audio,text,speaker_id,emotion,language
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000000_speaker_0.wav,What we need to do is to get the students to understand that they can go out and do things that are not in their own hands.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000001_speaker_0.wav,"Hello, you're listening to The Science of Everything podcast, episode 145.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000002_speaker_0.wav,Relativity and black Holes.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000003_speaker_0.wav,"I'm your host, James Fodor.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000004_speaker_0.wav,"This episode is a continuation of the discussion of general relativity, which we began in episode...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000005_speaker_0.wav,"136, which is the prerequisite for this episode.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000006_speaker_0.wav,"In that episode, we talked about general relativity and explained the notion of space-time, and how we describe velocity, distance and curvature of space-time using mathematical formalisms.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000007_speaker_0.wav,And how we combine these formalisms together.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000008_speaker_0.wav,"To yield Einstein's field equations, which loosely say that, the curvature of space-time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000009_speaker_0.wav,Is proportional to the energy and matter content of spacetime.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000010_speaker_0.wav,And I explained how Einstein's field equations are a series of 10.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000011_speaker_0.wav,Coupled nonlinear partial differential equations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000012_speaker_0.wav,Which means that they're very complex and difficult to solve.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000013_speaker_0.wav,For any realistic cases.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000014_speaker_0.wav,"However, I did say that there are some closed form, meaning sort of simply mathematically describable.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000015_speaker_0.wav,Solutions known.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000016_speaker_0.wav,"To Einstein's field equations, and I'll talk about them in a future episode.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000017_speaker_0.wav,"Well, now is that future episode, or.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000018_speaker_0.wav,"One of those future episodes where we'll talk about solutions to Einstein's field equations, and in particular, in this episode, we're going to focus on the Schwarzschild metric.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000019_speaker_0.wav,And how it's able to describe Well.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000020_speaker_0.wav,Described the existence of black holes.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000021_speaker_0.wav,"So we'll talk about deriving the Schwarzschild metric, how to interpret the resulting metric.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000022_speaker_0.wav,And then we'll see how.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000023_speaker_0.wav,Z resulting metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000024_speaker_0.wav,Yields predictions which have been experimentally verified and thereby serving as experimental evidence in favour of general relativity.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000025_speaker_0.wav,We'll then talk in more detail about Schwarzschild black holes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000026_speaker_0.wav,"Some of the phenomena there, like the event horizon, singularity and so forth.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000027_speaker_0.wav,"And we'll conclude by discussing some of the unsolved problems or outstanding issues with black holes, including the phenomena of hawking radiation, the no-hair theorem, and the black hole information Paradox.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000028_speaker_0.wav,"This will be a pretty dense episode, so hope you're ready.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000029_speaker_0.wav,And let's then jump into it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000030_speaker_0.wav,"But bear in mind, though, I will be assuming...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000031_speaker_0.wav,That you've listened to.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000032_speaker_0.wav,"On general relativity, because that introduces some of the key ideas that I'll...",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000033_speaker_0.wav,"We'll start with exactly where we picked up last time, which is Einstein's Field equations, a series of 10, coupled, nonlinear, partial differential equations relating the curvature of space and time to the energy and matter content of space and time.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000034_speaker_0.wav,What we're going to do is try to find a solution to these equations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000035_speaker_0.wav,There are a number of closed form solutions known.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000036_speaker_0.wav,We're going to focus on one of them today.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000037_speaker_0.wav,"And essentially, what this amounts to is solving for the equations to find the metric.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000038_speaker_0.wav,Mathematical description of the overall shape of space and time.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000039_speaker_0.wav,A metric that satisfies the equations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000040_speaker_0.wav,So the term on the left of the equations is the Einstein tensor.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000041_speaker_0.wav,"Denoted as a capital, G.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000042_speaker_0.wav,And it more or less describes the curvature of the metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000043_speaker_0.wav,Which represents the structure of space and time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000044_speaker_0.wav,"On the right hand side is the stress energy tensile, which describes the energy content of of space and time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000045_speaker_0.wav,There's sort of two ways to solve.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000046_speaker_0.wav,These couple of equations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000047_speaker_0.wav,"One is to postulate a stress energy tensor, so to stipulate what the energy content of space is, and then solve for the metric.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000048_speaker_0.wav,Given далее energy content.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000049_speaker_0.wav,You can start with the metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000050_speaker_0.wav,"So specify what, though.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000051_speaker_0.wav,And then solve for the stress energy tensor that will give you that metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000052_speaker_0.wav,"So in this particular case, the way we're going to do it, is we're going to stipulate what the stress-energy tensor is.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000053_speaker_0.wav,As well as making a few other assumptions.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000054_speaker_0.wav,"And then we're going to see what metric that gives us, what metric satisfies.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000055_speaker_0.wav,The equations when we stipulate what the energy content of the universe is.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000056_speaker_0.wav,"So we're going to stipulate at the outset that the energy and matter content of the universe, or at least the region of the universe that we're considering.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000057_speaker_0.wav,Is going to be zero.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000058_speaker_0.wav,"So we're looking for a vacuum solution, it's often called, an empty space solution of the equation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000059_speaker_0.wav,So obviously that simplifies things dramatically.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000060_speaker_0.wav,Because the right hand side of the equation is just zero.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000061_speaker_0.wav,"And it the equation, simplified down to the the rishi tends, is equal to zero.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000062_speaker_0.wav,"Remember, basically describes the curvature.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000063_speaker_0.wav,Of um space of time in that region.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000064_speaker_0.wav,"So the next step, now that we've already simplified things quite a lot, is to make further assumptions to help simplify things.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000065_speaker_0.wav,"The next thing that we're going to assume is that the Rishi Tensor, or all of the components of the Rishi Tensor, are independent of time, so they're static.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000066_speaker_0.wav,They're constant over time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000067_speaker_0.wav,"So this is just representing the type of solution that we're looking for, which is a static solution.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000068_speaker_0.wav,"Again, this is often done for simplicity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000069_speaker_0.wav,"Now it turns out, when you make this assumption, this dramatically simplifies things further.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000070_speaker_0.wav,"Because it means that any terms that interact with the time coordinate, Remember, there's four coordinates.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000071_speaker_0.wav,"Of, of space and time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000072_speaker_0.wav,There's one time coordinate and three spatial coordinates.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000073_speaker_0.wav,So any of them that interact with the time coordinate have to go to zero.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000074_speaker_0.wav,There will be changes over time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000075_speaker_0.wav,"Making this assumption of a static field means that instead of having 16 components, of the Rishi Tensor, now there are only going to be four components.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000076_speaker_0.wav,And they're just the diagonal components.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000077_speaker_0.wav,So those along the diagonal.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000078_speaker_0.wav,A 4x4 matrix is only the ones along the diagonal.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000079_speaker_0.wav,"That will be non-zero, everything else goes to zero.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000080_speaker_0.wav,When we make this assumption of a static field.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000081_speaker_0.wav,Things are now very simple because instead of having these 10...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000082_speaker_0.wav,"Coupled partial, different, nonlinear, partial, differential equations.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000083_speaker_0.wav,"Now we've got, we've reduced it down to four much simpler equations.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000084_speaker_0.wav,All of which are just equal to zero.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000085_speaker_0.wav,"Four equations for each, essentially one for each of the coordinates, a one-time equation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000086_speaker_0.wav,And one for each of the three spatial coordinates.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000087_speaker_0.wav,"Now, to make even more simplifications, we introduce a third assumption, which is that we're going to look for a spherically symmetrical solution.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000088_speaker_0.wav,"So we're kind of interested in solutions that look the same, when you rotate them.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000089_speaker_0.wav,That simplifies things a lot further because now we only have to worry essentially about two Coordinates.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000090_speaker_0.wav,"The radius, which is the distance from the center.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000091_speaker_0.wav,And then one angle coordinate.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000092_speaker_0.wav,"Even with all of these simplifications, the equations that we have to solve are still somewhat complicated.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000093_speaker_0.wav,"But the algebra is at least now solvable, and obviously I can't go through all the details here.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000094_speaker_0.wav,"But at this point, what we need to do is take the highly simplified form of the Rishi tensor that we've derived by making these assumptions.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000095_speaker_0.wav,And then just substitute in for the actual form of the Rishitensa.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000096_speaker_0.wav,"Remember, the Rishitensa is defined in terms of mathematical objects called Christoffel symbols.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000097_speaker_0.wav,"Basically, describe the way in which our path changes, owing to the curvature of space as we move, remember, in the last episode, we talked about the idea of someone holding a spear out in front of them?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000098_speaker_0.wav,And starting at the North Pole and walking down towards the equator.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000099_speaker_0.wav,"Their spear will change direction as they walk along, even if they, it doesn't.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000100_speaker_0.wav,"Locally, doesn't look like they're tilting their spear at all, they're holding it in front of them.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000101_speaker_0.wav,But it will actually change direction globally simply because the Earth is curving under them.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000102_speaker_0.wav,"And so, if you're to describe how the direction of that spear is changing with the motion of the the the person walking with it, you need to consider not just whether...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000103_speaker_0.wav,"Person is rotating or tilting their spear, but also the change in direction of the spear.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000104_speaker_0.wav,"Because of the curvature of the earth itself, the path that they're traveling on.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000105_speaker_0.wav,Christoffel symbols help us to do that.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000106_speaker_0.wav,That helps us to describe the change in direction of a path over a curved geometry.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000107_speaker_0.wav,And so the Rishi tensor is defined in terms of these Christoffel symbols.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000108_speaker_0.wav,"Christoffel symbols, in turn, are defined in terms of various derivatives of the metric.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000109_speaker_0.wav,The metric is the 4x4 array.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000110_speaker_0.wav,That describes the overall shape.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000111_speaker_0.wav,What we're going to do at this point with we've got the general form with the Rishi Tensor.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000112_speaker_0.wav,"In order to solve for the actual you final equation here, all we need to do is plug in.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000113_speaker_0.wav,The definition of the different components of the Rishi Tensa in terms of Christoffelson was immense in terms of the metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000114_speaker_0.wav,"And then equate that all to zero, because, remember, each of these components is equal to zero.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000115_speaker_0.wav,"There's four components of the Rishi tensor, the diagonal components, one for each of the space-time coordinates, they're all equal to zero.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000116_speaker_0.wav,Because of the simplifying assumption that we made of a vacuum solution.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000117_speaker_0.wav,So we're just going to substitute in the correct forms for each of these components.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000118_speaker_0.wav,And equate them all to zero.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000119_speaker_0.wav,And we've already simplified the equations a lot because of the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000120_speaker_0.wav,Additional assumptions of the static field.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000121_speaker_0.wav,And spherical symmetry that we've assumed.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000122_speaker_0.wav,We substitute in the form of the Rishitensa.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000123_speaker_0.wav,"Do the TDC algebra, rearrange and combine some things together.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000124_speaker_0.wav,"And then once we're done, we end up with a solution for the metric.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000125_speaker_0.wav,And this metric is called the Schwarzschild Metric after the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000126_speaker_0.wav,Scientist who derived it originally.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000127_speaker_0.wav,So the Schwarzschild metric...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000128_speaker_0.wav,"Is, it turns out...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000129_speaker_0.wav,"Not just a solution, to Einstein's field equations.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000130_speaker_0.wav,It's actually that there's a theorem called Burkhoff's theorem.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000131_speaker_0.wav,But there's a theorem which states that the Schwarzschild metric is the only spherically symmetric vacuum solution of Einstein's field equations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000132_speaker_0.wav,So there's only one solution to Einstein's field equations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000133_speaker_0.wav,That is spherically symmetric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000134_speaker_0.wav,Describing a vacuum so no matter or energy.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000135_speaker_0.wav,"So that's quite an important result, and it turns out that it's not that difficult to derive.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000136_speaker_0.wav,"Closed form solutions of Einstein's field equations, but this is...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000137_speaker_0.wav,"Really, the simplest one.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000138_speaker_0.wav,"Um, of interest.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000139_speaker_0.wav,"And so there's been a lot of, well...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000140_speaker_0.wav,"Over the decades, there's been a lot of study into this metric and what it tells us.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000141_speaker_0.wav,And it turns out that it actually describes a lot of very important objects.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000142_speaker_0.wav,Including the gravitational effects of many stellar bodies like planets and stars.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000143_speaker_0.wav,"But also, it turns out that it describes a special type of stellar object called black holes, which we'll come back to in a moment.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000144_speaker_0.wav,"Now, I won't try to describe the exact mathematical form of...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000145_speaker_0.wav,Because that's not really suitable for this podcast.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000146_speaker_0.wav,But what we'll do is we'll sort of talk about...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000147_speaker_0.wav,The key features of the Schwarzschild metric and what it tells us about space-time in in this spherically symmetric.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000148_speaker_0.wav,"Remember, I said that there are four...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000149_speaker_0.wav,"Components to this metric, well, four non-zero components.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000150_speaker_0.wav,"there are 16 in the in the 4x4 matrix, but...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000151_speaker_0.wav,And the four components each describe essentially how the shape of space and time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000152_speaker_0.wav,Is affected by each of the four.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000153_speaker_0.wav,"Each of the four coordinates, one of time and then three of space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000154_speaker_0.wav,"So two of the spatial ones aren't really, very interesting because of the spherical symmetry.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000155_speaker_0.wav,The two coordinates of most interest.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000156_speaker_0.wav,"Are the time coordinate, and the radial coordinate.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000157_speaker_0.wav,"So the radius, the radial coordinate, describes how far away we are from the central.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000158_speaker_0.wav,"Being spherically symmetric, what it fundamentally describes, as I said just before.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000159_speaker_0.wav,"Is the effect of a central, spherically symmetrical mass on the space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000160_speaker_0.wav,And time around it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000161_speaker_0.wav,"So this is applicable to planets and the space around them, or stars in the space around them, even galaxies.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000162_speaker_0.wav,"I mean, neither are stars or planets, but...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000163_speaker_0.wav,"To the effect of these central, massive bodies on the space around them.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000164_speaker_0.wav,Now something interesting if you look at the form of the equation.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000165_speaker_0.wav,And that both of them involved apparent singularities.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000166_speaker_0.wav,"In this case, it's sort of fairly easy to see because the equation looks like 1 minus some number over r.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000167_speaker_0.wav,"Where R is the radius, the radial coordinate, how far away we are from the central mass.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000168_speaker_0.wav,"So when you have an equation like this, one minus...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000169_speaker_0.wav,Some number over R.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000170_speaker_0.wav,"If you think about what this means, because R is on the denominator, as R gets bigger, that second term gets smaller.",speaker_0,realization,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000171_speaker_0.wav,"And because there's a minus sign in front of it, it's one minus, then this term that gets smaller, this whole term goes to one.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000172_speaker_0.wav,As our goes to infinity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000173_speaker_0.wav,"Now, what this means is that as we move further and further away from the central mass, the metric becomes more and more like the metric just describing flat space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000174_speaker_0.wav,1 minus some number over r.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000175_speaker_0.wav,One over R becomes small.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000176_speaker_0.wav,And so we're subtracting off a smaller and smaller number.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000177_speaker_0.wav,What we have left with is closer and closer to one.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000178_speaker_0.wav,Which is just like the metric for a Flat.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000179_speaker_0.wav,"It's just basically ones along that diagonal, you know.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000180_speaker_0.wav,"So, but this kind of makes sense, essentially, as we get very far away from the central mass.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000181_speaker_0.wav,The effect of its gravity becomes smaller and smaller.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000182_speaker_0.wav,Space and time become you more and more like just empty flat space.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000183_speaker_0.wav,"With this mathematical structure, if R gets really, really small.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000184_speaker_0.wav,"Instead of getting big, we're now making really, really small.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000185_speaker_0.wav,"When R gets really, really small, 1 over r...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000186_speaker_0.wav,"Actually approaches infinity, it gets really, really big, and it blows up to, theoretically, infinity in the limit of of are approaching zero.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000187_speaker_0.wav,So this means that the metric is actually not defined.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000188_speaker_0.wav,When r equals zero.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000189_speaker_0.wav,And that's what we call the singularity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000190_speaker_0.wav,"Point well, in this case, it's just sort of in our metric, in the description.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000191_speaker_0.wav,Where the metric isn't defined.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000192_speaker_0.wav,"The way you can think about this is at R equals 0, the metric is not continuous.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000193_speaker_0.wav,"It sort of, pinches together at a point.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000194_speaker_0.wav,"Just as if you were kind of making a a funnel out of Play-Doh, But at the end, you didn't kind of curve it around.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000195_speaker_0.wav,But you just sort of pinched it off.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000196_speaker_0.wav,"Uh, sort of rolling up one end, You- you can't just sort of roll around the tip.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000197_speaker_0.wav,"Because it's not continuous, like it ends at a sharp.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000198_speaker_0.wav,You have to sort of flip your hand all the way around and then go up the other side.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000199_speaker_0.wav,You meant by a discontinuity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000200_speaker_0.wav,Continuous sort of curve motion that you can proceeding from one side to the other.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000201_speaker_0.wav,You have to sort of sharply stop and then kind of rotate around.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000202_speaker_0.wav,"And that's thought to be non-physical, that sort of singularity there, because space-time is thought to be continuous.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000203_speaker_0.wav,"So singularities like this sort of these sharp discontinuities in space-time, are not thought to be.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000204_speaker_0.wav,"well, many people think that they're not real.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000205_speaker_0.wav,"Indicate is that there's a breakdown of our theory, the theory is not...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000206_speaker_0.wav,Describing accurately what's happening at that very small spatial scale.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000207_speaker_0.wav,"Now, this isn't really surprising for our approach.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000208_speaker_0.wav,"Approaches zero, because it when I get small enough, what this means is that our distance scale is getting small enough.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000209_speaker_0.wav,And when it becomes...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000210_speaker_0.wav,The effects of quantum mechanics will become relevant.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000211_speaker_0.wav,And we don't have a theory of quantum gravity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000212_speaker_0.wav,"General relativity is a description of relatively large distance and time scales, not very small ones.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000213_speaker_0.wav,"And so it's not really surprising that the theory breaks down at very small scales, because we kind of know that it's...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000214_speaker_0.wav,Not going to be suitable at that scale.,speaker_0,disappointment,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000215_speaker_0.wav,"So these are two interesting things about the Schwarzschild metric is that when you go very far away from the central mass, the metric just looks like out of flat space.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000216_speaker_0.wav,"And when you go right to the center, or as you approach the center, there is a singularity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000217_speaker_0.wav,"So the metric becomes undefined, telling us that our theory won't be...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000218_speaker_0.wav,Appropriate to describe whatever's happening at that very small scale.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000219_speaker_0.wav,"There's another interesting feature of the Schwarzschild metric, which is that is that when you solve the equations, you find that there's this sort of special length scale where there's apparently another singularity.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000220_speaker_0.wav,"In other words, we know there's a singularity as R approaches 0.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000221_speaker_0.wav,"But there's another place where it looks like there's a singularity in the equations, where R approaches this special length scale.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000222_speaker_0.wav,This special length scale is being given a name.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000223_speaker_0.wav,It's called the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000224_speaker_0.wav,"It turns out that the Schwarzschild radius, it's quite small for most massive objects.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000225_speaker_0.wav,"So, most objects in the universe are much larger than their Schwarzschild radius.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000226_speaker_0.wav,The Schwarzschild radius of any object is determined entirely by its mass.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000227_speaker_0.wav,"So, for example, the Schwarzschild radius of Earth is about one centimeter.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000228_speaker_0.wav,The Schwarzschild radius of the Sun is about 3 kilometers.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000229_speaker_0.wav,"So for most real physical objects, the Schwarzschild radius doesn't really matter.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000230_speaker_0.wav,"Because, remember, the Schwarzschild metric only applies in the vacuum, so it's a vacuum solution.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000231_speaker_0.wav,So the Schwarzschild Metric will describe the space and time outside of Earth.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000232_speaker_0.wav,"Because of the gravitational effects of Earth, but it won't actually describe the space and time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000233_speaker_0.wav,"Inside the Earth itself, or inside the sun itself, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000234_speaker_0.wav,"Because obviously that's that's not a vacuum, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000235_speaker_0.wav,"There's, there's matter there.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000236_speaker_0.wav,So the the fact that there's sort of weird stuff happening.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000237_speaker_0.wav,"At the Schwarzschild radius, and, and.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000238_speaker_0.wav,"Below that, down to the singularity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000239_speaker_0.wav,"Is irrelevant for most stellar objects, because most stellar objects are much larger than the Schwarzschild radius.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000240_speaker_0.wav,The Schwarzschild radius sort of never comes into it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000241_speaker_0.wav,"Because, again, the Schwarzschild radius will only exist in space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000242_speaker_0.wav,When the object is smaller than the Schwarzschild radius and the Schwarzschild radius is exposed.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000243_speaker_0.wav,"And therefore, the vacuum actually exists, where the Schwarzschild radius is.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000244_speaker_0.wav,You only see the Schwarzschild radius manifested when the vacuum solution is relevant at the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000245_speaker_0.wav,Because the Schwarzschild metric is only relevant for a vacuum solution if you've got matter there than the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000246_speaker_0.wav,Isn't relevant because the Schwarzschild metric isn't relevant.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000247_speaker_0.wav,"Now, there are special types of objects for which the Schweitzer radius is relevant, because the Schwarzschild radius is, so to speak, exposed to space, And therefore, it does describe...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000248_speaker_0.wav,"In that area, and these are called black holes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000249_speaker_0.wav,We'll come to these in a moment.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000250_speaker_0.wav,"But the Shrachio metric doesn't just describe the space and time around black holes, it describes the space and time around any spherical So...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000251_speaker_0.wav,Spherically symmetric stellar object.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000252_speaker_0.wav,"Only in the case of black holes, do you see...",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000253_speaker_0.wav,The Shwashu radius and other sort of bizarre phenomena.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000254_speaker_0.wav,So we'll talk about those a little bit later.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000255_speaker_0.wav,"It turns out, however, that the apparent singularity that happens at the Schwarzschild radius.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000256_speaker_0.wav,It's just because of a poor choice of coordinate system.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000257_speaker_0.wav,There's different coordinate systems that we can use to describe the same metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000258_speaker_0.wav,"So the Schwarzschild metric, there's only one Schwarzschild metric.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000259_speaker_0.wav,But there's many coordinate systems you can use to describe the same metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000260_speaker_0.wav,Just as I can describe.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000261_speaker_0.wav,"A location on Earth's surface, by using some kind of XY coordinate system, or I can use distance from the center of the earth.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000262_speaker_0.wav,"And angle, Well, I guess I need two angles, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000263_speaker_0.wav,"But I could use the distance from the center of the Earth, and then I could use two angles to describe the position.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000264_speaker_0.wav,"On the surface of the Earth, essentially, that would be latitude and longitude, but if I wanted to, I could use a simple cartesian XYZ.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000265_speaker_0.wav,Both of those could be used to describe position on the surface of the Earth.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000266_speaker_0.wav,"In practice, probably the radial coordinate, plus the latitude and longitude is going to be easier.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000267_speaker_0.wav,But either of them describes the same set of positions.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000268_speaker_0.wav,And so it's the same thing with the Schwarzschild metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000269_speaker_0.wav,"There's only one Schwarzschild metric, but there are many ways to represent it using different coordinates.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000270_speaker_0.wav,That the apparent singularity at the Schwarzschild radius isn't real.,speaker_0,realization,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000271_speaker_0.wav,"There's nothing, there's no actual discontinuity of spacetime there.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000272_speaker_0.wav,It just appears to be.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000273_speaker_0.wav,Discontinuity because of poor choice of coordinates.,speaker_0,disappointment,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000274_speaker_0.wav,"In different coordinate systems, you don't see any singularity there.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000275_speaker_0.wav,"There's still something important happening at the Schwarzschild radius, as we'll describe later, but it's not actually a singularity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000276_speaker_0.wav,So there's an important difference between the parent singularity at the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000277_speaker_0.wav,Which is due to our coordinate system.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000278_speaker_0.wav,"If we choose a different coordinate system to represent the same Schwarzschild metric, then that singularity goes away.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000279_speaker_0.wav,And it's just a regular...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000280_speaker_0.wav,"Point in space-time, like any other one.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000281_speaker_0.wav,It does still have important properties as we'll talk about.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000282_speaker_0.wav,"In a moment, but it's not.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000283_speaker_0.wav,Space-time is still continuous there.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000284_speaker_0.wav,Whereas the singularity at R equals 0 is a real geometric singularity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000285_speaker_0.wav,It exists in any coordinate.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000286_speaker_0.wav,System for describing the Schwarzschild metric so you can't transform it away by using different coordinates.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000287_speaker_0.wav,And it seems like...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000288_speaker_0.wav,"That, according to general relativity, space-time is pinched there and is not continuous.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000289_speaker_0.wav,And so that's an indication that our theory breaks down there.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000290_speaker_0.wav,"Now, there's some other interesting aspects of interpreting what the Schwarzschild metric is telling us about space and time.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000291_speaker_0.wav,I'm apart from the singularity and the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000292_speaker_0.wav,Easiest way to understand...,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000293_speaker_0.wav,What's happening here is that the mass at the centre.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000294_speaker_0.wav,"Generating the distortion that's described by the Schwarzschild metric, that central mass distorts space and time.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000295_speaker_0.wav,"And it distorts them in a particular way, specifically...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000296_speaker_0.wav,"It elongates essentially radial distances, or distances to and from.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000297_speaker_0.wav,And it also elongates temporal distances.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000298_speaker_0.wav,Are specifically described in terms of proper time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000299_speaker_0.wav,So that time duration is measured by an observer.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000300_speaker_0.wav,Proper time durations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000301_speaker_0.wav,Nearer to the event horizon are shorter than proper time durations measured further away from the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000302_speaker_0.wav,"Understand this in terms of imagining a calendar, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000303_speaker_0.wav,So imagine we have an annual calendar.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000304_speaker_0.wav,"For someone a long way away from the Trichild radius, and then we have one for someone very close to the Schwarzschild radius.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000305_speaker_0.wav,Let's imagine that we position the person close to the Swachir radio such that they're that they're proper times.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000306_speaker_0.wav,Are half as long as those for someone who's further away.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000307_speaker_0.wav,So what this looks like is that the calendar of the closer observer is stretched out so that one year or 12 months for someone far away from the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000308_speaker_0.wav,Is only equivalent to six months for someone who is close to the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000309_speaker_0.wav,A 12 month duration for the close observer is stretched out to cover two years for someone further away.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000310_speaker_0.wav,"So someone who's located further away, from the Schwarzschild radius.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000311_speaker_0.wav,We'll say that the clock of the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000312_speaker_0.wav,Is ticking slower or they're measuring less proper time relative to the far away observer.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000313_speaker_0.wav,"And so, for instance, if we imagine that they're both observing, signals coming from a distant star or solar system or something, imagine there's one signal sent every month.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000314_speaker_0.wav,"To the observer, who's far away from the Schwarzschild radius, they will observe one of those signals every month.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000315_speaker_0.wav,Those signals will kind of tick.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000316_speaker_0.wav,At a rate of one per month.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000317_speaker_0.wav,Whereas for the observer who's closer to the tritial radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000318_speaker_0.wav,They will see those external signals arriving once every two months.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000319_speaker_0.wav,"According to there, to their clock.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000320_speaker_0.wav,"And again, when we say clocks, that means any type of clocks, mechanical clocks, biological clocks.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000321_speaker_0.wav,"Physical clocks of like physical processes, so it's all processes that occur in time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000322_speaker_0.wav,"Um, mechanical or digital clock.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000323_speaker_0.wav,فدق observe a close...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000324_speaker_0.wav,Tick at half the right.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000325_speaker_0.wav,"In this example, we're positioning it at...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000326_speaker_0.wav,"A position such that they ticket half the rate, of the clocks of someone far away.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000327_speaker_0.wav,"And the closer you go to, the...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000328_speaker_0.wav,"The slower and slower your clock ticks, so that more and more stretched out your calendar becomes.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000329_speaker_0.wav,Relative to the calendar.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000330_speaker_0.wav,"Or time durations of someone further away, so your calendar will stretch out so that 12 months.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000331_speaker_0.wav,"For the distant observer, will be three months for you, or two months, one month.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000332_speaker_0.wav,And so it keeps stretching.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000333_speaker_0.wav,"You can imagine those sort of timelines, one stretching out relative to the other.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000334_speaker_0.wav,So that that's kind of what the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000335_speaker_0.wav,Effect of the gravity of the massive object is it stretches out.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000336_speaker_0.wav,Durations that the the time dimension.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000337_speaker_0.wav,Of the surrounding space.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000338_speaker_0.wav,It also stretches out.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000339_speaker_0.wav,"The radial dimension of the surrounding space, such that when objects fall into or get closer to the the Strachield radius.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000340_speaker_0.wav,The radial dimension elongates relative to there.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000341_speaker_0.wav,So if you started with an object that was square and it moved closer and closer to the eventorising.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000342_speaker_0.wav,It would get stretched out so it would become like rectangular and become elongated in the radial direction.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000343_speaker_0.wav,And you can visualize what this effect looks like with a a shape called Flam's paraboloid.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000344_speaker_0.wav,That's if L-A-M-M.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000345_speaker_0.wav,"That visualizes the effect of radial distances being elongated, stretched out.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000346_speaker_0.wav,As you move closer to the structural radius of a massive object.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000347_speaker_0.wav,So these are the main effects that we can interpret from the form of the Schwarzschild metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000348_speaker_0.wav,We've identified that there is a real geometric singularity at the center.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000349_speaker_0.wav,Where the mass is located.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000350_speaker_0.wav,We've identified that there is a...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000351_speaker_0.wav,Singularity at a special distance called the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000352_speaker_0.wav,"It's not a real singularity, but there is.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000353_speaker_0.wav,Something weird or interesting that happens at that location.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000354_speaker_0.wav,"And in particular, it's a radial distance around.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000355_speaker_0.wav,"The singularity, and in particular, we've also identified that the central mass.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000356_speaker_0.wav,Stretches space and time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000357_speaker_0.wav,"In such a way that time passes more slowly, closer to the Shua-chu radius, relative to further away.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000358_speaker_0.wav,And also radial distances are stretched so they're elongated.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000359_speaker_0.wav,Closer to the stride shield radius relative to further away.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000360_speaker_0.wav,"So, this gives rise to these phenomena, give rise to experimentally verifiable predictions.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000361_speaker_0.wav,"And so in this next section, we're just going to talk briefly about some of these.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000362_speaker_0.wav,"Experimental predictions made by general relativity, and in particular the Schwarzschild metric, although some of them are more general, and had, these experimental evidences have been used to validate the success of general relativity as a theory of gravity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000363_speaker_0.wav,Something called the procession of the Perihelia.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000364_speaker_0.wav,"In Newtonian physics, an object in a two-body system, such as a planet orbiting a star.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000365_speaker_0.wav,Traces out an ellipse.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000366_speaker_0.wav,"Which is kind of like an elegant circle, like it's sort of an oval-y shape.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000367_speaker_0.wav,It's not exactly an oval shape.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000368_speaker_0.wav,"That's what sort of an ellipse is, a stretched out circle.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000369_speaker_0.wav,The planet traces out an ellipse.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000370_speaker_0.wav,Around the star.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000371_speaker_0.wav,"With the the center of mass of the system, which usually is the star.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000372_speaker_0.wav,Located at the focus of one of the focuses of the ellipse.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000373_speaker_0.wav,"And lips, it's got two focuses.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000374_speaker_0.wav,One of those focuses is is the star?,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000375_speaker_0.wav,"And then the planet orbits along the ellipse around the star, the closest point of approach of a planet.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000376_speaker_0.wav,As it orbits its- Its star is called the perihelion.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000377_speaker_0.wav,"So because it's an ellipse, it's elongated, so the distance between the planet and the star is not always exactly the same, it changes as it orbits around.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000378_speaker_0.wav,"And the closest point, the distance between the...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000379_speaker_0.wav,"Planet and the star at the closest point is called the perihelion, that's the the point of closest approach on the orbit.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000380_speaker_0.wav,"Now, precession of the perihelion refers to the fact that this closest point can move, it can change relative to the background stars.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000381_speaker_0.wav,"I mean, the planet's orbiting the star.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000382_speaker_0.wav,"Along the ellipse, but it's kind of like when there's precession of the perihelion.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000383_speaker_0.wav,The orbit itself is kind of rotating.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000384_speaker_0.wav,"It's a bit hard to explain, but...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000385_speaker_0.wav,"If you imagine an ellipse, as again, it's kind of a stretched out.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000386_speaker_0.wav,You could imagine that the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000387_speaker_0.wav,The longer axis of the ellipse is...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000388_speaker_0.wav,Drawn so that it's going vertically up and down the page.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000389_speaker_0.wav,And thinner axis is across the page.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000390_speaker_0.wav,Then imagine that we put a dot...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000391_speaker_0.wav,"On the ellipse, which represents our planet, so we can then move the dot around the ellipse.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000392_speaker_0.wav,"And Delta's moving around and orbiting around the sun, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000393_speaker_0.wav,"So that's just orbital motion, the point at which the dot gets closest to the...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000394_speaker_0.wav,"The star, which is at 1.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000395_speaker_0.wav,Focus of the ellipse.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000396_speaker_0.wav,"What procession of the perihelion looks like is that the whole ellipse, that line that we've drawn, rotates on the page.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000397_speaker_0.wav,"So instead of the long axis going directly up and down, it will now go slightly to one side and then it slightly down and slightly further down.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000398_speaker_0.wav,Until eventually...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000399_speaker_0.wav,"The orbit wall of done an entire 90 degree turn, where, instead of the long axis going up and down, the page is now going crosswise.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000400_speaker_0.wav,"It's not that the planet has moved, it's actually the- orbit itself has kind of rotated.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000401_speaker_0.wav,"Relative to, say, the stars in the background.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000402_speaker_0.wav,So that's what procession of the perihelia is.,speaker_0,realization,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000403_speaker_0.wav,There are a number of reasons why procession of the perihelia happens.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000404_speaker_0.wav,Some of them are predicted by Newtonian physics.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000405_speaker_0.wav,So one of the reasons is because the solar system is...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000406_speaker_0.wav,Does not just consist of one planet.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000407_speaker_0.wav,And the sun It consists of many planets in the sun.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000408_speaker_0.wav,And the gravitational influence of the unop- the each planet on all the other planets.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000409_speaker_0.wav,Has an effect on their orbits.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000410_speaker_0.wav,So these cause perturbations in the orbit that mean that orbits deviate from true ellipses.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000411_speaker_0.wav,So this causes precession of the perihelia.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000412_speaker_0.wav,That was a known effect under Newtonian physics.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000413_speaker_0.wav,But that's just due to kind of complex perturbations between planets.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000414_speaker_0.wav,"However, since the mid-19th century, it had been recognized that Mercury's orbit, Mercury being the planet closest to the Sun.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000415_speaker_0.wav,"And so this effect was most evident, although it relevant for all the planets.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000416_speaker_0.wav,But it was observed first that Mercury's orbit processed about 7% faster than expected.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000417_speaker_0.wav,"Processing as expected, but it was a little fast, about 7% faster than was expected.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000418_speaker_0.wav,Many attempts to try to explain why Mercury's orbit was processing.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000419_speaker_0.wav,Faster than was predicted.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000420_speaker_0.wav,People thought that there might be another planet between the Sun and Mercury.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000421_speaker_0.wav,"And um, that was one thing that was considered, and eventually...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000422_speaker_0.wav,Dismissed and many other potential explanations were considered and rejected.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000423_speaker_0.wav,One of the very early successes of general relativity is that general relativity was able to very accurately predict this discrepancy of procession.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000424_speaker_0.wav,The reason for this is because...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000425_speaker_0.wav,"In general relativity, orbits do not form exact closed ellipses.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000426_speaker_0.wav,Even in a simple two-body system.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000427_speaker_0.wav,"Because in Newtonian physics, yes, you'll have precession of the perihelion, But that's just because of complex perturbations with many body systems.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000428_speaker_0.wav,Like all of the other planets in the solar system.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000429_speaker_0.wav,But if you just had a two-body system with just...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000430_speaker_0.wav,Planet and one star in Newtonian physics The orbits would be perfect ellipses.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000431_speaker_0.wav,"However, in general relativity, even in a perfect two-body system with just one planet, one star, Orbitz still don't actually form closed ellipses in general relativity, which is very interesting.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000432_speaker_0.wav,The orbits kind of spiral.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000433_speaker_0.wav,"Around, not spiral inwards, but kind of spiral around the central star, which...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000434_speaker_0.wav,"Well, it amounts to procession of the at the perihelion.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000435_speaker_0.wav,That's one difference between.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000436_speaker_0.wav,Newtonian Mechanics and General relativity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000437_speaker_0.wav,Now the math is a bit complicated to sort of show that.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000438_speaker_0.wav,So I won't explain exactly.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000439_speaker_0.wav,But it's because there's a kind of an A change in the potential energy of...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000440_speaker_0.wav,Of a planet as it orbits around a star due to the bending of space and time by the central mass.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000441_speaker_0.wav,"And one manifestation of that is this procession of the perihelia, even in the two-body system.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000442_speaker_0.wav,"So because Mercury is so close to the Sun, the additional procession, due to this general relativistic effect, is greater than the other planets.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000443_speaker_0.wav,"And therefore, it was the first to be measured, and it that couldn't be explained by Newtonian physics.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000444_speaker_0.wav,Vindication of general relativity.,speaker_0,triumph,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000445_speaker_0.wav,Another piece of experimental evidence in favor of general relativity.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000446_speaker_0.wav,It's called gravitational redshift.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000447_speaker_0.wav,"So this is another novel prediction of general relativity, that light should be redshifted as it escapes the...",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000448_speaker_0.wav,Gravitational potential of a massive body.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000449_speaker_0.wav,"You can interpret this as a consequence of the equivalence principle, the equivalence principle we talked about.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000450_speaker_0.wav,In the in the previous Relativity episode.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000451_speaker_0.wav,The effects of gravity and the effects of acceleration are equivalent to each other.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000452_speaker_0.wav,"You know, with the right magnitudes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000453_speaker_0.wav,And so we know that when there's...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000454_speaker_0.wav,"A body that's accelerating, that causes redshift.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000455_speaker_0.wav,"So if a body's coming towards you, light is blue shifted, it's compressed together.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000456_speaker_0.wav,"That reduces the wavelength, and so it moves to the blue end of the spectrum.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000457_speaker_0.wav,"Whereas if a body's moving away from us, that...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000458_speaker_0.wav,"The wavelengths and shifts it to the red end of the spectrum, so that's redshift.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000459_speaker_0.wav,To motion and also acceleration.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000460_speaker_0.wav,"The equivalence principle says that, well, if we see a phenomena like that due to acceleration, we should see a similar phenomena due to gravity.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000461_speaker_0.wav,"And therefore, the prediction is that if you're escaping a gravitational well, so if light is being emitted by a star, for example, it's coming from a place of low gravitational potential to moving up to higher gravitational potential, just like climbing up a hill is moving from a low pit to a higher gravitational potential.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000462_speaker_0.wav,"Escaping from a star, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000463_speaker_0.wav,That means that the light effectively is being.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000464_speaker_0.wav,It's like it's being decelerated as it's moving away from the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000465_speaker_0.wav,"Gravitational mass, and so it would be stretched out.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000466_speaker_0.wav,"Because longer wavelength light has lower energy than higher wavelength light, this all kind of makes sense, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000467_speaker_0.wav,"Because, essentially, they're...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000468_speaker_0.wav,"Photons start off with high energy at the surface of the star, but as they...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000469_speaker_0.wav,"Propagate away, they have to use up energy to climb out of the gravitational well.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000470_speaker_0.wav,The energy that they gain in escaping the gravitational well of the central mass has to come from somewhere.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000471_speaker_0.wav,It comes from the wavelength itself of the light.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000472_speaker_0.wav,"It stretches out and therefore loses energy as it's stretching, as it's escaping from the gravitational well.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000473_speaker_0.wav,Gravitational redshift was relatively hard to measure because the effect is quite small from light emitted by the sun.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000474_speaker_0.wav,"Detected, therefore, until the 1950s, when we had increasingly precise measurements of the redshift from the sun and also more distant, stellar objects.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000475_speaker_0.wav,And so we could measure the effect of the gravitational redshift of light emitted and propagating away from massive bodies like the Sun.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000476_speaker_0.wav,So that's another vindication of general relativity.,speaker_0,triumph,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000477_speaker_0.wav,Piece of evidence is something called gravitational lensing.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000478_speaker_0.wav,"So, a gravitational lens is any type of matter, but usually like stars or galaxies, even.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000479_speaker_0.wav,That bends light from a distant source as it travels towards the observer.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000480_speaker_0.wav,"So in Newtonian physics, the universes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000481_speaker_0.wav,"Conceived of as flat, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000482_speaker_0.wav,Light in a Newtonian flat universe will just travel in a straight line.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000483_speaker_0.wav,"However, in general relativity, space and time are bent.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000484_speaker_0.wav,"And in curved space, is that he pars of objects can be Bent.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000485_speaker_0.wav,This is just exactly the same as if you go on to Google Earth or something like that.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000486_speaker_0.wav,And you Cheers.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000487_speaker_0.wav,"The shortest path between two points on the surface of the earth, a so-called Great circle, And yet you plot that on a flat map, it will look like it's curved, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000488_speaker_0.wav,It looks like aircraft if you plot.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000489_speaker_0.wav,"That's large enough, it looks like they take these sort of wild detour curves.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000490_speaker_0.wav,"Which look very strange, like, why is it curving all the way here and then coming back?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000491_speaker_0.wav,Why doesn't it just take a straight line between these points?,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000492_speaker_0.wav,"Well, actually, it is taking a straight line.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000493_speaker_0.wav,"It's just, it's, it's taking a straight line.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000494_speaker_0.wav,"In curved space, or on the curve over the curved surface of the earth.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000495_speaker_0.wav,"And so when you project it to flat space, it looks like it's curved.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000496_speaker_0.wav,And it's essentially the same.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000497_speaker_0.wav,"When it comes to the, um, when it comes to the bending of light.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000498_speaker_0.wav,"Light travels on a straight path, but through curved space.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000499_speaker_0.wav,And so the way we process visual stimuli or reconstruct them using computers is by making assumptions.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000500_speaker_0.wav,"Sort of in our brains, or with the computer that the when we see an object.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000501_speaker_0.wav,That's located a long way away.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000502_speaker_0.wav,"That it is located directly behind where we've observed it, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000503_speaker_0.wav,So we sort of trace back.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000504_speaker_0.wav,And we don't factor in the bending of space that occurs.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000505_speaker_0.wav,In the intervening distance.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000506_speaker_0.wav,"So to visualize this, let's imagine that we're standing on Earth with a big telescope, and we're pointing it.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000507_speaker_0.wav,"At a massive object, let's say it's a cluster of stars.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000508_speaker_0.wav,"And if we're just looking at the cluster of stars themselves, you know, we'll see the light that comes from those stars, and that's fine.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000509_speaker_0.wav,That cluster of stars curves the space around them.,speaker_0,awe,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000510_speaker_0.wav,Is that light from objects that are behind.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000511_speaker_0.wav,"In fact, like behind relative to us, in fact, very far away behind them.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000512_speaker_0.wav,Can be bent around so that now we can see them.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000513_speaker_0.wav,"Even though the cluster of stars is between us and the object, If...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000514_speaker_0.wav,"The bending of space is enough, and if the relative positions are just so, you can actually see objects that are situated behind the cluster of stars.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000515_speaker_0.wav,"But because the light is bent around, if you imagine, sort of a I talked in the last episode about.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000516_speaker_0.wav,Placing marbles.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000517_speaker_0.wav,"And billiard balls on a stretched, on a stretchy sheet.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000518_speaker_0.wav,"And they make a depression in the sheet, well, you can sort of roll marbles around the billiard balls, and the marbles will bend as they pass.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000519_speaker_0.wav,"By the billy balls, because of the depression and curving of the Um, stretchy sort of membrane that they're located on.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000520_speaker_0.wav,"It's the same principle here, but those marbles are now photons.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000521_speaker_0.wav,The photons as their propagating away from the distant object.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000522_speaker_0.wav,"A bent b- Technically, they're traveling a straight line, but through bent space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000523_speaker_0.wav,"depression, the bending to space and time, that's made by the massive object.",speaker_0,sadness,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000524_speaker_0.wav,"Our eyes, or our, you know, telescopes on Earth.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000525_speaker_0.wav,Even though they're really located in a place where they wouldn't be able to reach us if they were just traveling through flat space.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000526_speaker_0.wav,"So, this results in a distortion of the position of distant objects or distortion of shape of extended objects as well.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000527_speaker_0.wav,So sometimes this can...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000528_speaker_0.wav,"Lead to duplication of images, so we can see multiple images of the same thing.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000529_speaker_0.wav,"Or, if the alignment's just right, you can actually give rise to what's called an Einstein.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000530_speaker_0.wav,"Where you have a kind of, there's a central object, which is the massive object that does the bending.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000531_speaker_0.wav,All around it is kind of like this donut of distorted images of the thing that's behind it.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000532_speaker_0.wav,Because we're kind of seeing...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000533_speaker_0.wav,Versions of the image stretched out all around.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000534_speaker_0.wav,The central mass that's doing the distortion.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000535_speaker_0.wav,It's probably easier just to look up what that...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000536_speaker_0.wav,"Google what that looks like, Einstein ring.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000537_speaker_0.wav,To visualize what I'm talking about.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000538_speaker_0.wav,"And that's a, that's a, um, severe kind of gravitational lensing.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000539_speaker_0.wav,That can really only be explained by general relativity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000540_speaker_0.wav,"The final experimental evidence that I wanted to mention, I've already kind of touched on, but it's gravitational time dilation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000541_speaker_0.wav,So I talked about that when we were talking about interpreting the Schwarzschild metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000542_speaker_0.wav,Which is the fact that it stretches out.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000543_speaker_0.wav,That the central mass in the Schwarzschild metric stretches out.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000544_speaker_0.wav,Radial distances and as well as time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000545_speaker_0.wav,So that Clocks.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000546_speaker_0.wav,Closer to the Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000547_speaker_0.wav,"Measure shorter temporal intervals than those further away, or, in other words, they run slower.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000548_speaker_0.wav,And this is called gravitational time dilation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000549_speaker_0.wav,And it is a very robust phenomena that's been measured in many different contexts.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000550_speaker_0.wav,"I think I've talked about this in the Special Relativity episode, but they've done tests with...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000551_speaker_0.wav,Atomic clocks flown.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000552_speaker_0.wav,At different altitudes above the Earth.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000553_speaker_0.wav,And then compared that to atomic clocks that were kept at sea level.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000554_speaker_0.wav,And they find that they've indeed found to very precise accuracy that the clocks that were on aircraft.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000555_speaker_0.wav,And therefore at a higher potential in Earth's gravitational well.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000556_speaker_0.wav,Slightly longer times than those that were kept at sea level.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000557_speaker_0.wav,Which is consistent with the gravitational time dilation that clocks.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000558_speaker_0.wav,Lower in a gravitational field.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000559_speaker_0.wav,"Record fewer ticks or, or, in other words, time passes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000560_speaker_0.wav,In favour of general relativity.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000561_speaker_0.wav,So I now want to transition to talking about one of the really bizarre implications of the Schwarzschild metric.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000562_speaker_0.wav,These are a phenomenon called black holes.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000563_speaker_0.wav,"Eagerly awaiting as part of the episode, because, after all, that's part of the title.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000564_speaker_0.wav,"But it takes a little while to get there, because you first need to understand what the Schwarzschild metric is.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000565_speaker_0.wav,"The nature of space and time surrounding that central, massive object.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000566_speaker_0.wav,"And as I emphasized before, the Schwarzschild metric doesn't just apply to black holes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000567_speaker_0.wav,It actually applies to any...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000568_speaker_0.wav,"Uh, central, spherically symmetrical, a massive object.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000569_speaker_0.wav,And so it's very useful for describing the gravitational effect of stars and their surrounding planets.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000570_speaker_0.wav,"Certain very interesting cases, where particularly the the Schwarzschild radius and the singularity at the center become become more relevant.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000571_speaker_0.wav,These are called black holes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000572_speaker_0.wav,"Specifically, a black hole, is a region of space-time where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or any other, types of radiation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000573_speaker_0.wav,Is capable of escaping from that region.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000574_speaker_0.wav,"So the black hole is the region that nothing can escape from, not even light.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000575_speaker_0.wav,"And that's why it's called black, because obviously you can't see it.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000576_speaker_0.wav,No light can escape from it.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000577_speaker_0.wav,The region of space within which it's impossible to escape from is called the event Horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000578_speaker_0.wav,So the event horizon is the- boundary.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000579_speaker_0.wav,More or less spherical boundary.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000580_speaker_0.wav,At least in the simplest form of black holes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000581_speaker_0.wav,That surrounds the area of space.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000582_speaker_0.wav,Outside of which you can't escape if you enter that space.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000583_speaker_0.wav,"The event horizon kind of forms the, if you like, the boundary of the black call.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000584_speaker_0.wav,"I mean that there's nothing there physically, it's just empty space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000585_speaker_0.wav,But it's a special type of space in which you can't escape from that region.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000586_speaker_0.wav,Van Horizon being the boundary of that space.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000587_speaker_0.wav,Of the black hole is the singularity that everything's sort of drawn towards.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000588_speaker_0.wav,You might wonder why it's impossible to escape from the the inside of the event horizon.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000589_speaker_0.wav,And the reason is a bit technical.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000590_speaker_0.wav,"If you do a fairly sort of simplistic calculation of the escape velocity, from a massive object, the escape velocity, that is the speed that you have to.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000591_speaker_0.wav,"well, escape from the gravitational well of a...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000592_speaker_0.wav,And the escape velocity increases with the mass.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000593_speaker_0.wav,"So if you do that calculation for an object located at the Schwarzschild radius, of a massive object.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000594_speaker_0.wav,Then you find that the escape velocity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000595_speaker_0.wav,Is equal to the speed of light.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000596_speaker_0.wav,Which is consistent with the fact that you can't escape.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000597_speaker_0.wav,"Massive object, obviously, because you can't go faster than the speed of light.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000598_speaker_0.wav,"But Um, that's a simple Newtonian calculation, and it doesn't actually capture the full reason as to why black holes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000599_speaker_0.wav,Are impossible to escape from because escape velocity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000600_speaker_0.wav,Is only relevant for a non-accelerating.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000601_speaker_0.wav,Observer So it's the velocity you travel at that you're gradually decelerated by the gravity of the object.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000602_speaker_0.wav,"But from a sort of Newtonian black hole, one that had an escape velocity equal to the speed of light, it would still be possible to escape from that.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000603_speaker_0.wav,Because you just have to keep accelerating.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000604_speaker_0.wav,"Get out of the, um sort of the gravitational well.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000605_speaker_0.wav,You can't- account for this inability to escape.,speaker_0,distress,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000606_speaker_0.wav,By just using Newtonian gravity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000607_speaker_0.wav,So black hole's really only can be accounted for.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000608_speaker_0.wav,Under general relativity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000609_speaker_0.wav,And the reason why it's impossible to escape from inside the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000610_speaker_0.wav,Is because of what happens to space and time as you get closer and closer to the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000611_speaker_0.wav,Since the actual bending of space and time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000612_speaker_0.wav,One way to think about this is to consider the light.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000613_speaker_0.wav,Cone of an observer located far away from the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000614_speaker_0.wav,The light cone represents the region of space-time that it's possible to to get to.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000615_speaker_0.wav,So if we think about it in sort of...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000616_speaker_0.wav,Becomes a light triangle.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000617_speaker_0.wav,On an axis where the vertical axis is time and the horizontal is space.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000618_speaker_0.wav,"Different distances away from the starting point, in space-time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000619_speaker_0.wav,Depending on how fast we travel.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000620_speaker_0.wav,The same location You'll- that'll just be traveling vertically.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000621_speaker_0.wav,"Upward along the Y-axis, right, that that's your trajectory at the same location, but over time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000622_speaker_0.wav,"Alternatively, if you travel to the right, at a slow speed, then that will be like having a straight line with a very steep slope.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000623_speaker_0.wav,So you're moving very slightly to the right over time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000624_speaker_0.wav,"If you travel at the speed of light, to the right, let's say.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000625_speaker_0.wav,Then that's represented by I've line with a 45 degree angle.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000626_speaker_0.wav,Between the vertical and the horizontal axes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000627_speaker_0.wav,That's as fast as you can go.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000628_speaker_0.wav,That's as fast as you can move to the right in time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000629_speaker_0.wav,"If you try to move faster than that, then you're traveling faster than the speed of light.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000630_speaker_0.wav,"So, this triangular region formed by a 45 degree line to the left and a 45 degree line to the right.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000631_speaker_0.wav,"Forming an upper triangle, represents the cone, or in this case, triangle of space that you can reach in a certain amount of time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000632_speaker_0.wav,"You can go vertically upward if you just stay still, or you can move any distance to the right or to the left.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000633_speaker_0.wav,"Out to this 45 degree line, but you can't move outside that 45 degree line.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000634_speaker_0.wav,Because doing so would require faster than light travel.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000635_speaker_0.wav,So that the light triangle here represents the region of space-time that you can access.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000636_speaker_0.wav,"In flat space, the triangle is always pointed, if you like.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000637_speaker_0.wav,So if we imagine lining up the vertical axis of the triangle with respect to the so that it's parallel.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000638_speaker_0.wav,With the event horizon of the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000639_speaker_0.wav,"What that means is that I can move any distance away from the black hole, or any distance towards the black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000640_speaker_0.wav,"In a given amount of time, as long as doing so doesn't exceed the speed of light, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000641_speaker_0.wav,"So I can move towards it, away from it, at whatever speed I like.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000642_speaker_0.wav,And there's just as many.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000643_speaker_0.wav,There's just as many trajectories towards the black hole as away from the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000644_speaker_0.wav,That's true if you're...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000645_speaker_0.wav,"Distant from the black hole, in like flat space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000646_speaker_0.wav,"Now, what happens is as you move closer to the black hole, this light.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000647_speaker_0.wav,"Cone, or like triangle that we have here.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000648_speaker_0.wav,"It tilts progressively, more and more towards the event horizon.",speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000649_speaker_0.wav,"So, instead of the time axis being parallel, to the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000650_speaker_0.wav,The time axis.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000651_speaker_0.wav,"Of my light cone, Yeah.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000652_speaker_0.wav,"Actually, angle slightly towards the event horizon, and then more and more and more towards the event horizon as I get closer and closer to it.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000653_speaker_0.wav,"What this means is is that there are now, instead of there being, the same number of trajectories towards the black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000654_speaker_0.wav,"As away from the black hole now, as the time axis tilts, towards the event horizon, they're actually more trajectories that go towards the black hole than that go away from it.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000655_speaker_0.wav,"This might seem sort of counterintuitive, like, because can't I go in whatever direction in space I like?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000656_speaker_0.wav,"And there are sort of just as many ways to go backwards and as there are to go forwards, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000657_speaker_0.wav,So can't I just go away from the black hole?,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000658_speaker_0.wav,"What you can, but effectively, it requires F- I'm higher and higher velocities.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000659_speaker_0.wav,"Because of the bending of space-time, there are more ways to go towards the black hole than away from it.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000660_speaker_0.wav,"You can still go away from it as you get close to the event horizon, but you need faster and faster velocities.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000661_speaker_0.wav,"Eventually, what happens is that this tilting of of the light cone becomes greater and greater as you move closer and closer to the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000662_speaker_0.wav,"Because space gets space, time gets more and more.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000663_speaker_0.wav,Until what happens at the event horizon is that the time access is rotated a full 45 degrees relative to where it is.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000664_speaker_0.wav,If it's very far away from the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000665_speaker_0.wav,A full 45 degree rotation means that.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000666_speaker_0.wav,"now, even if you were to travel at the speed of light away from the event horizon, you still can't quite escape.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000667_speaker_0.wav,"So the very fastest trajectory, even the very fastest trajectory straight away from the singularity, even that doesn't actually get you any further away.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000668_speaker_0.wav,From the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000669_speaker_0.wav,"So, in other words, it means all trajectories now point towards the singularity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000670_speaker_0.wav,And that's why you can't escape.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000671_speaker_0.wav,"Because the escape velocity is too high as such, because that's purely from a non-accelerating trajectory.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000672_speaker_0.wav,It's actually that there's literally no path through space-time.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000673_speaker_0.wav,That allow that you can take without exceeding the speed of light.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000674_speaker_0.wav,That allow you to get away from the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000675_speaker_0.wav,And the reason there aren't any is just because it's been...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000676_speaker_0.wav,Bent in such a way that all of those trajectories that would generally allow you to.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000677_speaker_0.wav,"Travel in the other direction, away from the vent Horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000678_speaker_0.wav,They now all point towards the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000679_speaker_0.wav,"And actually, what happens is that the...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000680_speaker_0.wav,The light code actually keeps rotating beyond the 45 degree line as you move closer to the singularity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000681_speaker_0.wav,Until it actually becomes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000682_speaker_0.wav,It does a full 90 degree rotation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000683_speaker_0.wav,"When you reach the singularity, which in some loose sense, means that time and space have like swapped roles.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000684_speaker_0.wav,"Which, which is very weird.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000685_speaker_0.wav,But I won't try to explain that means exactly.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000686_speaker_0.wav,"But um, the point is that...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000687_speaker_0.wav,Space and time are greatly distorted.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000688_speaker_0.wav,"As you move closer and closer to the event horizon, then...",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000689_speaker_0.wav,"At the event horizon and and inwards, they're so distorted that it's actually impossible.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000690_speaker_0.wav,Away from the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000691_speaker_0.wav,"All of the trajectories that you can take, even accelerating trajectories, point towards event horizon and towards the singularity at the center.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000692_speaker_0.wav,So that's why it's impossible to escape a black hole.,speaker_0,realization,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000693_speaker_0.wav,"It's also important to understand that there's a popular misconception about black holes, as if they suck things into them.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000694_speaker_0.wav,As if they're like some sort of cosmic vacuum cleaner.,speaker_0,negative_surprise,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000695_speaker_0.wav,"Correct, for the most part.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000696_speaker_0.wav,"If you're a long way away from a black hole, you can't even tell the difference between a black, whether there's a black hole at the center, or whether there's a star or a planet, or whatever.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000697_speaker_0.wav,"Like, you can calculate what the mass is.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000698_speaker_0.wav,"Based on how much it curved spacetime, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000699_speaker_0.wav,But you don't actually know what that object is.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000700_speaker_0.wav,"So the point is, the Schwarzschild metric just as well describes the gravitational effects of a star.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000701_speaker_0.wav,And a black hole of the same mass.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000702_speaker_0.wav,Our sun doesn't suck things into it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000703_speaker_0.wav,"Likewise, a black hole doesn't suck things into it that are far enough away from it.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000704_speaker_0.wav,The only kind of way in which black holes kind of pull things in is if they get close enough.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000705_speaker_0.wav,"In particular, if they are at the vent, horizon or closer, then yes, it is impossible to escape from black Hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000706_speaker_0.wav,"Or further inwards, it is impossible to get away and all trajectories.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000707_speaker_0.wav,Inside the event horizon.,speaker_0,awe,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000708_speaker_0.wav,Do point towards the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000709_speaker_0.wav,"Kind of, I mean, it's still not quite right to think of it as sucking.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000710_speaker_0.wav,It's more just like there's no paths that go any other way other than towards.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000711_speaker_0.wav,"But at that point, once you're inside the event horizon, there's no escaping anyway, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000712_speaker_0.wav,So anything that's outside the event horizon isn't sucked in by a black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000713_speaker_0.wav,The only things that are sucked in are those things that are...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000714_speaker_0.wav,The event horizon or further inwards.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000715_speaker_0.wav,There are reasons to want to stay away from the event horizon.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000716_speaker_0.wav,"because, for example, the tidal forces close to the event horizon become very strong, which would tend to rip objects apart.",speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000717_speaker_0.wav,"Unless the black hole is very, very large.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000718_speaker_0.wav,"But for stellar sized black holes, the tidal force would be very large.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000719_speaker_0.wav,There also tends to be a lot of matter that accumulates.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000720_speaker_0.wav,"Near the event horizon, that heats up.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000721_speaker_0.wav,Because of friction forces.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000722_speaker_0.wav,"And that time results in the emission of a lot of energy and very high intensity radiation, which you...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000723_speaker_0.wav,"Other reasons to want to avoid black holes or getting too close to them, but being sucked into them isn't really one of them.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000724_speaker_0.wav,"A loose explanation of what a black hole is and how it works, and the role of the event horizon.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000725_speaker_0.wav,I'll just talk a little bit about a few other aspects.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000726_speaker_0.wav,I've already mentioned that the singularity is located at the centre of a black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000727_speaker_0.wav,"Or at least this is what is described by the Schwarzschild metric, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000728_speaker_0.wav,"Technically, it's a point relay.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000729_speaker_0.wav,Where space time curvature becomes infinite.,speaker_0,awe,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000730_speaker_0.wav,"And space-time kind of pinches off, and our theories sort of fail to it.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000731_speaker_0.wav,Failed to adequately apply to that.,speaker_0,disappointment,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000732_speaker_0.wav,"In reality, what we think is that at that scale, quantum effects will become relevant.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000733_speaker_0.wav,But we currently don't have a quantum theory of gravity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000734_speaker_0.wav,So we don't actually know whether...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000735_speaker_0.wav,Singularities are real.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000736_speaker_0.wav,Real properties they would have.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000737_speaker_0.wav,What actual properties they would have.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000738_speaker_0.wav,"Um, and so currently, we just, there's not a lot we can say about them.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000739_speaker_0.wav,"I suspect, I think, along with many...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000740_speaker_0.wav,"Physicists, that's singularities, aren't real.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000741_speaker_0.wav,"Actually, a singularity at the center of a black hole.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000742_speaker_0.wav,The existence of a singularity is telling us that our theory isn't adequate to cover that.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000743_speaker_0.wav,That small region there.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000744_speaker_0.wav,There is something currently beyond our understanding.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000745_speaker_0.wav,But hopefully we'll one day be able to explain it when we have a quantum theory of gravity.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000746_speaker_0.wav,"Now, there's an interesting phenomena surrounding objects that are falling into a black hole.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000747_speaker_0.wav,We've talked about gravitational time dilation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000748_speaker_0.wav,"Which means that clocks nearer a black hole, nearer to the event horizon, tick more slowly.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000749_speaker_0.wav,"Or, in other words, they record.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000750_speaker_0.wav,Ticks like a few events happening relative to one block that's located further away.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000751_speaker_0.wav,"So, due to this, an object that's falling into a black hole that's getting closer and closer to the event horizon appears to gradually slow down as it approaches the event horizon.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000752_speaker_0.wav,"Theoretically, it would take an infinite amount of time to actually reach the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000753_speaker_0.wav,"An external observer would see it slowing down and slowing down, and eventually kind of freezing.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000754_speaker_0.wav,"To a a standstill, or a kind of a near standstill, as it gets very close to the black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000755_speaker_0.wav,"An external observer, therefore, would never actually see the object across the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000756_speaker_0.wav,Because it would kind of freeze or just sort of slow down so much that you would cease to see any motion.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000757_speaker_0.wav,Before it actually crosses the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000758_speaker_0.wav,Also due to gravitational Redshift.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000759_speaker_0.wav,The light from the object falling into the black hole will become more and more redshifted and more and more dim.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000760_speaker_0.wav,"And therefore, eventually, you wouldn't actually be able to see it because the wavelength would become too long.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000761_speaker_0.wav,To detect through any means.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000762_speaker_0.wav,And the energy will become too low.,speaker_0,sadness,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000763_speaker_0.wav,"So eventually, the object would.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000764_speaker_0.wav,Sort of slow down and and redshift and fade.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000765_speaker_0.wav,Away until you couldn't see it anymore.,speaker_0,sadness,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000766_speaker_0.wav,"So, technically, an external observer will never actually see an object fall.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000767_speaker_0.wav,"And that's kind of interesting because it raises the question as to how a black hole forms in the first place, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000768_speaker_0.wav,"If nothing can ever actually across the event horizon, than how does matter accumulate into the Black Cotland.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000769_speaker_0.wav,"Therefore, how does it form in the first place?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000770_speaker_0.wav,"But it's important to realize that, remember, the Schwarzschild radius only describes the effects of gravity in empty space.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000771_speaker_0.wav,"Once there's actually matter there, then you need to use a different metric.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000772_speaker_0.wav,The short-shoot metric doesn't apply.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000773_speaker_0.wav,"Now, I'll talk more about the detailed processes of black hole formation when we cover the kind of stellar life cycle and astronomical.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000774_speaker_0.wav,Aspects of black holes.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000775_speaker_0.wav,"Here, we're focused more on the general relativistic aspects.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000776_speaker_0.wav,So I won't talk about the particular life cycle and of stars and how they collapse into black holes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000777_speaker_0.wav,"But the basic idea is that many black holes, so-called stellar mass black holes, form by gravitational collapse of large stars.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000778_speaker_0.wav,When they reach the end of their life.,speaker_0,sadness,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000779_speaker_0.wav,They collapse and become highly compressed.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000780_speaker_0.wav,"And um, all the material.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000781_speaker_0.wav,"Is pulled down below the Schwarzschild radius, forming a black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000782_speaker_0.wav,"Now, as that massive object is collapsing, as long as the matter is outside of the event horizon, the...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000783_speaker_0.wav,Metric in that region will not be described by the Schwarzschild metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000784_speaker_0.wav,"Because there's matter in that region, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000785_speaker_0.wav,"So it's it's not a vacuum, therefore, the Schwarzschild metric doesn't apply.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000786_speaker_0.wav,The Schwarzschild metric only applies in a spherically symmetrical vacuum.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000787_speaker_0.wav,"Only when the black hole has already formed, when the...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000788_speaker_0.wav,Material has collapsed.,speaker_0,distress,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000789_speaker_0.wav,"Below the event Horizon, only then does the Schwarzschild metric actually apply, and therefore only then will material not be able to actually across the Schwarzschild metric, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000790_speaker_0.wav,"So the original formation of the black hole is not a problem in this sense, because there is no exposed event Horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000791_speaker_0.wav,There is no event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000792_speaker_0.wav,Before the black hole is formed.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000793_speaker_0.wav,"So the initial gravitational collapse, is not precluded.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000794_speaker_0.wav,"Because there's no problem about things passing the event horizon, because the event horizon doesn't exist yet, because the black hole hasn't formed, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000795_speaker_0.wav,"And therefore, the Schwarzschild metric doesn't apply.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000796_speaker_0.wav,"So it's sort of a bit weird, but hopefully that's not too confusing.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000797_speaker_0.wav,The Schwarzschild metric will only apply after the black hole is already formed.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000798_speaker_0.wav,"Now, you can still ask the question, okay, but after it's formed...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000799_speaker_0.wav,"Because black holes can grow by accumulating matter from, say, a surrounding disk of dust or other debris that they accumulate.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000800_speaker_0.wav,"Well, there's another factor to bear in mind here, which is that, although it's true.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000801_speaker_0.wav,That when you consider a fixed amount of mass.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000802_speaker_0.wav,"10 solar masses, 10 times the mass of our star.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000803_speaker_0.wav,"When you consider a fixed mass, a given mass has Aí.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000804_speaker_0.wav,Specific Schwarzschild radius.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000805_speaker_0.wav,So the Schwarzschild radius depends on the mass of the object.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000806_speaker_0.wav,"The bigger the mass, the bigger the Schwarzschild radius.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000807_speaker_0.wav,"As I mentioned before, the structural radius of Earth is far, far smaller than the structural radius of the Sun.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000808_speaker_0.wav,"Because the sun is more massive, right?",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000809_speaker_0.wav,The- the larger the structural radius is.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000810_speaker_0.wav,"So as a black hole accumulates mass, its mass obviously goes up.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000811_speaker_0.wav,"And therefore, its Schwarzschild radius increases.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000812_speaker_0.wav,So one way to think about it is as matter gets closer and closer to the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000813_speaker_0.wav,"Eventually, it gets close enough, such that it's sort of, for all intents and purposes, indistinguishable from being part of the black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000814_speaker_0.wav,"Remember, an external observer will not be able to tell the difference because it will become...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000815_speaker_0.wav,"Too close and to the black hole, and to redshifted.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000816_speaker_0.wav,To distinguish from it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000817_speaker_0.wav,"It will kind of just look like there's a bunch of frozen lumps around a central mass, which is sort of indistinguishable from the black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000818_speaker_0.wav,"And Furthermore, once that matter has become part of the black hole, the black hole will actually increase in mass and therefore its Schwarzschild radius will increase.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000819_speaker_0.wav,So you can kind of think of it as if the event horizon extends outwards.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000820_speaker_0.wav,To encompass the new matter.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000821_speaker_0.wav,That's been falling into it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000822_speaker_0.wav,"It's hard to offer a full account of this precisely because, remember...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000823_speaker_0.wav,The Schwarzschild metric is technically only applicable in a vacuum.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000824_speaker_0.wav,In the complete absence of matter and energy.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000825_speaker_0.wav,"And if you have a little bit of matter, even a small amount, then technically the Schwarzschild metric will need to be adjusted.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000826_speaker_0.wav,The precise details will never be exactly described.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000827_speaker_0.wav,By the Schwarzschild metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000828_speaker_0.wav,Because it's an idealization.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000829_speaker_0.wav,"It doesn't really exist in the real world because there's always some matter at present, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000830_speaker_0.wav,"And if there's matter falling into the black hole, then...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000831_speaker_0.wav,You'll need to add perturbations to that metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000832_speaker_0.wav,"Initially, it seems a bit paradoxical as to how a black hole could form, because if nothing can cross the event horizon, then how does the black hole exist in the first place?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000833_speaker_0.wav,But when you factor in that...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000834_speaker_0.wav,The initial collapse is not just...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000835_speaker_0.wav,Of the massive object to form.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000836_speaker_0.wav,"The black hole is not described, by the Schwarzschild metric at all.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000837_speaker_0.wav,"Because this matter present, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000838_speaker_0.wav,"That that is collapsing, that's, um, before the black hole exists, so at that's not an issue.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000839_speaker_0.wav,"And then when you also consider the fact that, even after the formation of the black hole, the Schwarzschild metric still won't be an exact solution.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000840_speaker_0.wav,Because there is some matter.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000841_speaker_0.wav,"If there's matter falling into the black hole, then there's still some matter outside that will need to be...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000842_speaker_0.wav,Results in some adjustments to the structural metric.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000843_speaker_0.wav,"And then you also consider the fact that as the black hole accumulates mass, the frosh varies, actually.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000844_speaker_0.wav,"expands, it increases.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000845_speaker_0.wav,And so it's like the black hole grows outwards to...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000846_speaker_0.wav,Encompass any new material that falls into it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000847_speaker_0.wav,So it's sort of a combination of these effects that allows the black hole to actually grow.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000848_speaker_0.wav,Hopefully that kind of clarifies some of the confusions there.,speaker_0,relief,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000849_speaker_0.wav,About how black holes grow.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000850_speaker_0.wav,Another thing to note is that the thank thank growth of black holes occurs very quickly if new matter falls into it.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000851_speaker_0.wav,"So for stellar mass black holes, it will take like less than a millisecond for new matter to fall across.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000852_speaker_0.wav,"For new matter, that's just outside the event horizon to fall across and then reach the singularity at the center.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000853_speaker_0.wav,"And so, from an external observer, that they'll never be able to sort of distinguish.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000854_speaker_0.wav,Thank you exactly this process anyway.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000855_speaker_0.wav,"So, in other words, whether there's matter that is kind of just frozen at the event horizon versus actually past the event horizon and reaching the singularity.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000856_speaker_0.wav,It's not something that anyone can differentiate externally because the whole process is actually very quick.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000857_speaker_0.wav,"So one last point that I wanted to mention is that for many years, although black holes were widely accepted to exist.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000858_speaker_0.wav,There was no way to detect them directly.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000859_speaker_0.wav,They don't emit any radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000860_speaker_0.wav,"Of a black hole, it's black.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000861_speaker_0.wav,It's sort of hard to know how you would go about detecting them.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000862_speaker_0.wav,"However, there are ways to observe black holes.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000863_speaker_0.wav,"By the effects they have on their surroundings, though, these are kind of subtle and required a long time to develop the tools.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000864_speaker_0.wav,Only in 2019.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000865_speaker_0.wav,Was the first image.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000866_speaker_0.wav,Of a black hole released.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000867_speaker_0.wav,So this was constructed by this image was constructed by the emission of energy from the gases surrounding the event.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000868_speaker_0.wav,"horizon, because essentially, there's a lot of gases that are circling inwards.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000869_speaker_0.wav,"Because they have angular momentum, they circle inwards towards as they are spiraling inwards towards the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000870_speaker_0.wav,And the friction between molecules.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000871_speaker_0.wav,And particles in that gas.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000872_speaker_0.wav,"And that energy can be observed if you, you know, detecting the right wavelengths.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000873_speaker_0.wav,And are able to extract the effects of the dust.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000874_speaker_0.wav,And things that are obscuring it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000875_speaker_0.wav,"So that's very difficult to do, but in theory...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000876_speaker_0.wav,And so the first image constructed through those.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000877_speaker_0.wav,Methods was released in 2019.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000878_speaker_0.wav,"You can see that if you Google, like, black hole image.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000879_speaker_0.wav,"Very much, it looks kind of like a um, sort of a blobby, glowy donut, really.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000880_speaker_0.wav,The important thing is the hole in the center.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000881_speaker_0.wav,"Because, I mean, there's lots of glowing...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000882_speaker_0.wav,Clouds of gas in the universe.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000883_speaker_0.wav,"But what's really interesting is a glowing cloud of gas with a hole in the middle, not because there's something obscuring the center, but because...",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000884_speaker_0.wav,"There is no gas at the center because it's it's fallen over the event horizon, and no light can escape there.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000885_speaker_0.wav,"Light can escape from outside the event horizon, but not from within it.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000886_speaker_0.wav,That image that clearly shows there presence of the event horizon as that black region at the center.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000887_speaker_0.wav,Which is what's really exciting about these photos.,speaker_0,positive_surprise,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000888_speaker_0.wav,"Images aren't direct images of the black hole itself, that's not really possible.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000889_speaker_0.wav,But they're images of the hot gas that's falling into a black hole that clearly show the presence of an event horizon there.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000890_speaker_0.wav,And I encourage you to check those out if you haven't seen those images before.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000891_speaker_0.wav,"Okay, so to conclude this episode, I just want to talk briefly about a few what I call unsolved problems of black holes, because black holes are still quite mysterious.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000892_speaker_0.wav,And there are still a number of issues that...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000893_speaker_0.wav,Have to be addressed.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000894_speaker_0.wav,The first that I'll address is hawking radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000895_speaker_0.wav,So hawking radiation is...,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000896_speaker_0.wav,"Radiation that is emitted by black holes over very, very long periods of time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000897_speaker_0.wav,"Eventually, resulting in them black holes losing mass and eventually evaporating completely.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000898_speaker_0.wav,"Now you might be wondering, well, hang on, I thought the whole point of a black hole was that it doesn't emit any light or radiation, and therefore...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000899_speaker_0.wav,"Detected in any way, and there's no way for energy or anything else to be.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000900_speaker_0.wav,To escape from a black hole.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000901_speaker_0.wav,So how can now it be emitting radiation?,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000902_speaker_0.wav,"Well, this is sort of part of...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000903_speaker_0.wav,Is surprising about the existence of hawking radiation.,speaker_0,positive_surprise,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000904_speaker_0.wav,It's called hawking radiation because it was...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000905_speaker_0.wav,First proposed by Stephen Hawking.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000906_speaker_0.wav,"In the mid 70s, it's quite a tricky phenomenon to get a grasp on.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000907_speaker_0.wav,"One important thing about hawking radiation is that it's not, it's not like typical radiation, where it's emitted by some object.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000908_speaker_0.wav,Hogging radiation is emitted by the black hole itself.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000909_speaker_0.wav,I was just talking about how there's hot gases that circle around most black holes and emitting radiation as they heat up.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000910_speaker_0.wav,Hawking radiation isn't like that at all.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000911_speaker_0.wav,It's not emitted by some hot gas or a star emitting radiation or something like that.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000912_speaker_0.wav,Hawking radiation is emitted by the black hole itself.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000913_speaker_0.wav,"As a um, as a gravitational object.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000914_speaker_0.wav,It's not emitted by anything falling into the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000915_speaker_0.wav,Or anything surrounding the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000916_speaker_0.wav,"It's a special type of radiation, effectively.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000917_speaker_0.wav,"Another thing about hawking radiation is, as far as I know, it's only emitted by black holes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000918_speaker_0.wav,"Um, or Yeah, objects with an event horizon, technically.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000919_speaker_0.wav,"But not, Um, not any other type of object.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000920_speaker_0.wav,So it's a special phenomenon that...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000921_speaker_0.wav,Only exists as a result of the effects of general relativity and quantum mechanics.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000922_speaker_0.wav,We don't have a full theory.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000923_speaker_0.wav,There are still open questions about exactly how hawking radiation works and how it fits into other things.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000924_speaker_0.wav,"Um, it turns out that we know enough to be able to predict this specific phenomenon.",speaker_0,realization,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000925_speaker_0.wav,And that's one of the reasons why explaining hawking radiation is difficult.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000926_speaker_0.wav,"Because what we have are a number of different derivations or proofs that hawking radiation must exist, given certain assumptions.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000927_speaker_0.wav,"The assumptions are all very reasonable, so everyone...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000928_speaker_0.wav,Is pretty convinced at this point that hawking radiation is real.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000929_speaker_0.wav,"But the problem is that we don't have a precise, at least as far as I've been able to tell, and I...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000930_speaker_0.wav,Reading on this in different sources.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000931_speaker_0.wav,We don't really have a clear...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000932_speaker_0.wav,Physical description of the actual process by which hawking radiation is is produced and emitted.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000933_speaker_0.wav,Different derivations sort of emphasize different things.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000934_speaker_0.wav,So Hawking's original derivation focused on a sort of array tracing method of of Scalar fields.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000935_speaker_0.wav,"If you know what that is otherwise, don't worry about it.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000936_speaker_0.wav,"But basically, he showed that, Tom.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000937_speaker_0.wav,In the presence of an event horizon.,speaker_0,awe,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000938_speaker_0.wav,There will be a finite amplitude of radiation of scalar fields out to infinity that is out to a distant observer.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000939_speaker_0.wav,Which would therefore be observed by an external observer as energy being emitted by the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000940_speaker_0.wav,Thank from the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000941_speaker_0.wav,"And in Hawking's original paper, he calculates the scattering of these particles that are being emitted.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000942_speaker_0.wav,As a result of hawking radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000943_speaker_0.wav,And shows that when you have an event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000944_speaker_0.wav,"You get scattering out to infinity and therefore radiation that can actually be detected by external observers, you don't get this.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000945_speaker_0.wav,When you don't have an event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000946_speaker_0.wav,"Not all massive objects emit hawking radiation, you know, planets and stars don't emit hawking radiation, they- there has to be an event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000947_speaker_0.wav,In order for the phenomena to exist.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000948_speaker_0.wav,"Um, and he gave an analogy, Hawking gave an analogy in this paper for what's happening here.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000949_speaker_0.wav,He described it as if...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000950_speaker_0.wav,"Outside the event horizon, there are virtual particles, positive and negative energy particles.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000951_speaker_0.wav,Which pop into existence and usually cancel out.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000952_speaker_0.wav,And eliminate each other and then disappear in a burst of radiation.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000953_speaker_0.wav,But the idea is that...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000954_speaker_0.wav,Sometimes the negative energy particle falls into the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000955_speaker_0.wav,"And the positive energy, therefore, the positive energy particle is emitted and and sort of turns into a real particle.",speaker_0,positive_surprise,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000956_speaker_0.wav,"And can be observed by a distant observer as radiation, which is which is hawking radiation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000957_speaker_0.wav,"Heuristic picture of Hawking radiation is repeated in many popular accounts, However, in his original paper, Hawking goes on to say, It should be emphasised that these pictures of the mechanism responsible for the thermal emission and area decrease, that's the decrease in area of the black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000958_speaker_0.wav,Are heuristic only and should not be taken too literally.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000959_speaker_0.wav,He and others have pointed out that this is not really the mechanism.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000960_speaker_0.wav,"And it's interesting, as far as I know, Hawking doesn't really explain the mechanism in any very clear way.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000961_speaker_0.wav,And I've seen other papers.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000962_speaker_0.wav,Present different derivation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000963_speaker_0.wav,They seem to give kind of different pictures about exactly what's happening.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000964_speaker_0.wav,"But what is very clear is that the picture that Hawking gives is not really a very realistic one, and It's...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000965_speaker_0.wav,Often not presented in a very accurate way.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000966_speaker_0.wav,So this idea that there are...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000967_speaker_0.wav,Virtual particles that spontaneously come into existence and then annihilate each other.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000968_speaker_0.wav,That itself is already kind of suspect because...,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000969_speaker_0.wav,"I'll discuss this in a future episode, But virtual particles aren't.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000970_speaker_0.wav,But don't really exist.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000971_speaker_0.wav,"An abstraction from the calculational process of UM perturbation theory, which is used to calculate experimental predictions in quantum field theory.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000972_speaker_0.wav,"But the virtual particles, they're not actually real.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000973_speaker_0.wav,They're just sort of a fiction that...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000974_speaker_0.wav,Is useful in calculations.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000975_speaker_0.wav,I don't think it's correct to say that virtual particles come into existence and then cancel out each other.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000976_speaker_0.wav,"There are kind of fluctuations in in vac, in the vacuum, but that's I think it's not true to say that there are actually virtual particles.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000977_speaker_0.wav,"Also, virtual particles can't really become real particles.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000978_speaker_0.wav,"One of the virtual particles can fall into the black hole and re- reduce its mass because, like, the positron falls in and then the electron is emitted.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000979_speaker_0.wav,"That doesn't really make sense, because obviously, if...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000980_speaker_0.wav,"If that did happen, half of the time the positron would fall in and half the time the electron would fall in.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000981_speaker_0.wav,"Lose or gain mass, right?",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000982_speaker_0.wav,"That's not how it works, anyway, because both electrons and positrons.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000983_speaker_0.wav,"Have positive energy, and so this whole notion of a negative energy particle falling in doesn't quite makes sense, either.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000984_speaker_0.wav,"Anyway, this is all very confusing.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000985_speaker_0.wav,But the the point that I want to make is that this analogy of the positron and the electron popping into existence and then one falling in.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000986_speaker_0.wav,"And because it's negative energy, tick, it reduces the mass.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000987_speaker_0.wav,That's just not really true.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000988_speaker_0.wav,It's a very loose...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000989_speaker_0.wav,Metaphor that I think is generally unhelpful.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000990_speaker_0.wav,The best description that I've been able to find of the mechanism for hawking radiation is as a quantum tunneling process.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000991_speaker_0.wav,So there have been a number of papers that have derived hawking radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000992_speaker_0.wav,"Using a quite a different method to what Hawking used, so they get the same answer, but using a different method.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000993_speaker_0.wav,"And the essential idea here is that the energy comes from the gravitational field of a black hole itself, so the black hole has a whole bunch of energy stored in the gravitational field.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000994_speaker_0.wav,There is no way for any object to travel through space and time and get out of the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000995_speaker_0.wav,"Black holes don't emit radiation, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000996_speaker_0.wav,"However, there is a way.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000997_speaker_0.wav,For the energy from the gravitational field itself.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000998_speaker_0.wav,To tunnel out of the potential well of the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_000999_speaker_0.wav,And be emitted as radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001000_speaker_0.wav,So this is kind of...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001001_speaker_0.wav,How we get around this.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001002_speaker_0.wav,"Conundrum of radiation being emitted by black holes, even though no radiation can escape a black hole.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001003_speaker_0.wav,It's because the radiation is not emitted by an object and it doesn't travel through space-time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001004_speaker_0.wav,It's produced by the black Hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001005_speaker_0.wav,"And in a sense, the energy tunnels out of a potential well and then comes into existence.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001006_speaker_0.wav,Outside of the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001007_speaker_0.wav,So I think the right way to think about it is the radiation doesn't travel through space to get out of the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001008_speaker_0.wav,It is produced by the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001009_speaker_0.wav,With energy coming from the gravitational field.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001010_speaker_0.wav,Of the black hole itself.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001011_speaker_0.wav,And some of that energy is converted.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001012_speaker_0.wav,"Into radiation that is emitted and, like, begins to exist and that is emitted.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001013_speaker_0.wav,Outside of the event horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001014_speaker_0.wav,So that radiation in that form was never inside.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001015_speaker_0.wav,"Event horizon, it only exists outside.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001016_speaker_0.wav,But the energy used to be part of the gravitational field of the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001017_speaker_0.wav,"It's gradually, and it's a very slow process, gradually emitted as hawking radiation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001018_speaker_0.wav,How does the energy escape?,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001019_speaker_0.wav,"Well, it's a quantum tunneling process.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001020_speaker_0.wav,So I've talked about this in previous episodes about...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001021_speaker_0.wav,Quantum mechanics if you want to consult some of those.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001022_speaker_0.wav,"Because quantum mechanics describes the movement of particles as waves, so waves behave like particles, particles behave like waves in quantum mechanics.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001023_speaker_0.wav,That means that it's actually possible for...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001024_speaker_0.wav,Particles and energy to escape.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001025_speaker_0.wav,"Barriers that would be impossible, classically.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001026_speaker_0.wav,So they can kind of jump over potential.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001027_speaker_0.wav,Potential walls that would normally be impossible for them to jump across.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001028_speaker_0.wav,The barrier in question here is that produced by the gravitational field of the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001029_speaker_0.wav,"As I understand it, there's a peak of the potential at the event horizon.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001030_speaker_0.wav,"So, in other words, if you had an observer inside the event horizon and they try to escape, they would find that they were sort of climbing up a potential.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001031_speaker_0.wav,"Thank you towards the event horizon, like from from the inside towards the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001032_speaker_0.wav,"I mean, you can't actually do that, But.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001033_speaker_0.wav,"But if they try to right that, they would find that they kept coming up against this.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001034_speaker_0.wav,"That was like trying to sail up a very steep wave, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001035_speaker_0.wav,They would be sort of trying to go vertically up the wave and it would be impossible.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001036_speaker_0.wav,"Fall down again and be pulled inwards towards the singularity, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001037_speaker_0.wav,"So that's what is meant by the sort of potential, well.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001038_speaker_0.wav,"Ordinarily, you can't go up that very steep potential.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001039_speaker_0.wav,And sort of get outside.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001040_speaker_0.wav,But a quantum tunneling process can do that.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001041_speaker_0.wav,"So you can't classically do that, but a quantum process can do that.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001042_speaker_0.wav,"At least sometimes, like with some probability.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001043_speaker_0.wav,"And furthermore, once a particle has sort of jumped over that initial potential.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001044_speaker_0.wav,"Well, it kind of goes down on the other side of the event horizon once you've escaped the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001045_speaker_0.wav,"And the reason is because, Remember, as we just talked about, earlier, imagine a piece of matter.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001046_speaker_0.wav,"Doesn't quite work like that, but a piece of matter or a piece of energy.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001047_speaker_0.wav,Imagine it somehow jumped out of the event horizon.,speaker_0,positive_surprise,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001048_speaker_0.wav,"Once that happens, the mass of the black hole is less.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001049_speaker_0.wav,"Has been reduced, and so its event horizon shrinks a little bit.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001050_speaker_0.wav,"So now, if the particle initially was at the old Event horizon, now the Event Horizon's moved in.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001051_speaker_0.wav,Now that particle is actually...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001052_speaker_0.wav,Outside of the end horizon.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001053_speaker_0.wav,"And so that's kind of a lower, a lower energy state than being at the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001054_speaker_0.wav,So this is the idea that the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001055_speaker_0.wav,Energy is actually able to tunnel across the potential barrier that's actually formed by the event horizon and the jumping particle itself.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001056_speaker_0.wav,"Loosely, you can imagine, as if the particle is able to jump, it's able to jump kind of right to the event horizon.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001057_speaker_0.wav,It's kind of just out of the...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001058_speaker_0.wav,Black hole The event horizon moves inwards because the black hole is shrunk a little bit.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001059_speaker_0.wav,"Now it's outside of the event horizon, it can escape away.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001060_speaker_0.wav,"That's not exactly it, but it's loosely like that.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001061_speaker_0.wav,"We should think of hawking radiation, I think, as a quantum tunnelling process of energy that was previously stored in the gravitational field, gradually able to be converted into electromagnetic radiation.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001062_speaker_0.wav,And emitted because of the way that it tunnels outside.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001063_speaker_0.wav,"Of the gravitational potential, and then the event horizon shrinks, and it can then escape and propagate away, and it will be measured by external observers.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001064_speaker_0.wav,So hopefully that's a little bit clearer than other accounts you may have read.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001065_speaker_0.wav,"Now, one other thing I should mention here is that hawking radiation will very slowly.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001066_speaker_0.wav,"Cause the energy of a black hole to be converted into well, radiation, and then slowly reducing the mass of the black hole, and eventually it will evaporate.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001067_speaker_0.wav,"But this takes a very, very long time.",speaker_0,sadness,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001068_speaker_0.wav,Times longer than the age of the universe.,speaker_0,awe,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001069_speaker_0.wav,So it's an extremely slow process.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001070_speaker_0.wav,"And because it's such a slow process, it means that the actual amount of energy emitted as hawking radiation Bye.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001071_speaker_0.wav,Stellar mass black holes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001072_speaker_0.wav,Is incredibly tiny.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001073_speaker_0.wav,So a black hole of one solar mass.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001074_speaker_0.wav,"Will have a temperature due to hawking radiation, so you can kind of convert a hawking radiation to an equivalent temperature.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001075_speaker_0.wav,It will have a temperature of only 60 nanoKelvins.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001076_speaker_0.wav,So that's compared to the cosmic background radiation of 2.7 Kelvin.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001077_speaker_0.wav,So if you're trying to measure 60 nanokelvins compared to...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001078_speaker_0.wav,About three Kelvin.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001079_speaker_0.wav,We don't have the sensitivity to measure that.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001080_speaker_0.wav,Kind of um small difference in the background radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001081_speaker_0.wav,So there's little hope in any time.,speaker_0,sadness,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001082_speaker_0.wav,Of actually detecting hawking radiation.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001083_speaker_0.wav,"So at the moment, it remains purely theoretical, no one's actually observed it, and it probably won't be observable for a long time.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001084_speaker_0.wav,But it is widely accepted because...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001085_speaker_0.wav,"As I've said, you can derive the existence of hawking radiation in quite different ways, with relatively simple and fairly widely accepted assumptions.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001086_speaker_0.wav,Hawking radiation is very important because one of the key predictions of hawking Stephen Hawking and others studying hawking radiation is that black holes should emit hawking radiation as perfect black bodies.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001087_speaker_0.wav,"So a black body is any type of body really, which absorbs all of the radiation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001088_speaker_0.wav,That's incident on it.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001089_speaker_0.wav,And then re-emits radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001090_speaker_0.wav,At a certain defined temperature.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001091_speaker_0.wav,Temperature has a particular...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001092_speaker_0.wav,Distribution of rate of of frequencies that it emits.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001093_speaker_0.wav,"So the sun, for example, is very close to a perfect blackbody.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001094_speaker_0.wav,And its surface temperature is about 6000 Kelvin?,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001095_speaker_0.wav,The important point here is that the distribution of frequencies.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001096_speaker_0.wav,Emitted by any black body is exactly the same.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001097_speaker_0.wav,As long as those two black bodies have the same temperature.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001098_speaker_0.wav,"So you specify the temperature of the black body, and then you fully specify precisely what it's...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001099_speaker_0.wav,A distribution of emitted wavelengths will look like.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001100_speaker_0.wav,This is a very useful phenomena and I've discussed it in previous.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001101_speaker_0.wav,The prediction that was derived from Hawking's derivation and from other derivations is that Hawking radiation should be exactly thermal radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001102_speaker_0.wav,"So, in other words, a black body emits.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001103_speaker_0.wav,"Hawking radiation at, let's say, 60 nanokelvins.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001104_speaker_0.wav,Then the distribution of wavelengths of that radiation should look exactly like that of a theoretical black body.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001105_speaker_0.wav,So that was a very clear prediction of Hawking's derivation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001106_speaker_0.wav,"That actually has very interesting implications, which I'll...",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001107_speaker_0.wav,Another important phenomena.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001108_speaker_0.wav,Of black holes is something called the no hair conjecture.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001109_speaker_0.wav,"It's sometimes called the no-hair theorem, though it's...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001110_speaker_0.wav,"Not actually a theorem, it's just a conjecture, so I don't know why it's called.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001111_speaker_0.wav,"So, this is a postulate which says that once a black hole has formed and sort of reached a stable con- stable condition.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001112_speaker_0.wav,Then there are only three independent physical properties.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001113_speaker_0.wav,Electric charge and angular momentum.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001114_speaker_0.wav,"Otherwise, all black holes are exactly the same, they only have those three different properties.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001115_speaker_0.wav,"In this episode, we've focused on what are called Schwarzschild black holes, which are fully defined only by their mass.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001116_speaker_0.wav,So these are.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001117_speaker_0.wav,"Electrically neutral, non-rotating black holes that only have mass.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001118_speaker_0.wav,There are other types of black holes as well that have electric charge.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001119_speaker_0.wav,And also that have angular momentum that rotate.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001120_speaker_0.wav,They have different metrics that describe them because you need to add on the effects of angular momentum and electric charge.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001121_speaker_0.wav,Many of the features are pretty similar.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001122_speaker_0.wav,We'll just here focus on the Schwarzschild metric for simplicity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001123_speaker_0.wav,But the point is the no-hair theorem says that Bye.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001124_speaker_0.wav,"At most, a black hole is completely described by just three properties.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001125_speaker_0.wav,"Which is what we focused on, that that defines the Schwarzschild radius, for example, and then charge if it has one, and then angular momentum if it has angular momentum.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001126_speaker_0.wav,"Otherwise, all black holes are...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001127_speaker_0.wav,"Thank, they have no hair.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001128_speaker_0.wav,"Right now, it's not known if this conjecture is true.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001129_speaker_0.wav,"If it is true, it gives rise to what's called the black hole information paradox.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001130_speaker_0.wav,"And this is the last thing that I want to talk about, because this is a very important, unsolved problem in physics.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001131_speaker_0.wav,The black hole information paradox arises from the no hair theorem.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001132_speaker_0.wav,"And also is related to the thermal radiation, the thermal nature of hawking radiation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001133_speaker_0.wav,The problem arises because of this.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001134_speaker_0.wav,"Currently, all known laws of physics preserve the information about physical states that produce them.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001135_speaker_0.wav,"So, for example, if we look at quantum mechanics, it's also true in general relativity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001136_speaker_0.wav,You compute the equations for predicting the outcome of a certain physical process.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001137_speaker_0.wav,You can just as well run the equation sort of backwards and work out.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001138_speaker_0.wav,"If everything ran in reverse, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001139_speaker_0.wav,"So you normally would predict what happens next, but you could as equally well start with the end state and work out what happened previously.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001140_speaker_0.wav,The equations run in both directions.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001141_speaker_0.wav,And this is called Unitarity.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001142_speaker_0.wav,"Essentially, it means that...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001143_speaker_0.wav,Information is preserved about the physical state of a system as it changes over time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001144_speaker_0.wav,"By the information, we mean the, um...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001145_speaker_0.wav,Detailed physical description of the microstate of the system.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001146_speaker_0.wav,We might not have access to that information.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001147_speaker_0.wav,Burn a piece of paper.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001148_speaker_0.wav,It's not like you still can find out what was written on the paper.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001149_speaker_0.wav,"But theoretically, if you could...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001150_speaker_0.wav,Track down all of the burnt pieces and then measure all of the detailed properties down to the atomic level and everything.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001151_speaker_0.wav,Or even subatomic level.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001152_speaker_0.wav,Of fragments of that piece of paper and put it all together with all of the equations of motion and so forth.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001153_speaker_0.wav,"Technically, all the information about what was written on the paper would still be preserved.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001154_speaker_0.wav,It wouldn't be accessible in any macroscopic way.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001155_speaker_0.wav,We don't mean information in that sense.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001156_speaker_0.wav,"But in a microscopic kind of physical sense, the information is still there.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001157_speaker_0.wav,"It didn't disappear, it just became inaccessible, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001158_speaker_0.wav,"So, all known laws of physics currently obey.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001159_speaker_0.wav,This unitarity principle.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001160_speaker_0.wav,"Or no hair conjecture is true, and also if hawking radiation is truly thermal, that means that two black holes...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001161_speaker_0.wav,That formed through different methods.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001162_speaker_0.wav,But still have the same mass.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001163_speaker_0.wav,Would have nothing to distinguish them.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001164_speaker_0.wav,There's no properties that you could distinguish between them.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001165_speaker_0.wav,"If they have the same mass and, let's say, the same charge and angular momentum.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001166_speaker_0.wav,The hawking radiation would also be the same because it...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001167_speaker_0.wav,Depends only on the mass.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001168_speaker_0.wav,And there's no other information in hawking radiation other than just the temperature of the body.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001169_speaker_0.wav,Which is a 10 bytes mask.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001170_speaker_0.wav,"And so, therefore, there's no way for information to be stored anywhere about the initial material or processes that led to the formation of those two different black holes.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001171_speaker_0.wav,"There would be information loss, right?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001172_speaker_0.wav,Different initial states.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001173_speaker_0.wav,Final state and no way to distinguish between what gave rise to that.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001174_speaker_0.wav,"So if hawking radiation is truly thermal and the no-here conjecture is correct, then there seems to be information loss.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001175_speaker_0.wav,But many physicists regard this as problematic because no known physical mechanism can produce that.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001176_speaker_0.wav,All known physical processes are unitary.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001177_speaker_0.wav,So what's going on here?,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001178_speaker_0.wav,"Where does the information go, or what's happening?",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001179_speaker_0.wav,There seems to be a paradox.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001180_speaker_0.wav,"Now, there are some physicists who've kind of countered this.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001181_speaker_0.wav,"And it sort of seems to me that there's a potential issue here as well, because wavefunction collapse in quantum mechanics is also a non-unitary process.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001182_speaker_0.wav,"It destroys information because once the wave function collapses, it sort of selects the the state that the system ends up in, then there's no way to work out what happened before that.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001183_speaker_0.wav,The information is lost about the superposition that existed prior to collapse.,speaker_0,sadness,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001184_speaker_0.wav,Although it's true that not every...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001185_speaker_0.wav,Interpretation of quantum mechanics regards collapse as a real thing.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001186_speaker_0.wav,"Is a real phenomenon that actually occurs in reality, if that's just part of our description of reality, then you might not think that this is a...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001187_speaker_0.wav,Is a violation of unitarity?,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001188_speaker_0.wav,So that seems to be a point of dispute.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001189_speaker_0.wav,"As far as I know these days, most physicists think that the...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001190_speaker_0.wav,That information is preserved by black holes.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001191_speaker_0.wav,So this would mean that the no hair conjecture is false.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001192_speaker_0.wav,Hawking radiation is not.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001193_speaker_0.wav,Through thermal radiation.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001194_speaker_0.wav,"One possibility here is that, hawking radiation contains information about the physical state that gave rise to the black hole.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001195_speaker_0.wav,"And in order for that to be true, it would have to be the case that hawking radiation isn't true thermal radiation.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001196_speaker_0.wav,But actually has extra deviations and perturbations and things that contain the information.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001197_speaker_0.wav,"But no one seems to really know exactly how that would work, or where in Hawking's derivation, where he proved that...",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001198_speaker_0.wav,The radiation would be thermal.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001199_speaker_0.wav,Where exactly he went wrong.,speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001200_speaker_0.wav,"It's one thing to say that, well, there must be.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001201_speaker_0.wav,"Deviations in there, but no one's been able to actually prove to my knowledge of where they would come from.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001202_speaker_0.wav,So that's still an open question.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001203_speaker_0.wav,"Now, another possibility, or I think they could go together, would be that.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001204_speaker_0.wav,Is that the information about the formation of a black hole and physical states that led up to it.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001205_speaker_0.wav,"Would be encoded on the surface of the event horizon of the black hole, in some form.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001206_speaker_0.wav,"Now, this relates to a result called the called Ads-CFT correspondence.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001207_speaker_0.wav,And I won't really try to explain this here because it...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001208_speaker_0.wav,"Gets well beyond what I can talk about here, but basically, this theorem is a way of explaining how you can relate.",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001209_speaker_0.wav,The description of general relativity to descriptions of quantum field theory.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001210_speaker_0.wav,Which ordinarily are hard to connect to each other.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001211_speaker_0.wav,"In a way whereby the information about a, um, a volume is described or encoded on the surface of the region of that volume.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001212_speaker_0.wav,"So, in the case of a black hole, it will be on the surface of the event horizon surrounding the black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001213_speaker_0.wav,This principle indicates that it may be possible to encode the information about the system that formed the black hole on the event horizon of the black hole.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001214_speaker_0.wav,"That being said, this theory doesn't the ads CFT correspondence.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001215_speaker_0.wav,Doesn't directly prove this.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001216_speaker_0.wav,Illustrative result about how it might kind of work.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001217_speaker_0.wav,It doesn't directly apply.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001218_speaker_0.wav,"It's more of a proof of principle, proof of concept, not an actual.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001219_speaker_0.wav,Demonstration that actually applies here.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001220_speaker_0.wav,"So from what I understand, people like Stephen Hawking have been convinced.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001221_speaker_0.wav,A That ads CFTA correspondence was strong evidence that there is some kind of way of encoding the information.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001222_speaker_0.wav,About the formation of a black hole on its surface.,speaker_0,fear,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001223_speaker_0.wav,Which would then be emitted in the hawking radiation as perturbations in the thermal spectrum there.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001224_speaker_0.wav,Thereby preserving the information.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001225_speaker_0.wav,Of the black hole and resolving the black hole information paradox.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001226_speaker_0.wav,"At the same time, these are all kind of heuristic arguments.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001227_speaker_0.wav,"It's like, well, we kind of think that it could work this way, but there's no actual proofs here.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001228_speaker_0.wav,"And there's no actual experimental evidence, certainly, either way.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001229_speaker_0.wav,I think this is still an open question.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001230_speaker_0.wav,"And there's still a lot that we don't understand about exactly how hawking radiation works, exactly how information might be stored.",speaker_0,confusion,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001231_speaker_0.wav,"In, or kind of on the surface of a black hole.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001232_speaker_0.wav,And what it comes down to is exactly what the relationship is between a sort of a quantum field theory description of a black hole and the general relativistic description of the black hole.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001233_speaker_0.wav,"Because ultimately, we don't have a full quantum theory of gravity.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001234_speaker_0.wav,"And I think perhaps that might be required to really resolve these questions, though we will see.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001235_speaker_0.wav,"But anyway, that brings me to a...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001236_speaker_0.wav,"Conclusion, I hope you found this.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001237_speaker_0.wav,It's certainly a deep topic.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001238_speaker_0.wav,Thanks very much for listening.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001239_speaker_0.wav,"If you want to support the show, you can do so in a number of means.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001240_speaker_0.wav,You can make a one-off donation via PayPal to my email address.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001241_speaker_0.wav,Fods12 at gmail.com.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001242_speaker_0.wav,That's Fods12 at gmail.com.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001243_speaker_0.wav,You can also send me.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001244_speaker_0.wav,"questions, suggestions, or other feedback.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001245_speaker_0.wav,Always like to hear from my listeners.,speaker_0,contentment,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001246_speaker_0.wav,"If you would like to make a regular contribution of support for the show, you can become a Patreon supporter.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001247_speaker_0.wav,You can just google Science of Everything podcast Patreon to...,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001248_speaker_0.wav,Find the website there and sign up to one of my tiers.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001249_speaker_0.wav,Greatly appreciate all of the...,speaker_0,adoration,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001250_speaker_0.wav,Support that I receive through my Patreon backers.,speaker_0,contentment,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001251_speaker_0.wav,"You can also give the podcast a favorable review on Spotify, iTunes, or the aggregator of your choice, that is.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001252_speaker_0.wav,A great way to support the podcast.,speaker_0,contentment,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001253_speaker_0.wav,"Finally, I'm still looking for...",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001254_speaker_0.wav,Anyone who may be interested in serving as a video Editor.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001255_speaker_0.wav,To help me bring the podcast from audio format to video format on YouTube.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001256_speaker_0.wav,"I say video editing, but it's really the work is really finding images to go along with past episodes and then editing them in.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001257_speaker_0.wav,So that they match up with the audio.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001258_speaker_0.wav,"So if you're interested in doing that sort of thing, there is...",speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001259_speaker_0.wav,"I am offering payment for that, though.",speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001260_speaker_0.wav,Partly a work of love.,speaker_0,contentment,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001261_speaker_0.wav,If you're a fan of the podcast and like to contribute and receive a bit of money in return.,speaker_0,interest,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001262_speaker_0.wav,Fosuov at gmail.com.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001263_speaker_0.wav,Thanks once again for listening.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001264_speaker_0.wav,And I'll talk to you next time.,speaker_0,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001265_speaker_1.wav,"I am joined today with Michael Cummings, expert psychopharmacologist, was the head consultant in Patton State Hospital for a number of years, now semi-retired.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001266_speaker_1.wav,How's retirement going?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001267_speaker_2.wav,[laughs] Pretty well.,speaker_2,angry,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001268_speaker_2.wav,"I s- I came back as a retired annuitant, uh, so I'm still working part time, but the important feature there is part time, so.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001269_speaker_1.wav,"Yeah, that's good.",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001270_speaker_1.wav,That's good.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001271_speaker_1.wav,I wanted to s- start with clozapine.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001272_speaker_1.wav,And there's a new law that the clozapine REMS is scrapped. Yes.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001273_speaker_1.wav,"And it happened, uh, two days ago, so that's February 25th, 2025.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001274_speaker_1.wav,"And so we no longer need to report clozapine REMS, which was, uh, something I did on a- a weekly basis for some of my clients.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001275_speaker_1.wav,So walk me through what happened and what this means for us.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001276_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, basically, a number of us have been lobbying the FDA, uh, for a number of years now to do away with the REMS program, in large part because it's become clear based on research data that the primary risk for severe neutropenia occurs fairly early in clozapine treatment and then declines to a level",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001277_speaker_2.wav,"of about somewhere between one and six per 10,000, um, after a year of treatment, which are levels comparable to other drugs that can affect the bone marrow.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001278_speaker_2.wav,And we don't have REMS programs for those.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001279_speaker_2.wav,"So the FDA finally reconsidered the issue, and two days ago, they basically abolished the REMS program for clozapine and simply noted that people should, um, exercise good judgment and follow the recommendations in the package insert.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001280_speaker_2.wav,"In part, what prompted this was the Europeans dropped all requirements for monitoring after one year, um, hmm, I think more than a decade and a half ago now.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001281_speaker_2.wav,"Their rates of morbidity and mortality due to severe neutropenia related to clozapine are no larger than ours, uh, which argued that the monitoring beyond a year does not actually serve any purpose.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001282_speaker_2.wav,"My guess is what most individual clinicians and very likely systems like the California Department of State Hospitals are likely to elect to continue monitoring weekly for the f- for the first six months and then may or may not elect to monitor every two weeks for a following six months and then may stop routine monitoring altogether, um- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001283_speaker_2.wav,"and simply, as the Europeans do, they advise and educate their patients and families that if someone develops a persisting infection or if they develop a sore throat, uh, that is not getting better, not going away, they should go and have a CBC done to look at their absolute neutrophil count. Okay.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001284_speaker_1.wav,So this is- this is like revolutionary to the- to the world of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001285_speaker_1.wav,"We, uh, we spoke about treatment-resistant schizophrenia way back in episode 49, so it may be worth repeating some of the key points that we- we brought forth.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001286_speaker_1.wav,"The thing that I'm thinking about is there's a number of patients who, due to an- anosognomia and just resistance, like maybe they'll take a pill, but to get them to draw a lab once a week is- has just been absolutely difficult in my- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001287_speaker_1.wav,"But these are like the people that need it the most, you know?",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001288_speaker_1.wav,"And so I'm like thinking to myself, do I, uh, i- is there a case for this type of patient due to the risk of them being psychotic for the rest of their life for them not to take the blood test every week?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001289_speaker_2.wav,"Well, certainly, it would ar- it's arguable that after the first six months, weekly monitoring is no longer necessary, 'cause the- the primary principal area of risk is during the first 18 weeks of treatment.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001290_speaker_2.wav,And then it begins to decline fairly steadily.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001291_speaker_2.wav,3% and then declines thereafter fairly steeply.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001292_speaker_2.wav,"So during the first month of treatment, there is very little risk, 'cause the person has not had time to develop an immune response to clozapine, or actually its metabolites.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001293_speaker_2.wav,"And then it peaks, and then it gradually declines in terms of risk in the population.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001294_speaker_2.wav,One will be it's much easier to talk somebody into doing lab monitoring if it can be made clear it will not last forever.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001295_speaker_2.wav,"Um, it will decline in frequency, and then at some point, it will go away.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001296_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the other valuable point is you can now do ANC monitoring via finger stick rather than venipuncture, so that is a- a benefit.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001297_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, other benefits related to REMS going away is there will no longer be a need to send things to a pharmacy, uh, for their review before they can dispense the clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001298_speaker_2.wav,"Instead, like all medications, they will be relying on the, uh, judgment of the prescribing physician, uh, to have judged that it is safe to dispense this medication. Good.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001299_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, so let's, let's back up a little bit, 'cause I feel like we need to prescribe clozapine more in America.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001300_speaker_1.wav,"I feel like this is an underutilized, um, medication, and I think this is a good time to advocate for it.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001301_speaker_2.wav,"We do, uh, because in, certainly in the context of treatment-resistant schizophrenia, and we went over this way back when we talked about treatment-resistant schizophrenia, if somebody has failed two adequate trials of two different antipsychotics from different classes, given at adequate dose and duration, their odds of responding",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001302_speaker_2.wav,to anything other than clozapine is less than 7%. Yeah.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001303_speaker_1.wav,"So if, if you think about that, like, like, if, if a patient's coming in, and they've, they're on an antipsychotic, and they've been on another antipsychotic, and they're not responding, clozapine is, like, the first medication you should think of.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001304_speaker_1.wav,Because you're gonna get 40 to 60% of those people responding.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001305_speaker_2.wav,"Well, many of our, many of our patients who are treatment-resistant, it's clear clozapine is essentially their only real option.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001306_speaker_2.wav,"You know, aside from decreasing violence and suicide risk, it's also the only thing that's effective for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001307_speaker_2.wav,"The other element of that is if you let somebody remain treatment-resistant without clozapine treatment, uh, the Yoshimura study found that, you know, after 2.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001308_speaker_2.wav,"Unfortunately, it doesn't decline to zero.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001309_speaker_2.wav,"It goes from somewhere between 40 and 60% down to hovering around 30%, uh, at least for the period of time that they studied.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001310_speaker_2.wav,"But, you know, there, there are now, now a number of articles that have been published that point out the benefits of switching earlier to clozapine. Yeah.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001311_speaker_1.wav,"We talked about, um, a number of things, including the dose.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001312_speaker_1.wav,What do you normally start a patient on?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001313_speaker_1.wav,How quickly do you escalate the dose?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001314_speaker_1.wav,How high do you go?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001315_speaker_2.wav,"Um, for...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001316_speaker_2.wav,"Now, in DSH, we, uh, we differed slightly from the package insert, although the package insert's fairly close to this.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001317_speaker_2.wav,First dose is 12 and a half to 25 milligrams at bedtime.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001318_speaker_2.wav,Not that we expect that to do anything to the psychosis.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001319_speaker_2.wav,"That's mostly because clozapine is a very good alpha antagonist, uh, very anticholinergic, and a very good histamine antagonist, so you can make somebody hypotensive and over-sedated fairly easily.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001320_speaker_2.wav,"If they tolerate that well, uh, the next day, they can go to 12 and a half to 25 milligrams BID, and then we titrate, aiming to be at around 100 milligrams by the end of the first week, and by, and to about 200 milligrams by the end of the second week.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001321_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we rarely titrate faster than in 50 milligram increments, and that usually is at a, at a rate of once or twice per week.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001322_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we're aiming for an initial plasma concentration range of 350 to 600 nanograms per milliliter.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001323_speaker_2.wav,"If the person responds to that, fine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001324_speaker_2.wav,"If they are still suffering from significant positive psychotic symptoms, we then will titrate the dose further until we get up to around 1000 nanograms per milliliter.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001325_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we do also use what's called a two-week rule in terms of titration.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001326_speaker_2.wav,This actually applies to all of the antipsychotics.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001327_speaker_2.wav,"If you increase the dose of an antipsychotic, what you have after about two weeks is 80% of what you're gonna get at that dose/concentration.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001328_speaker_2.wav,So there's no reason to wait for prolonged periods before you titrate further.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001329_speaker_2.wav,"You, you know, and you, for a trial, you, you come to one of several end points.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001330_speaker_2.wav,"Two, the person develops intolerable side effects, so you've gone as far with that drug as you can, and you may have to back down and come to a balance between benefit and risk.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001331_speaker_2.wav,"Or you reach the point of futility for the drug, meaning the odds of producing a positive response are less than 5% if you push higher.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001332_speaker_2.wav,"Now, for clozapine, that occurs at about 1000 nanograms per milliliter, although I will tell you, we do have rare patients who require clozapine plasma concentrations of 1200 to, to 1400 nanograms per milliliter and actually tolerate those concentrations.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001333_speaker_2.wav,"Those are, those are the people out in the tail of the bell curve, out in the, uh, you know, three standard deviations from the mean.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001334_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, but we have one or two of them in the state hospitals.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001335_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, so just to re- uh, just to, you know, I have this DSH psychotropic medication guide that you gave me.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001336_speaker_1.wav,"So it's like if you gave 350 to 600 milligrams, you're gonna get close to that level, which is the, the target range.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001337_speaker_1.wav,"For females, it's al- it's, the multiplier is 1.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001338_speaker_1.wav,"32, and I'll put this handout in the, the guide in the m- my website, psychiatrypodcast. com.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001339_speaker_1.wav,"And so, y- the, the expected level's gonna be a little bit higher, so you might need a little bit less......",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001340_speaker_1.wav,than the 350 to 600 milligram dose.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001341_speaker_1.wav,"You might, might be more like 250 to, I don't know, 400.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001342_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, I think that would be about right.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001343_speaker_2.wav,"As a caveat, we always encourage people to get a plasma concentration because indeed the numbers you're reading are based on the average metabolizer.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001344_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, but like most things, rates of metabolism vary from person to person and actually describe a, you know, the typical bell curve or Gaussian curve.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001345_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, so that you'll have people who are slower, poorer metabolizers who will have much higher levels than you'd expect, and people who are rapid metabolizers who eliminate the drug more rapidly than some people.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001346_speaker_2.wav,"The other caveat in this is if you have a patient who smokes, on average, smoking will roughly double the rate of metabolism or cut the e- expected, uh, plasma concentration in half. Great.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001347_speaker_1.wav,So another thing that comes up often is patients who get put on clozapine have a higher rate of developing OCD.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001348_speaker_1.wav,Can you talk about that?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001349_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, like many of the second generation anti-psychotics, clozapine is an antagonist at serotonin 5HT2A receptors, and in some people, antagonism of that receptor will induce obsessive compulsive symptoms, obsessional thoughts, compulsive behaviors.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001350_speaker_2.wav,"It is dose dependent, so in some cases, lowering the dose, if that's feasible given the person's psychosis, will get rid of the obsessive compulsive symptoms.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001351_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, in other cases, you may need to add an SSRI.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001352_speaker_2.wav,"Our usual go-to medication is sertraline because it has very few strong interactions with other drugs via the cytochrome P450 system, and then we treat them with that to increase serotonin and then hopefully get rid of that particular adverse effect of clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001353_speaker_2.wav,"[sighs] Where we get stuck frequently is if we have somebody who is not purely schizophrenic but who is schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, then it becomes very risky to give them an antidepressant.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001354_speaker_2.wav,A- although clozapine itself is a fairly good mood stabilizer.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001355_speaker_2.wav,"So we have, in some cases, crossed our fingers, held our breath, and titrated the SSRI very gingerly to see if we could strike a balance between their mood stability and their OCD symptoms.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001356_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, so number one, check their blood level.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001357_speaker_1.wav,"Try to get their bl- try to get it down to, like, the effective range.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001358_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, one, fluoxetine is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2D6 and will raise clozapine levels about 30%. Okay.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001359_speaker_2.wav,The other problem I have with fluoxetine is its half-life.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001360_speaker_2.wav,"If the person is not tolerant of fluoxetine or say, for example, this person actually is vulnerable to a bipolar diathesis and you didn't know that, but you unfortunately discovered it when you started the fluoxetine, half-life is 9 to 14 days which means washout is 10 weeks, two and a half months.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001361_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, so quiz question for my audience.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001362_speaker_1.wav,The quiz question would be what is the most common reason why people die on clozapine?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001363_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the most common reason for death due to clozapine is bowel obstruction.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001364_speaker_1.wav,So what is...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001365_speaker_2.wav,"So- Oh, it's constipation that has progressed to bowel impaction, meaning there's a very hard lump of stool stuck in the bowel, uh, followed by, uh, usually ischemia of the bowel wall, uh, obstruction of the bowel, and th- that can have catastrophic- produce a catastrophic outcome.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001366_speaker_2.wav,That's actually has always been the most common cause of death with clozapine.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001367_speaker_2.wav,"It, uh, statistically, it far outstrips the severe neutropenia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001368_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, another, another question would be, um, po- potential board question, so let's say you have a patient who is a...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001369_speaker_1.wav,With Parkinson's disease where standard treatment has failed.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001370_speaker_1.wav,"Um, is there a case for clozapine?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001371_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, yes, there is.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001372_speaker_2.wav,"Um, clozapine does not tend to, to engender adverse motor effects, and that's primarily because it's frankly a very poor antagonist at D2 receptors.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001373_speaker_2.wav,"Um, at therapeutic concentrations, the occupancy in D2 receptors is around 25 to 40%.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001374_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, you know, typical anti-psychotic D2 blockade is in the 60, uh, 65...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001375_speaker_2.wav,"60, 65 to 80% range.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001376_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, so clozapine is well below that, so it doesn't tend to cause motor symptoms.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001377_speaker_2.wav,"Um, in fact, people a...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001378_speaker_2.wav,"They looked at, for example, clozapine as a potential treatment for tardive dyskinesia 'cause it does seem to benefit TD in many patients.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001379_speaker_2.wav,"The, uh, uh, American Neurological Society did not include it as a......",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001380_speaker_2.wav,"proven treatment, basically because it had two large positive studies and one large negative study, which no one has yet figured out why the negative study was negative. Hmm.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001381_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, here's a...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001382_speaker_1.wav,"Here's another, um, uh, clinical case scenario you should be aware of as a provider.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001383_speaker_1.wav,"A patient comes in with, um, fluvoxamine, and recently had started clozapine. Mm-hmm.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001384_speaker_1.wav,What do you imagine is going on?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001385_speaker_2.wav,"[laughs] Uh, his clozapine has gone through the roof.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001386_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, clozapine is metabolized principally by cytochrome P4501A2, for which fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001387_speaker_2.wav,It basically will turn 1A2 off.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001388_speaker_2.wav,"And now, clozapine does have a couple of other metabolic pathways in the cytochrome system.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001389_speaker_2.wav,"It's also metabolized by 2D6 and by 3A4, but those are relatively minor pathways compared to 1A2.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001390_speaker_2.wav,"So if, if somebody gives fluvoxamine at antidepressant or anti-obsessional doses, they have essentially removed the ability to m- metabolize clozapine. Yeah.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001391_speaker_1.wav,"So, so yeah, be, be very careful with...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001392_speaker_1.wav,"I mean, that's a very potent inhibitor, which leads to very large amounts of clozapine.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001393_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, uh, I- Very powerful ...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001394_speaker_2.wav,"a case, uh, in which a patient was given, uh, fluvoxamine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001395_speaker_2.wav,"A woman who had been on 100 milligrams of clozapine twice a day for two years, uh, had a fairly responsive psychosis, was doing well, developed obsessive-compulsive symptoms, as we've talked about.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001396_speaker_2.wav,"Unfortunately, the clinician who next saw her was not aware of the 1A2 inhibition by fluvoxamine and promptly put her on 100 milligrams of fluvoxamine, and she died two days later.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001397_speaker_1.wav,"This is why, like, y- y- you know, you need to...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001398_speaker_1.wav,You need to pay attention to this stuff.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001399_speaker_1.wav,Absolutely important.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001400_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, here's, um, here's another question for you.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001401_speaker_1.wav,"A patient comes in, compli- uh, recently started clozapine, now at 400 milligrams per night.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001402_speaker_1.wav,They complain that they wake up in the middle of the night and they feel like they're choking. Mm-hmm.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001403_speaker_1.wav,"And they feel like, um, they're having some panic or something. Mm-hmm.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001404_speaker_2.wav,"[laughs] Uh, as you know, the metabolite of clozapine, norclozapine, unfortunately stimulates the salivary glands, uh, rather strenuously, and increases saliva production, produces sialorrhea, drooling, uh, in many patients.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001405_speaker_2.wav,That actually increases the risk of aspiration and of aspiration pneumonia.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001406_speaker_2.wav,"It's one of the dangerous side effects of clozapine, not as dangerous as bowel obstruction, but, uh, it's not inconsiderable either, which is why we should pay attention if our patient's developing sialorrhea, and attempt to reduce the sialorrhea.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001407_speaker_2.wav,"We start typically with topical anticholinergic agents that can be given orally, 1% atropine dropped sublingually. Eyedrops.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001408_speaker_1.wav,Eyedrops...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001409_speaker_2.wav,"Well, yeah, they are eyedrops, but, you know, uh, they work in the mouth- They put it in the mouth.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001410_speaker_2.wav,"You put it under the tongue, have the person kind of swish it around, then after they've held it in there for 30 seconds to a minute, you give them about a teaspoon of water and have them swish and then spit the excess so they don't swallow it.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001411_speaker_2.wav,trying to avoid them having systemic anticholinergic effects.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001412_speaker_2.wav,"If you give somebody who's on clozapine a systemic anticholinergic, it will roughly double their risk of developing ileus and bowel obstruction.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001413_speaker_2.wav,"If that doesn't work and we're stuck, in some settings we will give glycopyrrolate.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001414_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, it still has the bowel risk, but does not cross into the brain, so it will not add to the person's central anticholinergic burden, meaning we won't make them dumber and have a poorer memory, um, while we're trying to treat their psychosis.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001415_speaker_2.wav,"If that doesn't work or it's inadvisable 'cause this is a person who's had bowel difficulties, we, in the state hospitals, we are using Botulinum, uh, toxin, Botulinum A specifically, to inject the parotid and submandibular glands on a three to six-month interval, which works very nicely.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001416_speaker_2.wav,"In 90% of cases, uh, it resolves the sialorrhea.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001417_speaker_2.wav,"Neurolog- We actually stole that from the neurologists, because of course, people with things like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea also have a difficult time with sialorrhea, and they started injecting Botulinum toxin to, uh, control the sialorrhea.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001418_speaker_2.wav,"Then psychiatrists in research settings started using it, um, in clozapine patients and found out it works just as well there. Okay.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001419_speaker_1.wav,Let's go through some things that psychiatrists may not know about this.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001420_speaker_1.wav,I would say one of them is that......,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001421_speaker_1.wav,clozapine may reduce or can reduce mortality in schizophrenia patients. Yes.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001422_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, this is- the original study in this area came out of the Maudsley Hospital in London, where they looked at their clozapine patients versus their non-clozapine patients, and found that those who were taking clozapine, despite all of its risks and side effects, those patients lived longer.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001423_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and it was not a small...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001424_speaker_2.wav,"I've forgotten now what the increment was, but it was not a small percent increase in survival.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001425_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, later in the Scandinavian countries, Thohannon et al.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001426_speaker_2.wav,did a very simi- similar population-based study and found that the best overall survival among schizophrenic patients occurred in those who were taking clozapine.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001427_speaker_2.wav,Second-best were long-acting injectable antipsychotics.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001428_speaker_2.wav,And worst were the oral antipsychotics.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001429_speaker_1.wav,So I'll ask this as a question.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001430_speaker_1.wav,"Uh, so kind of like, if you're listening to this, try to answer it before Cummings does.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001431_speaker_1.wav,[laughs] You have a patient who started on 50 milligrams a day of clozapine at night.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001432_speaker_1.wav,"He comes in, um, having fallen at night, uh, while trying to go to the urinal.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001433_speaker_1.wav,"He also feels, uh, very, very groggy.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001434_speaker_1.wav,What's- Mm-hmm.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001435_speaker_1.wav,"And then, Cummings, what do you think?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001436_speaker_2.wav,"Well, um, we already noted clozapine is a very, very potent antihistamine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001437_speaker_2.wav,This person has two things going on.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001438_speaker_2.wav,"Having started at 50 milligrams at night, that's too high a starting dose for most people.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001439_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, this would be like taking a whopping dose of 75 to 125 milligrams of Benadryl when you went to bed.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001440_speaker_2.wav,"There are people who can tolerate that much antihistamine, but not a lot of them.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001441_speaker_2.wav,"The other element that may add to this is that clozapine also is a good alpha-1 antagonist and causes blood vessels to dilate, so that when the person stands up, especially if they stand up rapidly, they may have some degree of orthostasis on top of being over-sedated.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001442_speaker_2.wav,"Well, those are a wonderful recipe for falling.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001443_speaker_2.wav,"So basically the, the treatment for this is to go back, reduce the dose to a more tolerable level, and then titrate more slowly as we outlined previously.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001444_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, case number two.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001445_speaker_1.wav,"Patient comes in to the ER having been on clozapine, uh, for three months, having a new-onset seizure.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001446_speaker_1.wav,"Clozapine level is drawn and is at 1,200 nanograms per mL.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001447_speaker_1.wav,Patient is only on 600 milligrams of clozapine a night.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001448_speaker_1.wav,What do you imagine is the next course of action for this patient?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001449_speaker_2.wav,"Well, next step is to figure out if they've been taking the drug as directed or if they are o- on any 1A2 inhibitors.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001450_speaker_2.wav,"In other words, you're looking for things that might have increased the clozapine level more than expected.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001451_speaker_2.wav,"If none of those things turn out to be true, this may just be a slow metabolizer of clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001452_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, in which case the next step is to lower the dose of clozapine and try to get it back down around a thousand.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001453_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the risk of seizure with clozapine is related to two factors.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001454_speaker_2.wav,One is the rate of titration.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001455_speaker_2.wav,"If you go too fast, the person may seize.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001456_speaker_2.wav,"If you get beyond a thousand nanograms per milliliter, you may start to see myoclonic jerks, which are a harbinger of either myoclonic or tonic-clonic seizure.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001457_speaker_2.wav,"Now, if somebody has a seizure on clozapine, uh, even at, you know, and at a therapeutic dose that you want to keep, seizure per se is not a reason to stop clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001458_speaker_2.wav,"It's a reason to add an anti-epileptic to prevent the seizures, 'cause remember, these are people for whom clozapine is likely their only viable treatment option.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001459_speaker_2.wav,"Most common agents are valproic acid or levetiracetam, Keppra.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001460_speaker_2.wav,"Valproic acid is undergoing some reconsideration, certainly in Europe and in the UK, and is likely to undergo some degree of reconsideration here in that it has reproductive risks, certainly in women.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001461_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, but it also appears to have reproductive risks in men as well in that it causes methylation of the sperm, so that if, if, uh, a man gives rise to a pregnancy within three months of taking valproic acid, the rate of neurobehavioral syndromes in that child are increased significantly.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001462_speaker_1.wav,"On further interview, you find the patient was recently put on ciprofloxacin. Hmm.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001463_speaker_1.wav,For a UTI.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001464_speaker_1.wav,"What, what i- what, um...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001465_speaker_1.wav,Or you could- Well- You know.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001466_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, well, ciprofloxacin is, uh, one of the medications, and, and indeed, but it's the only one of this group of antibiotics that is a potent 1A2 inhibitor.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001467_speaker_2.wav,So e- e- essentially the same thing has happened as with the fluvoxamine.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001468_speaker_2.wav,"The person got put on the antibiotic and essentially their metabolism of clozapine came to a stop, and consequently, their-...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001469_speaker_2.wav,"plasma concentration began to climb rapidly, in this case inducing a seizure. Okay.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001470_speaker_1.wav,"Let's say, uh, another scenario.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001471_speaker_1.wav,You have a patient in the first three weeks of starting clozapine who develops a fever.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001472_speaker_1.wav,"You fear the worst, that this patient has NMS, but all they have is a fever.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001473_speaker_1.wav,What is actually going on?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001474_speaker_2.wav,"Fever is a fairly common adverse effect with, uh, clozapine, affecting up to 20% of those who start clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001475_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, it do- it does deserve attention.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001476_speaker_2.wav,"Now, in most cases, it's a benign fever where the person will have an elevation of temperature for the first several weeks to months of clozapine treatment, and then the fever will just gradually fade away.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001477_speaker_2.wav,"The main thing that you want to be cautious of if somebody develops fever is to be sure to ask them if they have any additional associated symptoms, uh, particularly symptoms r- related to the heart.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001478_speaker_2.wav,"That is shortness of breath, chest pressure or discomfort, feelings of orthostasis.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001479_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, if those things are occurring, you want to be sure to rule out clozapine-induced myocarditis, which is relatively rare, but very important because, of course, if people develop myocarditis, um, they can progress into a dilated cardiomyopathy with decreasing",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001480_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the way, the way you make the diagnosis other than looking at the symptoms is to get a troponin.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001481_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, if troponin is more than up- two times the upper limit of normal, that's essentially a diagnostic of myocyte damage.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001482_speaker_2.wav,"You may also want to get a C-reactive protein, uh, because there are some cases in which the troponin does not rise as much as people would expect, but the C-reactive protein does in those cases.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001483_speaker_2.wav,"Fortunately, the risk period for myocarditis is fairly short.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001484_speaker_2.wav,"80% of cases occur within the first four weeks of clozapine treatment, and essentially 100% occur within the first six weeks of treatment.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001485_speaker_2.wav,"This is, this is not a s- problem that you will see in people who've been taking clozapine for months or years. Yeah.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001486_speaker_1.wav,"Well, that was one of the things that I was gonna put on my list of things to ask you.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001487_speaker_1.wav,"Myocarditis is rare, but a serious early side effect.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001488_speaker_1.wav,"Troponin, get a troponin level, and it's usually in the first month of use, right?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001489_speaker_1.wav,"Tachycardia, flu-like illness, prompt investigation needed.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001490_speaker_1.wav,So w- what are the differentiation types of things that you're looking at for that?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001491_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and particularly if those are associated with additional things such as, ""You know, my chest feels tight, my chest feels heavy.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001492_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, I feel short of breath when I walk upstairs,"" all of those should be sounding alarm bells that we need to check this person carefully to be sure they're not developing myocarditis.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001493_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, after, y- you know, if the troponin and C-reactive protein come back positive, uh, the next steps, of course, are to discontinue the clozapine and sign the person up for an echocardiogram to see what effect has already occurred with respect to their ejection fraction.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001494_speaker_2.wav,"Now, the vast majority of people, if you identify them, if you hold off on the clozapine, their myocarditis recovers a- just with supportive care.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001495_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, can you rechallenge them with clozapine?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001496_speaker_2.wav,"In fact, there are a couple of published rechallenge protocols.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001497_speaker_2.wav,"The key element of the rechallenge is the titration is incredibly slow, meaning on the order of five to six and a half milligrams per week until you get to therapeutic levels.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001498_speaker_2.wav,"In other words, you don't ever accelerate the clozapine titration until you're past the risk period. Okay.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001499_speaker_1.wav,"So what's the, uh, what's the main takeaway?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001500_speaker_1.wav,"If, if someone had, let's say, the need to be on this medication. Mm-hmm.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001501_speaker_1.wav,"Or they were gonna remain psychotic for the rest of their life- Well, the nee- ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001502_speaker_2.wav,"The key to a successful rechallenge, and it's successful, if done correctly, in 70 to 80% of cases, uh, is to go very slowly.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001503_speaker_2.wav,"You know, starting at five milligrams at night, and, you know, week one, five milligrams at night.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001504_speaker_2.wav,"Week three, 15 milligrams at night, until you're out well past the six weeks, and only then increasing the rate of titration.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001505_speaker_2.wav,That seems to be the key to avoiding the myocarditis. Okay.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001506_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, so the increased titration does increase the risk of this, right?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001507_speaker_1.wav,"Greater than 50 milligrams a day if the, if people are rapidly titrated.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001508_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, a- another, yet another reason not to engage in rapid titration....",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001509_speaker_2.wav,"you know, and in fact, I think a lot of people are not adequately aware that if clozapine is interrupted, you have only a very brief period before you have to go back and start all over as if the person had never been exposed to clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001510_speaker_2.wav,"Under 48 hours of interruption, two days, uh, you can start back at half what their clozapine dose was and titrate from there.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001511_speaker_2.wav,"If you're out beyond four days, you're starting over from the beginning, because all of the adaptive responses in terms of their alpha receptors, their histamine receptors, their immune risks, all of those adaptations go away fairly quickly.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001512_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, let's talk about what can happen with abrupt discontinuation.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001513_speaker_1.wav,"So if someone abruptly discontinues, what is the chance that they may reenter into psychosis?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001514_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, very high, uh, for a couple of reasons.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001515_speaker_2.wav,"And in fact, it may be more than psychotic relapse.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001516_speaker_2.wav,It may also be a cholinergic delirium.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001517_speaker_2.wav,"You know, these are people with a severe psychotic illness that's largely unresponsive to anything other than clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001518_speaker_2.wav,"So if the clozapine goes away suddenly, their psychosis tends to come roaring back.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001519_speaker_2.wav,"On top of that, because clozapine is so highly anticholinergic, I think a lot of people don't realize this either, 50 milligrams of clozapine is as anticholinergic as one milligram of benztropine, uh, trade name Cogentin.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001520_speaker_2.wav,"So if you have somebody who's taking 500 milligrams of, uh, clozapine a day, that's the equivalent of taking 10 milligrams of benztropine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001521_speaker_2.wav,"If you stop that suddenly, y- this person now has a flood of acetylcholine, looking at a lot of uncovered acetylcholine receptors, and they may develop cholinergic delirium, as well as the, um, the GI side effects of excessive acetylcholine activity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, um,",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001522_speaker_2.wav,"cramping, uh, sweating, all of those things.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001523_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, so that if you have to de- discontinue clozapine abruptly, it's prudent to put the person on benztropine and then gradually taper the benztropine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001524_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we typically don't start the benzitrine, benztropine at an equivalent dose.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001525_speaker_2.wav,We'll shave that by half.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001526_speaker_2.wav,Start the benztropine and then gradually taper it at a half milligram a week so that the person doesn't have a cholinergic rebound.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001527_speaker_1.wav,"Yeah, so cholinergic rebound, you'll also things, see things like nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, restlessness, headache, insomnia. Yeah.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001528_speaker_1.wav,And it's gonna happen within 12 to 48 hours of stopping. Mm-hmm.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001529_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, and it's of- it's often fairly dramatic and, uh, uh, the delirium can be quite severe as well.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001530_speaker_1.wav,"Do you see this as well when you're stopping someone on like olanzapine, which is fairly anticholinergic?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001531_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, you can.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001532_speaker_2.wav,"It is less common than with clozapine, but you can.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001533_speaker_2.wav,"You could also see it, for example, if you did that with, uh, chlorpromazine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001534_speaker_2.wav,"Of the antipsychotics, if you put them in rank order in terms of how anticholinergic they are, clozapine's at the top, number two is chlorpromazine, Thorazine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001535_speaker_2.wav,Number three is olanzapine.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001536_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, so you can see it with the other two.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001537_speaker_2.wav,"Clozapine, though, is, is really prone to causing cholinergic rebound if it's stopped abruptly. Yep.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001538_speaker_1.wav,"So okay, I was thinking about like how much anticholinergic that capacity to that is, like 10 milligrams of Cogentin.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001539_speaker_2.wav,"And then- Yeah, and uh, you know, and we have patients, you know, say you have somebody on not 500 but 900?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001540_speaker_2.wav,"[laughs] You're now, you know, you're now getting up into astronomical levels of benztropine 'cause normally benztropine, when it's being given as a principal treating agent, the max dose for it is six milligrams a day.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001541_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, let's say you have a patient who starts clozapine and then two months into it, he starts complaining that he's not being productive.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001542_speaker_1.wav,He no longer hears demons in his head anymore. Mm-hmm.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001543_speaker_1.wav,"What do you imagine, why do you imagine he's starting to talk about that?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001544_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, part of it may be, it may be the first time he's realizing that his life is not being productive.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001545_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, people on clozapine do not uncommonly have kind of an awakening.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001546_speaker_2.wav,"In fact, in the early literature of clozapine, they often described people as having awakenings where they sort of woke up and said, ""Oh, my life isn't what it should be.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001547_speaker_2.wav,""" Uh, which can be an exceedingly distressing mental state to find yourself in.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001548_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, one, realize that you have a severe mental illness, and two, realize that your, your productivity, your ability to form relationships, your ability to work are all seriously impaired.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001549_speaker_2.wav,"You know, this calls on the clinician to do a good evaluation on not just focusing on the positive symptoms, but also taking into account what cognitive and s- cognitive deficits and negative symptoms are-...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001550_speaker_2.wav,"Unfortunately, we don't, at this point, have great treatments for negative symptoms or cognitive deficits.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001551_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, but there als- are some things that have been tried and have shown at least modest benefit.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001552_speaker_2.wav,Antidepressants may help in some cases.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001553_speaker_2.wav,"In a few cases, they've tried things like memantine and cholinesterase inhibitors with some benefit.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001554_speaker_2.wav,"Not huge, but some.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001555_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and of course, a, a psychotherapeutic orientation to look at, well, what does the person want to do that would be productive?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001556_speaker_2.wav,"Because often people who've been, you know, sidelined by a severe psychotic illness, their life plan was going along, and then it got severely derailed.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001557_speaker_2.wav,"I mean, after all, if you're deaming with, dealing with a head full of demons, it's sort of hard to focus on your life goals.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001558_speaker_2.wav,"Those go away, and now all of a sudden you're saying, ""Oh, wait, what?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001559_speaker_2.wav,""" You know, and that can be a very rich field for psychotherapy to begin looking at, well, what can I do?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001560_speaker_2.wav,"That's one of the sub-focuses of, uh, CBT for schizophrenia, which I think is, is very useful.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001561_speaker_2.wav,"Now, unfortunately, since schizophrenia, you know, starts in utero and we don't treat it until after it's well progressed, our results aren't very good.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001562_speaker_2.wav,"Only about 6% of people with schizophrenia maintain stable employment, uh, sufficient to live independently, and even a smaller percentage, uh, maintain stable interpersonal relationships such, such as being married and having kids.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001563_speaker_1.wav,"What's, what's the percentage on that?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001564_speaker_1.wav,For people on clozapine or not on clozapine?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001565_speaker_1.wav,"Well, that, that seems pretty abysmal.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001566_speaker_1.wav,Even on medications?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001567_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, it is, and part of it is w- you know, it's because frankly we don't treat these people until the underlying pathology has progressed hugely.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001568_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, Kraepelin was right when he termed this dementia praecox or early dementia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001569_speaker_2.wav,It's really a developmental dementia in which the brain has been abnormal from the second trimester of pregnancy onward.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001570_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we start usually treating these people when they're in their teen, late teens, early 20s.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001571_speaker_2.wav,"Well, with most severe illnesses, if you let the illness run rampant for two decades, it diminishes your prognosis. Yeah.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001572_speaker_1.wav,"Yeah, a- absolutely.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001573_speaker_1.wav,"I think, um, yeah.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001574_speaker_1.wav,"So here's, here's another, um, patient.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001575_speaker_1.wav,Says he's...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001576_speaker_1.wav,"Let's say this patient, ongoing, three months in.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001577_speaker_1.wav,"You have, he, he came in initially on risperidone, four milligrams.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001578_speaker_1.wav,"He's on clozapine as well, 400, and subsequently you decide to stop the risperidone.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001579_speaker_1.wav,"Uh, the, the week after you stop the risperidone, he says, ""I'm no longer pacing around all day.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001580_speaker_1.wav,"I'm, I'm more just sitting around doing nothing.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001581_speaker_1.wav,""" How do you interpret this statement?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001582_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, if he was pacing around all day, I would wonder if the risperidone was causing him some degree of akathisia, which was ori- [laughs] was originally actually named Can't Sit Down syndrome.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001583_speaker_2.wav,"[laughs] Which, which was a very descriptive name.",speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001584_speaker_2.wav,"It was named in, in the, what is now the Czech Republic.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001585_speaker_2.wav,"[laughs] Uh, no.",speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001586_speaker_2.wav,"The, the medical history of its naming, uh, it was originally named in Parkinson's patients, uh, who literally could not sit down, so the, uh, neurologist who was treating them just named it by, you know, in descriptive terms. Okay.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001587_speaker_1.wav,So when we think about...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001588_speaker_1.wav,"There's, there's a, an intense restlessness that's quite often occurring with antipsychotics, especially at high doses.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001589_speaker_1.wav,Typical then atypical.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001590_speaker_1.wav,"Clozapine, does that cause this, this restlessness of akathisia?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001591_speaker_2.wav,"No, it doesn't.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001592_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, in fact, as far as anyone can find, clozapine is not prone to cause any of the antipsychotic-related movement disorders.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001593_speaker_2.wav,"I mean, you will see case reports of, oh, maybe clozapine caused an atypical form of this or that.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001594_speaker_2.wav,"But there's not really been any convincing data that, that clozapine causes Parkinsonism or akathisia or dystonia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001595_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and in fact, in most cases it's actually something of a treatment for all three conditions.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001596_speaker_2.wav,"And that's because, again, the dopamine D2 receptor blockade appears to be the source of these movement disorders.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001597_speaker_2.wav,"In the case of akathisia, there's also dysregulation of noradrenergic and serotonin receptors, which is why akathisia is harder to treat.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001598_speaker_2.wav,"Akathisia is the only one of the movement disorders that has been clearly identified to cause an increased rate of suicide, and that's because, as you point out, it is truly a miserable condition in which the person feels restless.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001599_speaker_2.wav,"Um, I think one of my most articulate schizophrenic patients once described it as, uh, he said, ""It felt like there were ants...""...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001600_speaker_2.wav,"crawling up and down the bones in his legs, uh, which I can understand why somebody would, you know...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001601_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, if that kind of feeling is going on, it's a truly miserable condition.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001602_speaker_1.wav,"Yeah, just ab- absolutely miserable.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001603_speaker_1.wav,Ev- every psychiatrist should know about this.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001604_speaker_1.wav,They shou- it should be on their f- the forefront of their mind when they're treating patients because it can be...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001605_speaker_2.wav,"You know, if you...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001606_speaker_2.wav,Particularly in somebody who is a younger patient in whom the dose has been increased relatively rapidly.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001607_speaker_2.wav,"You know, somebody comes in, they're agitated, and they get, you know, a lot of, uh, haloperidol or a lot of risperidone, uh, over a fairly short period, so they go from zero exposure and blockade to a lot of exposure and blockade.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001608_speaker_2.wav,"If that person's exhibiting restlessness in their pacing, uh, odds are they're taking too much antipsychotic.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001609_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, again, that's another point for measuring blood levels.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001610_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, measuring a blood level can tell you if you're beyond the point of futility of the drug because once you've reached the point of futility, increasing the dose for most of these drugs is not providing the patient with any benefit.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001611_speaker_2.wav,It's just increasing the intensity and severity of adverse effects from the drugs. The...,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001612_speaker_1.wav,"I've ha- I've had a couple people reach out to me who have chronic akathisia, and, uh, I'm c- I'm curious, you know, like, what, what are the treatments that are known?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001613_speaker_1.wav,"Do you just, um, stop the agent?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001614_speaker_1.wav,"Um, I had one person de- develop it after decreasing their- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001615_speaker_1.wav,SSRI or being on the SSRI for a long time.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001616_speaker_1.wav,"Um, any thoughts around that?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001617_speaker_2.wav,"When people develop tardive akathisia, it is one of the most difficult of all the movement disorders to treat successfully.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001618_speaker_2.wav,"Acute akathisia is fairly responsive to either beta blocker, propranolol, or to mirtazapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001619_speaker_2.wav,Tardive akathisia is miserably less responsive.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001620_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, drugs that have been used include things like clonazepam, often at relatively robust doses.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001621_speaker_2.wav,Vitamin B6 has been used with mixed results.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001622_speaker_2.wav,Lowering the dose or switching to an alternative drug may be beneficial.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001623_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, people have also tried other GABAergic agents like gabapentin or pregabalin.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001624_speaker_2.wav,"Bottom line with all of these is yes, they produce some effects, but none of them have emerged as a wonderfully robust treatment, uh, for tardive akathisia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001625_speaker_1.wav,"This is, um...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001626_speaker_1.wav,"The, the time course is usually different than acute akathisia.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001627_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, acute akathisia usually occurs beginning within, well, anywhere from hours to days after exposure to a dopamine antagonist.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001628_speaker_2.wav,"Tardive akathisia often emerges after the person's been on a stable dose of something that is a dopamine antagonist or a drug like an SSRI that decreases dopamine release, often for months or years.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001629_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and the person, even though they've been at a stable dose for a long period of time, they will begin to develop signs and symptoms of akathisia, usually starting with the internal sense of restlessness and then eventually spilling into overt movement.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001630_speaker_1.wav,"So would the, would there ever be a role for increasing the antipsychotic in this type of issue, or is it always decreasing?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001631_speaker_2.wav,It's always decreasing.,speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001632_speaker_2.wav,"If you increase the n- the amount of D2 blockade, it will tend to worsen the akathisia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001633_speaker_2.wav,"Now, you can get away with that in tardive dyskinesia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001634_speaker_2.wav,"If you increase the amount of D2 blockade and TD, it will temporarily mask the movements.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001635_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the receptors will adapt and the dyskinetic movements will reemerge, and, you know, you can wind up chasing that so that each time you increase the dose, it gets worse.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001636_speaker_2.wav,"Um, now, one thing with TD you have to watch out for is if you decrease the dose or you stop the offending agent, the dyskinesia may get much worse for a while because you're adding a withdrawal dyskinesia on top of the tardive dyskinesia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001637_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, with all of the movement disorders, I think the key element is to be aware of them in your patients and be sure that you routinely check to see if your patients have any evidence of dystonia or akathisia or tardive dyskinesia, 'cause all of these syndromes are more treatable the earlier they're caught.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001638_speaker_1.wav,"As you're thinking about clozapine, I'm glad we covered this again.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001639_speaker_1.wav,What are the common issues that you find psychiatrists have regarding this medication that you continually are telling people over and over again?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001640_speaker_1.wav,That we haven't covered.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001641_speaker_1.wav,Let's restrict it to what we haven't covered. Okay.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001642_speaker_2.wav,"Um, I think the most common thing I see or the most common question I get regarding clozapine is, ""Can I combine it with other antipsychotics?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001643_speaker_2.wav,"like most polypharmacy, you're looking to combine different mechanisms of action, hoping for additive benefits across drugs.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001644_speaker_2.wav,"You know, it makes no sense to combine two things that essentially do exactly the same thing, 'cause that's inherently no different than giving somebody more of w- you know, one or the other.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001645_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the nice thing with clozapine is it blends well with both the dopamine antagonists and the partial agonists, because its mechanisms of action don't appear to have anything to do with blockade of dopamine receptors.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001646_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we think it acts, one, by increasing glutamate signal transduction and...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001647_speaker_2.wav,"particularly in the frontal lobes, and also by decreasing dopamine release by stimulating muscarinic 4 receptors in the ventral tegmentum.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001648_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, so it's, it's not hitting the same sites as the dopamine antagonists or the partial agonists.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001649_speaker_2.wav,So it combines well with both of those groups.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001650_speaker_2.wav,"The only antipsychotic you cannot combine clozapine with is the very newest one, zenolamine/trospium, and that's because of clozapine's anticholinergic effects.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001651_speaker_2.wav,"It will essentially wipe out zenolamine's mechanism of action, which is dopami- uh, muscarinic agonism at M1 and M4 receptors.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001652_speaker_1.wav,You probably would want to avoid any CYP1A2 inhibitor- Yes ...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001653_speaker_1.wav,"to combine it with, like, clopormazine.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001654_speaker_2.wav,"Y- uh, y- with clozapine, you do not want to give the person a 1A2 inhibitor, because, uh, as we've talked about, you may well, um, do the patient in if it's a potent inhibitor.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001655_speaker_2.wav,"If you give a more modest inhibitor, you need to be sure that you are adjusting the clozapine appropriately to maintain the person at the right level.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001656_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, similar issues arise in people who develop, uh, severe infections.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001657_speaker_2.wav,"I mean, people are...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001658_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, given our recent history, people are well aware that cloz- that COVID-19 could increase, uh, clozapine levels.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001659_speaker_2.wav,"Frankly, any infection that causes a severe enough immune response can do that, uh, and it's because it's not the drug that directly increases the clozapine level.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001660_speaker_2.wav,"It's the fact that interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, two of the cytokines, uh, produced by more severe infections, inhibit cyto- the cytochrome enzymes.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001661_speaker_1.wav,"What, what, what's the second-most common question that we haven't covered that gets asked?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001662_speaker_2.wav,"Probably, people often ask, ""Well, what should I absolutely stay away from if I've been treating somebody with clozapine?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001663_speaker_2.wav,""" And although we, we've touched on this, basically anything that is a very potent 1A2 inhibitor, some of which are well known, like fluvoxamine, and some of which are relatively unknown, like ciprofloxacin.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001664_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, I en- I always encourage people, if you're going to combine a drug that you're not very familiar with with something like clozapine, um, you know, look up its effect on the cytochrome system.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001665_speaker_2.wav,"These days, with the internet, that information is readily available, uh, from a number of sources, including Wikipedia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001666_speaker_2.wav,"If you enter a drug name, one of the things that you'll commonly find there, although they're stealing it from PubChem, is, w- you know, what are the effects on the cytochrome system?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001667_speaker_1.wav,Enoxacin is another antibiotic.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001668_speaker_2.wav,"Mm-hmm, yes.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001669_speaker_1.wav,It's a potent CYP1A2 inhibitor.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001670_speaker_1.wav,Caffeine is a weak inhibitor.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001671_speaker_2.wav,They may get a five to 15% increase in their clozapine blood level.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001672_speaker_2.wav,"Um, the...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001673_speaker_2.wav,"If s- if somebody starts taking or doing something and it- that is a- an inducer at, uh, 1A2, they can lower their clozapine levels and may have a psychotic relapse because they've become subtherapeutic.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001674_speaker_2.wav,Probably one of the most common that we've run into in the state hospital system has been the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001675_speaker_2.wav,"Um, it is a weak to moderate 1A2 inducer.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001676_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, now, in most people, it's weak enough that you don't see a huge change in clozapine or olanzapine levels, but in a few people, you'll get a 30% drop in their plasma concentration, which, in some people, that may be enough to trip them into having a psychotic relapse.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001677_speaker_2.wav,"So i- i- it's good to pay attention to what may induce or inhibit the cytochrome system, um, and thereby alter the, you know, the concentration of your, of your clozapine, or other drugs, for that matter.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001678_speaker_1.wav,Let's say y- let's say you had someone on ziprasidone.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001679_speaker_1.wav,"Uh, would you be concerned about QTC prolongation?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001680_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we do get that question as well quite a bit.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001681_speaker_2.wav,"Clozapine is a very weak inhibitor of the potassium, uh, rectifier channel, also known as the hERG, uh, potassium channel.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001682_speaker_2.wav,This is the channel that lets......,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001683_speaker_2.wav,"potassium out of myocytes, thereby allowing them to, uh, repolarize and be ready for the next cardiac cycle.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001684_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, if you inhibit that, the heart can't repolarize, and you may have first prolongation of the QT interval and eventually a risk of torsades de pointes.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001685_speaker_2.wav,Clozapine only very weakly inhibits that channel.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001686_speaker_2.wav,"Concentrations of clozapine that are clinically significant for doing that are above 1,500 nanograms per mil.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001687_speaker_2.wav,"By that point, the vast majority of people couldn't tolerate clozapine anyway.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001688_speaker_2.wav,"But in overdose or in cases of where the metabolism has been inhibited, that is the likely cause of death, sudden cardiac arrhythmia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001689_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, like the ciprofloxacin case we talked about, where the person's levels suddenly went sky-high.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001690_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, next question.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001691_speaker_1.wav,Would you fear putting someone on a tricyclic antidepressant if they're on clozapine due to risk of lowering the seizure threshold?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001692_speaker_2.wav,I would do it cautiously.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001693_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the tricyclics, I would consider carefully the anticholinergic characteristics of the tricyclic, 'cause of course that's additive with clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001694_speaker_2.wav,"Again, I would also look at the tricyclic's alpha-adrenergic antagonism, 'cause that's also additive, and its antihistaminic effects.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001695_speaker_2.wav,"So, there's a, there's a rich possibility of ad- additive adverse effects.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001696_speaker_2.wav,"Frankly, my major concern and the reason I don't use tricyclics very much as an antidepressant treatment, has nothing to do with clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001697_speaker_2.wav,It has to do with the fact that they can inhibit the cardiac conduction system.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001698_speaker_2.wav,"Um, you know, the, the LD50 for tricyclics ranges from around six to eight.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001699_speaker_2.wav,"Meaning that, six to eight times the therapeutic concentration is enough to kill 50% of people.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001700_speaker_1.wav,"Let's say the patient is a heavy s- uh, tobacco smoker.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001701_speaker_1.wav,How much would that change the clozapine level?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001702_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, if you have somebody who comes along, and they're not a smoker or they've not been smoking, say they've been some place where they couldn't have access to tobacco, and then they resume smoking.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001703_speaker_2.wav,"On average, that will roughly cut their clozapine plasma concentration in half.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001704_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, it will take them about two to four weeks for their clozapine level to drop that much.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001705_speaker_2.wav,"Because what's happening is the, several of the polycyclic compounds in cigarette smoke are very important inducers of cytochrome P450 systems.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001706_speaker_2.wav,"So, they're, you're ramping up their enzymes, and the enzyme is chewing up the clozapine, the 1AII in particular.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001707_speaker_2.wav,"Um, as well as the 2D6 and 3A4.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001708_speaker_2.wav,"The other thing you have to worry about is, if you have somebody who's a consistent smoker, they're, you know, a pack-a-day person, and they finally listen to health messages and say, ""You know, I'm gonna stop.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001709_speaker_2.wav,"Same thing, their clozapine level's gonna double over a little longer period.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001710_speaker_2.wav,"It takes a little longer to go the other way, it's about four to six weeks, but you can wind up with either the person becoming sub-therapeutic or the person becoming toxic.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001711_speaker_2.wav,"It's an important discussion to have with people who may be smokers, so that they're aware that if they change their smoking habits, it will change their clozapine level.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001712_speaker_2.wav,"And they need to, if they decide to start smoking or they decide to stop smoking, they need to let you, their clinician, know that, so that you can monitor what's happening and adjust the clozapine appropriately.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001713_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, so let's see if people are listening.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001714_speaker_1.wav,"A patient is a heavy tobacco smoker, smokes one pack per day, switches to vaping the exact same amount of nicotine per day.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001715_speaker_1.wav,How much do we expect the clozapine level to increase or decrease?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001716_speaker_1.wav,And the answer is...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001717_speaker_2.wav,[laughs] It will roughly double.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001718_speaker_1.wav,"So, eh, this is something that I, I, I've thought about, because, um, I had a patient who was smoking cigarettes and then would stop and start vaping.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001719_speaker_1.wav,"And I had to like, you know, chase the, the dose.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001720_speaker_2.wav,"Yes, you're chasing, [laughs] you're chasing that plasma concentration, 'cause indeed, cigarette smoke induces the liver.",speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001721_speaker_2.wav,Vaping of nicotine does not.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001722_speaker_1.wav,"Okay, let's say you had a patient who was smoking, um, marijuana.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001723_speaker_1.wav,How might that impact their psychosis while you're trying to treat them with clozapine?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001724_speaker_2.wav,"Um, it's estimated that among marijuana smokers, delta-9 THC, the active ingredient, to get high, produces some degree of psychosis in somewhere between 8 and 12% of those individuals.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001725_speaker_2.wav,"I don't know, if somebody ha- already has a psychotic illness, uh, marijuana may make it worse.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001726_speaker_2.wav,We don't have really great numbers on that.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001727_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, in terms of inducing the liver, marijuana cigarettes, joints, tend not to be as bad an offender as tobacco s- largely because people don't tend to dra- you know, don't tend to smoke 20 to 40 joints a day.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001728_speaker_2.wav,Even a heavy marijuana user will typically not smoke more than around six to eight joints in a day's time.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001729_speaker_2.wav,"So, it's, it's-...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001730_speaker_2.wav,purely an effect of how much.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001731_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, the same polycyclic compounds occur when you burn marijuana leaves as occur when you're to burn tobacco leaves.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001732_speaker_2.wav,"Um, but in, in the case of tobacco, people are often smoking a lot more.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001733_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and of c- but then you have the issue of, uh, delta-9-THC itself is psychotogenic for some people.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001734_speaker_1.wav,What does clozapine do to brain-derived neurotrophic factor?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001735_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, also increases glial derived neurotrophic factor as well as epithelial derived neurotrophic factor.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001736_speaker_2.wav,"Now, we p- we are presuming that is a good thing, and you do see cortical thickening in people who are treated with clozapine, largely due to den- increased dendrite arborization.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001737_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, you know, those are the short projections from neurons that tend to receive signals.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001738_speaker_2.wav,"And for all the world, if you're looking at them under a microscope, they look like small bushes.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001739_speaker_2.wav,"Well, if, if your bushes have kind of lost their leaves, if you will, um, you have cortical thinning as a result.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001740_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, we presume that's good, uh, and it seems to correlate with improved cognitive and attention and processing performance in people treated with clozapine.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001741_speaker_2.wav,"We don't know all of the details of the responses to brain-derived neurotrophic factors well enough to know in detail what the clozapine does downstream, but it...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001742_speaker_2.wav,We're assuming at this point that it's good.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001743_speaker_1.wav,"Uh, there was a, a 2018 study that it showed clozapine decreased IL6 and TNF-alpha- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001744_speaker_1.wav,"patients, which may be another potential mechanism, anti-inflammatory properties. Yes.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001745_speaker_2.wav,"Yes, which may be a benefit because one of the things we've discovered is that abnormal inflammation appears to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001746_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and end- the, the increased inflammatory response over time may be one of the mechanisms by which people with evolving...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001747_speaker_2.wav,"Well, I should say people evolving towards schizophrenia are losing synaptic connections and neurons is via, uh, abnormal inflammatory responses.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001748_speaker_1.wav,"What do you think about, um, the genetic studies showing polymorphisms in genes like DRD3, dopamine receptor D3- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001749_speaker_1.wav,"and COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase, which is associated with treatment outcomes?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001750_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, basically, I think we're discovering...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001751_speaker_2.wav,We're gradually beginning to understand some of the genetics and epigenetics of schizophrenia.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001752_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, I just wrote a review paper for CNS Spectrums, entitled What is the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001753_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, one of the early parts of that paper noted that, you know, we've discovered that there are 240 gene loci associated with risk for schizophrenia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001754_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and those include not only 108 single nucleotide polymorphisms, but also things like, um, DNA transpositions, DNA deletions, DNA recursions where there's more than one copy of a DNA strand.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001755_speaker_2.wav,"Interesting, when you look at them kind of en masse, it suggests that signal proces- the, the genes that are involved or that seem to crop up over and over again are genes involved in modulation of signal processing, genes involved in migration of neurons, orientation of neurons, gr-",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001756_speaker_2.wav,"growth of axons, cell adhesion.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001757_speaker_2.wav,"Um, which is why I think, uh, I think, again, Kraepelin was right in calling this a developmental dementia- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001758_speaker_2.wav,"in which the gene abnormalities give rise to, uh, both an anatomy and a physiochemistry that aren't what they should be, that aren't truly healthy, which is how these people get into having a, a progressive, uh...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001759_speaker_2.wav,"an illness that is, uh, largely genetically determined.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001760_speaker_2.wav,"Schizophrenia is about 80% determined by genes, about 20% by environment.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001761_speaker_2.wav,"There are things you can do to people that will make it more likely, if they're genetically loaded, that they will become overtly ill, and those include things like childhood adversity, infection of the mother during the second trimester.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001762_speaker_2.wav,"Interestingly, growing up in an urban as opposed to rural environment.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001763_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and exposure to things like cannabis during adolescence or other drugs that are...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001764_speaker_2.wav,"uh, tend to be neurotoxic like methamphetamine, uh, during adolescence can worsen the risk that the person will develop an overt psychotic illness.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001765_speaker_1.wav,Let's say the patient has schizophrenia and catatonia.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001766_speaker_1.wav,Would you treat them...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001767_speaker_1.wav,"And, and they're currently...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001768_speaker_1.wav,"Let's say they've had a history of responding well to clozapine in the past, but they've been off medications for a while.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001769_speaker_1.wav,What would you treat first and why?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001770_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, I would probably start with the catatonia, one.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001771_speaker_2.wav,The clozapine treatment is gonna take longer to get in place.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001772_speaker_2.wav,"of having catatonia with doing a, a Bush-Francis rating scale and get a good sense of, you know, what catatonic signs and symptoms they were exhibiting.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001773_speaker_2.wav,"I would then give them, uh, a lorazepam challenge, which is, uh, two milligrams via the intramuscular route.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001774_speaker_2.wav,And then I would reevaluate the patient after 45 to 60 minutes to see if their catatonia had ameliorated or gone away.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001775_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, an important caveat with that is it should not be by the oral route because the peak will not be high enough and the onset will be too slow.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001776_speaker_2.wav,"If the lorazepam challenge is positive, uh, they're then gonna get put on, uh, standing either lorazepam or clonazepam to control their acute catatonia, while at the same time instituting, uh, antisychotic treatment.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001777_speaker_2.wav,"Not excessive D2 blockade, but either moderate D2 blockade or, uh, initiation and titration of clozapine, or perhaps both depending on the person's history.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001778_speaker_2.wav,An important caveat with catatonia is catatony- catatonia is always a secondary syndrome.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001779_speaker_2.wav,It's always catatonia due to something.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001780_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, now that something can be a whole list of things ranging from schizophrenia to neurologic conditions to medical conditions to mood disorders.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001781_speaker_2.wav,"So you ultimately have to treat the underlying condition if you hope to control the catatonia, but you can control the catatonia relatively quickly.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001782_speaker_2.wav,"Now, if the person's not a responder to a lorazepam challenge, that doesn't mean that they don't have catatonia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001783_speaker_2.wav,"It just means that there's, they're not a benzodiazepine responder, and that person's gonna get moved along to ECT fairly quickly.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001784_speaker_1.wav,"So, some of the most, um, common things on the Bush-Francis scale that we would see are mutism, not speaking, immobility/stupor, which is being abnormally still or unresponsive, staring with this kind of fixed gaze, and negativism, r- resisting instruction.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001785_speaker_1.wav,Those are some of the most common.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001786_speaker_1.wav,"So, eh, if you were to see someone with that, uh, I'm curious what...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001787_speaker_1.wav,"So you're j- you're saying one, inject, inject them with two milligrams Ativan.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001788_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, the, that can...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001789_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, last person we did that with, he, this guy, man, mid 30s, nursing found him basically standing naked in his room staring at a light bulb, and his roommates reported he had been standing in that same position staring at that light bulb for about two and a half hours.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001790_speaker_2.wav,"Mute, nonresponsive.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001791_speaker_2.wav,"Occasionally, he would switch into excited catatonia where he would kinda run around the room and touch all the walls and then go back standing in the same spot and start staring at the light bulb again.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001792_speaker_2.wav,"He got two milligrams of lorazepam and 45 minutes later he was dressed, conversant, and asking what he could have for lunch. Hmm.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001793_speaker_1.wav,"It's, it's, it's truly fantastic.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001794_speaker_1.wav,"I once, I once injected someone on a unit and it was right before lunchtime, so his family came and I came out to talk to him while his family was there and his family was like, ""Doctor, thank you so much.",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001795_speaker_1.wav,"We've, we, this is, he's so much different.",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001796_speaker_1.wav,He hasn't talked to us.,speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001797_speaker_1.wav,""" Oh, and it was just- Yeah, it's an, uh, yeah- . ..",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001798_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, it's an, it's an amazing difference.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001799_speaker_2.wav,"Now, the other caveat that goes with this is a very important take home lesson for people is if you have somebody who has catatonia and they're a benzodiazepine responder, do not be in a hurry to take them off the benzodiazepine because benzodiazepine withdrawal is one one of the causes of catatonia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001800_speaker_2.wav,"You often wind up titrating them to relatively high doses, you know, 6 to 12 to 18 milligrams of lorazepam a day is not uncommon.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001801_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, now if you switch them to clonazepam, the dose is half, um, but you should then plan to be keeping this person on the benzodiazepine for a period of usually months with a very slow taper.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001802_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, not faster than a milligram of lorazepam a month or a half milligram of clonazepam a month because you wanna be sure the underlying condition's in control and the catatonia's in control.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001803_speaker_2.wav,"Now, the vast majority of people you can eventually taper them off and they're done.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001804_speaker_2.wav,"You will find a very small number, probably somewhere between 5 and 10% of the catatonic population who you will get down to a very minimum dose of Ativan or, or, uh, clonazepam and you will find you can't go any lower.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001805_speaker_2.wav,And e- Because what- ...,speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001806_speaker_1.wav,"can I just reiterate, like guys, if you take one thing from this, do not pull your patients who have catatonia off of lorazepam too quickly.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001807_speaker_1.wav,"One milligram a month, one milligram a month, it is like that is such a pearl because so often people are like, ""Well, I know they responded to Ativan.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001808_speaker_1.wav,""" It's like, no, don't do that.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001809_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, because again, abrupt discontinuation will induce the catatonia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001810_speaker_1.wav,"Yeah, and I would say like, when I would go on the unit, and I would see maybe 50 people when I would cover on the unit- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001811_speaker_1.wav,"which sounds crazy, but that used to be how I would do call, you know?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001812_speaker_1.wav,You see everyone for like five or 10 minutes.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001813_speaker_1.wav,I would inevitably catch one of them with catatonia who had not been diagnosed.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001814_speaker_1.wav,"And because I was always looking, it's th- it's like, it's the one thing you need to catch.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001815_speaker_1.wav,Sometimes they repeat the same things.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001816_speaker_1.wav,"You ask a question, they answer it, and then you ask another question, and they repeat the same thing that they said again from the prior question.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001817_speaker_2.wav,"Yes, they will perseverate, or they will echo what you said.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001818_speaker_2.wav,"You know, they'll repeat the last part of your question.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001819_speaker_1.wav,"Yeah, they go like, ""So how do you feel today?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001820_speaker_1.wav,""" And they'll go, ""How do you feel today?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001821_speaker_1.wav,"[laughs] ""How do you feel today?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001822_speaker_1.wav,How do you feel today?,speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001823_speaker_1.wav,""" [laughs] Yeah, e- echolalia.",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001824_speaker_2.wav,"[laughs] And you also- also see the- the practice version of that where if you move a certain way, they will do a mirror movement.",speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001825_speaker_1.wav,"Or, um, or stopping drinking.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001826_speaker_1.wav,If they stop- Mm-hmm.,speaker_1,angry,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001827_speaker_1.wav,"If- if you have a patient that ever stops drinking water, okay, who's not on a GLP1, maybe catatonia. Yeah.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001828_speaker_2.wav,"Well, it's estimated that probably about 10% of schizophrenic patients at some point in their course will exhibit catatonic symptoms.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001829_speaker_1.wav,"Um- And- and, uh, autism spectrum disorder has a high rate too.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001830_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, as do of course, uh, all of the mood disorders, particularly the depressive disorders and as well as a variety of neurologic conditions and, uh, inflammatory diseases.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001831_speaker_2.wav,"All of them can exhibit catatonia, so I really encourage people to read through the Bush-Francis Scale and kind of commit those signs to memory.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001832_speaker_2.wav,"And then every patient you see, just look them over and see if you see any of those.",speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001833_speaker_2.wav,"And if you do, take a closer look.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001834_speaker_1.wav,There- there is a significant neglect of their basic needs.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001835_speaker_1.wav,They stop eating.,speaker_1,angry,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001836_speaker_1.wav,"Uh, maybe they've lost 20 pounds in the last couple months.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001837_speaker_2.wav,"I- I have seen more than one catatonic patient actually misdiagnosed as, ""Oh, he's got adult failure to thrive.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001838_speaker_2.wav,""" Well, no, he's not got adult failure to thrive.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001839_speaker_2.wav,He's got catatonia.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001840_speaker_1.wav,"[laughs] Or, um, if- if you're treating enough patients, you'll have the spouse bring in the patient.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001841_speaker_1.wav,He just sits there.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001842_speaker_1.wav,""" ""No, he sits there and does nothing.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001843_speaker_1.wav,""" ""No, he's just sitting there.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001844_speaker_1.wav,""" And it's like, oh, okay.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001845_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, it's- Wow. Okay.",speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001846_speaker_1.wav,"Wow, we've covered a lot today.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001847_speaker_1.wav,I feel like- We have.,speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001848_speaker_1.wav,I feel like this is a AI pharmacology Dr.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001849_speaker_1.wav,"[laughs] I, um...",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001850_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, I think you told me you got the qu- a lot of the questions from, uh, was it ChatGPT?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001851_speaker_1.wav,"Well, this- in this case today, um, we were gonna go through the 50 most common questions asked on, um, on X, but we didn't get to that.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001852_speaker_1.wav,"We ins- I instead because of the clozapine, um- Change in rooms ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001853_speaker_1.wav,"uh, rems being dissolved, which, um, which is so nice.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001854_speaker_1.wav,"Um, this is like such a big...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001855_speaker_1.wav,"It's- it's like one barrier for treatment, right?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001856_speaker_1.wav,"So it's been dissolved and so now we can work directly with the patient and, um, not have to log on to a cumbersome website, which was...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001857_speaker_2.wav,"It's like- [laughs] Um, yeah, I'm not s- frankly, I'm not sure where the FDA got the programmers for that, but they were not the cream of the crop in terms of software creation. Yeah.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001858_speaker_1.wav,"So okay, I think we're wrapping it up.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001859_speaker_1.wav,I think this was a good- a good amount.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001860_speaker_1.wav,And I always...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001861_speaker_1.wav,"Whenever I see, like, anti-psychiatry people on X and they're like, ""You know, psychiatry's not a brain disorder,"" I'm like, ""Do you want me to send you some catatonic patients?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001862_speaker_1.wav,Would you like a catatonic patient to move in with you for one month?,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001863_speaker_1.wav,"But then- Well, just- But then when you say that, they'll say, like, something like, ""Well, this is not what you really do.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001864_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, well, not just catatonic, but, you know, people with severe mental illness that is bra- you know, and these are brain diseases.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001865_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, you can take a picture of the changes.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001866_speaker_2.wav,"You can do the genetics and all of it points to this person has a brain that is not put together right and is not working correctly, and we're trying to coax it into working the best we can manage.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001867_speaker_1.wav,"Or, you know, depression, it's like if you have frontal temporal dementia, your risk of dementia is li- or depression is like 40%.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001868_speaker_1.wav,So it goes way up.,speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001869_speaker_1.wav,"If you have uncontrolled diabetes, your risk of depression goes up four-fold, you know, or something like that.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001870_speaker_1.wav,"It's like there- there are real biological impacts on our bodies and, and in the same way.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001871_speaker_1.wav,improves the risk of- Yes ...,speaker_1,angry,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001872_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, I'm not sure where this idea came from that somehow the brain is not part of the rest of our biology.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001873_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, it seems, it's...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001874_speaker_1.wav,"[laughs] [laughs] Well, b- but, but, you know, like in defense of people who are, who are therapists, who want to, who are focused on talking to patients- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001875_speaker_1.wav,"you know, it, it does make sense that they're focused on, on that lane, and I'm all for it.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001876_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, it changes the brain.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001877_speaker_2.wav,"It was psychotherapies, you're either engaging in an exchange of behaviors or an exchange of ideas, but you're exchanging 'em with a brain.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001878_speaker_2.wav,"[laughs] You know, it's not like the brain is off somewhere doing something else. Yep.",speaker_2,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001879_speaker_1.wav,A co- couple things I've been thinking about is creatine.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001880_speaker_1.wav,"there's one for creatine, um, added with CBT for depression.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001881_speaker_1.wav,The group that was on creatine had like a five-point better change- Mm-hmm ...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001882_speaker_1.wav,"So I'm like, uh, you know, I've been watching these studies for years, but that one seems to have pushed me over the edge to recommend it to most people.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001883_speaker_2.wav,"Well, I think the, I think the area we're...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001884_speaker_2.wav,"and it's an area we've been kind of, some people have been doing research and poking around in for a long time, is, are there things we can get people to do that would enhance neuroplasticity?",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001885_speaker_2.wav,"Because when we apply a treatment, whether it's medication or psychotherapy, the more plastic, the more changeable the brain is, the more bang we get for our buck out of the treatment.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001886_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and certainly some things like creatine, some things like, as we've talked about frequently, sleep, exercise, all of those influence how plastic the brain is.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001887_speaker_1.wav,"And, and, you know, neurotrophic factors are a, um, are some way of measuring neuroplasticity.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001888_speaker_1.wav,So creatine.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001889_speaker_1.wav,I wro- wrote a paper with a colleague- Mm-hmm ...,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001890_speaker_1.wav,more in people with dementia. Yes.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001891_speaker_1.wav,It's concerning.,speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001892_speaker_2.wav,"Unfortunately, we have polluted the world with microplastics, and that's not a good thing because these are, uh, molecules that do not degrade easily.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001893_speaker_1.wav,"So, so here's, here's, uh, here's my hot take, okay? Mm-hmm.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001894_speaker_1.wav,"So, zebra fish, when subjected to a high microplastics environment, it took them 70 days to get out of their brain 70%. Mm-hmm.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001895_speaker_1.wav,"So it took them s- uh, wait, 70 days to get out 75%.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001896_speaker_1.wav,So there is an elimination that goes on.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001897_speaker_1.wav,"you looked at the histology of the, the recent study that came out on, um, microplastics in the brain, the, the microplastics are in the white blood cells in the brain.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001898_speaker_1.wav,"So, my hot take is, uh, number one, we have to figure out how to reduce it from our intake.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001899_speaker_1.wav,"And when I looked at everything that possibly can be, probably the biggest bang for the buck is to not microwave plastic ever- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001900_speaker_1.wav,"Like, e- and to never do anything hot with plastics, right?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001901_speaker_1.wav,"So, teabags, um, microwaving baby bottles that are plastic, awful.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001902_speaker_1.wav,"Secondly, things that are produced with plastics, like, uh, highly processed foods, uh, chicken nuggets have 30 times more microplastics in them than chicken breast.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001903_speaker_1.wav,"When you're stuck in traffic, recycle the air in your own car and make sure you have a good filter.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001904_speaker_1.wav,"And then at home, you could get a HEPA filter.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001905_speaker_1.wav,"Speculation, we, you know, there's a lot of speculation here, and I think that this field is gonna, is gonna explode in the next, uh, decade with lots of studies because it's, it's like, um, it's environmental psychiatry that is just completely unexplored.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001906_speaker_1.wav,And so I'm writing a paper with some colleagues.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001907_speaker_1.wav,"We're looking at the, um, um, creating a microplastic index, which, uh, which will have kind of an estimation of like, okay, if you do these types of things, you may have this much microplastics.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001908_speaker_1.wav,"So then we can compare that to, to trials that are already out there and see if that correlates at all to mental-health issues 'cause it's kind of a like- Yeah.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001909_speaker_1.wav,"It's ki- you know, we don't know how much this is impacting us.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001910_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, right, because we don't understand that much about the effects of microplastics in the brain, uh, which is an area that we need to study much more since the microplastics are ubiquitous.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001911_speaker_2.wav,"And unfortunately, despite all the talk about plastics and about global warming, frankly we produce more plastic and more, uh, greenhouse gases each and every year.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001912_speaker_2.wav,Last year was the largest amount in history.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001913_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and this year is looking already to outpace that, so...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001914_speaker_1.wav,"You know, I, it's interesting, like I feel like, um, uh, you know, despite the executive order to, to bring back plastic straws, I, I think that when both sides of the aisle can, can definitely get behind like, ""We should probably not keep putting plastics in the ocean.""...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001915_speaker_1.wav,"you know, we should, we should get these plastics and, and, like, out of our water supply.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001916_speaker_1.wav,"We should- [laughs] you know, like, please, like, have, like, both sides should be, like, 100% on board with this, you know?",speaker_1,happy,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001917_speaker_1.wav,"It's not gonna disrupt, uh, you know- Well, yeah.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001918_speaker_2.wav,"Unfortunately, there are people in positions of power who just deny that this is a problem.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001919_speaker_1.wav,"You know, I, I think, yeah, and how, how we execute our distribution of the, the literature and the science, I think, hopefully will engage them more.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001920_speaker_1.wav,"I'm, I'm, I think that's one thing that I've been thinking about.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001921_speaker_1.wav,"Um, anything that you've been, like, really into in the last couple, couple months, just that's kind of on the forefront?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001922_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, basically been looking a lot at, uh, looking for, really, data that might suggest how, uh, in particular, we might be able to prevent schizophrenia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001923_speaker_2.wav,"Um, and I think it comes down...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001924_speaker_2.wav,"Well, two eleme- the two elements in that are we need to be much better at being able to identify who's truly at risk, which I think is gonna come down to understanding the genetics much better than we do.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001925_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and two, then designing socially acceptable strategies for preventing some of the excessive neurotransmitter excursions and inflammation that appear to give rise to the progression from genetics to overt illness.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001926_speaker_2.wav,I think we will get there.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001927_speaker_2.wav,It's a very slow process.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001928_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and it's, I think, the only way that we're going to truly make a, a dent beyond what clozapine offers in, in improving schizophrenia, both with respect to decreasing the incident rate and also hopefully ameliorating the severity of the illness.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001929_speaker_1.wav,"So, what would be, like, the biggest wins that you could say, like, to prevent schizophrenia that Yeah, well, if we knew who- ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001930_speaker_2.wav,"If we knew who was at risk, that is, we could do a, you know, a gene association study at birth, basically, and say, ""Okay, this infant's got, you know, not any risk.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001931_speaker_2.wav,This other infant's got a huge risk.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001932_speaker_2.wav,""" Well, maybe this one that's got a huge risk, they ought to be on a dopamine modulator from birth onward or an anti-inflammatory from birth onward.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001933_speaker_2.wav,We don't quite know what those choices should be yet.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001934_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, there, you know, the PACE clinic in Australia has done some preliminary studies where they looked at the children of schizophrenic parents who have a 40 to 50% risk of developing schizophrenia, and they put their sample on either placebo or very low-dose antipsychotic, dopamine antagonist.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001935_speaker_2.wav,I think it was two and a half milligrams of olanzapine or half milligram of risperidone.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001936_speaker_2.wav,That needs to be replicated.,speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001937_speaker_2.wav,"But, uh, the reason we can't apply that more broadly is most people with schizophrenia are not descended from two parents with schizophrenia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001938_speaker_2.wav,"They're spontaneous ca- spontaneous cases, and we can't prospectively tell who those people are.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001939_speaker_1.wav,"Yeah, this is gonna be tough.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001940_speaker_1.wav,"I mean, trying to sell parents to take a sl- a...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001941_speaker_1.wav,"k- put their kid on a slow dose of an antipsychotic is, like, pretty- Well- I don't know.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001942_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, if y- if you think about it, though, the risk from that sort of dosage/concentration of a dopamine antagonist is exceedingly minimal.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001943_speaker_2.wav,"That compared to the impact of schizophrenia, might make it worthwhile.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001944_speaker_1.wav,"I, I think the, um...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001945_speaker_1.wav,"What about other things, like s- you know, r- recognizing that they really need to stay away from marijuana?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001946_speaker_1.wav,Recognizing that they- Yeah.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001947_speaker_1.wav,"try to reduce adverse childhood experiences, at all po- if at all possible.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001948_speaker_2.wav,"Those would be, those would be beneficial, but remember, this is an illness which is 80% genetically determined, 20% environmentally determined. Right.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001949_speaker_2.wav,"So, so if you improve all of the environmental things, you can reduce risk by 20%.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001950_speaker_2.wav,"If you can find some way to alter the phenotypic expression of the genes in a way that produces pathology, w- you could potentially reduce the risk 80%. Mm-hmm.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001951_speaker_1.wav,"Well, I, I d- in- interesting.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001952_speaker_1.wav,"Well, I think that the, uh, if not anything else, if you had a, a genetic type that you kind of would label like, ""Hey, parents, this is an increased risk of schizophrenia.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001953_speaker_1.wav,"If, you know, in the adolescence, this kid starts to have these issues, like, come and see a specialist-"" Mm-hmm.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001954_speaker_1.wav,"and let's really plan ahead on strategies for early treatment, early intervention, 'cause it's gonna be a long journey.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001955_speaker_1.wav,"Um, that, that seems like a viable option for me as well.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001956_speaker_1.wav,"I don't know if you thought about that, just like- Yeah.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001957_speaker_1.wav,"I mean, do we have a, a risk calculator?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001958_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, no, we don't.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001959_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, it should be.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001960_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, part of it is the genetics of the illness are so complicated.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001961_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, altogether, wa- if you just count number of gene sites that appear to be related to schizophrenia or the risk for developing schizophrenia, there are 240.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001962_speaker_2.wav,"I, I think- Uh, now, now, in those, you have 108 of those are single nucleotide polymorphisms.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001963_speaker_2.wav,"Now, if you do the gene-wide association study so that you identified all of these, the next step is indeed then the, the data we're missing at this point is we don't know clearly how many or which of these abnormalities have to be present to essentially form the critical burden for developing a psychotic illness.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001964_speaker_1.wav,"What, what we really need is we need, like, one of these, um, countries, the US would be gamer, some European country to do genome mapping on all of their whole population.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001965_speaker_2.wav,"And then- And that, that, I think, will be the next step because I, uh, gene, uh, you know, gene analysis is going to become much more common because it's become cheaper and easier.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001966_speaker_2.wav,"And I would imagine in some countries, they're likely to do, you know, A to Z gene mapping of the individual- Yep ...",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001967_speaker_1.wav,"And I, I, and I think that's...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001968_speaker_1.wav,"That, to me, is not overly intrusive, and it's not, like, a bad idea.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001969_speaker_1.wav,"Like, in your medical record should be your gene map, which should have a list of things that doctors could look at that are potential linked to various diseases.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001970_speaker_1.wav,"Like, if, I think with AI in the way it is, if you had a gene map for everyone in the population, and you had like...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001971_speaker_1.wav,"You, you could tag them all with like- Yeah ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001972_speaker_1.wav,"what diseases they had, the AI could quickly tell you, ""What is the best algorithm for predicting future schizophrenia?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001973_speaker_2.wav,"Uh, and not only schizophrenia.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001974_speaker_2.wav,"You know, it could be very useful for a new infant to know, ""Well, over this person's lifetime, their risk is elevated for the following illnesses.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001975_speaker_1.wav,"And so I feel like you almost, like, need to increase the, the education level of the average person before you release something like that.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001976_speaker_1.wav,"Because if a parent hears, ""Oh, my kid has a 20% risk of this thing,"" it could feel like a doomsday to them.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001977_speaker_2.wav,"Yeah, no, it's very difficult, 'cause, you know, the few autosomal dominant illnesses we do have where you know what the risk level is, those obviously are devastating for families. Yeah.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001978_speaker_1.wav,"So I think that's my other thought is like, okay, this, this can feel really weighty to, to a population.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001979_speaker_1.wav,"So it's like how do you, how do you allow this to be something that's a positive and not like a detriment?",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001980_speaker_1.wav,"W- Our, the, the, the, the intellectual knowledge of the, um, the average person is gonna have to increase.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001981_speaker_1.wav,[laughs] What I- Mm-hmm.,speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001982_speaker_1.wav,"You know, when sometimes they can't name the, you know, very basic facts about DNA or RNA, it's like- Mm-hmm ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001983_speaker_1.wav,"it's hard, it's hard for, um, for very complex topics like this to be widely adopted, so...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001984_speaker_2.wav,"I hope- All right, guys.",speaker_2,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001985_speaker_1.wav,"[laughs] [laughs] Well, we will leave it there today.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001986_speaker_1.wav,"If you did, let me know.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001987_speaker_1.wav,"You can tweet this, this, uh, this out with your thoughts.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001988_speaker_1.wav,"I really love hearing that or w- I could see that or on Blue Sky or on Instagram, or just shoot me an email message.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001989_speaker_1.wav,"And, uh, Dr.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001990_speaker_1.wav,"Cummings, thank you so much- Okay, thank you ...",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001991_speaker_1.wav,"for your continued, for your continued wisdom.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001992_speaker_1.wav,"And, uh, we'll leave it there for today.",speaker_1,neutral,en
https://huggingface.co/datasets/Codyfederer/test6/resolve/main/segment_001993_speaker_2.wav,"Okay, thanks.",speaker_2,neutral,en