yens spoke of innovative techniques such as hydroponics and aquaculture. Imagine if students could take classes in these techniques. Learning how to grow food could have a profound effect on how students view their individual health and the health of our environment.
Sustainable education could give our children the opportunity to become leaders in this field. On a local level, it could lead to renewed economic prosperity that is desperately needed for young Long Islanders.
Lauren Carmichael, Coram
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CC-MAIN-2017-09
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http://www.newsday.com/opinion/letters/letter-build-farming-into-schools-1.4583139
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en
| 0.96165 | 235 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Australian Hardwoods, Why they are Greener than Bamboo
Aussie Aussie Aussie
Todays consumers are becoming more environmentally aware, they are looking for options that are truly sustainable.
In essence everyone wants to be green. The word ‘green’ is used to describe many products in the market place. Using the “green” word these days seems to be more of a marketing tool than a true indication of the product. So just how “green” are some of the products that are being promoted quite vigorously in particular Bamboo flooring? Some major considerations if you truly want find out if a product is “green” are – how a product is harvested and manufactured, how far it is has to be shipped to reach the customer and what is sacrificed to produce the final product.
Moso bamboo, the primary species used for manufacturing flooring, it can grow over 100cm in 24 hours, more common is from 3cm to 10cm per day and reaching a height of over two meters in 40-50 days. The best time to harvest the bamboo is when it reaches maturity at five years. Compare that to hardwood trees that take 40-60 years to reach full maturity on the surface it would seem bamboo is a more sustainable resource. Unfortunately this is not the case.
Oz is best
The majority of bamboo timber comes from China where existing forests have been cleared to make way for bamboo plantations.
The deforestation leads to soil erosion and loss of habitat for flora and fauna, which is then compounded by the use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers.
In Australia trees used for building products and hardwood flooring are harvested very sustainably. More often than not the trees harvested are from managed regrowth forests or plantations.
To make bamboo flooring it is cut-to-length, ripped into thin strips and laminated together with glues that contain carcinogenic chemicals like urea-formaldehyde, (there are some that are manufactured that don’t use dangerous chemical), it’s then milled into a tongue and groove and then finished with any number of different coatings which may or may not contain VOC’s (volatile organic compounds). Often, this is done with few regulations on the manufacturing plant, glue, finish or waste, in plants with up to 80% of the electricity coming from coal generation.
The hardwood flooring process is much simpler. Logs are sawn into planks, air dried and then kiln dried (most kilns are fuelled using the waste material left from the cutting process) the timber is machined into flooring, it is then wrapped and transported locally to the vendor.
Hardwood flooring takes less water and energy to produce than any other flooring option. The only by-product is sawdust, which can be made into many other things such as paper and particleboard. There is very little waste from machining hardwoods. Australian companies follow strict guidelines and recovery and sustainability are key in continuing to have a strong healthy, viable timber industry. Maintaining the quality of this flooring is very important to help keep it in good condition.
Probably the biggest impact on the environment is the issue of shipping. The environmental impact of shipping bamboo flooring from China to Australia easily out ways any good arguments for using Bamboo.
Large Container ships are considered to be some of the biggest polluters on the planet, their huge engines burn poor fuels and release massive amounts of polluting gases into the environment, also the waste from the bilge constantly pollutes the oceans.
Bamboo is often touted as being a solution to a problem, because bamboo is a noxious weed and using it to make other products is getting rid of a problem, but if it is planted deliberately to be used for manufacturing products then it no longer is solving a problem. Retailers often refer to it as timber flooring, when in reality it is a grass that has been mixed with chemicals to create a floorboard.
Australian Hardwood Floors Are Eco Friendly
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<urn:uuid:11904fa0-6d71-4c2d-8825-e2204f3833ae>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://connollys.com.au/australian-hardwood-floors-why-they-are-greener-than-bamboo-2/
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en
| 0.959461 | 832 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Beach’s role in the world of print culture removes her from her role as a subordinate into her role as the dominant not only in her relationship with Joyce but in all of her “separate sphere” relationships. By not only running, but owning the bookstore/lending library, Beach shows her dominance in the business world–the world of men.
For a long time, it’s been a man’s world, and women have often been secondary, subjugated and sometimes non-existent. The field of print culture is no exception, but for some of the small bookshops on the Left Bank of Paris in the early 1900s. One of them was run by Sylvia Beach, who would be responsible for publishing the influential work Ulysses. Despite being a woman at a time when women were supposed to be housewives, Beach showed the world that a woman could wear the pants in a relationship and be successful in the man’s world of print culture.
I think it is important to think about what Beach actually accomplished in the printing world as a woman. A huge example of this is that Beach, without even knowing it, embodied the Main Principles of L’Ecriture Feminine specified by Helene Cixous:
- Not invested in gender alone, so there are…
View original post 578 more words
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CC-MAIN-2018-05
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https://whatsmyrole.wordpress.com/2013/03/21/123/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887981.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119125144-20180119145144-00224.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971415 | 280 | 2.703125 | 3 |
1/4" to 5/8" in length generally black; may appear as red and black. The queen is about ¾”, large mandibles on the head, light gold hairs on the abdomen.
Damage / Signs of Presence:
Carpenter Ants do not eat the wood like termites but they do excavate it to form galleries in which they live and support the colony. They can affect the structural integrity of wood. Cause holes in materials in which moisture can accumulate thus causing more damage. Carpenter Ants have been the cause of million of dollars in damages throughout the United States.
Most people never realize they have Carpenter Ants in their home until it's too late and damage has been done. Signs to look for and act quickly:
See live ants in your home or outside on your home.
Find wood shavings (Frass) with insect parts mixed in.
Remodeling and come across damage or a nest.
Carpenter Ants go through a complete life cycle of Egg, Larva, Pupa & Adult. They have minor and major workers ranging into the thousands per nest. They often form satellite colonies close by to the main colony.
Winged Ants (Swarmers) are a reproductive ant with the responsibility of mating in the air and establishing a new nest.
Southern Wisconsin's Bed Bug Expert!
CONTACT US TODAY!
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<urn:uuid:a359f9ec-e317-4f4b-86f4-63b9504a347c>
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CC-MAIN-2021-25
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https://www.beingbugged.com/carpenter-ants
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en
| 0.938537 | 287 | 2.8125 | 3 |
About The Era
Four years after the stock market crash of 1929, which triggered the Great Depression, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt initiated the New Deal, a program of domestic reform meant to revive the economy and alleviate the problem of mass unemployment. Toward these ends, he established various new federal agencies, putting many more people to work to do the increased business of government. Thousands of artists were employed, most through the largest program, the Works Progress Administration. Although the government did not dictate the type of art that was to be produced, it did encourage the use of a representational style and American themes. As a result, most of the art created in the decade prior to World War II was humanistic in orientation.
Artists, writers, and philosophers of the period became obsessed with the social relevance of art. Although a small group of American artists did attack the societal ills of the nation (housing shortages, unemployment) and of the world in general (the rise of fascism and militarism), most adopted a more pragmatic and even positive attitude. American scene painters captured busy city dwellers on streets, in buses, at work, and at play. Occasionally artists infused an element of humor into the pathos of everyday existence, even in scenes that allude to the political disasters of the day. Regionalists were particularly fond of idealizing the past and aggrandizing the present accomplishments of the country. In fact, the myth of America as a country where everyone lives a pastoral, carefree existence emerged with new vigor in the art of the 1930s.
The diversity of the people also emerged as a strong current of social realism. Artists who were accustomed to working in their studios now looked beyond their immediate circles for models. Individuals of various races, professions, or creeds inspired some of the most moving portraits of the century and demonstrated the soul of the people.
- About the Era.
- Eliasoph, Philip. 1981. Paul Cadmus: Yesterday & Today. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University Art Museum.
- Pacini, Marina. Red Grooms: Traveling Correspondent. Memphis: Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, 2016.
- Doty, Robert. Human Concern/Personal Torment: the Grotesque in American Art. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1969.
- Esguerra, Clarissa, and Michaela Hansen. Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2022.
- Einzig, Barbara, ed. Los Angeles County Museum of Art Report, July 1, 1979-June 30, 1981. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1982.
- Price, Lorna. Masterpieces from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1988.
- Fort, Ilene Susan and Michael Quick. American Art: a Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1991.
- Morris, Anthony J. 2012. Paul Cadmus and carnival, 1934: representing the comic grotesque. American Art 26(3): 86-99.
Higginbotham, Carmenita. The Urban Scene: Race, Reginald Marsh, and American Art. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015.
- Frank, Robin Jaffee. Coney Island. Hartford: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press, 2015.
Gioni, Massimiliano and Gary Carrion-Murayari, eds. Peter Saul: Crime and Punishment. London; New York: Phaidon Press, in association with New Museum, 2020.
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<urn:uuid:bd842f7c-1b7c-4c33-9f87-be1ed73f5bcf>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://collections.lacma.org/node/232772
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643663.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528083025-20230528113025-00622.warc.gz
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en
| 0.895781 | 771 | 3.671875 | 4 |
“Accessible and inclusive culture” is one of Creative Europe’s key aims. The EC’s European Disability Strategy 2010-2020 aims to
“remove barriers to equal participation in…leisure activities”.
Sign & Sound Theatre addresses both by removing “attitudinal barriers”, exploring new ways to produce inclusive arts, for inclusive audiences. It aims to lead to artists and spectators, with(out) disabilities, enjoying the same theatre experience at the same time, and without one artist/audience being favored over another. It works on a Europe-wide problem around lack of inclusion in the arts.
It does this through 3 strands of activity:
- Test ways of cooperation between cultural centres and service providers to work together to engage a range of audiences (with(out) disabilities) in inclusive art performances.
- Encourage deaf and hearing artists to collaborate through piloting (play: guardians of dreams) a new theatre technique – Innovative Bilingual Theatre (IBT) – using integrated sign and oral language.
- Trial ways to adapt IBT for other different needs and media, e.g. blind, learning difficulties.
The project provided capacity building and transnational mobility through workshops in three areas:
- For cultural and service provider organisations, to learn how to engage audiences with different needs in the arts (theatre as a trial);
- For artistic directors, to learn how to use IBT as a tool for developing inclusive theatre performances (or adapt it to other media and needs);
- For artists, to learn how to perform using IBT in collaboration between artists with different needs (e.g. hearing and deaf).
The pilot IBT performance was a play produced by 6 partner countries, and premiered and toured in each.
The project concluded with a conference in Brussels on 4 October 2019. This included results and feedback from the workshops and performances, and presented the guidelines and the recommendations for European policy makers.
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CC-MAIN-2019-43
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https://signandsoundtheatre.eu/about
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653216.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014101303-20191014124303-00186.warc.gz
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en
| 0.937726 | 403 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- There is limited information available on production of trailing blackberry, particularly certified organic plantings, which are of interest to growers as there is increased consumer demand and a price premium over conventionally-produced fruit. Various production strategies were evaluated for their effect on yield, biomass production, carbon (C), and nutrient concentrations and content in a certified organic trailing blackberry field grown at the North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR. The planting was irrigated by drip and fertigated with an Organic Materials Review Institute-listed fish hydrolysate and fish emulsion fertilizer. The study was conducted over two complete years and the planting was machine-harvested for the processed market. Treatments used in the study were: cultivar ('Marion' and 'Black Diamond'), irrigation strategy [no irrigation after the final fruit harvest in July (no postharvest) and continuous summer irrigation (postharvest)], weed management strategy [nonweeded (weeds left to grow in the row), hand-weeded (weeds hoed as needed throughout the season), and weed mat (a porous landscape fabric)], and primocane training time (August and February).
The best performing organic production systems did not depend on irrigation strategy, utilized weed mat, and used February-training (for 'Marion' only). When the plantings were mature, 'Marion' and 'Black Diamond' yielded as much as 9 and 11 t∙ha⁻¹, respectively; similar to what would be expected in conventional production. The use of weed mat consistently increased yield and vegetative growth, even when compared to hand-weeded (13% increase). 'Black Diamond' plants did not compete as effectively with weeds as 'Marion' and were more readily infested by raspberry crown borer (Pennisetia marginata Harris) which likely reduced yield. Unlike 'Black Diamond', 'Marion' was negatively affected by an unusually cold winter in 2014. In that year, August-trained 'Marion' plants had 1 kg/plant less yield than February-trained plants, as well as less biomass.
Soil pH, organic matter content, and soil ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were greater under weed mat than in hand-weeded plots. Several nutrients were below recommended standards in both the soil or primocane leaf tissue, including soil K, soil boron (B), and primocane leaf N, phosphorus (P), K, Ca, Mg, S, B, and Zn concentrations in at least one year or cultivar. 'Black Diamond' tended to have higher floricane and fruit nutrient concentrations than 'Marion'. Use of weed mat often led to the highest nutrient concentrations in the soil, leaves, and fruit, while withholding irrigation postharvest had limited effects, and the impact of primocane training time varied among years, nutrients, and plant parts.
Aboveground dry biomass production in the planting averaged 5.75 t·ha-1, approximately 50% of which was comprised of C. Floricanes, primocanes, and fruit comprised 45%, 30%, and 25% of aboveground plant biomass, respectively. The average aboveground C stock of the planting was 0.75 t·ha⁻¹ in late winter. The treatment with the largest impact on dry biomass and nutrient content was weed management. Weeds reduced aboveground plant dry biomass, primocane, floricane, and fruit nutrient content, and annual gain. Using weed mat for weed control generally led to the largest dry biomass and nutrient content. February-trained 'Marion' plants lost more of most nutrients in 2014 than the year prior, although nutrient gain was not affected by cultivar. Both cultivars lost the most N in harvested fruit when weed mat was used (22 t·ha⁻¹, as compared with 18 t·ha⁻¹ with hand weeding and 12 t·ha⁻¹ with weeds present in 2013), although 'Black Diamond' with weed mat lost 6 t·ha⁻¹ more N through fruit removal than 'Marion' in 2014. Continuous summer irrigation resulted in plants that gained more dry biomass, N, K, Mg, S, B, and Cu than those that received no irrigation after fruit harvest in one or both years. Nitrogen, K, and B were lost at higher rates than what was applied through fertilization, which would eventually lead to the depletion of those nutrients in the planting.
Both cultivars appear to be well suited for organic production, although each had their own challenges. Allowing weeds to grow in the row reduced yield, dry biomass, and nutrient concentrations and content, while both hand weeding and the use of weed mat resulted in increased growth and yield. Weed mat improved production even over hand weeding and reduced labor, making it an ideal choice in this organic system. Withholding irrigation after harvest reduced water use by an average of 44% each year without adversely affecting yield or nutrient concentrations in either cultivar, although it did reduce dry biomass and some nutrient gains. Training time mainly affected 'Marion', which had reduced growth and yield when primocanes were trained in August.
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<urn:uuid:5db9429b-7bc9-40ba-bf30-b520778f77c1>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/zk51vm33c?locale=en
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370526982.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404231315-20200405021315-00433.warc.gz
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en
| 0.960472 | 1,107 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A scrip cash dispenser
is a computerized telecommunications device that allows a financial institution
method of receiving cash in a retail
location without the assistance of a cashier
With a scrip cash dispenser, the customer identifies themselves by inserting a plastic card with a magnetic stripe
or a plastic smartcard
with a chip, that contains his or her account number. The customer then verifies their identity by entering a passcode
, often referred to as a PIN
umber) of four or more digits.
Upon successful entry of the PIN, the customer may perform a cash withdrawal transaction.
If the cash withdrawal transaction is approved the machine prints a receipt, which is known as scrip. The customer then takes this scrip to a nearby sales clerk, who then exchanges it for cash from the cash register's cash drawer.
Some national banking regulators, such as the US Federal Reserve
, defines ATM transactions simply as electronic access to one's checking account and makes no distinction or mention of the location of the vault or cash drawer.
Financial networks and Scrip Cash Dispenser
In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank networks have passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its footprint or utilizes the vault or cash drawer within the merchant establishment. This allows for the use of a scrip cash dispenser transactions to be conducted in a similar manner to ATMs.
Scrip cash dispensers may share many of the same components as an automatic teller machine
, but lacks the ability to dispense physical cash and consequently requires no vault.
An ATM typically is made up of the following devices:
- CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)
- Magnetic and/or Chip card reader (to identify the customer)
- PIN Pad (similar in layout to a Touch tone or Calculator keypad), often manufactured as part of a secure enclosure.
- Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure.
- Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)
- Function key buttons (usually close to the display) (used to select the various aspects of the transaction)
- Record Printer (to provide the customer with a record of their transaction)
- Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)
Advantages versus conventional ATMs
- Cheaper to purchase
- Fewer moving parts
- Simpler servicing procedures
Disadvantages versus conventional ATMs
- Transactions can not be completed without interaction with a cashier
- Device form factor is often the same as a POS Terminal, which limits interaction methods
- Possibility of counterfeiting of receipts
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<urn:uuid:f34a64dd-2402-4bd2-8eea-cb3096328320>
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.reference.com/browse/Scrip+cash+dispenser
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en
| 0.922502 | 555 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Alder Flycatcher is a shy bird similar to many other Flycatchers. In fact, the Willow Flycatcher and the Alder Flycatcher used to be considered members of the same species until the 1970s. The Willow Flycatcher and the Alder Flycatcher look so similar, in fact, that it is hard to distinguish the two using anything other than their calls. The Alder Flycatcher can often be found in the forest foraging for the flying insects that it eats. This bird is rarely spotted by humans due to its shyness, but can sometimes been seen if it is suddenly chasing insects or it is perching to sing. The Alder Flycatcher nests in shrubs and trees and its nest is sometimes the victim of nest parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird. This means that the Cowbird female will lay her eggs in another bird's nest and leave that bird to care for them.
Direct with shallow wing beats.
Calls or song.
fee-bee-o or way-bee-o and pep
Population and distribution.
The Alder Flycatcher nests in trees and lays 3-4 white eggs in June.
Birds in the same Family:
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<urn:uuid:f0ae66e9-fe22-460f-a26a-9ad0c1ec085a>
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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http://birdingbirds.com/encyclopedia/alder-flycatcher/
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en
| 0.958016 | 253 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Over the past year or so, the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs) has been one of the few constants in an electronic component market that's been beleaguered by lengthy lead-times, allocation challenges and capacity issues.
But now, just as the continuity of the supply chain is beginning to stabilise, and prices are slowly coming down, the rise of new technologies is putting the squeeze on availability of one of the most crucial materials in PCB production: copper laminate.
While a PCB normally equates to only around 0.5% to 2% of the overall value of an assembled product, it is a critical component at the heart of every assembly. So ensuring reliable and sustainable supply of its vital raw materials is a crucial factor.
The impact of new technologies
A report earlier this year from independent business news publisher Stockhead provided a stark view of the global copper shortfall when it reported that the world was running on a 1.3 copper consumption ratio - or just a 10-day supply of copper.
Global demand for copper meanwhile, has been on the rise. It's a trend that's being substantially influenced by the shift away from fossil fuel vehicles towards the vision of an "all-electric" automotive industry.
And as production of electric vehicles continues in earnest, it comes as no surprise that the demand for copper (used in the production of lithium batteries) is at an all time high.
The rapidly expanding global implementation of 5G is another contributing factor impacting copper supply, with each new 5G base station requiring large quantities of the high performance copper-clad laminate FR4, a product which has previously only been produced in lower volumes.
Further compounding the problem is the fact that many laminate manufacturers have shifted their attention to producing these higher performance (and higher margin) FR4 materials -with the production of standard FR4 laminate taking more of a back seat.
Key decisions at the PCB design stage
PCB lamination relies on the selection of suitable materials - and choosing the right laminate is a crucial step in ensuring the stability, lower loss and performance of the final assembly.
But while your design engineer's purchase order or fabrication drawing may highlight the material they believe needs to be used, it may be worth asking a few key questions early on in the design phase.
What is the real end application of their choice of material? What are the operating conditions? And, perhaps most crucially, are there alternatives that could do the job just as well?
One key piece of advice for design engineers is to avoid specifying a specific laminate material type or brand and to opt instead for one of the 55+ laminate materials that are currently contained within the industry standard IPC4101.
Clarification of copper weight is another core area, with electronics manufacturers being advised to scrutinise their PCB portfolio in terms of copper thickness and type of base material.
Quite often, customers will only specify the copper weight (for example 2oz) on their data, but will omit to advise whether this reflects the base or finished weight.
The discrepancy between the two can make a big difference - both to the cost and to the end application - so it is advisable to clearly state your requirements in microns and to indicate whether this is the base or finished thickness.
As the electronics manufacturing industry moves into 2020, the materials supply pipeline is anticipated to become increasingly unpredictable.
Component supply shortages, raw-metal supply challenges and the volatile international trade environment are all having an effect on customer purchasing levels, which in turn is impacting on the accuracy of forecasting.
While laminate suppliers are working hard to keep inventories steady, and are doing their best to smooth the flow, the reality is that their efforts can only work for so long.
But by rethinking raw material selection at the design stage, and by paying closer attention to the finer details such as the accuracy of copper weight specifications, engineers can help offset potential supply chain challenges early on in the PCB design process.
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<urn:uuid:9aa917f8-1936-494d-b500-2c85fcd9e625>
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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https://www.jjsmanufacturing.com/blog/pcb-design-engineers-raw-material-supply
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en
| 0.94491 | 811 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Mescalero Tribal Fish Hatchery has long and tumultuous history
The resurrection of the Mescalero Tribal Fish Hatchery is closely tied to the fortitude of the tribe's youth who literally saved it from drowning.
The hatchery lies at the confluence of several streams and a spring that runs nearby. Its location may be ideal because of these sources of water but floods in 1999 and 2001 caused torrents to cascade down the canyon onto the facility.
"The 1999 flood resulted in 100 percent fish kill," Mike Montoya, an employee of the hatchery when it was a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service operation, said. "The U.S. government gave the hatchery back in 2000 after 34 years, but it was not in an operable condition."
According to Montoya, the high pH in the ash killed some fish but it was the carcasses clogging the screens and causing the water to rise that killed many more as live fish were forced out of the raceways and onto the ground where they were washed away.
"Fish were flopping in the parking lot of the Tribal Store downstream from the hatchery," Montoya said.
After the water receded, the silt remained, clogging the pipes. The Southwestern Tribal Fisheries Commission worked with the tribe and, after much work, the hatchery re-opened as the Mescalero Tribal Fish Hatchery.
Lessons of the past were not lost on Montoya when, in 2008, another flood threatened the facility.
"I could see that fish were dying and again clogging the screens," Montoya said. "Water started building up, and I knew that we needed to get the fish away from the screens. Some Mescalero kids were here for the summer and they understood what was happening. They jumped into the water and started throwing the fish out. They all worked like crazy throwing fish everywhere, even as the water kept pouring in, but the water was allowed to flow through the pipes, pushing the silt with it. The water and the silt were able to wash through and out of the hatchery."
Rather than all of the fish dying, the hatchery experienced a 55 percent kill; large, but not as devastating as during previous floods.
"More importantly, the fish that survived were able to continue living once the flooding subsided since freshwater was able to continue flowing through the pipes and into the raceways," Montoya said. "Those youth didn't know they were saving the hatchery; they were just trying to keep the water flowing, but the impact of their work was tremendous."
The concerted and passionate effort of those young tribal members led to the development of the Mescalero Youth Conservation Corps. Now known as the Sovereign Nation Service Corps, the group provides hands-on experience in the field of natural resources for interested young people in Mescalero.
The Corps is currently involved in several projects both on and off the hatchery grounds.
Throughout the reservation, a pilot project using indigenous beetles to eradicate musk thistle is taking place on several contracted acres.
Solar panels, attached to wells once used to water cattle, allow wildlife access to water year round.
On the hatchery grounds, solar panels are part of a grid-tied, 125-volt system that pumps water to the community garden and farm. Excess energy is sold back to the utility company.
Not satisfied that the flooding situation has been fully resolved, another project diverts water to be recirculated and stored in case of future contamination. Raceways that cracked shortly after the opening of the hatchery in 1966 are being planted with food crops.
One project is linking the hatchery, located in the shadow of the St. Joseph Apache Mission to the Mescalero business area.
"We are building a trail from here down to the Head Start building," John Salazar, one of this year's volunteers said. "We want the younger generation to get out from being inside and be able to exercise. Eventually we will extend the trail to the Tribal Store and then to the Mescalero Empowerment Center so that everyone can use it."
Other members of the Sovereign Nation Service Corps are responsible for the day-to-day operations at the hatchery where the work is constant. Feeding the fish twice a day, grading and sorting, cleaning the raceways and removing and burying the dead fish in an area that is then dug up again for use as fertilizer for the community garden and keeping the grounds up are just some of the daily jobs required to tend and support the estimated 300,000 rainbow trout.
Several of the Corps are working in supervisory positions after graduating college.
Wacey Cochise graduated from New Mexico Highlands in May with a degree in biology, specializing in wildlife and has worked the past six summers and this winter at the hatchery, fulfilling his goal of mentoring youth in natural resources, while Nolan Garcia works driving the trucks that carry the trout to tribal lakes and other reservations. He earned associate of applied science degrees in transportation technology with a concentration in automotive as well as diesel mechanics.
"I'm turning the driving over to Nolan now," Montoya said. "He can handle it better than I can."
Garcia will deliver fish to the pueblos and tribal lands of New Mexico, in addition to stocking the many lakes that dot the Mescalero Apache Reservation.
He will travel north to the Southern Ute Indian Reservation in southwest Colorado and to Arizona.
"We've gone as far as Yuma," Montoya said. "They needed fish badly so we gave them a couple of thousand fish so that the U.S. Game and Wildlife Service could meet their obligations to the tribe."
The irony of living up to such obligations is not lost on Montoya who, with Shelley Battiest, the assistant project manager at the hatchery, are the only paid employees at the hatchery: the same facility that was handed back to the tribe after it had been virtually destroyed.
Battiest, who holds a fish and wildlife degree from NMSU, spends her time inside with the fry and fingerlings trout, and outdoors with the larger fish that are transferred once their immunity is established. Spring water is used inside since it is purer than the water from upstream canyons. Once the fish are transferred, the spring and stream water are combined into the outdoor concrete raceways.
The time outside distinguishes the trout once they are released to be reeled in by fishermen and fisherwomen.
"The fish out here are a lot darker than those in the wild," Battiest said. "They don't have the protection from the sun and with no habitat to hide under, they get sunburned. You can tell a Mescalero trout that way."
Being outdoors brands them, but also allows the fish to be prey for other wildlife.
"I don't mind ospreys and I don't mind eagles," Montoya said. "They are very efficient hunters. So are kingfishers. The blue herons are another matter. For every fish that lands in their gullet, ten are mortally wounded as they are flipped up to be swallowed only to end up on the ground or to die from their injuries if they made it back into the raceway."
Feral cats and raccoons also pose problems.
Given the obstacles the hatchery has overcome, though, a few vermin and migratory birds seem easily surmountable.
"You should have seen those kids throwing out those fish to save the hatchery," Montoya said, looking off into the distance. "It was really something."
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Q. How do we motivate teens to eat more fruits and vegetables? Also, can you direct me to any research?
A. The easiest thing you can do? Make fruits and veggies available to your kids! Research has shown that availability in the home has been associated with higher intakes of fruits and vegetables, especially in children and adolescents. While at times it can be frustrating, remember to lead by example, be patient, and always have fruits and veggies available!
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Do you need to improve your automotive product development, to increase efficiency, or to comply with ASPICE and Functional Safety?
You are at the right place.
Collecting Crash Data To Help Autonomous Cars With Rare Events
Crashes are rare events.
Yes, there are nearly six million (6M) crashes every year in the United States alone. But in a non-coronavirus year the U.S. drives 3.6 trillion miles, which averages out to approximately one accident in every 600,000 miles. Given that the average American drives 31.5 miles per day, that would equate to a staggering fifty-two (52) years on average between accidents if you’re not a teenager. Normally, such an incredible statistic would be reason for joy.
However, here’s the rub: autonomous vehicles (AV’s) will need to understand how best to react in the event of a near-accident or the unavoidable accident. A deer darts from behind foliage. A high-speed vehicle emerges from an alley. A rollover accident unfolds directly ahead. These are extremely uncommon events and, therein, the best and worst driver responses to these situations are unavailable. “There’s a huge scarcity in crash-scenario data for self-driving cars,” states Peter Haas, the Associate Director of The Humanity-Centered Robotics Initiative at Brown University. “Most cars have been driven in very safe conditions with nearly-zero crashes.”
In response to this, Director Haas and Brown University have started a data collection for the masses. “We will be using very high-resolution simulation tests with human participants in virtual crashes and recording their reactions to help create a database for self-driving cars to respond to near-crash scenarios. The recorded information from the drivers would eventually help train the cars how to drive in those scenarios in the same way companies have trained vehicles to drive normally for hundreds of thousands of miles.” The scenarios are based upon the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident reports, and the simulator records how the drivers react – both good outcomes and undesirable endings –in the form of steering, braking and acceleration data in combination with the camera and sensor information.
For those techies reading this article, two other data experiments might come to mind: 1) the M.I.T. Moral Machine Experiment and 2) the “This Cat Does Not Exist” website. The Moral Machine experiment has collected millions of purely-ethical data points about how an autonomous vehicle should react in a crash. Should the quasi-robot spare the lives of the many, older pedestrians or the few, younger ones? Should the car T-bone a trolley or side-swipe a biker? But unfortunately this data is theoretical. As Haas summarized it, “This was purely people’s intention of how they’d want the vehicle to react, but it was missing the ‘impending danger’ to the driver and the potential mitigation or avoidance of the near-crashes.” The latter experiment – the “This Cat Does Not Exist” website – shows how Artificial Intelligence (AI) engines struggle with unusual scenarios (*bad pun warning: for a cat this would be a “long-tail” scenario). The website creates an amalgamated feline-like creature based upon thousands of pictures of cats, but the rare events (e.g. person cradling cat, kitten dressed in costume) create problems for the AI engine. Very typically the resulting picture has five legs or some wild defect showing that the formation of a theoretical picture using rare events can create an abomination. So the techie imagining the output of those other experiments and the underlying goal of functionally-safe, autonomous cars realizes the issue: no realistic crash data that includes the impending danger and associated successful, driver reactions.
Haas sees Brown’s intended pool of information as being the needed enabler. “Our plan is to release the database as a practical tool for companies to use, and then gauge the interest in moving forward with additional scenarios. We don’t want to get into competing on algorithms. We’re hoping this can be a resource that any company can use to test out their crash scenarios and train their system.” Presently the data collection is on hold since COVID-19 has made running human trials difficult, but the team expects to resume early in 2021 by running more subjects, expanding the scenarios and even possibly gamifying the solution to get greater data than a singular lab can generate.
When asked what inspired this effort, he smirked and stated, “My first experience with a major robot beyond middle school was at the TED conference in 2011 with the Google self-driving car. I was convinced it would be out in two years and I was incredibly excited.” His smile flattened slightly. “But at the end of the ride, I found out the sensors cost $75,000 and I realized it wasn’t coming anytime soon. Years passed and the hardware decreased in cost to under $100 with nearly the same performance. At the same time, the GPU Revolution has theoretically allowed for the computation to be quicker, lighter and smaller, but ultimately it’s the decision-making that holds back autonomy. Personally, I feel by collecting this data we’re contributing to what will eventually be a production solution that will change the world.”
Crashes are rare events.
And hopefully they’ll be even rarer in the future.
Do you need to improve your automotive product development, to increase efficiency, or to comply with ASPICE and Functional Safety? You are at the right place.CONTACT US
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"The Insulation Specialists"
Licensed, Bonded & Insured
Insulation is just as important in the sommer as it is in the winter. A well-insulated house will be COOL IN SUMMER and WARM IN WINTER. Most homes absorb heat through the roof, so insulating the attic floor stops heat from reaching the rest of the house. Properly insulated homes can use 30% to 50% less energy than homes without insulation. Lining your "Thermal Envelope" adding materials that don't readily allow heat to leak through your walls, ceilings, floors, from around your home's foundations and its ductwork - SAVES energy by keeping the heat in during the winter and keeping the heat out during the summer.
Heat flows naturally from a warmer to a cooler space. IN THE WINTER, this heat flow moves directly from all heated living spaces to adjacent unheated attics, garages and basements, or to the outdoors; or indirectly through interior ceilings, walls, and floors--wherever there is a difference in temperature. During the COOLING SEASON, heat flows from outdoors to the house interior. To maintain comfort, the heat lost in winter must be replaced by your heating system and the heat gained in summer must be removed by your air conditioner. Insualting ceilings, walls, and floors decreases this heat flow by providing an effective resistance to the flow of heat.
Cellulose insulation is treated for fire retardancy. If a fire occurs, the blown in cellulose insulation, combined with its fire retardants, can slow the fire from spreading and can create a "2-hour firewall". Scientists at the National Research Council report that, blown in cellulose insulation increases fire resistance by 22%-55%. Densely packed cellulose limits air movement and prevents drafts much better than fiberglass insulation. Fiberglass can naturally break down after its useful life unlike cellulose which does not.
Blown In Blanket System (BIBS)
If you want your insulation to achieve higher R-Values and save you money, look no further. The Blown In Blanket System provides a uniform density, eliminates settling and shifting, and fills costly air gaps, voids and seams. Unlike traditional cellulose, this product will not settle. BIBS is a dry installation that requires no adhesive and is guaranteed against settling because the fibers are packed in so firm that they cannot shift. "It won't settle because of the density". BIBS has no chemical treatments, so it will not offgas or release harmful chemicals into the air like some treated cellulose products. It is completely inert and will not support moisture, fungal growth, or provide food for insects or animals. It is non-corrosive and will not contribute to the rusting or deterioration of pipes or studs. It is fire resistant and provides superior sound control. BIBS is the most cost-effective; sustainable upgraded insulation system available providing the highest thermal and acoustical performance and air infiltration recognizing it as the preferred premier insulating system, according to BIBCA (Blown In Blanket System Association).
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One of the most important things to consider when looking for a battery is what type of battery that you are going to need. There are many different types of batteries to choose from, but some of the most common ones for homes today are the AA and AAA batteries. The AA and AAA both have different uses in different machines. Their size also varies so make sure that you know what kind of battery you are buying before doing so.
Introduction to the H5 Battery
Batteries come in all shapes and sizes, and the “H5” battery is no different. H batteries are often used in high-powered devices such as cameras, laptops, and even some electric vehicles.
There are two main types of H5 batteries: lithium-ion and lead-acid. Lithium-ion H batteries are newer and more expensive, but they’re also more powerful and have a longer lifespan. Lead-acid H batteries are cheaper and have been around for longer, but they’re not as powerful and don’t last as long.
If you’re looking for an H5 battery for your device, it’s important to know which type you need. This guide will introduce you to the various types of H5 batteries that you might find on the market today.
Types of H5 Batteries
There are three primary types of H5 batteries: Lithium, and Lithium Ion. Each type has its own benefits and drawbacks that make it more or less suitable for different applications.
Lithium batteries are more expensive than alkaline batteries, but they offer a higher energy density and longer run times. They also perform better in cold temperatures than alkaline batteries.
Lithium Ion batteries are the newest type of H5 battery on the market. They offer the highest energy density and longest run times of any type of battery, but they are also the most expensive.
Differences Between The Three Types
The three most common types of H5 batteries are alkaline, lithium, and lead-acid. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages that make it better or worse for different applications.
Lithium batteries are more expensive than alkaline batteries, but they offer a higher voltage and a longer lifespan. They’re also lighter weight, making them a good choice for portable devices.
Lead-acid batteries are the heaviest and most expensive type of H5 battery, but they offer the highest capacity and longest lifespan. They’re typically used in industrial applications where long run times are required.
Pros and Cons of Lithium, & Lithium Ion Batteries
When it comes to batteries, there are three main types: lithium, and lithium ion. Each type has its own set of pros and cons that you should consider before making a purchase.
Pros: Lithium batteries are known for their high energy density, which means they can store more power than other types of batteries. They’re also lighter in weight than other types of batteries, making them ideal for portable devices. Additionally, lithium batteries don’t suffer from the “memory effect” like other types of batteries, so you don’t have to worry about them losing their charge over time.
Cons: One downside of lithium batteries is that they’re more expensive than other types of batteries. Additionally, they can be dangerous if not used properly, as they can catch fire or explode.
How to Extend the Life of Your Battery
The most important factor in extending the life of your H5 battery is to keep it clean and free of corrosion. Batteries will self-discharge over time, so it’s important to check the terminals and connections regularly to make sure they’re clean and tight. You can also help extend the life of your battery by storing it in a cool, dry place.
If you have a lead-acid battery, you can extend its life by adding distilled water to the cells when necessary. Keep an eye on the level of electrolyte in the battery, and top it off when needed. It’s also important to equalize lead-acid batteries every month or so. This helps prevent sulfation, which can shorten the life of your battery.
If you have a sealed maintenance-free battery, there’s not much you can do to extend its life. These batteries are designed to last for a certain number of years, and then they need to be replaced. However, you can help prolong the life of your battery by keeping it clean and making sure the terminals are free of corrosion.
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Our increasing diversity means there are more types of cuisine to try than ever before. A few condiments and easy tips make international food simple.
You’ve often heard America referred to as the “great melting pot.” We’re a nation of immigrants who came to these shores over the centuries for various reasons, with each new group adding a little something to the pot. And nowhere are their contributions more evident than in the types of cuisine they brought with them—known collectively as ethnic foods.
What Is Ethnic Food?
You hear the term often, but what does it mean? It’s really a matter of perspective. To most Americans, ethnic food is anything that came from outside North America or western Europe. But really, isn’t all food “ethnic” by nature?
When the English settlers came here in the 1600s, they brought their culinary traditions along with some of their seeds and livestock…but it wasn’t enough. They supplemented their diets with indigenous foods like maize (corn), beans and squash—the “Three Sisters” that made up the bulk of many Native American diets—as well as wild game, turkey and other local meats. This created a new “American” cuisine.
As successive waves of immigrants arrived from other nations, they brought their foods and techniques with them and incorporated the indigenous ingredients in ways that had not previously been considered. This cross-pollination of cuisines added diversity and interest to the American flavor palette, and even enhanced the original cuisines that were brought here.
For example, more than 100 years before the English arrived in North America, Spanish conquerors brought capsicum (chile) peppers, tomatoes, cocoa and other foods from Central and South America back to Europe. Can you imagine Italian food without tomatoes, Spanish or Hungarian foods without peppers, or the French or Swiss without chocolate? And because of worldwide colonization by western European countries in those days, many New World foods made their way to far-flung places in Asia (India and the Far East) and Africa, all of which contributed their own exotic spices and other foods.
The point here is that virtually all American food is “ethnic” food, and even some of the international foods that were brought here by immigrants were already infused with New World ingredients. Still, even though the culinary lines might be more blurred than the borders on a map, each contributing cuisine has added its own array of flavors to the pot. And knowing your way around those world flavors will allow you to create your own international food at home.
International Foods: Types of Cuisine
Of course, there are far too many world cuisines to possibly master, or to cover in this article. Even a relatively small nation like Italy has numerous regions, each of which has its own distinct style and entire cookbooks devoted to it. What we will do here is to identify some of today’s most popular styles and provide some basic tips for creating some easy ethnic meals.
Voice of America’s blog identifies the Ten Most Popular Ethnic Cuisines in America as Chinese, Mexican, Italian, Japanese or sushi, Greek, French, Thai, Spanish, Indian, and Mediterranean.
Again, many of these cuisines have far too many regional variations to adequately cover in a small space, and there is a lot of overlap. Mediterranean, for example, encompasses all of Greek cuisine and a good portion of Italian, French, and Spanish. Conversely, many American cooks—and even restaurants—tend to lump Chinese, Japanese and Thai into one big, nebulous “Asian” category.
To simplify your world food journey and keep your pantry to a manageable size, think in terms of “culinary continents” encompassing cuisines that share some basic ingredients, flavors and styles. These major culinary styles are Asian, Latin, Mediterranean, and Indian. (French and Italian foods have become so much a part of American cuisine that they hardly seem “ethnic.”)
Keeping these common ingredients (in bold below) in your pantry or fridge will empower you to add instant international flair to your cooking and complement specific dishes you may find elsewhere.
Asian: Chinese is the ancient root cuisine here, and most cuisines in the East at least borrow from it. Stir-fry meats and vegetables in neutral (not olive) oil flavored with fresh ginger and garlic. Season with soy sauce or any of a number of purchased sauces, and serve with rice. Chili pastes and sauces like Sriracha let you add heat that complements Eastern flavors. To add a Thai accent, finish with fresh cilantro, mint and basil and a squeeze of lime. This article will teach you how to marinate steak and chicken Asian-style.
Latin: This refers to Latin America and the New World cuisines combining native traditions and ingredients with those of the Spanish. Mexican is the most familiar style to Americans, and chile peppers are the star…although the vast majority of Latin foods are not spicy. Sauté with onion and garlic, season with spices like chili powder and cumin, finish with lime juice and cilantro. Marinate steak fajita-style using the previously mentioned article.
Mediterranean: While the cuisines of the Mediterranean are widely diverse, there are two common threads: olive oil and garlic. Use this pair as a base for sautéing vegetables; serve with meats or fish or incorporate into a tomato sauce. Season with herbs like oregano and basil, or add a Middle Eastern or North African accent by adding spices like cinnamon and cumin. Grilled meats and fish are very popular in the Mediterranean, and they are typically prepared very simply, with flavorful side dishes and spicy accompaniments adding support.
Indian: India is the home of spices, and the cuisine reflects it. Curry powder is a complex blend of a dozen or more spices, and while most Indian cooks assemble their own spice blend for each dish, it does a nice job of seasoning a variety of foods. Many dishes start by sautéing the “holy trinity” of onion, ginger and garlic in oil and adding the spices. A sauce can be made with coconut milk, and the whole thing served over fragrant, nutty basmati rice.
You may wonder why the cuisines of Africa are not mentioned. North African food is considered Mediterranean. Ethiopian food shares many flavors and spices with Indian food, as does much of sub-Saharan Africa, where trade routes were established with the Arab world long before European colonization. Also, many African ingredients and techniques, arriving here with the slaves, influenced the cooking of the Caribbean and the American South in the fusion cuisine known as Creole. And speaking of fusion…
World Food Trends
The blending of two or more cuisines together in a single mashup was identified as the hottest current trend by the National Restaurant Association in a survey of nearly 1,300 chefs. It identified the Top 5 Ethnic Food Trends for 2015 as (from 5 to 1): Southeast Asian, Peruvian, regional ethnic, authentic ethnic, and ethnic fusion.
Southeast Asian: Anchored by Thailand and Vietnam, the region once known as “Indochina” is itself a fusion of Indian and Chinese influences. Ginger and garlic, of course, are major flavors. The curries are flavored with wet pastes rather than dry powders so the fresh ginger and chile flavors shine through, and the ubiquitous fish sauce adds a deep umami flavor (the mysterious “fifth flavor” generally attributed to MSG).
Peruvian: Another fusion cuisine, Peruvian naturally falls under the Latin category. It features chile peppers (known as aji) found nowhere else, but you can come close by using some of the Caribbean chiles like Scotch bonnet or habanero. The basic grain is quinoa (KEEN-wah), known as a superfood because, unlike most grains, it contains complete protein thanks to a full complement of amino acids. A very popular dish is ceviche, a sort of Latin version of sashimi (raw fish sushi) also found in Mexico in which the raw fish is marinated in lime juice and chiles.
Regional ethnic: This term is the opposite of fusion, and of our above exercise in simplification. It refers to going beyond “Italian” or “Chinese” and identifying the specific region where a dish comes from (like Tuscan or Szechuan). Restaurants of this nature will serve only main and side dishes from a particular region, knowing that they will naturally complement one another and, being keenly interested in terroir, will likely serve wines from the region as well.
Authentic ethnic: Going hand-in-hand with regional ethnic, this trend involves using only the true ingredients and techniques of a given region. A Peruvian restaurant will seek out the special chiles that give the foods their unique flavor; a Brazilian steakhouse will offer hunks of beef fire-roasted on a spit; a Moroccan restaurant will require (or at least encourage) you to eat with your fingers from a communal bowl.
Ethnic fusion: This is hardly a new trend, but it continues to be popular—probably because of America’s “melting pot” nature. Creative American chefs have been blending aspects of various cuisines for decades. The “Pacific Rim” fad in the 1990s was a mashup of Asian and Latin flavors. Numerous “Mediterranean” restaurants have blended foods from Spain, Provence, Greece, Israel and North Africa since around that time. And Monticello, Wisconsin’s Chef Wave Kasprzak mixes classic French and Italian techniques with Asian, Mexican and Southwestern flavors.
Chef Wave’s easy heat-and-serve gourmet dishes can take you on a culinary adventure even if you don’t feel like cooking. If you do have a little time on your hands, pair one of his innovative entrées with an easy side dish using the above tips and a few pantry items. Or jazz up some restaurant-quality meats in your favorite ethnic style and accompany them with one of his easy side dishes. You’ll be a culinary world traveler in no time!
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Smart Navigation is a quick and easy tool that can be very beneficial to large and congested cities or other municipalities. Using Smart Navigation, cities will enable users to find the fastest travel routes possible. Because users will access the quickest route possible, Smart Navigation is an excellent way of reducing emissions, time spent on travels and last but not least, the stress that long journeys can bring with them.
There are multiple options when considering what can be used with Smart navigation. One of these options is using Parkeagle’s Smart Parking Sensors. These high-quality parking sensors can be accessed using the Parkeagle app. This app will show you the nearest vacant parking spot in the area of destination. If you would like to stay up to date with developments concerning the Smart Parking Sensors at Parkeagle, make sure to subscribe to our newsletter right here.
Smart Navigation: What is it?
Smart Navigation is a way of navigating for all traffic from point A to B, using smart tools/systems such as apps, web apps and sensors that are connected to the internet. Smart Navigation makes use of real-time data such as live updates on traffic jams, speed cameras, road works and supplies its users with relevant information. By leveraging the data provider by these tools, the duration of travel is usually significantly lower than when using traditional methods such as offline navigation tools. Within Smart Navigation there are various tools that you can use for it. A couple of examples of such tools are Smart Parking Sensors and Smart Navigation Apps. Next to being a subject of its own, Smart Navigation plays a big part in the scope of a Smart City. These Smart Cities, are cities that are driven by an IT infrastructure of sensors that collect data which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently. By using this infrastructure, cities can enhance the quality of life and improve economic development for its inhabitants. Read more smart cities & parking here.
How can Smart Navigation be applied in Smart Cities?
Smart parking sensors
Smart Parking sensors are tools that can be used for Smart Navigation. By using Smart Parking Sensors, users can navigate to an unoccupied parking bay within the desired destination area. The sensors are connected to an app or in-car display that gives you insights on where to find the best parking spots (see video below). The use of Smart Parking sensors reduces the time spent in the car when looking for a parking spot and thus also contributes to a cleaner and less polluted environment.
Smart navigation apps
Smart navigation apps are applications that share real-time data of your travel with you. By doing this, Smart Navigation apps calculate the quickest route towards your desired location. An example of an app that does this is Waze. It uses real-time data that is supplied by its users in order to tackle problems such as getting into a traffic jam, driving into a street with roadworks or for instance, being updated on the location of speed cameras. Another example of Smart navigation is ParkeerSlim in Blijdorp in Rotterdam. By leveraging the use of real-time data on parking occupancy in the neighbourhoods users can see in an instant where the available parking space is located. On top of that, the app makes use of a geofence around your neighbourhood and notifies you on the way home where to park your car.
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| 0.932396 | 856 | 2.75 | 3 |
Why should you be able to learn more about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart? This musician was not only one of the most influential ones for the classical music genre. Mozart was able to compose more than 600 songs while being alive. This is a very high-number that many modern artist have not been able to achieve. Moreover, the music was definitely epic.
Whenever you listen to the music of this artist, you will notice that it is not any kind of music. It is full of happiness, entertainment, emotions and style. It is one of the most recognized icons in classic music for a reason.
This artist is surely interesting to listen to because the music can be so calmed and sometimes so mighty that you will want to have the skills that Mozart had to play the violin and compose.
He was born in Austria in the year 1756 which by the way were one of the main places and ages where classic music developed. You will see that this artist is not only different because of being remarkably skillful but also because of the emotional touch that he gave to his songs. If you want to have an idea on how strong was the impact of Mozart’s music, just consider that there are hundreds of orchestras and musicians playing his song and even remixing them in other styles. Sure, it can become a little odd to listen to classical music in remixed in the techno or heavy metal style but it is interesting nevertheless!
There are many people learning to play the violin out there who are now trying to mimic the style of this composer because of his impressive talent and musical heritage. Having that much influence in the world of music makes of Mozart an awesome artist!
By [Carlos Erik Malpica Flores].
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https://carloserikmalpicaflores.wordpress.com/2017/05/09/important-carlos-erik-malpica-flores-wolfang-amadeus-mozart-an-awesome-musician/
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en
| 0.983509 | 353 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Located in back of the main house are two rectangular buildings, which are set at right angles to the house, forming a small service court. These buildings, the two surviving slave quarters which housed slaves who were the house servants of the Custis and Lee family, have three rooms each, and have stone foundations with rough stucco walls featuring Greek Revival architectural details. It is thought that Hadfield also planned these buildings. The stone well is located between one of these structures and the North Wing of the house.
The Summer Kitchen was located in the North Slave Quarters and housed the carriage driver, Daniel and his son, Daniel in one room. George Clark, the long time plantation cook, and his assistant lived in another room. The “Summer Kitchen” was located in a basement of this building, but was filled in at some point and no longer exists.
The South Slave Quarters housed Selina Gray, Mrs. Custis's personal maid and trusted housekeeper. She, her husband and their eight children lived in one room with a small loft where some of the children slept. The loft was accessible by ladder and the crawl-space attic had a ceiling only high enough for small children. There were no windows in the attic.
The middle room in the South Quarters building was used as a Smoke House where hams and other meats would be hung from the ceiling to smoke and cure. The third room in this building housed other slaves that worked in the Custis-Lee household.
There was a slave School House located in the grove of trees behind the flower garden and roughly where the Old Amphitheatre of the National Cemetery is now located. Slave field hands lived in log cabins, mostly in the southern end of the plantation, but none of these cabins have survived.
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http://www.nps.gov/arho/learn/historyculture/slave-quarters.htm
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| 0.987281 | 364 | 3.265625 | 3 |
In some cases, design requirements other than the optimization of a specific bonded joint dictate that the net stiffnesses on each side of a bonded joint need to be unbalanced.
In other instances, thermally dissimilar materials must be bonded together.
Such situations accentuate the adhesive strain concentrations at one end of the joint, thereby reducing the average adhesive failing stress for intermediate and long overlaps.
There are three mathematically distinct cases:
(1) fully elastic adhesive throughout,
(2) adhesive strained into the plastic state at one end only, and
(3) plastic adhesive behavior at both ends of the joint and the associated special case of fully-plastic behavior throughout the joint.
The implemented formula consider a fully elastic adhesive.
ADHESIVE-BONDED DOUBLE-LAP JOINTS
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| 0.894293 | 169 | 2.515625 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED183318
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: N/A
Reference Count: 0
Bicycle Education, A New Dimension in 4-H Programs for 8-11 Year Olds: Designed into Three Teaching Units.
Borst, William H.
The three teaching units in this packet are designed to help children ages 8 to 11 enjoy, utilize, and safely ride bicycles by mastering skills and knowledge pertaining to their bicycles, their driving ability, and the traffic system. Unit I is concerned with the bicycle and its parts, various kinds of bicycles, and proper size and maintenance. Unit II involves traffic signs, traffic safety, and driver's signals. Unit III is built around a demonstration of the child's ability to stop, balance at a slow speed, maneuver, ride in a traffic pattern, and react quickly on a bicycle. Each unit contains complete lesson plans; material lists; and masters for visuals, class hand-outs, and quizzes. Answer sheets are included. The packet also includes full color replicas of 24 actual road signs and a copy of "Safe Cycling for Bikers of All Ages", a publication put out by the Kansas Department of Transportation. (SB)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Learner; Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. Extension Service.
Identifiers: Kansas; 4 H Clubs
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The transcontinental country of Azerbaijan is reporting 12 cases of bacillary dysentery due to the bacterium, Shigella, according to an Azer News report today.
At least four cases of dysentery were registered in the capital city of Baku and eight cases of the disease were registered in other regions of the country during January-July time frame.
This compares to 24 similar cases on the territory of the Republic in 2013, half in Baku.
According to Rubaba Mansurova, the epidemiologist of the Republican Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology of Azerbaijani Ministry of Health, no fatalities have been recorded from the dysentery cases. Mansurova says that the quality of medical services in the country has reduced this and other types of infections from becoming worse in scope.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. Most who are infected with Shigella develop diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps starting a day or two after they are exposed to the bacteria. The diarrhea is often bloody. Shigellosis usually resolves in 5 to 7 days. Persons with shigellosis in the United States rarely require hospitalization. A severe infection with high fever may be associated with seizures in children less than 2 years old. Some persons who are infected may have no symptoms at all, but may still pass the Shigella bacteria to others.
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| 0.967357 | 300 | 2.984375 | 3 |
After hit 45, you're often finally able to find a little time to focus on you and are ready to start eating better. While the diet basics are pretty much the same at any age, a woman over the age of 45 is at a greater risk of heart disease, and as you approach menopause, a greater risk of osteoporosis, so your healthy diet plan should be focused on foods good for your heart and bones.
Video of the Day
Calories and Weight Gain
When it comes to health, weight matters. As you get older you are more prone to weight gain because you have less muscle mass, which leads to a slower metabolism. Plus, when you hit menopause your falling estrogen levels, compounded with stress and poor sleep, also make you more prone to weight gain, according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. To help keep the pounds at bay, watch your calorie intake. Although individual calorie needs vary, most women over the age of 45 can maintain a healthy weight consuming 1,600 to 2,200 calories a day.
Up the Whole Grains
Getting more whole grains in your diet might reduce your risk of heart disease and improve heart health. A 2008 study published in "Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease" found that people who eat 2.5 servings of whole grains a day have 21 percent fewer cardiovascular disease events -- such as a heart attack or stroke -- than those that consume less than two servings a week. The Harvard School of Public Health suggests that the fiber and antioxidants found in whole grains are responsible for its heart-protecting capabilities. Women over 45 need five to seven servings of grains a day, and at least half those servings should be whole grains, such as oatmeal, whole-wheat bread, whole-wheat pasta, brown rice, amaranth, quinoa and barley.
Fruits and Veggies
Fruits and vegetables are low in calories, filling and full of nutrients, making them excellent choices for weight control and heart health. Bananas and sweet potatoes are rich in potassium, which can help lower blood pressure. Women over 45 need 2 to 3 cups of vegetables and 1 1/2 to 2 cups of fruit each day.
You Still Need Milk
Milk is a good source of calcium and vitamin D, nutrients that support bone health. Estrogen protects bones by limiting bone breakdown. When your estrogen levels drop during menopause, your bones no longer have that protection, and your body breaks down more bone than it rebuilds, increasing your risk of osteoporosis. To promote bone health over 45, you should get three servings of low-fat or nonfat dairy per day like 1 cup of milk, nonfat yogurt or 1 1/2 ounces of natural cheese. Non-dairy sources of calcium include soy milk, tofu, canned sardines and fortified orange juice and cereals.
Varied and Lean Protein
Lean sources of protein, such as lean red meat, poultry, seafood and beans, are heart healthy due to their low saturated fat content, and are also a good source of zinc, iron, magnesium and the B vitamins. Try to include 8-ounces of salmon or other fatty fish each week to increase your intake of omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce risk of heart disease by lowering cholesterol and blood pressure. Soy foods, such as soybeans and tofu, are not only a good source of protein, but also contain phytoestrogens -- which are plant hormones that mimic estrogen in your body -- that might help you combat menopausal symptoms, according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
REFERENCES & RESOURCES
- Helpguide.org: Diet & Nutrition for Women
- U.S. Department of Agriculture: 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
- ChooseMyPlate.gov: My Food Plan: 1,600 Calories
- ChooseMyPlate.gov: My Food Plan: 2,200 Calories
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Menopause and Weight
- U.S. Department of Agriculture: ChooseMyPlate.gov: What Counts As a Cup in the Dairy Group?
- National Osteoporosis Foundation: Hormones and Healthy Bones
- American Heart Association: Menopause and Heart Disease
- Harvard School of Public Health: Health Gains from Whole Grains
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease: Whole Grain Intake and Cardiovascular Disease: Meta-Analysis
- Tulane University: e.hormone: Phytoestrogens
- University of Maryland Medical Center: Omega-3 Fatty Acids
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https://www.livestrong.com/article/420447-a-diet-for-a-female-over-45/
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The File and Directory Entries API interface
FileSystem is used to represent a file system. These objects can be obtained from the
filesystem property on any file system entry. Some browsers offer additional APIs to create and manage file systems, such as Chrome's
This interface will not grant you access to the users filesystem. Instead you will have a "virtual drive" within the browser sandbox. If you want to gain access to the users filesystem you need to invoke the user by eg. installing a Chrome extension. The relevant Chrome API can be found here.
There are two ways to get access to a
- You can directly ask for one representing a sandboxed file system created just for your web app directly by calling
window.requestFileSystem(). If that call is successful, it executes a callback handler, which receives as a parameter a
FileSystemobject describing the file system.
- You can get it from a file system entry object, through its
USVStringrepresenting the file system's name. This name is unique among the entire list of exposed file systems.
FileSystemDirectoryEntryobject which represents the file system's root directory. Through this object, you can gain access to all files and directories in the file system.
|File and Directory Entries API |
BCD tables only load in the browser
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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FileSystem
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en
| 0.827873 | 324 | 2.5625 | 3 |
View related article (Child and Youth Health)
It’s not easy to decide the right time or age to leave children at home on their own.
There is no actual law stating the age children can be left at home alone. However, the law is clear that parents are responsible for their children’s safety and they should not be left in dangerous situations.
There are many things to think about when deciding whether your children should be left at home without you, such as safety, your children’s ages, how mature and capable they are, and whether they could cope in an emergency. It’s important to have ‘ground rules’ and that your children understand them.
What does the law say?
There is no actual law that states at what age children can or cannot be left alone, but the law is clear about the responsibility of parents to look after their children. In many cultures it is usual for children to care for brothers and sisters. While different societies have different customs, in Australia there is a legal obligation for parents to make sure that their children are properly looked after.
- Parents are expected to provide food, clothing, a place to live, safety and supervision (Family Law Act 1975).
- Parents can be charged with an offence if children are left in a dangerous situation and are not fed, clothed or provided with accommodation (Crimes Act 1900).
- Care and Protection (part of the ACT Office for Children, Youth and Family Support) can remove children from situations where their immediate safety is in serious danger and there is no responsible adult or guardian present (Children and Young People Act 2008).
Can parents leave older children in charge?
When a person under the age of 18 years (for example, an older brother, sister or teenage friend) cares for children, the question of negligence or liability could arise.
As a parent you may be held responsible for the carer, as well as your own children, if something goes wrong. For these reasons it is better that carers are adults (over the age of 18 years).
A carer who is still legally a child (that is, under 18 years) would not be judged against the standards of responsibility expected of adults.
If you decide to leave your children in the care of an older brother or sister or other young person, you must be sure that they are reliable and mature.
Ask yourself, ‘Could this child cope with an emergency such as a fire, an accident or a break-in?’.
If your child is left alone without a ‘carer’, he must be old enough to take action in an emergency and know what to do and where to get help.
Questions to ask yourself
If you’re thinking of leaving your children at home.
How safe is our home?
Accidents happen so quickly and most parents know how easily a child can fall into a pool, pull saucepans off the stove, swallow objects or play with matches. Parents always have to be on the alert, especially with young children. There is an even greater need to check that dangerous things are out of reach if you’re not going to be there.
Are the ground rules clear?
Every family has its own ground rules. It is important to be clear about what children can and cannot do and these rules may be different when you are not there or when someone else is minding your children. For example, making a hot drink, turning on the heater, running the bath, using the toaster may seem simple tasks when you are there, but you may decide not to allow them when you’re away.
Do not assume that your children know the rules. Ask them to tell you what they are and show you what they would do.
How long will I be away?
Will it be for a few minutes, an hour, a morning or a full day? How long you are going to be away will make a difference to what you decide to do. You need to think about the age of your children, how they feel about being left and most importantly how capable they are.
It is never sensible or safe to leave babies, toddlers or young children at home alone.
What about babies and toddlers?
Babies and toddlers have a different sense of time from adults. An hour is not long for an adult but to your young child it is endless and even this short absence could cause distress. It is also unsafe. What would happen if you left your sleeping baby at home while you picked up your toddler from kindergarten and you had an accident?
It is not advisable to leave babies or toddlers alone under any circumstances.
Who will be in charge?
It is not fair to expect an older child to take on the full responsibility required to care for younger children. Their lack of experience may make it difficult for them to find ways of trying to control others. They may be harsh and might use very different methods from what you use and situations can get out of hand.
Any child left in charge must be capable and responsible and the other children must feel safe in their care.
The child in charge should be able to handle any disagreements or fights and know what to do if the other children ‘play up’, disobey the ground rules, or are ill.
The oldest child is not necessarily the most capable to care for other children.
A child with a disability requires additional care which may be too much for another child to handle.
Am I sure that my child knows?
- Where I will be going and when I’ll be back.
- How to get in contact with me.
- How to use the telephone.
- Where the emergency numbers are listed. Put them next to the phone.
- How to contact the doctor, hospital, police or fire brigade in an emergency.
- His own telephone number and home address. Police or Fire will need to know where to go.
- The telephone numbers of trusted friends, neighbours or relatives.
- Where to find the first aid kit and how to use it.
- How to use keys in deadlocks and how to unbolt them.
- What to do in case of fire. Do you have smoke alarms installed, a fire extinguisher and a fire blanket?
- What to do if someone knocks on the door. Are they allowed to go to the door in your absence, if so, what can they say.
- Whether or not he should answer the phone if it rings.
- How to judge if another child is unwell and help is needed.
- What children are allowed/not allowed to do (family rules in a parent’s absence).
- If friends are allowed over.
- If he can play outside.
- If he can use the swimming pool.
- If he can go to the shop or visit a neighbour.
- The rules about the family pets.
- If we have a family password that can be said if I phone and he needs help, or a code to use if I phone to check on him and when one of the rules is not to answer the phone. (For example, so he know it’s you calling, make three rings, hang up and ring again, before he picks up the phone.)
When you think about all the things a child left home needs to know and be able to do, the responsibility is enormous. Think carefully about expecting your child to be able to handle these situations—is it reasonable?
When the time is right
There comes a time when your teenagers start pleading with you to let them stay home alone without someone to look after them. This is a normal part of growing up when young people are trying to feel more adult and independent.
Once again, the age and maturity of your children will make a difference. For example, you may feel very confident with a 13-year-old who is very responsible and quite worried about a 16-year-old who may try to take risks.
Letting go of the reins gradually might mean giving your children chances to practice being by themselves for short periods.
The section 'Questions To Ask Yourself' still applies for teenagers.
- Discuss beforehand some emergency scenarios. Ask what he would do if he smelled smoke or if someone came to the door.
- Test them on the family ground rules.
- Check the safety of your home including things like alcohol, car keys, lighters, matches and medication.
- Write down instructions and keep them by the phone. Make sure your home phone number and address, emergency number, and information about how to contact you are all by the phone.
- Create a list of friends your child can call or things you child can do if lonely. Remember that pets can be great company.
- If friends are allowed over, let their parents know that you won’t be home.
What about leaving children in cars?
Leaving your child in a car unsupervised at any time is extremely dangerous and not recommended.
- In summer the temperature in a car is much hotter than outside and your child can quickly suffer heat exhaustion and become seriously ill.
- Children get bored and can explore the car’s knobs and buttons which can lead to dangers.
- Children can become distressed or may try to struggle free from their seatbelts and become injured.
- They may be in danger of someone trying to steal the car with them in it, or they may be taken from the car by someone.
- Check the safety of your home.
- Test your children on the family ground rules.
- Be very careful who cares for your children.
- If you are going out, place someone in charge who is able to handle any emergency and who knows where to get help.
- Check that each child feels safe with the person left in charge.
- Phone regularly to check on your children.
- Return home when you said you would.
- Child and Family Centres ACT (parenting information and support) 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday. Gungahlin 6207 0120; Tuggeranong 6207 8228; West Belconnen 6205 2904
- Kids Help Line (online and telephone counselling) 24-hr 1800 55 1800
- Legal Advice Information Line (free service) 9am-4pm Mon-Fri 1300 654 314
- www.cyh.com Child and Youth Health, parenting and child health information
- www.kidshelp.com.au online counselling specifically for children and young people aged 5 to 25 years
- www.raisingchildren.net.au Raising Children Network, covering topics for parenting newborns to teens
ACT Govt Publication No 14/0125 March 2014
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Sarcastic fringeheads can be found along the Pacific Coast from San Francisco, California to central Baja California, Mexico (Eschmeyer 1983).
Sarcastic fringeheads are found in a demersal, marine environment (Williams 2000). They occupy depths ranging from three to sixty-one meters. (Gotshall 1989). Fringeheads can be found in a subtropical climate typically around 38* C (Williams 2000).
More specifically, sarcastic fringeheads can be found along the exposed coast of the Pacific Ocean. At times, they can be seen on the sand or the mud bottom below low tide (Williams 2000) Typically, they occupy empty shells, abandoned holes and crevices ("PBS: Sea Dwellers" 2000). In some areas they even take up residence in old cans and bottles. In fact, in the "beer bottle field" of Santa Monica Bay, nearly every bottle is a home to a fringehead ("A Learning Link to the Aquarium of the Pacific" 2000).
Sarcastic fringeheads are the largest of all fringeheads (Eschmeyer 1983). They can grow to be 30.0 cm in length (Williams 2000). They possess the clinid family characteristics of a long dorsal fin, as well as wavy, fringe-like cirri on their heads ("PBS: Sea Dwellers" 2000). They are specifically known for their extremely large mouths. This is due, in part, to their characteristically long maxillary that extends nearly to the back edge of the gill cover (Gotshall 1989).
The bodies of the sarcastic fringeheads are long, slender and compressed. They possess unbranched pectoral fin rays (CALCOFI 1996). In addition, the dorsal fins extend continuously from the head to the base of the tail fin. Further, the anal fin extends from vent to the base of the tail fin (Barnhart 1936).
Fringeheads are generally brownish-gray and typically mottled with either red or green patches ("A Learning Link to the Aquarium of the Pacific" 2000). The dorsal spines possess two ocelli, one between the first and second spines, and the other between the fifth and ninth spines (Gotshall 1989). These ocelli are generally blue and outlined by a yellow ring ("A Learning Link to the Aquarium of the Pacific" 2000).
Sarcastic fringeheads generally spawn from January to August. They are oviparous creatures. The female lays her eggs in what is usually an abandoned burrow. It is then the task of the male to guard the nest that is attached to the wall of the shelter (CALCOFI 1996).
The eggs are typically 0.9 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Each egg has an oil globule component as well as filaments by which they are attached both to the nest itself as well as to the other eggs (CALCOFI 1996).
As suggested by their name, sarcastic fringeheads are extremely temperamental. They are fiercely territorial creatures that aggressively protect their homes from all intruders, regardless of size. The majority of the time, sarcastic fringeheads are at rest in their homes -- only their heads protrude. However, upon the first sign of danger, they will employ their enormous mouths and needlelike teeth for defense. Initially, they emit only a warning accomplished by the flexing and snapping of their jaws. If the intruder ignores the warning, they will use their ferocious teeth to attack ("A Learning Link to the Aquarium of the Pacific" 2000).
Sarcastic fringeheads are omnivores. They consume roughly 13.6 times their body weight per year (Williams 2000).
With the exception of attacking humans that intrude into their space, sarcastic fringeheads are considered harmless (Williams 2000).
William Fink (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
Jennie Southern (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline.
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
specialized for swimming
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
uses touch to communicate
July 18, 2000. A Learning Link to the Aquarium of the Pacific. Los Angeles Times: E8.
"PBS Sea Dwellers: Sarcastic Fringeheads" (On-line). Accessed October 20, 2000 at http://www.pbs.org/oceanrealm/seadwellers/gardendwellers/fringeheads.html.
Barnhart, P. 1936. Marine Fishes of Southern California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (CALCOFI), 1996. The Early Stages of Fishes in the California Current Region. Lawrence, California: Allen Press Inc.
Eschmeyer, W., O. Herald, H. Hammann, J. Gnagy. 1983. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Gotshall, D. 1989. Pacific Coast Inshore Fishes. Monterey, California: Sea Challengers.
Williams, J. "Species Summary for Neoclinus blanchardi" (On-line). Accessed October 27, 2000 at http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Neoclinus&speciesname=blanchardi.
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1793 – The Convention Act (1793) was aimed at preventing the recurrence of events like the Convention of the Volunteers in 1782 where armed groups (of Protestants) from various parts of Ireland assembled in Dublin and were able to overawe the Government at a time when there were few troops in the country. Contrary to what has been sometimes stated, this Act was not aimed at delegates to the Catholic Committee in 1793 but at delegates to meetings of the newly formed United Irishmen, in particular a proposed National Assembly of United Irishmen at Athlone.
1824 – Death of Charles Thomson. Born in Co Derry, he was a Patriot leader in Philadelphia during the American Revolution and the secretary of the Continental Congress (1774-1789) throughout its existence.
1832 – An Act is passed which allows for tithe payments to be commuted.
1878 – The Intermediate Education Act grants female students the right to participate in public examinations and to enter into careers and professions.
1879 – National Land League of Mayo is founded.
1882 – Charles Stewart Parnell becomes a Freeman of the city of Dublin.
1892 – National Literary Society is founded.
1911 – Death of Patrick Francis Moran. Born at Leighlinbridge, Co Carlow, he was the third Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney and the first Australian cardinal.
1917 – Death of Military Chaplin Father Willie Doyle who was killed in action during the First World War. Born in Dalkey, Co Dublin, he was respected by not just the Catholic troops he served with but also the Protestant Northern Irish soldiers many of whom despised anything to do with the Catholic faith.
1920 – Court-martial of Terence MacSwiney, Lord Mayor of Cork for possession of seditious articles and documents. Sentenced to two years imprisonment in Brixton Prison, England, he started a hunger strike. He would die on 25 October after efforts to forcibly feed him went wrong.
1920 – British forces burned buildings in Templemore as a reprisal for IRA actions.
1921 – The first Dáil Éireann is dissolved and the second Dáil convenes.
1922 – Three-hundred men of the Anti-Treaty IRA 4th Northern Division under Frank Aiken attack Dundalk. They use two mines to breach the walls of the barracks and temporarily take over the town. Five Free State private soldiers and one Commandant, Byrne in the attack on the barracks and another soldier is killed in the town centre. There are fifteen wounded Free State troops. Two Republicans are killed, accidentally by one of their own mines and thirty wounded. About 240 Republican prisoners are freed from the prison and 400 rifles are taken. However, Aiken does not try to hold the town and, while in possession of it, calls for a truce in a meeting in the town square.
1939 – Birth of cardinal, Seán Brady, in Co Cavan. He was Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland from 1996 until 2014, being elevated to the cardinalate in 2007. He faced repeated calls to resign over his role in the cover-up of child abuse (paedophiles) by priests in his jurisdiction. Brady confirmed that he had tendered his resignation in July 2014, a month before his seventy-fifth birthday. On 8 September 2014, it was announced that Pope Francis had accepted Cardinal Brady’s resignation.
1955 – Birth of politician and medical doctor, James Reilly, in Dublin. Between the February 2016 general election and the 6 May 2016 formation of a new government, he was the Acting Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, having held that ministry since July 2014 in the previous government, and has also been deputy leader of Fine Gael since 2010. He was the Minister for Health from March 2011 to July 2014. Reilly was a TD for the Dublin North constituency since the 2007 general election until he lost his seat in the 2016 general election. Reilly was nominated by Taoiseach Enda Kenny to Seanad Éireann in May 2016. James Reilly was re-appointed as deputy leader of Fine Gael on 4 July 2016.
1971 – Over 8,000 workers went on strike in Derry in protest of Internment. Joe Cahill, Chief of Staff of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), held a press conference during which he claimed that only 30 IRA men had been interned.
1973 – Two members of the IRA died when a mortar bomb exploded prematurely during an attack on the join British Army/RUC base in Pomeroy, Co Tyrone.
1976 – Two Catholic civilians were killed in a bomb planted by Loyalist paramilitaries outside the Step Inn, Keady, Co Armagh.
1981 – U2 plays its first show ever at Slane Castle outside Dublin, and its only Irish show of the year.
1982 – Attorney General Patrick Connolly resigns after Malcolm McArthur, wanted for (and later convicted of) murder is found to be his house guest. Connolly was completely unaware of McArthur’s activities. The fallout from the incident led to one of the most famous acronyms in Irish politics. The much reviled (and correspondingly much-loved) Taoiseach Charles Haughey described the incident as “a bizarre happening, an unprecedented situation, a grotesque situation, an almost unbelievable mischance.” Conor Cruise O’Brien, one of Haughey’s political opponents who despised the most corrupt Taoiseach in Irish history (this is not to suggest any others who held the office were corrupt) coined the phrase GUBU – Grotesque, Unprecedented, Bizarre, Unbelievable to describe not just what happened but Haughey’s overall carry on.
1984 – Loyalist paramilitaries opened fire on RUC officers on the Shankill Road as riots continued in Protestant areas of Belfast.
1985 – There were more disturbances in Portadown, Co Armagh, following a Loyalist band parade. Some shops were looted and set on fire.
1991 – Thomas Donagh (38), a Sinn Féin (SF) member, was shot dead by the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), a cover name (pseudonym) used by the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), in Kilrea, Co Derry. Martin O’Prey (28), a member of the Irish People’s Liberation Organisation (IPLO), was shot dead by the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) in the lower Falls area of west Belfast. These killings were part of an upsurge in Loyalist violence following the ending of the CLMC ceasefire on the 4 July 1991.
1991 – Birth of vegan activist, podcast host and narrator, Evanna Lynch, in Termonfeckin, Co Louth. She rose to prominence for her portrayal of Luna Lovegood in the Harry Potter film series, appearing in the last four films and their tie-in video games, as well as in the musical, A Very Potter Senior Year.
1993 – The IRA carried out a bomb attack in the centre of Strabane, Co Tyrone.
1995 – More than 100 people are evacuated from The Kitchen, the basement nightclub below the Clarence Hotel in Dublin after a fire is spotted on the roof. No injuries or fatalities are reported.
1997 – Death of playwright and actor, Gerard McLarnon. His plays have been performed throughout the world, and he collaborated with, amongst others, John Tavener, Laurence Olivier and Tyrone Guthrie. Some plays he wrote: ” Victory Morning” – ” Brothers Karamazov” – ” The Idiot” – ” The Wrestler’s Honeymoon” – ” Unhallowed” – ” The Bonefire” – ” The Rise and Fall of Sammy Posnett” – ” The Saviour” – ” The Trial of Joan of Arc”.
1997 – On the 20th anniversary of the death of Elvis Presley, U2’s PopMart show in Vienna, Austria is filled with tributes and references to the King.
1997 – An IRA ‘bomb factory’ was discovered by Garda Síochána at a farmhouse in Crosskeys, near Cavan. The factory was not believed to have been operational for some weeks.
1998 – The 32-County Sovereignty Committee issued a statement denying that the organisation was associated with those responsible for the Omagh bombing.
2001 – Dozens of wild birds, including swans, mallard and moorhens are rounded up by animal welfare workers after a major oil spill in the River Liffey at Palmerstown in Co Dublin.
2001 – Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, took a break from his holiday in Co Kerry, to travel back to Dublin for a meeting with John Hume, leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). The two men were expected to discuss the recent setbacks in the peace process. Before the meeting Hume had called on the IRA to “restore immediately its contact with General de Chastelain and its commitment to a scheme for resolving the decommissioning issue”.
2002 – Death of author, broadcaster, historian, Irish Republican, advocate of the Irish Language and lecturer, Éamonn MacThomáis. He presented his own series on RTÉ during the 1970s and was well known for guided tours and lectures of his beloved Dublin. He is buried in Dublin’s Glasnevin Cemetery.
2008 – The Continuity IRA (CIRA) fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a police patrol in Lisnaskea, Co Fermanagh. Three officers required hospital treatment.
2008 – Death of singer and folk musician, Ronnie Drew. Born in Dún Laoghaire, Co Dublin, he achieved international fame during a fifty year career recording with The Dubliners. He was best known for his long beard and his voice, which was once described by Nathan Joseph as “like the sound of coke being crushed under a door”.
2012 – Death of James Philip Vincent Kelly. Born in Dublin, he was a footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a full back.
Image | Port, Co Donegal | Fiachra Mangan Photography
#irishhistory #ireland, #irelandinspires
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Recent research into the effect that the blue light emitted from screens can cause damage in a similar way to the sun’s rays, we look into the products that are specially designed to protect our skin…
Blue light from your laptop, phone and tablet has been linked to premature skin ageing and irregular pigmentation. But what exactly is blue light? According to Stefanie Williams, dermatologist and medical director at Eudelo, “Blue light (AKA high energy visible light, HEVL) is part of the visible light spectrum. It’s the electromagnetic radiation that sits between ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and it consists of different colours with blue light being the closest in wavelength to UV light.”
Sounds complicated, but the most important thing to note is that blue light is emitted from electronic devices like televisions, computer screens, laptops and tablets… the list goes on. Even some fluorescent bulbs and LED lights can emit it. “And, of course, the sun emits blue light, too,” adds Williams.
While it has long been known that blue light can interfere with our circadian rhythm, Williams says that there is increasing data on the potential long-term harms of visible light, particularly blue light.
In fact, just last month, new research discovered molecular and cellular changes in human skin cells exposed to artificial visible light, similar to the light emitted by electronic devices. “The authors concluded that that may impede normal cellular functions and contribute to premature skin ageing,” Williams explains.
So, with that in mind, brands are starting to create products to help protect skin from potential harm. Here are three of Stylist’s best rated…
BareMinerals Complexion Rescue Defense Radiant Tint Protective Moisturiser
Hydrate, illuminate and protect with this clever tint that works on all skintones. It’s packed with cacao extract that helps defend against blue light, while camellia extract protects skin from environmental damage. Win-win.
Elemis Daily Defence Shield SPF30
Not only does this cream offer broad spectrum SPF30, but it also shields skin against pollution and high-energy visible light. The super-lightweight formula. quickly and easily absorbs into skin and is virtually untraceable under make-up.
Estée Lauder Advanced Night Repair Eye Supercharged Complex Synchronized Recovery II
Artificial blue light can make skin think it’s daytime, inhibiting the overnight renewal process. This cream helps skin recharge as it should.
Main image: Oscar Wong/Getty
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| 0.911657 | 527 | 3.0625 | 3 |
NASA infrared data shows a shrunken Tropical Depression ErickJuly 9th, 2013 by Rob Gutro in Earth / Earth Sciences
This infrared image from NASA's Aqua satellite taken July 8 at 4:17 p.m. EDT shows Tropical Depression Erick as a small area of clouds (purple and blue) near the southern tip of Mexico's Baja California peninsula. Credit: NASA Goddard MODIS Rapid Response Team
Infrared imagery from the AIRS instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite revealed that Erick, now a tropical depression has reduced in strength and size and continues to weaken.
The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder or AIRS instrument on NASA's Aqua satellite flew over Tropical Depression Erick late on July 8 and captured an infrared image that revealed Erick was quickly weakening. The AIRS image taken on July 8 at 4:17 p.m. EDT showed a small area of clouds and circulation near the southern tip of Mexico's Baja California peninsula. The strongest thunderstorms with cloud top temperatures as cold as -63F/-52C, were clustered around the low-level circulation center. The National Hurricane Center noted that the strong convection (rising air that forms the thunderstorms that make up a tropical cyclone) has been diminishing greatly since 5 a.m. EDT on July 8.
At 5 a.m. EDT/2 a.m. PDT/0900 UTC, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) reported that Tropical Depression Erick's maximum sustained winds were near 35 mph (55 kph). Erick's center was located near latitude 23.9 north and longitude 112.4 west, about 65 miles (100 km) south of Cabo San Lazaro, Mexico. Erick is moving northwest at 10 mph (17 kph) and is expected to turn west-northwest. The estimated minimum central pressure is 1006 millibars.
Because Erick is over cool waters and will be moving over even cooler waters, NHC noted that significant regeneration of deep convection is unlikely. Erick should gradually spin down become a remnant low pressure area later today.
Provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
"NASA infrared data shows a shrunken Tropical Depression Erick." July 9th, 2013. http://phys.org/news/2013-07-nasa-infrared-shrunken-tropical-depression.html
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The Brosno Dragon, or Brosnya, (Russian: Бросня), is a name applied to a Russian Lake Monster. Many people treat the existence of it skeptically and still say that the creature may be a mutant beaver or a giant pike of 100–150 years. Others conjecture that groups of wild boars and elks cross the lake from time to time.
There are some more scientific hypotheses concerning Brosnya. One of them is a gas version saying that when hydrogen sulfide goes up from the lake bottom it makes water boil up; this boiling in its turn resembles a dragon head. But the amount of hydrogen sulfide must be considerable to produce this effect. Other version says that there is a volcano in Lake Brosno that makes ejections on the water surface from time to time. It is well known that there are several fractures at the bottom of the lake, the depth and the direction of the fractures cannot be defined. It is not ruled out that the volcano crater is inside of one of the fractures. This explains why the volcano, if it actually exists, has not been discovered yet. See limnic eruption.
Fishermen say that the underwater world of Lake Brosno has a structure of several levels. From time to time, burbots and yellow perch can be found in the lake. For example, herring can be found in a lake in Peno District in the Tver Region. Some consider it strange that sea fish may live in the lake at all. Smelt shoals can be found in Lake Brosno as well. The phenomenon of Brosnya can be explained from the physical point of view: huge smelt shoals are reflected on the water surface through refraction of light and produces the effect of a huge reptile head. Physicists say that any mirage appears in hot weather. Indeed, witnesses say that they came across Brosnya in summer. However, the origin of the rumors of this strange monster remain a mystery. A globster washed up ashore on Brosno, and it could be the carcass of a Brosno Dragon.
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One of the political tactics that goes to the heart of our belief in participatory democracy is gerrymandering, the practice of designing voting districts to provide the greatest advantage to one party.
A controversial example is Pennsylvania, where the assignment of voting districts after the 2010 census helped Republicans gain significant majorities in the General Assembly and in Congress. Challenges to extreme gerrymandering are under consideration in both the United States and Pennsylvania Supreme Courts.
The technique of gerrymandering was given its name in 1812, when Gov. Elbridge Gerry was involved in creating voting districts for the state Senate of Massachusetts. One of the critics of the resulting shape of a district remarked that it looked like a salamander on the map, and a new political term was coined.
But such is the ability of politicians to game the system that a prime example of gerrymandering — before the practice was called that — was played out in the first election after the adopting of the Constitution in 1789. The events are described in "The Three Lives of James Madison: Genius, Partisan, President," an excellent biography by Harvard professor Noah Feldman. Madison's genius was displayed in the scholarship that he brought to the crafting of the Constitution. The controversy over adoption of the Constitution brought about Madison's reluctant role in the forming of adversarial political parties. Madison's relationship to his mentor, Thomas Jefferson, brought him to the presidency.
The battle to replace the Articles of Confederation was not over when the Constitutional Convention sent the draft document to the individual states in 1787. It was necessary to obtain approval from nine of the states, which were to convene a special state convention to consider approval.
Madison's own state of Virginia was one in which approval was uncertain. Patrick Henry was governor, and he was opposed to approval. In the debates that led to Virginia's approval, Madison and Henry became political enemies. Although Virginia approved the Constitution at about the same time as New York and the Constitution became the law of the land, Henry still had some moves to make.
Madison was an obvious candidate for senator from Virginia, but Henry backed two other candidates and Madison lost his senatorial bid. Yet it was important to Madison's political career and to the nation that he had the opportunity to participate in the new national government. He reluctantly sought a seat in the House of Representatives.
As Feldman observes, "Henry was not finished with Madison. On Nov. 13 Henry's supporters proposed the new congressional districts — which were specially designed to keep Madison out of office."
This was accomplished by including the county of residence of James Monroe, a close political ally and friend of Madison, into the same congressional district, while encouraging Monroe to be a candidate. In order to win, Madison was forced to campaign against his friend and ally and he was required to propose a Bill of Rights as amendments to the Constitution.
Originally he had opposed any amendments so soon after adoption of the Constitution. Madison beat his friend Monroe, 1,308-972. According to Feldman, "Madison had avoided disaster and defeated the gerrymander by advocating for the bill of rights he had so long opposed."
Henry and Gerry were experts in the fine art of politics, although their political viewpoints were almost diametrically different. For more than 200 years, gerrymandering was practiced as a form of art by political operatives. But with the data available for manipulation by computers, gerrymandering has become a science, as demonstrated by the manipulation of electoral districts in Pennsylvania after the 2010 census when Republicans gained control of the General Assembly.
Legislation designed to even the playing field would substitute a non-partisan panel for the present partisan process. Two bills, Senate Bill 22 and House Bill 722 were submitted last year, but have been blocked from consideration by committee chairmen.
Gerrymandering has an honorable history as a crucial political game, but it needs to be played fairly by members of either party. Blocking consideration of a vote may be good politics, but not good citizenship.
Robert L. Leight, who lives in Richland Township, is a retired professor of education at Lehigh University.
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Trust in Freedom of Expression
A four-part series exploring our level of trust in the boundaries of our freedom to speak, to express belief,
The civil freedoms of speech, thought and property have been the cornerstone of liberal, democratic regimes since first conceived in the 17th century. We continue to hold them dearly, rely on and espouse them even today. Among the most cherished is the freedom of expression, which comprises the individual's freedom of speech, the scholar's academic freedom, the right to expression of belief and the freedom of artistic representation. These freedoms are justified on the grounds of tolerance, personal liberty and individual conscience, and in the name of a vibrant civil society. However, what is notable now is how dramatically the social and political context has changed. Today, artistic expression is curtailed not by the dictates of the church, but by the very "free enterprise" that has stepped in to take its place. Today individual and academic freedoms are restricted not by tyrannical or intolerant monarchs, but ironically by the very demand for tolerance that characterizes late modern, liberal democracy. It is precisely in the name of property, political inclusion and individual rights, rather than in the name of religious or moral dogma, that individual and institutional freedoms are encroached.
We have witnessed a series of extraordinary events in Nova Scotia and across Canada which raise profound questions about why our freedom of expression is threatened or curtailed. In the last year alone, there has been considerable controversy concerning the public posting of cartoons depicting the Prophet Mohammed at Saint Mary's University, the attendance of a Saint Francis Xavier University professor at a Holocaust conference in Iran, neo-conservative speaker Jared Taylor's silencing by a black-hooded crowd in Halifax, and the attempt to impose a code de vie on citizens of Herouxville, Quebec.
Highly controversial incidents have occurred in other Western democratic countries as well. In May of this year, British academics representing the Union of Colleges and Universities voted to consider boycotting their Israeli colleagues in light of Israel's relationship with Palestine. In 2004, France banned the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols in public schools. At the same time, artists, film-makers and writers are bound or even silenced by corporate and institutional gates. Canada's two major theatre chains are American owned. As a result, by 2003 only 0.2% of screen time in our theatres was dedicated to Canadian movies. Public funding for the arts has also been slashed drastically.
These examples raise a series of critical questions:
Thursday, October 11, 7:30-9:30 pm
In Canada, the civil right to freedom of speech is considered fundamental. It is the very ground upon which the political right to vote and hold office, and the social right to cultural recognition and economic security, are built. These fundamental freedoms were first demanded in the 17th century, in response to the absolute stranglehold on thought, expression and conscience exercised by European monarchs and religious authorities. They were won only at the cost of bloody revolutions.
But what is the rationale for freedom of speech today? The very individual liberty for whose sake bloody revolutions were fought now seems to justify intolerance of the most offensive kind. The very respect for difference and cultural diversity for whose sake these battles were waged now seems to warrant coercion. Increasingly, criticism of another culture or country's practice is almost immediately characterized as abuse or hate, regardless of the merits of the position. For example, when Canadian scholar Himani Bannerji criticized Israeli foreign policy, she was immediately accused of anti-Semitism. Is this a sign that we have lost trust in our most basic freedoms? Have our freedoms shrunk to the point that individuals are afraid to voice their views? Are we as a society afraid to hear them? Do we still dare to be free?
Part one of our series examines the boundaries and scope of freedom of speech in Canada, and illuminates the social repercussions of its limitations.
Thursday, October 11, 7:30 - 9:30 pm
Tuesday, October 23, 7:30-9:30 pm
According to the 2005 policy statement on academic freedom drafted by the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT), academic staff have the right to teach, discuss, research and disseminate knowledge without hindrance or impediment. This right enables scholars to serve the common good of society. According to this policy, 'robust democracies require no less'. For this reason, Canadian professors are not required to be neutral, nor are they to be inhibited in any way from expressing their views.
Yet despite the policy, an atmosphere of repression seems to have descended upon the Canadian academy. Ironically, it is now in the name of progressiveness that freedom in the academy is curtailed. A faculty member from Saint Francis Xavier University who attended a conference in Iran that gave public space to Holocaust deniers was chastised by his university president for attending the event. At the University of Manitoba, a professor and his doctoral student were prohibited from screening their video on the consequences of genetically modifying crops. The university blocked the release of the research on the grounds it could lead to litigation from a corporate promoter of GM crops with university ties. These recent incidents suggest faculty may be subjected to implicit and explicit, institutional norms or agendas.
In part two of this series, we explore the role professionals in the academy can and should play with respect to the common, democratic good of vigorous moral and political debate.
Tuesday, October 23, 7:30 - 9:30 pm
Thursday, November 15, 7:30-9:30 pm
Artists, often the most marginal and outcast, are society's perennial critics. For the last century, this has been their thankless, but generally accepted and venerated, role. We may not always like what artists have to say or how they represent us, but we are nonetheless frequently grateful to be provoked by works of creative expression.
Happily, Canadians are in some respects freer than their American colleagues to express themselves creatively. Here the arts are publicly-funded in part, and rating boards are arguably less driven by religious or cultural mores. Steady budget cuts, however, have wreaked havoc on creative output in Canada. At the same time, ratings for films and television are determined by "community standards," yet communities are rarely consulted. Indeed, it is never quite clear just which community's standards are at stake. Moreover, the relative permissiveness and autonomy enjoyed by Canadian artists comes at a cost. For the very funding agencies that enable visual or other artists to create work that is not directly answerable to the court of public opinion also serve as gate-keepers, before whom artists must vie for increasingly limited funds. These boards ultimately determine what artists are free to express, when, and in which contexts. Has culture consequently become, as one writer puts it, nothing but "a mere display to brighten up the boardroom wall"?
In the third part of our series, we investigate the nature of our trust in the freedom of creative expression, and explore its political implications.
Thursday, November 15, 7:30-9:30 pm
Tuesday, December 4, 7:30-9:30 pm
In Canada, freedom of religious expression is counted among our most fundamental legal entitlements, just as it is recognized internationally as a basic human right. Yet in practice the democratic commitment to freedom of belief has been increasingly attacked from every quarter. From the political left, for example, some seem to endorse a level of tolerance that prohibits any public expression of faith at all, such that even the word "Christmas" has been systematically replaced. At the same time, many in the political centre claim that certain limits to freedom of expression are required to secure liberal democracy in the face of global terrorism. Consequently, a climate of increased suspicion seems to surround all those who express or practice their faith publicly, to such an extent that wearing the hijab is frequently prohibited. Meanwhile, those on the political right call for a return to prayer in school and, in the United States, the teaching of creationism along with Darwinism. Here the argument is that multicultural inclusion has led to moral relativism and social disintegration, and that traditional Christian values ought therefore to be brought back.
In this charged social and political context, it is no longer clear whether we are still free to express our beliefs or - even if we are - when and in what contexts we may do so. What are we still free to express? Can religious freedom be protected in the public square? Does it even belong there, anymore?
Our final discussion in this series examines the nature of our trust in the freedom to express our faiths, particularly in the wake of the controversies and conflicts that have erupted over the fundamental Canadian right to the freedoms of conscience, religion, and belief.
Keynote: Dr. Kathleen Skerrett - Professor of Religious Studies, Grinnell College, Iowa
Tuesday, December 4, 7:30 - 9:30 pm
CCEPA is a joint initiative of The Atlantic School of Theology and Saint Mary's University .
|Copyright © 2017 Canadian Centre for Ethics in Public Affairs|
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Pope Julius II
|Papacy began||November 1, 1503|
|Papacy ended||February 21, 1513|
|Birth name||Giuliano della Rovere|
|Born||December 5, 1443
|Died||February 21, 1513
Pope Julius II (Latin: Iulius Secundus; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), originally Giuliano Della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 217th Pope from 1503 until his death in 1513. He was known as "the Warrior Pope."
Early life[change | change source]
Giuliano della Rovere was the son of Rafaello della Rovere.
Cardinal[change | change source]
Pope[change | change source]
Della Rovere was elected pope in 1503; and he chose to be called Julius II.
Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- "List of Popes," Catholic Encyclopedia (2009); retrieved 2011-11-9.
- Schaff, Philip et al. (1910). "Julius II," History of the Christian Church, Volume 5, Part 2, p. 466.
- Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. (1839). "Julius II," Penny cyclopaedia, Vol. 13, p. 146.
- "Pope Julius II," Catholic Encyclopedia; retrieved 2011-11-9.
- "The Vatican," Catholic Encyclopedia; retrieved 2011-11-9.
More reading[change | change source]
- Shaw, Christine. (1993). Julius II: the Warrior Pope. Oxford: Blackwell. 10-ISBN 0631167382/13-ISBN 9780631167389; OCLC 417355755
Other websites[change | change source]
- "Pope Julius II". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Catholic Hierarchy, Julius II
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere
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Pain when planting the foot on the ground and pain under the foot is known as plantar fasciitis. The inflammation of the thick tissue under the foot can cause discomfort when running and resting. Called the plantar fascia, this tissue connects the heel bone to the toes. The plantar fascia creates the arch of the foot and any pain in the tissue will hamper performance, but unfortunately plantar fasciitis is a common running injury.
This injury affects active men from the age of 40, obese people who place stress on the feet, long distance runners and people who have a tight Achilles tendon. Achilles tendinitis is often mistaken for plantar fasciitis as the symptoms are similar. Sufferers usually complain of a dull or sharp pain and stiffness at the base of the heel and this area may also ache or burn. The arch is stiff, inflamed and sore and activities such as climbing stairs, getting out of bed and taking the early morning steps and impact are difficult.
The origin of the injury may be from shoes that are too soft, dropped arches or sudden increase in activity. Researchers used to think that plantar fasciitis was caused by a heel spur, but x-rays revealed that heel spurs occur in people who have no plantar fascia problems.Pain management in the form of ice, Tylenol or ibuprofen helps to reduce inflammation. Rehabilitation can be done at the physiotherapist and modalities such as stretching, massage and foot exercises are used. Heel stretching exercises involve lowering the heel off a step and lifting onto the toe. The most important treatment is rest, but this is often the most difficult thing to do when running is such a priority. Wearing good shoes with good support will help contain the swelling of the tissue and night splints could stretch the injured fascia. A heel boot is the most extreme form of orthotics but it takes the pressure off the plantar fascia and reduces friction, but there are also orthotics and heel raises that can be worn inside the shoes to elevate the heel and arch.
Now if you want to run when you have plantar fasciitis, there are some good running shoes that might help with the problem.
The Asics GEL series
Runners can choose from the Kayano, Nimbus or Evolution models. Asics GEL technology cushions the foot and absorbs shock, while the midsole provides stability. Lacing the shoe higher on the top of the foot stabilizes the ankle and provides more motion control.
New Balance 850
These shoes use “Abzorb” cushioning to reduce shock that magically disappears from the feet instead of spreading to the knees and shins, causing shin splints and knee problems.
Mizuno Wave series
The Wave Riders and Wave Inspire are popular among injured runners as the shoe has heavy cushioning and support.
The Saucony ProGrid Stabil CS
This is not a new shoe, but still popular for heavy runners and the men shoe weighs 14 ounces, while the women’s shoes is nearly 12. The support post runs along the foot from back to front for effective pronation control.
Unfortunately this injury takes longer to heal than a knee or back pain as it is difficult to take the pressure off the foot, but it is important to rest and let the tissue recover or else you may need tissues for the painful tears you will cry if the injury persists.
The bottom line is that there is no guarantee that plantar fasciitis shoes will cure your plantar problem, but NOT wearing the right shoes will certainly make the problem worse.
Some Resources for PF Help
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Play Writing - The Exposition
( Originally Published 1915 )
He [Alfieri] adds that he has made it an invariable rule to introduce the action by lively and passionate dialogue, so far as is consistent with the opening of the piece, and between personages who have a direct interest in the plot.—J. C. L. de SISMONDI, The Literature of the South of Europe.
It is Scribe's habit, in the plays which are to extend through five acts, to employ the whole of the first one in patiently and ingeniously laying out the strands of the intrigue to follow. For the time being he does not concern himself with amusing the public; he contents himself with putting it in touch with the situation. It is necessary that such and such events be known—he relates them; to a first account of them succeeds another. It is necessary that-you make the acquaintance of the personages who are to conduct the action—he presents them to you one by one: this is Mr. So-and-so; he has such and such a character; he is capable, things falling out thus, of behaving himself in this or that manner.—FRANCISQUE SARCEY, Quarante Ans de Théâtre.
I remember reading somewhere that "the comedy of Richelieu," which has held the stage for seventy years, contains action, story, character, situation, suspense, contrast, and picture, and it blends humor and pathos; while the central character is unique, sympathetic, essentially human, and continuously interesting." That description would at first glance seem to epitomize all that is most desirable in drama; though, on reflection, one might reasonably add such elements as surprise, climax, harmony, logic, and truth to life.
Undoubtedly the fundamental qualities are action and feeling. As the rhymester puts it:
"If you desire to write a play,
"In plays, you see, Demosthenes' old law
The playwright, having selected his starting-point and his main characters, and having in fancy and in plan allowed these latter in their juxtaposition naturally to work out a certain progressive action, which will include a complication of motives and conflicting lines of conduct, reactions and clashes—having come thus far, he must set to work to reduce this movement to a definite plot, and then to body forth the plot in the most effective and stirring manner.
The Route of the Play
As Mr. Augustus Thomas puts it, there is the route of the play to be considered, and this route is "much like a trajectory. It springs upward and outward in a fine, easy, even curve, mounts higher and higher to a final sharp crest, and then, very close to the end, drops suddenly off." It is the path of the sky-rocket.
"This route," continues Mr. Thomas, "this line, is made up of short scenes that partake pretty much of the nature of the whole. Each must have its similar rise and stroke. At first, when the story is unfolding, when the audience is not yet thoroughly keyed up, and there are at the same time so many new things to grasp, these scenes will be relatively long and thin curves. As they reach the summit of the route, they will thicken and shorten. Their importance, their weight, the blow that they give, will be steadily greater."
Let us suppose that the playwright has reached that stage of his work when, having mapped out his drama, time-scheme and act-division, and being certain that he has sufficient material for an evening's diversion, he finds that he must make a beginning in the actual writing of his play. His first problem is that of setting forth his characters and conveying to the audience such preliminary information concerning their past history as is necessary to a speedy comprehension of what is to follow. This is what is commonly called the exposition.
An American novelist is quoted as asserting that "there are two types of modern play: one in which the hero and heroine marry, and all their troubles are over; and the other in which they marry, and all their troubles begin." At any rate, hero and heroine, or at least leading male and female characters, the dramatist must deal with; and they and the conditions in which they exist, to begin with, must quickly be made clear.
"The playwright has no time to lose after the curtain has once risen," Professor Bliss Perry tells us,' asserting that "every moment of opening action counts heavily for or against his chances of interesting the audience in the personages of the play." Conversely, other writers on the subject assure us that it is futile to say any-thing of importance during the first five or ten. minutes of the play, since that period will be one of disturbance caused by late-comers and by the various processes of self-adjustment on the part of the spectators. However, the whole matter depends pretty largely on the play itself. Latecomers not only will fail to disturb the audience greatly but will, indeed, be inconsiderable in number, if the drama is from its earliest moment sufficiently absorbing. It is said that, during the first season of "On Trial," spectators often ran down the aisles in order to reach their seats before the curtain rose. The play was so constructed as to grip the audience from the opening instant. Five or ten minutes of preliminary sweet nothings, on the contrary, will inevitably be accompanied by seat-slamming, programme-rustling, and the buzz of whispered conversation.
In connection with a recent vaudeville playlet, there was printed in the programme the following note: "The audience is requested to follow very closely the dialogue from the very beginning of the play, as it all has bearing on situations following later in the act." Such an admonition would seem to confess an inadequacy in the exposition. The opening speeches in this particular sketch, by the way, were no more indispensable to a comprehension of the plot than is usual in one-act plays. The note was merely a bit of over-cautiousness. In good dramaturgy the only way for the author to obtain the general attention is by his skill to command it.
Methods of Exposition
An old-fashioned method of presenting the exposition utilized a conversation between two characters, perhaps a pair of courtiers or of menials, who told each other facts which they and the audience well knew were familiar to both speakers. Such a device, in fact, is employed in so recent a play as Thompson Buchanan's melodrama, "Life." And in even so carefully constructed a piece of dramaturgy as Mr. Edward Knoblauch's "Marie-Odile," we find the novice and the Mother Superior re-informing each other—for our benefit—of the circumstances of the young girl's upbringing in the convent.
Formerly, French drama provided a confidant for the hero, a confidante for the heroine, largely for expository purposes. Various critics, including Mr. William Archer, have remarked how, in "His House in Order," Sir Arthur Pinero hits upon the scheme of having a reporter interview the private secretary of a leading character—a device similar to that employed by Mr. William Dean Howells in "The Rise of Silas Lapham." Since the journalist lacks the information to begin with, we can listen while he acquires it and not feel that probability has been strained. The scene, however, is none the less non-dramatic; though the arrangement is more admirable than that of the traditional footman and the parlor-maid, who have opened such hosts of plays by gossiping about master and mistress. Many a first act, too, has been wearisomely delayed while two characters have sat on a bench or a log, and one has told the other "the story of his life." No matter that they rose and "crossed" from time to time, nor even that the orchestra at certain emotional moments in the narrative discoursed "creepy" music; the story-telling was only narrative and not drama.
In recent years the telephone has supplied so facile a substitute for the confidant that its use in a new play now is likely to arouse ridicule, especially since the device was satirized, along with many others equally overworked, by Sir James M. Barrie in "A Slice of Life."
Mr. Brander Matthews'. truly says that the exposition "is one of the tests by which we can guage the dexterity of a dramatist, and by which we can measure his command over the resources of his craft. Some playwrights have to perfection a knack of taking the playgoer right into the middle of things in the opening scenes of the first act, with a simplicity apparently so straightforward that he has never a suspicion of the artfulness whereby he has been supplied with all sorts of information." These attainments are certainly the ones most worth striving for in expository writing: to get in medias res with the least possible delay, and to convey the information "sugar-coated."
Time and Manner of Exposition
The exposition belongs, of course, as early as possible in the first act. In the beginning the audience is naturally patient and willing, if need be, to wait a while for the action to get under way. Later, when the story has been fairly started, anything that obviously holds it up will be resented. Of course, the amount of exposition required varies with the play; but it stands to reason that the sooner the dramatic struggle can be broached and the emotional interest of the audience aroused, the better will be the chances for success.
It is true that a number of successful dramatists still employ something of the more leisurely method of Scribe, which gives over much of the first act to the process of simply laying the foundation; witness "The Hawk," "The Phantom Rival," and "Outcast" More and more, however, it is becoming the fashion to combine the exposition with the action, or at least to start with a scene of real dramatic movement and then to convey the needed information, disguised as action. Commentators rarely fail to point out that Shakespeare begins "Romeo and Juliet" with a quarrel between the servitors of the Montagues and the Capulets, which concretely illustrates the feud of the two houses. Thereafter the characterizing dialogue of Montague, Lady Montague, Benvolio, and Romeo proceeds apace with a conversational exposition.
First of all, then, the exposition should be clear; second, it should be brief; and, third, it should, if possible, be emotionalized by combination with the action. Failing this last, there is the device of the general conversation between shifting characters, like that which Mr. George M. Cohan employs in "Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford." The fragmentary and frequently interrupted dialogue at least gives the impression of movement and of actuality. An excellent example of this sort of exposition is afforded by Mr. Augustus Thomas's play, "As a Man Thinks." The problem before the writer is, first, to introduce Dr. and Mrs. Seelig, their daughter Vedah, and her betrothed, Benjamin De Lota, all Jews; and Vedah's other lover, Julian Burrill, and Frank Clayton and Mrs. Clayton, Gentiles. Second, to make it known that Clayton, who has already been forgiven by his wife for one infidelity, has since been involved in an affair with a Parisian model. Third, to convey the further information that De Lota, not only was formerly a suitor of Mrs. Clayton's, but also has served a term in a French prison after conviction on a criminal charge. The author, to the expressed delight of many critics, deftly manages the revelation of this information bit by bit, through a series of fragmentary conversations, allowing the significant facts to reach the audience at the same time that they impinge upon the consciousness of certain characters in whom they must necessarily produce a strong emotional reaction. It is, accordingly, of interest not only to know that De Lota was once a prisoner, but also to observe the effect of the revelation upon his fiancée; not only to learn of Clayton's second lapse from marital fidelity, but also to note the manner in which his wife receives the information. Furthermore, the exposition is skilfully unified through connection with Burrill's figurine of the dancing girl, for which Mimi, the French model, posed. As the statuette is new, all comers are instigated to discuss it and so to refer to its original, who is further identified by means of a photograph brought by Burrill.
Disregarding for the moment the question of the coincidence involved—which will be considered in a later chapter—we cannot but realize that Mr. Thomas's method of exposition in this play is masterly in its effectiveness. An even more striking instance is to be found in Mr. Elmer L. Reizenstein's "On Trial." In fact, it would be hard to cite a parallel for the gripping tenseness of the opening instant of this melodrama—the scene in the courtroom, the trial in full progress, the prisoner on the verge of conviction. While admitting that in a sense "On Trial" is a "freak" play—" a story told backward and therefore abnormal, we should feel nevertheless that its example is worth imitating in respect at least of this initial interest and clarity.
There is, indeed, no valid reason why almost any play nowadays, whether of story or of characters, should not set off its indispensable sky-rocket plot within a very few moments after the curtain first rises. We have passed the period of lazy devices in this process, and of leisurely and patent procedure. Exposition not only should be clear; it should be brief and dramatic.
QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
1. Draw as carefully as you can a diagram of your conception of Mr. Thomas's "trajectory," pages 76 and 77.
2. In your own words define the exposition.
3. What methods of exposition, other than those noted in the text, have you observed?
4. Criticise one of them.
5. Try to suggest a fresh device for presenting the exposition.
6. Invent a fundamental opening situation for a plot; then give the exposition in outline, saying how you would present it to the audience.
7. Could your plan profitably be altered so as to work in the expository information along with the action?
8. Make a rapid but well considered draft of so much of the first act as would be required to include all the exposition.
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Just a few millimetres thick, articular cartilage plays a crucial role in our musculoskeletal system, since it is responsible for smooth (in the truest sense of the word) movement. However, the downside of its particular structure is that even minor injuries do not regenerate. Timely treatment of cartilage damage is therefore essential.
Biomaterials are often used to support the cells, their distribution and protection. In most cases, this treatment significantly improves the patient’s clinical symptoms but fails to fully restore the cartilage to its original state. The working group led by Sylvia Nürnberger (MedUni Vienna’s Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery) develops strategies for regeneration and has found that natural cartilage matrix is suitable as a biomaterial for improved cartilage regeneration.
Articular cartilage damage worsens over time and, if left untreated, leads to arthritis of the entire joint. Timely treatment of cartilage damage is therefore essential. In the case of extensive injuries, surgery is the best option. This involves cartilage cell implants or stem cell activation to provide the damaged tissue with the cells it requires to regenerate cartilage. Biomaterials are often introduced to support the cells, their distribution and protection. In most cases, this treatment significantly improves the patient’s clinical symptoms but fails to fully restore the cartilage to its original state.
In order to bring about a long lasting improvement in the regeneration process, Nürnberger’s orthopaedic trauma-surgery working group, in collaboration with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, harnesses the potential of the natural cartilage matrix to create an optimal environment for cartilage cells or stem cells. To this end, a project financed by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG (also involving Vienna University of Applied Sciences and the Erasmus Medical School Rotterdam) has developed techniques for processing donor cartilage obtained, for example in the course of routine operations, in several steps.
In order to facilitate the repopulation with the patient’s own cells, the donor cells were first of all removed. “This leaves a very dense matrix, into which the patient’s cells are unable to migrate. Opening up the matrix proved to be the technological challenge in this development, and this was achieved by means of laser engraving. This enabled us to make extremely fine incisions in a controlled and standardised way, so that even deeper regions of the tissue were accessible to regenerative cells,” explains Nürnberger. “The material that was developed, largely resembles the original cartilage in terms of structure and composition and can therefore serve as a component of the regenerative tissue, thereby assisting the process or tissue formation.”
These properties distinguish the newly developed material “CartiScaff” from previous approaches and also give reason to hope that faster and more sustained regeneration can be achieved. Preclinical studies have already shown that CartiScaff promotes the formation of new cartilage tissue. As part of an FFG-funded follow-up study, the material is currently being tested in preclinical experiments to determine its performance under natural load conditions. It is hoped that, in future, the new biomaterial, CartiScaff, can be used in combination with existing surgical techniques and the range of conventional treatments can be expanded and improved.
Source: Medical University of Vienna
Reference: S. Nürnberger, C. Schneider, C. Keibl, B. Schädl, P. Heimel, X. Monforte, A.H. Teuschl, M. Nalbach, P.J. Thurner, J. Grillari, H. Redl, S. Wolbank. Repopulation of decellularised articular cartilage by laser-based matrix engraving. EBioMedicine, 2021; 103196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103196
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A blood-red autumn sun burned off the dense ground fog as it rose over the gently rolling Georgia hills into a cloudless turquoise sky on Sunday, September 20, 1863. But Lieutenant Colonel William Kinman took little comfort in the beauty of the tranquil Sabbath morning. He had had a premonition. “We shall have a desperate battle today, many of us will be killed, and I expect to be among the number,” he told a fellow officer in the 115th Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
About 300 yards away on a hillside behind McAfee Church, Lt. Col. Isaac Clarke was more optimistic. He assured a comrade in the 96th Illinois Volunteer Infantry: “I have no fear for myself. I shall go into this fight, and go through it, and comeout of it all right.”
Kinman and Clarke were officers in the Reserve Corps of the Union Army of the Cumberland, 5,400 men and three artillery batteries, many of whom had never before been in battle. On that Sunday the Reserve Corps would shed its untested status and experience warfare’s fury, fighting Confederate General Braxton Bragg’s Army of Tennessee on the second day of the Battle of Chickamauga. The maelstrom would prove Kinman’s vision and destroy Clarke’s optimism. Before the sun set, the two officers and hundreds of their comrades in arms would lie dead or maimed on the bramble-covered slopes of Horseshoe Ridge.
Major General Gordon Granger, commander of the Reserve Corps, was Regular Army, West Point class of 1845. The gruff New Yorker had served in the Mexican War, fought Indians in Texas, and seen action at Wilson’s Creek, New Madrid, Island No. 10 and the siege of Corinth. But Granger knew little more than his men about the role his command would be expected to play in the fighting taking place just a few miles up the La Fayette Road. The last order he received from Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland, came late Saturday night, directing Granger to place his corps on the eastern slope of Missionary Ridge to provide support to the corps of Maj. Gens. Alexander McCook and George H. Thomas.
That command did not make much sense to Granger.
From his position at the junction of the Ringgold and Cleveland roads, his troops were in poor position to assist McCook’s XX Corps at the far right of the Union lines. Their best route to Thomas’ XIV Corps on the Union left would be a march of more than four miles along the La Fayette Road. To Granger, it seemed the only thing he was in a good position to do was protect the Rossville Gap and keep the road to Chattanooga, Tenn., open.
As mid-morning approached, a growing volume of gunfire soon reached Granger’s ears, but he had no new orders from Rosecrans. Granger vacillated. Should he go to support Thomas, who hadn’t asked him for help, or hold his position and guard the road to Rossville and Chattanooga? Staff officers sent to Rosecrans for guidance returned, unable to reach the commanding general.
Between 10:30 and 11 a.m., Granger and his chief of staff, Major J.S. Fullerton, climbed a haystack to get a view of the action. When Granger climbed down, one account has it that Colonel James Thompson, his chief of artillery, remarked that Thomas was “having a hell of a fight over there.” That convinced Granger it was time to move and “if we don’t hurry it will be too late.”
Major Fullerton’s version, however, has come down through history as the more popular account. He wrote that after 10 minutes of watching on the haystack, Granger “jumped up, thrust his glass into its case, and exclaimed with an oath, ‘I am going to Thomas, orders or no orders.’”
“And if you go,” Fullerton replied, “it may bring disaster to the army and you to a court-martial.” “There is nothing in our front now but ragtag bobtail cavalry,” Granger replied. “Don’t you see Bragg is piling his whole army on Thomas? I am going to his assistance.”
The men of the Reserve Corps were ready to march in less than 30 minutes. Around 11:30 a.m. 1st Division commander Maj. Gen. James Steedman put the 1st Brigade of Brig. Gen. Walter Whitaker, the 96th and 115th Illinois, the 40th and 89th Ohio, the 22nd Michigan, 84th Indiana and the 18th Battery of the Ohio Light Artillery, on the march for the La Fayette Road. Right behind them came Colonel John G. Mitchell’s 2nd Brigade, comprising the 78th Illinois and the 98th, 113th and 121st Ohio supported by Battery M of the 1st Illinois Light Artillery. Granger left his remaining five regiments and an artillery battery under Colonel Daniel McCook at the McAfee Church, charged with keeping the escape route to Chattanooga open.
Confederate Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk’s right wing was attacking Thomas, just as it had done the day before. But soon Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, sent west with three divisions to bolster Bragg’s army and in command of the Confederate left, would order Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and 11,000 men concealed east of the Brotherton farm to advance.
Elements of Hood’s division poured through a gap in the Federal lines a quarter mile wide near the Union center. Brigadier General Thomas J. Wood was withdrawing his division and moving it to the left even though he knew he was following an order from Rosecrans that was based on faulty information.
Brigadier General Bushrod Johnson, who assumed command of the attack after Hood was wounded, described the scene as “unspeakably grand.” Union staff officer Ambrose Bierce wrote that he “saw the entire country in front swarming with Confederates; the very earth seemed to be moving toward us!” Decisive leadership and the courage of small groups of soldiers from splintered Union regiments, probably numbering no more than 2,000 men in all, would slow the pace of the Confederate juggernaut just enough to ensure that there would still be a Union army for the Reserve Corps to save.
Granger moved his column at quick time, and Major Fullerton recalled the narrow road “was covered ankle-deep with dust that rose in suffocating clouds.” When the column reached the La Fayette Road near the Hein house, Maj. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest’s Rebel cavalrymen began to lob shells into the blue ranks. Provoked, Steedman sent out skirmishers and unlimbered Battery M of the 1st Illinois Light Artillery.
Granger reined in Steedman, re-formed the column and decided that the La Fayette Road was too dangerous. The open fields southwest of the Cloud Church offered a safer and more direct route to Thomas. He also sent Major Fullerton back to the McAffee Church with orders to bring up McCook’s brigade to deal with Forrest. Granger had now fully committed his corps.
The column now moved at double-quick time directly toward the Snodgrass cabin, with the lead regiments of the Reserve Corps arriving there between 1 and 1:45 p.m. While the tired Confederates were regrouping at the foot of Horseshoe Ridge, Thomas ordered the new arrivals to fill a half-mile gap in his line between Colonel Charles G. Harker’s brigade of battered Ohioans and the division of Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds on the far right of the Kelley farm field.
Before Steedman could deploy his winded regiments, the sound of musketry to the right of the XIV Corps made Thomas change his mind.
If there were Confederates advancing around the right, the rear of Thomas’ entire defensive perimeter would be exposed. A courier soon galloped up to confirm that attacking Rebels faced only remnants of the 21st Ohio on Horseshoe Ridge.
“Those men must be driven back,” said Granger. Thomas agreed, then asked, “Can you do it?” Granger said: “Yes, my men are fresh, and they are just the fellows for that work. They are raw recruits and they don’t know any better than to charge over there.”
“Those men” were Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman’s Division, comprising Brig. Gen. Patton Anderson’s Mississippi brigade, Brig. Gens. Zachariah C. Deas and Arthur M. Manigault’s Alabama regiments, and Bushrod Johnson’s Tennesseans. The mostly untested soldiers of the Reserve Corps would receive their baptism in blood that day against these veteran regiments on the boulder-strewn slopes of Horseshoe Ridge.
Determining time on a Civil War battlefield is an imprecise science at best, and proves especially difficult in accounts of Chickamauga. But Captain Seth Moe, Steedman’s assistant adjutant general, reportedly said, “[A]nd as this is likely to be an important event, gentlemen, just remember that it is now ten minutes past one o’clock.”
It was now a race to the crest of the ridge. Steedman flung Whitaker’s exhausted brigade forward in a double line. In front were the 96th and 115th Illinois and the 22nd Michigan. Behind them came the 40th and 89th Ohio and the 84th Indiana. They sprinted uphill for almost 400 yards through oaks, fallen trees, boulders and brambles.
After traversing a series of shallow ravines, the brigade ascended a long ridge where it encountered the first sporadic shots of the Rebel skirmishers approaching from the other end. As the hard-charging blue lines reached the crest of the hill, they got their first glimpse of the disciplined Confederate regiments aligned scarcely 60 yards below them.
Their bayonets fixed, the Union attackers assaulted their foes with an élan that momentarily stunned the Mississippians. The Confederates quickly regained their poise, however, and—supported by a battery of six guns pouring out solid shot, grape and canister—halted the headlong Union advance about 100 yards down the southern slope. Then Colonel Cyrus Suggs’ veteran Tennessee regiments began to counterattack and slowly pushed the exhausted Union regiments back up the ridge.
For the next 30 minutes, the two sides thrust and parried at each other, often at almost point-blank range. The 22nd Michigan, the first Reserve Corps regiment to come under enemy fire, suffered about 100 casualties in its first two minutes of battle. Every officer in the 115th Illinois was hit, and Colonel Kinman’s death premonition became a reality during the regiment’s first charge. The Confederates succeeded in pushing the first wave of Steedman’s troops off the crest.
While General Granger remained with Thomas at the Snodgrass cabin, General Steedman chose to lead from the front. As the series of savage engagements seesawed up and down the slopes, he observed the decimated 115th Illinois again falling back in apparent disorder. When Colonel Jesse Moore told the general that his regiment had no fight left, Steedman told Moore he could go to the rear in disgrace if he wanted to. Then Steedman grabbed the regimental standard from the color bearer and ordered the stunned troops to follow him back to the top of the ridge. They did. There, after his horse was shot out from under him, Steedman continued to rally his troops on foot.
The 96th Illinois was also breaking in the face of determined attacks by Suggs’ Brigade, now reinforced by Colonel John Fulton’s Brigade of Tennesseeans. Lieutenant Colonel Clarke’s optimism about coming through the battle unscathed ended abruptly when a Minié ball hit him in the chest, knocking him off his horse and killing him.
But the timely arrival of Steedman’s 2nd Brigade under Colonel Mitchell pushed through the tattered remnants of the 96th and succeeded in extending the Union line beyond Fulton’s left flank. Mitchell formed his brigade into a double line in dense woods and moved up the ridge.
The Confederates, fearing enfilading fire from Mitchell’s regiments and Battery M of the 1st Illinois Light Artillery, fell back toward the protection of their own batteries. An eerie silence enveloped Horseshoe Ridge about 2:45 p.m.
Just a few minutes earlier, Thomas and his beleaguered defenders had received a second contingent of unexpected but welcome reinforcements. Colonel Ferdinand Van Derveer had pulled his 1,200-man brigade out of the line above the now quiet Kelley field and, also without orders, marched his troops toward the sound of fighting. Thomas immediately ordered Van Derveer to relieve the tired remnants of Brig. Gen. John M. Brannon’s troops of the XIV Corps’ 3rd Division, who had been under a blazing sun and continuous gunfire since 1 p.m.
The sun was not bothering General Longstreet as he sat under a large shade tree, confidently following the Confederate offensive. A courier from General Bragg’s headquarters at Jay’s Mill cantered up, prompting Longstreet to ride to Bragg to report on the fight and ask for reinforcements from General Polk to hold the ground he had taken.
When Bragg turned down the request, Longstreet was dumbfounded. Bragg didn’t seem to comprehend how close the Confederates were to total victory. Nonetheless, Longstreet was determined to finish what he had started. “There was nothing for the left wing to do,” he wrote in his memoirs, “but work along as best it could.”
“Old Pete” may have been long on fight, but he was short on strategy. Two options other than directly assaulting Horseshoe Ridge were available to him. Either from ignorance or choice, he took neither of them.
During a reconnaissance before lunch, Longstreet came under fire from some Union pickets near the half-mile gap in the Union lines that worried Thomas. Longstreet practically rode right by it, and Maj. Gen. Alexander Stewart’s Division spent much of the afternoon ignorant of the fact that it was almost in front of it. At the very least, the presence of skirmishers there should have resulted in a reconnaissance in force to ascertain Union strength in the area.
The gap wasn’t plugged until Captain Charles Aleshire and his 18th Ohio Light Artillery limbered up and fled to the rear in the face of furious Confederate counterbattery fire. He took his guns back to the Snodgrass cabin, where Colonel James Thompson, Granger’s chief of artillery, promptly directed the battery to cover the potentially lethal break in the Union lines. Longstreet fully lost this window of opportunity late in the afternoon when the brigade of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen moved into the gap from its original position above the Kelley farm field. Longstreet also had the option of bypassing Horseshoe Ridge altogether and moving his brigades up the Dry Valley Road to the McFarland and Rossville gaps, thus cutting off Thomas’ retreat route to Chattanooga.
While Longstreet rode back from his disappointing meeting with Bragg, Bushrod Johnson decided to renew his assault on Horseshoe Ridge at about 3:30 p.m. In his official report, he correctly deduced “that this position on the extreme left was one of the utmost importance and might determine the fate of the day.”
From a deep gorge and a nearby hill, Deas and Manigault’s Alabama regiments again surged forward with Fulton’s Tennesseans. In reserve was Colonel David Coleman’s brigade of mostly Arkansas men. Johnson rode along the line himself to position the brigades before sending them off for another crack at Steedman’s severely battered regiments.
The two sides slaughtered each other for another 30 minutes before Deas’ Brigade broke and two regiments of Manigault’s Brigade, the 28th and 34th Alabama, refused to re-form and attack again. Coleman’s brigade almost crested the summit before it too was forced to retreat. By 4 p.m., Confederate soldiers not already dead or wounded withdrew under a curtain of canister fire from their artillery batteries to quench their thirst, redistribute ammunition and perhaps marvel that Providence had spared them.
Longstreet had one more hammer to hurl at Horseshoe Ridge, and about 4 p.m. he decided to throw it. General William Preston’s Division of about 4,000 men had seen limited action and, compared to the troops opposing them, were fresh and full of fight. But the Confederates were again bedeviled by poor command and control. Preston’s largest brigade, mostly Alabama men commanded by transplanted New Yorker Brig. Gen. Archibald Gracie Jr., moved out before the rest of the division was positioned. An angry General Preston realized he could do nothing but order in his other partly formed brigades.
Gracie attacked uphill across the Vittetoe Road in a single line of battle against the entrenched remnants of Harker’s brigade, some of the original defenders of Horseshoe Ridge. On a low slope of the ridge, Gracie’s line splintered. Some regiments halted while others advanced, but all suffered significant casualties. James Henry Haynie’s memoir of the 19th Illinois recalled: “[T]hey come so swiftly that we can hardly count their volleying….Through the thick smoke suddenly we see a swarm of men in gray, not in battle-line, but an on-coming mass of soldiers bent on burying their bullets in resisting flesh.” Gradually the Union defenders fell back, but Gracie’s bloodied regiments were too low on ammunition to press home their attack.
Johnson, however, was still determined to seize the ridges on which so much blood had been spilled. About 4:30 p.m. he ordered a third assault by the splintered brigades of Fulton, Suggs and Manigault, now numbering only about 800 men. Most of the Union defenders were almost out of ammunition, and John Batchelor of the 78th Illinois later confided in his diary, “We were fighting Indian fashion—every one doing the best he could under the circumstances, without regard to tactics or alignment.”
Yet another hour of savage fighting would finally force the Reserve Corps to withdraw. Steedman’s regiments were hopelessly intermixed, and since the Reserve Corps had no stretcher-bearers, many able-bodied men helped wounded comrades to safety, never to return to the line.
The redoubtable Battery M of the 1st Illinois Light Artillery covered the withdrawal with volleys of double-shotted canister. According to the unit’s official history: “Our fire was reserved until they were so close as to be able to recognize an acquaintance, had there been one there, when our battery opened on them at short range, throwing them into disorder….We then fell back to a high hill a short distance to the rear.” Before it pulled all six of its guns off the field sometime after 6 p.m., Battery M had poured out 360 rounds of canister and 276 of spherical case.
By 6 p.m., 23-year-old Colonel John Kelley and his motley collection of Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina and Virginia men, now reinforced by Colonel Robert C. Trigg’s small brigade of three Florida regiments plus the 54th Virginia, began to secure a foothold on the lower slopes of Horseshoe Ridge. But General Thomas had decided to abandon it.
While Johnson was urging his weary soldiers to summon their courage once more, Rosecrans’ chief of staff, Brig. Gen. James Garfield, after riding through Dan McCook’s skirmish line, arrived on the field. He made Thomas aware for the first time of the disaster that had befallen the rest of the Army of the Cumberland. Nearly one-third of the army had already fled the field northward to Chattanooga. A telegram from Rosecrans, then in Chattanooga, arrived between 4:30 and 5 p.m., ordering Thomas to assume command of all remaining forces and “take a strong position and assume a threatening attitude at Rossville.”
Thomas was not a man to countenance defeat. He had at first intended to hold his position and withdraw toward Chattanooga only under the cover of night—still several hours away. He began to organize the final phase of the Battle of Chickamauga, a fighting withdrawal in which the Reserve Corps would lose, perhaps unnecessarily, a large portion of two regiments.
With still two hours before dark, Thomas decided to begin withdrawing the divisions facing the Kelley farm field first. He sent Captain John D. Barker of the 1st Ohio Cavalry, the commander of his escort, with orders for General Reynolds to begin. Then Thomas turned over command of the forces on Horseshoe Ridge to Granger and rode off toward the La Fayette Road so he could personally position Reynolds’ division to cover the retirement of the rest of the army.
At about 7 p.m., with the only noise coming from the crackling of burning brush and leaves, the men of Trigg’s Brigade crept up yet another ridge toward the remnants of the 21st Ohio. Lieutenant Wilson Vance later wrote, “Wrapped in the fog, they looked like so many phantoms on a ghostly brigade drill, and it gave one a creepy sensation to look at them.” When challenged, the gray wraiths replied, “We’re Jeff Davis’ boys.” Thinking that their relief had finally arrived, since Jefferson C. Davis was a Union general, the beleaguered defenders rose up only to find their “benefactors” belonged to the 7th Florida. After six hours of continuous fighting, the valiant remnants of the 21st Ohio downed their muskets and surrendered. To their right, the men of the Reserve Corps’ 89th Ohio quickly followed the example of their Buckeye brethren.
On another ridge Lieutenant William Hamilton of the 22nd Michigan, the first Reserve Corps regiment to come under fire, was crouched behind his men. Out of the gloom came a heavy line of troops, and Williams would later write: “It was now so dark we could not distinguish the color of their uniforms. They marched towards us, guns at charge and when within two or three rods of us began to call on us to surrender.” Outnumbered and out of ammunition, “the men sprang to their feet and became prisoners.” The men of the 54th Virginia captured almost 250 of the Wolverines.
Misery had been the order of the day for the Union Army. The dead were left unburied, and many of the severely wounded lay under the stars, each man enduring his suffering and thirst alone. Charles Partridge wrote, “[T]he survivors still recall it as a hideous nightmare.”
It was not much better for the dazed and wounded survivors as they stumbled through the cold night, heading as best they could toward Rossville. Partridge remembered wounded horses carrying wounded men and “ammunition wagons were halted and filled with human wrecks…men were carried in blankets for miles…toiling on wearily through the hours, and along the road that was at once so strange and so long.”
Even though it missed the savage fighting on Horseshoe Ridge, McCook’s brigade achieved a historical footnote. Its men had been successfully keeping the Confederate cavalry occupied, perhaps preventing it from closing the McFarland and Rossville gaps. His men were the last Union forces to leave the field when they limbered up their guns and, at about 10 p.m., filed off the low ridge near the McDonald farm.
Chickamauga had lived up to its Indian name, “river of death.” The casualty lists for the Reserve Corps of the Army of the Cumberland reflect the ferocity of the fight. Granger and Steedman took 3,700 men to Horseshoe Ridge. In just over five hours of combat, they lost 16 officers and 200 enlisted men killed, 66 officers and 910 enlisted men wounded, and 35 officers and almost 600 enlisted men missing and captured.
As much as any battle in the Civil War, Chickamauga was a soldier’s battle. Charles Partridge said the men of the 96th Illinois were “lions while the battle lasted.” He easily could have been speaking about all the men of the Reserve Corps.
This article was written by Gordon Berg and published in the January 2007 issue of America’s Civil War magazine.For more great articles be sure to subscribe to America’s Civil War magazine today!
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Community-based conservation of village common forest in Rowangchari, Bandarban
With the goal of restoration and conservation of the community managed forest resources in the Bandarban hill district of Bangladesh, the organization Tahzingdong has been implementing this project supported by Arannayk Foundation of Bangladesh since 2009. The project covers 12,919.64 hectares of nine community conserved areas which are commonly called village common forests, and it includes more than 1000 indigenous forest dependent families. Tahzingdong has built two community houses as a part of institutional capacity building and installed two water supply technologies that capture more than 387,000 liter of clean water in a month from the forests using a gravitational flow system. This system decreased water scarcity and 70% of water borne diseases within the community. Moreover, the organization has been planting 28,545 seedlings in the community managed forests including bamboo, cane and endangered species (i.e. Podocarpus neriifolius, Mangifera sylvataca). 2,680 fruit seedlings in the homestead help to increase forest and biodiversity conservation, as well as to prevent soil erosion of the water bodies. 300 sets of improved cooking stoves and 20 sets of solar panels have been provided that contribute to a clean and green environment. As a result, 50% of household-based biomass and the resulting CO2 have been reduced in the villages and improved the women health condition as the improved cooking stoves emit less smoke. Alternative livelihood generating support initiatives (i.e. agriculture, livestock, small-scale business and nursery) have been started which increased the income of vulnerable communities.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan, China, and has since spread to nearly every country in the world. Initially, the lack of available treatments and tests for the disease forced many countries to enact costly and restrictive measures to prevent the rapid transmission of the disease. These included mandatory face masks, social distancing laws, and even the introduction of full lockdowns/stay-at-home orders.
While mass vaccination programs in developed nations have helped curb the severity of the disease, threats remain from emerging variants, and developing nations have struggled to achieve the necessary nationwide vaccination levels to pass the herd immunity threshold. However, scientists continue to study the disease to help healthcare workers and patients. In an article published in Pathogens, researchers have reviewed the currently published data examining the potential molecular and clinical biomarkers of COVID-19 severity.
Changes in cell populations have been often linked to disease severity, including changes such as lymphopenia, increases in neutrophil count/neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), higher levels of white blood cells (WBCs), and thrombocytopenia. Inflammatory markers found in the blood have also repeatedly been found to rise in cases that end with a worse outcome. In those that do not survive, it is typical to see high levels of D-dimer, PT, alanine transaminase (ALT), and quick reductions in the levels of fibrinogen, while elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, ESR, and PCT indicate that the patient is likely to progress to more severe disease.
The proportion of neutrophils in COVID-19 patients is another factor that can provide insight into the severity of COVID-19. Patients hospitalized with severe disease have higher levels of CD16low and CD16int than mild and moderate cases. Classical and immature monocytes such as CD14+ or CD14++CD16- are often seen in more severe cases, and higher proportions of CD1aCD14+ and other monocytes that express ALCAM are associated with patients that will suffer from an adverse reaction within 30 days.
Severe patients also tend to show decreased natural killer cell populations upon hospital admission - but there is a significant increase in natural killer cells activated. As expected with an inflammatory disease, elevated proportions of B cells are often seen in severe or critical disease patients.
Viral titers are normally higher in severe viral disease, and COVID-19 infection follows this pattern. Higher RNA loads are significantly higher in the plasma of patients that do not survive compared to other patients, with non-survivors averaging around 1,587copies/mL of the N1 region and 2,798 copies/mL of the N2 region, while survivors showed viral loads of 574 copies/mL and 523 copies/mL, respectively. Other studies found that genes encoding the regions of IgA1, IgA2, IgG1, and IgG2 were upregulated in plasma B cells in severe patients.
COVID-19 patients who need admission to the ICU show different gene expression levels compared to milder cases, specifically showing upregulation of ELANE, OLFM4, MPO, RETN, ARG1, CD177, S100A12. Many of these are associated with granulocytes or granulocyte activation. Further investigation of the granulocyte transcriptome in the day following hospitalization revealed upregulation of genes encoding matrix metallopeptidase 9/25 in neutrophils and macrophages - associated in severe patients with leukocyte migration to inflamed sites. CD15, S100A8/9, PADI4, NLRC4, MMP8, and MMP9 were also upregulated.
Gene ontology analysis further revealed differentially expressed genes in the regulation of the inflammatory responses, as well as the cellular response to IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Both IL1Beta and IL-6 show overexpression in severe cases of COVID-19 compared to milder disease, while the anti-inflammatory IL-10 is downregulated. Other patients reporting severe disease show high levels of TNF-alpha and CXCL10 that can remain high for weeks following infection - the original researchers suggested that this could be at least partially responsible for the difficulty in concentration seen in many 'long-COVID' patients.
The authors highlight that while the standard biomarkers found in blood tests can continue to act as effective biomarkers for the severity of infection with COVID-19, many alternate candidates exist, including cell population subsets and transcriptomic signatures. The dynamic changes in biomarker levels could be very useful for healthcare workers and COVID-19 researchers and could help both identify possible drug targets as well as potentially help to triage cases if another serious epidemic breaks out.
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What are the symptoms caused by the Covid-19 virus, how does it spread, and should you call a doctor?
CREDIT: This is an edited version of an article that originally appeared on The Guardian
What is Covid-19?
It is caused by a member of the coronavirus family that has never been encountered before. Like other coronaviruses, it has transferred to humans from animals. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared it a pandemic – the worldwide spread of a new disease.
What are the symptoms this coronavirus causes?
According to the WHO the most common symptoms of Covid-19 are fever, tiredness and a dry cough; some patients may also have a runny nose, sore throat, nasal congestion,aches and pains or diarrhoea. About 80% of people who get Covid-19 experience a mild case only – about as serious as a regular cold – and recover without needing any special treatment.
About one-in-six people, the WHO says, become seriously ill. The elderly, and people with underlying medical problems such as high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes, or chronic respiratory conditions, are at a greater risk of serious illness from Covid-19.
In the UK, the NHS identifies the specific symptoms you should look for as either:
- a high temperature – you feel hot to the touch on your chest or back
- a new continuous cough – this means you’ve started coughing repeatedly
As this is viral pneumonia, antibiotics are of no use; the antiviral drugs we use against ‘flu will not work, and there is currently no vaccine so, recovery depends on the strength of each person’s immune system.
Should I go to the doctor if I have a temperature or a cough?
No. NHS advice is now that anyone with symptoms should stay at home for at least seven days. If the person with symptoms lives with other people, they should stay at home for at least 14 days, to avoid spreading the infection outside the home. This applies to everyone, regardless of whether they have travelled abroad.
If you get worse, or your symptoms last longer than seven days, you should call NHS 111. People will no longer be tested for the virus unless they are in hospital. You should look on the dedicated coronavirus NHS 111 website for information and you can check with your local authorities for the latest advice on seeking medical assistance.
Why is this worse than normal influenza, and how worried are the experts?
We don’t yet know how dangerous the new coronavirus is, and we won’t know until more data comes in, but estimates of the mortality rate have ranged from well below one per cent in the young to over three per cent among those who are elderly or have underlying health conditions. Seasonal ‘flu, typically, has a mortality rate below one per cent and is thought to cause about 400,000 deaths each year globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which broke out in 2002, had a death rate of more than 10%.
Another key unknown is how contagious the coronavirus is. A crucial difference is that, unlike ‘flu, there is no vaccine for the new coronavirus meaning it is more difficult for vulnerable members of the population – elderly people or those with existing respiratory or immune problems – to protect themselves. Hand-washing, thoroughly and often, for everybody, and avoiding other people if you feel unwell, are both important.
Have there been other coronaviruses?
SARS and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) are both caused by coronaviruses which came from animals. In 2002 SARS spread, virtually unchecked, to 37 countries, causing global panic, infecting more than 8,000 people and killing more than 750. MERS appears to be less easily passed from human-to-human, but is more lethal, killing 35% of the approximately 2,500 people who have been infected.
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The aim of the work was to identify the relationship between coping strategies and creativity in the student. Research methods: 1) "Indicator of strategies for overcoming stress" by D. Amirkhan 2) "Diagnostics of personal creativity" by E.E. Tunik Relevance: As students, we are faced with an independent and separate life from our parents. In order to avoid negative consequences, it is important to be able to organize your activities, take responsibility for yourself, and implement your decisions in life. Conclusions: Empirical research is used to evaluate the choice of coping strategies and the influence of verbal and nonverbal creativity on it. Considering coping behavior, the role of creativity and its attribution to the resources of the individual in stressful situations is analyzed.
|投稿的翻译标题||CREATIVITY AS A FACTOR OF COPING WITH STRESS|
|期刊||International Journal of Medicine and Psychology|
|州||Published - 2021|
- 15.00.00 PSYCHOLOGY
Level of Research Output
- VAK List
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| 0.874598 | 306 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Pilobolus The Hat Thrower
The sporangia grow overnight on animal dung. They are mature by early morning. The light strikes the swollen vesicle and the curvature acts like a convex lens and the light is refracted and falls on a photosensitive zone (red) at the apex of the sporangiophore just below the vesicle (yellow). Growth of the sporangiophore takes place just below the light sensitive zone on the side that receives the light signal and the sporangiophore bends towards the source of incident light (rising sun). Growth will continue until the light signal is equalized around the light sensit ve zone and the sporangiophore is facing the light source (approximately 45 degrees dependent on latitude and time!). At the same time, turgor pressure builds up in the vesicle. There is a line of weakness between the apex of the vesicle and the cap (sporangium). When the osmotic pressure of the vesicle exceeds the resistence of this line of weakness, the cap is shot off violently for a distance of up to six feet. It is shot off in a squirt of protoplasm and sticks to grass blades at some distance from the animal dung and persists on the blade until eaten by a browsing herbivore. The sporangium breaks down during the digestive process and spores are released into the gut and eventually defecated to renew the cycle.
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| 0.923087 | 303 | 3.625 | 4 |
One Man, Two Worlds
Historic Cannery Row
Doc, the legend
John Steinbeck used his close friend and collaborator, Edward Ricketts, as a model for the famous fictional character Doc. In the novels Cannery Row and Sweet Thursday, set in the 1930s and 1940s, the kindly Doc is a gentle, insightful and observant philosopher-scientist who lives and works on the street that has become the world-famous Cannery Row.
Ed Ricketts, the scientist
Ed Ricketts was a serious and dedicated scientist. He researched the tide pools of the West Coast from Canada to Mexico, studying the interrelationships of marine species, and worked to develop an ecological philosophy of life. His book Between Pacific Tides, a pioneering sturdy of intertidal communities originally published in 1939, continues to be used by students of marine biology.
The Edward Ricketts Memorial
A monument to Ed Ricketts stands near Cannery Row, at the intersection of Drake Avenue and Wave Street. There, on the evening of May 8, 1948, while driving across the railroad tracks, Ricketts was struck by a train. He was nearly 51. Devastated by his friend’s death, Steinbeck wrote, “There
Topics. This historical marker is listed in this topic list: Science & Medicine. A significant historical date for this entry is May 8, 1917.
Location. 36° 37.026′ N, 121° 54.079′ W. Marker is in Monterey, California, in Monterey County. Marker is on Cannery Row near Bruce Aris Way (Irving Avenue). Touch for map. Marker is at or near this postal address: 799 Cannery Row, Monterey CA 93940, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. The Real “Docs” (here, next to this marker); A Day in the Canneries (a few steps from this marker); The Spanish Community (a few steps from this marker); The Japanese Community (a few steps from this marker); Ed Ricketts’s Backyard (within shouting distance of this marker); The Filipino Community (within shouting distance of this marker); Science (within shouting distance of this marker); Jone Quock Mui (within shouting distance of this marker). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Monterey.
Related markers. Click here for a list of markers that are related to this marker. To better understand the relationship, study each marker in the order shown.
Credits. This page was last revised on August 11, 2018. It was originally submitted on May 7, 2012, by Barry Swackhamer of Brentwood, California. This page has been viewed 647 times since then and 28 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on May 7, 2012, by Barry Swackhamer of Brentwood, California. • Bill Pfingsten was the editor who published this page.
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| 0.947586 | 627 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Where does unfading green roofing slate come from?
Natural roofing slate formed 400 million to 550 million years ago, is a microcrystalline, fine grained metamorphic rock. The color of slate comes from the region’s mineral and chemical composition. The main minerals are quartz/silica, white mica, black mica, chlorite, hematite and carbonates. Chlorite produces green slates. In North America green slate comes from Vermont, New York and Newfoundland. The shades of green will vary depending on the quarry and region. The color/shade may also change as the producer encounters different color layers in the quarry. In Vermont and New York their unfading green slates range from bright green to gray/green tones. In Newfoundland the slates range from blue/green, gray/green or olive to light grey.
Unfading Green slates are one of the most popular roofing slates. They can be used alone or as one of the blended colors used on a multicolored roof or slate pattern. When architects specify a color, they should understand that producers and distributors may have a trade name for the slate. Typically, an “unfading” slate will be slightly more expensive than a “weathering” slate.
Once you’ve narrowed down your slate color, ask for samples showing the color range to expect in a pallet so there are no surprises when the material arrives at the jobsite. Once you’ve received your slate pallets, an experienced slate roofer will blend and sort the pieces from the various pallets to avoid blotches on the roof.
Back in 1996 we supplied 340 squares of the Newfoundland Slate Trinity Green (16” x 8” x ¼”) for the Magna International headquarters in Aurora, Ontario, Canada. The owner, Frank Stronach, designed the building to mirror its European offices in a 400-year-old castle near Vienna. This gorgeous chateau style building is 70,000 square feet!
For more information on our slate colors, please call our sales office at Toll Free 1-800-975-2835.
Sheena Owen began working for North Country Slate on October 12, 1999. As the Sales Coordinator, Sheena’s day to day duties include providing customer service, new business development, inside sales, handling all cross-border customs issues/documentation, arranging shipments, health and safety representation and social media marketing.
Sheena graduated from the University of Guelph in 1992 with a BA in English and Drama and in 1995 graduated with a Diploma in Radio and Television Broadcasting from Centennial College. Sheena’s first job was the Producer’s Assistant for TV shows including Robocop, F/X The Series and Nikita. She went on to becoming an Assistant Manager at Eddie Bauer. In her spare time, Sheena enjoys traveling, gardening, volunteering at her local soccer club and cheering on her kids at their sporting events.
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Saltiness of Manatee Habitats Changes with the Seasons
dry season, the saltiness or "salinity" of coastal and inshore
habitat waters rises because there is less rainfall and thus less fresh
water flowing from the canal and riverine systems. Because manatees are
mammals and need to seek out fresh water to drink, the high level of salinity
in the habitat waters can affect manatee movement patterns.
Wondering how this calf can find freshwater in the ocean?
In a similar situation, the inland rivers and creeks discharge fresh water into the coastal bays. During the dry season the flow is minimal so the salinity of the coastal bays is quite high. Therefore, manatees have to travel further up the rivers and creeks to get sufficient fresh water.
As the rainy or wet season approaches, the salinities will decrease because more fresh water enters these systems and dilutes the salinity with fresh water. When we are well into the wet season we rarely see the manatees go all the way into POI to drink because the water is often fresh enough at the southern end of Faka Union Canal. Likewise, we see fewer manatees traveling far up into the rivers and creeks because the water becomes fresh enough for them to drink near the mouths of the rivers.
Do You Define and Measure Salinity?
During the dry season we will typically see the manatees make a journey toward fresh water about once a week. During the wet season we see more extended periods of time using the outer islands areas with short trips to river mouths, mouth of Faka Union canal or the canals of Marco Island about once every 1-2 weeks.
Another interesting note is that manatees can actually sip the fresh water off the surface after a good rain that may let them stay in the salt water for a longer period of time.
2004 Journey North. All Rights Reserved.
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| 0.925762 | 406 | 3.75 | 4 |
Easy-to-follow video tutorials help you learn software, creative, and business skills.Become a member
As I mentioned earlier, for most of the exercises in this course I want you to be shooting in black and white. Now if you've never worked in black and white before, that may sound like a rather odd choice. But when you're shooting black and white, you reduce the world to tone and line and form, and that can make composition much easier. To be honest, color can be hard, as it adds an entire extra layer of information to your image, both in terms of composition and overall feel. By removing color from the equation, we strip composition down to its most fundamental, most essential components.
You can learn everything you need to know about shooting and processing black and white images in my course Foundations of Photography: Black & White. Whether you have seen that course or not, let me reiterate a couple of essential black-and-white concepts. First, there is no objective relationship between any particular color and any particular shade of gray. In other words, a blue sky can be represented with any shade of gray, from dark to light. This is a big part of the creative power of black-and-white shooting.
Because you can determine which shade of gray a particular color is, you can play different tonal values against each other in a way that you can't do when you're shooting color. This opens up a whole new set of additional compositional options. You don't have to be able to imagine the world in black and white or see the scene you are shooting in your mind's eye in perfect grayscale. You simply need to learn how to recognize tonal relationships that will make good black-and-white images. When you start taking note of these things, you'll probably start seeing new types of compositional potential, as you recognize the ability to play one tone off of another.
Finally, if your camera has a special black-and-white mode or a black-and-white picture style or a black-and-white picture control, do not use it. The ability to control the conversion from color to grayscale is one of the most important aspects of black-and-white shooting. If you hand that control over to the camera, you're giving up one of your most important creative powers. So instead of using those features, shoot in color and do the conversion yourself in your image editor. There's nothing tricky about working in black and white; in fact, once you start seeing the composition potential and freedom of working in black and white, you might find that you want to start working that way far more often.
Get unlimited access to all courses for just $25/month.Become a member
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Access exercise files from a button right under the course name.
Search within course videos and transcripts, and jump right to the results.
Remove icons showing you already watched videos if you want to start over.
Make the video wide, narrow, full-screen, or pop the player out of the page into its own window.
Click on text in the transcript to jump to that spot in the video. As the video plays, the relevant spot in the transcript will be highlighted.
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| 0.930965 | 709 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Ay.. Onga pala.. Magse-share lang ako ng Korean Proverbs.. Kaya ako napadaan uli.. Sa mga interesado po dyan.. Basa lang kayo dito :)
AUTHOR: AH-MI CHO
The definition of proverbs:
In the 12th centrury Mathieu de Vendome wrote that "a proverb is a popular phrase, accredited by custom, accepted by the general opinion, expressing a truth that has been proved genuine."(quoted by Bautier 1984)
Some examples of definitions:
-" A proverb is a short sentence of wisdom." (quoted by Mieder 1989. p.15)
- " A proverb is a stand statement of moral and colloquial imperatives in fixed metaphorical paradigmatic form, it deals with fundamental logical relationships." (Barley 1972 p. 741)
- " A proverb is a general statement or judgement, explaining, classifying or assessing a situation. (Harald burger, quoted by W. Mieder 1977.p2)
- "Proverbs are popular fixed senteces expressing a rule of conduct or wisdom in a vivid, short form." (Röhrich-Mieder 1977. P. 2)
- "Proverbs are short, generally known sentences of the folk that contain wisdom, truths, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed and memorizable form and that are handed down orally from generation to generation." Mieder 1996. P.597)
Background information on Korean Proverbs:
Korean proverbs are direct reflections of wisdom, morals, and customs of Koreans. Even though some of the proverbs are handed down for hundreds years, morals and values are still intact in modern Korean life. The following proverbs are examples that teach us important issues in everyday life and appropriate behaviors that are required in Korean society.
Notes: The following proverbs are presented in three different versions:
1. In Korean with English transcripts;
2. Literal translation;
3. Meaning of each proverb.
Proverbs from everyday life:
1. 소 잃고 외양간 고친다.(So ilko oeyangkan kochinda.)
After losing a cow, one repairs the barn.
Meaning: Do not regret a mistake after it is already made, one should try to protect oneself before encountering misfortunes.
* Most of the low middle income families in the coundtry owned a "Soh" and "oeyangkan" in the olden days.
2. 등잔 밑이 어둡다. (Deung-jan Mitt-I Udup-da.)
Underneath the lampbase is dark.
Meaning: We often do not know what is going on right in front of us. It is a kind of warning to keep an eye on your own business and to take care of the matters close to you first.
*"Deungjan" is a oil lamp that Koreans used in the past.
3. 낫 놓고 기역자도 모른다. (Nat nokko kiyuk-ja do morun-da.)
One doesn’t know the "ㄱ(a Korean alphabet) “ even when looking at a sickle.
Meaning: This proverb is used to refer to a person who is ignorant.
* "Nat" is a tool that everybody owned and "kiyuk" is the first letter of Korean alphabet.
4. 서당개 삼 년에 풍월 읊는다. (Suhdang-kae Samnyune Pungwol eulupn-da)
A dog raised at Sodang for three years, can chant Chinese lessons.
Meaning: A person is highly influenced by the atmosphere he is in.
* "Suhdang" was a private school where the children of aristocracy and well-to-do families learned Chinese characters and chanted Chinese syllables according to the instruction of a teacher.
5. 빈 수레가 요란하다. (Bin Soo-re-ka yoranhada.)
An empty cart rattles loudly.
Meaning: Similar to the English proverb: “ His bark is worse than his bite.”
This proverb suggests that those who know the least are often the most talkative.
* "Soo-re" is the cart that farmers used to haul.
6. 시작이 반이다. (Sijaki banida.)
Starting is half the task.
Meaning: Koreans often use this proverb to express optimism about finishing something successfully.
7. 남의 떡이 더 커 보인다. (Nameu-Dduki duh kuh bo-in-da)
Someone else's rice cake looks always bigger.
Meaning: This proverb expresses greed.
* "Dduk" is the Korean rice cake that Koreans make on every holidays and festivities. There are numerous different kinds of rice cakes.
8. 아는 길도 물어가라. (Anun kil-do mul-u kara.)
Even if you know the way, ask one more time.
Meaning: It would be wise to ask and make sure before you take action.
9. 하늘의 별 따기. (Haneul-e Byul Ttaki.)
Catch a star in the sky.
Meaning: It is very hard or impossible to get. This proverb is often used to describe something that is difficult to obtain.
10. 티끌모아 태산. (Tikkul moa tae-san.)
One can build a mountain by collecting specks of dust.
Meaning: Since you can build a mountain by collecting dust, even if it might take a long time, if you work hard, you might be able to obtain your goal.
Proverbs of wisdoms and lessons in socially appropriate behaviors.
1. 가는 말이 고아야, 오는 말이 곱다. (Kanun mali koaya onun mali kopda.)
If you talk nice to other people, they also will talk nicely to you.
Meaning: Treat people with respect and they will treat you equally respectful.
2. 낮 말은 새가 듣고 밤 말은 쥐가 듣는다. (Natmal eun Saeka tutko, bammal eun jeuka tut nunda.)
The words you speak during the day are heard by birds, and the words you speak at night are heard by mice.
Meaning: Always be careful of what you say because you never know who is listening to you
3. 발 없는 말이 천리 길 간다. (Balupnun
Even words without feet travel thousand miles.
Meaning: Same as above. Rumors spread quickly, so be careful of the things you say.
4. 말 한마디로 천냥 빚 갚는다. (Mal hanmadiro chun-rang bit kapneunda.)
One word can repay a thousand nyang (old Korean currency) debt.
Meaning: Even if you are in trouble, you can get out of it, if you were sincere and eloquent.
5. 곡식은 익을수록 머리를 숙인다. (Koksikeun ikeulsoorok muhrilul sookinda.)
wheat hangs its head deeper as it ripens.
Meaning: People who are mature and wise are more humble. This proverb is used to discourage any hasty decision or immature behavior.
6. 하늘이 무너져도 솟아날 구멍이 있다. (Haneuli moonuhjuhdo sohtanal kumungi itda.)
Even if the sky falls on you, there is a hole from which you can escape.
Meaning: In even the most desperate situation, there is still hope.
7. 바늘도둑이 소도둑이 된다. (Baneul doduki Sohdoduki doehnda.)
A needle thief becomes a cow thief (later).
Meaning: All bad habit begins with small mistakes like "a stealing a needle", therefore, one should be careful or be aware of the consequences of small mistakes.
Proverbs including "Korean tiger"
Background information about the importance of the tiger figure in Korean proverbs and folk tales:
Tigers have a special place in Korean culture.
Koreans think of tigers as courageous, fearless, majestic and royal animals. To this day, many Korean parents give male children’s names with the syllable "Ho (=tiger)". In the past, Koreans decorated their front gates with either picture of tigers or the letter “Ho” and covered the top of a bride’s carriage with the tiger blanket, in order to protect newly weds from evil spirits. Women wore a decorative brooch with tiger claws to protect themselves from bad spirits. The generals and rich patriarchs used to sit on pillows embroidered with tiger images. Tigers are associated with the power and courage.
1. 호랑이도 제 말 하면 온다. (Horang-ido jemal hamyun onda.)
If you talk about the tiger, the tiger will appear.
Meaning: "Speak of the devil." This proverb is used to express an unexpected coincidence.
2. 호랑이 굴에 가야 호랑이를 잡는다. (Horang-i gool-e kaja horang-ilul japneunda.)
If you want catch a tiger, you have to go to the tiger’s cave.
Meaning: If you want achieve a goal, you have to go to the source, work hard and overcome difficulties.
3. 호랑이에게 물려가도 정신만 차리면 산다. (Horang-ieke japhyudo jungsinman charimyun sanda.)
Even if you are caught by a tiger, you will survive if you keep your cool.
Meaning: Even facing the most dangerous situation or difficulty, one can survive if he keeps his composure and does not lose his cool.
This proverb teaches people to be courageous and not to despair even in the most desperate situations.
4. 호랑이 담배 피던 시절 (Horang-i dambae pidun sijul.)
A time when tigers smoked cigarettes.
Meaning: This proverb refers to a time gone by. It is used to express that is very outdated.
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El Ninos are a weather and climate phenomenon that meteorologists and climatologists are finally beginning to understand. Warmer water in the Pacific shifts wind patterns, which shifts storm tracks, which shifts rainfall inundating some places while leaving others in drought. The current El Nino has the potential to break the record for intensity and should last into 2016. The key driver is increasing water temperatures. Frequently, an El Nino would arise from more equatorial heating, but this El Nino is also happening in the presence of a new phenomenon (the Pacific Blob, an enormous warm water patch in higher latitudes) and general global climate change. The upsets in patterns are significant enough that;
“If this lines up to its potential, this thing can bring a lot of floods, mudslides and mayhem,” – NASA Climatologist
Whether this is heading to a new normal or is just a big blip, the phenomenon will affect weather throughout the world, not just in the Pacific.
(Click on the photo for the link.)
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Download and print our worksheet which will help your child learn the letters P B M W.
Simply draw the line to match the sounds with the correct things.
Ask your child if they can remember the letters (p, b, m, w). If they remember, write the letters on a board or paper as they call them out.
If they can’t remember, write the letter on a board or paper, then say the alphabet and stop before each of the other letters so your child can call the letter out each time (i.e. stop at o and wait for your child to call out p; stop at l and wait for them to call out m, etc.). Each time, write the letter on the board/paper.
Point to the letters on the board/paper one at a time. Each time, say the letter as it is in the alphabet, then pronounce it with its sound (e.g. say P as it is said in the alphabet, then say p as it is said in parrot). Ask the children to repeat the sounds after you each time.
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Inspection Report III
a Model for
|In the spirit of "the Red Headed League", I have copied
the following statement from the Encyclopaedia Britannica; "The character
of Holmes…partly derives from a teacher at Edinburgh noted for his deductive
reasoning" [The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan,
(15th ed. 1978)]
Specifically, as stated in Conan Doyle, Portrait of an Artist, by Julian Symons (The Mysterious Press 1979) at pages 19,20;
"Conan Doyle always said the model for these deductive skills was Dr. Joseph Bell, surgeon at Edinburgh Infirmary, and one of the professors at Edinburgh University when Conan Doyle was a medical student, In appearance Bell was thin and dark, with piercing gray eyes and a narrow aquiline nose, so that he had some resemblance to the imaged Sherlock Holmes. [Doyle] used the Bell deductive approach when he began to write the stories. Dr. Bell modestly said that Conan Doyle had exaggerated his powers"
Consistent with the above is Conan Doyle, A Biographical
Solution, by Ronald Pearsall (St. Martin’s Press 1977) at pages 10,56,
where it is stated " Joseph Bell, surgeon at the Edinburgh Infirmary, was
transmuted into Sherlock Holmes. Bell considered that Doyle’s medical education
had taught him to be observant" Moreover, the following may be found in
an article entitled The Man Who Hated Sherlock Holmes, The Life of Arthur
Conan Doyle: "[Doyle] then went on to
Finally, the following account of Dr. Bell is set forth in an essay entitled " The Original of Sherlock Holmes" by Dr. Harold Emery Jones:
"All Edinburgh medical students remember Joseph Bell
– Joe Bell – as they called him. Always alert, always up and doing, nothing
ever escaped that keen eye of his. He read both patients and students like
so many open books. His diagnosis was almost never at fault.
Here he dipped his finger in the liquid, and placed
it in his mouth. The tumbler was passed round. With wry and sour faces
the students followed the Professor’s lead. One after another tasted the
liquid; varied and amusing were the grimaces made. The tumbler, having
gone the round, was returned to the Professor.
These methods of Bell impressed Doyle greatly at the time. The impression was a lasting one. This essay was found in an old volume of selected works of Arthur Conan Doyle. See Conan Doyle’s Best Books – In Three Volumes Illustrated, B.F. Collier & Son, Publishers – Sherlock Holmes Ed. (__?__).
In summary, although Dr. Bell may not have been the only model for Sherlock Holmes, he seems to have been the primary one. Thanks to Dr. Bell, at least in part, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle made deduction and the power of perception central to the Sherlock Holmes stories.
Copyright 2000, Tom McQuain, All Rights Reserved
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To Float or Not to Float - Density
Students experiment floating a variety of objects in various liquids. They discover how density affects the ability of an object to float and apply the concept of density to solve problems.
7th - 9th Science 3 Views 22 Downloads
Changing the Density of a Liquid - Heating and Cooling
During a unit on density, pupils ponder whether or not temperature affects this property. By carefully inserting blue cold water and yellow hot water into a room-temperature sample, they will see the answer. Make sure to have done the...
3rd - 8th Science
Physics Skill and Practice Worksheets
Stop wasting energy searching for physics resources, this comprehensive collection of worksheets has you covered. Starting with introductions to the scientific method, dimensional analysis, and graphing data, these skills practice...
9th - Higher Ed Math CCSS: Adaptable
Changing the Density of an Object - Adding Material
In this sixth of seven activities revolving around the concept of density, physical science fans figure out if anything can be done to change the density of an object. Demonstrate by placing a can of regular and a can of diet soda into a...
3rd - 8th Science
New Review The Buoyancy Challenge!
Check out a lesson plan that starts with force of gravity and moves through the concepts of mass, weight, volume, and density. Learners calculate density, test the buoyancy of objects, and then demonstrate understanding by altering the...
7th - 9th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Accelerate young physicists' learning with this collection of problem-solving worksheets. Starting off by teaching students to identify the given information and variables in physics problems, this resource goes on to challenge them with...
9th - Higher Ed Science CCSS: Adaptable
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Fortunately, most people who are lactose deficient don't have to completely cut dairy foods from their diets. In fact, it's been estimated that about 80 percent of people with lactose intolerance are still able to drink enough milk for good nutrition.
Just how diligent you must be in avoiding lactose depends entirely on how sensitive you are. Below are a few home remedies that may help you minimize your lactose intolerant symptoms.
Consider lactase products. There are a number of different lactase products on the market to help the lactose intolerant continue to include milk or other dairy-based products in their diet. A lactase enzyme powder can be sprinkled or a few drops of the liquid form can be added to milk that will predigest the lactose for you. (Keep in mind, however, that you must add the drops 24 hours in advance of drinking the milk to give the drops time to work). Another option is ingesting a lactase tablet immediately after eating a dairy product.
Determine your level of lactose intolerance. The degree of intolerance differs with each person. The best way to assess your tolerance is first to get all lactose out of your system by avoiding all lactose-containing foods for three to four weeks. Then start with very small quantities of milk or cheese. Monitor your symptoms to see how much or how little dairy food you can handle without experiencing discomfort. Once you know your limits, management becomes a little easier.
Check the milk percentage. Fat slows the passage of lactose through your digestive system, giving your body more time to work on digesting it. So if you have trouble tolerating skim milk but don't want all the fat and calories from whole milk, try drinking one percent or two percent milk instead.
Stick with small servings. While you may not be able to tolerate an eight-ounce glass of milk all at once, you may have no discomfort from drinking a third of a cup in the morning, a third of a cup in the afternoon, and a third of a cup at night.
Don't eat dairy foods alone. If you eat some cheese or drink a little milk, plan to do so with a meal or a snack. Eating dairy on an empty stomach can worsen your symptoms.
Hidden sources of lactose. Lactose is used in a lot of processed foods where you might not expect to find it. To identify hidden sources of lactose, check the labels before you buy. You should also know that bread, cereals, pancakes, chocolate, soups, puddings, salad dressings, sherbet, instant cocoa mix, candies, frozen dinners, cookie mixes, and hot dogs may all contain lactose. While the amounts of lactose may be small, people with low tolerance levels can experience symptoms from them.
When perusing ingredient labels, it's not just milk that you have to watch for. Whey, curds, milk by-products, dry milk solids, nonfat dry milk powder, casein, galactose, skim milk powder, milk sugar, and whey protein concentrate are all words that indicate the presence of lactose.
If you absolutely cannot tolerate milk, read the next section for home remedies in the form of other food and drinks that are a good source of calcium.
For more information about remedies for stomach problems, try the following links:
This information is solely for informational purposes. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. Neither the Editors of Consumer Guide (R), Publications International, Ltd., the author nor publisher take responsibility for any possible consequences from any treatment, procedure, exercise, dietary modification, action or application of medication which results from reading or following the information contained in this information. The publication of this information does not constitute the practice of medicine, and this information does not replace the advice of your physician or other health care provider. Before undertaking any course of treatment, the reader must seek the advice of their physician or other health care provider.
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Purchase a reproduction of this item on VintageMaineImages.com.
Major General Arnold, wounded Dec. 31, 1775 at the attack of Quebec. Benedict Arnold was one of the American Generals fighting the British during the American Revolution, 1775-1783. He led an expedition to Quebec, where he was wounded. There are no contemporary portraits of Benedict Arnold, though artists' imaginative renderings are available, such as this one.
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Fun and Educational Nursery Rhymes
Study after study has shown the positive effects of music education on cognitive development.
When you look at children ages two to nine, one of the breakthroughs in that area is music’s benefit for language development.
Music is a natural vehicle for language acquisition. It’s easy to remember new words when they’re set to music and paired in rhymes.
Math & Logic
Researchers have established a connection between early childhood music experiences and the development of foundational mathematical skills and thought processes.
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|EUROPA: Research Information Centre
Last Update: 2013-01-08 Source: Research Headlines
|View this page online at: http://ec.europa.eu/research/infocentre/article_en.cfm?id=/research/headlines/news/article_13_01_08_en.html&item=Infocentre&artid=28914|
Raising awareness of the bioeconomy
The bioeconomy concept is rapidly growing in importance on a global scale. It embraces the sustainable use of biological resources from the land and sea, as well as waste, as inputs to food and feed, industrial and energy production, and also covers the use of bio-based processes inindustry. This is vital as we continue to consume the Earth's resources, many of which are not renewable, at an accelerating rate.. The bioeconomy is already a reality. For example, bio-fuels (ethanol and diesel), are being made directly from agricultural crops, and even bio-waste has the potential to become an alternative to chemical fertilizers or to generate bio-energy, which could meet 2 % of the EU renewable energy target. Indeed Europe is leading the way in various fields of biosciences and technologies but international competitors are catching up.
The European Commission set out the challenge and opportunity in a Communication launched last year, "Innovating for Sustainable Growth: a Bioeconomy for Europe". This set the goal of moving to a low-emissions economy, integrating demands for sustainable agriculture and fisheries, food security, and the sustainable use of renewable biological resources for industrial purposes, while ensuring biodiversity and environmental protection.
The overall aim is to move the European economy towards greater and more sustainable use of renewable resources, building on research, innovation and investment. Anticipation and upgrading of knowledge and skills and better matching of skills and jobs are key to the success of the bioeconomy strategy in delivering growth and new employment opportunities in Europe.
Already the EU bioeconomy has a turnover of nearly EUR 2 trillion and employs more than 22 million people, accounting for 9 % of total employment in the EU. But action will be needed to support its growth.
A bigger bioeconomy will require policy makers at national and EU levels to be prepared with the knowledge and skills necessary to develop and adapt policies to support its expansion. To date, very few such opportunities exist. An expanding bioeconomy will also require communication skills to effectively discuss the nuanced complexities of modern bioeconomy with the public and to engage civil society.
Investment, research, innovation and skills are seen as key areas of focus to ensure growth and further integration of the bioeconomy sectors. In addition implementing multidisciplinary education programmes, encouraging mobility, and organising the development of new bioeconomy curriculum in universities and providing new training opportunities for those in high but also low skilled jobs.
With this mind, a conference "New skills for a European Bioeconomy" was hosted recently by the European Commission. The conference brought together bioeconomy and education and training stakeholders to discuss the role of skills development in driving and facilitating the growth of the bioeconomy and seizing the employment opportunities that this implies. The conference discussed the new skills needed for academia, industry and primary producers; the pathways for their acquisition; as well as how those new skills, competences and capacities could be optimally put to work to drive change and develop new models for the future of the bioeconomy sectors.
The conclusions will be presented at a bioeconomy stakeholder conference, planned to take place in Dublin on 14-15th February 2013. The debates of the conference are expected to provide useful inputs for future activities under the EU's next research funding programme, Horizon 2020.
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The Langley full-scale wind tunnel, which dated back to the 1931 biplane era, would seem to be an unlikely candidate for new aerospace assignments. But its cavernous 30 x 60-foot test section and relatively low air velocities made it ideal for testing models of more modern aircraft in actual free flight, particularly stall characteristics.
The free-flight test arrangement was simple. A carefully balanced, lightweight model was actually flown in the tunnel. Of course, it remained stationary to observers but its forward speed was effectively that of the wind tunnel air. Operating propellers produced thrust or, for jets, a jet of high-pressure air supplied through a slack hose sufficed. Three pilots, one each for pitch, roll, and yaw control, sent signals through a slack power and control cable. By carefully observing the model's behavior under different conditions of flight, observers could spot weak points in the design
before the aircraft was too far into the extremely expensive development cycle. For example, poor stall performance might cause the model to roll violently and possibly enter a spin. It was much better for this to happen with the model than a piloted full-scale prototype. In a similar fashion, model testing of VTOL aircraft during the critical transition from hovering to cruising flight ironed out design deficiencies cheaply and safely. The piloting of VTOL craft was in fact so tricky that when full-scale versions were ready for prototype flight tests, one test pilot first "flew" the aircraft model in the full-scale tunnel to get a feel for the response of the aircraft to the controls during the critical transition from hovering to forward flight.
A second and unusual tunnel that NASA inherited was designed to explore the formidable and poorly understood area of aeroelasticity. Modern aircraft, especially wings, are obviously elastic. Jet transport wings droop toward the ground during taxiing; of...
...course, the wing droopiness disappears in normal flight because of the lift forces. But what happens to these flexible wings as the aircraft accelerates to high speeds? Will the wings start oscillating and be torn apart? Transonic aerodynamics further complicated an already complex aeroelastic problem-there was no clear answer to this question. Aircraft designers needed definitive wind tunnel tests to assure them that their thin-winged aircraft would not experience flutter under any anticipated flight conditions.
Flutter had been recognized as a problem for many years, but research was limited largely to the study of aircraft components. It was the Boeing Company, during the development of the radical swept-wing B-47 in the late 1940s, that first recognized the need to test dynamically and elastically scaled models of the complete aircraft. The model could not be rigidly supported as in the past; it had to have the freedom to move as a free body in response to the applied loads. This represented a formidable task for the wind tunnel designer.
In 1954 NACA began the difficult task of converting the Langley 19-Foot Pressure Tunnel for dynamic testing of aircraft structures. The old circular test section was reduced to 16 x 16 feet, and slotted walls were added for transonic operation. A new 20 000-hp electric drive motor was installed; the tunnel designers knew that it would not come close to the desired speed of Mach 1.2 at required pressure levels. But they had an ace in the hole. They simply substituted freon for air. Freon, a fluorocarbon widely used in refrigerators, transmits sound at only half the velocity as air. A given Mach number and dynamic pressure could be attained with about one-half the power needed for an air-filled tunnel. Reynolds numbers also increased with freon-and that was advantageous. So, too, was the duplication of a key flutter parameter, Froudes number, which is used when gravity terms are involved in the equations.
In addition to the energy-efficient use of freon to make a slow tunnel appear faster (a concept borrowed from the Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel of the 1940s) the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel was provided with special oscillator vanes upstream of the test section to create controlled gusty air to simulate aircraft response to gusts. A new model support system was devised that freed the model so that it could pitch and plunge as the wings started oscillating in response to the fluctuating airstream.
Early in 1960, after 8 years of intensive design and calibration, the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, the world's first aeroelastic testing tunnel, was ready for its first occupant. Fate had already selected the model to be tested: the Lockheed Electra.
September 29, 1959, was warm and humid in Buffalo, Texas. At 11:07 p.m., Braniff Flight 542, an Electra turboprop, cruising lazily overhead, made a routine report. One minute later there was a blinding flash, a deafening roar, and the Electra crashed without survivors. Investigation of the accident revealed that the left wing had failed, leading to the general disintegration of the aircraft and a fire. There was no trace of metal fatigue-no inkling as to the cause of the catastrophe. The Electra was conservatively designed and had been thoroughly tested. It turned out not to be a fluke accident. On March 17, 1960, another Electra crashed at Tell City, Indiana. Its right wing was found 11000 feet from the crash site. It now seemed clear that violent flutter had torn the wings off the two craft. The critical question was, what had triggered the wing fluttering?
The new transonic dynamics tunnel had just been calibrated; a one-eighth scale model of the Electra, complete with rotating propellers, was quickly readied.....
....for testing. The elaborate Electra model could even simulate changing fuel loads and different enginemount structural characteristics. These properties had suddenly become important because a Lockheed engineer had suggested that the Electra had stimulated the catastrophic fluttering all by itself through the coupling of engine gyroscopic torques, propeller forces and moments, and the aerodynamic forces acting on the wings. The engineers had a term for it-propeller-whirl flutter.
Working with great urgency (130 Electras were still flying, though at reduced speeds), NASA, Lockheed, and Boeing personnel found first that the structural safety margins of the Electra far exceeded requirements. However, as they reduced the stiffness of the outboard engine mounts, the gyroscopic torques of the engine-propeller combination led to a wobbling motion with a frequency of 3 cycles per second. This frequency was identical to the natural flutter frequency of the wings. The catastrophic flutter stimulus had been found. The wrenching of the engine reinforced the wing oscillations until the wing fell off. The fatal resonance could build up and tear the plane apart in 30 seconds. No one could explain how the engine mounts might have been weakened-possibly during previous hard landings or violent storms-but the wind tunnel simulations fit the real accident situations perfectly. All the Electra engine mounts were strengthened and the aircraft has been operating successfully and safely ever since.
The Electra was not the only aircraft with flutter problems to be tested in the transonic dynamics tunnel. The original C-141 military transport encountered severe tail flutter. The F-15 fighter's horizontal tail also fluttered, and the F- 16 fighter with external wing pods in some positions produced wing flutter. Modern aircraft are designed to bend under loads- but not too far-and it is the role of the wind tunnel to assure that the Electra story is never repeated.
The transonic dynamics tunnel, however, could not simulate structural problems at supersonic speeds. At supersonic speeds, thermal heating changed the situation. For example, a wing slicing through the atmosphere at Mach 3 might experience temperatures of 500° to 600° F on the thin metallic wing surfaces due to aerodynamic heating, while the sheltered heavy wing spars might run at only 100° F. Theoretical analysis suggested a dangerous decrease in wing stiffness that might alter the dynamics of the whole aircraft. Something akin to the Electra situation might recur at Mach 3 because of this nonuniform heating. Thermal simulation at high Mach numbers required a different kind of wind tunnel.
The new tunnel, the third NACA carry-over, had to duplicate Mach 3 flight conditions and be big enough to test large-scale models. A 9 x 6-foot tunnel seemed about right, but running it at Mach 3 at the required pressure and temperature would take about 1 million horsepower-a level of electrical power Langley could not hope to provide on a continuous basis. Therefore, the tunnel had to operate intermittently, drawing on stored energy. A big tank farm storing 130 000 cubic feet of air at 600 psi was sufficient for a run of a few minutes. To duplicate more closely the heating encountered by Mach 3 aircraft, the test section was preceded by a stainless steel heat exchanger fired by propane burners that heated the test section air to between 300° and 600° F. The result-an unusually noisy monster was named the 9 x 6-foot Thermal Structures Tunnel.
The thermal structures tunnel quickly ran into a brand new sort of problem. The aircraft designers wanted to measure the integrity of the model under simulated aerodynamic and thermal forces, but when the tunnel was turned on, a shock wave propagated down the nozzle and slammed into the model. Another shock wave jarred it from the opposite direction when the tunnel was shut down. To protect the rather fragile models from such heavy-handed treatment, temporary model shields had to be devised. A second approach was to remotely insert the model after the tunnel got up to Mach 3 speed and retract it before shutdown.
Noise was a perpetual problem with the thermal structures tunnel. Like the open-circuit tunnels at Lewis, it was a colossal bugle that set all the ducks on the adjacent marshland into scared flight. A long sound diffuser was added to muffle the roar. Nevertheless, so unpleasant was the downstream vicinity that an elaborate 5-minute sequence of warning signals was set up to warn personnel in the area.
Actually, some good was derived from the highintensity, low-frequency noise spewing out of this tunnel. The noise spectrum nicely simulated the roar emanating from large booster rocket engines. Various space vehicle structures, sensitive instruments, and astronaut communications systems (complete with astronauts) were tested in the tunnel's noise field.
It was only fitting that this facility, whose roar shook the Earth, met its end on September 30, 1971, when its 600-psi tank farm blew up. The debris filled the air, smashed several parked cars, but hurt no one. Some of the tank farm piping had failed because of metal fatigue. The thermal structures tunnel had done its job.
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Americans have grown more supportive of same-sex marriages, gun control, immigration reform and even taxes on the wealthiest individuals. Why, then, have the cultural and political wars over abortion accelerated?
Americans have become more liberal, despite the rise of the Tea Party and the election of some of their right-wing politicians. Teenagers can now buy “morning after” emergency contraception pills without consulting a physician or a pharmacist. The Supreme Court recently struck down the Defense of Marriage Act, which prevented federal recognition of same-sex marriages. It also upheld the right of same-sex couples in California to wed. As of July 2013, there are now 13 states that permit same-sex marriages. Despite the gridlock caused by Republicans in Congress, more Americans than ever support gun control, immigration reform, same-sex marriage and taxes on the wealthiest individuals. This is why Democrats have won the popular vote in five of the last six presidential elections.
Why then, does state after state attempt to restrict women’s access to abortion?
There are several answers. David Leonhardt, the Washington Bureau Chief of the New York Times argues that “Abortion is the relatively rare issue in which the cliché is true: public opinion does actually rest about midway between the parties’ platforms.”
He is right; Democrats support abortion, even during the third trimester, while Republicans seek to make all abortions illegal. The truth is, Americans are deeply divided over abortion. Polls consistently reveal that they are no more likely to support abortion than oppose it. According to recent Gallup polls, about 60 % of the population supports a woman’s right to an abortion during the first trimester (or the first 12 weeks) and 64 % believe that an abortion should be illegal in the second trimester. Only 29% of those polled, however, want to repeal Roe v. Wade and make abortion illegal.
Much has changed since the late 1960s when women and physicians fought for the right to abortion, which the Supreme Court legalized in its landmark decision, Roe v. Wade, in 1973. With the advanced technology of sonograms, both women and men can see that the fetus is not an abstraction, but an actual growing life. The question for many, then, is when do the rights of the growing fetus trump the right of a woman to terminate an unwanted pregnancy? Is it at 12 weeks? 24 weeks? Always? Or never?
Politics, too, has also transformed the political culture. Katha Pollitt, the well-known columnist of the Nation magazine, notes that as a result of the 2010 elections, right-wing Republicans flooded the state legislatures, thereby gaining new power to pass legislation that restricted abortions. The 2012 elections, unfortunately, didn’t change the Republican - controlled state legislatures.
Another reason states have been able to limit access to abortion is that opponents have been extremely successful at conflating all abortions with the late-term, procedures performed during the third trimester. Though these are rare, they are nevertheless done. Often the woman involved has just discovered that the fetus has an incurable disease, or will be born dead. Nevertheless, the procedure itself is nothing like an abortion performed when a woman is six weeks pregnant.
This was dramatized in May, 2013 when the nation watched in horror as prosecutors described how Dr. Kermit Gosnell essentially murdered a baby born alive in a botched abortion. The baby would have survived if the doctor hadn’t “snipped” its neck with scissors. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole. This is hardly the typical late-term abortion, but it certainly caused many people, including many liberal supporters, to re-visit the question, at what point should abortion be illegal? Liberal, pro-choice Bloomberg columnist Margaret Carlson, for example, wrote, “There's almost no difference between killing a baby accidentally born alive in a late-term abortion, as Gosnell stands accused of, and killing the same baby in the womb, as more skilled doctors can do."
Carole Joffe, author of Dispatches from the Abortion Wars, and a professor at the Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health at the University of California, has championed women’s right to abortion during her entire career. Commenting on the Gosnell case, she wrote,
"This was truly a chamber of horrors: a filthy facility, with blood - stained blankets and furniture, unsterilized instruments, and cat feces left unattended. Most seriously, there was a jaw dropping disregard of both the law and prevailing standards of medical care. Untrained personnel undertook complex medical procedures, such as the administration of anesthesia, and the doctor in question repeatedly performed illegal (post-viability) abortions, by a unique and ghastly method of delivering live babies and then severing their spinal cord.”
But she was also quick to point out that such a gruesome scene would never take place in a society that makes abortion accessible, safe and legal:
“That such clinics can flourish until the inevitable disaster occurs…is a ‘perfect storm’ caused by the marginalization of abortion care from mainstream medicine, the lack of universal health care in the United States, and the particular difficulties facing undocumented immigrants in obtaining health care.”
In late June. Americans watched another drama unfold as Texas tried to pass one of the most restrictive anti-abortion bills in the nation. Texas State Senator Wendy Davis successfully tried to filibuster (stop) a vote on the legislation. This required that she stand while speaking for 11 hours, because Texas Senate rules forbid someone to sit or to use the bathroom while engaged in a filibuster. Her heroic efforts successfully halted a vote on the legislation. But the bill eventually passed in a special session and will “ ban abortion after the 20th weeks of pregnancy, require doctors to have admitting privileges at nearby hospitals, limit abortion to surgical centres, and stipulate that doctors must monitor even non-surgical abortions.” The legislation will effectively close down most abortion providers in the state. Supporters of the right to abortion are now appealing this legislation to higher courts and then, if possible, to the U.S. Supreme Court.
As a result of these technological and political changes, and the grotesque publicity surrounding the Gosnell case, many states, including Arizona, Florida, Kansas, and North Carolina, have seriously limited women’s access to abortion. Alina Salignoff, Vice President and Director of the Women’s Health policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation has been tracing these state efforts for years. She explained to me how,
"Anti-abortion activists have adopted multiple approaches to restrict access by targeting different fronts, including increasing the requirements on both the facilities and physicians that provide abortions to women, as they have done in Texas; and making abortion more difficult for women to obtain by imposing waiting periods, sonograms, gestational limits and requirements for parental consent or notification in the cases of teens. More recently, states have begun to enact legislation that bans private insurance coverage or plans that will be available to individuals as a result of health reform.”
Sonograms, politics, right-wing state legislatures, the Gosnell horror—all of these have contributed to America’s continuing abortion wars. But there is one more reason why abortion is such a contentious issue in the United States. Both the birth control Pill, made available in 1961, and the legalization of abortion in 1973 by the Supreme Court’s landmark decision, Roe v. Wade, ruptured the historic tie between sex and reproduction.
Such a dramatic change naturally disturbed many people. Sex could now be for pleasure, rather than for reproduction. And it was women who had gained the new sexual freedom, not men.
Ever since 1973, abortion has become a symbol of women’ freedom to control their bodies and their reproductive choices, their growing economic independence, and their greater visibility as politicians, professionals, lawyers, professors, and presidents of universities and corporations. Their sexual freedom is not new; but it still symbolizes the fact that men can no longer control their bodies or their choices to have children. They can control their own destiny, and that is what Republicans would like to end.
According to the Guttmacher Institute, "in the first six months of 2013, states enacted 106 provisions related to reproductive health and rights; issues related to abortion, family planning funding, and sex eduction. Only forty three provisions aimed at restricting access to abortion. Notice that most of these provisions tried to eliminate contraception and sex education, not just abortion. They want to curtail women's sexuality by eliminating contraception as well.
The fact is, American culture is highly sexualised, but its people are still profoundly uncomfortable about sex in general, and with women's sexuality, in particular. Fear of women's sexuality is not, of course, the only reason Americans are obsessed about abortion. But along with changes in technology, politics, and debates over late-term abortions, attitudes towards women's sexual freedom - felt and expressed by large populations of both men and women - is one important reason that abortion, and not same sex marriage, still remains the most divisive social issue in American political culture
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Guess the Plot
The Colors of a Nation
1. An encyclopedic examination of the meanings of the colors of national flags. Includes fascinating stories about how each flag's colors were chosen to represent the nation's history and people and how those choices often led to riots and mass murder.
2. Edith has been drawing maps since she was old enough to hold a crayon. Unknown to her, this has been redefining geography and political boundaries in the world of Arycol. When she's magically transported there, she must decide: should she fix the mess she's made . . . or take over?
3. A political map of the world shows each country in a different color from those of the countries it borders. But who decides what color each country gets? Nathaniel Barkley does. This is his story. Includes trivia such as which color has never been used on a map.
4. An in-depth history of flags through the centuries. Not only includes anecdotes, legends, and lists of heraldry but also materials, patterns, shapes, and of course the importance of dyes and which country uses human blood to dye its flags. Also, flags' strange relationship to underwear.
5. A century from now, white supremacists will control the US government, enslaving people of color with mind-controlling chips and the threat of lynching. Think Trump lite. Can one 20-year-old girl bring equality to the nation . . . while also finding true love?
6. It took decades and the strong leadership of calm, intelligent Presidents to erase the craziness of the '16 to '20 era, but now the country is greater than ever. Racism, sexism, homophobia and other ills are all but solved, and neighbors interact with peace and love. That is, until one jackass decides to paint his house bright orange. Thank God we all still have our guns.
Dear Evil Editor,
I am seeking representation for THE COLORS OF A NATION, a New Adult Science Fiction novel complete at 92,000 words.
Six months ago, 20-year-old Meia Gwen was proud to be a slave. But that was before the mind-controlling chip in her brain stopped working.
In the year 2123, the U.S. government uses chips to promote slavery and their white supremist [supremacist] agenda, their biggest threat being people like Meia (Insubordinates, they call them). [What is it that distinguishes "people like Meia"? Are they all people whose chips have stopped working? Are they all people of color?] But unlike other Insubordinates, Meia doesn’t want to hide out to avoid getting lynched—she wants, no needs to fight back. So for months she has searched for the Party, an insurgent group trying to take down the chip system once and for all. [You claim that the government's biggest threat is Insubordinates, but then you suggest that most Insubordinates are hiding out. It sounds like the Party, which is actively doing something, is their biggest threat.] Too bad she still can’t find them.
Then they find her.
When three white men try to sexually assault Meia, the Party saves her by doing the unthinkable—killing “precious” white men in America. Enraged by the deaths, the brainwashed country goes on a retribution killing spree against minorites [minorities] while the government vows to find, torture, and kill Meia and the Party. [Government forces hunting down US citizens? You expect anyone to believe this could happen in America?]
To survive, Meia seeks refuge with the Party and finds herself falling for Maq, though biracial relationships are 100% illegal. [So they're different races. Do we care which two races?] But just when the Party takes down the chips, the government infiltrates [raids] their hideout and captures a majority of the members, including Maq. [Not clear what you mean by "the Party takes down the chips."]
With the chips deactivated, [So that's what you meant. Deactivates. Is this deactivation of all chips what caused Meia's chip to stop working? Or did hers just die like the batteries in my mouse and my keyboard do every week?] an explosive civil war erupts throughout the country. And while Meia fights to bring equality to the nation, she struggles to save Maq and the rest of the Party. Soon she’s faced with a haunting realization—the only way to win the war is by losing everyone she loves. [Tough decision. Save Maq, my current crush, or save my entire race from chiptatorship. Maybe I should flip a coin.]
I graduated from the University of Missouri with a journalism degree, and I currently work as a copywriter, living the not-so-exciting corporate life from 9 to 5.
Thank you for your consideration,
[Author's note: The title comes from the idea that we try to categorize people by race, sexual orientation, gender, etc. to make everything black and white and easy to decipher, but there's more to us than black and white.]
Why does the govt. lynch people when they could chip them?
It's hard to pull off something like this without sounding like you're preaching an agenda. Which you are, but you have to do it subtly so the ideas are absorbed by osmosis rather than drummed into the reader. You probably started writing this ten years ago, thinking it was going to be the next 1984, and not realizing that by the time you finished, most of the insanity you'd concocted would have come to pass. By the time you find an agent and then a publisher and the book makes it into print, even the mind-controlling chips will probably be a reality. You might have to change the setting to the Gohr prison planet, Lycus IV.
Getting a mind-controlling chip into someone's brain can't be easy. Have they managed to do this to everyone who's not white? And these chips are not independent, but controlled from one central power source that the Party was able to shut down?
I hated the title. Then I read the explanation of how you came up with it. Now I hate it even more.
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“Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will eat for the rest of his life” is an old Chinese proverb – finance the fishing boat and things would move on even further. The encroaching famine on the north Kenyan, Somali and Ethiopian border is fighting for space in the western media against impending financial doom.
Poor farming methods, lack of infrastructure and negligence by local governments has meant that East Africa is pathetically equipped to deal with drought. The lack of irrigation, infrastructure, and farm inputs compounded by drought results in starvation. However the regions involved are also part of some of the fastest growing economies in the world. How is it that food security is still so poorly guarded?
African populace and GDP growth has been well documented. East Africa in particular is looking forward to strong economic development accompanied by an increasing population and literacy. Africa has the highest rate of people living in rural areas in the world but urban centres are attracting more people and the middle class is increasing.
The combination of population, urbanisation and GDP growth are common denominators to successful emerging markets which has seen per capita consumption drive forward throughout the BRIC’s. Kenya’s population has doubled over the last 25 years, to about 40 million people, and rapid population growth is set to continue. Kenya’s population will grow by around 1 million per year – 3,000 people every day – over the next 40 years and will reach about 85 million by 2050. The East African Community (EAC) represents a current population of 80 million all demanding an improvement of not just the quantity, but also the nutritional value of their food, i.e., increasing protein levels in diets.At a time of impending food crisis on the Somalia/Ethiopia/Kenya borders – figures are being released showing the sub-Saharan African demand for food is expected to reach US$100 billion by 2015, double the levels of 2000. Currently the sub-Saharan continent imports 45% of its rice and 85% of its wheat. Meanwhile in the urban hubs of Dar es Salaam, Kampala and Nairobi increasingly western diets demand quality meat, e.g. poultry, which in Nairobi is currently more expensive than beef. Kenya is home to a number of food and agricultural companies benefiting from increasing urban middle classes. Their business model is viable because they can serve a multi-million customer base, which has increased by 25% over the last 10 years and which continues to grow rapidly.
The industrialised meat industry is striding to improve its efficiency – coping with the local challenge of access to quality feedstuffs such as soybeans and maize. Feed additives in the form of vitamins and phytase are arriving but only in the industrialised commercial arena. Better performing genetic stock is being sourced from industry leaders such as Aviagen (poultry) and Genus (pigs, cattle). There is a growing awareness by food companies that these urban hubs are increasingly centres of a new wealthy middle class. Global companies are starting to wake up to Africa’s significance; Kentucky Fried Chicken, Coca Cola, Charoen Pokphand are all ‘casing the East African urban joint’. The critical challenge to unlocking the potential in the region is to improve basic food stuff production efficiencies. Too much of the regions basic commodity food stuffs such as maize and oilseeds are produced by inefficient subsistence farmers who are entirely at the mercy of the weather and only have access to inefficient farm inputs. Crop production in East Africa is constrained by a shortage of appropriate seeds. Research for appropriate maize, rice and wheat lines is under way at Syngenta, Pioneer and Monsanto. In the long term, seeds developed for the region with increased crop yields create a better food supply providing the farms are there to plant them. The region also struggles to produce soybeans due to the short day light hours in East Africa. Soybeans are the most efficient protein provider for livestock feeds and as such a critical cog in the food-production wheel. Work is being done to develop lines of soybeans which can cope with short day light hours.
Industrialised farming and associated accompanying investments could transform Africa’s food security situation into a major exporter of commodities. A key to developing the agricultural production levels in East Africa is farm inputs; fertilisers, genetics (plant and animal) crop protection chemicals, infrastructure (irrigation, routes to market, etc). A similar progression as seen in the evolution of the Brazilian farming capability which led Brazil to become an agricultural powerhouse is needed in Africa. The critical factor which distinguishes East Africa from Brazil is the high density of small holders. Brazil’s cerrados were largely deserted – this is not the case in East Africa – a partnership between industrial food production which engages small holders is inevitable, however challenging.
Local governance constraints
Someone described agriculture in Africa to me as ‘heart-breaking’ and indeed the part about access to land and dealing with local authorities is exactly that. Teams of professional farmers with access to top seeds, fertiliser and crop protection method are being denied the opportunity to change Africa’s farming profile because of local governance.
Land ownership/leasehold is an emotive subject following a chequered history which has left behind a convoluted process compounded by corruption. There are examples where industries have evolved and flourished in Africa. Cut flowers in Kenya, cassava chips in Ghana, tilapia production in Malawi, coffee in Tanzania are examples of commercial agribusinesses. Within East Africa new dynamics between the trading community are showing signs of evolution. Kenya no longer has an abundance of good farm land with water, but does have a strong labour force and economy. Kenya is subsequently evolving into a processing centre, utilising its strong logistics capability that has been borne out of its coffee, tea and horticultural industries. Tanzania and Uganda, have the opportunity to become a production centre. Tanzania has been slow to realise its farming potential due to the inefficiencies of its land title process. Growing pressure from the World Bank will proactively encourage Tanzania to speed up the establishment of industrial farming. Given its endowments of land, climate and labour East Africa should have a strong comparative advantage in agriculture. The economy of this corner of Africa is buoyed by the offshore oil and gas exploration. UK operator BG Group made two discoveries in the Rovuma Basin off Tanzania’s southern coast in late 2010, which lifted the country’s proven gas reserves to 212.3bn cubic metres. Seventeen companies, including industry majors ExxonMobil, Statoil and Petrobras, are exploring 31 licensed blocks in Tanzania. Oil and gas has brought wealth to those nations fortunate to have discovered it – it will be the source of economic growth for East Africa.
Access to finance
The critical limiting factor to the development of farming in the region is access to financing. Despite the banking industry’s rapid growth in the region a pitiful amount of banks’ portfolios goes towards food and agribusiness. According to industry sources less than 5% of East Africa’s banking portfolios are represented by agriculture. In Tanzania agriculture represents less than 2% of banking portfolios.
Drawing more comparisons to the evolution of Brazilian agriculture – now a bread basket to the world; Brazilian growers are well financed not only by banks but also the major input suppliers and commodity processors. Growers can access capital to pay for their top notch farming inputs and machinery before planting – these loans are secured against the promise of resulting crops. In Africa such access to capital is not available prior to harvest; a grower can only access financing once his barn is full. So how is that farmer supposed to fill his barn if he can’t afford the seed to plant?
Across Africa small banks have been formed over the last two decades to focus on financing agriculture. Most of these entities failed, their exposure to small scale agriculture was too concentrated, all their eggs in many tiny uneconomical baskets with no collateral. Few of the projects they financed had the critical mass to make them viable. Agriculture is characterised as capital intensive with narrow margins – for these specialised banks agriculture was a fiscal drain.
So what kind of financing is happening in African Agriculture? Today donor backed funds such as AgDevCo are increasingly supporting small holder agriculture. The projects are small with a focus on impact rather than financial gains. The investments are often classed as ‘patient capital’. This money aims to support the development of small-holder farming enterprises and groups in targeted areas of Africa.
There are also purely charitable entities teaching subsistence farmers to be more market orientated such as Farm Africa. Both the patient capital funds and charity entities focus on commercialisation of small holder agriculture. It is not about “giving a man a fish so that he can eat for a day nor teaching a man to just fish for himself” – they are trying to teach the man to fish to feed himself, his family and then to sell a bulk to his local village. The question is can these small scale units really change the face of food security in Africa?
Perhaps large scale farming has gotten itself a bad name – especially foreign backed projects. The label ‘Land Grab’ has certainly been pinned on Chinese, Middle East and Korean backed projects. Certainly African nations are dealing with an influx of Chinese interest; most of Tanzania’s roads have arrived at the courtesy of Chinese convicts. However it is industrialised farming which has the best potential to change Africa’s food security situation. Production per hectare will always be highest when top inputs/technologies and infrastructure/irrigation systems are available – and these happen with scale. Companies providing those inputs will be far more inclined to develop their ‘African offering’ if agriculture in the region is viable. A growing number of investment funds have woken up to the potential of African food production. It is a strong investment story – with such strong local demand, high commodity prices (e.g. rice prices in Africa are on average 20% above global trading prices) and abundant resources – if you can make good agriculture happen you are going to win. The rewards can be both monetary and humanitarian.
The commercial investment funds developing industrialised agriculture in the region include SilverStreet Capital, Phatisa Group, African Agricultural Capital, Emergent, Africa Century and Lions Head Capital – to name but a few. These groups are striving to develop food production in the region at varying points in the supply chain. The projects have a combination of critical scale, good management and access to technology. These projects have the potential to not only win strong financial gains but also to make a relevant change in food supply across the region and beyond.
The basic dynamics of the East African area are extremely promising but concern regarding country risk – and in particular political risk remain foremost in investors’ minds. The higher the risk level the greater the prospective returns should be. Investors have stated that unless a project can deliver over 25% in return on investment then dealing with the ‘African risk’ is just not worth it. The East African economy has shown itself to be highly resilient to the factors which are shaking the west’s economic ground. 2009 saw major growth across the region whereas other emerging markets were struck down – e.g., Brazil and Russia. Trade flows between East Africa and Asia as well as the Gulf countries, underpins the sub-region’s solid growth.
In terms of the ‘Ease of doing Business’ – a ranking developed by the world bank - Eastern African countries are comparable to the other BRIC countries, with Kenya outperforming Brazil, Russia and India (Table 1 and 2). Africa risk is neither economic nor based on bureaucracy – Africa risk is basically referring to governance. Access to financing will ultimately make the leap to industrialised agriculture feasible in Africa. This requires the development of ‘faith in the system’ a key to winning foreign direct investment into food production. Debt availability is also key – the African banks are searching for ways to securitise their lending to food producers – much easier to do when dealing with large scale agricultural projects with clean land title and an asset base to include buildings and machinery – harder to do for half an acre and a machete.
Emma Cardy-Brown is the founder of the agribusiness consultancy Cardy-Brown&Co Ltd. ww.cardy-brown.com.
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5 Common Causes of Bad Breath You Should Know
Bad Breath #1.Bacteria
You should blame the bacteria for bad breath inside your mouth. It lives between your teeth and on your tongue. It can multiply and releases stinky odors.
Bad Breath #2.Halitosis
In your tonsils, there is a deep hole called the crypts and causing halitosis. This hole collects a cheese-like smell and causing bad breath.
Bad Breath #3.Food
Especially the pungent foods such as onion, fish and garlic. It can cause bad breath.
Bad Breath #4.Poor hygiene.
If you like to smoke, chewing tobacco and eating a lot but forgot to brush your teeth, a bad breath is your best companion.
Bad Breath #5.Tummy troubles.
Sometimes you burp and then gas is released. It is a type of bad breath that caused by tummy troubles.
11 Natural Ways To Fight Bad Breath
Don’t worry because all illness or health problem has a cure. This is your list of how to fight a bad breath naturally.
- Remove your dentures at night and clean it regularly to remove the bacterial buildup from the food and drinks that you have every day.
- Drink a lot of water and brush your teeth every morning.
- Do not forget to brush your teeth after every meal. Flossing is a good method too and you can do it twice a day.
- Bacteria maybe accumulate in your toothbrush so please replace it every 3 months.
- Get your teeth checkup regularly.
- Don’t just brush your teeth but clean your tongue too.
- Natural remedies like cloves, fennel seeds, and mint leave can be chew because it has the antiseptic properties to control bad breath.
- Lemon and orange can be your natural mouth freshener by stimulating the salivary glands and fight bad breath. So eat your lemon and orange.
- Chlorophyll in fresh sprig of parsley, basil, and cilantro can neutralize mouth odors.
- Make your own mouth gargle by mixing a cup or water, a teaspoon of baking soda and 3 drops of peppermint essential oil. It has antibacterial properties and it is safe to use it daily.
- Stop smoking or chewing tobacco. It’s bad for your health and bad for your mouth.
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| 0.897143 | 499 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Cornelia asked: Are children required to wear helmets while using training wheels? I think it is the right thing to do…others differ.
Children under 16 years of age are required to wear helmets.
s. 316.2065 – Bicycle Regulations
(d) A bicycle rider or passenger who is under 16 years of age must wear a bicycle helmet that is properly fitted and is fastened securely upon the passenger’s head by a strap and that meets the federal safety standard for bicycle helmets ….
Some might argue that a bicycle equipped with two additional training wheels is no longer a bicycle by the statutory definition since a bicycle has only two or three wheels.
s. 316.003 – Definitions
(2) Bicycle – Every vehicle propelled solely by human power, and every motorized bicycle propelled by a combination of human power ….having two tandem wheels, and including any device generally recognized as a bicycle though equipped with two front or two rear wheels.
Whether the addition of training wheels changes the nature of a bicycle is not determined in the statutes, but helmets are always recommended.
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| 0.955494 | 222 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Issue No.03 - May/June (1998 vol.13)
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/5254.683177
The Forecast system predicts the temperature of road surfaces, using a neural net with back propagation learning algorithms and online parameter tuning. Forecast is a part of Icenet, a road-surface monitoring system installed on part of the Italian highway network. Icenet consists of a set of stations with specialized sensors. The stations, placed in the most critical zones, are connected via modem to a central station, which receives the data and forecasts temperature changes. If the temperature drops below zero, Icenet warns the system's operators.
adaptive learning, environmental application, neural networks, time-series forecasting, weather forecasting.
Antonio Luchetta, Stefano Manetti, Franco Francini, "Forecast: A Neural System for Diagnosis and Control of Highway Surfaces", IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol.13, no. 3, pp. 20-26, May/June 1998, doi:10.1109/5254.683177
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| 0.794535 | 240 | 2.875 | 3 |
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