en	Responsibility for these criminal offenses, with an aim to prevent them from occurring again, must primarily be determined in relation to persons who are commanding the „war machine", and who - as such - represent the reification of that first rational idea of a humanoid depicted by Stanley Kubrick in „2001: A Space Odyssey".
hr	Odgovornost za ova kaznena djela, sa ciljem da se ista ponašanja više ne ponove, prvenstveno treba biti utvrđena u odnosu na osobe koje zapovijedaju "ratnim strojem" te su kao takvi realni opredmetitelji one prve racionalne ideje humanoida koju je u svome filmu "Odiseja 2001" prikazao Stanlya Kubricka.

en	But inexistence of such explicit provisions on responsibility of a commanding officer for actions undertaken by his/her subordinates does not mean that there is no such responsibility of a commanding officer in non-international conflicts.
hr	Ne postojanje tako izričite norme o odgovornosti zapovjednika za čine njenu podčinjenih ne znači i izostanak odgovornosti zapovjednika u nemeđunarodnim sukobima.

en	Occupation and seizure of a whole state or a part of it by armed forces and establishment of the system of civil authorities (along with the military control), but without obtaining sovereign rights over the occupied territory.
hr	Osvajanje i zaposjedanje oružanim snagama cijele države ili njenoga dijela te uspostavljanje uz vojnu i civilne vlasti okupatora, ali bez stjecanja suvereniteta nad osvojenim područjem

en	As brutal as it may sound, these notions may almost be equalized with the very existence of human civilization.
hr	Koliko god grubo zvučalo, pojmovi su koje gotovom možemo poistovjetiti sa postojanjem čovjeka.

en	It is exactly this segment of possible determination of liability, and partly the very norms of international law themselves, that cast a different light on possible modalities of committal of these crimes - primarily in relation to the person of a commanding officer.
hr	Upravo ovaj segment mogućeg utvrđivanja odgovornosti, kao i dijelom same norme međunarodnog prava daju i drugačiji karakter u odnosu na moguće oblike počinjenja ovih kaznenih djela i to prvenstveno u odnosu na osobu zapovjednika.

en	Namely, wars and armed conflicts are always motivated by attaining certain recognizable goal - be it in case of an aggressive or a defense war.
hr	Naime, okolnost vođenja rata ili oružanog sukoba uvijek je motivirana postizanjem određenog cilja koji je uvijek prepoznatljiv bilo da se radi o agresivnom ili obrambenom ratu.

en	It has already been noted that even within the military organization the obligation of blind obeying does not exist.
hr	Istaknuto je kako i u vojnom ustroju ne postoji obaveza slijepe poslušnosti u odnosu na izvršavanje zapovijedi.

en	Inexistence of any of these circumstances would exculpate such a person from the liability for war-humanitarian criminal offense.
hr	Izostanak neke od ovih okolnosti isključivao bi njegovu kaznenu odgovornost za ratno-humanitarno kazneno djelo.

en	Command Responsibility Based on Omission to Act
hr	Zapovjedna odgovornost utemeljena na ne postupanju

en	By this I refer to criminal act of genocide - Art. 156.; aggressive war - Art. 157.; war crimes against the civilians - Art 158.; war crimes against the wounded and sick - Art. 159.; war crimes against the prisoners of war - Art. 160; unlawful killing and wounding of the enemy - Art. 161.; unlawful taking of belongings of those killed or wounded on the battlefield - Art. 162; use of forbidden means of combat - Art. 163.; injury of an intermediary - Art. 164; brutal treatment of wounded, sick and prisoners of war - Art. 165.: unjustified delay of repatriation of prisoners of war - Art. 166.; destruction of cultural objects or facilities containing cultural objects - Art. 167.
hr	Pri tome mislim na kaznena djela genocida - čl. 156.; agresivnog rata - čl. 157.; ratnog zločina protiv civilnog pučanstva - čl. 158.; ratnog zločina protiv ranjenika i bolesnika - čl. 159.; ratnog zločina protiv ratnih zarobljenika - čl. 160.; protupravnog ubijanje i ranjavanje neprijatelja - čl. 161.; protupravnog oduzimanja stvari od ubijenih i ranjenih na bojištu - čl. 162.; nedozvoljena sredstva borbe - čl. 163.; povreda pregovarača - čl. 164.; grubo postupanje s ranjenicima, bolesnicima i ratnim zarobljenicima - čl. 165.; neopravdana odgoda povratka ratnih zarobljenika - čl. 166. i uništavanje kulturnih dobara i objekata u kojima se nalaze kulturna dobra - čl. 167. Kako je navedeno katalog ovih kaznenih djela postojao je u kaznenom zakonodavstvu bivše države čija sastavnica je bila i Republike Hrvatska.

en	For such determination it is necessary to primarily establish that it is a person who, on top of his/her formal duty and right to command, also has possibilities and means to exercise this right and duty in reality.
hr	Za ovo utvrđivanje potrebno je prvenstveno utvrditi da se radi o osobi koja uz faktičnu obavezu i pravo zapovijedanja ima mogućnost tu obavezu i pravo i stvarno provesti.

en	Namely, although war is almost imminent to the very existence of humans, it should be purged from behavior that falls short of being human, rather tends to be a characteristic of a beast.
hr	Naime, iako je rat gotovo pa imanentan postojanju čovjeka, iz samog rata treba isključiti ponašanja koja prestaju biti imanentna čovjeku i prelaze u osobine zvijeri.

en	9 - with international character - hostile conduct of one country towards the other by use of armed force but without the declaration of war or suspension of mutual relations;
hr	- sa međunarodnim karakterom - neprijateljsko postupanje jedne zemlje prema drugoj i to uporabom oružane sile a bez proglašenja ratnog stanja odnosno prekida međusobnih odnosa

en	The existence of a person with guaranteeing responsibilities, i.e. a person who has a duty to prevent the forbidden consequences from occurring
hr	postojanje osobe garanta tj. osobe koja je nositelj obaveze sprečavanja zabranjene posljedice

en	Exeptions to this represent only the provisions of art. 164; 165; and 167 of the Criminal Code, where the issuance of the superior order to act unlawfuly is not explicitely sanctioned; and the provision of art. 161 of the Criminal Code where command responsibility is limited only to an order „there shall be no surviving members of the enemy soldiers in this battle" or where combat is conducted with the same objective.
hr	Iznimku predstavljaju samo kaznena djela iz čl. 164; čl. 165. i čl. 167 Kaznenog zakona, u kojima nije izrijekom sankcionirano izdavanje zapovijedi za nedopušteno postupanje, te čl. 161 Kaznenog zakona, koji odgovornost zapovjednika ograničava samo na zapovijed da "u borbi ne smije biti preživjelih pripadnika neprijateljske vojske" ili se borba vodi sa istim ciljem.

en	These are questions pertaining to establishment of facts, on which the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, in its decision no.
hr	radi se o činjeničnim pitanjima o kojima Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske u svojoj odluci

en	In the process of determining and proving his possible liability it should be started from the frameworks set forth by international humanitarian law as codified by the international community - to which the Republic of Croatia is a member - and from possible forms of such crimes as regulated by Croatian legislation.
hr	U procesu utvrđivanja i dokazivanja njegove moguće odgovornosti treba poći od okvira međunarodnog humanitarnog prava koje je propisala međunarodna zajednica, a čiji član je i Republika Hrvatska te od mogućih oblika počinjenja kaznenog djela kako to propisuje kazneno zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske.

en	But the legislator envisages for these crimes the responsibility of the „one who commands" or the „one who commits" forbidden actions.
hr	Naime, zakonodavac za ova kaznena djela propisuje odgovornost onoga "tko zapovijedi" ili "tko izvrši" zakonom zabranjene radnje.

en	In order to qualify for this crime, a court must establish a specific form of intent of the individual who is performing the activities of looting.
hr	Da bi se moglo raditi o ovom kaznenom djelu, sud je dužan utvrditi poseban oblik namjere pojedinca koji poduzima radnje pljačke.

en	Namely, subordinates have the right to refuse to carry out an order if its fulfillment would represent a crime.
hr	Naime, podčinjeni ima pravo odbiti provođenje zapovijedi, ako bi njeno izvršenje predstavljalo izvršenje kaznenog djela.

en	I Kž-743/03 of October 23, 2003, states the following:
hr	I Kž-743/03 od 23. listopada 2003. godine:

en	This intent should not only be expressed in a desire to acquire an unlawful material gain, but must contain some additional elements as well - i.e. that such individual is looting civilian population which is in an inferior position, that such actions are undertaken in the times of war, armed conflict or occupation, and within a very goal for which such a war, armed conflict or occupation is being conducted by the military force to which an individual is a member.
hr	Ta namjera nije samo u pribavljanju protupravne imovinske koristi, već ona mora sadržavati i dodatne elemente tj. da takav pojedinac vrši pljačkanje civilnog stanovništva koje je njemu inferiorno, te da se takva radnja provodi u vrijeme rata, oružanog sukoba ili okupacije i to upravo sa ciljem radi kojeg je taj rat, oružani sukob ili okupacija i poduzeta od strane vojne sile kojoj takav pojedinac pripada.

en	However, regulating and prosecuting unallowed behavior of individuals during armed conflicts in the context of international humanitarian law should be seen as a duty of every national legislation and judiciary in the widest sense of these terms.
hr	Međutim, propisivanje i procesuiranje nedopuštenih postupanja pojedinaca tijekom rata sa aspekta povreda međunarodnog ratnog i humanitarnog prava treba biti zadaća svakog nacionalnog zakonodavstva i nacionalne sudbene vlasti u širem smislu značenja te riječi.

en	Theoretically, and with possible numerous objections, the responsibility of a superior may be structured in four possible forms, although all four could open space for certain objections of theoretical nature: a) indirect perpetrating (which questions the criminal status of the immediate perpetrator who is entitled to question the order which, if carried out, would represent a crime); b) instigating (this modality reduces superior's role down to accomplice with a minor role in committing a crime); c) accomplice (which leads to a question of a joint decision to commit a crime); and d) parallel committal of a crime (opens a question of their independent acting, without the awareness of each other and without a decision on joint action).
hr	Teoretski, uz brojne prigovore, odgovornost nadređenog možemo strukturirati kao jedan od četiri moguća oblika, s time da svaki trpi određene prigovore teoretske naravi: a/ posredno počiniteljstvo (čime se dovodi u pitanje kaznenopravni status neposrednog počinitelja koji ima pravo prosuđivanja o zapovijedi, kada njena provedba predstavlja ostvarenje obilježja kaznenog djela), b/ poticanje (koji modalitet svodi njegovu ulogu na rang sudionika sa sporednom ulogom u izvršenju kaznenog djela), c/ supočiniteljstvo (postavlja se pitanje zajedničke odluke za počinjenje kaznenog djela) i d/ paralelno počiniteljstvo (postavlja se pitanje njihovog djelovanja neovisno jedan o drugom, bez svijesti i odluke o zajedničkom postupanju)

en	In general, when speaking of criminal liability for the so-called guaranteeing criminal offenses, some general requirements that need to be fulfilled in order to enable such form of criminal responsibility must be analyzed.
hr	Općenito, govoreći o kaznenoj odgovornosti za tzv. garantna kaznena djela valja uočiti temeljne zahtjeve koji moraju biti ispunjeni da bi se tom obliku kaznene odgovornosti uopće moglo govoriti.

en	These norms, as blankette norms, may and should be incorporated in an indictment whenever possible, in order to enable the contradictory review of these parts of indictment as well.
hr	Ove norme kao blanketne, kada je to potrebno i moguće, mogu i morale bi biti sastavni dio činjeničnih opisa optužbe, kako bi i taj dio mogao biti predmet kontradiktornog raspravljanja.

en	„The evidence submitted during the trial clearly shows that the plaintiff was regularly informed on the events in the zone of his responsibility: by couriers, through radio contact and similar, and part of the destruction - as can be seen on a video footage viewed during the hearing - was directly visible (fire and smoke rising from the villages where no resistance was met)."
hr	"Iz dokaznog postupka jasnim proizlazi da je optuženik bio redovito izvještavan bilo kuririma ili na drugi način radio vezom o događanju u zoni njegove odgovornosti, a dio razaranja, kako je vidljivo iz video zapisa koji je pregledan tijekom rasprave, vidljiv je i neposrednim opažanjem (dim od paljevine u selima iz kojih nije pružan otpor)."

en	Art. 86. and 87 of the Additional Protocol to Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 on Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I, June 8, 1977).
hr	čl. 86. i čl. 87 Dopunskog protokola uz Ženevske konvencija od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine o zaštiti žrtava međunarodnih oružanih sukoba od 8. lipnja 1977. godine (Protokol I)

en	„The circumstance that the act in question represents violation of the rules of international law does not have to be included in perpetrators intent, i.e. by his awareness and knowledge that by acting in particular way he is breaching the international law, for in such a case this act could be committed only by individuals with a good knowledge of international law - what was obviously not the intention of the legislator.
hr	"Okolnost da se radi o kršenju pravila međunarodnog ratnog prava ne mora biti obuhvaćena umišljajem počinitelja tj., njegovom sviješću i znanjem da svojim ponašanjem krši pravila međunarodnog prava, jer bi u tom slučaju to kazneno djelo mogli počiniti samo dobri poznavatelji međunarodnog prava, što očito nije bila intencija zakonodavca.

en	It has already been stated that the existence of a person in command is a prerequisite for certain military force to be deemed as army in regards to its rights and duties in accordance with the international law.
hr	Već je ranije navedeno da postojanje osobe koja zapovijeda je uvjet da se određena vojna sila može tretirat u pogledu prava i obaveza vojskom u smislu međunarodnog prava.

en	Notably, the very action of an individual that is contrary to provisions of the international law must have its ratio in proceedings that are normally directed towards achieving goals for which the war, armed conflict or occupation is being led for.
hr	Naime, samo postupanje pojedinca koje je protivno odredbama međunarodnog prava mora imati svoj ratio u postupcima kojima se želi i inače postići svrha zbog koje se rat, oružani sukob ili okupacija vodi.

en	There is by far larger number of war-humanitarian criminal offenses committed by immediate perpetrators for which no explicit order can be found.
hr	Znatno je veći broj ostvarenih ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela od strane neposrednih počinitelja za koje postupanje ne postoji izričita zapovijed.

en	There are numerous acts of international humanitarian law regulating certain types of conduct in war, prohibiting or restricting the use of certain means of warfare, protecting persons during the war, protecting certain objects during the war, and especially those regulating the responsibility for violations of the international humanitarian law.
hr	Radi se o brojnim aktima međunarodnog humanitarnog prava koje propisuje pravila vođenja rata, zabrane i ograničenja sredstava ratovanja, zaštitu lica u ratovima, zaštitu objekata u ratovima te posebno odgovornost za povrede međunarodnog humanitarnog prava.

en	In regards to the volume of factually materialized consequences it must be noted that the legislator - in legal description of these acts - taxatively lists these consequences.
hr	U odnosu na opseg realno nastupjelih posljedica, važno je istaći da zakonodavac u zakonskom opisu pojedinih kaznenih djela posljedice navodi taksativno ih nabrajajući.

en	For reaching this goal commanding officers are ordering units under their command to proceed in certain ways within the territory of their operational engagement.
hr	Za ostvarenje toga cilja zapovjednici izdaju zapovjedi za upotrebu njima podređenih jedinica, te određuju postupanje na teritoriju njihovog operativnog djelovanja.

en	The responsibility of a commanding officer can never, and under no circumstances, be solely based on his objective responsibility arising from the very duty he/she holds, rather it is always necessary to determine his subjective relation - both willful and intellectual - to the concrete act committed by his subordinates.
hr	Odgovornost zapovjednika nikada i niti u kojem slučaju ne može biti temeljena na njegovoj objektivnoj odgovornosti obzirom na dužnost koju obnaša, već je nužno utvrditi njegov subjektivni odnos, kako voljni tako i intelektualni, prema samom kaznenom djelu koje su počinili njem podčinjeni.

en	As elaborated above, the commanding officer has certain guaranteeing responsibilities towards the members of the opposite side in a conflict.
hr	Kako je već ranije navedeno zapovjednik ima garantne obaveze prema pripadnicima neprijateljske strane.

en	This form of their consciousness can be determined by their institutional position which in any organized army includes the familiarity with the provisions of the international humanitarian law, as well as by their awareness of the scope of their commanding rights and duties - all in connection with the common awareness of unlawfulness of particular conduct.
hr	Taj oblik svijesti utvrđuje se njihovim institucionalnom pozicijom koja u sebi u iole uređenoj vojsci uključuje i poznavanje odredaba međunarodnog humanitarnog prava kao i njihovom sviješću o opsegu zapovjednih prava i obaveza koja im pripadaju, a u vezi opće svijesti o protupravnosti određenih postupanja.

en	Namely, not every action that would result in looting - forbidden as such by the international law - should be qualified as a war crime against the civilian population.
hr	Naime, ne smije se svako postupanje koje rezultira pljačkom civilnog stanovništva, a koja je kao takova zabranjena odredbama međunarodnog prava, podvoditi pod pojam ratnog zločina protiv civilnog stanovništva.

en	Therefore, in determining the content of the failure to act by a commanding officer - as a guarantor of fundamental human rights of the members of the enemy - it is necessary to determine the scope of his actual ability to prevent the materialization of forbidden consequences by issuing orders.
hr	Dakle, prilikom utvrđivanja sadržaja propusta zapovjednika, kao garanta temeljenih ljudskih prava neprijateljske strane, nužno je utvrditi opseg njegovih mogućnosti da izdavanjem zapovjedi spriječi nastupanje zabranjenih posljedica.

en	The element differentiating the war-humanitarian crimes can be found in the circumstance that these consequences are the result of individuals' actions that are contrary to the international law.
hr	Ono što je specifičnost ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela je okolnost da su ove posljedice rezultat postupanja pojedinaca koje je protivno međunarodnom pravu.

en	In such a situation I find that the realistic answer would entail determination of responsibility of a person that has actually acted and the person who has issued such an order - a person who is structured in some parallel, non-institutional chain-of-command but has a factual power to command, as well as the person who is charged with (formally) commanding the subordinates within the institutional system.
hr	U takvoj situaciji nalazim da bi realan odgovor bio utvrđenje odgovornosti osim osobe koja je stvarno postupala i osobe koja je izdala zapovijed za postupanje, a strukturirana je u paralelnom izvaninstitucionalnom lancu zapovijedanja, ali ima faktičnu moć zapovijedanja, kao i osobe koja je u institucijama sistema zadužena za zapovjedno usmjeravanje njemu podčinjenih.

en	Since the organization of the military in every state is based on a strict hierarchical structure and is founded on principles of subordination, i.e. subordinates are obliged to obey the orders, a question may be asked to what level within such a vertical hierarchy can command responsibility be traced and determined?
hr	Kako je vojni ustroj u svakoj državi strogo hijerarhijski strukturiran i počiva na načelima subordinacije tj. zapovjedi koje su podčinjeni dužni izvršavati, postavlja se pitanje do koje granice u hijerarhijskoj vertikali je moguće utvrđivati zapovjednu odgovornost?

en	Statement made by a defense witness, that he was dissatisfied with certain conduct of his subordinates, or a statement contained in a document sent to him (page 136 of the file) on a need to press criminal charges against persons who were looting the property in the Blagaj village, all this, without any military-disciplinary actions immediately taken (which were, on the other hand, instituted for far lesser offenses), is contrary to efficient prevention of unallowed conduct of his subordinates".
hr	Tvrdnja svjedoka da je sa nekim postupcima njemu podređenih bio nezadovoljan, ili naznaka vidljiva u optuženiku upućenom dopisu (list 136 spisa) o potrebi podnošenja kaznenih prijava protiv osoba koje su pljačkale imovinu u selu Blagaj, a bez da su poduzete odmah vojnostegovne mjere (koje su poduzimane za daleko manje oblike vojne nediscipline), ne ulazi u kategoriju djelotvornog sprečavanja njemu podčinjenih u nedopuštenom ponašanju."

en	However, for the existence of such a crime - for example war crime against the civilian population - it is sufficient that even only one of the listed consequences has occurred.
hr	Međutim, za samo postojanje kaznenog djela npr. ratnog zločina protiv civilnog stanovništva, dostatno je nastupanje i samo jedne od zakonom označenih zabranjenih posljedica.

en	However, it must be noted that the scope of implementation of the Protocol I is limited to international conflicts only and does not apply to conflicts that have no international character.
hr	I ima svoj doseg i mogućnost primjene tek za međunarodne sukobe, ali ne i za sukobe koji nemaju međunarodni karakter.

en	If it is not such - and war-humanitarian crime committed has been ordered through a parallel chain-of-command - the passivity of such a commanding officer should not enter the qualifications of a war-humanitarian crime, but possibly some other criminal offense.
hr	Ako ista nije takva, a ratno-humanitarno kazneno djelo je počinjeno po paralelnoj liniji zapovijedanja, pasivnost takvog zapovjednika ne može ulaziti u obilježja počinjenja nekog ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela, već bi se eventualno moglo govoriti o nekom drugom kaznenom djelu.

en	Namely, the first instance court has clearly established during the evidence procedure that such behavior of the members of the army under plaintiff's command has continued in looting the houses of refugee Croatians throughout the incriminated time period and in which time the civilian authorities of the quasi-state have not been organized yet, and the plaintiff was a member of the army of that quasi-state."
hr	Naime, prvostupanjski sud je iz dokaznog postupka jasno utvrdio da se takvo ponašanje od pripadnika vojske kojom je optuženik zapovijedao nastavljalo pljačkom imovine iz kuća izbjeglih Hrvata kroz vremenski period inkriminiran optuženiku, u kojem vremenu još nije bila organizirana civilna vlast paradržave, čijoj vojsci je optuženik pripadao."

en	Guaranteeing Responsibility of a Commanding Officer
hr	Garantna obaveza zapovjednika

en	„Failure to sanction actions of his subordinates, which they were performing for fulfilling the goal for which the „Krajina Army" was formed in the first place, and which were against the rules of international law, and have led to consequences such as death, grave injuries, destruction of property and similar, and tolerating such behavior, represents in fact the broadening of the orders issued in relation to such actions to persons who have not participated in similar activities until then as well.
hr	"Nesankcioniranje postupaka njemu podređenih, koje su oni poduzimali u ostvarenju cilja radi kojeg je i formirana "Vojska Krajine", a koji su protivni odredbama međunarodnog prava, te za posljedicu imaju smrt, teško ranjavanje, uništavanje imovine i sl., u naravi predstavlja, toleriranjem istog postupanja, proširenje zapovijedi i na takve aktivnosti i u odnosu na osobe koje do tog trenutka nisu poduzimali slične radnje.

en	The hierarchy within a military force and existence of the commanding structure represents one of the differentiating characteristics necessary for implementation of the rules of international law onto a military force.
hr	Hijerarhijski ustroj vojne sile te postojanje zapovjedne strukture jedna je od razlikovnih svojstava koja je nužna da bi u odnosu na vojnu silu mogla biti primijenjena pravila međunarodnog prava.

en	I am of an opinion that it is possible to open this question of command responsibility in such cases as well.
hr	Nalazim da je moguće postaviti pitanje i njegove kaznene odgovornosti i u tim slučajevima.

en	By this the international community, as well as the internal Croatian legislation, has clearly demonstrated the position that certain forms of impermissible conduct, regardless of the time elapsed from the committal of a crime, shall permanently be deemed impermissible and shall always be prosecuted, and perpetrators - if found guilty - punished.
hr	Time je međunarodna zajednica, kao i unutarnje pravno uređenje Republike Hrvatske manifestiralo svoj jasan stav da pojedini oblici nedopuštenog ponašanja, bez obzira na protek vremena od počinjenja takvih čina smatraju se nedopuštenim i potrebno je njihovo procesuiranje te kažnjavanje počinitelja ako se utvrdi da su oni i počinili određeno kazneno djelo.

en	Several international tribunals have been adjudicating on criminal liability of individuals for their conduct during the armed conflicts which was contrary to the international law and their decisions may represent an object of a separate discussion.
hr	Više međunarodnih sudišta odlučivalo je o individualnoj odgovornosti pojedinaca za njihove postupke tijekom rata koji su bili protivni međunarodnom ratnom i humanitarnom pravu i njihove odluke mogu biti poseban predmet rasprave.

en	And while in case of soldiers this requirement regarding the existence of the awareness of the fact that particular conduct is contrary to the rules of international law is not necessary - rather the common awareness that such conduct is unlawful suffices - in case of commanding structures of the military hierarchy it is necessary to establish the existence of their awareness of their guaranteeing role.
hr	Dok u odnosu na same vojnike nije nužan uvjet da kod njih postoji svijest da je određeno postupanje suprotno propisima međunarodnog prava, već je dostatna opća svijest o protupravnosti djela, za zapovjednu strukturu vojne hijerarhije nužno je postojanje njihove svijesti o njihovoj garantnoj zadaći.

en	On the contrary, for existence of the criminal offense described in article 120. of the OKZ RH it is needed only that the behavior of the perpetrator objectively represents the breach of international law, namely that objective precondition for culpability exists by which a special character of this criminal offense is being materialized, i.e. that the act is considered as unlawful in the sense of international law as well, which is all objectively beyond any doubt in this case."
hr	Upravo suprotno, za postojanje kaznenog djela iz čl. 120. OKZ RH potrebno je samo da ponašanje počinitelja objektivno predstavlja kršenje pravila međunarodnog prava, dakle, da je ostvaren objektivni uvjet kažnjivosti, kojim je posebno određen karakter protupravnosti ovog kaznenog djela, tj. da je djelo protupravno i u smislu međunarodnog prava, što sve u konkretnom slučaju objektivno nije prijeporno."

en	1. that there exists a person responsible for the subordinates, i.e. the commanding officer;
hr	1. da imaju na čelu osobu odgovornu za podčinjene, dakle zapovjednika

en	These conventions represent the attempt made by the international community to regulate (and/or limit) the conduct that shall be deemed allowable or not in a situation of war, armed conflict or occupation.
hr	Upravo tim konvencijama međunarodna zajednica nastojala je i nastoji ograničiti i propisati koja ponašanja se smatraju dopuštenima, a koja ne dopuštenim u situaciji rata, oružanog sukoba ili okupacije.

en	A duty of a commanding officer during a war or an armed conflict is to prevent actions that are contrary to the international law and that could result in legally forbidden consequences to the opposite side, its civilian population, prisoners of war, property, cultural objects and similar.
hr	Zadaća zapovjednika tijekom rata ili oružanog sukoba je onemogućiti postupke suprotne međunarodnom pravu njemu podređenih, a koji bi za posljedicu imali u zakonu naznačene posljedice u odnosu na neprijateljsku stranu, bilo za njezine civile, zarobljenike, imovinu, kulturna dobra ili slično.

en	This activity on comprehensive and complete codification of procedures which would either form an obligation to parties in conflict or would regulate impermissible behavior is, of course, far from being completed even today.
hr	Aktivnost na što potpunijem i širem reguliranju postupaka koji predstavljaju ili obavezu zaraćenim stranama ili propisuju nedopuštena ponašanja niti danas, naravno, nije završena.

en	The clause of equal value of acting compared to failing to act
hr	5. klauzula jednake vrijednosti činjenja i nečinjenja

en	In this light such criminal acts in relation to their committal by commanding officers, i.e. the person „who orders", receive a character of mixed crime and should be seen as delicta commissiva per ommisionem.
hr	U tom svjetlu ova kaznena djela u odnosu na radnju izvršenja istih od strane zapovjednika, dakle osobe "koja zapovjedi" dobivaju karakter mješovitog kaznenog djela tj. valja ih promatrati kao delicat commissiva per ommisionem.

en	These can be categorized in five categories, of which all five must be undoubtedly established in order to enable further deliberations on responsibility of a commanding officer for war-humanitarian crimes committed by his/her subordinates.
hr	Njih možemo razvrstati u pet posebnih kategorija, i za svaku od njih je potrebno utvrditi njeno nedvojbeno postoje, kako bi se nakon toga moglo govoriti o odgovornosti zapovjednika za ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela koja počine njemu podčinjeni.

en	Having in mind the fundamental legal standards in determining the possible criminal liability of a person, in relation to the command responsibility for war-humanitarian crimes I would lean to those authors who argue that the command responsibility always represents an independent form of committing a crime and that it always must be based on dolus.
hr	Imajući u vidu osnovne pravne standarde pri utvrđivanju moguće kaznene odgovornosti neke osobe, u odnosu na kaznenu odgovornost zapovjednika za ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela, priklonio bih se autorima koji zagovaraju tezu da zapovjedna odgovornost uvijek predstavlja samostalni oblik izvršenja kaznenog djela ta da je ona uvijek dolusna.

en	However, although the „war machinery" is structured on a strict hierarchy and on a duty to obey the orders, in response to such defenses, and apart from the fundamental legal logics, it must be said that even the criminal legislation has explicitly provided for a possibility to disobey the superior order that would represent an order to subordinate to commit a criminal act.
hr	Međutim, iako je "ratni stroj" strukturiran na strogoj hijerarhiji i obavezi izvršenja zapovjedi, u odnosu na istaknute prigovore, osim opće pravne logike, već je samo kazneno zakonodavstvo izrijekom odredilo mogućnost odbijanja zapovijedi nadređenog koja bi predstavljala nalog za počinjenje kaznenog djela podčinjenog.

en	Commanding can be understood as a right and a duty to issue verbal and written orders to a particular person or group of persons for performing or not performing certain activities by which goals of the service - regulated by law or some other regulation - are achieved.
hr	zapovijedanjem možemo smatrati pravo i obavezu izdavanja usmenih i pisanih naloga određenoj osobi ili krugu osoba radi poduzimanje ili ne poduzimanje određenih radnji kojima se ostvaruju ciljevi službe određene zakonom ili nekom drugim propisom

en	It is significant for determination of a specific intent of perpetrator at the moment of committal of a particular war-humanitarian criminal act.
hr	Ona ima svoj značaj u utvrđivanju posebne namjere počinitelja kada čini neko od ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela.

en	Not wishing to analyze at this moment the question of aggressive or defensive war; nor justified vs. unjustified one, it has to be accented however that the international community has, probably based on the remark stated in the opening sentence and within the overall evolution of the society, been developing general frameworks within which a conflict, combat or a war may be deemed as justified and when such justification can not be found.
hr	Ne želeći u ovom trenutku analizirati pitanja napadačkog i obrambenog ili nedopuštenog i dopuštenog rata, za istaći je da međunarodna zajednica, uz svijest o uvodno izrečenoj tvrdnji, razvojem društva, razvijala je i okviri u kojima se sukob, borba ili rat može smatrati prihvatljivim, a kada te prihvatljivosti u postupcima sukobljenih i zračenih strana nema.

en	It can be noted that in both norms there exists a possibility of committing a criminal offense by omission to act where perpetrator was obliged to act, with the provision of the Criminal Code normatively requiring what the court practice has previously already determined as necessary, i.e. that such failure to act may be equalized in effect and significance with committing the same offense by acting.
hr	Uočljivo je da u obje norme postoji mogućnost počinjenja kaznenog djela i nečinjenjem, s time da kod optuženika postoji njegova obaveza činjenja, a Kazneni zakon normativno traži ono što je ranije već sudska praksa ustanovila kao nužno tj. da se nečinjenje može izjednačiti po djelovanju i značenju sa počinjenjem istog kaznenog djela činjenjem.

en	Following such logics the norms of international law are excluding the principle „objective justifies means" and provide for numerous limitations in conduct of military forces towards the opposing forces, towards the civilian population which is inferior to them, or towards the prisoners of war.
hr	Prateći ranije iznesenu logiku norme međunarodnog prava isključuju logiku postupanja kojom bi "cilj opravdavao sredstvo", te sadrže brojna ograničenja postupanja vojne sile prema suprotstavljenoj vojnoj sili ili njima inferiornom civilno stanovništvu odnosno ratnim zarobljenicima.

en	Since in the territory of the Republic of Croatia during the past 70 years alone - or one life span - two major and bloody wars were fought (WW 2 and the Homeland War), Croatian judiciary was unavoidably faced, and still is, with the need to adjudicate on criminal responsibility of individuals for their conduct during these wars, conducts that were representing violation of the principles of international law and have resulted in consequences forbidden by the law.
hr	Kako su na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske samo u posljednjih 70-ak godina, a što spada u okvire jednog ljudskog životnog vijeka, vođena dva velika i vrlo krvava rata, II svjetski rat i Domovinski rat, to je hrvatsko pravosuđe nužno dolazilo i dolazi u priliku da odlučuje o kaznenoj odgovornosti pojedinaca za njihova postupanja tijekom tih ratova, a koja postupanja su bila suprotna odredbama međunarodnog prava, te su rezultirala zakonom zabranjenim posljedicama.

en	Article 28. of the General Criminal Law of the Republic of Croatia (OKZ RH):
hr	Članak 28. Osnovnog krivičnog zakona Republike Hrvatske:

en	(2) A criminal offense is committed by omission when the perpetrator, who is legally obligated to avert the consequence of a criminal offense defined by law, fails to do so, and such failure to act is tantamount in its effect and significance to the perpetration of such an offense by an act.
hr	(2) Kazneno djelo je počinjeno nečinjenjem ako je počinitelj koji je pravno obvezan spriječiti nastupanje zakonom opisane posljedice kaznenog djela to propustio učiniti, a takvo je propuštanje po djelovanju i značenju jednako počinjenju tog djela činjenjem.

en	omission to act when the war-humanitarian criminal offense has not yet been committed
hr	propust zapovijedanja kada ratno-humanitarno kazneno djelo od strane počinjenih još nije počinjeno

en	Since such a „war machine" - organized on a hierarchical system of operation - is in attaining specific goals of war or armed conflict subjected to certain limitations in its conduct towards the opposite side by the rules of international law, it is evident that such rules can be violated primarily by the immediate executors of warfare assignments - the soldiers.
hr	Kako takav "ratni stroj", ustrojen na hijerarhijskom načelu postupanja, u ostvarenju određenog cilja rata ili oružanog sukoba ima međunarodnim pravom propisana ograničenja u postupanju prema neprijateljskoj strani, jasno je da kršenja tih propisanih normi prvenstveno i neposredno čine neposredni izvršitelji ratnih zadaća tj. vojnici.

en	According to his Ordinances, all members of his troops must act in compliance with these principles, and any offender must be prosecuted by an officer in command.
hr	U svojoj uredbi on propisuje da bilo koji člana njegovih jedinica smije postupati samo u skladu sa propisanim načelima, a ukoliko netko to prekrši, njegov zapovjednik mora poduzeti mjere progona istog.

en	In reaching these goals, as history teaches us, the parties at war were often not above the conduct that was completely negating human and cultural achievements of the opposite side, set to destroy not only enemy's armed forces, but also civilian population, economy, cultural objects and anything that could have been linked to the opposite side in war.
hr	U postizanju toga cilja, kako uči povijest, zaraćene strane nisu prezale niti od postupaka kojima su apsolutno negirale ljudska i kulturološka dostignuća neprijateljske strane, uništavajući neprijateljsku kako oružanu živu silu, tako i njegovo civilno stanovništvo, gospodarstvo, kulturna dobra i uopće sve što je predstavljalo obilježje neprijateljske strane.

en	The issue of looting the belongings of civilian population, which represents one modality of a war crime against the civilian population, may be problematized within this.
hr	pitanje pljačke imovine civilnog stanovništva, što je jedan od modaliteta počinjenja kaznenog djela ratnog zločina protiv civilnog pučanstva može biti problematizirano u okvirima ranije istaknutog.

en	The legislative solution listing forbidden conduct in relation to the war-humanitarian criminal acts during a war, armed conflict or occupation, establishes liability in two parallel and even separate tracks.
hr	Ovakvo zakonsko rješenje u odnosu na ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela kojima se propisuju zabranjena postupanja tijekom rata, oružanog sukoba ili okupacije, postavlja odgovornost po dva, možemo reći paralelna ali ipak odvojena kolosijeka.

en	Since in the widest sense of that word the whole hierarchical pyramid of the chain-of-command can be deemed as „soldiers" - ranging from the highest ranking chief-in-command down to a private - the rights and duties arising from the international law can be applied to all of them.
hr	Kako vojnicima, u širem smislu značenja te riječi, možemo smatrati cjelokupnu hijerarhijsku piramidu zapovjednog lanca, od najvišeg zapovjednika do najnižeg vojnika, prava i obaveze iz međunarodnog prava odnose se na sve strukture vojske.

en	Namely, this relation of subordination within an armed force that is engaged in a war or an armed conflict represents one of the fundamental requirements for an armed force to be even considered as such in the sense of rights and duties arising from the international law.
hr	Naime, odnos subordinacije u vojnoj sili koja vodi rat ili oružani sukob predstavlja jedan od temeljnih zahtjeva da bi se određena vojna uopće sila mogla promatrana kao vojska u smislu međunarodnopravnih prava i obaveza.

en	As was mentioned earlier, the court practice had no major problems with determining the liability of persons who were actively involved and who have through such actions fulfilled the criminal qualifications of the war and humanitarian crimes.
hr	Kako je istaknuto u pravnoj praksi nije bilo većih problema oko utvrđivanja odgovornosti osoba koje su aktivno djelovale i svojim aktivitetom ostvarivali obilježja ratno - humanitarnih kaznenih djela.

en	Having in mind the distribution of tasks and duties within a „war machinery", it is a duty of commanding officers to prevent their subordinated individuals and units from acting in a way that would lead to conduct that could qualify as war-humanitarian crime, and they should, in relation to the enemy state, army and civilians, act as guarantors of their fundamental rights.
hr	Imajući u vidu podjelu zadaća u okvirima "ratnog stroja", zadaća je zapovjednika da ne dopuste postupanje njima podčinjenih pojedinaca i vojnih jedinica, kojim bi ostvarili obilježja ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela i oni se u odnosu na neprijateljsku državu, vojsku i civile pojavljuju kao garanti njihovih temeljnih prava.

en	When in performing such actions they enter the domain of committal of a war-humanitarian crime, and their commanding officer - although aware of such conduct - does nothing, he is actually broadening his sphere of responsibility by tolerating such behavior of his subordinates.
hr	Kada oni takvim radnjama uđu u sferu izvršenja ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela, a njihov zapovjednik, znajući za takvo njihovo postupanje ništa ne poduzme u odnosu na počinitelje takvog djela, on u naravi proširuje svoju sferu zapovjedi, tolerirajući takvo ponašanje njemu podčinjenih.

en	Such a thesis is notoriously ungrounded, since the criminal liability of commanding officer for war-humanitarian crimes, same as criminal liability of any other person for any other crime, must be based on conscious and intellectual component of the perpetrator.
hr	Ova teza je neodrživa i notorno, kaznena odgovornost zapovjednika za ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela, kao i kaznena odgovornost bilo koje druge osobe mora biti utemeljena na voljnoj i intelektualnoj komponenti samog počinitelja kaznenog djela.

en	The fundamental right of a superior to command and hence to direct the activities of a „war machinery", and partly the norms of international law, entrust a commanding officer with certain set of obligations aimed at protection of the opposite side - both the civilians and property as well as the enemy soldiers in certain circumstances - giving a person in command certain guaranteeing roles.
hr	Zapovjednicima njihovo osnovno pravo zapovijedanja i time usmjeravanja djelovanja "ratnog stroja" kao i dijelom norme međunarodnog prava nalažu određeni krug obaveza kojima se štiti suprotstavljena strana, kako civili i dobra protivne strane tako i neprijateljski vojnici pod određenim okolnostima, a osoba zapovjednika dobiva u odnosu na njih garantnu ulogu.

en	And it is exactly this part of possible liability of a commanding officer, i.e. his omission to act in relation to his subordinates in cases when they were planning or committing some action that could be qualified as war-humanitarian crime, that is the object of this paper and that represents a question that I will try to find an optimal answer to within the frameworks of the applicable law.
hr	Upravo taj dio moguće odgovornosti zapovjednika, dakle njegovog nepostupanja u odnosu na njemu podčinjene kada oni planiraju ili izvrše neku od radnji kojom ostvaruju obilježja zabranjenog ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela, predmet je razrade ovoga rada i pokušaj traženja, u okvirima zakona, optimalnih odgovora.

en	The first traces of normative regulation of behavior of individuals in war campaigns can be traced back to 1493 when Charles VII of France promulgated certain principles of warfare which also regulated responsibility of commanding officers.
hr	Prve začetke normativnog uređenja postupanja osoba - sudionika ratnih pohoda uočavamo već kod Karla VII iz Orleansa, koji 1493. godine propisuje načela vođenja rata, ali jednako tako određuje i odgovornost zapovjednika.

en	The article elaborates on necessary elements for determining the criminal liability of a commanding officer in the light of his/her guaranteeing responsibility in relation to the opposite side in a war or armed conflict.
hr	Obrađuju se potrebne sastavnice za utvrđivanje kaznene odgovornosti zapovjednika, kao njegove garantne odgovornosti u odnosu na njemu suprotnu stranu u ratu ili oružanom sukobu.

en	(3) The punishment of a perpetrator who commits a criminal offense by omission can be mitigated, except in the case of criminal offense which can be committed only by failure to act.
hr	(3) Počinitelj koji je kazneno djelo počinio nečinjenjem može se blaže kazniti, osim ako se radi o kaznenom djelu koje se može počiniti samo nečinjenjem.

en	When speaking of the responsibility of a commanding officer for war-humanitarian crimes, or shorter - command responsibility, there exists a common misunderstanding that this responsibility represents an objective responsibility arising from the very duty to command which he or she is entrusted with.
hr	Govoreći o kaznenoj odgovornosti zapovjednika za ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela ili skraćeno rečeno o zapovjednoj odgovornosti, česta je zabluda da odgovornost zapovjednika predstavlja njegovu objektivnu odgovornost koja bi proizlazila iz same njegove dužnosti zapovjednika koja mu je povjerena.

en	These responsibilities of commanding officers are regulated quite clearly and unambiguously in provisions of arts. 86. and 87. of the Additional Protocol to Geneva Convention of 1947 on Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I, June 8, 1977).
hr	Potpuno jasno i nedvosmisleno obaveze zapovjednika propisane su odredbama čl. 86. i čl. 87. Dopunskog protokola uz Ženevske konvencija od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine o zaštiti žrtava međunarodnih oružanih sukoba od 8. lipnja 1977. godine (Protokol I).

en	These activities are often undertaken under the motto „cause justifies means" within the overall objective of military engagement.
hr	Te radnje bivaju poduzete prema načelu "cilj opravdava sredstvo" s zadaćom ostvarenja cilja osnovne upotrebe vojnih jedinica.

en	His commanding duties are not exhausted only in directing the operation of the „war machine" by issuing orders that should make the fulfillment of the goal underlying the war efforts possible.
hr	Njegova zadaća zapovjednika ne iscrpljuje se samo u usmjeravanju "ratnog stroja" zapovijedima ka postizanju cilja zbog koga se rat ili oružani sukob vodi.

en	This was the reason for the international community to regulate and codify some minimal norms of conduct by opposing parties in the situation of a war or armed conflict, all in order to protect at least some level of humanity in warfare and avoid inflicting of unnecessary suffering, humiliation or destruction of historical, economical and cultural substance of the other party.
hr	Upravo to je razlog da i u okolnostima postojanja rata ili oružanog sukoba međunarodna zajednica propiše minimum normi ponašanja sukobljenih strana, kako bi se i ratu ili oružanom sukobu, odnosno postupcima za vrijeme okupacije dao koliko toliko ljudski karakter, bez nanošenja nepotrebnih patnji, poniženja ili bezrazložnog uništavanja povijesne, gospodarske ili kulturološke osnove neprijateljske strane.

en	Therefore, it is important to note that failure to act on the side of a commanding officer, i.e. not consuming his authorities to command subordinates who are directly undertaking activities which enter the zone of criminal liability for war-humanitarian crimes, should be equalized with the very act or with the possibility of committing the crime by direct acting.
hr	Važno je uočiti da ne postupanje zapovjednika tj. ne konzumiranje ovlasti zapovijedanja prema sebi podčinjenima koji neposredno provode radnje kojima ulaz u srefu kaznene odgovornosti za ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela treba biti izjednačeno sa samim postupanjem tj. mogućnošću počinjenja kaznenog djela aktivitetom.

en	Declaration on the Law of the Sea (the Paris Declaration); Convention on Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague Convention IV. of 1907); Convention on Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land (Hague Convention V. of 1907); Convention on Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities (Hague Convention VI. of 1907); Convention on Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-Ships (Hague Convention VII.
hr	Deklaracija o pomorskom pravu (Pariška deklaracija); Konvencija o zakonima i običajima rata na kopnu (IV Haška konvencija iz 1907); Konvencija o pravima i dužnostima neutralnih sila i lica u slučaju rata na kopnu (V Haška konvencija iz 1907); Konvencija o statusu neprijateljskih trgovačkih brodova u početku neprijateljstava (VI Haška konvencija iz 1907); Konvencija o pretvaranju trgovačkih brodova u ratne brodove (VII Haška konvencija iz 1907)Konvencija o bombardiranju od strane pomorskih snaga u vrijeme rata (IX Haška konvencija iz 1907); Konvencija o određenim ograničenjima vršenja uzapćenja u pomorskom ratu (XI Haška konvencija iz 1907); Konvencija o pravima i dužnostima neutralnih država u ratu na moru (XIII Haška konvencija iz 1907); Protokol o pravilima podmorničkog rata (Londonski protokol)

en	Since all these criminal acts have a common element in protecting, from the position of international humanitarian law, the human person as such with his cultural, economic and other heritage in times of war - regardless of the fact whether he/she is a member of the other side in the conflict - for the purposes of this article I will hereinafter use the term war-humanitarian crimes for these crimes.
hr	Kako je svim ovim kaznenim djelima zajednička odrednica da je postupanje počinitelja protivno međunarodnom pravu koje u ratnim uvjetima štiti sa pozicija humanitarnog elementarna prava čovjeka kao takovog i njegovih kulturnih, gospodarskih i imovinskih stečevina, neovisno o tome što bi on bio pripadnikom neprijateljske strane, zbog jasnoće izražavanja u nastavku za ova kaznena djela koristiti ću pojam ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela.

en	Namely, the concept of responsibility as presented here is based on principles of criminal legislation which excludes the existence of objective or collective responsibility, and can be summarized in a thesis that a court must determine, within a due process, whether a particular person has committed a criminal offense defined as such by law, and if yes, then to sentence him/her with a sanction provided by the law and individualized to fit the particular case.
hr	Naime, koncept odgovornosti kako je izložen temelji se na načelima kaznenog zakonodavstva koje isključuje objektivnu ili kolektivnu odgovornost te ga skraćeno možemo sumirati u tezu o obavezi suda da u zakonitom postupku utvrdi je li određena osoba počinila zakonom propisano kazneno djelo i utvrdi li sud da su počinili kazneno djelo, tada da se počinitelju izrekne zakonom predviđena i individualno odgovarajuća kazna.

en	Namely, the criminal legislation of the Republic of Croatia, on top of providing for the possibility of criminal responsibility of an individual in cases of failure to act, also forms a part of international legal order.
hr	Naime, kazneno zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske, osim što ima zakonski predviđenu mogućnost kaznene odgovornosti pojedinca i za slučaj njegovog nečinjenja, uklopljeno je u međunarodni pravni poredak i predstavlja njegovu sastavnicu.

en	The liability of the latter one, who is (only) a formal commander to the immediate perpetrator, is possible only if all other prerequisites for his liability are met, such as the factual power to direct the activities of his subordinates through orders, availability of the efficient means to command, and awareness of the fact that activities by which war-humanitarian crimes were committed were performed.
hr	Odgovornost ovog posljednjeg, koji je formalni zapovjednik neposrednim izvršiteljima moguća je tek ako su ispunjene ostale pretpostavke za njegovu odgovornost kao što su stvarna moć usmjeravanja radnji podčinjenih zapovijedima, raspolaganje efikasnim sredstvima zapovijedanja i saznanje o postojanju poduzete radnje kojim je ostvareno neko od ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela.

en	In the absence of commanding responsibility based on principles described above, i.e. if the commanding officer undoubtedly knew or could have known that his subordinates are about to commit a war-humanitarian crime - which is always a question of facts - his liability would not be possible neither according to the principle of broadening his orders to include the unallowable conduct in regards to future actions.
hr	Ako bi izostala odgovornost zapovjednika prema načelima kako su ranije opisana u slučaju kada je on nedvojbeno znao ili je mogao znati da njemu podređeni spremaju počinjenje takvog ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela, što je uvijek činjenično pitanje, odgovornost zapovjednika ne bi bila moguća niti prema principu proširenje njegovih zapovijedi i na nedopuštena ponašanja u odnosu na buduće radnje.

en	By tolerating such unallowed conduct he is in fact broadening, extending or amending his order to now include impermissible activities by which the desired goal should be attained even in relation to persons who, until then, have not been engaged in similar impermissible activities.
hr	Toleriranjem nedopuštenog postupanja, on faktički proširuje zapovijedi i na takve nedopuštene aktivnosti kojima se postiže željeni cilj uporabe vojne sile i u odnosu na osobe koje do tog trenutka nisu poduzimali slične radnje.

en	Such a provision must be contained in the factual description of a crime, and the quoted decision reads as follows: „Since a war crime against the civilian population from article 120. of the OKZ RH may be committed only by violation of the rules of international law, in a verdict by which the plaintiff has been found guilty of this crime the court must precisely state which rules of the international law were violated by the plaintiff."
hr	: "Budući da se ratni zločin protiv civilnog stanovništva iz čl. 120. OKZ RH može počiniti samo kršenjem pravila međunarodnog prava, u presudi kojom se optuženik oglašava krivim zbog tog kaznenog djela sud je dužan točno navesti koja je pravila međunarodnog prava prekršio optuženik."

en	In a proper interpretation of legal norms regulating the war-humanitarian criminal offenses his guaranteeing role includes a duty of undertaking all measures necessary for prevention of occurrence of such forbidden consequences, which basically form the structure of such criminal offenses.
hr	Ispravnim tumačenjem pravne norme ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela, u odnosu na odgovornost zapovjednika, njegova garantna obaveza obuhvaća dužnost poduzimanja svih radnji kojima bi spriječio nastupanje takvih zabranjenih posljedica, koje u osnovi ulaze u strukturu ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela.

en	If a commanding officer fails to do so, according to Charles VII of France, he shall be held responsible for the offence.
hr	Ako to ne bi poduzeo zapovjednik, Karlo VII iz Orleansa propisuje da će se takvog zapovjednika smatrati glavnim počiniteljem.

en	Namely, in relation to the persons within such a chain-of-command the criteria of their right, and their duty, to question orders issued to them by their superiors must be applied, followed by their duty not to "pass" such order further if its fulfillment would result in an act of a war crime.
hr	Naime, i u odnosu na osobe u zapovjednom lancu je potrebno primijeniti kriterij njihovog prava, ali i obaveze da ocjenjuju zapovijedi sebi nadređenih te da zapovijed ne smiju "prenositi" ako bi njeno provođenje rezultiralo počinjenjem kaznih djela ratnih zločina.

en	Such determination always represents a factual question differing from case to case, but in this it is necessary to keep in mind that we are speaking of a military force in the sense of international law, where one of the preconditions is also the existence of efficient means of command - and sanctioning and prosecuting of the subordinates represents an integral part of this.
hr	Ovo utvrđivanje uvijek predstavlja faktično pitanje od slučaja do slučaja, ali je pri istom nužno voditi računa o okolnosti da se radi o vojnoj sili koja potpada u kategoriju vojne sile kako ju određuju međunarodni akti, gdje je jedan od uvjeta i postojanje djelotvornih sredstava zapovijedanja, u koje spada i kažnjavanje, odnosno procesuiranje podčinjenih.

en	While on one hand the court practice had no serious difficulties in deciding on the liability of immediate perpetrators of crimes against international law (apart from difficulties connected with establishment of facts) in which consequences sanctioned by domestic law as well have occurred, a far more serious problem was encountered in determining the responsibility of persons charged with ordering such forbidden conduct or those who have failed to exercise actions within their commanding authorities to prevent the immediate perpetrators from committing any of the war-humanitarian crimes.
hr	Dok sa jedne strane pravna praksa nije imala ozbiljnih problema, izuzev problema vezanih za činjenična utvrđenja, u utvrđivanju odgovornosti osoba, neposrednih izvršitelja radnji protivnih međunarodnom pravu, a kojim radnjama su ostvarivane zabranjene posljedice propisane u domaćem zakonodavstvu, puno veći problem pojavio se kod utvrđivanja odgovornosti osoba koje bi zapovjedile takva zabranjena postupanja, odnosno koje nebi poduzele radnje u okviru svojih ovlasti zapovijedanja, a sa ciljem sprečavanja neposrednih počinitelja da izvrše neko od ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela.

en	Criminal liability of persons participating in a chain-of-command can be found even if such a chain would be interrupted by some occurrence out of their control that would prevent the performing of an action that would otherwise result in forbidden consequences, but contrary to the will of those participating in transmission of such an order.
hr	O kaznenoj odgovornosti osoba u zapovjednom lancu moguće je govoriti i ako je taj lanac prekinut nekim aktivitetom koji je izvan njihovog voljnog djelovanja, te do same radnje izvršenja, koja bi rezultirala zabranjenim posljedicama, ne bi došlo, ali mimo volje osoba koje su sudjelovale u prijenosu zapovijedi.

en	the clause of equal value of acting compared to failing to act, i.e. the non-right materialized by the guarantor through his failure to act must have an equal value as the acting would have had within the same war-humanitarian criminal offense.
hr	klauzula jednake vrijednosti činjenja i nečinjenja tj. nepravo koje ostvaruje garant svojim propustom mora biti jednako vrijedno kao i činjenje u okvirima istog ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela

en	It is exactly in this segment that I find the criminal liability of a commanding officer possible, i.e. in omission to prosecute the perpetrator of unallowed actions, which represents the essence of an active commanding duty.
hr	Upravo u tom segmentu nalazim moguću odgovornost zapovjednika i za nekažnjavanje, odnosno neprocesuiranje počinitelja nedopuštenih radnji, što je po samoj biti zapovijedanja aktivni dio njegove funkcije zapovijedanja.

en	But this feature does not merely refer to a time-frame in which the act that has resulted in fulfillment of elements of such crime was performed.
hr	Međutim, ova odrednica nije samo vremenska odrednica stanja u kojem se poduzima radnja kojom se ostvaruju obilježja kaznenog djela.

en	); the Geneva Protocol of June 17, 1925 for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases and Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (the Geneva Protocol); the Convention of April 10, 1972 on Prohibition of Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological), Toxin Weapons and their Destruction; the UN Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects with protocols - Protocol on Non-detectable Fragments, Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II), Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons; Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and their Destruction; Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction.
hr	Petrogradska deklaracija iz 1868 godine o zabrani uporabe određenih projektila u ratu; Deklaracija o zabrani uporabe projektila koji se šire ili se lako rasprskavaju u ljudskom tijelu iz 1899 godine (3. deklaracija); Haška konvencija od 18. listopada 1907. godine o postavljanju automatskih podmorskih kontaktnih mina (VIII Haška konvencija iz 1907); Protokol od 17. lipnja 1925. godine o zabrani zagušljivih, otrovnih i drugih plinova i bakterioloških metoda ratovanja (Ženevski protokol); Konvencija od 10. travnja 1972. godine o zabrani razvoja proizvodnji i skladištenju bakteriološkog (biološkog) i otrovnog oružja i njihovom uništavanju; Konvencija UN o zabrani ili ograničavanju određenih vrsta klasičnog oružja za koje se može smatrati da izazivaju prekomjerne traumatske efekte i da djeluju bez razlikovanja u pogledu ciljeva - Protokol o fragmentima oružja koji se ne mogu ukloniti, Protokol o zabrani i ograničavanju uporabe mina, mina iznenađenja i drugih sredstava (Protokol II sa izmjenama i dopunama od 3. svibnja 1996. godine), Protokol o zabrani ili ograničavanju zapaljivih oružja, Protokol o laserskom oružju za osljepljivanje; Konvencija o zabrani proizvodnje, skladištenja i uporabe kemijskog oružja i o njegovom uništavanju; Konvencija o zabrani uporabe, skladištenja i proizvodnje i prometa antipersonalnih mina i o njihovom uništavanju.

en	The substance of omission may be in a form of not issuing orders for correct and legally permitted use of military forces under one's command in order to prevent or avoid the committal of a war-humanitarian crime that was not yet committed, as well as in a form of not exercising commanding functions such as sanctioning or initiating legal proceedings against persons who have committed such offense.
hr	Sadržaj propuštanja može se sastojati u ne izdavanju zapovijedi za ispravno i zakonom dopušteno usmjeravanje vojne sile kojom se zapovijeda, kako bi se izbjeglo počinjenje ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela koje još nije počinjeno, kao i ne poduzimanje zapovijedanih funkcija u koje spada i sankcioniranje, odnosno pokretanje zakonitih mehanizama prema osobama koje su već počinile radnje nekog ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela.

en	omission to sanction subordinates when war-humanitarian crime has been committed
hr	propust zapovijedanja kažnjavanjem podčinjenih kada je ratno-humanitarno kazno djelo počinjeno

en	(1) A criminal offense can be committed by an act or an omission to act.
hr	(1) Kazneno djelo može se počiniti činjenjem ili nečinjenjem.

en	This article discusses the issue of criminal liability of commanding officer for the war crimes and crimes against humanity.
hr	Članak obrađuje pitanje kaznene odgovornosti zapovjednika za tzv. ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela.

en	A separate issue within this is the question of allowability of the actions by individuals - military persons as perpetrators and direct actors in a conflict - and related question of responsibilities of those who are controlling such a „war machine", who are directing it, or simply, those in command.
hr	Posebno je pitanje dopuštenosti ili ne dopuštenosti aktiviteta pojedinaca - vojnika izvršitelja, koji su neposredni nositelji samog sukoba, u odnosu na pitanje odgovornosti onih koji takvim "ratnim strojem" rukovode, usmjeravaju ga ili jednostavnije rečeno naprosto mu zapovijedaju.

en	The previously mentioned provisions of international law to which the Republic of Croatia has acceded either directly or by taking over international obligations of the former state, form certain obligations on the part of the authorities and the citizen of the Republic of Croatia even in the part regulated through numerous conventions of the international humanitarian law.
hr	Ranije naznačene odredbe međunarodnog prava, kojima je, bilo izravno bilo preuzimanjem međunarodnih ugovora od bivše države, pristupila i Republika Hrvatska te predstavljaju i njenu pravnu i kulturološku tekovinu, pred vlasti i građane Republike Hrvatske nameću određene obaveze, pa i u dijelu koji se odnosi na propise međunarodnog humanitarnog prava, gdje spadaju i brojne ratne konvencije.

en	(2) A criminal offense can be committed by an omission to act only if perpetrator fails to act where he had a duty to act.
hr	(2) Krivično djelo može biti počinjeno nečinjenjem samo kad počinitelj propusti činjenje koje je bio dužan izvršiti.

en	Namely, the principle of silent broadening of order to include impermissible conduct may be applied only in cases when unallowable actions by subordinates by which elements of war-humanitarian crimes are being fulfilled are taking place over certain period of time in continuity and must be always accompanied by determination that the person in command knew of the activity that was already undertaken, but has done nothing to prevent it or sanction it.
hr	Naime, princip prešutnog proširivanja zapovijedi na nedopuštena postupanja moguć je samo u slučajevima kada se nedopušteni postupci kojima se ostvaruju obilježja ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela od vojno podređenih ostvaruju u nekom vremenskom kontinuitetu i uvijek uz utvrđenje da je osoba koja zapovijeda podređenima znao za učin koji je već ostvaren, a ništa nije poduzeo.

en	Special part of the text is dedicated to responsibility of a commanding officer for omission to exercise his/her authorities arising from the duty to command the subordinates, with special attention to cases when during a war or an armed conflict a crime by his/her subordinates has been only planed or actually committed.
hr	Poseban dio posvećen je odgovornosti zapovjednika za njegov čin propuštanja konzumiranja ovlasti koje proistječu iz njegove dužnosti zapovijedanja podčinjenima, sa osvrtom na slučajeve kada je tijekom rata ili oružanog sukoba ratno-humanitarno kazneno djelo od njemu podčinjenih samo planirano u odnosu na ono koje je i počinjeno.

en	As mentioned before, each and every military operation, or armed conflict, in order to fall under the rules of the international law, must have in its ratio a particular objective.
hr	Zna li se da svaka ratna operacija, odnosno oružani sukob, a da bi bio podvodiv pod pojmove međunarodnog prava, ima u svom ratiu ratovanja određeni cilj.

en	Responsibility of a Commanding Officer for War Crimes
hr	odgovornost zapovjednika za ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela

en	Because of this factual possibility to command the troops, which is a precondition for the existence of a military structure, he also has guaranteeing responsibilities towards the enemy side and civilian population found in the zone of military operation.
hr	On, upravo zbog faktične mogućnosti zapovijedanja, koja je uvjet postojanja vojne strukture i time usmjeravanja njemu vojno podčinjenih, ima i garantne obaveze u odnosu na neprijateljsku stranu i njeno stanovništvo koje se zatiče na prostoru vojnog djelovanja.

en	the very consequence that is included in a structure of a war-humanitarian crime;
hr	sama posljedica koja je inkludirana u strukturu ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela

en	This prevention may be effectuated in relation to the activities that have yet not been undertaken, but also in relation to an event that has already occurred - it is a duty of a commanding officer to explicitly state his position regarding the unallowed conduct by ordering sanctioning or prosecuting the perpetrator.
hr	Ovo sprečavanje može biti u odnosu na radnju koja još nije poduzeta, ali jednako tako i u odnosu na radnju koja je ostvarena, te radi budućih postupaka njemu podčinjenih, zadaća je zapovjednika da u odnosu na nedopušteno ponašanje izrazi svoj jasan stav zapovjedivši određeno kažnjavanje ili procesuiranje počinitelja.

en	Therefore, establishment of a special form of intent on the part of the accused is being sought for these crimes.
hr	Dakle za ova kaznena djela traži se utvrđenje posebnog oblika namjere pri postupanju optužene osobe.

en	However, having in mind the norms of international law mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, which regulate a set of obligations on the part of an individual who is physically performing certain activities during a war or armed conflict, based on a strictly hierarchical relation they also regulate a set of obligations on the part of a person who is in command - a person superior to the individuals or military units participating in a war or armed conflict.
hr	Međutim, upravo obzirom na uvodno istaknute norme međunarodnog prava, koje propisuju kao određeni krug obaveza pojedincu koji poduzima fizički aktivitet u vrijeme rata ili oružanog sukoba, tako i određene obaveze, obzirom na strog vojno hijerarhijski odnos, i na strani osobe zapovjednika, dakle nadređenog pojedincima i vojnim jedinicama koje sudjeluju u ratu odnosno oružanom sukobu.

en	The time frame within which all these acts have emerged may be marked by the St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868 on renouncing the use of certain projectiles in time of war, through the Hague Conventions of 1907 and Geneva Conventions of 1949 with Protocols, to the most recent Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court - which was signed and ratified by the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Njihova vremenska odrednica je od Petrogradske deklaracije iz 1868. godine o zabrani uporabe određenih projektila u ratu, pa preko, Haških konvencija iz 1907. godine, Ženevskih konvencija iz 1949. godine i njihovih dopunskih Protokola, pa do posljednjeg akta Rimskog statuta Međunarodnog kaznenog suda, koji Statut je potpisala i ratificirala i Republika Hrvatska te donijela i poseban zakon unutarnjeg prava - Zakon o primjeni Statuta međunarodnog kaznenog suda i progonu za kaznena djela protiv međunarodnog ratnog i humanitarnog prava.

en	On the other hand, a person that would issue an order by which a subordinate is ordered to perform an action with legally forbidden consequences during a war or an armed conflict, and which actions are at the same time against the rules of international law, would most certainly enter the area of criminal liability.
hr	Međutim, što se tiče osobe koja bi izdala takvu zapovijed kojom nalaže tijekom rata ili oružanog sukoba postupanje njemu podređenom, da postupi s ciljem postizanja u zakonu propisanih zabranjenih posljedica, a koji postupci su istovremeno protivno pravilima međunarodnog prava, ulazi u sferu kaznene odgovornosti.

en	In its criminal legislation the Republic of Croatia, be it as a part of the former federal state or today, has had, and today has a well defined catalogue of such criminal acts and a system of criminal responsibility of persons who would, through their conduct during the war, armed conflict, or occupation and contrary to the rules f international law lead to the occurrence of the prohibited consequences.
hr	Republika Hrvatska, već i kao sastavnica bivše države imala je, a i ima i danas u svome kaznenom zakonodavstvu uređen i propisan katalog kaznenih djela kao i sistem kaznene odgovornosti osoba koje bi svojim postupcima tijekom rata, oružanog sukoba ili okupacije, kršeći pravila međunarodnog prava, ostvarivali zabranjene posljedice, a što je zakonodavac razvrstao u više kaznenih djela protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava.

en	The provisions of criminal legislation of the Republic of Croatia regulating war crimes and crimes against humanity have in their descriptions certain forbidden consequences occurring as a result of conduct impermissible by international law.
hr	Odredbe kaznenog zakonodavstva Republike Hrvatske koje propisuju ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela, izrijekom u opisima tih kaznenih dijela imaju, kao rezultat postupanja protivan odredbama međunarodnog prava, određene posljedice koje su zabranjene.

en	In such cases there are persons in one vertical chain-of-command that issue executive orders that are in fact being obeyed - and possibly actions performed in accordance with such orders qualify for war-humanitarian crimes - and there are persons in another vertical chain-of-command to whom the immediate perpetrators are formally subordinated and who should be the ones preventing them from unallowable activities.
hr	U takvim slučajevima postoje osobe u jednoj vertikali koje izdaju zapovijedi za postupanje po kojima s faktički postupa i od neposrednih izvršitelja moguće ostvaruju obilježja ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela i osobe kojima su neposredni izvršitelji formalno podređeni, a koji bi prema njima trebali poduzimati zapovjedne radnje radi sprečavanja njihovih nedopuštenih čina.

en	For determining the criminal liability of a commanding officer for actions undertaken by his subordinates - which actions have elements of a war-humanitarian criminal offense - it is necessary to establish the existence of efficient mechanism for sanctioning impermissible conduct of the subordinates.
hr	Za utvrđivanje odgovornosti po zapovjednoj liniji u odnosu na radnje zapovjedniku podčinjenih kojim su ostvarili obilježja ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela, nužno je utvrditi postojanje djelotvornog mehanizma sankcioniranja nedopuštenih radnji od vojno podčinjenih.

en	It is towards these protected objects that a commanding officer has a guaranteeing role, being a person who has a functional power of commanding his subordinates in a manner that should prevent their unallowable actions during a war or an armed conflict.
hr	Upravo prema tim zaštićenim objektima zapovjednik se pojavljuje u ulozi garanta, osobe koja ima funkcionalnu moć zapovijedanja njemu podčinjenim na način da njihovi postupci u ostvarenju ciljeva rata ili oružanog sukoba ne budu suprotni odredbama međunarodnog prava.

en	A special situation may be found in determining the commanding responsibility for the actions committed by subordinates in cases of incidental and detached excesses of an individual or a unit who have acted outside of commanding framework and their act is limited both territorially and in time.
hr	Poseban problem kod utvrđivanja odgovornosti zapovjednika u situaciji kada je počinjeno neko ratno-humanitarno kazneno djelo od strane vojno podčinjenih pojavljuje se u slučajevima kada se radi o izdvojenom i pojedinačnom ekscesu nekog pojedinca ili neke vojne jedinice koji su djelovali izvan okvira zapovijedanja i njih učin je ograničen prostorno i vremenski.

en	Within this there is a special issue of command responsibility in situations where, based on the circumstances, a commanding officer could have known of the future crime, but has not consumed his duty to issue orders which would prevent it.
hr	Posebno je pitanje odgovornosti zapovjednika, ako je on prema okolnostima slučaja tek mogao znati za buduće kazneno djelo, a nije konzumirao svoju zadaću zapovijedanja kojom bi spriječio kasnije počinjenje kaznenog djela.

en	The problems in court practice arise in determining the criminal liability of a commanding officer superior to an individual or a military unit when they - the subordinates - undertake actions during a war or an armed conflict which are contrary to international law and when such actions result in consequences forbidden by law, but a strict order issued by a commanding officer does not exist.
hr	U sudskoj praksi najveći problemi se pojavljuju prilikom utvrđivanja odgovornosti zapovjednika nadređenog pojedincu ili cijeloj postrojbi, kada oni - podređeni svojim aktivitetom tijekom rata ili oružanog sukoba poduzimaju radnje koje su protivne međunarodnom pravu i takvim radnjama ostvaruju posljedice koje su zakonom sankcionirane kao zabranjene, a za isto postupanje ne postoji izričita zapovijed nadređenog.

en	There were very few orders issued by commanding officers either in written form, or expressed in some unequivocal verbal form, which could then be proven by material or personal evidence, and which orders would contain an order to subordinates to behave in a way that would result in fulfillment of legally forbidden consequences also forbidden by international law.
hr	Mali je broj zapovjedi izdanih od zapovjednika bilo pisano, bilo u nedvosmislenoj usmenoj formi, čije postojanje bi se utvrđivalo bilo materijalnim bilo personalnim dokazima, a da zapovijed u sebi sadrži nalog podčinjenom na postupanje tijekom rata ili oružanog sukoba radi postizanja u zakonu zabranjenih posljedica, a što sve da je protivno pravilima međunarodnog prava.

en	Members of military units, individual soldiers, in an attempt to attain the overall objective for which their unit was engaged are also undertaking actions that were not explicitly envisaged in formal orders.
hr	Pripadnici vojnih postrojbi, vojnici pojedinci, rukovodeći se osnovnim ciljem uporabe oružane sile u koju su uključeni, poduzimaju i radnje koje nisu bile izrijekom naznačene u zapovijedima, a sve radi ostvarenja ranije naznačenog temeljnog cilja djelovanja formacija kojima su pripadali.

en	If the composition of the abstract norm of these criminal acts is closely examined it can be seen that most of these acts can be committed either by active conduct of the perpetrator, i.e. by a direct activity which directly leads to the sanctioned consequence, or by issuing an order to undertake unlawful action to those who have to act directly in order to fulfill the elements of criminal culpability.
hr	Promatra li se kompozicija apstraktne norme ovih kaznenih djela, uočljivo je da se većina njih može počiniti bilo aktivitetom počinitelja tj. neposrednom radnjom kojom se izravno dovodi do zabranjene posljedice, ali jednako tako i izdavanjem zapovijedi za nedopušteno postupanje prema onima koji bi aktivitet radi postizanja zabranjene posljedice morali poduzeti.

en	The very provisions of the international law, which are incorporated in the legal system of the Republic of Croatia either directly or through the Constitution, regulate that statutory limitations shall never apply to certain criminal offenses from the sphere of war-humanitarian crimes.
hr	Već odredbe međunarodnog prava, a koje su ugrađene ili izrijekom ili posredstvom Ustava Republike Hrvatske propisuju da određena kaznena djela iz sfere ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela nikada ne zastarijevaju.

en	Therefore it s not the „blind obeying" that is requested from a subordinate, rather a subordinate has a right, even a duty, to question the permissibility of an order by which he is ordered to commit a crime.
hr	Prema tome, ne traži se od podčinjenog slijepa poslušnost, već mu se daje pravo, pa i obaveza propitivanja dopuštenosti zapovjedi kada bi njeno izvršenje predstavljalo počinjenje kaznenog djela.

en	Although the determination of criminal liability of immediate perpetrators of war-humanitarian crimes is by far more often case in the court practice, the composition of legal norms in Croatian Criminal Code puts a commanding responsibility - i.e. the responsibility of a person who orders certain impermissible conduct - in the first place, and the responsibility of a person who has actually performed the ordered action in the second.
hr	Iako je češći slučaj utvrđivanja odgovornosti neposrednih počinitelja radnji kojima se ostvaruju ratno-humanitarna kaznena djela, kompozicija pravnih normu u Kaznenom zakonu republike Hrvatske na prvo mjesto stavlja odgovornost osobe koja bi zapovjedila određeno postupanje, a tek zatim odgovornost osobe koja bi zapovjeđeno postupanje i poduzela.

en	But the totality of events in such a territory usually does not form a mere sum of commander's orders, rather there are always a number of activities performed by his subordinates independently.
hr	Stvarno zbivanje na terenu vrlo često ne predstavljaju zbir u zapovijestima pobrojenih pojedinačnih radnji koje trebaju poduzimati zapovjedniku podređene osobe, već uvijek postoji i dio samostalnih aktivnosti podređenih osoba.

en	By the same token, the mere direct performance of the activity that was ordered and by which the elements of a war-humanitarian criminal act have been fulfilled shall not be deemed allowed and justified just because it was ordered by the superior.
hr	Istovremeno, samo neposredno izvršenje radnje kojom se ostvaruju obilježja ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela ne čini se dopuštenim ako je ono rezultat izdane zapovijedi nadređenog.

en	In applying these legal norms to particular perpetrators of these crimes the provisions of criminal legislation in effect at the time of committal was applied, or if subsequently changed, the later provision if it was favorable for the perpetrator - in accordance with art. 3. of the Criminal Code.
hr	U primjeni pravne norme na konkretne počinitelje ovih kaznenih djela primjenjivana je norma kaznenog zakonodavstva koja je postojala u vrijeme kada je kazneno djelo počinjeno, odnosno ako je ta norma mijenjana, njen kasniji oblik kada je isti blaži za počinitelja kaznenog djela. - čl.

en	In connection with, conditionally speaking, the „direct perpetrators", it can be noted that their most common defense was that they were acting under the direct orders issued by their superiors.
hr	U odnosu na uvjetno rečeno "neposredne izvršitelje", njihov najčešći prigovor kojim su nastojali izbjeći ili umanjiti svoju odgovornost, sastojao se u tvrdnji da je njihov postupak rezultat postupanja po zapovjedi njima nadređenog.

en	The Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, in its decision no.
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske u svojoj odluci

en	It is a continuing activity parallel to the evolution of the society as a whole and is mirrored either in development of new international treaties that states are acceding to, or in declarations and resolutions issued by international conferences.
hr	To je aktivnost koja traje kontinuirano kako traje i razvoj društva kao cjeline i ogleda se bilo kroz stvaranje novih međunarodnih ugovora, kojima države pristupaju, ili kroz deklaracije i rezolucije međunarodnih konferencija, koji akti nisu, strogo gledano, obvezujući za države sudionice tih konferencija, ali ipak trebale bi odrediti postupke tih država u izradi vlastitog zakonodavstva.

en	The existence of a consequence included in a structure of a war-humanitarian criminal offense
hr	4. postojanje posljedice koja je inkludirana u strukturu ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela

en	It must be stated in the introduction that consequences sanctioned by the legislator in the case of war-humanitarian criminal acts are also forbidden by some other provisions of criminal law.
hr	Uvodno valja istači da su posljedice koje zakonodavac u ratno-humanitarnim kaznenim djelima sankcionira kao nedopuštene sadržane kao zabranjene posljedice i nekih drugih kaznenih djela.

en	Regardless of its consistence, the legislator in case of such acts sanctions both the responsibility for the order issued and the responsibility for actually obeying such order and committing a crime.
hr	Bez obzira na smislenu povezanost, zakonodavac sankcionira u odnosu na ova kaznena djela kako odgovornost za zapovijed tako i odgovornost za izvršenje zapovijedi, te ovakva struktura tih kaznenih djela određuje da svaka od osoba počinitelja, postaje neposredni počinitelj kaznenog djela.

en	„The guarantors of protection of civilian persons, when they find themselves in an inferior position during a war or armed conflict - be it in protection of their physical integrity or their property - according to these international standards are the commanding officers.
hr	"Garant zaštite tih građanskih osoba, kada se nađu tijekom rata ili oružanog sukoba u inferiornom položaju, kako u dijelu zaštite njihovog fizičkog integriteta tako i njihove imovine, prema ovim međunarodnim standardima su upravo zapovjednici, u odnosu na njih, neprijateljskih vojnih postrojbi koje djeluju na prostoru na kome žive ti građani, koje svojstvo je konkretno utvrđeno za optuženika.

en	On this the Supreme Court states the following:
hr	O tome VSRH u svoj odluci:

en	„The fact that plaintiff actually had at his disposal efficient means for sanctioning unallowable actions that were not part of his orders may be seen from the decision on punishment for breach of military discipline (page 150 of the file), and from statements given in his defense, by which he is wishing to mitigate his responsibility.
hr	"Da je optuženik imao djelotvorna sredstva za sankcioniranje nedopuštenih radnji koje nisu bile predmet njegovih zapovijedi vidljivo je kako iz odluke o kažnjavanju za vojničku nedisciplinu (list 150 spisa), tako i iz navoda njegove obrane kojom on želi umanjiti svoju odgovornost, kada ističe da se njemu podčinjeni vojnici znali njega kao autoritet (list 638/b), obrazlažući da je s tim motivom i potpisivao zapovijedi koje suštinski nije sačinjavao.

en	Responsibility of a commanding officer as perpetrator of a crime in cases when his omission consists of failure to sanction impermissible actions of his subordinates by which they are fulfilling the qualifications of war-humanitarian crimes represents a special problem.
hr	Posebno je pitanje odgovornosti zapovjednika kao izvršitelja kaznenog djela, kada se njegov propust sastoji u nesankcioniranju nedopuštenih radnji podčinjenih kojima oni ostvaruju obilježja ratno-humanitarnog kaznenog djela.

en	The substance of omission to prevent the consequences described in war-humanitarian criminal offenses
hr	sadržaj propusta koji se sastoji u sprečavanju posljedica iz ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela

en	And it is exactly in this domain that the answers to the possibile liability of a commanding officer for actions of his subordinates against the war-humanitarian principles should be searched for.
hr	Upravo u tom prostoru valja tražiti odgovore na mogućnost odgovornosti zapovjednika za činjenje njemu podčinjenih, kojim ostvaruju obilježja ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela.

en	„In any case, for the existence of this crime, regardless of the volume of damages, it is sufficient that only one consequence has occurred, and in a particular case the drinking water installations have been made useless, as well as the reserves of drinking water and the irrigation system.
hr	"Uostalom, za ostvarenje terećenog kaznenog djela, bez obzira je li ili nije nastupila šteta u velikim razmjerima, dovoljno je nastupanje makar i samo jedne posljedice, a u konkretnom su slučaju učinjeni neupotrebljivim instalacije za pitku vodu kao i zalihe te vode i postrojenja za navodnjavanje koji objekti nisu bili vojni ciljevi već naprotiv, objekti važni za opstanak stanovništva pa zato i posebno zaštićeni međunarodnim pravom."

en	); Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Geneva Convention IV.); Additional Protocol to Geneva Convention of 1949 Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts of June 8, 1977 (Protocol I.); Additional Protocol to Geneva Convention of 1949 Relating to Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II).
hr	Ženevska konvencija za poboljšanje položaja ranjenika i bolesnika u oružanom snagama u ratu od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine (I Ženevska konvencija); Ženevska konvencija o poboljšanju položaja ranjenika, bolesnika i brodolomaca oružanih snaga na moru od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine (II Ženevska konvencija); Ženevska konvencija o postupanju sa ratnim zarobljenicima od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine (III Ženevska konvencija); Ženevska konvencija o zaštiti građanskih lica za vrijeme rata od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine (IV Ženevska konvencija); Dopunski protokol uz Ženevske konvencija od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine o zaštiti žrtava međunarodnih oružanih sukoba od 8. lipnja 1977. godine (Protokol I); Dopunski protokol uz Ženevske konvencija od 12. kolovoza 1949. godine o zaštiti žrtava ne međunarodnih oružanih sukoba od 8. lipnja 1977. godine (Protokol II);

en	Therefore even the transmission of such order "from top to the bottom" - or down to those who have actually carried it out - includes the criminal responsibility of all persons participating in such a "chain-of-command".
hr	Kako je istaknuto da i u zapovjednoj strukturi treba govoriti o modalitetima samostalnog izvršenja kaznenog djela, to i prijenos zapovjedi od "vrha prema dnu" tj. prema neposrednim izvršiteljima radnje aktiviteta uključuje kaznenu odgovornost svih onih koji su sudjelovali u tom "lancu prijenosa zapovijedi".

en	On this the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, in its decision I Kž-743/03 of October 23, 2003, states the following:
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske u svojoj odluci broj I Kž-247/01 od 4. rujna 2001. godine:

en	There were many more cases of conduct of subordinates or military units that could have been qualified as war-humanitarian crimes without any trace of an explicit written or verbal order issued by the commanding officer.
hr	Znatno veći broj primjera je postupanja podčinjenih pojedinaca ili jedinica koji svojim postupcima ostvaruju obilježja ratno-humanitarnih kaznenih djela, a bez da za to postoji izričita bilo pisana bilo usmena zapovijed njihovog zapovjednika.

en	Participant in national and international professional symposia in the field of criminal law implementation (in Opatija, Zagreb, Plitvice Lakes, Dubrovnik, Sofia, Budapest, Bucharest, Vienna, Prague, Washington, Strasbourg, The Hague, Brussels)
hr	Uredba o Uredu za suradnji s Meunarodnim sudom pravde i Meunarodnim kaznenim sudom ( NN 61/96 , 131/97 , 80/99 , 29/00 , 49/00 )

en	Programme of the International Tribunal for War Crimes committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia
hr	Sporazum Republike Hrvatske i Ujedinjenih naroda o statusu Ureda za vezu tuiteljstva Meunarodnog kaznenog suda za bivu Jugoslaviju i njegovog osoblja

en	Expert papers and presentations
hr	prireuje savjetovanje na temu

en	Publications and other works:
hr	Sudjelovanje u pravnim tijelima i drutvima:

en	- Compensation of material damages caused by death, injury and health deterioration - Almanach of the Faculty of Law in Rijeka, vol. 21 (2002), 1; pp. 401-432
hr	Zavrila i poloila ispit zrelosti na Klasinoj gimnaziji "Natko Nodilo" u Splitu u trajanju od osam godina

en	„Recognizing the Evidence Presented before the Judicial Bodies of a Foreign State", Current Issues of Criminal Legislation and Practice , Current Issues of Criminal Legislation and Practice, Inženjerski biro, Zagreb, 2003
hr	"Procesni položaj oštećenika u redovnom kaznenom postupku", Aktualna pitanja kaznenog zakonodavstva, Inženjerski biro, Zagreb, 2006.

en	Assistant and Deputy Minister of Justice
hr	Obrazovanje i kvalifikacije:

en	Based on these facts, the paper analysis the discrepancy between the "criminal policy of the law and courts", and points to the omissions of the legislator in drafting the text of the Criminal Code, and proposes a possible vision of legal solution in the future, with the aim of harmonising procedural and substantive matters in criminal legislation and achieving consistency in criminal sanctions, and all this with the goal of attaining the general purpose of criminal legislation.
hr	Za provoenje postupaka nabave robe i usluga do procijenjene vrijednosti 200.000,00 kuna odnosno radova do 500.000,00 kuna Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske - kao naruitelj primjenjuje procedure nabave propisane Pravilnikom o procedurama javne nabave i "bagatelne" nabave i stvaranja ugovornih obveza u Vrhovnom sudu Republike Hrvatske br. Su-IV-1588/11-5 od 14. oujka 2014.

en	Subjects include legal theory, civil, commercial and criminal law, canon law and Roman law.
hr	"Vladavina prava - stanje i perspektive sudbene vlasti u Republici Hrvatskoj", Ostvarenje vladavine prava u hrvatskom pravnom sustavu: znanstveni skup, Zagreb, 2001.

en	Bjelovar, Republic of Croatia
hr	Član Udruge hrvatskih sudaca

en	In 1965 married Petar Novoselec, presently a full professor at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb.
hr	Od 2005. vodi praktične vježbe iz građanskog, građanskog, procesnog i obiteljskog prava na Pravnom fakultetu u Zagrebu

en	Daughter Ivana Novoselec, born 1975, is a professor of Croatian language and comparative literature and works at the Ministry for European Integration.
hr	Članica Ispitne komisije za polaganje pravosudnih ispita za predmete radno i upravno pravo koje organizira Ministarstvo pravosuđa RH

en	Member of the Suprevisory Board for the implementation of the World Bank Loan for Land Registers
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske kao proraunski korisnik, na temelju lanka 27. Pravilnika o financijskom izvjetavanju u proraunskom raunovodstvu (Narodne novine broj 3/15) objavljuje:

en	" Changes and ammendments to the Criminal Procedure Act ", Current Issues in New Criminal Legislation, Croatian Law Review, 8/2002
hr	"Mjesto i značenje trgovačkih sudova u pravnom i gospodarskom sustavu Republike Hrvatske", Hrvatsko sudstvo, broj 3/1997; str. 23-25

en	Other activities:
hr	Nabava 2018.

en	Lecturer at seminars and conferences organized by the Ministry of Justice, Faculty of Law in Zagreb, Association for Civil Law Sciences and Practice, and by publishers specialized in legal literature
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske korisnik je sustava "Stanje kadrova" i poziva gospodarske subjekte koji se bave slinom djelatnou na dostavu ponude za nadogradnju i odravanje navedenog sustava u 2018. godini na temelju dokumentacije koja se nalazi u privitku:

en	Arbitrator and member of the Governing Board of the Permanent Arbitration Court by the Croatian Chamber of Commerce
hr	Rok za dostavu ponude je do 27. listopada 2018. do 16,00 sati, na adresu: Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, Trg N.

en	Published and other works:
hr	Publikacije i stručni radovi:

en	Member of the Expert Committee of the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Croatian Government
hr	Član Stručnog savjeta Ureda za suzbijanje zlouporabe droga Vlade Republike Hrvatske

en	Member of the Working Group for Drafting the Changes and Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Act (ZKP/07)
hr	Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o kaznenom postupku (ZKP/07)

en	Presentations at seminars organized by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, the Association for Criminal Law Sciences and Practice and the Association of Croatian Judges, the Judicial Academy and other institutions
hr	Izlaganja na stručnim seminarima i skupovima u organizaciji Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske, Hrvatskog udruženja za kaznene znanosti i praksu, Udruge hrvatskih sudaca, Pravosudne akademije i drugih tijela i ustanova

en	Member of the Working Group for Drafting the Changes and Amendments to the Law on Protection of Mentally Challenged Persons and for drafting the Proposal of the New Law on Protection of Mentally Challenged Persons
hr	Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o zaštiti osoba s duševnim smetnjama kao i Nacrta prijedloga novog Zakona o zaštiti osoba s duševnim smetnjama

en	Member of the Working Group for Drafting the Changes and Amendments to the Law on the Office for Suppression of Corruption and Organized Crime
hr	Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o Uredu za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminaliteta

en	Head of a number of workshops and other forms of educational training organized for judicial officials and apprentices by the Judicial Academy
hr	Voditelj niza radionica i ostalih oblika obrazovnih aktivnosti u organizaciji Pravosudne akademije za pravosudne dužnosnike te vježbenike

en	Member of the Working Group for Drafting the Criminal Procedure Act (ZKP/08) and for drafting all its changes and amendments
hr	Zakona o kaznenom postupku (ZKP/08) i svih Zakona o njegovim izmjenama i dopunama

en	Conducting practical courses „Psychiatric legal clinics - Authority of compulsory placement" for students of year IV at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb
hr	Vođenje praktične nastave "Psihijatrijsko-pravna klinika - Pravo prisilnog smještaja" za studente IV. godine Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

en	Conducting practical courses „Criminal-law clinics" for students of year IV at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb
hr	Vođenje praktične nastave "Kaznenopravna klinika" za studente IV. godine Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

en	Member of the Working Group for Drafting several bylaws
hr	Sudjelovanje u radnim skupinama za izradu propisa:

en	Conducting practical courses in criminal law for students of year III and IV at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb
hr	Vođenje vježbi i sudjelovanje u seminarima iz kaznenog prava za studente III. i IV. godine Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

en	Member of the Working Group for Drafting the Changes and Amendments to the Act on the Liability of legal persons for criminal offences
hr	Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o odgovornosti pravnih osoba za kaznena djela

en	Chairman of the Working Group for Drafting Changes and Amendments to the Law on Execution of the Sanctions of Imprisonment
hr	Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o izvršavanju kazne zatvora

en	Member of the Working Group for Drafting the Criminal Act (KZ/11) and drafting its changes and amendments
hr	Kaznenog zakona (KZ/11) i Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama tog Zakona

en	Author and co-author of numerous expert and scientific works from the area of criminal law published in domestic periodicals
hr	Autor i koautor većeg broja stručnih i znanstvenih radova s područja kaznenog prava objavljivanih u časopisima „Hrvatski ljetopis za kazneno pravo i praksu", „Aktualna pitanja kaznenog zakonodavstva", „Novine u kaznenom zakonodavstvu" i drugima

en	Co-author, "Criminal Code - Author's Edited Text with Court Practice, Auxiliary Criminal Legislation and Content Index" (Inženjerski biro d.d; Zagreb 2004)
hr	"Kazneni zakon, autorski pročišćeni tekst, sa sudskom praksom, sporednim kaznenim zakonodavstvom i stvarnim kazalom" - Inženjerski biro d.d., Zagreb, 2004., D. Kos i dr. (koautor)

en	Co-author, "Protection of Witnesses in Serious Crimes", (Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 2006)
hr	"Zaštita svjedoka kod teških kaznenih djela" - Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg CEDEX, 2006., S. Gluščić i dr. (koautor)

en	Lecturer at preparatory seminars for the bar exam in the area of the constitutional system and the organization of judiciary (until 2006), as well as the civil, civil procedural and family law (1998 - present)
hr	Pravilnika o planu nabave, registru ugovora, prethodnom savjetovanju i analizi trita u javnoj nabavi ("Narodne novine" broj 101/2017. i 144/2020.)

en	Arbitrator at the Permanent Arbitration Court attached to the Croatian Economic Chamber, conciliator at the Conciliation Centre attached to the Croatian Economic Chamber and conciliator at the Conciliation Centre of the Croatian Insurance Office
hr	Na temelju lanka 181. stavka 2. Zakona o javnoj nabavi ("Narodne novine", broj 90/11, 83/13, 143/13, 13/14) Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske izrauje statistika izvjea o javnoj nabavi za svaku prethodnu godinu do 31. oujka tekue godine prikupljajui podatke iz Elektronikog oglasnika javne nabave i podatke iz postupaka bagatelne nabave o sklopljenim ugovorima i narudbenicama.

en	Member of the Association of Croatian Judges
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske objavljuje:

en	„ Statute of Limitation for Criminal Prosecution and Execution of Criminal Sanctions ", Current Issues in the New Criminal Legislation, Inženjerski biro, Zagreb, 2002
hr	"Neki od problema u primjeni Zakona o zaštiti osoba s duševnim smetnjama", Hrvatsko sudstvo, broj 11/1999; str. 51-45

en	"PHARE 2006" Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia and Croatian Judicial Academy, "PHARE 2006 - Judicial Practice and Management of changes" - I and II workshop
hr	"Izvršenje strane kaznene presude (egzekvatura)", Hrvatska pravna revija, broj 7/2006 i 8/2006.

en	Appointed by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Croatia to the position of President of the Higher Administrative Tribunal for State Employees
hr	UPUTA o nainu provedbe posebne sigurnosne mjere obveznog testiranja pravosudnih dunosnika, dravnih slubenika i namjetenika u sudovima ...vie

en	Member of the working group created by the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare for drafting the Family Law
hr	Izvjea o pravu na pristup informacijama ...vie

en	„Position of the Defense in Criminal Proceedings for Crimes Connected with Organized Crime", Croatian Annual of Criminal Law and Practice, 5/1998
hr	Bio je lan Strune komisije za suzbijanje posljedica upotrebe sredstava ovisnosti, Komisije za izradu kaznenog zakonodavstva Republike Hrvatske i Komisije za ratne zloine.

en	Pending re-appointment to the Supreme Court of there Republic of Croatia
hr	Privremeno upućena na rad u Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske

en	Judge of the Municipal Court in Koprivnica
hr	Sutkinja Županijskog suda u Zagrebu

en	Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Proao program usavravanja prava Europske Unije

en	Judge of the County Court in Rijeka
hr	Seminar o neovisnosti sudstva (Kanadska sekcija...)

en	Requests for the Protection of the Right to a Trial within a Reasonable Time
hr	"Zakon o preuzimanju Zakona o upravnim sporovima", Građansko, trgovačko, radno i upravno pravo, 1992.

en	Statistical Report on the Performance of the Supreme Court
hr	Ovaj projekt podran je sredstvima Europske unije

en	Senior advisor at the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia and Judge of the County Court in Zagreb
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske objavljuje pregled sklopljenih i izvrenih ugovora javne nabave u 2010.

en	Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Na temelju Zakljuka Vlade Republike Hrvatske od 17. oujka 2011.

en	"Position and Significance of Commercial Courts in Legal and Economic System of the Republic of Croatia", Croatian Judiciary, No. 3/1997, pp. 23-25
hr	Zakona o pravu na pristup informacijama ("Narodne novine", broj 172/03, 144/10) Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske objavljuje:

en	This project has been funded by the European Union
hr	Izvjea o pravu na pristup informacijama

en	Vice President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Sudac Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske

en	Head of the Registrar for Judicial Practice
hr	Član radne skupine za izmjenu Zakona o kaznenom postupku

en	Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Glavni urednik publikacije Izbor odluka Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske

en	Member of various working groups of the Ministry of Justice for drafting legislative changes and amendments
hr	Član radne skupine za izmjenu Zakona o kaznenom postupku

en	public statements issued by the Office of the President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia;
hr	Prijevodi presuda i odluka Europskog suda za ljudska prava donesenih u odnosu na Republiku Hrvatsku, na hrvatskom jeziku, mogu se pretraivati putem web stranice Ureda zastupnika Republike Hrvatske pred Europskim sudom za ljudska prava.

en	schedules of lectures and seminars, with information on the topics that will be covered, together with participants, venues and times;
hr	Odluke i presude dostupne su na engleskom i francuskom jeziku.

en	Membership in legal bodies and associations:
hr	Sudjelovanje u pravnim tijelima i društvima:

en	Lecturer at the Judicial Academy
hr	Sudionica na radionicama u organizaciji Pravosudne akademije

en	Other activities:
hr	od 2005.

en	President of the Branch of the Association of Croatian Judges at the County Court in Zagreb
hr	Sudionica na radionicama u organizaciji Hrvatske gospodarske komore i Visokog trgovačkog suda Republike Hrvatske u Trakošćanu

en	Judicial apprentice at the Municipal Court in Zagreb
hr	Sudska vježbenica u Trgovačkom sudu u Osijeku

en	Author of several papers presented at symposia on criminal law, as well as articles published in "Our Legislation" and "Expert Witness" during the period 1993-1989, on topics such as "Possibilities for Modification of Forensic Expertise in Proceedings Against Sexual Delinquency"; "Procedural Questions Connected with the Status of the Injured Person in Proceedings Against Sexual Offences" and "Some Problems Connected with Forensic Expertise in First Instance Criminal Proceedings", and others
hr	Svrha prijedloga za ponavljanje postupka, izvanrednog pravnog lijeka, jest uz ostale redovne i izvanredne pravne lijekove, ostvarenje zahtjeva za najvišom mogućom pravilnosti suđenja koja se ovim pravnim lijekom ostvaruje na način da se, u postupku pokrenutom prijedlogom za ponavljanje postupka, kad je već nastupila pravomoćnost napadane odluke, nepravilna odluka suda ukine, da se u pravilu, ista pravna stvar ponovo raspravi, te na osnovi takvog novog raspravljanja i utvrđenog činjeničnog stanja donese nova, valjana i pravilna odluka koja će stranci na zakonit način pružiti pravnu zaštitu...

en	The President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia is elected for the term of four years.
hr	U studenome 1992. postaje predsjednik Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske.

en	C. Office for transcription and delivery
hr	Struni radovi i izlaganja

en	The Office keeps all ledgers, logs and registers pertaining to the court administration.
hr	Vrijedi ovome dodati još jedan podatak za sve sudove i suce u Republici Hrvatskoj.

en	Compared to the traditional application, it means widening of the opportunity principle in relation to criminal prosecution of suspects or accused who are members of a criminal organization.
hr	"Primjerak žalbe dostavit će prvostupanjski sud protivnoj stranci, koja može podnijeti odgovor na žalbu u roku od 8 dana.

en	A letter addressed to Ms. Ingrid Antičević-Marinović, LL.B., Minister of Justice, Administration and Local Self Government on July 11, 2002, following a meeting held upon the initiative of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Stari knjižnični fond čine zbirke knjiga, rukopisa i časopisa od sredine 18. do početka 20. stoljeća : pravna teorija, građansko, trgovačko i kazneno pravo, crkveno i rimsko pravo, zbirke rješidaba, te časopisi, enciklopedije, leksikoni i rječnici.

en	​Requests for the Protection of the Right to a Trial within a Reasonable Time in Administrative Cases
hr	Pravna shvaanja Graanskog odjela Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske

en	Introductory provisions
hr	Izmjene/dopune

en	Based on Article 32 of the Judiciary Act (the Official Gazette "Narodne novine" No. 3/94, 100/96 and 131/97) and Article 1 of the Judicial Rules of Procedure (the Official Gazette "Narodne novine" No. 80/97 and 20/98), the President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, following the prior opinion obtained from the General Convention of the Supreme Court held on 19 April 1999, on 20 April 1999 passes
hr	Izmjene/dopune: Vjerodostojno tumaenje lanka 126. stavka 1., a u vezi s lancima 60., 62. i 63. Zakona o policiji ("Narodne novine", br. 34/11. i 130/12.) (NN 089/2014)

en	Head of the Labour Law Group
hr	Voditelj skupine za radno pravo

en	Manager of the Office for General and Legal Affairs at the company Dalekovod Zagreb
hr	Rukovoditelj Službe za opće i pravne poslove u poduzeću Dalekovod Zagreb

en	President of the Civil Department of the Municipality Court in Zagreb
hr	Predsjednik Građanskog odjela Općinskog suda u Zagrebu

en	Judge of the County Court in Zagreb
hr	Sudac Županijskog suda u Zagrebu

en	Judge of the Municipality Court in Zagreb
hr	Sudac Općinskog suda u Zagrebu

en	Participated in the seminar on Judicial Independence organized by the International Commission of Jurists (Canadian Section)
hr	UPUTA o nainu provedbe posebne sigurnosne mjere obveznog testiranja pravosudnih dunosnika, dravnih slubenika i namjetenika u sudovima ...vie

en	Participated in the training program on the EU Legislation
hr	Izvjea o pravu na pristup informacijama ...vie

en	Guest lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb and Faculty of Economics, University of Zagreb
hr	Poslijediplomski studij kazneno-pravnog smjera na Pravnom fakultetu u Zagrebu

en	Judge of the Commercial Court in Zagreb
hr	Sutkinja Županijskog suda u Zagrebu

en	Presentation at the International Conference "Judicial Independence and Impartiality", Crikvenica, 18.
hr	Poziv za iskazivanje interesa za privremeno upuivanje na rad sudaca i privremeni premjetaj sudskih savjetnika u Vrhovni sud RH

en	In conformity with a criminal justice policy that is open to the influences and reactions of a sensitised public, and considering the great threat and harm arising from the committed offences at a particular time within the social community, it is logical for the policy of conditional release to follow this trend and be more severe and more repressive in particular towards the perpetrators of the increasing criminal offences that threaten protected public goods and values.
hr	Autor prikazuje različita tumačenja, u sudskoj praksi, čl. 20. st. 2. Zakona o izvršnom postupku i iznosi argumente za tezu da stranka nije ovlaštena već u parnici zahtijevati kamate na dosuđeni iznos parničnog troška

en	CONDITIONAL RELEASE FROM PRISON: 1998-2003
hr	2. Zakona o izvršnom postupku", Aktualnosti hrvatskog zakonodavstva i pravne prakse: godišnjak 1995

en	Judge of the Municipal Court in Zagreb
hr	Sudac Općinskog suda u Sisku

en	Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Izvjea o pravu na pristup informacijama ...vie

en	Report for the Second European Conference of Judges on "Judiciary and the Media", held in Krakow, 25.
hr	Knjižni fond Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske obuhvaća oko 25000 svezaka knjiga i časopisa poglavito pravne struke.

en	This project has been funded by the European Union
hr	Moguće ga je pretraživati kroz Katalog Knjižnice.

en	This program is being undertaken with the help of the European Commission.
hr	Taj se program provodi uz pomoć Europske komisije.

en	These authentic interpretations are very rare.
hr	Takva vjerodostojna tumačenja su vrlo rijetka.

en	They must clearly state if they are appearing only in their own name or in the name of the institution where they work.
hr	Oni moraju jasno reći nastupaju li samo u svoje ime ili u ime institucije u kojoj rade.

en	These councils give their opinions on each candidate.
hr	Ta vijeća daju mišljenja o svakom kandidatu.

en	The relationship with the public and the media
hr	Odnos prema javnosti i medijima

en	Access to the web site is free and open to the widest audience.
hr	Pristup web stranici je besplatan i otvoren najširoj javnosti.

en	The remaining judges are not members of this association.
hr	Ostali suci nisu članovi te udruge.

en	There is more written about this in the first part of this paper (external independence).
hr	O tome smo više pisali u prvom odjeljku ovog rada (vanjska neovisnost).

en	We refer the reader to this part of the material.
hr	Upućujemo čitatelja na taj dio materijala.

en	The decision on the appointment of judges is final and immediately applicable.
hr	Odluka o imenovanju suca je konačna i odmah provediva.

en	The interpretation of regulations
hr	Tumačenje propisa

en	The management, financing and infrastructure of the courts
hr	Upravljanje, financiranje i infrastruktura sudova

en	The criteria are based on an assessment which is founded on the experience of work on certain type of cases over many years.
hr	Mjerila se zasnivaju na procjeni koja se temelji na iskustvu rada na određenim predmetima kroz više godina.

en	This association has its own internal judicial code of ethics, but there are no sanctions for violations of this code.
hr	Ta udruga ima svoj interni Kodeks sudačke etike, ali koji nema nikakvih sankcija za kršenje tog kodeksa.

en	The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as the highest state act contains provisions which allow for the implementation of the principle of the independence of judges.
hr	Ustav Republike Hrvatske kao najviši državni akt sadrži odredbe koje omogućuju provedbu načela neovisnosti sudaca.

en	An important working element for judges are their salaries.
hr	Važan element radnih uvjeta sudaca su i njihove plaće.

en	Courts in the Republic of Croatia are not authorized to propose laws.
hr	Sudovi u Republici Hrvatskoj nisu ovlašteni predlagati zakone.

en	The publication of court decisions
hr	Objavljivanje sudskih odluka

en	IT equipment is gradually being introduced into all courts.
hr	Postupno se u sve sudove uvodi računalna oprema.

en	The Constitution of the State guarantees special immunity to judges.
hr	Ustavom države jamči se poseban imunitet sucima.

en	Decisions are not published which are of a technical nature or those which repeat opinions already published.
hr	Ne objavljuju se odluke koje su tehničke prirode ili one u kojima se ponavljaju stajališta koja su već prije publicirana.

en	At the request of the State's Attorney an investigation is carried out by investigative judges.
hr	Na zahtjev državnog odvjetnika istragu provode istražni suci.

en	These are the provisions: 1) the appointment and dismissal of judges, and their disciplinary responsibility 2) the permanence of judges' office and 3) the immunity of judges.
hr	To su odredbe: 1) imenovanju i razrješenju sudaca, te o njihovoj stegovnoj odgovornosti; 2) stalnosti sudačke dužnosti i 3) imunitetu sudaca.

en	Judges must always be given the opportunity for defense and they also have the right to use a defense attorney.
hr	Sucu se uvijek mora omogućiti obrana, a njegovo je pravo da uzme i branitelja.

en	Judges are also able to access case law, which the Supreme Court traditionally publishes in written form and for a few years now this case law has been partially available on the Internet.
hr	Sucima se omogućuje i pristup sudskoj praksi koju Vrhovni sud tradicionalno objavljuje u pisanom obliku, a od prije nekoliko godina ta je praksa, za sada, samo djelomično, dostupna i na internetu.

en	Determining the number of judges and other court staff
hr	Određivanje broja sudaca i drugog sudskog osoblja

en	A judge may not be a member of any political party nor take part in their activities.
hr	Sudac ne smije pripadati ni jednoj političkoj stranci niti sudjelovati u njenim aktivnostima.

en	Proceedings against a judge may be instituted by the president of his/her court, the president of a higher court, the minister of justice or the president of the Supreme Court.
hr	Postupak protiv suca mogu pokrenuti predsjednik njegovog suda, predsjednik višeg suda, ministar pravosuđa ili predsjednik Vrhovnog suda.

en	Limitations only relate to the use of technical equipment, cameras, sound recording equipment or filming for television.
hr	Ograničenja se odnose samo na upotrebu tehničkih sredstava, fotografskih aparata, uređaja za snimanje glasa ili televizijsko snimanje.

en	Decisions by courts upon legal remedies (appeals, revisions and the like) are rendered in sessions of chambers which are not open to the public.
hr	Odluke koje donose sudovi povodom pravnih lijekova (žalbe, revizije i slično) donose se u sjednicama vijeća koje nisu otvorene za javnost.

en	When the court adjudicates in a chamber, the president of the chamber has the position of the first amongst equals and is not authorized to give any binding instructions to the other members.
hr	Kada sud sudi u vijeću, predsjednik vijeća ima položaj prvog među jednakim i nije ovlašten davati obvezujuće upute drugim članovima.

en	Judges may also be suspended.
hr	Postoji i mogućnost suspenzije suca.

en	There are no legal obligations to publicize the date of hearings, however, the media may obtain all this information from the relevant court services.
hr	Ne postoji zakonska obveza objavljivanja datuma rasprave, međutim, mediji o tome mogu dobiti sve informacije u odgovarajućim službama suda.

en	The Supreme Court has a long tradition of publishing court decision.
hr	Vrhovni sud ima dugu tradiciju objavljivanja sudskih odluka.

en	However if the law is unclear then it may be requested that the CP give a reliable interpretation of the law.
hr	Međutim, ako zakon nije jasan onda se može zahtijevati od HS da da vjerodostojno tumačenje zakona.

en	The guarantee of independence of the investigative judges is equal to the guarantees for any other judge in the Republic of Croatia, which have already been mentioned in this material.
hr	Jamstva neovisnosti istražnih sudaca jednaka su jamstvima koje ima svaki drugi sudac u Republici Hrvatskoj, a o kojima je već bila riječ u ovom materijalu.

en	The following disciplinary punishments may be imposed for disciplinary offences committed: a reprimand, a monetary fine of up to one third of the salary earned in the previous month over no more than six months or dismissal from duty.
hr	Za počinjenja stegovna djela mogu se izreći sljedeće stegovne kazne: ukor, novčana kazna do jedne trećine plaće ostvarene u prethodnom mjesecu kroz najdulje šest mjeseci i razrješenje od dužnosti.

en	Although this is an institution which in its title has the word "court", this institution is not part of the judicial power, but is a separate constitutional institution.
hr	Iako je riječ o instituciji koja u svom nazivu ima riječ "sud", ta institucija nije dio sudbene vlasti, već predstavlja posebnu ustavnu instituciju.

en	The relationship between the judicial and executive powers
hr	Odnos između sudstva i izvršne vlasti

en	Case law also has an important role, but not as a system of precedents.
hr	Važnu ulogu ima i sudska praksa, ali nije riječ o sustavu presedana.

en	However there is nothing to prevent the legislative power being given information relating to the organization of the courts which includes information on the number of specific proceedings, their length and the like.
hr	Međutim, ne postoje ni zapreke da se zakonodavnoj vlasti daju informacije koje se tiču organizacije rada sudova, što uključuje i podatke o brojnosti određenih postupaka, njihovom trajanju i slično.

en	Judges, whilst maintaining their personal dignity and the dignity of their office, may appear in the media, give interviews, write, take part in various forms of radio or television programs etc.
hr	Suci, pazeći na svoje osobno dostojanstvo i dostojanstvo službe mogu nastupati u medijima, davati intervjue, pisati, sudjelovati u raznim oblicima radijskih i televizijskih emisija i slično.

en	In the introduction to the judgment it is always stated who the judge is or which court chamber rendered the decision.
hr	U uvodu presude uvijek se navodi koji je sudac ili koje sudsko vijeće donijelo odluku.

en	Seven members of this Council, that is the majority, are judges, where all the courts in the Republic of Croatia must be represented in terms of their type and instance.
hr	Sedam članova toga vijeća, dakle većina, su suci, pri čemu mora biti osigurana zastupljenost svih sudova u Republici Hrvatskoj s obzirom na njihovu vrstu i stupanj.

en	An important element and guarantee of the independence of judges is the fact that the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia prescribes that the judges' office is permanent.
hr	Važan element i jamstvo neovisnosti sudaca je činjenica da je Ustavom Republike Hrvatske propisano da je sudačka dužnost stalna.

en	Two members of the SJC are university law professors and two are lawyers.
hr	Dva člana DSV su iz reda sveučilišnih profesora pravnih znanosti i dva iz reda odvjetnika.

en	The functions of the State's Attorney's Office and the judiciary are thus separate.
hr	Funkcije državnog odvjetništva i sudstva su, dakle, odvojene.

en	Immunity and the responsibility of judges
hr	Imunitet i odgovornost sudaca

en	All judges have the possibility available of examining all publications where regulations are published.
hr	Svim sucima stoji na raspolaganju mogućnost pregleda svih publikacija u kojima se objavljuju propisi.

en	Disciplinary responsibility
hr	Stegovna odgovornost

en	This is true for all judges regardless of the type or instance of court where they discharge their office.
hr	To vrijedi za sve suce bez obzira na vrstu ili stupanj suda u kojem obavljaju dužnosti.

en	This includes both discussions on proposals of laws relating to the justice system, but also discussions on the situation in the justice system.
hr	To uključuje kako raspravu o prijedlozima zakona koji se tiču pravosuđa, ali i raspravu o stanju u pravosuđu.

en	In the Republic of Croatia there is a separate institution - the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Republici Hrvatskoj postoji posebna institucija - Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske.

en	In the first part of this material (external independence) we already wrote about the existence of special immunity of judges as one of the guarantees of their independence.
hr	Već smo u prvom dijelu ovog materijala (vanjska neovisnost) pisali o postojanju posebnog imunitetu sudaca kao jednom od jamstava neovisnosti sudaca.

en	This act, which is adopted by the Minister of Justice, establishes the business and technical standards for the business of the court (for example the size of the court room, technical equipment, including computers etc.)
hr	Tim aktom, kojeg donosi ministar pravosuđa, utvrđuju se i poslovni i tehnički standardi za obavljanje poslova u sudu (primjerice veličina sudnica, tehnička oprema, uključivo i računala i slično).

en	The opinion of this Committee is not binding for the State Judicial Council (hereinafter SJC).
hr	Mišljenje tog odbora nije obvezujuće za Državno sudbeno vijeće (dalje: DSV).

en	The public may be excluded from the entire or part of the hearing only in exceptional circumstances for reasons which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of morals, public order or state security, especially if minors are on trial, or for the protection of the private life of the parties or in marital disputes and the like.
hr	Samo iznimno javnost se može isključiti iz cijele ili dijela rasprave zbog razloga koji su nužni u demokratskom društvu radi interesa morala, javnog reda ili državne sigurnosti, osobito ako se sudi maloljetnicima ili radi zaštite privatnog života stranaka, ili u bračnim sporovima i slično.

en	Supervision by the courts of the constitutionality of the law
hr	Nadzor sudova nad ustavnošću zakona

en	Investigation is regulated as part of criminal proceedings by the rules which are part of the Criminal Procedure Act.
hr	Istraga je kao dio kaznenog procesa uređena propisima u sklopu Zakona o kaznenom postupku.

en	The Supreme Court has introduced the practice that in cases where public second or third instance hearings are being held, it informs the public of this through its web site.
hr	Vrhovni sud uveo je praksu da u slučajevima kada se održavaju javne drugostupanjske ili trećestupanjske sjednice, o tome izvješćuje javnost na svojoj web stranici.

en	There is no code of judicial ethics but there are special rules in the Courts Act which in a general way regulate the behavior of judges.
hr	Ne postoji kodeks sudačke etike, ali postoje posebna pravila u Zakonu o sudovima koja na opći način uređuju ponašanje sudaca.

en	These are publications, which give an opinion relating to those decisions which have proved contentious in practice and where a position is given in principle which is important for the application of regulations and case law.
hr	Riječ je o publikacijama u kojima se iznose stajališta koja se tiču onih odluka koje su se u praksi pokazale spornima i u kojima su iznesena principijelna stajališta važna za primjenu propisa i sudsku praksu.

en	This is how the standardization of case law is reached.
hr	To je način na koji se utječe na ujednačavanje sudske prakse.

en	Court hearings are public and judgments are announced publicly in the name of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Sudske su rasprave javne i presude se izriču javno u ime Republike Hrvatske.

en	In some criminal cases lay judges may also take part in ruling - citizens who are not professional judges.
hr	U suđenju u nekim kaznenim predmetima sudjeluje i porota - građani koji nisu profesionalni suci.

en	The liability of the judge for damage is thus subsidiary.
hr	Odgovornost sudaca za naknadu takve štete je, dakle, supsidijarna.

en	All members of the chamber are professional judges, and all, including therefore the president of the chamber, have the right to dissenting opinions.
hr	Svi članovi vijeća su profesionalni suci, i svi, dakle, i predsjednik vijeća imaju pravo na izdvojeno mišljenje.

en	Decisions are made in this context by a special state body - the SJC, whose make-up has already been mentioned in this paper.
hr	O tome odlučuje posebno državno tijelo - DSV, o čijem smo sastavu već govorili u ovom materijalu.

en	Court decisions are rendered in the form of a judgment if the court is deciding on the merit, and in the form of a ruling if it is deciding on procedural issues.
hr	Sudske odluke se donose u obliku presude ako sud odlučuje o meritumu, a u obliku rješenja ako odlučuje o postupovnim pitanjima.

en	The presidents of the courts are also responsible for the material and financial business of the courts.
hr	Predsjednici sudova također su dužni voditi računa o materijalnom i financijskom poslovanju sudova.

en	However all decisions become available to the public immediately after they are sent from the higher instance court which ruled on the legal remedy.
hr	Međutim, sve te odluke postaju dostupne javnosti odmah nakon što budu otpremljene iz suda višeg stupnja koji je odlučivao o pravnom lijeku.

en	The work of each judge is monitored statistically monthly, quarterly, half-annually and annually and it is assessed whether he/she has completed the volume of work prescribed by these criteria, with the assumption that he/she had an averagely weighted work load.
hr	Rad svakog suca se statistički prati mjesečno, tromjesečno, polugodišnje i godišnje, te se ocjenjuje je li obavio onaj opseg posla koji je propisan tim mjerilima, uz pretpostavku da je bio opterećen predmetima prosječne težine.

en	Journalists may follow the hearing from the beginning to the conclusion of the trial as well as sessions of the court chambers in second or third instances, which are public sessions, without any limitations and may inform the public about them.
hr	Novinari mogu pratiti suđenje od početka pa do zaključenja glavne rasprave kao i sjednice sudskih vijeća u drugom ili trećem stupnju, koji imaju značaj javnih sjednica, bez ikakvih ograničenja i o tome mogu izvještavati javnost.

en	Judges' salaries are determined by a separate law.
hr	Plaće sudaca utvrđene su posebnim zakonom.

en	The legislative power may not request the courts to give an interpretation of the law.
hr	Zakonodavna vlast ne može zahtijevati od sudova da oni daju tumačenje zakona.

en	However, judges are authorized and obliged to assess the value of their expert opinions, and this right also belongs to the parties, who may make comments on the findings and opinions of the expert witnesses.
hr	Međutim, suci su ovlašteni i dužni ocijeniti vrijednost takvih stručnih mišljenja, a to pravo pripada i strankama, koje mogu staviti primjedbe na nalaze i mišljenje sudskih vještaka.

en	All decisions are available to the media after they have been written and sent from the court, whether to a lower instance court or to the parties.
hr	Svim medijima dostupne su sve odluke nakon što one budu napisane i otpremljene iz suda, bilo sudu nižeg stupnja, bilo strankama.

en	However, they have the possibility of initiating the proposal of laws by the legislative and executive powers, which are authorized to do so.
hr	Međutim, imaju mogućnost inicijative zakonodavnoj i izvršnoj vlasti, koje su ovlaštene predlagati zakone, da to učine.

en	However, for the actual running of the work of court administration, the Ministry must turn to the president of the appropriate court.
hr	Međutim, za konkretno obavljanje poslova sudske uprave ministarstvo se dužno obratiti predsjedniku odgovarajućeg suda.

en	This publication is issued in written form twice a year and is available to the public through the library network.
hr	Ova publikacija objavljuje se u pisanom obliku dva puta godišnje i dostupna je javnosti kroz knjižarsku mrežu, a u cijelosti se prenosi i na web stranicu Vrhovnog suda.

en	As we have already mentioned the courts adjudicate on the basis of the Constitution and the law.
hr	Kao što smo već naveli sudovi sude na temelju Ustava i zakona.

en	Of course, dismissal from duty may only be imposed if the disciplinary offence was committed under particularly aggravated circumstances.
hr	Dakako, razrješenje o dužnosti može se izreći samo za stegovno djelo ako je počinjeno pod osobito teškim okolnostima.

en	Cooperation between the courts and professionals from other areas
hr	Suradnja sudova sa stručnjacima iz drugih područja

en	This obligation is found for example in the Civil Procedure Act.
hr	Takvu obvezu nalazimo primjerice u Zakonu o parničnom postupku.

en	There are time limits within which court judgments must be written up and sent to the parties.
hr	Postoje rokovi u kojima se sudske presude moraju napisati i otpremiti strankama.

en	Judges may not be held responsible for opinions expressed or voting in rendering court decisions, unless there is a violation of the law by a judge, which is a criminal offence.
hr	Suci ne mogu biti pozvani na odgovornost za izraženo mišljenje ili glasovanje pri donošenju sudbene odluke, osim ako bi bilo riječ o kršenju zakona od strane suca što je kazneno djelo.

en	The judicial councils are a form of judicial self-government.
hr	Sudačka vijeća su oblik sudačke samouprave.

en	We have already mentioned in the context of the principles ensuring the independence of judges that there is the possibility of disciplinary responsibility for judges.
hr	Već smo govoreći o načelima koje osiguravaju neovisnost sucima, spomenuli da postoji mogućnost stegovne odgovornosti sudaca.

en	The procedural rules of civil, criminal, misdemeanor, commercial, administrative and other branches of law allow for the collaboration of the courts with experts in other fields.
hr	Procesni propisi parničnog, kaznenog, prekršajnog, trgovačkog, upravnog i drugih grana prava omogućuju suradnju sudova sa stručnjacima iz drugih područja.

en	The budgets of the courts and their realization and lawful application are supervised by the Ministry of Justice.
hr	Proračun sudova odnosno njegovo ostvarenje i zakonitu primjenu nadzire Ministarstvo pravosuđa.

en	There we pointed out that it is mainly made up of judges, and in terms of what could be called "external" members, there are only representatives of the Croatian Association of Practicing Attorneys and the law faculties in Croatia.
hr	Pri tome smo istaknuli da je ono pretežno sastavljeno od sudaca, a od tzv. "vanjskih" članova tu su samo predstavnici Hrvatske odvjetničke komore i pravnih fakulteta u Hrvatskoj.

en	In the first part of this paper (external independence) we already mentioned that the Supreme Court has a long tradition of many years of publishing case law.
hr	Već smo u prvom dijelu ovog materijala (vanjska neovisnost) naveli da Vrhovni sud ima dugogodišnju tradiciju u publiciranju sudske prakse.

en	In sessions of the court divisions which include several chambers in the same court, in a certain branches of court proceedings (for example civil or criminal), decisions are not made in actual cases, but rather a common position is found, which is binding for all chambers, if there is a conflict of legal opinions in the same factual or legal situation between two or more chambers.
hr	U sjednicama sudskih odjela koji obuhvaćaju više vijeća istog suda, u određenoj grani sudovanja (primjerice građanskoj ili kaznenoj), ne donose se odluke u konkretnim predmetima, već se zauzimaju zajednički stavovi, koji su obvezujući za sva vijeća, ako dođe do sukoba pravnih mišljenja u istoj činjeničnoj i pravnoj situaciji između dva ili više vijeća.

en	In practice the Government of the Republic of Croatia sends drafts and then proposals of laws as a rule to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia (hereinafter: the Supreme Court) who may make proposals and comments on the material.
hr	U praksi Vlada Republike Hrvatske, nacrte, a zatim i prijedloge zakona u pravilu dostavlja Vrhovnom sudu Republike Hrvatske (dalje: Vrhovni sud) koji na te materijale može dati prijedloge i primjedbe.

en	Judges' associations
hr	Sudačke udruge

en	The expenses of publishing are met by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia from part of the funds provided to it from the State Budget.
hr	Troškove objavljivanja snosi Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske u okviru sredstava koja su mu osigurana državnim proračunom.

en	The president of the court adopts an annual schedule for the work of judges and other court staff.
hr	Predsjednik suda donosi godišnji raspored rada sudaca i drugog sudskog osoblja.

en	The chamber of the Supreme Court ruling in civil disputes upon a revision as an extraordinary legal remedy (third instance) is made up of five judges.
hr	Vijeće Vrhovnog suda koji sudi u parničnim predmetima povodom revizije kao izvanrednog pravnog lijeka (treći stupanj) sastavljeno je od pet sudaca.

en	In this sense the work of the police is supervised by the State's Attorney's Office.
hr	U tom smislu rad policije je pod kontrolom državnog odvjetništva.

en	We have already said that chambers are as a rule the form where decisions are rendered in second-instance courts.
hr	Već smo rekli da su vijeća u pravilu oblik u kojem sudovi donose odluke u drugom stupnju.

en	All vacant positions for judges (regardless of the instance of the court) are advertised publicly and an invitation is sent to candidates who fulfill the legally prescribed conditions to apply.
hr	Sva slobodna sudačka mjesta (bez obzira na rang suda) se javno oglašavaju i upućuje se poziv kandidatima koji ispunjavaju zakonom propisane uvjete da se jave.

en	The executive power has limited possibility of supervision over the judicial power.
hr	Izvršna vlast ima ograničenu mogućnost kontrole sudbene vlasti.

en	The position of the judicial power is not formally binding for the executive and legislative powers, but they acknowledge it if there is a strong logical and legal argument.
hr	Stajališta sudbene vlasti nisu formalno obvezujuća za izvršnu i za zakonodavnu vlast, već ih one uvažavaju, ako postoji snaga logičkog i pravnog argumenta.

en	The principle of public access makes it possible for the public media to be present at all court hearings, including the pronouncement of the judgment.
hr	Načelo javnosti omogućuju da sredstva javnog priopćavanja mogu prisustvovati svim sudskim raspravama, uključivo i objavljivanju presuda.

en	These funds also cover the means for the payment of judges' salaries, the salaries of court clerks and employees and means for material expenditure and equipment and the like.
hr	Ta sredstva obuhvaćaju i sredstva za plaće sudaca, sudskih službenika i namještenika i sredstva za materijalne rashode i opreme i slično.

en	If the Supreme Court finds that there are no grounds for instituting proceedings before the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia or if within 60 days from receiving the proposal, it does not submit a request for review of the constitutionality of the law, the lower court will apply the existing law.
hr	Ako Vrhovni sud nađe da nema osnove za pokretanje postupka pred Ustavnim sudom Republike Hrvatske ili ako u roku od 60 dana od prijema prijedloga, ne podnese zahtjev za ocjenu ustavnosti zakona, niži sud će primijeniti postojeći zakon.

en	Judges are not authorized to delegate individual parts of the investigation or decision making to these experts.
hr	Suci nisu ovlašteni pojedine aktivnosti istrage ili odlučivanja delegirati takvim stručnjacima.

en	There is a separate act - the Rules of the Court- which regulates the internal business of the courts.
hr	Postoji poseban akt - Sudski poslovnik - kojim se uređuje unutarnje poslovanje sudova.

en	The salaries of clerks and employees are regulated by a separate law, which also applies to the salaries of officials and employees in state administration.
hr	Plaće službenika i namještenika regulirane su posebnim zakonom, koji se odnosi i na plaće službenika i namještenika u državnoj upravi.

en	The chamber of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia is also made up in the same way for criminal cases, when that court is adjudicating in the second instance.
hr	Isto tako sastavljeno je i vijeće Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske u kaznenim predmetima, kad taj sud sudi u drugom stupnju.

en	This supervision relates exclusively to the work of the judicial administration, that is the executive power may not in any way interfere in actual proceedings which are within the jurisdiction of the courts, nor in decisions rendered in these proceedings.
hr	Ta kontrola odnosi se isključivo na obavljanje poslova sudske uprave, tj. izvršna vlast ne može ni na koji način ulaziti u konkretne postupke za koje su nadležni sudovi, kao i u odluke koje se tim povodom donose.

en	Any form of influence on judicial decision-making is forbidden and especially: any form of use of public authority, means of public information, and in general public appearances to influence the course and outcome of court proceedings.
hr	Zabranjen je svaki oblik utjecaja na donošenje sudske odluke, a posebno: svaka uporaba javnih ovlasti, sredstava javnog priopćavanja i uopće javnih istupanja radi utjecanja na tijek i ishod sudskih postupaka.

en	Supervision of the employment of court clerks and employees is carried out by the Ministry of Justice, which approves the filling of vacancies or the opening of new work places for clerks.
hr	Nadzor nad zapošljavanjem sudskih službenika i namještenika ima Ministarstvo pravosuđa koje odobrava popunjavanje upražnjenih ili otvaranje novih službeničkih radnih mjesta.

en	The State's Attorney's Office is an independent and autonomous judicial body, authorized and responsible to act against the perpetrators of criminal and other punishable acts, take legal action to protect the property of the Republic of Croatia and use legal means to protect the Constitution and the law.
hr	Državno odvjetništvo je samostalno i neovisno pravosudno tijelo ovlašteno i dužno postupati protiv počinitelja kaznenih i drugih kažnjivih dijela, poduzimati pravne radnje radi zaštite imovine Republike Hrvatske, te podnositi pravna sredstva za zaštitu Ustava i zakona.

en	The Republic of Croatia has a primary liability for damage caused in the carrying out of judicial responsibilities by a judge to a citizen or legal person, by his/her unlawful or improper work.
hr	Postoji primarna odgovornost Republike Hrvatske za štetu koju u obnašanju sudačke dužnosti nanese sudac građaninu ili pravnoj osobi, svojim nezakonitim ili nepravilnim radom.

en	The number of judges is determined by the Minister of Justice on the basis of a proposal by the extended General Session of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Broj sudaca određuje ministar pravosuđa na temelju prijedloga proširene Opće sjednice Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske.

en	The State Budget is adopted by the CP on the basis of a proposal by the Government of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Državni proračun donosi HS na temelju prijedloga Vlade Republike Hrvatske.

en	As has already been said, in the context of the legislative power, the judiciary has the possibility of initiating the proposal of laws by the executive power or may give comments or proposals on drafts or proposed laws which the executive power puts forward.
hr	Kao što je već rečeno, kad je bila riječ o zakonodavnoj vlasti, sudstvo ima mogućnost inicijative izvršnoj vlasti za predlaganje zakona ili može stavljati primjedbe i prijedloge na nacrte, odnosno, prijedloge zakona koje predlaže izvršna vlast.

en	The work of court administration, carried out by the president of the court, covers the provisions of conditions for the regular work and business of the court.
hr	Poslovi sudske uprave, koje obavlja predsjednik suda, obuhvaćaju osiguranje uvjeta za pravilan rad i poslovanje suda.

en	In the Croatia Parliament there is a special justice committee, which discusses issues related to the justice system.
hr	U Hrvatskom saboru postoji poseban odbor za pravosuđe koji raspravlja o pitanjima vezanim uz pravosuđe.

en	This makes it possible to follow the principle that cases taken on by the courts are designated to judges on the basis of objective, professional criteria.
hr	Time se omogućuje ostvarenje načela da se predmeti koji budu primljeni u sud raspoređuju sucima u rad po objektivnim, stručnim kriterijima.

en	We therefore refer to that section of the study adding that the salaries of state's attorneys, as a body which is not part of the judicial power, in the narrow sense of the term, are equal to the salaries of judges in relation to rank and the type of work done by the state's attorneys.
hr	Zato upućujemo na taj odlomak rada uz dopunu da su plaće državnih odvjetnika kao tijela koje ne spada u sudbenu vlast, u užem smislu te riječi, izjednačene s plaćama sudaca s obzirom na rang i vrstu posla koje obavljaju državni odvjetnici.

en	The State Budget which also includes funds for the work of the courts is adopted after the CP seeks the opinion of the Supreme Court.
hr	Državni proračun koji obuhvaća i sredstva za rad sudova donosi se nakon što HS zatraži mišljenje od Vrhovnog suda.

en	A judge may not be detained nor may criminal proceedings be instituted against him/her without the approval of the SJC.
hr	Sudac ne smije biti pritvoren niti se protiv njega smije pokrenuti kazneni postupak bez odobrenja DSV.

en	Representatives of the legislative or executive powers may not be chosen to be members of the SJC, nor may representatives of other state bodies, NGOs and the like.
hr	U članstvo DSV ne mogu biti birani predstavnici zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti, niti predstavnici drugih državnih tijela, udruga građana i slično.

en	Since the police submit criminal reports against perpetrators of criminal offences to the State's Attorney's Office, it has the real possibility of directing the work of the police in that it demands that these reports be processed in such a factual and legal form that they enable the State's Attorney's Office to decide if it should charge the perpetrator of the criminal act and thus institute court proceedings.
hr	Budući da policija kaznene prijave protiv počinitelja kaznenih djela podnosi državnom odvjetništvu ono ima stvarnu mogućnost usmjeravanja rada policije na način da zahtijeva da te prijave budu tako činjenično i pravno obrađene da omogućuju i odluku državnog odvjetnika hoće li protiv počinitelja kaznenog djela podignuti optužni akt i time pokrenuti sudski postupak.

en	The work of the other court staff in the court is managed by the president of the court.
hr	Radom drugog sudskog osoblja u sudu upravlja predsjednik suda.

en	In legal matters in the jurisdiction of first instance courts as a rule a single judge adjudicates (the principle of monocracy).
hr	U pravnim stvarima iz sudske nadležnosti u prvom stupnju u pravilu sudi sudac pojedinac (načelo monokracije).

en	A judge may not be engaged in work as a lawyer or notary public, or work as a member of the management or supervisory board of a trading company or other legal person founded for the purpose of making a profit.
hr	Sudac ne smije obavljati odvjetničku ili javnobilježničku službu ili poslove člana upravnog ili nadzornog odbora trgovačkog društva ili druge pravne osobe koje je osnovao radi stjecanja dobiti.

en	The principle of the division of power includes forms of cooperation and mutual checks and balances between those who hold power, as prescribed by the Constitution and the law.
hr	Načelo diobe vlasti uključuje oblike međusobne suradnje i uzajamne provjere nositelja vlasti propisane Ustavom i zakonom.

en	Positions are also binding if they are accepted by a majority of all the judges in the division.
hr	Stavovi su obvezatni ako ih prihvati većina svih sudaca u odjelu.

en	In terms of the enforcement of specific court decisions, or conducting of proceedings, the legislative power has no authority whatsoever in relation to the judicial power.
hr	U pogledu provođenja konkretnih sudskih odluka, odnosno, postupaka zakonodavna vlast nema nikakvih ovlasti u odnosu na sudbenu vlast.

en	If it is a draft law or other regulation establishing the competence of a court or another issue of importance for the work of the court or the discharging of judicial office, then the opinion on this draft or proposal is given by the general session of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, made up of all the judges of that Court.
hr	Kada je riječ o nacrtu zakona ili drugog propisa kojim se utvrđuje ovlast suda ili drugo pitanje važno za rad suda ili obavljanje sudbene vlasti, onda mišljenje o takvom nacrtu ili prijedlogu daje opća sjednica Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske, koju čine svi suci tog suda.

en	The Republic of Croatia may request a judge to reimburse a sum of money paid if the judge has caused injury deliberately or as a result of extreme negligence.
hr	Republika Hrvatska može od suca zahtijevati naknadu isplaćene svote samo ako je sudac štetu učinio namjerno ili iz krajnje nepažnje.

en	A judge may not carry out any other service or work which may influence his/her independence, neutrality or autonomy or reduce his/her social standing or which is otherwise incompatible with the discharging of a judicial office.
hr	Sudac ne smije obavljati ni drugu službu ili posao koji bi mogli utjecati na njegovu samostalnost, nepristranost ili neovisnost ili bi se umanjio njegov društveni ugled ili je inače nespojiv s obnašanjem sudačke dužnosti.

en	Of course, through the provision of financial means the executive and legislative powers influence the status of the judicial power, for through better material conditions and the provision of a sufficient number of judges or other court personnel the executive and legislative powers may ensure that the judicial power also carries out its work more efficiently.
hr	Dakako, kroz osiguravanje financijskih sredstava izvršna i zakonodavna vlast utječu na status sudbene vlasti, jer kroz bolje materijalne uvjete te osiguranje dovoljnog broja sudaca i drugog sudskog osoblja izvršna i zakonodavna vlast mogu osigurati da i sudbena vlast efikasnije radi svoj posao.

en	The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia, amongst other things, decides on the conformity of the law with the Constitution, or the conformity of other regulations with the Constitution and the law.
hr	Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske, uz ostalo, odlučuje o suglasnosti zakona s Ustavom, odnosno, o suglasnosti drugih propisa s Ustavom i zakonom.

en	However decisions by higher courts are binding for lower instance courts by the strength of the legal argument, and therefore the effect is attained of the standardization of case law.
hr	Međutim, odluke viših sudova obvezuju sudove nižih stupnjeva snagom pravnog argumenta, pa se tako postiže i učinak ujednačavanja sudske prakse.

en	These opinions and the opinion given by the Justice Committee of the Croatian Parliament are presented to the SJC who decides on the appointment of judges.
hr	Ta mišljenja i mišljenje koje daje Odbor za pravosuđe Hrvatskog sabora, prezentiraju se zatim DSV koje odlučuje o imenovanju sudaca.

en	Exceptionally, when first appointed, a judge is appointed for five years.
hr	Iznimno prigodom prvog stupanja na sudačku dužnost suci se imenuju na vrijeme od pet godina.

en	In other words, in courtrooms it is permitted to take photographs with the permission of the competent president of the court, and to make sound or television recordings with the approval of the president of the Supreme Court.
hr	Naime, u sudnicama je dopušteno fotografsko snimanje uz dopuštenje nadležnog predsjednika suda, a tonsko ili televizijsko snimanje uz odobrenje predsjednika Vrhovnog suda.

en	The divisions are organizational units of a court, consisting of all the judges of that court who adjudicate in a certain legal field (for example the field of criminal or civil law and the like).
hr	Odjeli su organizacijske jedinice sudova koje čine svi suci toga suda koji sude u određenom pravnom području (primjerice iz područja kaznenog ili građanskog prava i slično).

en	Filling vacancies for judges and service advancement
hr	Popunjavanje sudačkih mjesta i napredovanje u službi

en	If there is a difference in legal positions, case law is standardized at sessions of the court divisions and by decisions by the Supreme Court.
hr	U slučaju razlika u pravnim stavovima sudsku praksu se ujednačava na sjednicama sudskih odjela i odlukama Vrhovnog suda.

en	We refer to that part of the paper.
hr	Upućujemo na taj dio materijala.

en	A first instance court is not obliged to accept the legal position of the second instance court, but it is obliged to carry out all procedural actions and discuss all disputed issues pointed out by the second instance court in the decision by which the case was remanded.
hr	Sud prvog stupnja nije u obvezi prihvatiti pravno stajalište drugostupanjskog suda, ali je u obvezi izvesti sve postupovne radnje i raspraviti sva sporna pitanja na koje je upozorio drugostupanjski sud u odluci kojom je predmet vraćen na ponovno suđenje.

en	This law attempts to bring judges' salaries up to the level of salaries of functionaries of an appropriate level in the legislative and executive powers.
hr	Tim zakonom nastojalo se plaće sudaca dovesti u rang plaća koje primaju funkcionari odgovarajućeg ranga zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti.

en	According to the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, the state power in the Republic of Croatia is organized on the principle of the division of power into legislative, executive and judicial power.
hr	Prema Ustavu Republike Hrvatske u Republici Hrvatskoj državna je vlast ustrojena na načelu diobe vlasti na zakonodavnu, izvršnu i sudbenu.

en	The introduction of new computer programs is being prepared at present and this will give computer access to all decisions by the Supreme Court for the general public.
hr	Upravo je u pripremi uvođenje novog računalnog programa koji bi omogućio dostupnost svih odluka Vrhovnog suda putem računala svekolikoj javnosti.

en	Funds for the work of the courts are provided by the State Budget of the Republic of Croatia, which is adopted at the end of the current calendar year for the following one.
hr	Sredstva za rad sudova osiguravaju se Državnim proračunom Republike Hrvatske koji se donosi krajem tekuće, za sljedeću kalendarsku godinu.

en	The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia provides that judges, in line with the Constitution and law, are appointed and dismissed and their disciplinary responsibility is determined by a separate body - the State Judicial Council (hereinafter: SJC).
hr	Ustavom Republike Hrvatske predviđeno je da suce, u skladu s Ustavom i zakonom, imenuje i razrješuje, te o njihovoj stegovnoj odgovornosti odlučuje posebno tijelo - Državno sudbeno vijeće (dalje: DSV).

en	The State Judicial Council (the body which appoints and dismisses judges) is obliged in the procedure of appointing and dismissing judges to obtain the opinion of this Committee of the Croatian Parliament.
hr	Državno sudbeno vijeće (tijelo koje imenuje i razrješuje suce) dužno je u postupku imenovanja i razrješenja suca pribaviti mišljenje tog odbora Hrvatskog sabora.

en	Appointment, dismissal and disciplinary responsibility of judges
hr	Imenovanje, razrješenje i stegovna odgovornost sudaca

en	It is prescribed that a judge must behave in such a way as not to harm his/her reputation and the reputation of the judicial power, and so as not to bring into question his/her neutrality and independence in adjudication and the independence of the judicial power.
hr	Propisuje se da se sudac mora ponašati tako da ne umanji svoj ugled i ugled sudbene vlasti, te ne dovede u pitanje svoju nepristranost i neovisnost u suđenju i samostalnost sudbene vlasti.

en	So in appeals against first-instance judgments rendered in civil and criminal cases, decisions are rendered by second instance courts as a rule by a chamber consisting of three professional judges.
hr	Tako o žalbama protiv prvostupanjskih presuda donesenih u građanskim i kaznenim predmetima odlučuju drugostupanjski sudovi, u pravilu, u vijeću sastavljenom od trojice profesionalnih sudaca.

en	The fact that the court oversteps that time limit is not a reason for the quashing of that case upon a legal remedy and remanding it.
hr	Činjenica da sud prekorači taj rok ne predstavlja razlog koji bi povodom pravnog lijeka doveo do ukidanja predmeta i vraćanja na ponovni postupak.

en	There is no separate institution for the supervision by the legislative power of the judicial power.
hr	Ne postoji posebna institucija nadzora zakonodavne vlasti nad sudbenom vlasti.

en	Thus the Constitution practically guarantees that the appointment and the dismissal of judges and their disciplinary responsibility is determined by people who are professionally linked, directly or indirectly precisely with the judicial profession.
hr	Time je praktično Ustavom zajamčeno da će o imenovanju, razrješenju sudaca i o njihovoj stegovnoj odgovornosti odlučivati ljudi koji su profesionalno vezani, izravno ili neizravno, upravo uz sudačku profesiju.

en	However in cases where the judge does not write or does not send off the judgment for a long time, this may be a reason for disciplinary action against him/her, or even for his/her dismissal from judicial office.
hr	Međutim, slučajevi u kojima sudac kroz dulje vrijeme ne napiše i ne otpremi presudu mogu biti razlog za njegovu stegovnu odgovornost, pa čak i za razrješenje od sudačke dužnosti.

en	These criteria prescribe the number of cases one judge should adjudicate, bearing in mind an average of type and complexity of the work.
hr	Tim mjerilima je predviđeno koji broj predmeta treba riješiti jedan sudac imajući na umu prosjek vrste i složenosti posla.

en	In their careers judges may transfer to other types of court or to higher courts.
hr	Tijekom svoje karijere suci mogu prelaziti u sudove druge vrste ili na više sudove.

en	Therefore the executive power has no authority in relation to the essential function of the court, that is the function of adjudication.
hr	Prema tome, izvršna vlast nema nikakve ovlasti u odnosu na bitnu funkciju sudova, tj. na funkciju suđenja.

en	In view of the various types of proceedings there are a variety of numbers of members of chambers who adjudicate in each case.
hr	S obzirom na različite vrste postupka različit je i broj članova vijeća koji odlučuju o pojedinim predmetima.

en	Data on the work of the judges in terms of quality and quantity are presented to the SJC on application for promotion, but also during the regular assessment of judges regarding the execution of their judicial office.
hr	Podaci o kvantitativnom i kvalitativnom radu sudaca prezentiraju se DSV prigodom kandidature za promaknuće, ali i prigodom redovitog ocjenjivanja sudaca u pogledu obavljanja sudačke dužnosti.

en	This body, therefore, is not a judicial power and has the status of a party in court.
hr	To tijelo, dakle, nije sudbena vlast i pred sudovima ima status stranke.

en	Therefore there is a serious functional dependence on the part of the judicial power in relation to the executive and legislative powers, for the executive, as the proposer and the legislative as the one adopting the laws, actually decide how much money will be provided for the work of the judicial power.
hr	Prema tome postoji ozbiljna funkcionalna zavisnost sudbene vlasti u odnosu na izvršnu i zakonodavnu, jer izvršna, kao predlagatelj, i zakonodavna, kao donositelj zakona, stvarno odlučuju kolika će sredstva za rad sudbene vlasti biti osigurana.

en	In most cases therefore, laws are interpreted by the courts within the framework of their jurisdiction.
hr	U najvećem broju slučajeva zakone, dakle, tumače u okviru svojih ovlasti sudovi.

en	In these cases, the court primarily tries to remove any lack of clarity in the findings and opinion of the expert witnesses by hearing the witness again or hearing the witness before the court, and if it is not possible to clarify the question, then testimony may be sought from another, different expert witness.
hr	U takvom slučaju sud ponajprije pokušava nejasnoće u nalazu i mišljenju vještaka otkloniti dodatnim očitovanjem vještaka ili njegovim saslušanjem pred sudom, a ako ta pitanja ne uspije razjasniti onda se može odrediti i vještačenje po novim, drugim vještacima.

en	Court decisions as a rule have a statement of reasons, but this may be omitted if the parties so agree.
hr	Sudske odluke u pravilu imaju obrazloženje, a ono može izostati samo ako se stranke s time suglase.

en	There are moreover separate laws and regulations regulating the issue of the criminal responsibility of judges if they commit a criminal offence in the course of discharging their judicial office.
hr	Postoje osim toga i posebni propisi koji uređuju pitanje kaznene odgovornosti sudaca ako on počini kazneno djelo u obavljanju sudačke dužnosti.

en	The bearer of legislative power in the Republic of Croatia is the Croatian Parliament (hereinafter: CP).
hr	Nositelj zakonodavne vlasti u Republici Hrvatskoj je Hrvatski sabor (dalje: HS).

en	The authority of the highest body for the work of judicial administration is the ministry responsible for the work of the justice system.
hr	Ovlast najvišeg tijela za obavljanje poslova pravosudne uprave ima ministarstvo nadležno za poslove pravosuđa.

en	In all higher courts there are separate judicial councils, who are elected by a secret ballot of all judges from the area of the court concerned.
hr	U svim višim sudovima formirana su posebna sudačka vijeća, koja na tajnim izborima biraju svi suci s područja određenog takvog suda.

en	The appointed judge, in the normal course of events, remains in office until his/her seventieth birthday.
hr	Imenovani sudac, po redovitom tijeku stvari, ostaje na dužnosti do dana kada navršava 70 godina života.

en	There are therefore in the State Judicial Council no politicians whether from the executive or the legislative power, and disciplinary responsibility of judges is actually decided on by legal professionals who are directly or indirectly linked to the judicial power.
hr	U sastavu Državnog sudbenog vijeća, dakle, nema političara bilo iz zakonodavne bilo iz izvršne vlasti, pa u stegovnoj odgovornosti sudaca zapravo odlučuju pravni profesionalci koji su izravno ili neizravno vezani za sudbenu vlast.

en	This body has eleven members who are appointed by the Croatian Parliament from the ranks of prominent judges, lawyers and university law professors.
hr	To tijelo ima jedanaest članova koje iz reda istaknutih sudaca, odvjetnika i sveučilišnih profesora pravnih znanosti bira HS.

en	The rules about sound or television recording of court hearings as a rule are applied such that permission is granted to record the pronouncement of the court judgment in cases which have aroused particular interest in public.
hr	Propis o tonskom ili televizijskom snimanju sudskih rasprava u pravilu se primjenjuje tako da se dopuštenje za snimanje daje prigodom izricanja sudskih presuda u predmetima koji su izazvali osobit interes javnosti.

en	This authority includes, for example, the provision of material, financial, spatial and other conditions for the work of the courts, supervision of the financial and material business of the courts, care for the education and professional training of judges and other court personnel, consideration of petitions and complaints by citizens regarding the work of the courts, relating to the slowness of court proceedings, or the behavior of judges or other court workers towards parties during the proceedings or in the course of any other official task, supervision of the regularity of work in the court and so on.
hr	Ta ovlast uključuje, primjerice, osiguranje materijalnih, financijskih, prostornih i drugih uvjeta za rad sudova, nadzor nad financijskim i materijalnim poslovanjem sudova, skrb za školovanje i stručno usavršavanje sudaca i drugog sudskog osoblja, ispitivanje predstavki i pritužbi građana na rad sudova koji se odnose na odugovlačenje sudskog postupka ili na ponašanje suca ili drugog sudskog djelatnika prema stranci tijekom postupka ili obavljanja drugih službenih radnji, nadzor nad redovitim obavljanjem poslova u sudu i slično.

en	The independence of judges in decision-making
hr	Neovisnost sudaca pri odlučivanju

en	Judges often use the opportunity for experts from other areas (medicine, traffic, forensics, finance and other expert witnesses) to give their opinion on non-legal issues.
hr	Suci često koriste mogućnost da se o pitanjima koja nisu pravna očituju stručnjaci iz drugih područja (medicinari, prometni vještaci, forenzičari, financijski i drugi vještaci).

en	Laws are as a rule interpreted by the courts.
hr	Zakone u pravilu tumače sudovi.

en	Thus the presidents of the courts take care of orderly and timely work in the courts, consider petitions and complaints by parties on the work of the court, organize professional work in terms of fulfilling the duties and the exercise of the rights of clerks and employees, take care of the professional training of judges, court advisors, court apprentices and other clerks and employees, and take care of the lawful financial and material business of the court etc.
hr	Tako se predsjednici sudova skrbe se o urednom i pravodobnom obavljanju poslova u sudu, razmatraju predstavke i pritužbe stranaka na rad suda, organiziraju stručne poslove u vezi s ostvarivanjem dužnosti i prava službenika i namještenika, skrbe o stručnom usavršavanju sudaca, sudskih savjetnika, sudskih vježbenika i drugih službenika i namještenika, brinu se za zakonito, financijsko i materijalno poslovanje suda i slično.

en	There is one judges' association in the Republic of Croatia of which some of the Croatian judges are members.
hr	Republici Hrvatskoj postoji jedna sudačka udruga u koju je učlanjen dio hrvatskih sudaca.

en	In some proceedings the lower instance court is also obliged to accept the legal position, but only in the case of the opinion of the Supreme Court.
hr	U nekim postupcima postoji obveza sudova nižeg stupnja da prihvate i pravna stajališta, ali samo kad je riječ o stajalištima Vrhovnog suda.

en	The work of judges is also monitored statistically in terms of quality, in that it is assessed how many decisions have gone to appeal or second instance courts for legal remedies which have been confirmed, quashed or amended.
hr	Statistički se prati i kvalitativni učinak rada sudaca na način da se utvrđuje koliki broj odluka je u žalbenom ili drugom postupku po pravnim lijekovima potvrđen, ukinut ili preinačen.

en	The presidents of the courts may not be appointed members of the SJC.
hr	Predsjednici sudova ne mogu biti birani za članove DSV.

en	The obligation of judges, in terms of quantity, to adjudicate a certain number of cases, is determined by a separate act adopted by the Minister competent for justice affairs upon the proposal of an extended general session of the Supreme Court.
hr	Kvantitativna obveza sudaca da riješe određeni broj sudskih predmeta uređena je posebnim aktom kojeg donosi ministar nadležan za poslove pravosuđa na prijedlog proširene opće sjednice Vrhovnog suda.

en	Exceptionally in special cases prescribed by law, a ruling may be used to decide on issues of merit.
hr	Iznimno, u posebnim slučajevima propisanim zakonom, rješenjem se odlučuje i o nekim meritornim pitanjima.

en	If a court considers that law it should apply in proceedings is not in line with the Constitution, it will stay the proceedings and request the Supreme Court to submit a request to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia to review the constitutionality of the law.
hr	Ako neki sud smatra da zakon koji treba u postupku primijeniti nije suglasan Ustavu, zastat će s postupkom i zahtijevati od Vrhovnog suda da podnese Ustavnom sudu Republike Hrvatske zahtjev za ocjenu ustavnosti zakona.

en	The courts render judgments on the basis of the Constitution and the law as well as on the basis of international agreements which are part of the legal order of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Sudovi, pak, sude na osnovi Ustava i zakona, kao i na osnovi međunarodnih ugovora koji su dio pravnog poretka Republike Hrvatske.

en	Court decisions may be amended and quashed only by the court with jurisdiction for the case as prescribed by law.
hr	Odluku suda smije mijenjati i ukidati samo sud u čiju nadležnost spada predmet u postupku propisanim zakonom.

en	At the head of the State's Attorney's Office is the Chief State's Attorney.
hr	Na čelu državnog odvjetništva nalazi se Glavni državni odvjetnik.

en	Decisions are rendered on actual cases by these chambers.
hr	Odluke o konkretnim predmetima donose se u takvim vijećima.

en	When rendering decisions, judges are bound by the Constitution and the law, and international agreements, which are part of the legal order of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Pri odlučivanju suci su vezani Ustavom i zakonom, te međunarodnim ugovorima koji su dio pravnog poretka Republike Hrvatske.

en	The passing of laws
hr	Donošenje Zakona

en	If however, the court finds another regulation in the proceedings, which it should apply, is not in line with the Constitution or law, it shall not apply that regulation and shall inform the Supreme Court accordingly.
hr	Ako, pak, sud u postupku nađe da drugi propis, koji bi trebao primijeniti, nije suglasan Ustavu ili zakonu, taj propis neće primijeniti, i o tome će izvijestiti Vrhovni sud.

en	This special immunity for judges is regulated in detail by the law.
hr	Taj poseban imunitet sudaca razrađuje se i kroz zakone.

en	The courts however give an interpretation of the law as a rule through specific cases.
hr	Sudovi, pak, tumačenje zakona daju u pravilu samo kroz konkretne predmete.

en	Decisions rendered at sessions of the division are then binding for all chambers or single judges who are part of that division, and who then adjudicate in actual cases.
hr	Odluke donesene na sjednicama odjela obvezuju onda sva vijeća ili suce pojedince koji se nalaze u sastavu tih odjela, a koji sude onda u konkretnim predmetima.

en	The independence of judges in the chamber and case law
hr	Neovisnost sudaca u vijeću i sudska praksa

en	The permanence of judges' office
hr	Stalnost sudačke dužnosti

en	After the judge has been re-appointed he/she holds the office permanently, that is until his/her seventieth birthday.
hr	Nakon ponovnog imenovanja sudac obavlja svoju dužnost stalno, dakle, do navršenih 70 godina života.

en	Separately on the funding of the work of the courts
hr	Posebno o sredstvima za rad sudova

en	All judges are able to do this by looking at printed publications and partially by means of computers.
hr	Svi suci imaju tu mogućnost pregledom pisanih publikacija, a dio i primjenom računalne tehnike.

en	The SJC decides on the disciplinary responsibility of judges for disciplinary offences committed in the course of their service as judges.
hr	DSV odlučuje i o stegovnoj odgovornosti sudaca za stegovna djela učinjena u obavljanju sudačke dužnosti.

en	A judge who is dissatisfied with a decision in disciplinary proceedings may lodge an appeal to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Sudac nezadovoljan odlukom o njegovoj stegovnoj odgovornosti može žalbu podnijeti Ustavnom sudu Republike Hrvatske.

en	As a rule the president of the court or judges who are authorized by him/her communicate with journalists.
hr	S novinarima u pravilu komuniciraju predsjednici sudova ili suci koje oni na to ovlaste.

en	Positions accepted by the court divisions are then binding for all judges, or chambers of judges within that division.
hr	Stavovi koje prihvate sudski odjeli tada su obvezatni za sve suce, odnosno, sudska vijeća u sastavu takvog odjela.

en	In higher instance courts as a rule, judgments are made by a chamber, but as an exception a single judge may adjudicate in those proceedings.
hr	U višem stupnju sudovi, u pravilu, sude u vijeću, a iznimno i u tom postupku može suditi i sudac pojedinac.

en	A special editorial board of Supreme Court justices decides which decisions will be published.
hr	O tome koje će se odluke objaviti odlučuje posebno uredničko vijeće sastavljeno od sudaca Vrhovnog suda.

en	The law determines in which cases s judgments are rendered by a chamber in first instance court.
hr	U kojim slučajevima sudovi u prvom stupnju sude u vijeću određuje se zakonom.

en	President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Ustavnom sudu Republike Hrvatske.

en	Judge of the Municipal Court in Zagreb
hr	Sudac Općinskog suda u Karlovcu

en	Published and other works:
hr	Publikacije i ostali radovi:

en	Member of the working group for organization of the system of adjudication in juvenile cases
hr	lan radne skupine pri Ministarstvu pravosua za borbu protiv korupcije

en	Participated in writing the "Comments on the Law on Juvenile Courts and on the Crimes Against Children and Minors", 1990
hr	"Primjena naela zakonitosti u nacionalnom i meunarodnom kaznenom pravu", naklada Profil 2013.

en	The Rules on the Internal Order of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia were issued by the President of the Supreme Court on 24 June 2001, following the previous consent of the Ministry of Justice, Administration and Local Self-Government of 09.
hr	Zakljuci sa sastanka Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske (Graanski odjel) s predsjednicima graanskih odjela upanijskih sudova (lanak 27. stavak 3. Zakona o sudovima)

en	March 2001, class 112-02/00-01/998, no. 514-05-04/432/98-2.
hr	Su-IV-162/2021 od 31. oujka 2021.

en	" New Provisions Governing Detention in the Court Practice of the Supreme Court ", Current Issues in Criminal Legislation, Inženjerski biro, Zagreb, 1999
hr	Izlaganje održano na Međunarodnoj konferenciji "Neovisnost i nepristranost pravosuđa" 18. - 20. listopada 2001. godine u Crikvenici

en	For further details, please visit our website: http://www.icc-cpi.int
hr	Su-IV-28/2019-9 od 8. oujka 2019.

en	I would like to inform you and your association about the exciting opportunities available at the International Criminal Court (ICC).
hr	Pravna shvaanja Kaznenog odjela Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske

en	Head of the Subsection for Different Aspects for crime combatting within the Working Group for Chapter 24 "Justice, Freedom and Security"; Member of the Working Group for Chapter 23 "Judiciary and Fundamental Rights" (EU access negotiations)
hr	Voditelj Podskupine za razliite aspekte suzbijanja kriminaliteta u okviru Radne skupine za Poglavlje 24 "Pravda sloboda i sigurnost" pristupnih pregovora EU. lan Radne skupine za Poglavlje 23 "Pravosue i temeljna ljudska prava" pristupnih pregovora EU

en	Associate member of the Croatian Academy of Legal Science
hr	Suradnik Hrvatske akademije pravnih znanosti

en	Deputy President of the Association of Croatian Judges
hr	Zamjenik predsjednika Udruge Hrvatskih sudaca

en	Member of the Croatian Delegation to the UN Human Rights Committee
hr	lan delegacije Republike Hrvatske na zasjedanju Odbora UN-a o ljudskim pravima u New Yorku

en	Confiscation of Proceeds Derived from Offences
hr	Izjave o nepostojanju sukoba interesa PDF

en	Arbiter listed on the official list of arbiters of the Croatian Chamber of Economy for disputes not related to the international law
hr	Arbitar na listi arbitara Hrvatske gospodarske komore za sporove bez međunarodnog obilježja

en	Judicial trainee and counsellor at the Commercial Court in Osijek
hr	Vježbenica i savjetnica u Trgovačkom sudu u Osijeku

en	Other activities:
hr	Publikacije i ostali radovi:

en	Member of the Judicial Academy Programme Committee
hr	Članica Programskog vijeća Pravosudne akademije

en	Member of the Commercial Courts' Judicial Council
hr	Članica Sudačkog vijeća trgovačkih sudova

en	Member of the Advisory Council for Monitoring and Implementation of the Technical Assistance Project for Bankruptcies
hr	Članica Savjetodavnog vijeća za nadgledanje i provedbu Projekta tehničke pomoći u svezi sa stečajevima

en	President of the Examination Commission for Insolvency Manager Exam
hr	Predsjednica Povjerenstva za polaganje stečajno-upraviteljskih ispita

en	Member of the Examination Commission for Notary Public Exam with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Članica Ispitnog povjerenstva za polaganje javnobilježničkog ispita pri Ministarstvu pravosuđa RH

en	Leader of the Judicial Academy workshops for judicial trainees the Judicial Academy
hr	Voditeljica radionica za pravosudne vježbenike na Pravosudnoj akademiji

en	Leader of the professional workshops for commercial court judges
hr	Voditeljica instruktivnih i stručnih radionica za suce trgovačkih sudova

en	Member of Task Force providing expertise for the Advisory Council for Automation Project Implementation Policy - Common court management and court procedures in Croatian courts
hr	Članica radne skupine za stručnu pomoć Savjetodavnom vijeću za politiku provedbe projekta za automatizaciju

en	Member of several task groups for the preparation of amendments to the legislation at the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Članica više radnih skupina Ministarstva pravosuđa RH za izradu prijedloga za izmjene i dopune zakona

en	" Confiscation of Proceeds Derived from Offences of the Organized Criminality ", Hrvatski ljetopis za kaznene znanosti i praksu (Croatian Ann. of Crim. L. and Prac.
hr	Osim na kaznenim predmetima, radi i na izobrazbi sudaca i izdavanju "Biltena sudske prakse".

en	"Compensation for Material Damages in Case of Death, Bodily Injury and Health Deterioration", Almanac of the Faculty of Law, University in Rijeka, 1/2000
hr	"Izvidna mjera pregleda osoba i stvari (razgraničenje u odnosu na pretragu i neki problemi u teoriji i praksi s osvrtom na praksu Vrhovnog suda RH)", koautor prof. dr. Ivo Josipović, izdanje Inženjerski biro d.d., Aktualna pitanja kaznenog zakonodavstva, 2000. god.

en	Judicial adviser at the Municipal Court in Zagreb
hr	ZAGREB, Trg Nikole Zrinskog 3

en	"The Law on Taking Over the Law on Administrative Disputes", Civil, Commercial, Labor and Administrative Law, 1992
hr	Damjanović, Z. Kokić-Puce, S. Klarić-Baranović: "Conditional Release from Prison (1998-2002) , Hrvatski ljetopis za kaznene znanosti i praksu (Croatian Ann. of Crim.

en	Within the PHARE 2006 "Harmonisation and Publication of Case Law" a new and improved IT system has been established under the name of SupraNova.
hr	U razdoblju od 1965. do 1967. radi kao sudski vjebenik u Opinskom sudu u Otocu, a potom obnaa dunost u Opinskom sudu u Otocu do 1975.

en	All users will be notified about the near public launching of the new IT system SupraNova.
hr	Diplomirala na Pravnom fakultetu Sveuilita u Zagrebu.

en	Suggestions for legislative solutions are: institutionalization of the interdisciplinary
hr	Prijedlozi za zakonska rješenja su: institucionalizacija interdisciplinarne strune

en	They raped her, and two at the same time forced her to coitus interruptus and to felatio.
hr	Prinudili su je na snošaj, s tim da su po dvojica istovremeno je prisiljivali na coitus interruptus i na felatio.

en	He states at the court that he and S. V. really had a sexual intercourse, but that both sides were willing.
hr	Na sudu tvrdi da su zaista on i S. V. imali spolni odnos no da se to dogodilo zajedni kim htijenjem i voljom.

en	It is not in question that all of the girls, regardless of the nature of their statements, were forced or consented to the different kinds of sexual intercourses, some of which were especially humiliating considering their age and the circumstances.
hr	Nije pritom dvojbeno da su bez obzira na prirodu svojih izjava sve djevojke bile prisiljavane ili su pristajale na razli itu vrstu spolnih snošaja od kojih su neki bili izrazito ponižavaju i s obzirom na njihovu dob i okolnosti.

en	cc) The problem should necessarily be regulated by two legal regulations i.e. Law on the Courts and Criminal Procedure Act.
hr	cc/ U ovom slu aju reguliranje ovog problema moralo bi nužno biti obuhva eno sa dva zakonska propisa i to zakonom o sudovima i zakonom o kaznenom postupku.

en	This circle of criminal behaviour includes criminal acts of rape, which in legal procedures appear more and more in combination with other criminal acts (murder, robbery, extortion, blackmail).
hr	U taj krug kriminalnog ponašanja ulaze kaznena djela silovanja, koja sve eš e imamo procesuirana u kombinaciji sa drugim kaznenim djelima /ubojstvo, razbojništvo, iznuda, ucjena/.

en	Suggested solutions present possible changes of such conditions by legislative regulations, and are based on the practical experience.
hr	Ponu ena rješenja mogu nost su promjene takvog stanja zakonskom regulativom, a temelje se na prakti nim iskustvima.

en	The crisis in this area and the nearby war, have caused considerable increase of the crime rate connected with the violence against humans and property.
hr	Krizno podru je i stanje rata u neposrednoj blizini prouzro ilo je znatan porast kriminaliteta vezanog uz nasilje nad osobama i imovinom.

en	One of his last victims reported him to the police, and the rest of them were summoned according to the list which was found at his place, and by comparing the pohotographs.
hr	Jedna od posljednjih žrtava prijavila ga je policiji, a ostale su pozivane na temelju popisa koji je kod njega na en i usporedbom fotografija.

en	Rape victims who have visible injuries which are the consequence of violence and their resistance;
hr	1. žrtve silovanja sa vidljivim ozljedama koje su posljedica primijenjene sile i pruženog otpora

en	In criminal acts of rape, a possible mistake of the court, at the expense of the defendant, is 50:50, as we have just two opposite testimonies.
hr	Kada se radi o kaznenom djelu silovanja, mogu a greška suda a na štetu okrivljenika je 50 : 50 budu i da imamo samo suprotstavljene iskaze.

en	She took her to the nearby playground and they started kissing on the bench for reserve players when three young man's friends approached the bench.
hr	Odveo ju je do obližnjeg igrališta za mali nogomet i na klupi za rezervne igra e po eli su se ljubiti kada su došla trojica prijatelja ovog mladi a i prišla klupi.

en	A twenty one year old female M. B. was with her girl-friend in a cafe not far away from her home, at about 11 o'clock p.m. when a young man, by whom she was attracted, approached her and suggested a walk, what she accepted.
hr	Dvadesetjednogodišnja M. B. nave er oko 23 sata nalazila se sa prijateljicom u kafi u nedaleko ku e u kojoj stanuje kada joj je prišao mladi koji joj se ve od ranije dopadao i predložio joj da se proše u, na što je ona pristala.

en	The offende Z. F. (40 years of age) in the period of three years, almost every week, in the same part of the city, near the centre, close to the railway station, kept approaching young females (it was established that they were between 14 and 17 years of age), and telling them always the same story of a female photo-model he was supposedly awaiting, introduced himself as a film-agent and artistic photographer and offered them an engagement for taking their allegedly well paid photographs and publicity abroad.
hr	Po initelj Z. F. /40 god./ u razdoblju od tri godine gotovo svakog tjedna u istom dijelu grada nedaleko centra u blizini željezni ke stanice prilazio je mladim djevojkama /utvr eno je da su bile dobi izme u 14 i 16 godina/, te im uz popratnu uvijek istu pri u o djevojci fotomodelu koju navodno eka predstavio se kao filmski agent i umjetni ki fotograf i ponudio bi im angažman kroz navodno dobro pla ene fotografije i plasman u inozemstvu.

en	The purpose of having such institutionalization of a permanent group of experts is to ensure maximum objectivity, as, by institutionalization possible influence of the interested parties on the outcome of the proceeding is impossible.
hr	Ovakva institucionalizacija stalne grupe stru njaka ima za svrhu omogu avanje maksimalne objektivnosti, jer se institucionalizacijom onemogu ava mogu i utjecaj zainteresiranih stranaka na ishod postupka.

en	The subject of the paper is contemplating the problems connected with specific
hr	Tema rada je razmatranje problema vezanih uz specifinu situaciju žrtve kao

en	aa) Criminal Procedure Act should specify the establishment of a permanent group of experts apppointed by the competent institution.
hr	aa/ Zakonom o kaznenom postupku bilo bi potrebno odrediti postojanje stalne grupe stru njaka imenovanih po nadležnoj državnoj instituciji.

en	The current legal regulations could be amended to provide:
hr	Zakonska rješenja mogla bi biti slijede a:

en	There arises the question of to what extent and to what limits can the judge objectively evaluate the evidence without any analysis of a person who presents a subjective picture based upon his or her psychological predispozitions and spectre of motives.
hr	Pritom se postavlja pitanje u kolikoj mjeri i do kojih granica seže mogu nost slobodne ocjene dokaza bez analiti kog pristupa osobi koja nudi subjektivnu sliku u zavisnosti od svojih psihi kih predispozicija i cijelog spektra motiva.

en	I have restricted this analysis as well as the suggested solutions to a small segment of the problems criminal procedure jurisprudence deals with, considering this segment to be important by reason of criminal acts which have unfortunately become very frequent and every day even more widely spread phenomenon.
hr	Ovu analizu i ponu ena rješenja ograni ila sam na mali segment u problematici kaznenog postupovnog prava, smatraju i ga važnim zbog vrste kaznenih djela koja su na žalost vrlo u estala i sve raširenija pojava.

en	I. Rape victims who do not report the crime - because reasons of shame, fear of reprisal or fear of possible condemnation from the community.
hr	Žrtve silovanja koje ne prijavljuju djelo - razlozi su u sramu, strahu od odmazde, strahu od mogu e odmazde sredine.

en	In doing so, we have made one step further in order to protect human rights in the criminal procedure, even more so as we, in Croatia, are now in the phase of enacting a new criminal procedure act in which we would like to incorporate everything that has practice prooved to be the best in the accusatory and the accusatory-inquisitional mixed type procedures.
hr	Na taj na in u inili smo još jedan korak u zaštiti ljudskih prava u kaznenom postupku, to tim više što smo u Hrvatskoj u fazi donošenja novog kazneno-postupovnog zakona u kojeg želimo ugraditi sve ono što se u praksi pokazalo najboljim u akuzatorskim i mješovitim inviziciono-akuzatorskim postupcima.

en	After the first sexual intercourse the victim succeeded in opening the door of the car, and started running, but slipped and the defendant reached her, dragged her back into the car, tied her both hands with safety belts, grabbed her by her hair and forced her to felatio, and then again to another intercourse, hitting her abdomen at the same time with his fists, and striking her head against the back of the car seat.
hr	Nakon prvog snošaja ošte enica je uspjela otvoriti vrata automobila, te je po ela bježati, no poskliznula se i optuženik ju je sustigao, odvukao natrag u auto, vezao joj obje ruke sigurnosnim pojasevima, primio za kosu i prisilio ju na felatio, a zatim ponovno na još jedan snošaj tuku i ju pritom šakama po trbuhu i udaraju i njenom glavom po naslonu automobilskog sjedala.

en	primarily rape, and neither law-makers, nor legal practice have agreed upon a solution which would assure the rape victim a certain level of protection in the course of a criminal proceeding.
hr	delikata, prvenstveno silovanja, a niti tvorci zakona niti praksa još uvijek nisu doprli do cjelovitijeg rješenja koje bi omogu ilo žrtvi silovanja odre enu razinu zaštite tijekom trajanja kaznenog postupka.

en	Danger also lies in the judicial evaluation of the defense of the accused i.e. the demeanor of the defendant and the persuasivness of the rape victim in her/his version of the description of the crime.
hr	Opasnost leži i u ocjeni obrane okrivljenika, odnosno prezentiranju obrane i uvjerljivosti žrtve silovanja u njenoj verziji opisa doga aja.

en	Expert testimony should be done by an expert witness or an institution outside of this institution, with the purpose of ensuring objectiveness.
hr	Vješta enje mora u tom slu aju biti povjereno vještaku ili ustanovi izvan ove institucije, a radi osiguranja objektivnosti.

en	In striving to find a solution to this issue we constantly have to keep in mind the procedural rights of the defendant, not violating any existing governing criminal procedure rules (directness, contradictoriness, presumption of innocence, in dubio pro reo).
hr	U nastojanju nalaženja rješenja moramo stalno imati u vidu prava okrivljenika ne odstupaju i ni od jednog postulata kaznenog postupka u sadašnjem zakonskom rješenju, /neposrednost, kontradiktornost, presumirana nevinost, in dubio pro reo/.

en	The victim's testimony was quite the opposite, stating that after her consternation and refusal, the defendant had strongly hit her head with his fist, then had torn off her clothes, and after her screaming and struggling with her hands and scratching with her nails, he took out an object which she was not able to see clearly in the dark, tellling her it was a pistol, and that he was going to kill her if she kept resisting.
hr	Suprotan iskaz dala je ošte enica tvrde i da ju je nakon njenog zaprepaštenja i odbijanja optuženik dva puta snažno udario šakom po glavi, zatim strgao s nje odje u, a nakon njenog vrištanja, odupiranja rukama i grebanja izvadio je neki predmet kojeg ona nije mogla dobro vidjeti u mraku i rekao da je to pištolj i da e je ubiti, ako se bude dalje opirala.

en	The problem has been divided into: 1. cases when criminal act is not indicated - the solution for "dark number" lies in motivating victims by forming institutionalized protection of victim's physical and mental integrity, and 2. special problems in connection with the estimation of the evidentiary weight of the testimony in caces when there are no material traces of the committed act, suggesting three variations of the possible procedural solutions of the professional intermediation while estimating the defendant's testimony.
hr	Kroz podjelu na: 1) sluajeve neprijavljivanja krivinog djela - gdje se rješenje tamnih brojki ogleda u motiviranju žrtvi kroz institucionalizaciju zaštite tjelesnog i duševnog integriteta žrtve, te 2) posebne probleme vezane za ocjenjivanje dokazne snage iskaza u slu ajevima kada nema materijalnih tragova poinjenog djela s prijedlogom u tri varijante moguih procesualnih rješenja stru nog posredovanja u ocjeni iskaza ošte enika.

en	Rape victims without any visible injuries as the victim was not able to resist due to the circumstances in which the crime was committed (because of disproportionate strength of the offender, serious threat which breaks resistance in itself).
hr	2. žrtve silovanja bez vidljivih ozljeda kada žrtva uslijed okolnosti izvršenja djela nije mogla pružiti otpor /nesrazmjer u snazi, ozbiljna prijetnja koja sama po sebi slama otpor/.

en	The victim was interrogated in the criminal proceeding even five times (police, evidentirary investigation, twice in front of the same tribunal on the main hearing, due to the changed structure of the tribunal on the recommenced main hearing), what was the crucial moment for the court to give her trust, as she remained consistent in her statements, without changing her testimony even in one detail in spite of the long and for her very unpleasant interrogations.
hr	Ošte enica je u u kaznenom postupku saslušana ak pet puta /policija, istražni postupak, dva puta pred istim vije em na glavnoj raspravi, zbog izmijenjenog sastava vije a na ponovljenoj glavnoj raspravi/, što je i bio klju ni momenat za sud da joj pokloni vjeru, jer je ostala dosljedna u svojim tvrdnjama, ne mijenjaju i iskaz ni u jednom detalju unato dugotrajnim i po nju vrlo neugodnim saslušanjima.

en	300 girls consented to his proposal, and the police found in the search of his apartment and cottage in which he used to take the girls, such number of photographs of their naked bodies in different poses.
hr	Po njegovoj vlastitoj izjavi pristanak i realizacija uslijedila je kod 300 djevojaka, a toliko je na eno po policiji pretragom stana i vikendice u koje je odvodio djevojke fotografija njihovih nagih tijela u razli itim pozama.

en	Offered solutions, especially in part regarding criminal procedure, could entirely be included in the phase of presenting the evidence as a bond between direct evidence, which for now, mostly make in all procedural regulations, expert reports, in their firmly determined - by law and practice - frames, which in this particular types of procedure do not respond completely to all requirements of the integral establishment of the material facts.
hr	Ponu ena rješenja, posebno u dijelu koji se odnosi na krivi ni postupak, u potpunosti bi se mogla uklopiti u fazu dokaznog postupka kao spona izme u neposrednih i posrednih dokaza, koje zasad u najve em dijelu ine u svim postupovnim zakonima vješta enja u svojim zakonom i praksom vrsto zadanim okvirima, koji u ovim specifi nim vrstama postupka ne odgovaraju u potpunosti svim zahtjevima cjelovitog utvr enja materijalne istine.

en	The neuropsychiatric and psychological testimony, by observing the defendant's inclination to agresivness, his psychopathological characteristics, neuroticism, alcohol, drugs, influences the evaluation of the defense of the accused and accordingly, his possible behaviour tempore criminis.
hr	Sklonost agresivnosti, psihopatološke crte, neuroti nost, alkohol, droga, utje u kroz neuropsihijatrijski i psihološki nalaz na ocjenu okrivljenikove obrane, a time i njegovog mogu eg ponašanja tempore criminis.

en	Rape victims without visible injuries, with little or without material evidence - In this circumstance the only evidence is the testimony of the victim, and the controling evidence assists the judicial evaluation in such a manner that it generally makes it more difficult and subject to a layman's psychological knowledge, unless an expert witness is called to testify.
hr	Žrtve silovanja bez vidljivih ozljeda s vrlo malo ili bez materijalnih tragova - jedini dokaz je iskaz žrtve, a kontrolne injenice potpomažu slobodnoj suda koj ocjeni u tolikoj mjeri da je donošenje suda ke odluke u pravilu otežano i podložno lai kom psihološkom pristupu, ukoliko se ne primijene stru ne metode kontrole dokaza.

en	M. Z. persuaded a female minor J. K. to give her a ride home from the place she had parted with her girl-friend.
hr	M. Z. je nagovorio malodobnu J. K. da je odveze do ku e od mjesta gdje se rastala sa svojom prijateljicom, no skrenuo je na autoput i krenuo u pravcu Osijeka.

en	The victim had visible injuries, but according to the opinion of an expert witness of a judicial-medical profession, considering their location and kind, could have been the product of violence, as well as the result of the fall and selfinjury by hitting, for example, har surface.
hr	Ošte enica je imala vidljive ozljede, no one su po mišljenju vještaka sudsko-medicinske struke, s obzirom na lokaciju i vrstu mogle nastati i primjenom neposredne sile, ali i padom i samoozlje ivanjem, primjerice udarcem o tvrdu površinu.

en	I GROUP - how to encourage reporting of a rape
hr	I GRUPA - mogu nost motivacije za prijavu kaznenog djela

en	professional help, ad hoc forming of a group of experts and inside judicial establishment the existence of specific fully employed specialists, who shall, if needed and when required by procedural subjects (police, hearing judge, appelate court), give expert help and advice, level of evaluation being the same as in expert reports.
hr	pomoi, ad hoc formiranje grupe strunjaka i unutar pravosudnog ustrojstva postojanje odre enih zaposlenih specijalista, koji e ovisno o potrebi na traženje procesualnih subjekata (policija, raspravni sudac, sud drugog stupnja) davati strunu pomo i savjete, s istom razinom vrednovanja kao i u slu aju vješta enja.

en	All four of the defendants denied commiting the rape, stating conformably that only one defendant had a sexual intercourse with the victim, and that she consented to that, while the three of them were sitting on the bench and watching from the distance of approximately ten meters.
hr	Sva etvorica optuženika porekla su djelo tvrde i suglasno da je samo I-optuženik imao spolni snošaj sa ošte enicom na koji je ona pristala, a ostala trojica su njih dvoje na klupi promatrali sa udaljenosti od oko desetak metara.

en	The victim presents: indirect or personal evidence by reproducing her/his very own perception of the act, and direct or material evidence which is the consequence of the offender's criminal act, namely the violation of psychic and physical violation of the victim.
hr	Ona predstavlja: posredni ili personalni dokaz, jer reproducira svoje vi enje doga aja i neposredni ili materijalni dokaz, jer je posljedica kriminalnog ina po initelja djela povreda psihi kog i fizi kog integriteta žrtve.

en	position of a victim as injured party and at the same time witness of criminal-law cases of sexual delinquency, especially criminal acts of rape.
hr	ošteenika i ujedno svjedoka u krivinopravnim predmetima seksualne delinkvencije, posebno krivinih djela silovanja.

en	Counseling and assistance in the process of collecting the evidence should be restricted to that purpose only, and should be under no circumstances connected with the later possible expert testimony.
hr	Obveza savjetništva i pomo i pri prikupljanju dokaza ograni avala bi se samo na tu svrhu, pri emu ni u kakvoj vezi ne bi smjela biti sa kasnijim eventualnim provo enjem vješta enja.

en	A female refugee from Bosnia and Herzegovina, a thirty two year old S. V., lives with her husband, his mother and a six year old son in a rented apartment in Zagreb.
hr	Izbjeglica iz Bosne i Hercegovine, tridesetdvogodišnja S. V. živi zajedno s mužem, njegovom majkom i šestogodišnjim sinom u iznajmljenom stanu u Zagrebu i da bi namakla sredstva za život, osim što radi redovno kao ista ica u bolnici, poslije podne do 22 sata isti jedan caffe bar u jednom prigradskom naselju.

en	The victim, immediately upon her return to Zagreb, with the help of her friend whom she had called from the public telephone booth, filed a complaint.
hr	Ošte enica je odmah po povratku u Zagrebu uz pomo prijatelja kojeg je nazvala iz javne govornice podnijela prijavu policiji, a zatim o tome obavijestila roditelje, za koje je utvr eno da su primjenjivali vrlo strogi odgoj.

en	Only seven of the girls admitted they were forced to have sexual intercourse upon their arrival in the apartment, either by blackmail (that their obscene photographs shall be published in domestic print) or by use of the defendent's violence (by slapping, tearing off their clothes, throwing them to the ground), while the other girls either denied the sexual intercourse or admitted the sexual intercourse stating that they consented to it in belief the defendant would promote them as photo-models.
hr	Svega sedam djevojaka priznalo je da su prinu en na spolni odnos po dolasku u stan bilo ucjenom da e njihove opscene fotografije biti objavljene u doma em tisku, bilo direktnom primjenom sile od strane okrivljenika /šamaranjem, trganjem odje e, bacanjem na pod/ dok su ostale djevojke ili porekle spolni odnos ili su spolni snošaj priznale tvrde i da su na njega pristale misle i da e na taj na in privoliti okrivljenika da ih plasira na tržište fotomodela/.

en	A procedural solution has not been found, especially not a compulsory norm, which the victim is certain will protect her/him to such an extent (knowledge of jurisprudence) that she or he knowing of the existence of such protection, shall be encouraged to report the criminal act and participate in the criminal proceeding.
hr	Proceduralno rješenje nije na eno, posebno ne ono koje e kogentnom normom pružiti u takvoj mjeri zaštitu ošte eniku /znanje o pravu/ da e ona ili on znaju i za postojanje takve zaštite prijaviti kazneno djelo i prihvatiti svoju procesnu ulogu.

en	One of the solutions would be to encourage police protection during the police investigation and court evidentiary investigation (when it is, as according to our Criminal Procedure Act, in the court's competence) and the fact that most evidence has already been collected before the main hearing, diminishes the risk that the victim will suffer reprisal from the offender as a result of reporting the crime.
hr	Jedno od rješenja bilo bi u unašanju odredbe o policijskoj zaštiti u fazi policijskog postupka i istrage /kada je ona kao u našem zakonu o kaznenom postupku u nadležnosti suda/, a budu i da su u fazi glavne rasprave u najve oj mjeri dokazi prikupljeni, što ve samo po sebi smanjuje rizik da bi žrtva mogla snositi posljedice svog ina /prijavljivanja djela/ izvan postupka.

en	Therefore, in order to solve the procedural problem and to be able to completely establish the facts in course of the proceedings, victim's role should be divided into two main groups, second of which has two possible variations regarding possibilities in providing evidence:
hr	Stoga emo s gledišta mogu nosti rješenja problema procesualizacije, te mogu nosti potpunog utvr enja injenica kada je ve došlo do postupka, podijeliti ulogu žrtve na dvije osnovne grupe, sa time da drugu grupu sa injavaju dvije varijante u mogu nosti dokazivanja.

en	The evaluation of the victim's behaviour is still dependent upon the judicial conviction and is independent of the fact whether the guilt is decided by a jury or panel of judges or professional judges, depending on the procedural system.
hr	Ocjena ponašanja ošte enika podliježe i dalje slobodnom suda kom uvjerenju neovisno o tome da li o krivnji ovisno o postupovnom sustavu odlu uje porota ili prisjednici ili suci profesionalci.

en	As stated earlier the parties must be entitled to object to such expert opinion and their procedural rights must not differ from the case when the expert evaluation is executed.
hr	Kao i kod prvog prijedloga strankama sasvim sigurno pripada pravo prigovora na takvo savjetni ko mišljenje i njihova prava u postupku ni u emu ne smiju se razlikovati od slu aja kada se provodi vješta enje.

en	GROUP - Possible criminal procedural rules related to the evaluation of the victim's testimony in the criminal act of rape.
hr	II GRUPA - mogu a rješenja u kaznenopostupovnim odredbama koja se odnose na ocjenu iskaza ošte enika kod kaznenog djela silovanja

en	In this proceeding the court, with the exception of the defense of the accused based on the fact that the question was whether the willful sexual intercourse took place or there was no sexual intercourse at all, had at disposal only the victims' testimonies and the testimonies of their parents, and the social anamnesis of the court's special education teacher.
hr	Sud je u ovom postupku imao osim obrane okrivljenika ija je osnova bila da se radilo ili o pristanku na spolni snošaj ili da ga uop e nije bilo, na raspolaganju samo iskaze ošte enica i njihovih roditelja te socijalnu anamnezu sudskog defektologa.

en	The consultant/professional group of experts is a permanent body composed of fully employed specialists of various professionals, is narrowly connected with forensics and presents the institution which, within the judicature, functions as expert and advisory assistance to court.
hr	Stru nosavjetni ka grupa stru njaka stalno je tijelo sastavljeno od specijalista razli itih struka koje su u uskoj vezi sa forenzikom i predstavlja instituciju koja unutar pravosu a vrši funkciju stru ne pomo i i savjetništva.

en	bb) Secondly, it is possible to form ad hoc group of experts as consultants or professionals to help the court or the police (providing that an order to establish such a group is always given by the investigating judge upon police request or in course of the evidentiary investigation proceeding).
hr	Drugi slu aj bila bi mogu nost ad hoc formiranja grupe stru njaka u formi savjetništva ili stru ne pomo i sudu ili prethodno policiji, s time da nalog za osnivanje takove grupe uvijek daje istražni sudac, na traženje policije ili u istražnom postupku.

en	Rape victims with visible injuries and other material evidence - the injured party presents at the same time both indirect and direct evidence.
hr	Žrtve silovanja sa vidljivim ozljedama i drugim materijalnim tragovimaprva situacija je kad ošte enik ili ošte enica predstavljaju ujedno i posredni i neposredni dokaz.

en	The legal rules currently in force are unsatisfactory as they do not firmly guarantee protection of the victim from further humiliation; ensure that the victim's testimony including the motive for filing the complaint shall be objectively and completely reviewed; and finally, most importantly - that in the course of the proceeding it will be possible to establish the material fact of guilt or innocence with the greatest degree of probability.
hr	Sadašnja zakonska rješenja ne zadovoljavaju, jer ne pružaju vrstu garanciju žrtvi da e joj biti pružena zaštita društva od mogu e daljnje šikane, da e njen svjedo ki iskaz biti objektivno i svestrano ocijenjen, kao i motiv prijavljivanja djela, te kona no i najvažnije - da e se u postupku sa najve im stupnjem vjerojatnosti mo i utvrditi materijalna istina.

en	We suggest requiring ex officio court decision appointing the commission, in order to avoid any possibility that the parties' influence, before the experts opinion and the suggestions to court on possible production of evidence in order to confirm the controling evidence.
hr	U ovoj situaciji predlažemo uvijek ex offo odluku suda o imenovanju komisije, kako bi se na taj na in izbjegla svaka mogu nost utjecaja strana kih interesa prije stru no izre enog mišljenja i uputa sudu o mogu em provo enju dokaza radi utvr enja kontrolnih injenica.

en	Technically it is simpler to establish facts where there are visible injuries, because the witness's testimony is supported by material evidence as well as by an expert witness's report in a classical procedural form.
hr	Tu je tehni ki jednostavnije utvr ivati injenice, jer je ocjena svjedo kog iskaza ovisna i o materijalnim dokazima i o vješta kom nalazu u klasi nom proceduralnom obliku.

en	According to the victims' testimonies, and the evaluation of the cited controlling evidence, a decision was made that even if the violence had been used, there was absence of adequate resistance expected in such situations, so the characteristic of a criminal act of rape was nonexistent, and the blackmail was not of a kind to seriously threaten the honour and the respectability of the victims, even more so as they had found themselves in such situation due to their personal consent to be photographed.
hr	Na osnovi iskaza ošte enica, te ocjenom citiranih kontrolnih dokaza donijeta je odluka da ako je i bilo primjene sile, adekvatnog u tim situacijama o ekivanog otpora nije bilo, pa time nisu ostvarena obilježja kaznenog djela silovanja, a ucjena nije bila takve naravi da bi

en	We use the term group advisedly, as we believe an interdisciplinary approach is desirable since past experiences show that multidisciplinary analysis of a person (her/his behaviour, approach to reality, her/his possible contribution to the crime, social conditioning and so forth) is necessary.
hr	O grupi govorimo zbog potrebe interdisciplinarnosti u pristupku, a budu i da dosadašnja iskustva u postupcima takve vrste ukazuju na potrebu višezna ne analize osobe /njenog ponašanja, pristupa realitetu, mogu eg doprinosa, sociološke uvjetovanosti i sl./.

en	Similarly, such an amendment, except regulating care for victim's psychosocialisation without influencing the testimony of the victim as relevant evidence, must not restrict any of the procedural rights of the defendant.
hr	Isto tako ova zakonska odredba izuzev regulacije skrbi oko psihosocijalizacije žrtve sa isklju enjem bilo kakve mogu nosti utjecaja na iskaz ošte enika kao relevantan dokaz, mora jasno isklju iti mogu a eventualna ograni enja prava okrivljenika u postupku.

en	In criminal proceedings for rape as a whole the evidentiary procedure is in most cases reduced to one fact - the victim who embodies in herself/himself two different aspects of evidence to establish this one fact.
hr	U kaznenim postupcima kod kaznenih djela silovanja u najve em broju slu ajeva sveukupni dokazni postupak svodi se na jedan dokaz - žrtvu koja predstavlja sama po sebi dva dokaza na utvr enje jedne injenice.

en	The defense of the accused is mostly based on the psychiatric expert's testimony.
hr	Pritom obrana okrivljenika ide naj eš e kroz provjeru psihijatrijskog vješta enja.

en	intercourse (the injured party was virgo intacta before that sexual experience took place) which act he committed three times claiming that willingness was mutual and even more that the injured party participated, emphasizing the victim's motivation for filing a complaint fear of her father as she had not come home on time.
hr	Na glavnoj raspravi optuženik je priznao spolni snošaj /ošte enica je prije ovog spolnog iskustva bila virgo intacta/ koji je obavljen tri puta, tvrde i da je volja bila obostrana i ak štoviše da je ošte enica sura ivala, pri emu isti e motiviranost ošte enice za podnošenje prijave strah od oca zbog dugog izbivanja od ku e.

en	The scope of such advice should be defined by law, as it is exclusively meant to help the court to select the necessary evidence, and/or to execute certain acts, in order to collect the controling evidence only and explicitely for the purpose of correct evaluation of the verity of the injured party's testimony in relation to the defense.
hr	Tu je potrebno izri ito zakonom odrediti granice ovakve vrste savjetništva koje se mora isklju ivo odnositi na pomo sudu pri odabiru potrebnih dokaza, odnosno provo enju odre enih radnji, a radi prikupljanja kontrolnih dokaza samo i izri ito u svrhu pravilne procjene istinitosti iskaza ošte enika, a u odnosu na obranu okrivljenika.

en	It should not be related to specific kinds of criminal acts, but to all criminal acts which require professional assistance in course of the proceedings.
hr	Djelovanje ovakve institucije ne bi se odnosilo samo na pojedinu vrstu kaznenih djela, ve kod svih kaznenih djela kod kojih bi se u postupku ukazala

en	The police investigator and the investigating judge, after having been appraised of the neccessity of giving plice protection, would be in charge of making a decision whether or not to provide police protection.
hr	Odluka o takvom pružanju zaštite bila bi na dispoziciji policijskog istražitelja i suca istražitelja, a nakon njihove ocjene o potrebi pružanja policijske zaštite.

en	The court was also of opinion that under the circumstances, and because of the physical dominance of the defendant, the victim was not in a position to resist adequatly, and the decision on the defendant's guilt was influenced by the fact that the victim, in spite of her fear of the offender, was ready to report the act and to be the object of further humilation by having to endure repeated interrogations.
hr	Sud je tako er bio stava da zbog okolnosti u kojima se ošte enica našla i fizi ke premo i optuženika i nije bila u mogu nosti pružiti adekvatan otpor, a od utjecaja na odluku o krivnji optuženika bila je i okolnost da je ošte enica unato strahu od po initelja bila spremna djelo prijaviti i izložiti se daljnjem poniženju kroz višekratna saslušanja.

en	Rape victims who report the crime and who cause a criminal proceeding to be initiated - in this case there are different ways of establishing the facts, depending upon available evidence.
hr	II Žrtve silovanja koje prijavljuju djelo i na osnovi ijih prava se pokre e kazneni postupak - u ovom slu aju imamo razliku u mogu nosti utvr ivanja injenica ovisno o dokazima koji stoje na raspolaganju, pa tako razlikujemo:

en	It is well known that victims of sexual crime, in addition to the trauma of rape, if they really decide to file a criminal charge, experience further attacks on their integrity what objectively humiliates them further as they have to endure detailed investigations that cause
hr	Znamo da žrtve seksualnih delikata, osim užasnog doživljaja, ako su zaista spremne na podnošenje kaznene prijave, doživljavaju daljnje napade na svoju osobu do objektivno daljnjih poniženja podnose i detaljna saslušanja u svim pojedinostima doga aja u najmanje tri navrata /policija, istraga, glavna rasprava/.

en	As the form of expert's testimony is very strict and as the law narrowly prescribes in which cases and for what purpose the expert witnesses can be used, evaluation of the victim's personality in context of the experience in which she/he was the object of the offender's criminal act, is not regulated, i.e. evaluation of the authenticity of her/his story through indirect and impartial expert opinion.
hr	S obzirom na krutost forme vješta enja te zakonom precizno odre enu svrhu, ostala je praznina u normiranju mogu nosti ocjene sposobnosti žrtve u kontekstu doživljaja u kojem je ona predstavljala objekt kriminalnog ponašanja po initelja, odnosno ocjene istinitosti njene pri e, a kroz posredno i nepristrano stru no mišljenje.

en	The court in its decision stated that victim was believed by reason of the consistency of her testimony throughout the proceeding, her persuasiveness, absence of doubt regarding the possibility of her false charges due to the motives produced by the defense, as the family did not inflict any punishment upon the victim because of her absence from home, that is, the victim was believed on the basis of judicial evaluation of the available evidence.
hr	Sud je prihvatio u cijelosti iskaz ošte enice, a kao razlog vjerovanja ošte enici u odluci naveo konzekvenkventnost u iskazivanju tijekom cijelog postupka, uvjerljivost, nepostojanje sumnje u mogu nost lažnog tere enja zbog motiva koji isti e u obrani optuženik jer ošte enica nije snosila kozekvence unutar obitelji zbog izbivanja, dakle na temelju slobodne suda ke ocjene raspoloživih dokaza.

en	The defendant's injuries which were found during the examination, corresponded also to the description of her resistance.
hr	mehanizam nastanka ozljeda odgovarao u potpunosti njenom opisu primjene sile.

en	Such opinion of experts belonging to specific profession or scientific discipline mus not attempt to evaluate the victim's testimony which is exclusively within the competence of the court, but mus be exclusively connected with the evaluation of the personality of the victim.
hr	To mišljenje stru njaka odre ene struke ili znanstvene discipline ne smije se pritom odnositi na sam iskaz ošte enika - svjedoka, što je isklju ivo u ingerenciji suda, nego mora biti vezano isklju ivo uz osobu ošte enika.

en	One evening when it was raining very hard, the lady owner of that caffe bar asked the defendant to give S. V. a ride to the bus station, what she accepted.
hr	Po initelj je ina e redovan gost lokala u kojem radi ošte enica, te jedne ve eri kada jako pada kiša, vlasnica lokala zamoli sada optuženika da preveze S. V. do autobusa na što on pristaje.

en	b) Ad hoc formation of an interdisciplinary group of experts pursuant to the Criminal Procedure Act
hr	b/ Ad hod formiranje inderdisciplinarne grupe stru njaka na temelju ovlaštenja dana postupovnim zakonom.

en	She stated that she had done it without resistance from fear of their threatening features, darkness; and drawing a conclusion that her resistance would have been pointless, because of the still of the night, the circumstance that nobody could hear her cries for help (the closest houses were too far away), and the thought that her resistance could provoke their physical maltreatment.
hr	Odmah nakon toga mladi je naložio djevojci da skine sa sebe svu odje u, što je ona u inila, tvrde i pritom da je to u inila bez protivljenja u strahu zbog njihovih prijete ih pojava, mraka, te zaklju ivši da bi svaki otpor bio besmislen zbog gluhog doba no i, okolnosti da nitko njeno zapomaganje ne bi mogao uti zbog udaljenosti najbližih ku a, te pomisli da bi pruženi otpor mogao isprovocirati njihovo fizi ko zlostavljanje.

en	Were such a solution to be established, the Criminal Procedure Act should be amended to provide social - safety prevention, from the inception of preliminary criminal proceedings through the phase of pre-trial investigation to the main hearing, without any possibility of expanding or restricting legal rights of the victim - witness in the proceeding.
hr	U tom slu aju kaznenopostupovna odredba predvidjela bi socijalno-sigurnosnu preventivu od trenutka zapo injanja predkaznenog postupka, preko faze istražnog postupka, do glavne rasprave, ali pritom bi trebalo isklju iti bilo kakvu mogu nost da se time šire ili ograni avaju prava ošte enika - svjedoka u postupku.

en	public prosecutor as well as the defense to inspect the expert commission's evaluation to enable them to file objections and to answer objections.
hr	Naravno, da je pritom potrebno omogu iti i državnom odvjetništvu i obrani uvid u prijedlog stru ne komisije, pa i mogu nost podnošenja prigovora i o itovanja na prigovore.

en	The indirect evidence consists of the witness's testimony and the direct evidence consists of the physical injuries, traces of sperm, traces of fibers from the offender's clothing and other similar material evidence.
hr	Dakle, tu imamo svjedo ki iskaz i materijalni dokaz, koji se može sastojati u ozljedama razli ite naravi, tragovima sperme, tragovima vlakana sa odje e po initelja i sli no.

en	c) Establishment of a group of expert consultants/professionals within the judicature organization, pursuant to the provisions of the Act on Courts and the Criminal Procedure Act.
hr	c/ Unutar pravosudnog ustrojstva postojanje stru no - savjetni ke grupe stru njaka predvi ene zakonskim odredbama o ustrojstvu sudova i postupovnim zakonom.

en	Currently, the law forsees the possibility of using expert testimony to establish mental state tempore criminis, and although such expert testimony can be applied to the injured party, it is basically used to protect the procedural rights of the defendant, where his mental state is questioned.
hr	Postupovne odredbe predvi aju mogu nost vješta enja na okolnost utvr enja stupnja ura unljivosti tempore criminis, i iako se takva zakonska mogu nost može proširiti i na ošte enika, njihova osnovna svrha je zaštita prava okrivljenika, ukoliko postoji temelj za uvjerenje o njegovoj privremenoj ili trajnoj duševnoj poreme enosti.

en	We would not, in such cases, make any changes to the law, as the positive rules are satisfactory to establish the facts, without infringing the procedural rights of the defendant in the procedure with respecting all valid maxims in the elements of criminal procedure and without expanding in any way the procedural rights of the injured party.
hr	Za sada u ovim situacijama ne bi tražili nova rješenja, jer ova sadašnja u dovoljnoj mjeri omogu uju potpuno utvr enje injeni nog stanja ne zadiru i u nijedno od prava okrivljenika u postupku sa poštivanjem svih važe ih na ela u elementima kaznenog postupka i ni na jedan na in nije potrebno širiti prava ošte enika.

en	Providing maximum legal protection for the defendant in course of the proceeding (whose procedural rights must be not only respected but developed as well and under no circumstances the basic principle of presumption of innocence can be deviated from) complicates the search for a solution to this procedural question when dealing with sexual crimes.
hr	Otežavaju u okolnost pri rješavanju ovih kaznenih djela pri rješenju ovog proceduralnog pitanja ini maksimalna zakonska zaštita prava okrivljenika u postupku, koja ne samo da se mora održati, nego i razvijati i pritom se ni u kojem slu aju ne smije odstupiti od osnovnog na ela presumpcije nevinosti.

en	He stopped the car on a side road in the corn stubble field, where he raped S. V. three times in different ways, and then, and after continuing the drive for some time, asked her to get out of the car into the rain and mud, in a place 2 km away from her home.
hr	Pedesettrogodišnji vodoinstalater bez zaposlenja P. K. me utim sa svojim automobilom ne odvozi S. V. do autobusne stanice ve u suprotnom smjeru, zaustavlja vozilo na sporednoj cesti u kukuruzištu, te prisiljava S. V. na spolni snošaj u tri navrata na razli ite na ine, da bi je zatim u nastavku vožnje iskrcao na kišu i u blato na mjestu udaljenom oko 2 km od njene ku e.

en	Member of the Examining Commission for the Bar exam
hr	Sudac Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske

en	Member of the Examining Commission for Bar exams in the area of Labor Law and Administrative Law organized by the Ministry of Justice
hr	Predavač na seminarima za kandidate za polaganje pravosudnog ispita koje organiziraju Ministarstvo pravosuđa RH, Odvjetnička komora RH, Udruga pravnika u gospodarstvu Zagreb, Udruga pravnika u gospodarstvu Split i Pravni fakultet u Rijeci

en	Judge of the County Court in Zagreb
hr	Član Sudačkog vijeća Županijskog suda u Zagrebu

en	Honorary judge at the Croatian Chamber of Trades and Crafts in Zagreb
hr	eljka Brege, sutkinja Trgovakog suda u Zagrebu

en	Everybody is entitled to a decision on his rights and obligations, or on a doubt or accusation of punishable act made by an independent and impartial court established by the law.
hr	"Kaznenopravni položaj mladih punoljetnika i njihov udio u kaznenim djelima", Hrvatski ljetopis za kazneno pravo i praksu, broj 2/1997; str. 613-624

en	The author lays a stress on the question: if there always are objective circumstances enabling the judge to fulfil this legal standard, but also his human and professional will to make a decision on the subject he was entrusted with, as soon as possible.
hr	"Kaznena djela maloljetnika i neka zapažanja uz Nacrt Zakona o sudovima za mladež", Hrvatski ljetopis za kazneno pravo i praksu, broj 1/1996; str. 143-158

en	- Bulletin of the Supreme Court
hr	Izvjea o stanju sudbene vlasti

en	- Decisions by courts from the territories of the former Yugoslavia until 1990
hr	Zakona o sudovima ("Narodne novine" broj 28/13, 33/15, 82/15, 82/16, 67/18) predsjednik Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske Hrvatskom saboru podnosi izvjee o stanju sudbene vlasti.

en	An important part of this paper is dedicated to a vision of a possible organization of the Ministry of Justice that may de lege ferenda encompass the institution of State Attorney's Office.
hr	Zakljuci sa sastanka Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske (Kazneni odjel) s predsjednicima kaznenih odjela upanijskih sudova (lanak 27. stavak 3. Zakona o sudovima)

en	Professional references:
hr	Izmjene/dopune: Odluka o utvrivanju

en	Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	- Izbor odluka Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske

en	Judicial apprentice at the County Court in Zagrebu
hr	Izvođač nastavnih vježbi sa studentima Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu iz područja kaznenog prava, pravne logike i retorike

en	expert works of the justices of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia in the fields of civil law, criminal law, constitutional law and other areas of the law, published in legal literature;
hr	Sustav sudske prakse SupraNova je informacijski sustav koji je nastao u sklopu projekta PHARE 2006 "Usklaivanje i objavljivanje sudske prakse", a namijenjen je za koritenje u svim redovnim i specijaliziranim sudovima te u Vrhovnom sudu Republike Hrvatske.

en	papers presented by the President and justices of the Supreme Court at various conferences.
hr	Za objavu na Portalu sudske prakse, koji je javno dostupan, biraju se samo odreene odluke pohranjene u sustavu SupraNova.

en	Afterwards, domestic legal regulation of this legal institute is stated.
hr	Samo se pravni propisi objavljeni u slubenim glasilima mogu smatrati pravno valjanim.

en	- with a reference to Corpus Juris -
hr	Preuzimanje linkova...

en	The paper deals with invalid evidence pursuant to the criteria of personal evidence and the evidence where the bearers are objects, hence their validity would depend on the regularity of acquisition of those objects, as well as the notion of illegal evidence in the light of the provision of Article 32 of Corpus iuris.
hr	Na ovoj stranici se ne vodi evidencija o uvidu i preuzimanju dokumentacije za nadmetanje, od strane gospodarskih subjekata sukladno Zakonu o javnoj nabavi, već se ista vodi u Elektroničkom oglasniku javne nabave.

en	Illegal evidence is: a) evidence acquired by violating particular basic rights and liberties; b) evidence which has been explicitely stated in this law that shouldn't be used at making judicial decision; c) evidence which would not be acquired by a body of criminal proceeding without particularities from illegal evidence (i.e. fruit of a poisonous fruit-tree).
hr	Link na dokumentaciju za nadmetanje objavljenoj na ovoj stranici služi u informativne svrhe, te za pripremu ponude odnosno zahtjeva za sudjelovanje preporučujemo preuzimanje dokumentacije sa stranica Elektroničkog oglasnika javne nabave.

en	This project has been funded by the European Union
hr	Objavljeni postupci javne nabave

en	To speak about the protection of the victim of the criminal act before and during the trial (there is no legal regulation on the protection of the victim after the trial) in the form of direct protection, physical and psychic integrity, represents a problem, and that for the reason that clear procedural provisions on the direct protection of the victim of the criminal act during the penal procedure do not exist...
hr	Praksa Suda Europske unije dostupna je putem službene stranice Suda . Web stranicu je moguće pregledavati na svim službenim jezicima EU, uključujući hrvatski, ali prijevodi odluka na hrvatski jezik trenutno još uvijek nisu dostupni.

en	Judge of the County Court in Zagreb
hr	Sudac Opinskog suda u Zagrebu

en	Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Zamjenik predsjednika Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske

en	On this page you can find:
hr	Na ovoj stranici možete naći:

en	Croatian Judiciary - Ten Years After
hr	Hrvatsko pravosuđe - deset godina poslije

en	Decisions and rulings are available in English and French.
hr	Odluke i presude dostupne su na engleskom i francuskom jeziku.

en	The Croatian language became official.
hr	Hrvatski jezik postaje službenim.

en	Again, many thanks and best wishes for success.
hr	Hvala još jedanput.

en	This category of a younger adult person is being differently treated in various European states.
hr	Kategorija mlađe punoljetne osobe u europskim državama različito je riješena.

en	disputes between the institutions of the European Union and their staff.
hr	sporovima izmeu institucija Europske unije i njihovih zaposlenika.

en	All these objects were not military targets - on the contrary, these were the objects important for survival of the population and therefore specially protected by the international law."
hr	A ti objekti nisu bili vojni ciljevi, nego naprotiv objekti važni za opstanak stanovništva pa zato i posebno zaštićeni i međunarodnim pravom."

en	If two or more candidates receive the same number of votes, voting shall be repeated for these candidates.
hr	Ukoliko su dva ili više kandidata dobili najmanje isti broj glasova, glasovanje se za ove kandidate ponavlja.

en	EU Project - Civil Justice (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Italy) - "Mediation in Family Disputes"
hr	Projekt EU Civil Justice (Bugarska, Rumunjska, Hrvatska, Italija) - Medijacija u obiteljskim sporovima

en	All titles can be searched through the Library Catalogue.
hr	Moguće ga je pretraživati kroz Katalog Knjižnice.

en	Today the General Court has 46 judges.
hr	Danas se Opi sud sastoji od 46 sudaca.

en	Representative of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Croatia to the European Land Registry Association (ELRA)
hr	Predstavnik Ministarstva pravosua Republike Hrvatske u European Land Registry Association (ELRA)

en	In the process of proposing candidates for membership of the State Judiciary Council, a greater number of persons shall be proposed than the number of candidates needed.
hr	U postupku predlaganja kandidata za člana Državnog sudbenog vijeća predlaže se veći broj osoba od potrebnog broja kandidata.

en	No one may be appointed to the office of president of a court in a court of the same degree and type more than twice.
hr	Nitko ne moe biti imenovan na dunost predsjednika suda u sudu istog stupnja i vrste vie od dva puta.

en	There is a trend of increasing of application this legal institute.
hr	Uočen je trend porasta primjene ovoga pravnog instituta.

en	In Croatia, therefore, there are a total of 66 courts.
hr	U Hrvatskoj, dakle, djeluje ukupno 66 sudova.

en	By introducing this institution, a part of the responsibility in relation to information, in the evaluation of the boundary between the right to be informed and the protection of human rights, has been taken over by the court, thus giving to the media a basis for determining their own parameters in communication with the public.
hr	Naime, uvođenjem ove institucije jedan dio odgovornosti u odnosu na informaciju, u ocjeni granice između prava na informaciju i zaštite ljudskih prava, preuzima sud i na taj način daje osnovu medijima za određivanje vlastitih parametara u komunikaciji s javnošću.

en	In the period leading to the adoption of the law, educational seminars for spokespersons are held, and so for example in April 2005 an educational seminar will be organised by the Croatian Helsinki Committee for Human Rights and the Dutch Helsinki Committee based on the financial support of the MATRA programme of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
hr	U razdoblju do donošenja zakona održavaju se edukacijski seminari za glasnogovornike, pa se tako primjerice u mjesecu travnju 2005 održava Edukacijski seminar koji organizira Hrvatski helsinški odbor za ljudska prava i Nizozemski helsinški odbor uz financijsku potporu MATRA programa Ministarstva vanjskih poslova Kraljevine Nizozemske.

en	Representative of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia in the Coordinating Committee of the Project of the Implementation of the Integrated System of Land Administration
hr	Predstavnik Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske u Koordinacijskom odboru Projekta implementacije integriranog sustava zemljine administracije

en	The old (and older) library collection data have been entered completely or partially dependent on expert group.
hr	Podaci o starom (i starijem) fondu uneseni su u cijelosti ili djelomično, ovisno o stručnoj skupini.

en	This paper presents an attempt to discover some of the possible answers to a truly very difficult situation in judiciary and the entire justice system.
hr	Ovaj rad predstavlja pokušaj pronalaženja nekih od mogućih odgovora na realno vrlo tešku situaciju u sudbenoj vlasti te pravosuđu kao cjelini.

en	These departures are motivated by specific reasons, which are explained in this paper.
hr	Ova odstupanja motivirana su posebnim razlozima, što ovaj članak nastoji objasniti.

en	Therefore, it is obvious that in view of the nature of the investigative procedure itself, and the fact that procedural law does not expressly anticipate the possibility of granting permission to take photographs and to record by electronic devices and other technical means in this part of the procedure, all three requests for the recording of this phase of the criminal procedure, submitted in 2002 and 2003, were rejected.
hr	Stoga su očito, zbog karaktera samog istražnog postupka, te okolnosti da postupovni zakon izričito ne predviđa mogućnost davanja dozvole za fotografiranje i snimanje elektroničkim napravama i ostalim tehničkim sredstvima u ovom dijelu postupka, odbijena sva tri zahtjeva za snimanje ove faze kaznenog postupka, podnesena u 2002 i 2003 godini.

en	"Rectifying an Injustice Done in the Judiciary of the Former Political System", Sudac, 4-5/1999
hr	"Ispravak jedne nepravde učinjene u sudstvu bivšeg političkog sustava", Sudac, 4-5/1999

en	Statistics indicate a tendency of constant decrease of the number of judges, so following the number of judges over five years, it is obvious that 167 fewer judges were working in 2019 in the courts than in 2015.
hr	Statistike ukazuju da se broj sudaca kontinuirano smanjuje, pa je pratei kretanje broja sudaca kroz petogodinje razdoblje vidljivo da je 2019. na sudovima radilo 167 sudaca manje nego 2015.

en	A short content of the general position (principal decisions) shall be recorded in the same way as other decisions.
hr	Pribilježavanje kratkog sadržaja općih stajališta (načelnih odluka) obavlja se na isti način kao i ostalih odluka.

en	Regarding the main hearing, the largest part of the new legislation relates to the issues connected with preventing the abuses of the procedural rights, with some novelties connected with the technological innovations in the main hearing.
hr	U odnosu na glavnu raspravu najveći dio nove zakonske regulative odnosi se na pitanja sprečavanja zloupotreba procesnih prava, uz novine povezane sa tehnološkim inovacijama u glavnoj raspravi.

en	Court ruling cannot be based on illegal evidence.
hr	Sudska odluka ne moe se temeljiti na nezakonitom dokazu.

en	Lecturer at the 1st Regional Conference on the Role of Ombudsperson Offices in Combating Discrimination
hr	Predavaica na I. regionalnoj konferenciji o ulozi pravobraniteljskih ureda u suzbijanju diskriminacije

en	The Treaty on European Union provides for the possibility of establishing other, specialised courts at European Union level.
hr	Ugovor o Europskoj uniji predvia mogunost uspostave i drugih, specijaliziranih sudova na europskoj razini.

en	The Supreme Court of Republic of Croatia maintains this website to enhance public access to information about its work, organization and initiatives.
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske odrava ove stranice s ciljem omoguavanja pristupa javnosti informacijama o svom radu, ustroju i inicijativama.

en	"Court Jurisdiction over Injunction on Strike and Suspension from Work", Informator, No. 4875
hr	"Sudska nadležnost za zabranu štrajka i isključenja s rada", Informator, br. 4875

en	The failure to act on the request or longer non-compliance with the Office's request shall constitute aggravated violation of the official or working duty.
hr	Nepostupanje po zahtjevu Ureda ili dulje neizvršavanje tog zahtjeva predstavlja težu povredu službene ili radne dužnosti.

en	More than 45 % of the total collection has been currently enclosed in the Library Catalogue.
hr	Katalog Knjižnice trenutno bilježi nešto više od 45% ukupnoga knjižnog fonda.

en	Participated in the international conference entitled "Towards an Ideal Adjudication: A Few Examples of the Most Successful Civil Trials in Europe", held in Brussels and organized by the Council of Europe and the European Union, 18-20 November 2004.
hr	Sudjelovala na meunarodnoj konferenciji radnog naslova "U susret idealnom suenju: nekoliko primjera najuspjenijih graanskih sudskih postupaka u Europi" odranoj u Brusselsu u organizaciji Vijea Europe i Europske Unije od 18. - 20. studenog 2004.

en	Set-off can occur if particular persons are simultaneously parties to two or more mutual obligatory relations, where each of the parties in some of these relations has the status of a creditor, and in others of a debtor.
hr	Do prijeboja može doći ako su određene osobe istovremeno strane dvaju ili više međusobnih obveznih odnosa time da se svaka od njih u nekim od tih odnosa pojavljuje kao vjerovnik, a u nekim kao dužnik.

en	In second part author is considering various forms of immaterial damage (physical pain, different forms of emotional distress, fear, deterioration of physical appearance).
hr	U drugom dijelu rada autor se bavi različitim oblicima nematerijalne štete (fizički bolovi, različiti oblici duševnih bolova, naruženost i strah).

en	Participant at numerous seminars and workshops in Zagreb and Opatija
hr	Sudionik brojnih seminara i radionica u Zagrebu i Opatiji

en	As a consequence, Croatians were forced to lead a joint struggle with Hungarians against Austrian centralism.
hr	Hrvati su bili prisiljeni u savezu s Mađarima voditi zajedničku borbu protiv bečkoga centralizma.

en	Access to the website of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia is free of charge.
hr	Pristup na web stranicu Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske je besplatan.

en	Afterwards, domestic legal regulation of this legal institute is stated.
hr	Nakon ovog prikaza izložena je domaća zakonska regulativa ovoga pravnog instituta.

en	Report for the Second European Conference of Judges on
hr	Izvještaj za Drugu europsku konferenciju sudaca

en	The beginnings of the library can be traced back to the second half of the nineteenth century, a time when significant changes were taking place in Croatian political life, and the Croatian judiciary was beginning to achieve a high level of independence.
hr	Počeci Knjižnice sežu u drugu polovicu 19. st., u doba značajnih promjena u političkom životu Hrvatske, kada je hrvatsko sudstvo dostiglo visoku razinu samostalnosti.

en	The author points out to the increasing danger of organized crime and presents one of the solutions emerging as a means of fighting against it.
hr	U članku autor ukazuje na naraslu opasnost od organiziranog kriminaliteta te iznosi jedno od rješenja koja se pojavljuju kao oblik suprotstavljanja organiziranom kriminalitetu.

en	Head of the Defense Office of Opatija
hr	Predstojnik Ureda za obranu Opatije

en	„Legal and Factual Position of the Defendant during the Main Hearing Stage", Odvjetnik, 68/1995
hr	"Pravni i faktički položaj okrivljenika u stadiju glavne rasprave", Odvjetnik, 68/1995

en	The development of Croatian legal history was greatly influenced by the fact that, from 1102 until 1918, Croatia was constitutionally linked to Hungary, first within a personal union (both Croatia and Hungary were ruled by the same king), and as of 1527 within the Habsburg Monarchy.
hr	Na razvoj hrvatske pravne povijesti utjecala je činjenica da su Hrvati od 1102. do 1918. živjeli s Mađarima, najprije u personalnoj uniji (isti je kralj vladao i Hrvatskom i Mađarskom), a od 1527. obje su države bile u državnoj uniji u okviru Habsburške monarhije.

en	Items belonging to this old collection are kept in a closed compartment and cannot be removed from the premises of the library.
hr	Djela iz staroga fonda smještena su u zatvorenom spremištu i ne iznose se iz prostorija Knjižnice.

en	A decision reached at the General Convention shall be entered into the book of general positions (principal decisions) and into the collection of decisions.
hr	Odluka donesena na Općoj sjednici unosi se u knjigu općih stajališta (načelna odluka) i u zbirku odluka.

en	Conciliator at the Croatian Chamber of Trades and Crafts, Croatian Insurance Bureau (completed training for conciliators under the leadership of international experts within the framework of the Phare 2005 project: Enhancing Conciliation as an Alternative Way of Settling Court Disputes)
hr	Miritelj pri Hrvatskoj obrtničkoj komori, Hrvatskom uredu za osiguranje (sa završenom obukom pod vodstvom međunarodnih stručnjaka za izmiritelje u okviru PHARE 2005. projekta: "Jačanje mirenja kao alternativnog načina rješavanja sudskih sporova")

en	„Suggestions and Comments on the Text of the Proposal on Adoption of the Law on Legal Profession with the Draft Law", Iudex, 1/1992
hr	"Prijedlozi i primjedbe na tekst Prijedloga za donošenje Zakona o odvjetništvu s Nacrtom zakona", Iudex, 1/1992

en	A departmental convention shall decide whether to put this legal question before the General Convention.
hr	Odjelna sjednica odlučuje je li potrebno ovo pravno pitanje iznijeti pred Opću sjednicu.

en	Participating in the "Comprehensive Course on the European Union Legislation for Croatian Judges" in 8 workshops (2004-2005)
hr	Polaznica seminara "Sveobuhvatni teaj prava Europske Unije za hrvatske suce u 8 seminara" (2004-2005)

en	The Registrar shall keep records of any decision made by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia which is relevant from a legal point of view (collection of decisions).
hr	Služba evidencije dužna je pribilježiti svaku odluku Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske koja je od pravne važnosti (zbirka odluka).

en	Participated in the seminar "New Croatian Procedural Legislation in the Light of the European Court for Human Rights Practice" (17-18 October 2003 - Project OBNOVA 01-0041 Croatia)
hr	"Novo hrvatsko procesno pravo u svijetlu prakse Europskog suda za ljudska prava (17. - 18. listopada 2003. - projekt OBNOVA 01-0041 Croatia)

en	(1) The client shall conduct the procurement procedure and prepare tender documents in the Croatian language.
hr	Naručitelj će voditi postupak nabave i pripremiti dokumentaciju na hrvatskom jeziku.

en	Participated in the workshop "Approach to European Union Legislation" organized by the Institute for International Relations
hr	Polaznica radionice "Pristup zakonodavstvu Europske Unije" u organizaciji Instituta za meunarodne odnoseu

en	The Court of Justice of the European Union has its seat in Luxemburg, and his organisation is regulated by the Treaty on European Union, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice.
hr	Sjedite Suda Europske unije je u Luksemburgu, a njegova organizacija ureena je Ugovorom o Europskoj uniji, Ugovorom o funkcioniranju Europske unije, Statutom Suda te Poslovnikom.

en	A common fact of ever "softer" interstate borders, of continuous migrations, swift moving of people, goods and information across state borders, and, as a consequence "internationalization" of crime, nowadays need not be further elaborated.
hr	Općepoznate činjenice sve "mekših" državnih granica, kontinuiranih migracija, brzog međunarodnog protoka ljudi, dobara i informacija, pa posljedično svemu tome i "internacionalizacije" kriminaliteta, danas nije potrebno detaljnije obrazlagati.

en	The starting points of most of the problems reflect in the constitutional inconsistency shown in the provision of Article 121 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia.
hr	Ishodište većine problema uočavaju se u ustavnoj nedosljednosti koja se ogleda u odredbi članka 121.

en	Dalmatia was under Venetian rule until 1797, while Dubrovnik became a part of Dalmatia in 1814.
hr	Dalmacija je bila pod Mlecima do 1797., dok je Dubrovnik 1814. postao dijelom Kraljevine Dalmacije.

en	The notion of a younger adult person (a person who has, at the moment of committing a crime, reached 18 years of age, but younger than 21) was introduced into our criminal legislation by changes of the Criminal Code in 1959.
hr	Pojam mlađe punoljetne osobe (osoba koja je u vrijeme počinjenja djela navršila 18, a nije navršila 21 godinu života) uvedena je u naše kazneno zakonodavstvo izmjenom Krivičnog zakonika 1959. godine.

en	In such a way, there will be a continuing link between courts and the media, who transmit information to the widest interested public, where it is possible to achieve to a greater extent the endeavour to realise the right of the public to be informed, with simultaneous protection of human rights, especially those relating to the protection of privacy of all participants in the procedure, when this is not a legal reason for keeping a part or the entire procedure secret.
hr	Na taj način postojat će se kontinuirana spona između sudova i medija, koji prenose informaciju najširoj zainteresiranoj javnosti, pri čemu je moguće ostvariti u većoj mjeri nastojanje, da bude omogućeno pravo javnosti na informaciju, uz istovremenu zakonsku zaštitu ljudskih prava, posebno onih koja se odnose na zaštitu privatnosti svih sudionika u postupku, kada to nije zakonski razlog za tajnost jednog dijela ili tijeka cijelog postupka.

en	The issue of the identity of the verdict and the indictment is of special significance for the court practice, since both in theory and practice this question is still causing procedural problems…
hr	Pitanje identiteta presude i optužbe posebice je važno glede prakse sudova jer ovo pitanje u teoriji i praksi još uvijek zadaje kaznenoprocesne probleme

en	Author of 37 expert papers primarily in the area of labour law
hr	Autor 37 stručnih radova prvenstveno iz područja radnog prava

en	The rule of openness of court proceedings to the public is incorporated in the criminal procedural law of the Republic of Croatia in a way that it is set as a rule in the provisions of the Law on Criminal Procedure as one of the elementary postulates of criminal procedure, in accordance with Article 119 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 6(1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
hr	Načelo javnosti sudskog postupka implementirano je u kazneni postupovni zakon Republike Hrvatske na način, da je ono kao jedan od elementarnih postulata kaznenog postupka u odredbama Zakona o kaznenom postupku normirano kao pravilo, u skladu s čl.119 Ustava Republike Hrvatske, čl.14 Međunarodnog pakta o građanskim i političkim pravima i čl.6 st.1 Konvencije za zaštitu prava i temeljnih sloboda.

en	Book "The Liability of a Merchant in the Consumer Protection System" (Narodne Novine; September 2003); author of articles on criminal and tort sanctions against violations of consumers' rights
hr	Knjiga "Obveze trgovaca u sustavu zaštite potrošača" (Narodne novine, rujan 2003.), autor dijela o prekršajnim i kaznenim sankcijama povrede prava potrošača

en	On the basis of the Hungaro-Croatian Agreement of 1868 both countries formed a single entity on the outside, while in internal affairs each of them constituted a separate political unit.
hr	Ugarsko-hrvatskom nagodbom 1868. obje zemlje istupaju kao jedno državno tijelo, a u unutarnjim poslovima svaka zemlja čini nezavisnu političku jedinicu.

en	"Does the Subsequent Contracting of a Higher Interest Rate Change the Character of the Deposit Savings Recognized as the Public Debt of the Republic of Croatia", Informator, 4922
hr	"Mijenja li naknadno ugovaranje veće kamate karakter oročenog deviznog depozita koji je postao javni dug Republike Hrvatske", Informator, 4922

en	The results obtained from the processed statistical data collected by the Directorate for the Prison System of the Ministry of Justice for the studied five year period of 1998-2002 confirm the growth in the number of convicted perpetrators of material criminal offences, and the criminal offences of murder, and abuse of narcotic drugs.
hr	Dobiveni rezultati obrađenih statističkih podataka Uprave za zatvorski sustav Ministarstva pravosuđa za istraživano petogodišnje razdoblje od 1998. do 2002. godine potvrdili su porast broja osuđenih počinitelja imovinskih kaznenih dijela, kaznenih dijela ubojstava i zlouporaba opojnih droga.

en	"Consummation of the Contract on Sale is not a Modus for Acquiring the Ownership Rights on Immovables", Informator, 4968-4969
hr	"Izvršenje kupoprodajnog ugovora nije način (modusi) stjecanja prava vlasništva na nekretnini", Informator, 4968-4969

en	A letter addressed to Ms. Ingrid Antičević-Marinović, LL.B., Minister of Justice, Administration and Local Self Government on July 11, 2002, following a meeting held upon the initiative of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Croatia
hr	Ingrid Antičević-Marinović, dipl. iur., ministrici pravosuđa, uprave i lokalne samouprave Republike Hrvatske, 11. lipnja 2002. godine, nakon sastanka održanog na inicijativu predsjednika Vlade Republike Hrvatske

en	The purpose of this work is description of legal situation in Republic of Croatia concerning transfer of convicted persons as form of the international Criminal assistance.
hr	Namjera ovoga rada je prikaz normativnog stanja u Republici Hrvatskoj problematike transfera osuđenih osoba, kao oblika međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći.

en	The Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia shall function through the following structural units:
hr	Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske djeluje u slijedećim ustrojstvenim jedinicama:

en	"Should the Republic of Croatia Adopt a Specific Law on the Supreme Court, and What Should be it's Content", Law and Taxes, 5/2001
hr	"Treba li Republika Hrvatska donijeti poseban Zakon o Vrhovnom sudu i njegov mogući sadržaj", Pravo i porezi, 5/2001

en	The object of this paper is legal status of waters and water sites with an accent on material and obligatory legal regulation.
hr	Predmet ovog referata je pravni status voda i vodnog dobra s naglaskom na stvarnopravo i obveznopravno uređenje.

en	"Responsibility in Case of a Traffic Accident Caused by Motor Vehicles in Motion - Issue of Shared Responsibility in a Particular Case from Court Practice", Law and Taxes, 6/1999
hr	"Odgovornost u slučaju prometne nezgode izazvane motornim vozilima u pokretu - pitanje podijeljenje odgovornosti u konkretnom slučaju iz sudske prakse", Pravo i porezi, 6/1999.

en	"Liquidating a Joint Stock Company and Limited Liability Company", Free Enterprise, 5/1998
hr	"Likvidacija dioničkog društva i društva s ograničenom odgovornošću", Slobodno poduzetništvo, 5/1998

en	These innovations relate to the recording of the main hearing, as well as to specific forms of interviewing particular witnesses and recording their testimonies.
hr	Ove inovacije odnose se na snimanje, kako cijelog tijeka glavne rasprave, tako i na posebne oblike ispitivanja nekih svjedoka uz snimanje njihovih iskaza.

en	By adding smaller criminal quantities which do not affect the legal qualification of the act we will not overstep the indictment.
hr	Dodavanjem manjih kriminalnih koli ina kojima se ne dira u pravnu kvalifikaciju djela optužbu ne emo prekora iti.

en	"More on the Issue of Expiration of the Right to Terminate Contract on Life Sustenance", Legality, 8-12/1993
hr	"Još o pitanju zastare prava na raskid ugovora o doživotnom uzdržavanju", Zakonitost, 8-12/1993

en	"Does the Due Date, or a Final Court Verdict Determining the Due Date, Represent Legal Basis (Titulus) for Acquiring Ownership Rights on Immovables", Informator, 4944-4945
hr	"Jesu li dospjelost ili pravomoćna presuda kojom se utvrđuje dospjelost pravna osnova (titulus) za stjecanje prava vlasništva na nekretninama", Inforamator, 4944-4945

en	With regard to the justifiability of the modifications to the system of imposing a fine (II-A) the conclusion of the author differs: the modifications were necessary and useful, and with them the legislator has "fully" harmonised the normative regulation of fines according to the model of "daily income", and regardless of some open questions for court practice, the opinion of the author is that the changes will contribute to the better functioning of fines within the total system of criminal sanctions.
hr	U pogledu opravdanosti promjena na sustav izricanja novčane kazne (II. - A)) zaključak autora je drugačiji: promjene su bile nužne i korisne, njima je zakonodavac "do kraja" doveo u sklad normativno uređenje novčane kazne po modelu "dnevnih dohodaka", i bez obzira na neka otvorena pitanja za sudsku praksu, autor smatra da će promjene doprinijeti boljem funkcioniranju novčane kazne u ukupnom sustavu kaznenih sankcija.

en	The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia regulates, in article 29., paragraph 2., that the accused in case of a suspicion or indictment for criminal offense, among other, has a right to be informed on the nature and reasons for charges pressed against him, as well as on any evidence against him (line 1).
hr	Ustav Republike Hrvatske u članku 29. stavku 2. propisuje da okrivljenik, u slučaju sumnje ili optužbe zbog kažnjivog djela, između ostalog ima pravo biti obaviješten o naravi i razlozima optužbe koja se diže protiv njega i o dokazima koji ga terete (alineja 1.).

en	„Execution Based on a Trustworthy Document", Legality, No. 9 - 10/1991
hr	"Izvršenje na temelju vjerodostojne isprave", Zakonitost, br. 9-10/1991

en	This general position, as a principal decision, shall be binding on all the panel of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, until it is altered or annulled.
hr	Ovo opće stajalište, kao načelna odluka, veže svako vijeće Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske, dok ne bude izmijenjeno ili ukinuto.