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+{"id": "2hop__157766_22384", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Netherlands", "paragraph_text": "The Netherlands has a developed economy and has been playing a special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, agriculture, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands has a high level of economic freedom. The Netherlands is one of the top countries in the Global Enabling Trade Report (2nd in 2016), and was ranked the fifth most competitive economy in the world by the Swiss International Institute for Management Development in 2017. In addition, the country was ranked the second most innovative nation in the world in the 2018 Global Innovation Index.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "Greece is classified as an advanced, high-income economy, and was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The country joined what is now the European Union in 1981. In 2001 Greece adopted the euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachmae per euro. Greece is a member of the International Monetary Fund and of the World Trade Organization, and ranked 34th on Ernst & Young's Globalization Index 2011.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the war in 2003, GDP growth began to accelerate, reaching 9.4% in 2007. The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6% in 2009, though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an expected 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with \"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that \"advanced\" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the \"beginning of the end\" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms \"the worst is still to come\". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland’s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tanzania", "paragraph_text": "Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Climate Challenge", "paragraph_text": "Climate Challenge is a Flash-based global warming game produced by the BBC and developed by Red Redemption. Players manage the economy and resources of the 'European Nations' as its president, while reducing emissions of  to combat climate change and managing crises. \"Climate Challenge\" is an environmental serious game, designed to give players an understanding of the science behind climate change, as well as the options available to policy makers and the difficulties in their implementation.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – per capita). In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD. Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Greece", "paragraph_text": "The Greek economy is classified as advanced and high-income. Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). In 1979 the accession of the country in the European Communities and the single market was signed, and the process was completed in 1982. Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000, and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro. Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Economy of Greece", "paragraph_text": "After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU. After several upward revisions, the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7% of GDP. This, combined with rapidly rising debt levels (127.9% of GDP in 2009) led to a precipitous increase in borrowing costs, effectively shutting Greece out of the global financial markets and resulting in a severe economic crisis.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Combat Hospital", "paragraph_text": "Combat Hospital is a Canadian medical drama television series, filmed in Toronto, that debuted on Global in Canada on June 21, 2011. In the United States, it aired on ABC. Its final episode was broadcast on September 6, 2011. The series was known for a time by the working title \"The Hot Zone\" before reverting to the original title, \"Combat Hospital\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bear Stearns", "paragraph_text": "The Bear Stearns Companies, Inc. was a New York-based global investment bank, securities trading and brokerage firm that failed in 2008 as part of the global financial crisis and recession, and was subsequently sold to JPMorgan Chase. Its main business areas before its failure were capital markets, investment banking, wealth management, and global clearing services, and it was heavily involved in the subprime mortgage crisis.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Food and Agriculture Organization", "paragraph_text": "In December 2007, FAO launched its Initiative on Soaring Food Prices to help small producers raise their output and earn more. Under the initiative, FAO contributed to the work of the UN High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis, which produced the Comprehensive Framework for Action. FAO has carried out projects in over 25 countries and inter-agency missions in nearly 60, scaled up its monitoring through the Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture, provided policy advice to governments while supporting their efforts to increase food production, and advocated for more investment in agriculture. s also worked hand-in-hand with the European Union. One example of its work is a US$10.2 million, €7.5 billion scheme to distribute and multiply quality seeds in Haiti, which has significantly increased food production, thereby providing cheaper food and boosting", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ukraine", "paragraph_text": "In Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important industrial and agricultural component of the country's planned economy. With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from a planned economy to a market economy. The transition was difficult for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty. Ukraine's economy contracted severely in the years after the Soviet dissolution. Day-to-day life for the average person living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs and buying the basic necessities through the barter economy.In 1991, the government liberalised most prices to combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidise state-run industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels. For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar year. Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most. Prices stabilised only after the introduction of new currency, the hryvnia, in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for privatisation. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts. A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from privatisation.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Shark finning", "paragraph_text": "Some studies suggest 26 to 73 million sharks are harvested annually for fins. The annual median for the period from 1996 to 2000 was 38 million, which is nearly four times the number recorded by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, but considerably lower than the estimates of many conservationists.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Economy of India", "paragraph_text": "The economy of India is an underdeveloped mixed economy. It is the world's seventh - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $1723 and 123rd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $6,616 as of 2016. After 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6 - 7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy surpassing China. The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population, corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an \"Alpha–\" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Warsaw's economy, by a wide variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union. Warsaw has also been called \"Eastern Europe’s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG). The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world, with 66% to 96% of recyclable materials being recycled, depending on the area of the country. The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "How did the Union that worked closely with FAO to combat the Global Food Crisis rank Switzerland's economy?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 157766, "question": "Which Union worked closely with FAO to combat the Global Food Crisis?", "answer": "European Union", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["In May 2009, FAO and the European Union signed an initial aid package worth €125 million to support small farmers in countries hit hard by rising food prices. The aid package falls under the EU's €1 billion Food Facility, set up with the UN Secretary-General's High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis and FAO to focus on programmes that will have a quick but lasting impact on food security. FAO is receiving around €200 million for work in 25 countries, of which €15.4 million goes to Zimbabwe."]}, {"id": 22384, "question": "How did #1 rank Switzerland's economy?", "answer": "Europe's most innovative country", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["The 2016 World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report ranked Switzerland's economy as the world's most competitive; as of 2019, it ranks fifth globally. The European Union labeled it Europe's most innovative country. Switzerland has been ranked the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index in 2024, as it had done in 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019. It ranked 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. Switzerland's slow growth in the 1990s and the early 2000s increased support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union. In 2020, IMD placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers."]}], "answer": "Europe's most innovative country", "answer_aliases": ["Europe"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"8": "26748", "13": "11107"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__625370_367503_126099", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Symphony No. 34 (Michael Haydn)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 34 in E-flat major, Perger 26, Sherman 34, MH 473, written in Salzburg in 1788, is the last E-flat major symphony he wrote, the first of his final set of six symphonies.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)", "paragraph_text": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completed his Symphony No. 41 in C major, K. 551, on 10 August 1788. The longest and last symphony that he composed, it is regarded by many critics as among the greatest symphonies in classical music.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Harold Van Heuvelen", "paragraph_text": "Harold Van Heuvelen (March 30, 1919 – April 26, 2017) was an American composer and musician known principally for his Symphony No. 1 (opus 7), which was composed during World War II and which premiered 67 years later in 2012.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Symphony No. 2 (Berkeley)", "paragraph_text": "Lennox Berkeley composed his Symphony No. 2 in 1958. The work was commissioned by the City of Birmingham Symphony, who premiered it under Andrzej Panufnik in February 1959. Berkeley revised the symphony in 1976 for its first recording, by the London Philharmonic under Nicholas Braithwaite.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Konstantin Lapshin", "paragraph_text": "His other engagements include performances with the Dortmunder Philharmoniker (conductor Dirk Kaftan), the Timisoara Philharmonic Orchestra (conductor Radu Popu), Novosibirsk Symphony Orchestra under V. Bushkov, Saratov Symphony Orchestra and Volgograd Symphony under the baton of E. Serov, and de Havilland Philharmonic under Robin Browning (UK). Performances of Lapshin were broadcast on the Orpheus Radio (Moscow) as well as national radio in Serbia and Poland.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Symphony No. 3 (Schuman)", "paragraph_text": "American composer William Schuman's Symphony No. 3 was completed on January 11, 1941, and premiered on October 17 of that year by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Serge Koussevitsky, to whom it is dedicated.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Symphony No. 5 (Michael Haydn)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 5 in A major, Perger 3, Sherman 5, MH 63, written in Salzburg in 1763, is the third of twelve symphonies in the key to be mistaken for a symphony by Joseph Haydn (Hob. I:A3).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Margaret Ruthven Lang", "paragraph_text": "Margaret Ruthven Lang (November 27, 1867 – May 29, 1972) was an American composer, affiliated with the Second New England School. Lang was also one of the first two women composers (along with Amy Beach) to have compositions performed by American symphony orchestras: Lang's \"Dramatic Overture\", by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, 1893; Beach's Grand Mass in E-flat, 1892, by the Handel and Haydn Society; and Beach's Gaelic Symphony, 1896, by the Boston Symphony..", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Relyea", "paragraph_text": "John Relyea is a 1998 graduate of the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. He studied with his father, with renowned opera bass Jerome Hines, and with bass-baritone Edward Zambara. John Relyea has performed with major symphony companies across the country, such as the New York Philharmonic, Santa Fe Opera, Seattle Opera and the Metropolitan Opera in addition to the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Adolph Weiss", "paragraph_text": "Adolph Weiss (Baltimore, Maryland, November 12, 1891 – Van Nuys, California, February 21, 1971) was an American composer. A modernist, he was a pupil of Arnold Schoenberg in Berlin; his father was a pupil of Ferruccio Busoni. He also served as a professional bassoonist in a number of orchestras, including the New York Philharmonic, the New York Symphony Society, the Rochester Symphony, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the San Francisco Symphony, and the Chicago Symphony. His music was once described as being \"fuller of crabs than Chesapeake Bay\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Belyayev circle", "paragraph_text": "The Belyayev circle () was a society of Russian musicians who met in Saint Petersburg, Russia between 1885 and 1908, and whose members included Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Glazunov, Vladimir Stasov, Anatoly Lyadov, Alexander Ossovsky, Witold Maliszewski, Nikolai Tcherepnin, Nikolay Sokolov, Alexander Winkler among others. The circle was named after Mitrofan Belyayev, a timber merchant and amateur musician who became a music philanthropist and publisher after hearing the music of the teenage Glazunov.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Shostakovich (1969–1981)", "paragraph_text": "\"Shostakovich\" (1969–1981) is a series of thirty oil paintings by Aubrey Williams. Each painting in the series is based on a particular symphony or quartet by the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich, whom Williams regarded as \"the greatest composer of [his] time\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Symphony No. 6 (Vaughan Williams)", "paragraph_text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams's Symphony in E minor, published as Symphony No. 6, was composed in 1944–47, during and immediately after World War II and revised in 1950. Dedicated to Michael Mullinar, it was first performed, in its original version, by Sir Adrian Boult and the BBC Symphony Orchestra on 21 April 1948. Within a year it had received some 100 performances, including the U.S. premiere by the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Serge Koussevitzky on 7 August 1948. Leopold Stokowski gave the first New York performances the following January with the New York Philharmonic and immediately recorded it, declaring that \"this is music that will take its place with the greatest creations of the masters.\" However, Vaughan Williams, very nervous about this symphony, threatened several times to tear up the draft. At the same time, his programme note for the first performance took a defiantly flippant tone.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "La Symphonie fantastique", "paragraph_text": "La Symphonie fantastique is a 1942 French drama film by Christian-Jaque and produced by the German-controlled French film production company Continental Films. The film is based upon the life of the French composer Hector Berlioz. The title is taken from the five-movement programmatic \"Symphonie fantastique\" of 1830. The film lasts around 90 minutes and was first shown at the 'Normandie' cinema in Paris on 1 April 1942. The posters at the premiere contained the sub-title 'La Vie passionnée et glorieuse d'un génie' (which links with the quote from Hugo at the very end of the film).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Symphony No. 4 (Mendelssohn)", "paragraph_text": "The Symphony No. 4 in A major, Op. 90, commonly known as the Italian, is an orchestral symphony written by German composer Felix Mendelssohn.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Symphony No. 18 (Michael Haydn)", "paragraph_text": "Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 18 in C major, Perger 10, Sherman 18, MH 188, written in Salzburg in 1773, is the fifth of the C major symphonies attributed to Joseph Haydn in Hoboken's catalog.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Symphony No. 1 (Glazunov)", "paragraph_text": "Alexander Glazunov wrote his Symphony No. 1 in E major, Op. 5, in 1881, when he was 16 years old. It was premiered the following year in St. Petersburg. It is known as his Slavonian Symphony.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Symphony, K. 95 (Mozart)", "paragraph_text": "The Alte Mozart-Ausgabe (published 1879–1882) gives the numbering sequence 1–41 for the 41 numbered symphonies. The unnumbered symphonies (some, including K. 95, published in supplements to the Alte-Mozart Ausgabe until 1910) are sometimes given numbers in the range 42 to 56, even though they were written earlier than Mozart's Symphony No. 41 (written in 1788). The symphony K. 95 is given the number 45 in this numbering scheme.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Symphony No. 7 (Henze)", "paragraph_text": "The Seventh Symphony by the German composer Hans Werner Henze was written in 1983-84. It was commissioned by the Berliner Philharmoniker as part of the orchestra's centenary celebrations in 1982.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Russia", "paragraph_text": "In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected President in Russian history when he was elected President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which became the independent Russian Federation in December of that year. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatization and market and trade liberalization were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of \"shock therapy\" as recommended by the United States and the International Monetary Fund. All this resulted in a major economic crisis, characterized by a 50% decline in both GDP and industrial output between 1990 and 1995.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "Who was in charge of the country where the Symphony No. 1 in E major composer was a citizen?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 625370, "question": "Symphony No. 1 in E major >> composer", "answer": "Alexander Glazunov", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Alexander Glazunov wrote his Symphony No. 1 in E major, Op. 5, in 1881, when he was 16 years old. It was premiered the following year in St. Petersburg. It is known as his Slavonian Symphony."]}, {"id": 367503, "question": "#1 >> country of citizenship", "answer": "Russia", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["The Belyayev circle () was a society of Russian musicians who met in Saint Petersburg, Russia between 1885 and 1908, and whose members included Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Glazunov, Vladimir Stasov, Anatoly Lyadov, Alexander Ossovsky, Witold Maliszewski, Nikolai Tcherepnin, Nikolay Sokolov, Alexander Winkler among others. The circle was named after Mitrofan Belyayev, a timber merchant and amateur musician who became a music philanthropist and publisher after hearing the music of the teenage Glazunov."]}, {"id": 126099, "question": "Who was in charge of #2 ?", "answer": "Boris Yeltsin", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected President in Russian history when he was elected President of the Russian SFSR. In August 1991, a coup d'état attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged."]}], "answer": "Boris Yeltsin", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"10": "20896854", "16": "18427784", "19": "25391"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "3hop1__397785_35178_686699", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading cultural and economic center. Iran is a major regional and middle power, exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves. Iran's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest number in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Golestan Province", "paragraph_text": "Golestān Province (Persian: استان گلستان‎, Ostān-e Golestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Gorgan.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Qaleh Ganj County", "paragraph_text": "Qaleh Ganj County () is a county in Kerman Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Qaleh Ganj. It was separated from Kahnuj County in 2005. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 69,008, in 14,649 families. The county is subdivided into two districts (bakhsh): the Central District (محمد آباد) and Chah Dadkhoda District. The county has one city: Qaleh Ganj.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Delhi Union territory and Megacity National Capital Territory of Delhi From top clockwise: Lotus temple, Humayun's Tomb, Connaught Place, Akshardham temple and India Gate Location of Delhi in India Coordinates: 28 ° 36 ′ 36 ''N 77 ° 13 ′ 48'' E  /  28.61000 ° N 77.23000 ° E  / 28.61000; 77.23000 Coordinates: 28 ° 36 ′ 36 ''N 77 ° 13 ′ 48'' E  /  28.61000 ° N 77.23000 ° E  / 28.61000; 77.23000 Country India Settled 6th century B.C. Incorporated 1857 Capital formation 1911 Formation of Union Territory 1956 Formation of NCT 1 February 1992 Capital New Delhi Districts 11 Government Body Government of Delhi Lt. Governor Anil Baijal, IAS Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal (AAP) Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash, IAS Commissioner of Police Amulya Patnaik, IPS Area Union territory 1,484.0 km (573.0 sq mi) Water 18 km (6.9 sq mi) Area rank 31st Elevation 200 -- 250 m (650 -- 820 ft) Population (2011) Union territory 16,787,941 Density 11,312 / km (29,298 / sq mi) Urban 16,349,831 (2nd) Megacity 11,034,555 (2nd) Metro (2016) 26,454,000 (1st) Demonym (s) Delhiite Languages Official Hindi English Additional official Punjabi Urdu GDP Nominal (NCT) ₹6.86 lakh crore (US $100 billion) (2017 - 18) Nominal per capita ₹329,093 (US $4,800) (2017 - 18) Metro GDP / PPP $167 -- 370 billion Time zone IST (UTC + 5.30) Pincode (s) 1100XX Area code (s) + 91 11 ISO 3166 code IN - DL Website delhi.gov.in", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cuscatlán Department", "paragraph_text": "Cuscatlán is a department of El Salvador, located in the center of the country. With a surface area of , it is El Salvador's smallest department. It is inhabited by over 252,000 people. Cuscatlán or Cuzcatlán was the name the original inhabitants of the Western part of the country gave to most of the territory that is now El Salvador. In their language it means \"land of precious jewels\". It was created on 22 May 1835. Suchitoto was the first capital of the department but on 12 November 1861, Cojutepeque was made the capital. It is known in producing fruits, tobacco, sugar cane, and coffee among other items. The department is famous for its chorizos from the city of Cojutepeque.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kushk-e Khaleseh-ye Bala", "paragraph_text": "Kushk-e Khaleseh-ye Bala (, also Romanized as Kūshk-e Khāleşeh-ye Bālā and Kūshk-e Khāleseh Bālā; also known as Kūshk-e Bālā) is a village in Lajran Rural District, in the Central District of Garmsar County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 692, in 200 families.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Abuja", "paragraph_text": "Abuja (/ əˈbuːdʒə /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ghadames District", "paragraph_text": "Ghadames or Ghadamis (Arabic: غدامس, Libyan vernacular: ġdāməs) was a district of Libya until 2007. Its territory is now part of Nalut District. It was in the northwest of the country with its capital at Ghadames.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Baranya County (former)", "paragraph_text": "Baranya (, , / \"Baranja\", ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in southern Hungary (the present county Baranya) and northeastern Croatia (part of the Osijek-Baranja county). The capital of the county was Pécs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Qeshlaq-e Qaleh Now-e Amlak", "paragraph_text": "Qeshlaq-e Qaleh Now-e Amlak (, also Romanized as Qeshlāq-e Qal‘eh Now-e Amlāk; also known as Qeshlāq-e Qal‘eh Now and Qeshlāq Qal‘eh) is a village in Ferunabad Rural District, in the Central District of Pakdasht County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 407, in 89 families.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Islamic Cultural Center of New York", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic Cultural Center of New York is a mosque and Islamic cultural center in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, United States. It is located at 1711 Third Avenue, between East 96th and 97th Streets. The Islamic Cultural Center was the first mosque built in New York City. The mosque's older dwelling in a townhouse at 1 Riverside Drive, is still in continual prayer use as a satellite location.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh, Tehran", "paragraph_text": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh (, also Romanized as Qal‘eh Now-e Khāleṣeh; also known as Qal‘eh Now, Qal‘eh Now-e Ghār, and Qal‘eh-ye Nowghār) is a village in Qaleh Now Rural District, Qaleh Now District, Ray County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,718, in 1,195 families. The village is the seat of Qaleh Now District, established on 16 September 2012 and Qaleh Now Rural District.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bagong Silang", "paragraph_text": "Bagong Silang Barangay Bagong Silang Coordinates: 14 ° 46 ′ 35 ''N 121 ° 2 ′ 42'' E  /  14.77639 ° N 121.04500 ° E  / 14.77639; 121.04500 Coordinates: 14 ° 46 ′ 35 ''N 121 ° 2 ′ 42'' E  /  14.77639 ° N 121.04500 ° E  / 14.77639; 121.04500 Country Philippines Region National Capital Region City Caloocan District 1st Legislative district of Caloocan Established 1971 Government Type Barangay Barangay Captain Joel Bacolod Population (2015) Total 246,515 Time zone PST (UTC + 8) Postal Code 1428 Area code (s) 02 - 8082722", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Meydan Mosque, Kashan", "paragraph_text": "The Meydan mosque is a historical mosque in Kashan, Iran. It is located in the southern side of the \"Sang-e Ghadimi square\" and beside the Bazaar of Kashan. It is one of the oldest structures in Kashan. The primary structure belonged possibly to the seljuq era, but it was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasions. Later it was rebuilt and repaired by \"Khaje Emad ed-Din\". A quotation for this matter is an inscription in the old mihrab, in which it is mentioned that it is built in 623 Hijri (1226 AD) by \"Hassan ebn-e Arabschah\" in Kashan. The mihrab was in its original place until the last century, but it is kept now in the Museum of Islamic art in Berlin.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Meydan, Ilam", "paragraph_text": "Meydan (, also Romanized as Meydān; also known as Meydān-e Mīsh Khāş) is a village in Mishkhas Rural District, in the Sivan District of Ilam County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 869, in 172 families. The village became the capital of Mishkhas Rural District after the creation of Sivan District and the assignment of Jafarabad, the previous capital of the rural district as the capital of the newly created district on March 9, 2013.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Olsztyn Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Olsztyn Voivodeship () was an administrative division and unit of local government in Poland in the years 1945-75, and a new territorial division between 1975–1998, superseded by Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Olsztyn.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Torontál County", "paragraph_text": "Torontál (, , , ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in northern Serbia (eastern Vojvodina, except the small part near Belgrade, which is part of Belgrade Region), western Romania and southern Hungary. The capital of the county was Nagybecskerek (Serbian: , , ), the current Zrenjanin.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County (former)", "paragraph_text": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok was an administrative county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory, which is now in central Hungary, was slightly smaller than that of present Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. The capital of the county was Szolnok.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh, in the capital of the country Meydan Mosque is located, is part of what district?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 397785, "question": "Meydan mosque >> country", "answer": "Iran", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["The Meydan Mosque () is a historical mosque in Kashan, Iran. It is located in the southern side of the \"Sang-e Ghadimi square\" and beside the Bazaar of Kashan. It is one of the oldest structures in Kashan. The primary structure belonged possibly to the seljuq era, but it was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasions. Later it was rebuilt and repaired by \"Khaje Emad ed-Din\". A quotation for this matter is an inscription in the old mihrab, in which it is mentioned that it is built in 623 Hijri (1226 AD) by \"Hassan ebn-e Arabschah\" in Kashan. The mihrab was in its original place until the last century, but it is kept now in the Museum of Islamic art in Berlin."]}, {"id": 35178, "question": "What city is #1 's capital?", "answer": "Tehran", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["Tehran, with a population of around 9.4 million, is Iran's capital and largest city. The country's second most populous city, Mashhad, has a population of around 3.4 million, and is capital of the province of Razavi Khorasan. Isfahan has a population of around 2.2 million and is Iran's third most populous city. It is the capital of Isfahan province and was also the third capital of the Safavid Empire."]}, {"id": 686699, "question": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh, #2 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Qaleh Now Rural District", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh () is a city in, and the capital of, Qaleh Now District of Ray County, Tehran province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Qaleh Now Rural District."]}], "answer": "Qaleh Now Rural District", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "14653", "13": "35522057", "15": "43077563"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "4hop1__166346_9522_41885_856982", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Margraviate of Austria", "paragraph_text": "The Margraviate of Austria was a southeastern frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire created in 976 out of the territory on the border with the Principality of Hungary. Originally under the overlordship of the Dukes of Bavaria, it was ruled by margraves of the Franconian Babenberg dynasty. It became an Imperial State in its own right, when the Babenbergs were elevated to Dukes of Austria in 1156.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Balsam Lake, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Balsam Lake is a village in, and the county seat of, Polk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,009 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Balsam Lake.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Bloomfield, Walworth County, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Bloomfield is a town in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 5,537 at the 2000 census. The village of Bloomfield was formed from part of the town on December 20, 2011. The census-designated place of Lake Ivanhoe is located in the town. The unincorporated community of North Bloomfield is also located in the town.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Wonder Lake (CDP), Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Wonder Lake is a former census-designated place (CDP) in McHenry County, Illinois, United States. The population was 7,463 at the 2000 census. The CDP has been annexed by the village of Wonder Lake.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Benapur", "paragraph_text": "Benapur is a village in Bagnan-II Block, Howrah District, West Bengal. Its location, beside the Rupnarayana River, has made it to an wonderful place for picnic. Its Geographic location is .", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jezioro Bodenskie", "paragraph_text": "Jezioro Bodenskie (en: Lake of Constance) is a 1986 Polish film directed by Janusz Zaorski. It won the Golden Leopard at the 1986 Locarno International Film Festival.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Stinson Lake, New Hampshire", "paragraph_text": "Stinson Lake is an unincorporated community in the town of Rumney in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. It is located at the south end of Stinson Lake, around the lake's outlet. The village is north of the village of Rumney, via Stinson Lake Road.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sandy Lake, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Sandy Lake is an unincorporated community Native American village located in Turner Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States. Its name in the Ojibwe language is \"Gaa-mitaawangaagamaag\", meaning \"Place of the Sandy-shored Lake\". The village is administrative center for the Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa, though the administration of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation, District II, is located in the nearby East Lake.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tarat, Algeria", "paragraph_text": "Tarat is a village in the commune of Illizi, in Illizi Province, Algeria, located near the border with Libya beside a wadi beneath the eastern edge of the Tassili n'Ajjer mountain range.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rhine", "paragraph_text": "Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\"), the Untersee (\"lower lake\"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Specifically, its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau and St. Gallen. The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border. It is located at approximately 47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650; 9.317.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Säntis", "paragraph_text": "At 2,501.9 metres above sea level, Säntis is the highest mountain in the Alpstein massif of northeastern Switzerland. It is also the culminating point of the whole Appenzell Alps, between Lake Walen and Lake Constance. Shared by three cantons, the mountain is a highly visible landmark thanks to its exposed northerly position within the Alpstein massif. As a consequence, houses called \"Säntisblick\" (English: \"Säntis view\") can be found in regions as far away as the Black Forest in Germany. Säntis is among the most prominent summits in the Alps and the most prominent summit in Europe with an observation deck on the top. The panorama from the summit is spectacular. Six countries can be seen if the weather allows: Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, France, and Italy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Straumvatnet", "paragraph_text": "Straumvatnet is a lake that lies in the municipality of Sørfold in Nordland county, Norway. The lake is located on the southeast side of the village of Straumen. The lake Røyrvatnet lies about south of this lake. Straumvatnet empties into the Sørfolda fjord.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alatna River", "paragraph_text": "The river is very popular for float trips due to its calm flow and wonderful scenery. Float trips usually take from four to fourteen days, depending on put-in spot and pick-up spot, and also weather/river conditions. One common place to put in is Circle Lake, a small lake which is float plane accessible and is located in a beautiful part of the valley. Another place to put in is Takahula Lake, a larger, float-plane accessible lake, further downstream from Circle Lake. Gaedeke Lake is also a possible put in spot, but according to the \"Alaska River Guide\", this upstream section near the headwaters of the river is shallow and rocky making portaging or lining necessary. Most floaters take out at the village of Allakaket.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Württembergischer Yacht Club", "paragraph_text": "The Württembergischer Yacht-Club (WYC) is a yacht club in Friedrichshafen. It is located on the shores of Lake Constance, Germany. This club was established in January 1911 as the \"Königlich Württembergischer Yacht-Club\" (Royal Yacht Club of Württemberg).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Fränzi Aufdenblatten", "paragraph_text": "Born in Zermatt, Valais, Aufdenblatten made her World Cup debut in March 2000 in a giant slalom at Sestriere. She scored four podium finishes on the World Cup: one win in a super-G in Val-d'Isère in December 2009, and three third places in downhill at Haus im Ennstal (2004), Bad Kleinkirchheim (2006), and Lenzerheide (2014). Aufdenblatten competed in three Winter Olympics (2002, 2006 and 2014) and her best finish was a sixth place in the 2014 super-G at Rosa Khutor.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Oconomowoc Lake, Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Oconomowoc Lake is a village in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. Located just outside the City of Oconomowoc, the village includes the residential area encircling Oconomowoc Lake.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Columbia Lake Ecological Reserve", "paragraph_text": "Columbia Lake Ecological Reserve is a nature reserve on Columbia Lake in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada, located on the east side of Columbia Lake just north of the village of Canal Flats.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nesselpfuhl", "paragraph_text": "Nesselpfuhl is a lake in Uckermark, Brandenburg, Germany. Its surface area is 0.2140 km². It is located in the town of Lychen.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Karl Kling", "paragraph_text": "Karl Kling (16 September 1910, Gießen – 18 March 2003, Gaienhofen on Lake Constance, Germany) was a motor racing driver and manager from Germany. He participated in 11 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 4 July 1954. He achieved 2 podiums, and scored a total of 17 championship points.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Margraviate of the country having Lake Constance besides Germany and the country having Wengen and the birth village of Fränzi Aufdenblatten is an instance of what?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 166346, "question": "Fränzi Aufdenblatten >> place of birth", "answer": "Zermatt", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["Born in Zermatt, Valais, Aufdenblatten made her World Cup debut in March 2000 in a giant slalom at Sestriere. She scored four podium finishes on the World Cup: one win in a super-G in Val-d'Isère in December 2009, and three third places in downhill at Haus im Ennstal (2004), Bad Kleinkirchheim (2006), and Lenzerheide (2014). Aufdenblatten competed in three Winter Olympics (2002, 2006 and 2014) and her best finish was a sixth place in the 2014 super-G at Rosa Khutor."]}, {"id": 9522, "question": "Where are the villages of Wengen and #1 located?", "answer": "Switzerland", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["Some high mountain villages are car-free either because of inaccessibility or by choice. Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains. Avoriaz (in France), is car-free, with other Alpine villages considering becoming car-free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain."]}, {"id": 41885, "question": "Besides Germany and #2 , where else is Lake Constance?", "answer": "Austria", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\"), the Untersee (\"lower lake\"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein (\"Lake Rhine\"). The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Specifically, its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau and St. Gallen. The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss-Austrian border. It is located at approximately ."]}, {"id": 856982, "question": "Margraviate of #3 >> instance of", "answer": "march", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["The Margraviate of Austria (; ) was a medieval frontier march, centered along the river Danube, between the river Enns and the Vienna Woods (), within the territory of the modern Austrian provinces of Upper Austria and Lower Austria. It existed from c. 970 to 1156."]}], "answer": "march", "answer_aliases": ["Mar", "March"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "11421146", "9": "25845", "14": "4035865", "17": "981"}, "#_support_docs": 4}
+{"id": "2hop__193086_159106", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Geomagnetic reversal", "paragraph_text": "The time spans of chrons are randomly distributed with most being between 0.1 and 1 million years with an average of 450,000 years. Most reversals are estimated to take between 1,000 and 10,000 years. The latest one, the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago, and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Giuseppe Sirtori", "paragraph_text": "Giuseppe Sirtori (17 April 1813 – 18 September 1874) was an Italian soldier, patriot and politician who fought in the unification of Italy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tug of war at the Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Tug of war was contested as a team event in the Summer Olympics at every Olympiad from 1900 to 1920. Originally the competition was entered by groups called clubs. A country could enter more than one club in the competition, making it possible for one country to earn multiple medals. This happened in 1904, when the United States won all three medals, and in 1908 when the podium was occupied by three British teams. Sweden was also among the top countries with two medals, one as a member of the mixed team.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Dickey Lee", "paragraph_text": "Royden Dickey Lipscomb (born September 21, 1936), known professionally as Dickey Lee (sometimes misspelled Dickie Lee or Dicky Lee), is an American pop / country singer and songwriter, best known for the 1960s teenage tragedy songs ``Patches ''and`` Laurie (Strange Things Happen).''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "A Woman in Love (Ronnie Milsap song)", "paragraph_text": "\"A Woman in Love\" is a song written by Curtis Wright and Doug Millett, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in September 1989 as the third single from the album \"Stranger Things Have Happened\". It was his last song to reach number one on the U.S. country singles chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Cross-Country Romance", "paragraph_text": "Cross-Country Romance is a 1940 American romantic comedy film starring Gene Raymond and Wendy Barrie. With the huge success of \"It Happened One Night\", the 1934 American romantic comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable, every studio in Hollywood attempted to cash in with a similar storyline. In addition to this film, there was also \"Love on the Run\" (1936) from MGM, \"The Bride Came C.O.D.\" (1941) by Warner Bros.; even Columbia Pictures, which had made \"It Happened One Night\", produced the musical remake \"Eve Knew Her Apples\" (1945).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Malaysia", "paragraph_text": "Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation.The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with large minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians, and indigenous peoples. While recognising Islam as the country's established religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister. The country's official language is Malaysian, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kingdom of England", "paragraph_text": "During the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and the Norwegian invaders, but was definitively brought under English control by Eadred in 954, completing the unification of England. At about this time, Lothian, the northern part of Northumbria (Roman Bernicia), was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland. On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at Eamont in Cumbria to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English. This can be considered England's' foundation date ', although the process of unification had taken almost 100 years.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "POUM", "paragraph_text": "The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover. The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, \"La Batalla\", calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with Communist Action and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a \"Unification Congress\" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the 1979 elections. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting Herri Batasuna in the Basque country and participating in the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. \"La Batalla\" ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the Valencia branch remained active until 1981.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg", "paragraph_text": "With Switzerland joining the Schengen Treaty in March 2009, the air side was rearranged to include a Schengen and non-Schengen zone. As border control is staffed by both Swiss and French border officers, passengers departing to or arriving from non-Schengen countries may receive either a Swiss or French passport stamp, depending on which officer they happen to approach.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Khalifa Bin Yousef", "paragraph_text": "Khalifa Bin Yousef was a statesman who played a significant role in the unification of The United Arab Emirates and in the economic and political life of the time in the Persian Gulf.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stadthuys", "paragraph_text": "The Stadthuys (an old Dutch spelling, meaning city hall) is a historical structure situated in the heart of Malacca City, the administrative capital of the state of Malacca, Malaysia in a place known as the Red Square. The Stadhuys is known for its red exterior and nearby red clocktower. It was built by the Dutch in 1650 as the office of the Dutch Governor and Deputy Governor.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto?", "paragraph_text": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto? () is a 1964 Italian black comedy film written and directed by Ottavio Alessi. It is a parody of Robert Aldrich's \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)", "paragraph_text": "John Corrigan \"Jonathan\" Wells (born 1942) is an American biologist, author, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to \"destroying Darwinism.\" The term \"Darwinism\" is often used by intelligent design proponents and other creationists to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution. He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church’s inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "What Happened Don't Lie", "paragraph_text": "What Happened Don't Lie is the debut album from Melbourne band Offcutts. It is the first full-length release following seven EPs over five years.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Netto (film)", "paragraph_text": "Netto is a 2005 film directed by Robert Thalheim. It is a story of father-son relationship in post-unification Berlin. The song \"Mein bester Kumpel\" by Peter Tschernig is used throughout the film.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Rungwe", "paragraph_text": "Mount Rungwe is a potentially active volcano in the Mbeya Region of the southern highlands of Tanzania. At an altitude of , it is southern Tanzania's second highest peak. Rungwe stands at the junction of the eastern and western arms of the East African Rift. It dominates the mountainous country at the north-west end of the trough that contains Lake Nyasa. The southeastern slopes of these mountains receive up to of rainfall a year, the highest rainfall in Tanzania. The slopes are covered with a belt of tropical montane forest. Above the treeline, at about , there is a belt of heathland. Much of the mountain was listed as a Forest Reserve as early as 1949. The last volcanic eruption probably happened a few hundred years ago.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Azem Galica", "paragraph_text": "Azem Bejta (1889–1924), commonly known as Azem Galica, was an Albanian nationalist and rebel who fought for the unification of Kosovo with Albania.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ducasse de Mons", "paragraph_text": "The Ducasse de Mons or Doudou is a popular festival that happens every year on Trinity Sunday (57 days after Easter) in the town of Mons in Belgium. It is recognised as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity since November 2005.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "In Jin Moon", "paragraph_text": "In Jin Moon is the former president of the Unification Church of the United States and a daughter of Unification Church founder Reverend Sun Myung Moon and his wife Hak Ja Han. Moon was born in South Korea in 1965 and moved with her family to the United States in 1973. She studied political science and philosophy at Columbia University and pursued her graduate studies at Harvard Divinity School. In the 1980s, Moon spoke at public rallies in support of her father who was convicted of tax fraud by the United States government.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In what year did the unification of the country where Stadthuys is located happen?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 193086, "question": "Stadthuys >> country", "answer": "Malaysia", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["The Stadthuys (an old Dutch spelling, meaning city hall) is a historical structure situated in the heart of Malacca City, the administrative capital of the state of Malacca, Malaysia, in a place known as the Red Square. The Stadthuys is known for its red exterior and nearby red clocktower. It was built by the Dutch in 1650 as the office of the Dutch governor and deputy governor. It continued to be used as the Treasury, Post Office, Government Offices, and suites of apartments for the high officials after the takeover by the British."]}, {"id": 159106, "question": "In what year did the unification of #1 happen?", "answer": "1963", "paragraph_support_idx": 6, "support_sentence": ["The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Peninsular Malaysia was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate, independent country."]}], "answer": "1963", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"6": "3607937", "11": "20132029"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__20961_85304", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Enumerated powers (United States)", "paragraph_text": "The Enumerated powers (also called Expressed powers, Explicit powers or Delegated powers) of the United States Congress are listed in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution. In summary, Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it, subject to the individual rights listed in the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the Constitution expresses various other limitations on Congress, such as the one expressed by the Tenth Amendment: ``The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ''Historically, Congress and the Supreme Court have broadly interpreted the enumerated powers, especially by deriving many implied powers from them. The enumerated powers listed in Article One include both exclusive federal powers, as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are to be contrasted with reserved powers that only the states possess.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Constitution of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified constitution in force of the world.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large, and they are known as session laws. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted. All the powers in the Articles transfer to the new government. Congress has two houses, the 'house' apportioned by population. It can enact laws affecting more than one state and Congress can override a veto. The President can enforce the law. The Supreme Court and inferior courts rule on international, U.S. and state law. The Constitution is the supreme law and all state officers swear to uphold the Constitution. Every state is a republic, and new states can be admitted. The Articles Congress continued until the new system started. Amendments are possible without Congress. The Convention recommendations went to Congress, from them to the states. State legislatures set the election rules for ratification conventions, and the people ``expressly ''chose representatives to consider and decide about the Constitution.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "United States Congress", "paragraph_text": "Article I of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Powers of the United States Congress", "paragraph_text": "Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and ``To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. ''Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federal jurisdiction (United States)", "paragraph_text": "Article Four of the United States Constitution also states that the Congress has the power to enact laws respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States. Federal jurisdiction exists over any territory thus subject to laws enacted by the Congress.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Constitution of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified constitution in force of the world.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Supreme court", "paragraph_text": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States nationality law", "paragraph_text": "The United States nationality law is a uniform rule of naturalization of the United States set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, enacted under the power of Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the United States Constitution (also referred to as the Nationality Clause), which reads: Congress shall have Power - ``To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization... ''The 1952 Act sets forth the legal requirements for the acquisition of, and divestiture from, American nationality. The requirements have become more explicit since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, with the most recent changes to the law having been made by Congress in 2001.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Supremacy Clause", "paragraph_text": "The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land. It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law; in case of conflict between federal and state law, the federal law must be applied. Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law. In essence, it is a conflict - of - laws rule specifying that certain national acts take priority over any state acts that conflict with national law. In this respect, the Supremacy Clause follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation, which provided that ``Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. ''A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law, the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority, at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself. No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do, they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution. This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of the whole American political structure.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies. Often, Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision. Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Jurisdiction stripping", "paragraph_text": "Congress may define the jurisdiction of the judiciary through the simultaneous use of two powers. First, Congress holds the power to create (and, implicitly, to define the jurisdiction of) federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court (i.e. Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and various other Article I and Article III tribunals). This court - creating power is granted both in the congressional powers clause (Art. I, § 8, Cl. 9) and in the judicial vesting clause (Art. III, § 1). Second, Congress has the power to make exceptions to and regulations of the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. This court - limiting power is granted in the Exceptions Clause (Art. III, § 2). By exercising these powers in concert, Congress may effectively eliminate any judicial review of certain federal legislative or executive actions and of certain state actions, or alternatively transfer the judicial review responsibility to state courts by ``knocking (federal courts)... out of the game. ''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Law of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States nationality law", "paragraph_text": "The United States nationality law is a uniform rule of naturalization of the United States set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, enacted under the power of Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the United States Constitution (also referred to as the Nationality Clause), which reads: Congress shall power - ``To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization... ''The 1952 Act sets forth the legal requirements for the acquisition of, and divestiture from, American nationality. The requirements have become more explicit since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, with the most recent changes to the law having been made by Congress in 2001.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Which article of the document giving Congress limited power to enact statutes states it is the supreme law of the land?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 20961, "question": "What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?", "answer": "the Constitution", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. From 1984 to 2024, regulations generally also carried the force of law under the \"Chevron\" doctrine, but are now subject only to a lesser form of judicial deference known as \"Skidmore\" deference. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of \"stare decisis\"."]}, {"id": 85304, "question": "which article states the #1 is the supreme law of land", "answer": "Article VI, Clause 2", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution of the United States (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the \"supreme Law of the Land\", and thus take priority over any conflicting state laws. It provides that state courts are bound by, and state constitutions subordinate to, the supreme law. However, federal statutes and treaties must be within the parameters of the Constitution; that is, they must be pursuant to the federal government's enumerated powers, and not violate other constitutional limits on federal power, such as the Bill of Rights—of particular interest is the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states that the federal government has only those powers that are delegated to it by the Constitution. It is the responsibility of the United States Supreme Court in that case to exercise the power of judicial review: the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution."]}], "answer": "Article VI, Clause 2", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "27552742", "12": "33730953"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__132710_120035", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hudson Motor Car Company", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson and other brand automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, from 1909 to 1954. In 1954, Hudson merged with Nash-Kelvinator to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). The Hudson name was continued through the 1957 model year, after which it was discontinued.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "WASP-12", "paragraph_text": "WASP-12 is a magnitude 11 yellow dwarf star located approximately 1300 light-years away in the constellation Auriga. WASP-12 has a mass and radius similar to the Sun. Its planet WASP-12b has a retrograde orbit around WASP-12. Two red dwarf companions have been detected around WASP-12. Both have spectral types of M3V and are only 38% and 37% as massive as the Sun, respectively.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hudson Wasp", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson Wasp is an automobile that was built and marketed by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, from the 1952 through the 1956 model years. After Hudson merged with Nash Motors, the Wasp was then built by American Motors Corporation in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and marketed under its Hudson marque for model years 1955 and 1956.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hudson Hornet", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson Hornet is a full-sized automobile which was produced by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, between 1951 and 1954 and then by American Motors Corporation (AMC) in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and marketed under the Hudson brand between 1955 and 1957.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Flowering plant", "paragraph_text": "Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example). Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant(s) and their partners. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, which, it is postulated, evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films", "paragraph_text": "Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015. Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015, and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp, respectively. In December 2015, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari, and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay, with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017. In February 2017, Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film. Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco, and ended in November 2017. Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6, 2018.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Basilica Hudson", "paragraph_text": "Basilica Hudson is an arts and performance venue in Hudson, New York, USA. It was established in 2010 out of a 19th-century factory located near the city's \"South Bay\" riverfront along the Hudson River.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "ABC Wasp", "paragraph_text": "The ABC Wasp was an experimental 170 hp (127 kW) seven-cylinder radial engine designed by the noted British engineer Granville Bradshaw, and primarily built by ABC Motors Limited. Twelve experimental ABC Wasp engines were delivered to Guy Motors on 19 April 1918.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kenny Logan", "paragraph_text": "Kenneth McKerrow \"Kenny\" Logan (born 3 April 1972) is a retired Scottish rugby union player who played wing for Stirling County RFC and Glasgow District at amateur level; Glasgow Warriors, Wasps RFC and London Scottish at professional level; and Scotland at international level. He won three English Premierships with Wasps RFC; and one Scottish Premiership title with Stirling County RFC in 1995, just before the game turned professional.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Will Green (rugby union)", "paragraph_text": "William Robert Green (born 25 October 1973 in Littlehampton) was a rugby union footballer who played at prop for Wasps and Leinster.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Hudson Jet", "paragraph_text": "The Hudson Jet is a compact automobile that was produced by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, during the 1953 and 1954 model years. The Jet was the automaker's response to the popular Nash Rambler and the costs of developing and marketing the Jet ultimately led to Hudson's merger with Nash.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "David H. DePatie", "paragraph_text": "David Hudson DePatie (born December 24, 1929) is an American film and television producer. He was the last executive in charge of the original Warner Bros. Cartoons cartoon studio. He also formed DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and was an executive producer at Marvel Productions.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Julien Hudson", "paragraph_text": "Julien Hudson (January 9, 1811 – 1844) was a 19th-century free man of color who lived in New Orleans. He was a successful painter and art teacher. He is known as the first African American or French Creole of Color operating in America by whom a self-portrait has been found.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Ant-Man and the Wasp", "paragraph_text": "Ant - Man and the Wasp is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics characters Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the sequel to 2015's Ant - Man, and the twentieth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Peyton Reed and written by the writing teams of Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, and Paul Rudd, Andrew Barrer, and Gabriel Ferrari. It stars Rudd as Lang and Evangeline Lilly as Van Dyne, alongside Michael Peña, Walton Goggins, Bobby Cannavale, Judy Greer, Tip ``T.I. ''Harris, David Dastmalchian, Hannah John - Kamen, Abby Ryder Fortson, Randall Park, Michelle Pfeiffer, Laurence Fishburne, and Michael Douglas. In Ant - Man and the Wasp, the titular pair work with Hank Pym to retrieve Janet van Dyne from the quantum realm.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hudson County Courthouse", "paragraph_text": "The courthouse was used as the primary seat of government for Hudson County from its opening on September 20, 1910 until the construction of the Hudson County Administration Building in 1966. The courthouse was vacant for many years and was scheduled for demolition. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1970. Restoration began in the mid-1970s, and the building was reopened in 1985. In 1984, the Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the building in honor of Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr. The restoration of the courthouse was acknowledged by a Victorian Society in America Preservation Award in 1988.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks", "paragraph_text": "Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks is a 2002 American short documentary film directed by Robert Houston and produced by Robert Hudson. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "List of the verified oldest people", "paragraph_text": "There are eight living people on this list, all of whom are women and the oldest of whom is Nabi Tajima of Japan, aged 117 years, 258 days.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Last Boy Scout", "paragraph_text": "The film's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen (who also scored Hudson Hawk that year), his only work for Tony Scott. Bill Medley performed the song ``Friday Night's A Great Night For Football, ''written by Steve Dorff and John Bettis, on screen during the opening credits (the song is also reprised over the end titles); the song was released as a CD single by Curb Records.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WASP-18", "paragraph_text": "WASP-18 is a magnitude 9 star located in the Phoenix constellation of the southern hemisphere. It has a mass of 1.25 solar masses.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of numbered streets in Manhattan", "paragraph_text": "181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood. It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east, to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west, near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The west end is called Plaza Lafayette.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What year was the end of the producer of the Hudson Wasp?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 132710, "question": "The Hudson Wasp was produced by whom?", "answer": "Hudson Motor Car Company", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["The Hudson Wasp is an automobile built and marketed by the Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, from the 1952 through the 1956 model years. After Hudson merged with Nash Motors, the Wasp was then built by American Motors Corporation in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and marketed under its Hudson marque for model years 1955 and 1956."]}, {"id": 120035, "question": "What year was the end of #1 ?", "answer": "1954", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson and other branded automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., from 1909 until 1954. In 1954, Hudson merged with Nash-Kelvinator to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). The Hudson name was continued through the 1957 model year, after which it was discontinued."]}], "answer": "1954", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "364596", "2": "4466614"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__32903_103178_91941", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Bacteria", "paragraph_text": "In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called \"murein\" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids. Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively. The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Jerusalem", "paragraph_text": "In 66 CE, the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire in what is now known as the First Jewish -- Roman War or Great Revolt. Roman legions under future emperor Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Also the Second Temple was burnt and all that remained was the great external (retaining) walls supporting the esplanade on which the Temple had stood, a portion of which has become known as the Western Wall. Titus' victory is commemorated by the Arch of Titus in Rome. Agrippa II died c. 94 CE, which brought the Herodian dynasty to an end almost thirty years after the destruction of the Second Temple. After the end of this revolt, Jews continued to live in Jerusalem in significant numbers, and were allowed to practice their religion, only if they paid the Jewish Tax.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alloy", "paragraph_text": "With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages, pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron. Because pig iron could be melted, people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel. Puddling was introduced during the 1700s, where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air, to remove the carbon by oxidation. In 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content. The Bessemer process was able to produce the first large scale manufacture of steel. Once the Bessemer process began to gain widespread use, other alloys of steel began to follow. Mangalloy, an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness, was one of the first alloy steels, and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Mond process", "paragraph_text": "The Mond process, sometimes known as the carbonyl process, is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1890, to extract and purify nickel. The process was used commercially before the end of the 19th century. This process converts nickel oxides into pure nickel.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Circadian rhythm", "paragraph_text": "The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Augustus Just", "paragraph_text": "Dr. John Augustus Just (January 9, 1854 – September 13, 1908) was a German-born chemist and inventor. He is best known for his investigative work into recovery of precious metals from their ores and for completing the process for evaporating milk. For his scientific achievements, he was awarded a medal by the committee celebrating Berthelot's 50th anniversary.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lithium", "paragraph_text": "As of 2015, most of the world's lithium production is in South America, where lithium - containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation. The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine. Each batch takes from 18 to 24 months.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Solar energy", "paragraph_text": "Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the \"right to dry\" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C (40 °F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C (113–140 °F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)", "paragraph_text": "Overlooking the Temple compound, the fortress provided a perfect point from which to attack the Temple itself. Battering rams made little progress, but the fighting itself eventually set the walls on fire; a Roman soldier threw a burning stick onto one of the Temple's walls. Destroying the Temple was not among Titus' goals, possibly due in large part to the massive expansions done by Herod the Great mere decades earlier. Titus had wanted to seize it and transform it into a temple dedicated to the Roman Emperor and the Roman pantheon. The fire spread quickly and was soon out of control. The Temple was captured and destroyed on 9 / 10 Tisha B'Av, at the end of August, and the flames spread into the residential sections of the city. Josephus described the scene:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great Wall of China", "paragraph_text": "The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built in 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced over various dynasties; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368 -- 1644).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Great Wall of China", "paragraph_text": "Great Wall of China 萬里長城 The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling Map of all the wall constructions General information Type Fortification Country China Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E  /  40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E  / 40.68; 117.23 Coordinates: 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E  /  40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E  / 40.68; 117.23 Technical details Size 21,196 km (13,171 mi) UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi) Reference 438 Inscription 1987 (11th Session) (edit on Wikidata)", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lath and plaster", "paragraph_text": "Lath and plaster is a building process used to finish mainly interior walls and ceilings in Canada and the United States until the late 1950s. After the 1950s, drywall began to replace the lath and plaster process in the United States.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Constitution of Texas", "paragraph_text": "Article 15 describes the process of impeachment and lists grounds on which to impeach judges. The House of Representatives is granted the power of impeachment.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Great Wall of China", "paragraph_text": "The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built in 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced over various dynasties; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368 -- 1644).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Wall Street Crash of 1929", "paragraph_text": "The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29), the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 (``Black Thursday ''), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States (acting as the most significant predicting indicator of the Great Depression), when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects. The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signalled the beginning of the 12 - year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Bessemer process", "paragraph_text": "A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia. Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty innovated a ``partial decarbonization ''method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast. Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of metallurgy Theodore A. Wertime have described the method as a predecessor to the Bessemer process of making steel. This process was first described by the prolific scholar and polymath government official Shen Kuo (1031 -- 1095) in 1075, when he visited Cizhou. Hartwell states that perhaps the earliest center where this was practiced was the great iron - production district along the Henan -- Hebei border during the 11th century.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Great Wall of China", "paragraph_text": "The Great Wall stretches from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi). This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measure out to be 21,196 km (13,171 mi). Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Wang Chong", "paragraph_text": "Wang Chong (; 27 – c. 100 AD), courtesy name Zhongren (仲任), was a Chinese meteorologist, astronomer, and philosopher active during the Han Dynasty. He developed a rational, secular, naturalistic and mechanistic account of the world and of human beings and gave a materialistic explanation of the origin of the universe. His main work was the \"Lunheng\" (論衡, \"Critical Essays\"). This book contained many theories involving early sciences of astronomy and meteorology, and Wang Chong was even the first in Chinese history to mention the use of the square-pallet chain pump, which became common in irrigation and public works in China thereafter. Wang also accurately described the process of the water cycle.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Capacitor", "paragraph_text": "The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In ceramic capacitors, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric, ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage has a smaller effect. The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the Curie point. Aging is fastest near the beginning of life of the component, and the device stabilizes over time. Electrolytic capacitors age as the electrolyte evaporates. In contrast with ceramic capacitors, this occurs towards the end of life of the component.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Where does the Great Wall end, in the country where the man who described the process of evaporation once lived?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 32903, "question": "Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?", "answer": "Wang Chong", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Han dynasty astronomers made star catalogues and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky, including recording the appearance of the comet now known as Halley's Comet in 12 BC. They adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was a sphere surrounding the Earth in the centre. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds."]}, {"id": 103178, "question": "What country was #1 in?", "answer": "China", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["Wang Chong (; 27 – c. 97 AD), courtesy name Zhongren (仲任), was a Chinese astronomer, meteorologist, naturalist, philosopher, and writer active during the Eastern Han dynasty. He developed a rational, secular, naturalistic and mechanistic account of the world and of human beings and gave a materialistic explanation of the origin of the universe. His main work was the \"Lunheng\" (論衡, \"Critical Essays\"). This book contained many theories involving early sciences of astronomy and meteorology, and Wang Chong was even the first in Chinese history to mention the use of the square-pallet chain pump, which became common in irrigation and public works in China thereafter. Wang also accurately described the process of the water cycle."]}, {"id": 91941, "question": "where does the great wall of #2 end", "answer": "Lop Lake in the west", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["The collective fortifications constituting the Great Wall stretch from Liaodong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, and from the present-day Sino–Russian border in the north to Tao River in the south: an arc that roughly delineates the edge of the Mongolian steppe, spanning in total. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and was voted one of the New 7 Wonders of the World in 2007. Today, the defensive system of the Great Wall is recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history."]}], "answer": "Lop Lake in the west", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"16": "43460", "17": "5094570", "18": "1505285"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "4hop1__32903_103178_77757_384713", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Celluloid", "paragraph_text": "The first celluloid as a bulk material for forming objects was made in 1855 in Birmingham, England, by Alexander Parkes, who was never able to see his invention reach full fruition, after his firm went bankrupt due to scale - up costs. Parkes patented his discovery after realising a solid residue remained after evaporation of the solvent from photographic collodion.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Meng Xuanzhe", "paragraph_text": "Meng Xuanzhe (孟玄喆) (937–991), courtesy name Zunsheng (遵聖), formally the Duke of Teng (滕國公), was a crown prince of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Shu under his father Meng Chang, the last emperor of the state. After Later Shu was destroyed by Song Dynasty, Meng Xuanzhe served as a general and official for Song.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965", "paragraph_text": "India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared. Although the two countries fought to a standoff, the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan, as it had neither succeeded in fomenting insurrection in Kashmir nor had it been able to gain meaningful support at an international level.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Lithium", "paragraph_text": "As of 2015, most of the world's lithium production is in South America, where lithium - containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation. The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine. Each batch takes from 18 to 24 months.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Army", "paragraph_text": "The War of 1812, the second and last American war against the United Kingdom, was less successful for the U.S. than the Revolution and Northwest Indian War against natives had been, though it ended on a high note for Americans as well. After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the Americans were able to seize parts of western Upper Canada, burn York and defeat Tecumseh, which caused his Indian Confederacy to collapse. Following ending victories in the province of Upper Canada, which dubbed the U.S. Army \"Regulars, by God!\", British troops were able to capture and burn Washington. The regular army, however, proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo ante bellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and became a national hero. Per the treaty both sides returned to the status quo with no victor.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Chabi", "paragraph_text": "According to \"The Secret History of the Mongols\", Chabi was the favorite wife of Kublai and a valued unofficial adviser throughout his reign. She was a patron of the arts and may have played a key role in advancing the interests of the young Venetian traveler, Marco Polo. It is suspected that Chabi herself may have come under Christian influence, like her mother-in-law, Sorghaghtani.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Xia dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Xia dynasty is the legendary, possibly mythical first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. It is described in ancient historical chronicles such as the Bamboo Annals, the Classic of History and the Records of the Grand Historian. According to tradition, the Xia dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "One More Last Chance", "paragraph_text": "\"One More Last Chance\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Vince Gill. Gill co-wrote the song with Gary Nicholson. It was released in July 1993 as the fourth single from his album, \"I Still Believe in You\". The song reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Wang Chong", "paragraph_text": "Wang Chong (; 27 – c. 100 AD), courtesy name Zhongren (仲任), was a Chinese meteorologist, astronomer, and philosopher active during the Han Dynasty. He developed a rational, secular, naturalistic and mechanistic account of the world and of human beings and gave a materialistic explanation of the origin of the universe. His main work was the \"Lunheng\" (論衡, \"Critical Essays\"). This book contained many theories involving early sciences of astronomy and meteorology, and Wang Chong was even the first in Chinese history to mention the use of the square-pallet chain pump, which became common in irrigation and public works in China thereafter. Wang also accurately described the process of the water cycle.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Bidar Bakht", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Bidar Bakht (; 4 August 1670 – 8 June 1707) was a Mughal prince and the eldest son of Muhammad Azam Shah, who briefly became Mughal emperor in 1707. He was noted for being a gallant, skilful and successful general and was regarded as the most able Mughal prince of his time. He was the favourite grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Battle of Asseiceira", "paragraph_text": "The Battle of Asseiceira, fought on 16 May, 1834, was the last and decisive engagement of the Portuguese Civil War, or \"War of the Two Brothers\", between Dom Pedro, ex-Emperor of Brazil (fighting to restore his daughter Dona Maria da Glória as rightful Queen of Portugal) and the usurper Dom Miguel. Dom Miguel's rebel forces were defeated.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "With the Yuan dynasty crumbling, competing rebel groups began fighting for control of the country and thus the right to establish a new dynasty. In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000 - strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present - day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or ``Vastly Martial '', as his era name.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "paragraph_text": "To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm). The advantage of the coiled coil is that evaporation of the tungsten filament is at the rate of a tungsten cylinder having a diameter equal to that of the coiled coil. The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly than a straight filament of the same surface area and light-emitting power. As a result, the filament can then run hotter, which results in a more efficient light source, while reducing the evaporation so that the filament will last longer than a straight filament at the same temperature.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Song dynasty", "paragraph_text": "The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods, Northern and Southern. During the Northern Song (Chinese: 北宋; 960 -- 1127), the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China. The Southern Song (Chinese: 南宋; 1127 -- 1279) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in the Jin -- Song Wars. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an (now Hangzhou). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional ``birthplace of Chinese civilization ''along the Yellow River, the Song economy was still strong, as the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land. The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad. To repel the Jin, and later the Mongols, the Song developed revolutionary new military technology augmented by the use of gunpowder. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, died in 1259 while besieging the city of Chongqing. His younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan, though his claim was only partially recognized by the Mongols in the west. In 1271, Kublai Khan was proclaimed the Emperor of China. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279. The Mongol invasion led to a reunification under the Yuan dynasty (1271 -- 1368).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Large Triumphal Carriage", "paragraph_text": "The Large Triumphal Carriage or Great Triumphal Car (in German, \"Triumphwagen\") is a large 16th-century woodcut print by Albrecht Dürer, commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The work was originally intended to be the central part of a long print of a \"Triumphal Procession\" or \"Triumph of Maximilian\", depicting Maximilian and his court entourage in a procession. This section shows the emperor in his triumphal car, and was part of a tradition depicting imaginary \"triumphs\" or real processions, such as royal entries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bessemer process", "paragraph_text": "A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia. Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty innovated a ``partial decarbonization ''method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast. Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of metallurgy Theodore A. Wertime have described the method as a predecessor to the Bessemer process of making steel. This process was first described by the prolific scholar and polymath government official Shen Kuo (1031 -- 1095) in 1075, when he visited Cizhou. Hartwell states that perhaps the earliest center where this was practiced was the great iron - production district along the Henan -- Hebei border during the 11th century.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Woman in Love (Ronnie Milsap song)", "paragraph_text": "\"A Woman in Love\" is a song written by Curtis Wright and Doug Millett, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in September 1989 as the third single from the album \"Stranger Things Have Happened\". It was his last song to reach number one on the U.S. country singles chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Han dynasty", "paragraph_text": "Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "Who was spouse of the person who defeated the last Song emperor of the country the person who was able to describe the process of evaporation was in?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 32903, "question": "Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?", "answer": "Wang Chong", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["Han dynasty astronomers made star catalogues and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky, including recording the appearance of the comet now known as Halley's Comet in 12 BC. They adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was a sphere surrounding the Earth in the centre. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds."]}, {"id": 103178, "question": "What country was #1 in?", "answer": "China", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["Wang Chong (; 27 – c. 97 AD), courtesy name Zhongren (仲任), was a Chinese astronomer, meteorologist, naturalist, philosopher, and writer active during the Eastern Han dynasty. He developed a rational, secular, naturalistic and mechanistic account of the world and of human beings and gave a materialistic explanation of the origin of the universe. His main work was the \"Lunheng\" (論衡, \"Critical Essays\"). This book contained many theories involving early sciences of astronomy and meteorology, and Wang Chong was even the first in Chinese history to mention the use of the square-pallet chain pump, which became common in irrigation and public works in China thereafter. Wang also accurately described the process of the water cycle."]}, {"id": 77757, "question": "who defeated the last song emperor of #2", "answer": "Kublai Khan", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["The dynasty's history is divided into two periods: during the Northern Song (; 960–1127), the capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now East China. The Southern Song (; 1127–1279) comprise the period following the loss of control over the northern half of Song territory to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin–Song wars. At that time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an (now Hangzhou). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional Chinese heartlands around the Yellow River, the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land, sustaining a robust economy. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, died in 1259 while besieging the mountain castle Diaoyucheng in Chongqing. His younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan and in 1271 founded the Yuan dynasty. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279 after defeating the Southern Song in the Battle of Yamen, and reunited China under the Yuan dynasty."]}, {"id": 384713, "question": "#3 >> spouse", "answer": "Chabi", "paragraph_support_idx": 5, "support_sentence": ["Chabi (, ᠴᠠᠪᠢ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ; , c. 1216–1281) was a Khongirad empress consort of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, married to Kublai Khan (Emperor Shizu)."]}], "answer": "Chabi", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"5": "24967743", "9": "1505285", "14": "56978", "19": "43460"}, "#_support_docs": 4}
+{"id": "3hop1__119402_102039_158266", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Terry Lovejoy", "paragraph_text": "Terry Lovejoy (born 20 November 1966) is an information technologist from Thornlands, Queensland, Australia, most widely known as an amateur astronomer. He has discovered six comets, including C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy), the first Kreutz Sungrazing comet discovered by ground-based observation in over 40 years. He is also known for popularizing procedures for modifying consumer-grade digital cameras so that they can be used for digital camera astrophotography.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "History of Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Liberia is a country in West Africa which was founded, established, colonized, and controlled by citizens of the United States and ex-Caribbean slaves as a colony for former African American slaves and their free black descendants. It is one of only two sovereign countries in the world that were started by citizens and ex-Caribbean slaves of a political power as a colony for former slaves of the same political power, the other being Sierra Leone, established by Great Britain. In 1847, Liberia proclaimed its independence from the American Colonization Society (ACS).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tessa Earl", "paragraph_text": "Tessa Earl is a ballet dancer who has performed as company dancer for many Christian dance companies including Ballet Rejoice and the United States' most well-known Christian dance company, Ballet Magnificat!.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Les Rendezvous", "paragraph_text": "Les Rendezvous is a plotless one-act ballet created in 1933, with choreography by Frederick Ashton to the music of Daniel Auber (the ballet music from his opera \"L'enfant prodigue\") arranged by Constant Lambert and with designs by William Chappell. It was the first major ballet created by Ashton for the Vic-Wells company.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)", "paragraph_text": "C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a long-period comet discovered on 17 August 2014 by Terry Lovejoy using a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope. It was discovered at apparent magnitude 15 in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is the fifth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy. Its blue-green glow is the result of organic molecules and water released by the comet fluorescing under the intense UV and optical light of the Sun as it passes through space.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Marquise-Thérèse de Gorla", "paragraph_text": "Marquise-Thérèse de Gorla, also known under her stage name \"Mademoiselle Du Parc\" (1633 – Paris, 11 December 1668), was a French actress and ballet dancer. She was one of the stars of Molière's company. She was also known for her love affairs and as an object of affection for many famous people.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Cesare Negri", "paragraph_text": "Cesare Negri (c. 1535 – c. 1605) was an Italian dancer and choreographer. He was nicknamed \"il Trombone\", an ugly or jocular name for someone \"who likes to blow his own horn\". Born in Milan, he founded a dance academy there in 1554. He was an active court choreographer for the nobility in Milan. He wrote \"Le Grazie d'Amore\", the first text on ballet theory to expound the principle of the five basic positions. It was republished in 1604 as \"Nuove Inventioni di Balli\" (New Inventions of the Dance).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ella Spira", "paragraph_text": "Ella Spira is a composer based in London, United Kingdom. Spira co-founded the Production Company 'Sisters Grimm', alongside former Royal Ballet ballerina Pietra Mello-Pittman. Spira writes and composes music for ballet and film, and also works as an arranger making dance remixes for popular UK artists. She was born in Gloucester, and was mentored by film composer David Arnold.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nina Ananiashvili", "paragraph_text": "Nina Ananiashvili (born: \"Nino Ananiashvili\", ; born March 19, 1963) is a Georgian ballerina and artistic director of the State Ballet of Georgia. She has been described by the Daily Telegraph as one of the twelve greatest ballerinas of all time, and in 2002 was named Best Ballerina of the Year by the US \"Dance Magazine\". Ananiashvili has been a prominent fixture of the Soviet, Russian and Georgian ballet scene for decades. Shortly before the fall of the Iron Curtain, in 1987 a New York Magazine critic praised Nina Ananiashvili as \"the best thing about the Bolshoi's Giselle whether she appeared in the title role or as the queen of the wilis.\" In 2014, a film of her 1991 performance in Giselle with the Bolshoi ballet was released.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ballet Theatre of Queensland", "paragraph_text": "Ballet Theatre of Queensland, founded in 1937 by Phyllis Danaher MBE FRAD, is the oldest continuous dance company in Australia. Ballet Theatre is based in Brisbane in the Australian state of Queensland. It exists to provide professional performance opportunities for young people and to influence and foster dancer for present and future generations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tulsa Ballet", "paragraph_text": "Tulsa Ballet is a professional American ballet company located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The artistic mission of Tulsa Ballet is \"To preserve the tradition of classical ballet, promote the appreciation of contemporary dance, create works of superior and enduring quality, and educate through exemplary performances, training and outreach programs.\" The Company has toured throughout the United States and the world and has received consistent critical acclaim.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Misty Copeland", "paragraph_text": "Misty Danielle Copeland (born September 10, 1982) is an American ballet dancer for American Ballet Theatre (ABT), one of the three leading classical ballet companies in the United States. On June 30, 2015, Copeland became the first African American woman to be promoted to principal dancer in ABT's 75 - year history.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Miami City Ballet", "paragraph_text": "Miami City Ballet is an American ballet company based in Miami Beach, Florida, led by artistic director Lourdes Lopez. MCB was founded in 1985 by Toby Lerner Ansin, a Miami philanthropist. Ansin and the founding board hired Edward Villella, former New York City Ballet principal dancer to be the founding artistic director.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Carmen (1949 ballet)", "paragraph_text": "Carmen is a ballet created by Roland Petit and his company 'Les Ballets de Paris' at the Prince's Theatre in London on 21 February 1949, which has entered the repertory of ballet companies in France and around the world. This version is in five scenes and represents a striking admixture of classical ballet, Spanish-style movement, mime, and freshly invented dramatic dance action.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "C/2013 R1", "paragraph_text": "C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) is a long-period comet discovered on 7 September 2013 by Terry Lovejoy using a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope. It is the fourth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy. C/2013 R1 crossed the celestial equator on 14 October 2013, becoming a better Northern Hemisphere object.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Australian literature grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous oral traditions, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older. 19th-century writers such as Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson captured the experience of the bush using a distinctive Australian vocabulary. Their works are still popular; Paterson's bush poem \"Waltzing Matilda\" (1895) is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem. Miles Franklin is the namesake of Australia's most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life. Its first recipient, Patrick White, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973. Australian winners of the Booker Prize include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan. Author David Malouf, playwright David Williamson and poet Les Murray are also renowned literary figures.Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council. There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland. At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers. Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)", "paragraph_text": "C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) is a non-periodic comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy on 15 March 2007. Its perihelion was 27 March 2007, while its closest approach to Earth was 25 April 2007 in Hercules at a distance of 0.44 AU. Maximum apparent magnitude was approximately +8.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Fernando Alonso (dancer)", "paragraph_text": "He and Alicia joined the American Ballet Theatre in 1940, where they remained until 1948. They returned to Havana and were part of a group called the \"Alicia Alonso Ballet Company,\" where his wife co-founded her own company with him. It later became the Ballet Nacional de Cuba. He separated from Alicia in 1974. In 1975, after he and Alicia divorced. He took control of the Ballet de Camagüey in the city of Camagüey, where he remained until 1992.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ballet (film)", "paragraph_text": "Ballet is a 1995 American documentary film directed by Frederick Wiseman. It portrays rehearsals, choreography, performances, business transactions, and other day-to-day life of the American Ballet Theatre. Much of the footage dates from the 1992 season. It also includes scenes from the company's European tour, namely in Greece and Copenhagen.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States. The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The University program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the leading ballet company in the country where the discoverer of C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a citizen?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 119402, "question": "Who found C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)?", "answer": "Terry Lovejoy", "paragraph_support_idx": 4, "support_sentence": ["C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is a non-periodic comet discovered on 17 August 2014 by Terry Lovejoy using a Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope. It was discovered as a 15th-magnitude object in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is the fifth comet discovered by Terry Lovejoy."]}, {"id": 102039, "question": "Of what country is #1 a citizen?", "answer": "Australia", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["Terry Lovejoy (born 20 November 1966) is an information technologist from Thornlands, Queensland, Australia, most widely known as an amateur astronomer. He has discovered six comets, including C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy), the first Kreutz Sungrazing comet discovered by ground-based observation in over 40 years. He is also known for popularizing procedures for modifying consumer-grade digital cameras so that they can be used for digital camera astrophotography."]}, {"id": 158266, "question": "Name one ballet company in #2 .", "answer": "The Australian Ballet", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["In the performing arts, Aboriginal peoples have traditions of religious and secular song, dance and rhythmic music often performed in corroborees. At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers, and later popular music acts such as the Bee Gees, AC/DC, INXS and Kylie Minogue achieved international recognition. Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the Australian government's Australia Council. There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland. Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company."]}], "answer": "The Australian Ballet", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "10811164", "4": "43825857", "15": "4689264"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "2hop__501254_21587", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Zingerman's", "paragraph_text": "Zingerman's, or Zingerman's Community of Businesses, is a gourmet food business group headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. The original business and current flagship operation is Zingerman's Delicatessen.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tennessee", "paragraph_text": "Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations, such as the National Baptist Convention (headquartered in Nashville); the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (both headquartered in Memphis); the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy (both headquartered in Cleveland). The Free Will Baptist denomination is headquartered in Antioch; its main Bible college is in Nashville. The Southern Baptist Convention maintains its general headquarters in Nashville. Publishing houses of several denominations are located in Nashville.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ambit Energy", "paragraph_text": "Ambit Energy is an International multi-level marketing company that provides electricity and natural gas services in energy markets in the U.S. that have been deregulated.The company's corporate headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas, and its operations/call center headquarters are located in Plano, Texas. Ambit Energy was founded in 2006 in Addison, Texas by Jere Thompson Jr. and Chris Chambless.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "McDonald's", "paragraph_text": "McDonald's is an American fast food company, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand. The first time a McDonald's franchise used the Golden Arches logo was in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1955, Ray Kroc, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent and proceeded to purchase the chain from the McDonald brothers. McDonald's had its original headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois, but moved its global headquarters to Chicago in early 2018.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lewis Food Town", "paragraph_text": "Lewis Food Town, Inc., doing business as Food Town Grocery Stores, is a chain of grocery stores located in Greater Houston, founded in 1994. The headquarters are in South Houston. Ross Lewis founded it as he came out of retirement. He currently has over 40 years of Grocer experience.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Museum of Human Anatomy Luigi Rolando", "paragraph_text": "The Museum of Human Anatomy Luigi Rolando () is a museum of human anatomy that was founded in 1739 with headquarters in Torino, Italy. It is part of the museum network of the University of Turin and moved to its current location in the Building of the Anatomical Institutes () in 1898.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Wingstop", "paragraph_text": "Wingstop Type Public Traded as NASDAQ: WING S&P 600 Component Industry Fast casual restaurant Founded 1994; 24 years ago (1994) Garland, Texas, U.S. Founder Antonio Swad Headquarters Dallas, Texas, U.S. Number of locations 1,000 Key people CEO: Charles R. Morrison Products Chicken Wings Website www.wingstop.com", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Logica", "paragraph_text": "Logica was a multinational IT and management consultancy company headquartered in Reading, United Kingdom. Founded in 1969, the company became a wholly owned subsidiary of CGI Group in 2012.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pipra Nankar", "paragraph_text": "Pipra Nankar is a village situated in the Damkhauda Mandal of Bareilly District in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 2.273 kilometres from the mandal headquarters Damkhoda, and is 36.38 km far from the district headquarters in Bareilly.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "San Gabriel Mission High School", "paragraph_text": "San Gabriel Mission High School, the \"School with a Mission,\" is an all-girls Catholic College Preparatory high school located on the grounds of the fourth mission of California, which was founded in 1771 by Franciscan priests and often used by Junipero Serra as his headquarters. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Their Mission statement is:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Meghpar, Anjar", "paragraph_text": "Meghpar is a village in Anjar Taluka in Kutch District of Gujarat of India. It is located on Anjar to Galpadar Road. About the history of Meghpar it is one of the 18 villages founded by Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas or Mistris of Kutch. It is located at a distance of about 4  km from Taluka Headquarters Anjar. The famous Malkeshwar Mahadev Temple is located nearby. It is also known as Meghpar-Borichi.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Parelli Natural Horsemanship", "paragraph_text": "Parelli Natural Horsemanship (also known as Parelli or PNH) is a program of natural horsemanship, founded in 1981 by Pat Parelli. The program is headquartered in Pagosa Springs, Colorado.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Transportistas Unidos Mexicanos", "paragraph_text": "Transportistas Unidos Mexicanos otherwise known as TUM or TUM Transportistas, is a Mexican Trucking Company based out of Mexico City founded in 1938. TUM operates 18 terminals all over Mexico, with its corporate headquarters located in Mexico City Mexico, and its international headquarters located across from the U.S.' busiest port of entry in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. TUM carries a fleet of over 1,800 Trucks, 2,500 trailers, and 1,800 drivers making it the largest trucking company in Mexico.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Crowne Plaza", "paragraph_text": "Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts Type Upscale Hotels & Resorts Industry Hotel Founded Headquarters Denham, United Kingdom Number of locations 410 Area served Worldwide Parent InterContinental Hotels Group Website Crown Plaza", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations", "paragraph_text": "ASEAN was founded on 8 August 1967 with five members: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It is headquartered in Jakarta.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "StoryCorps", "paragraph_text": "StoryCorps is an American non-profit organization whose mission is to record, preserve, and share the stories of Americans from all backgrounds and beliefs. StoryCorps grew out of Sound Portraits Productions as a project founded in 2003 by radio producer David Isay. Its headquarters are located in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nela Park", "paragraph_text": "Nela Park is the headquarters of GE Lighting, and is located in East Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Today, GE Lighting is a part of GE Home & Business Solutions, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. Nela Park serves as the operating headquarters of GE Lighting.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Touchstone Semiconductor", "paragraph_text": "Touchstone Semiconductor was founded in 2010 by a group of semiconductor industry experts from Maxim Integrated Products, Linear Technology and Analog Devices. The company received $12M funding in Series A funding from Opus Capital and Khosla Ventures, the headquarters were located in Milpitas, California.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "When was the city where Zingerman's is headquartered founded?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 501254, "question": "Zingerman's >> headquarters location", "answer": "Ann Arbor", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["Zingerman's, or Zingerman's Community of Businesses, is a gourmet food business group headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The original business and current flagship operation is Zingerman's Delicatessen."]}, {"id": 21587, "question": "When was #1 founded?", "answer": "1824", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey. It was named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees they found at the site of the town. The University of Michigan was established in Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century.", "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On May 25, 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as the Village of Annarbour, the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of bur oak in the of land they purchased for $800 () from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement , after the sound of Allen's sawmill."]}], "answer": "1824", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "3330354", "19": "2067"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-8768447023333946855", "question": "when did north vietnam unify with the south", "answer": "2 July 1976", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "202354"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "nq_-7872371234829639950", "question": "what year saw the formation of the brazilian republic", "answer": "1889", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "292416"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__10833_26501", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Iran were in flux during the late sixth and early seventh centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it. Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula. All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (d. 632). After his death, Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia, starting with Syria in 634–635 and reaching Egypt in 640–641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later seventh century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al-Andalus.The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-eighth century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economy. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ladakh", "paragraph_text": "Faced with the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent in the 13th century, Ladakh chose to seek and accept guidance in religious matters from Tibet. For nearly two centuries till about 1600, Ladakh was subject to raids and invasions from neighbouring Muslim states. Some of the Ladakhis converted to Islam during this period.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Middle Ages", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman patterns of trade. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or \"mother of a child\", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Islam in South Asia", "paragraph_text": "Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century AD came to coastal Malabar and Konkan - Gujarat. Cheraman Juma Masjid in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 AD by Malik ibn Dinar. Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century AD, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat. After the Islamic conquest of Persia was completed, the Muslim Arabs then began to move towards the lands east of Persia and in 652 captured Herat.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Slave Trade Act 1807", "paragraph_text": "The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting the slave trade in the British Empire. Although it did not abolish the practice of slavery, it did encourage British action to press other nations states to abolish their own slave trades.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sahara", "paragraph_text": "The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Muslim conquest of the Levant", "paragraph_text": "The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arabic: اَلْـفَـتْـحُ الْإٍسْـلَامِيُّ لِـلـشَّـامِ ‎, Al - Faṫṫḥul - Islāmiyyuash - Shām) or Arab conquest of the Levant (Arabic: اَلْـفَـتْـحُ الْـعَـرَبِيُّ لِـلـشَّـامِ ‎, Al - Faṫṫḥul - ʿArabiyyu Lish - Shām) occurred in the first half of the 7th century, and refers to the conquest of the region known as the Levant or Shaam (Arabic: شَـام ‎, 'Syria'), later to become the Islamic Province of Bilad al - Sham, as part of the Islamic conquests. Arab Muslim forces had appeared on the southern borders even before the death of prophet Muhammad in 632, resulting in the Battle of Mu'tah in 629, but the real invasion began in 634 under his successors, the Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar ibn Khattab, with Khalid ibn al - Walid as their most important military leader.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Two years later, the Royal African Company was inaugurated, receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. From the outset, slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. To facilitate this trade, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as James Island, Accra and Bunce Island. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 percent in 1650 to around 80 percent in 1780, and in the 13 Colonies from 10 percent to 40 percent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). For the slave traders, the trade was extremely profitable, and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool, which formed the third corner of the so-called triangular trade with Africa and the Americas. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to \"ruling dynasties and foreign invasions\", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on \"significant social and economic changes\", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "European exploration of Africa", "paragraph_text": "European exploration of Sub-Saharan Africa begins with the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, pioneered by Portugal under Henry the Navigator. The Cape of Good Hope was first reached by Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488, opening the important sea route to India and the Far East, but European exploration of Africa itself remained very limited during the 16th and 17th centuries. The European powers were content to establish trading posts along the coast while they were actively exploring and colonizing the New World. Exploration of the interior of Africa was thus mostly left to the Arab slave traders, who in tandem with the Muslim conquest of the Sudan established far - reaching networks and supported the economy of a number of Sahelian kingdoms during the 15th to 18th centuries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. In 1808, Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 (with the exception of St. Helena, Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company, though these exclusions were later repealed). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of \"apprenticeship\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Gold Coast (British colony)", "paragraph_text": "In 1482, the Portuguese came to the continent for increased trade. They built the Castle of Elmina, the first European settlement on the Gold Coast. From here they acquired slaves and gold in trade for European goods, such as metal knives, beads, mirrors, rum, and guns. News of the successful trading spread quickly, and British, Dutch, Danish, Prussian and Swedish traders arrived as well. The European traders built several forts along the coastline. The Gold Coast had long been a name for the region used by Europeans because of the large gold resources found in the area. The slave trade was the principal exchange and major part of the economy for many years. In this period, European nations began to explore and colonize the Americas. Soon the Portuguese and Spanish began to export African slaves to the Caribbean, and North and South America. The Dutch and British also entered the slave trade, at first supplying markets in the Caribbean and on the Caribbean coast of South America.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Israel", "paragraph_text": "The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning \"The Defense\" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In what time period was the Muslim conquest of the region where the Arab slave trade occurred?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 10833, "question": "Where was the Arab Slave Trade?", "answer": "North Africa", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more African women than men. The female slaves were often put to work in domestic service and agriculture. The men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his enslaved females outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as \"umm walad\" or \"mother of a child\", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children inherited their fathers' social status at birth and were born free."]}, {"id": 26501, "question": "What time period did the Muslim conquest of #1 take place?", "answer": "mid-7th to early 8th centuries", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia, specifically the Arabian peninsula, the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries and Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. Trade across the desert intensified, and a significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year."]}], "answer": "mid-7th to early 8th centuries", "answer_aliases": ["8th century"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"7": "325363", "13": "4745"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__102694_35178_686699", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ngopa", "paragraph_text": "Ngopa is a town in the Champhai district of Mizoram, India. It is located in the Ngopa R.D. Block, and it serves as headquarters for that block. It is also an important administrative centre containing important government offices. Ngopa is from the district's main city, Champhai, and from the state's capital city, Aizawl.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Golestan Province", "paragraph_text": "Golestān Province (Persian: استان گلستان‎, Ostān-e Golestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Gorgan.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Qeshlaq-e Qaleh Now-e Amlak", "paragraph_text": "Qeshlaq-e Qaleh Now-e Amlak (, also Romanized as Qeshlāq-e Qal‘eh Now-e Amlāk; also known as Qeshlāq-e Qal‘eh Now and Qeshlāq Qal‘eh) is a village in Ferunabad Rural District, in the Central District of Pakdasht County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 407, in 89 families.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the seat of government from 1901 to 1927). The FCT was renamed the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in 1938. The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Eastern Bengal and Assam", "paragraph_text": "Eastern Bengal and Assam was an administrative subdivision (province) of the British Raj between 1905 and 1912. Headquartered in the city of Dacca, it covered territories in what are now Bangladesh, Northeast India and Northern West Bengal.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bagong Silang", "paragraph_text": "Bagong Silang Barangay Bagong Silang Coordinates: 14 ° 46 ′ 35 ''N 121 ° 2 ′ 42'' E  /  14.77639 ° N 121.04500 ° E  / 14.77639; 121.04500 Coordinates: 14 ° 46 ′ 35 ''N 121 ° 2 ′ 42'' E  /  14.77639 ° N 121.04500 ° E  / 14.77639; 121.04500 Country Philippines Region National Capital Region City Caloocan District 1st Legislative district of Caloocan Established 1971 Government Type Barangay Barangay Captain Joel Bacolod Population (2015) Total 246,515 Time zone PST (UTC + 8) Postal Code 1428 Area code (s) 02 - 8082722", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading cultural and economic center. Iran is a major regional and middle power, exerting considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy through its large reserves of fossil fuels, which include the largest natural gas supply in the world and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves. Iran's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 19 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the fourth-largest number in Asia and 12th-largest in the world.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Torontál County", "paragraph_text": "Torontál (, , , ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in northern Serbia (eastern Vojvodina, except the small part near Belgrade, which is part of Belgrade Region), western Romania and southern Hungary. The capital of the county was Nagybecskerek (Serbian: , , ), the current Zrenjanin.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County (former)", "paragraph_text": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok was an administrative county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory, which is now in central Hungary, was slightly smaller than that of present Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. The capital of the county was Szolnok.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Qaleh Ganj County", "paragraph_text": "Qaleh Ganj County () is a county in Kerman Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Qaleh Ganj. It was separated from Kahnuj County in 2005. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 69,008, in 14,649 families. The county is subdivided into two districts (bakhsh): the Central District (محمد آباد) and Chah Dadkhoda District. The county has one city: Qaleh Ganj.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Javad Hardani", "paragraph_text": "Javad Hardani (22 March 1984) is a Paralympic athlete from Iran. He competes in throwing events, and is classified F38, a class for athletes with cerebral palsy.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh, Tehran", "paragraph_text": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh (, also Romanized as Qal‘eh Now-e Khāleṣeh; also known as Qal‘eh Now, Qal‘eh Now-e Ghār, and Qal‘eh-ye Nowghār) is a village in Qaleh Now Rural District, Qaleh Now District, Ray County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,718, in 1,195 families. The village is the seat of Qaleh Now District, established on 16 September 2012 and Qaleh Now Rural District.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Abuja", "paragraph_text": "Abuja (/ əˈbuːdʒə /) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s, replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400 - metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792 - metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Delhi Union territory and Megacity National Capital Territory of Delhi From top clockwise: Lotus temple, Humayun's Tomb, Connaught Place, Akshardham temple and India Gate Location of Delhi in India Coordinates: 28 ° 36 ′ 36 ''N 77 ° 13 ′ 48'' E  /  28.61000 ° N 77.23000 ° E  / 28.61000; 77.23000 Coordinates: 28 ° 36 ′ 36 ''N 77 ° 13 ′ 48'' E  /  28.61000 ° N 77.23000 ° E  / 28.61000; 77.23000 Country India Settled 6th century B.C. Incorporated 1857 Capital formation 1911 Formation of Union Territory 1956 Formation of NCT 1 February 1992 Capital New Delhi Districts 11 Government Body Government of Delhi Lt. Governor Anil Baijal, IAS Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal (AAP) Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash, IAS Commissioner of Police Amulya Patnaik, IPS Area Union territory 1,484.0 km (573.0 sq mi) Water 18 km (6.9 sq mi) Area rank 31st Elevation 200 -- 250 m (650 -- 820 ft) Population (2011) Union territory 16,787,941 Density 11,312 / km (29,298 / sq mi) Urban 16,349,831 (2nd) Megacity 11,034,555 (2nd) Metro (2016) 26,454,000 (1st) Demonym (s) Delhiite Languages Official Hindi English Additional official Punjabi Urdu GDP Nominal (NCT) ₹6.86 lakh crore (US $100 billion) (2017 - 18) Nominal per capita ₹329,093 (US $4,800) (2017 - 18) Metro GDP / PPP $167 -- 370 billion Time zone IST (UTC + 5.30) Pincode (s) 1100XX Area code (s) + 91 11 ISO 3166 code IN - DL Website delhi.gov.in", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Olsztyn Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Olsztyn Voivodeship () was an administrative division and unit of local government in Poland in the years 1945-75, and a new territorial division between 1975–1998, superseded by Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Olsztyn.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Uluru", "paragraph_text": "Uluru (Uluṟu) Ayers Rock Aerial view of Uluru Country Australia State Northern Territory Elevation 863 m (2,831 ft) Prominence 348 m (1,142 ft) Coordinates 25 ° 20 ′ 42 ''S 131 ° 02 ′ 10'' E  /  25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E  / - 25.34500; 131.03611 Coordinates: 25 ° 20 ′ 42 ''S 131 ° 02 ′ 10'' E  /  25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E  / - 25.34500; 131.03611 Geology arkose Orogeny Petermann UNESCO World Heritage Site Name Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Year 1987 (# 11) Number 447 Criteria v, vi, vii, ix Location in Australia Wikimedia Commons: Uluru Website: www.environment.gov.au/", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Colorado Territory", "paragraph_text": "Colorado Territory was officially organized by Act of Congress on February 28, 1861, out of lands previously part of the Kansas, Nebraska, Utah, and New Mexico territories. Technically the territory was open to slavery under the Dred Scott Decision of 1857, but the question was rendered moot by the impending American Civil War and the majority pro-Union sentiment in the territory. The name \"Colorado\" was chosen for the territory. It had been previously suggested in 1850 by Senator Henry S. Foote as a name for a state to have been created out of present-day California south of 35° 45'. To the dismay of Denverites, the town of Colorado City was designated the first territorial capital, quickly succeeded by Golden. Denver eventually became the temporary territorial capital, but was not designated the permanent capital until 1881, five years after Colorado became a state.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Kushk-e Khaleseh-ye Bala", "paragraph_text": "Kushk-e Khaleseh-ye Bala (, also Romanized as Kūshk-e Khāleşeh-ye Bālā and Kūshk-e Khāleseh Bālā; also known as Kūshk-e Bālā) is a village in Lajran Rural District, in the Central District of Garmsar County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 692, in 200 families.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh in the the capital of the country Javad Hardani is from is located in what district?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 102694, "question": "What country is Javad Hardani from?", "answer": "Iran", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["Javad Hardani (born 22 March 1984) is a Paralympic athlete from Iran. He competes in throwing events, and is classified F38, a class for athletes with cerebral palsy."]}, {"id": 35178, "question": "What city is #1 's capital?", "answer": "Tehran", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["Tehran, with a population of around 9.4 million, is Iran's capital and largest city. The country's second most populous city, Mashhad, has a population of around 3.4 million, and is capital of the province of Razavi Khorasan. Isfahan has a population of around 2.2 million and is Iran's third most populous city. It is the capital of Isfahan province and was also the third capital of the Safavid Empire."]}, {"id": 686699, "question": "Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh, #2 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Qaleh Now Rural District", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Qaleh Now-e Khaleseh () is a city in, and the capital of, Qaleh Now District of Ray County, Tehran province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Qaleh Now Rural District."]}], "answer": "Qaleh Now Rural District", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"8": "14653", "12": "32820034", "13": "35522057"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "2hop__765636_99808", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least - populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Master of Wine", "paragraph_text": "Until 1983, the examination was limited to United Kingdom wine importers, merchants and retailers. The first non-UK Master of Wine was awarded in 1988. As of October 2017, there are 369 MWs in the world, living in 29 countries. The MWs are spread across 5 continents, wherein UK has 208 MWs, USA has 45 MWs, Australia has 24 MWs and France only has 16 MWs. There are 9 countries with 1 MW each on the list.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tonga", "paragraph_text": "Tonga's foreign policy has been described by Matangi Tonga as \"Look East\"—specifically, as establishing closer diplomatic and economic relations with Asia (which actually lies to the north-west of the Pacific kingdom). Tonga retains cordial relations with the United States. Although it remains on good terms with the United Kingdom, the two countries do not maintain particularly close relations, and the United Kingdom closed its High Commission in Tonga in 2006. Tonga's relations with Oceania's regional powers, Australia and New Zealand, are good.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Big3", "paragraph_text": "BIG3 BIG3 official logo Sport Basketball Founded January 11, 2017; 19 months ago (2017 - 01 - 11) Founder Ice Cube Jeff Kwatinetz Inaugural season 2017 Commissioner Clyde Drexler No. of teams 8 Country United States Headquarters Los Angeles, California Venue (s) 10 Continent FIBA Americas (Americas) Most recent champion (s) Power (1st title) Most titles Power (1 title) Trilogy (1 title) TV partner (s) Fox, FS1 Official website BIG3.com", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1 billion people, or 15% of the world's population. Europe's 733 million people make up 12% of the world's population as of 2012, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least - populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Biblioteca Ayacucho", "paragraph_text": "The Biblioteca Ayacucho (\"Ayacucho Library\") is an editorial entity of the government of Venezuela, founded on September 10, 1974. It is managed by the \"Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho\". Its name, \"Ayacucho\", comes from the intention to honor the definitive and crucial Battle of Ayacucho that took place December 9, 1824 between Spain and the territories of the Americas, prior to the full independence of the continent.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Australia (continent)", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand is not part of the continent of Australia, but of the separate, submerged continent of Zealandia. New Zealand and Australia are both part of the Oceanian sub-region known as Australasia, with New Guinea being in Melanesia. The term Oceania is often used to denote the region encompassing the Australian continent and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven - continent model.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Canadian Airlines International Ltd. (stylized as Canadin Airlines or Canadiairline that operated from 1987 until 2001. The airline was Canada's second largest airline after Air Canada, and carried more than 11.9 million passengers to over 160 destinations in 17 countries on five continents at its height in 1996. Canadian Airlines served 105 destinations in Canada, more than any other airline. Canadian Airlines was also a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Central America", "paragraph_text": "Central America (Spanish: América Central, Centroamérica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Argentinosaurus", "paragraph_text": "Argentinosaurus (meaning \"Argentine lizard\") is a genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur first discovered by Guillermo Heredia in Argentina. The generic name refers to the country in which it was discovered. The dinosaur lived on the then-island continent of South America somewhere between 97 and 93.5 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period. It is among the largest known dinosaurs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Africa", "paragraph_text": "Africa is the world's second - largest and second-most - populous continent (the first being Asia). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of its total land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Africa", "paragraph_text": "Africa is the world's second largest and second most - populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Peter Guttman (photographer)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Guttman is an American author, photographer, lecturer, television personality and adventurer who has traveled on assignment through over 230 countries and seven continents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "List of island countries", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of island countries. An island is a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water. Many island countries are spread over an archipelago, as is the case with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Indonesia (which consists of thousands of islands). Others consist of a single island, such as Nauru, or part of an island, such as Haiti. Although Australia is designated as a continent, it is often referred to as an island, as it has no land borders. Some declared island countries are not universally recognized as politically independent, such as Northern Cyprus. Some states, such as Taiwan, officially claim to hold continental territories but are de facto limited to control over islands.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "South America", "paragraph_text": "Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The Andean States, the Guianas and the Southern Cone.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Luahoko", "paragraph_text": "Luahoko is an island in Tonga. It is located within the Ha'apai Group in the centre of the country, to northeast of the national capital of Nukualofa.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Iridomyrmex anceps", "paragraph_text": "Iridomyrmex anceps is an ant species of the genus \"Iridomyrmex\". It has a very large distribution in multiple continents, but it is mainly distributed in northern Australia. Some specimens were found in multiple islands, and some were even found and collected in the United Arab Emirates.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "National Pan-Hellenic Council", "paragraph_text": "National Pan-Hellenic Council Data Established 1930 Members 9 Continent North America Country United States Headquarters Decatur, Georgia Organization type Coalition of members", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Bismarck monument", "paragraph_text": "From 1868 onwards, Bismarck monuments were erected in many parts of the German Empire in honour of the long-serving Prussian minister-president and first German \"Reichskanzler\", Prince Otto von Bismarck. Today some of these monuments are on the soil of other countries including France, Poland and Russia as well as the former German colonies on other continents.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What continent is the country encompassing Luahoko located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 765636, "question": "Luahoko >> country", "answer": "Tonga", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Luahoko is an island in Tonga. It is located within the Ha'apai Group in the centre of the country, to northeast of the national capital of Nukuʻalofa."]}, {"id": 99808, "question": "On what continent can #1 be found?", "answer": "Oceania", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["Tonga ( , ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (), is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania. The country has 171 islands - of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in the southern Pacific Ocean. As of 2021,[ [update]] according to Johnson's Tribune, Tonga has a population of 104,494, 70% of whom reside on the main island, Tongatapu. The country stretches approximately north-south. It is surrounded by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna (France) to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west, Niue (the nearest foreign territory) to the east and Kermadec (New Zealand) to the southwest. Tonga is about from New Zealand's North Island.", "Located in Oceania, Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, directly south of Samoa and about two-thirds of the way from Hawai'i to New Zealand. Its 171 islands, 45 of them inhabited, are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu – and cover an -long north–south line."]}], "answer": "Oceania", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "30158", "16": "8950138"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__681463_402641", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Liliana Mumy", "paragraph_text": "Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode ``It's a Good Life '', and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series' 2003 sequel episode`` It's Still a Good Life''. She currently voices Beth Tezuka, in the animated web series Bravest Warriors and Leni Loud in the Nickelodeon TV series The Loud House, and has been joined by her father on some episodes of both shows.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "In the Heat of the Sun", "paragraph_text": "In the Heat of the Sun is a 1994 Chinese film directed and written by Jiang Wen. This was Jiang Wen's first foray into directing after years as a leading man. The film is based loosely on author Wang Shuo's novel \"Wild Beast\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Alyson Hannigan", "paragraph_text": "Hannigan was born in Washington, D.C., the only child of Emilie (Posner) Haas, a real estate agent, and Alan Hannigan, a Teamsters trucker. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Loekman Hakim", "paragraph_text": "Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini. Loekman is the third child of five siblings. His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung. Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and have two child.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Xiao Shuxian", "paragraph_text": "Xiao Shuxian (Simplified Chinese: 萧淑娴; Traditional Chinese: 蕭淑嫻; Pinyin: Xiāo Shúxián; sometimes spelled Hsiao Shu-sien) (4 April 1905 in Tianjin – 26 November 1991 in Beijing) was a Chinese composer and music educator.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lucy Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "Kennedy grew up in Sandycove, Dublin, the middle child of three girls. Her father is John Kennedy who would later feature alongside his daughter as her pianist on \"The Lucy Kennedy Show\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Gregoire Boonzaier", "paragraph_text": "Gregoire Boonzaier was the fifth child of political cartoonist Daniël Cornelis Boonzaier and his cousin Maria Elizabeth Boonzaier. Early on Gregoire made the acquaintance of the artists Pieter Wenning, Nita Spilhaus, Moses Kottler and Anton van Wouw, all of whom were close family friends.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Giovanni Pisano", "paragraph_text": "Born in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano was the son of the famous sculptor Nicola Pisano. He received his training in the workshop of his father and in 1265–1268 he worked with his father on the pulpit in Siena Cathedral. His next major work with his father was the fountain \"Fontana Maggiore\" in Perugia (completed 1278). Nicola Pisano is thought to have died either around 1278 or in 1284 when Giovanni took up residence in Siena. These first works were made in Nicola's style and it is difficult to separate the contributions of the two artists. However the \"Madonna with Child\" can be attributed with certainty to Giovanni, showing a new style with a certain familiarity between Mother and Child.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Chiang Ching-kuo", "paragraph_text": "The son of President Chiang Kai-shek and his first wife, Mao Fumei, Chiang Ching-kuo was born in Fenghua, Zhejiang, with the courtesy name of Jiànfēng (). He had an adopted brother, Chiang Wei-kuo. \"Ching\" literally means \"longitude\" while \"kuo\" means \"nation\"; in his brother's name, \"wei\" literally means \"parallel (of latitude)\". The names are inspired by the references in Chinese classics such as the \"Guoyu\", in which \"to draw the longitudes and latitudes of the world\" is used as a metaphor for a person with great abilities, especially in managing a country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Andy Barclay", "paragraph_text": "Andy Barclay Child's Play character Andy in Child's Play 2 First appearance Child's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent (1 - 2, 6 - 7) Justin Whalin (3) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay (mother) Mr. Barclay (deceased father) Michael Norris (stepfather) Kyle (foster sister) Phil Simpson (deceased foster father) Joanne Simpson (deceased foster mother) Nationality American", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chiang Hsiao-wu", "paragraph_text": "Chiang Hsiao-wu (; also known as Alex Chiang; April 25, 1945 - July 1, 1991) was the second son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one older brother, Hsiao-wen, one older sister, Hsiao-chang, and one younger brother, Hsiao-yung. He also had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Nang Lae", "paragraph_text": "Nang Lae () is a \"tambon\" (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Rai District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 10,312 people. The \"tambon\" has 14 villages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "The Lifecycle of Software Objects", "paragraph_text": "\"The Lifecycle of Software Objects\" is a novella by American writer Ted Chiang originally published in 2010 by Subterranean Press.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mae Yao", "paragraph_text": "Mae Yao () is a \"tambon\" (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Rai District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 19,958 people. The \"tambon\" contains 18 villages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Bo Yikao", "paragraph_text": "Bo Yikao was the eldest son of King Wen of Zhou and the elder brother of King Wu who was the founder of the Zhou dynasty of ancient China.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Chiang Hsiao-wen", "paragraph_text": "Chiang Hsiao-wen (; also known as Alan Chiang; 14 December 1935 – 14 April 1989) was the eldest son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one younger sister, Hsiao-chang, and two younger brothers, Hsiao-wu and Hsiao-yung. He had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "San Phi Suea", "paragraph_text": "San Phi Suea () is a \"tambon\" (subdistrict) of Mueang Chiang Mai District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a total population of 8,466 people. The \"tambon\" contains 9 villages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Cheng Ch'ing-wen", "paragraph_text": "Cheng Ch'ing-wen (; September 16, 1932 – November 4, 2017) was a Taiwanese writer and a graduate of National Taiwan University. He worked at the then government-run Hua Nan Bank for forty years. His works in English are generally under the transliteration \"Cheng Ch'ing-Wen\" and that is how he is described in many English-language publications published in Taiwan. The transliteration \"Tzeng Ching-wen\" is also used.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Doi Chiang Dao", "paragraph_text": "Doi Chiang Dao (, ), also known as Doi Luang Chiang Dao (, ), is a 2,175 m high mountain in Chiang Dao District of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. It is one of the highest peaks of the Daen Lao Range on the Thai side of the border.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Qingming Festival", "paragraph_text": "The Qingming Festival has been observed by the Chinese for over 2500 years. It became a public holiday in mainland China in 2008. In Taiwan, the public holiday was in the past observed on 5 April to honor the death of Chiang Kai-shek on that day in 1975, but with Chiang's popularity waning, this convention is not being observed. A similar holiday is observed in the Ryukyu Islands, called Shīmī in the local language.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who is the sibling of Chiang Hsiao-wen?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 681463, "question": "Chiang Hsiao-wen >> father", "answer": "Chiang Ching-kuo", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Chiang Hsiao-wen (; also known as Alan Chiang; 14 December 1935 – 14 April 1989) was the eldest son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one younger sister, Hsiao-chang, and two younger brothers, Hsiao-wu and Hsiao-yung. He had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father.", "Eldest son of Chiang Ching-Kuo (1935–1989)"]}, {"id": 402641, "question": "#1 >> child", "answer": "Chiang Hsiao-wu", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["Chiang Hsiao-wu (; also known as Alex Chiang; April 25, 1945 – July 1, 1991) was the second son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one older brother, Hsiao-wen, one older sister, Hsiao-chang, and one younger brother, Hsiao-yung. He also had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father."]}], "answer": "Chiang Hsiao-wu", "answer_aliases": ["Alex Chiang"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"10": "2792730", "15": "2792045"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__5544_34179_23375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Republic of the Congo", "paragraph_text": "Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cold War", "paragraph_text": "By the 1970s, both sides had become interested in making accommodations in order to create a more stable and predictable international system, inaugurating a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the ``Able Archer ''NATO military exercises (1983). The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika (`` reorganization'', 1987) and glasnost (``openness '', c. 1985) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully (with the exception of the Romanian Revolution) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia, Cambodia and South Yemen. The United States remained as the world's only superpower.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Communist Party of India", "paragraph_text": "The Communist Party of India has officially stated that it was formed on 26 December 1920 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur. But as per the version of CPI (M), the Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International. The founding members of the party were M.N. Roy, Evelyn Trent Roy (Roy's wife), Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingof (Abani's wife), Mohammad Ali (Ahmed Hasan), Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui, Rafiq Ahmed of Bhopal and M.P.B.T. Aacharya, and Sultan Ahmed Khan Tarin of North - West Frontier Province. The CPI says that there were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world and the Tashkent group was only one of. contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal. Small communist groups were formed in Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed), Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani) and Punjab and Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain). However, only Usmani became a CPI party member.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that \"fascism is a matter of taste\". For its part, Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as \"inevitable\".[citation needed]", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Soviet Union in World War II", "paragraph_text": "Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Joseph Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and the Salla region of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region). It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the Nazi - Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories. The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere agreed with the Axis.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi -- Soviet Pact, the German -- Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German -- Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German - Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Munich Agreement", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Stalin was also upset by the results of the Munich conference. The Soviets, who had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia, felt betrayed by France, who also had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia. The British and French, however, mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans. Stalin concluded that the West had actively colluded with Hitler to hand over a Central European country to the Nazis, causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future, allowing the partition of the USSR between the western powers and the fascist Axis. This belief led the Soviet Union to reorient its foreign policy towards a rapprochement with Germany, which eventually led to the signing of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact in 1939.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "paragraph_text": "Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label \"Sovdepia\" for the nascent state of the \"Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies\".", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30", "paragraph_text": "The Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30 was a Soviet autocannon widely used in military aircraft of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. It was designed by A.E. Nudelman and A.A. Rikhter, entering service in 1954.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", "paragraph_text": "The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force – in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies – jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The pact delineated the spheres of interest between the two powers, confirmed by the supplementary protocol of the German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty amended after the joint invasion of Poland. It remained in force for nearly two years, until the German government of Adolf Hitler ended the pact by launching an attack on the Soviet positions in Eastern Poland during Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "paragraph_text": "The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi -- Soviet Pact, the German -- Soviet Non-aggression Pact or the Nazi German - Soviet Pact of Aggression (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, respectively. The pact was followed by the German - Soviet Commercial Agreement in February 1940.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What year saw the publication of the version of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact established by the man who succeeded the leader of the group which created the Soviet state?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 5544, "question": "Who led the group which created the Soviet state?", "answer": "Vladimir Lenin", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917. This happened immediately after the October Revolution toppled the interim Russian Provisional Government (most recently led by opposing democratic socialist Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970)) which had governed the new Russian Republic after the abdication of the Russian Empire government of the Romanov imperial dynasty of Tsar Nicholas II the previous March (Old Style: February). The October Revolution was thus the second of the two Russian Revolutions of the turbulent year of 1917. Initially, the new Soviet state did not have an official name and was not recognized by neighboring countries for five months."]}, {"id": 34179, "question": "Who succeeded #1 ?", "answer": "Joseph Stalin", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability within USSR in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled with secular policies of USSR. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, the general secretary of the Communist Party, gradually established himself as the dictator of the USSR. Stalin's reign was characterized by mass repressions, that cost millions of lives all over the USSR."]}, {"id": 23375, "question": "What year was #2 ’s version of the pact published?", "answer": "1948", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition \"Nazi–Soviet Relations\" (1948), Stalin published \"Falsifiers of History\", which included the claim that during the pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs, and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the dissolution of the Soviet Union."]}], "answer": "1948", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"8": "10918072", "11": "20950", "13": "24795561"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "3hop2__30796_190988_24137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve. He began his active duty military service on August 19, 1966. After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport, Rhode Island, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized full public access to those records.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register, the weekly \"alternative\" New Haven Advocate (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the Hartford Courant), the online daily New Haven Independent, and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper. Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The Register also backs PLAY magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News, the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, the ABC affiliate for Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state, and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65, a PBS affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Thomas Rutherford Bacon", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Rutherford Bacon (June 26, 1850 in New Haven, Connecticut – March 26, 1913 in Berkeley, California) was an American Congregational clergyman and leading Mugwump. In the wake of the presidential election of 1884, he relocated to the West Coast, where he became a professor of history at the University of California.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warren and Myrta Bacon House", "paragraph_text": "The Warren and Myrta Bacon House, 1802 Broadway, Lubbock, Texas, United States, was designed and built from plans by W. M. Rice of Amarillo, Texas, in 1916. It was designed along neo-classical lines for Warren A. Bacon, a successful local businessman and civic leader. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "In sheer numbers, Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean, who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004, although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico and Nevada. Kerry's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls. Most other states did not have updated polling numbers to give an accurate placing for the Kerry campaign before Iowa. Heading into the primaries, Kerry's campaign was largely seen as in trouble, particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan. The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager, as well as Kerry's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign (while his wife was a billionaire, campaign finance rules prohibited using one's personal fortune). He also brought on the \"magical\" Michael Whouley who would be credited with helping bring home the Iowa victory the same as he did in New Hampshire for Al Gore in 2000 against Bill Bradley.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Thomas Sclater", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Sclater (c. 1664 – 23 August 1736), later Thomas Bacon, was an English lawyer and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1713 and 1736.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue", "paragraph_text": "The swimsuit issue was invented by Sports Illustrated editor Andre Laguerre to fill the winter months, a typically slow point in the sporting calendar. He asked fashion reporter Jule Campbell to go on a shoot to fill space, including the cover, with a beautiful model. The first issue, released in 1964, entailed a cover featuring Babette March and a five - page layout. Campbell soon became a powerful figure in modeling and molded the issue into a media phenomenon by featuring ``bigger and healthier ''California women and printing the names of the models with their photos, beginning a new supermodel era. In the 1950s, a few women appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, but the 1964 issue is considered to be the beginning of the current format known as the Swimsuit Issue. In 1997, Tyra Banks was the first black woman on the cover. Since 1997, the swimsuit issue has been a stand - alone edition, separate from the regular weekly magazine.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Respekt", "paragraph_text": "Respekt is a Czech weekly newsmagazine published in Prague, the Czech Republic, reporting on domestic and foreign political and economic issues, as well as on science and culture.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jane's All the World's Aircraft", "paragraph_text": "Jane's All the World's Aircraft is an aviation annual publication founded by John Frederick Thomas Jane in 1909. Long issued by Sampson Low, Marston in Britain (with various publishers in the U.S.), it has since 1989/90 been published by Jane's Information Group.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Deborah VanAmerongen", "paragraph_text": "VanAmerongen graduated from Utica College of Syracuse University and received her M.A. of Public Administration from Rockefeller College of the State University of New York at Albany. She began her career of public service in the New York State Assembly’s Program & Counsel staff, where she had oversight of a wide range of issues, including Housing, Consumer Affairs, Agriculture and Veterans Affairs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Kerry Lang", "paragraph_text": "Kerry Lang holds a degree from the University of Edinburgh Medical School (MBChB, 1998) and from the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS, Glasgow 2001).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Thomas Rutherford Bacon", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Rutherford Bacon came from a family of preachers: he was the son of Leonard Bacon and the brother of Leonard Woolsey Bacon, Edward Woolsey Bacon (of New London, Connecticut), and George B. Bacon, all Congregational preachers.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and during 1968–1969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry's paternal grandparents, shoe businessman Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry and musician Ida Lowe, were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fred was born as \"Fritz Kohn\" before he and Ida took on the \"Kerry\" name and moved to the United States. Fred and Ida were born Jewish, and converted to Catholicism together in Austria. His maternal ancestors were of Scottish and English descent, and his maternal grandfather James Grant Forbes II was a member of the Forbes family, while his maternal grandmother Margaret Tyndal Winthrop was a member of the Dudley–Winthrop family. Margaret's paternal grandfather Robert Charles Winthrop served as the 22nd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Robert's father was Governor Thomas Lindall Winthrop. Thomas' father John Still Winthrop was a great-great-grandson of Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor John Winthrop and great-grandson of Governor Thomas Dudley. Through his mother, John is a first cousin once removed of French politician Brice Lalonde.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Scientia potentia est", "paragraph_text": "The phrase ``scientia potentia est ''(or`` scientia est potentia'' or also ``scientia potestas est '') is a Latin aphorism meaning`` knowledge is power''. It is commonly attributed to Sir Francis Bacon, although there is no known occurrence of this precise phrase in Bacon's English or Latin writings. However, the expression ``ipsa scientia potestas est ''('knowledge itself is power') occurs in Bacon's Meditationes Sacrae (1597). The exact phrase`` scientia potentia est'' was written for the first time in the 1668 version of the work Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, who was secretary to Bacon as a young man.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kerry Juby", "paragraph_text": "Kerry Juby (3 January 1948 – July 2003) was born in Bexley, South London and was a radio DJ who worked for Pirate Radio Station Radio Caroline in the 1960s (initially as an engineer) under the name Kerry Clarke. When London's Capital Radio started in 1973 he was presenter/producer of \"Kerry-Go-Round\", aimed at younger listeners. He then dedicated more time to producing two weekend magazine shows in \"Hullabaloo\" and \"Sunday Supplement\" for the station in addition to working on other outside projects such as the Stage Broadcast Company, which provided the Capital Radio Video Show throughout the 80s and Voicebox Sound Equipment.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "AP Poll", "paragraph_text": "The Associated Press (AP Poll) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports: football, men's basketball and women's basketball. The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation. Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams, and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote, 24 for a second place vote, and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote. Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "These Are My People", "paragraph_text": "\"These Are My People\" is a song written by Dave Berg and Rivers Rutherford, and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Atkins. It was released in March 2007 as the third single from his platinum album \"If You're Going Through Hell\", as well as the third straight Number One single from that album.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Birth control movement in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws. They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the Malthusian League -- the world's first birth control advocacy group -- which sought to limit population growth to avoid Thomas Malthus's dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine. By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France. As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs. The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What weekly publication in the city where Thomas Rutherford Bacon was born is issued by the university Kerry attended?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 30796, "question": "Where did Kerry go to college?", "answer": "Yale University", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["In 1962, Kerry attended Yale University, majoring in political science and residing in Jonathan Edwards College. By that year, his parents returned to Groton. While at Yale, Kerry briefly dated Janet Auchincloss, the younger half-sister of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Through Auchincloss, Kerry was invited to a day of sailing with then-President John F. Kennedy and his family.", "Kerry grew up in Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. In 1966, after graduating from Yale University, he enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve, ultimately attaining the rank of lieutenant. During the Vietnam War, Kerry served a brief tour in South Vietnam. While commanding a Swift boat, he sustained three wounds in combat with the Viet Cong, for which he earned three Purple Heart medals. Kerry was also awarded the Silver Star Medal and the Bronze Star Medal for conduct in separate military engagements. After completing his active military service, Kerry returned to the United States and became an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He gained national recognition as an anti-war activist, serving as a spokesperson for the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization. Kerry testified in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, where he described the United States government's policy in Vietnam as the cause of war crimes."]}, {"id": 190988, "question": "Thomas Rutherford Bacon >> place of birth", "answer": "New Haven", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["Thomas Rutherford Bacon (June 26, 1850 in New Haven, Connecticut – March 26, 1913 in Berkeley, California) was an American Congregational clergyman and leading Mugwump. In the wake of the presidential election of 1884, he relocated to the West Coast, where he became a professor of history at the University of California."]}, {"id": 24137, "question": "What weekly publication in #2 is issued by #1 ?", "answer": "Yale Herald", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["New Haven is served by the daily \"New Haven Register\", the weekly \"alternative\" \"New Haven Advocate\" (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the \"Hartford Courant\"), the online daily \"New Haven Independent\", and the monthly \"Grand News Community Newspaper.\" Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The \"Register\" also backs \"PLAY\" magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the \"Yale Daily News\", the weekly \"Yale Herald\" and a humor tabloid, \"Rumpus Magazine\"."]}], "answer": "Yale Herald", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "53825", "2": "26396798", "13": "5122699"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__663927_355553_476740", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "One Night in Eden", "paragraph_text": "One Night in Eden is a live concert recording by Sarah Brightman, inspired by her \"Eden\" album. The premiere concert held in Johannesburg, South Africa was recorded in 1999 and has been released on DVD and VHS.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Dedication (short story)", "paragraph_text": "\"Dedication\" is a short story by Stephen King first published as part of the 1988 short story anthology \"Dark Visions\" and reprinted in King's 1993 short story collection \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "QRpedia", "paragraph_text": "QRpedia was conceived by Roger Bamkin, a Wikipedia volunteer, coded by Terence Eden, and unveiled in April 2011. It is currently in use at museums and other institutions in countries including Australia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Macedonia, Spain, India, the United Kingdom, Germany, Ukraine and the United States. The project's source code is freely reusable under the MIT License.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Eden's Landing railway station", "paragraph_text": "Eden's Landing railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It serves the suburb of Eden's Landing in City of Logan. On 21 April 1992, a second platform opened as part of the duplication of the line.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "BBC Television", "paragraph_text": "The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Errol Nolan", "paragraph_text": "Errol Osbourne Nolan II (born August 18, 1991) is an American born sprinter of Jamaican descent who holds dual citizenship with both countries. He now competes for Jamaica as of 2012. He specialises in the 200 and 400 metres.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brae Fell", "paragraph_text": "Brae Fell is a fell in the English Lake District, situated 12 kilometres north of Keswick it reaches a height of 586 m (1,923 ft) and is regarded as part of the Caldbeck Fells along with High Pike and Carrock Fell even though it has ridge links to the Uldale Fells. The fell's name has Scottish overtones and translates from the Scots language as a hillside or slope. Its northern flanks face the Scottish Borders country across the Eden Valley and Solway Firth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Land of Nod", "paragraph_text": "The Land of Nod (Hebrew: ארץ נוד ‎, eretz - Nod) is a place mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible, located ``on the east of Eden ''(qidmat - 'Eden), where Cain was exiled by God after Cain had murdered his brother Abel. According to Genesis 4: 16:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Citizenship Clause", "paragraph_text": "The reference to naturalization in the Citizenship Clause is to the process by which immigrants are granted United States citizenship. Congress has power in relation to naturalization under the Naturalization Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 4 of the Constitution.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Reconstruction era", "paragraph_text": "The Reconstruction era was the period from 1863 to 1877 in American history. The term has two applications: the first applies to the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War; the second, to the attempted transformation of the 11 ex-Confederate states from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress. Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate nationalism and ended slavery, making the newly free slaves citizens with civil rights apparently guaranteed by three new Constitutional amendments. Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction: the reconciliationist vision, which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought; the white supremacist vision, which included terror and violence; and the emancipationist vision, which sought full freedom, citizenship, and Constitutional equality for African Americans.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Angels of the Apocalypse", "paragraph_text": "As with the previous effort, several heavy metal singers were invited to play the characters of the story of the album, with female vocalist Elize Ryd of Amaranthe reprising her role and Floor Jansen (Nightwish, ReVamp) playing the main character. The rest of the cast includes Fabio Lione (Rhapsody of Fire, Angra), David DeFeis (Virgin Steele), Simone Simons (Epica), Caterina Nix (solo Chilean singer who is having her debut album produced by Timo Tolkki) and Zachary Stevens (ex-Savatage, Circle II Circle).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Yesterday Is Time Killed", "paragraph_text": "Yesterday Is Time Killed was the first full-length album by Eighteen Visions. It was also their last indi-signed record. Five of these songs were later re-recorded for The Best of Eighteen Visions compilation. The last untitled song is actually split onto 8 tracks, for each \"part\" of the song.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Motionless and White", "paragraph_text": "\"Motionless and White\" is a song by Eighteen Visions, and was the final single from \"The Best of Eighteen Visions\". \"Motionless and White\" became a popular underground hit in parts of the UK and Western Australia, but undoubtedly the most successful in California, it ended up peaking #98 on the US Mainstream Rock Charting System. The song addresses the theme of drug use and reads as someone attempting to persuade a heavy user to break the addiction, and it possibly inspired the highly successful Three Days Grace single \"Never Too Late\". \"Motionless and White\" was often the closing song of Eighteen Visions' sets, up until the release of their album \"Obsession\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Visions of Eden", "paragraph_text": "Visions of Eden is the eleventh album by American heavy metal band Virgin Steele, released on September 8, 2006 via Sanctuary Records. The album is subtitled \"The Lilith Project - A Barbaric Romantic Movie of the Mind\". It is a concept album based on Gnostic beliefs, which critically revisits the traditional Christian mythology about the creation of the Earth and the Biblical accounts of Adam and Eve.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Visions of Johanna", "paragraph_text": "\"Visions of Johanna\" is a song written and performed by Bob Dylan on his 1966 album \"Blonde on Blonde\". Several critics have acclaimed \"Visions of Johanna\" as one of Dylan's highest achievements in writing, praising the allusiveness and subtlety of the language. \"Rolling Stone\" included \"Visions of Johanna\" on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 1999, Sir Andrew Motion, poet laureate of the UK, listed it as his candidate for the greatest song lyric ever written. Numerous artists have recorded cover versions of the song, including the Grateful Dead, Marianne Faithfull and Robyn Hitchcock.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "David DeFeis", "paragraph_text": "David DeFeis (born January 4, 1961) is an American singer, keyboard player, songwriter and producer. He is the main composer and leader of the heavy metal band Virgin Steele.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Telman Ismailov", "paragraph_text": "Telman Mardanovich Ismailov (, ; born 26 October 1956) is an Azerbaijani-born businessman and entrepreneur of Mountain Jew origin. Since Azerbaijan does not allow dual citizenship, he holds Russian-Turkish citizenship. He is the chairman of the Russian AST Group of companies, which is active in many countries. Until 2009, Ismailov owned the Europe's then-largest marketplace, Cherkizovsky Market, located in Moscow, Russia.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Harper Valley PTA (film)", "paragraph_text": "Harper Valley PTA is a 1978 American comedy film inspired by the popular 1968 country song ``Harper Valley PTA ''written by Tom T. Hall and performed by country singer Jeannie C. Riley. The film starred Barbara Eden, Nanette Fabray, Ronny Cox, Louis Nye and Susan Swift, directed by Richard Bennett, and primarily released to drive - in theaters throughout the summer of 1978. The film has a cult following in fans of the original song. The film's promotional tagline is:`` The song was scandalous. The movie is hilarious!''", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What country is the member of the band that performed Visions of Eden a citizen of?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 663927, "question": "Visions of Eden >> performer", "answer": "Virgin Steele", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Visions of Eden is the eleventh album by American heavy metal band Virgin Steele, released on September 8, 2006, via Sanctuary Records. The album is subtitled \"The Lilith Project – A Barbaric Romantic Movie of the Mind\". It is a concept album based on Gnostic beliefs, which critically revisits the traditional Christian mythology about the creation of the Earth and the Biblical accounts of Adam and Eve."]}, {"id": 355553, "question": "#1 >> has part", "answer": "David DeFeis", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["As with the previous effort, several heavy metal singers were invited to play the characters of the story of the album, with female vocalist Elize Ryd of Amaranthe reprising her role and Floor Jansen (Nightwish, ReVamp) playing the main character. The rest of the cast includes Fabio Lione (Rhapsody of Fire, Angra), David DeFeis (Virgin Steele), Simone Simons (Epica), Caterina Nix (solo Chilean singer who is having her debut album produced by Timo Tolkki) and Zachary Stevens (ex-Savatage, Circle II Circle)."]}, {"id": 476740, "question": "#2 >> country of citizenship", "answer": "America", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["David DeFeis (born January 4, 1961) is an American singer, songwriter and producer. He is the main composer, leader and sole constant member of the heavy metal band Virgin Steele."]}], "answer": "America", "answer_aliases": ["the US", "USA", "the United States", "United States", "US"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"11": "41770159", "15": "6793462", "17": "19360420"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "2hop__430048_160137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Torontál County", "paragraph_text": "Torontál (, , , ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in northern Serbia (eastern Vojvodina, except the small part near Belgrade, which is part of Belgrade Region), western Romania and southern Hungary. The capital of the county was Nagybecskerek (Serbian: , , ), the current Zrenjanin.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "French Indochina", "paragraph_text": "A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south) with Cambodia was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Temple of Literature, Hanoi", "paragraph_text": "The Temple of Literature or Temple of Culture (Vietnamese: \"Văn Miếu\", Hán-Nôm: 文廟)) is a Temple of Confucius in Hanoi, northern Vietnam. The temple hosts the Imperial Academy (, ), Vietnam's first national university. The temple was built in 1070 at the time of Emperor Lý Thánh Tông. It is one of several temples in Vietnam which is dedicated to Confucius, sages and scholars. The temple is located to the south of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long. The various pavilions, halls, statues and stelae of doctors are places where offering ceremonies, study sessions and the strict exams of the Đại Việt took place. The temple is featured on the back of the 100,000 Vietnamese đồng banknote. Just before the Vietnamese New Year celebration Tết, calligraphists will assemble outside the temple and write wishes in Hán characters. The art works are given away as gifts or are used as home decorations for special occasions.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Changa, Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Changa is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. It is located at 33° 19' 20N 73° 22' 55E with an altitude of 495 metres (1627 feet).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Delhi", "paragraph_text": "Delhi Union territory and Megacity National Capital Territory of Delhi From top clockwise: Lotus temple, Humayun's Tomb, Connaught Place, Akshardham temple and India Gate Location of Delhi in India Coordinates: 28 ° 36 ′ 36 ''N 77 ° 13 ′ 48'' E  /  28.61000 ° N 77.23000 ° E  / 28.61000; 77.23000 Coordinates: 28 ° 36 ′ 36 ''N 77 ° 13 ′ 48'' E  /  28.61000 ° N 77.23000 ° E  / 28.61000; 77.23000 Country India Settled 6th century B.C. Incorporated 1857 Capital formation 1911 Formation of Union Territory 1956 Formation of NCT 1 February 1992 Capital New Delhi Districts 11 Government Body Government of Delhi Lt. Governor Anil Baijal, IAS Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal (AAP) Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash, IAS Commissioner of Police Amulya Patnaik, IPS Area Union territory 1,484.0 km (573.0 sq mi) Water 18 km (6.9 sq mi) Area rank 31st Elevation 200 -- 250 m (650 -- 820 ft) Population (2011) Union territory 16,787,941 Density 11,312 / km (29,298 / sq mi) Urban 16,349,831 (2nd) Megacity 11,034,555 (2nd) Metro (2016) 26,454,000 (1st) Demonym (s) Delhiite Languages Official Hindi English Additional official Punjabi Urdu GDP Nominal (NCT) ₹6.86 lakh crore (US $100 billion) (2017 - 18) Nominal per capita ₹329,093 (US $4,800) (2017 - 18) Metro GDP / PPP $167 -- 370 billion Time zone IST (UTC + 5.30) Pincode (s) 1100XX Area code (s) + 91 11 ISO 3166 code IN - DL Website delhi.gov.in", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Olsztyn Voivodeship", "paragraph_text": "Olsztyn Voivodeship () was an administrative division and unit of local government in Poland in the years 1945-75, and a new territorial division between 1975–1998, superseded by Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Olsztyn.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Baranya County (former)", "paragraph_text": "Baranya (, , / \"Baranja\", ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in southern Hungary (the present county Baranya) and northeastern Croatia (part of the Osijek-Baranja county). The capital of the county was Pécs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "History of Australia", "paragraph_text": "The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the seat of government from 1901 to 1927). The FCT was renamed the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in 1938. The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Belakavadi", "paragraph_text": "Belakavadi is a town in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Malavalli taluk of Mandya district in Karnataka. As per the records of Hoysala rulers Belakavadi was one of the central places of administrative divisions. Temples include Shanbhulingeshwara Temple, Kashi Vishwanatheshwara Temple and maramma temple.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gudgenby River", "paragraph_text": "The Gudgenby River, a perennial river that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Khabarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Khabarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Orroral River", "paragraph_text": "Orroral River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County (former)", "paragraph_text": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok was an administrative county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory, which is now in central Hungary, was slightly smaller than that of present Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. The capital of the county was Szolnok.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tatra County", "paragraph_text": "Tatra County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Zakopane, which lies south of the regional capital Kraków. The county takes its name from the Tatra mountain range, which covers most of its territory.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tibet", "paragraph_text": "There are over 800 settlements in Tibet. Lhasa is Tibet's traditional capital and the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region. It contains two world heritage sites -- the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, which were the residences of the Dalai Lama. Lhasa contains a number of significant temples and monasteries, including Jokhang and Ramoche Temple.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Braddon, Australian Capital Territory", "paragraph_text": "Braddon (postcode: 2612) is an inner north suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia located adjacent to the Canberra CBD.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kingston Powerhouse", "paragraph_text": "The Kingston Powerhouse is a disused power plant in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is located in the suburb of Kingston, Australian Capital Territory.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Bageshwar", "paragraph_text": "Bageshwar is a town and a municipal board in Bageshwar district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is located at a distance of 470 km from the National Capital New Delhi and 332 km from the State Capital Dehradun. Bageshwar is known for its scenic beauty, Glaciers, Rivers and Temples. It is also the administrative headquarters of Bageshwar district.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Silsangsa", "paragraph_text": "Silsangsa Temple () is a temple of the Jogye Order located in Namwon, North Jeolla Province, South Korea. The temple is a branch temple of the Geumsan Temple in Iksan. Although the temple is legally situated in Namwon, it is also quite near the Hamyang county of South Gyeongsang Province. It is exceptional since this temple is in a field, as opposed to most Korean temples, which are located in mountainous areas.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Where was the capital before the city where the Temple of Literature is located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 430048, "question": "Temple of Literature >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Hanoi", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["Văn Miếu (, chữ Hán: 文廟), literally translated as Temple of Literature (although a more accurate name should be Temple of Confucius, as \"Văn\" refers to Confucius), is a temple dedicated to Confucius in Hanoi, northern Vietnam. The temple was founded and first built in 1070 at the time of Emperor Lý Thánh Tông, and it hosted the Imperial Academy (, 國子監), Vietnam's first national university, from 1076 to 1779. In 1803, The academy was moved to the new capital of Nguyen dynasty in Hue."]}, {"id": 160137, "question": "Where was the capital before #1 ?", "answer": "Saigon", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China), officially known as the Indochinese Union and after 1941 as the Indochinese Federation, was a group of French dependent territories in Southeast Asia from 1887 to 1954. It was initially a federation of French colonies (1887-1949), later a confederation of French associated states (1949–1954). It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), Guangzhouwan (1898–1945), Cochinchina, and Vietnamese regions of Tonkin and Annam. It was established in 1887 and was dissolved in 1954. In 1949, Vietnam was reunited and it regained Cochinchina. Its capitals were Hanoi (1902–1945) and Saigon (1887–1902, 1945–1954)."]}], "answer": "Saigon", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "52053", "2": "3974227"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__208743_159106", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "A Woman in Love (Ronnie Milsap song)", "paragraph_text": "\"A Woman in Love\" is a song written by Curtis Wright and Doug Millett, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in September 1989 as the third single from the album \"Stranger Things Have Happened\". It was his last song to reach number one on the U.S. country singles chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Watskeburt?!", "paragraph_text": "Watskeburt?! is a song by the Dutch hip hop group De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig. \"Watskeburt\" is a contraction of the Dutch sentence \"Wat is er gebeurd?\" (\"What happened?\", in the sense of \"What's happening?\"/\"What's up?\").", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tug of war at the Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Tug of war was contested as a team event in the Summer Olympics at every Olympiad from 1900 to 1920. Originally the competition was entered by groups called clubs. A country could enter more than one club in the competition, making it possible for one country to earn multiple medals. This happened in 1904, when the United States won all three medals, and in 1908 when the podium was occupied by three British teams. Sweden was also among the top countries with two medals, one as a member of the mixed team.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ducasse de Mons", "paragraph_text": "The Ducasse de Mons or Doudou is a popular festival that happens every year on Trinity Sunday (57 days after Easter) in the town of Mons in Belgium. It is recognised as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity since November 2005.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "What Happened Don't Lie", "paragraph_text": "What Happened Don't Lie is the debut album from Melbourne band Offcutts. It is the first full-length release following seven EPs over five years.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Malaysia", "paragraph_text": "Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation.The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with large minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians, and indigenous peoples. While recognising Islam as the country's established religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister. The country's official language is Malaysian, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Azem Galica", "paragraph_text": "Azem Bejta (1889–1924), commonly known as Azem Galica, was an Albanian nationalist and rebel who fought for the unification of Kosovo with Albania.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Netto (film)", "paragraph_text": "Netto is a 2005 film directed by Robert Thalheim. It is a story of father-son relationship in post-unification Berlin. The song \"Mein bester Kumpel\" by Peter Tschernig is used throughout the film.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Khalifa Bin Yousef", "paragraph_text": "Khalifa Bin Yousef was a statesman who played a significant role in the unification of The United Arab Emirates and in the economic and political life of the time in the Persian Gulf.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg", "paragraph_text": "With Switzerland joining the Schengen Treaty in March 2009, the air side was rearranged to include a Schengen and non-Schengen zone. As border control is staffed by both Swiss and French border officers, passengers departing to or arriving from non-Schengen countries may receive either a Swiss or French passport stamp, depending on which officer they happen to approach.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)", "paragraph_text": "John Corrigan \"Jonathan\" Wells (born 1942) is an American biologist, author, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to \"destroying Darwinism.\" The term \"Darwinism\" is often used by intelligent design proponents and other creationists to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution. He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church’s inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "In Jin Moon", "paragraph_text": "In Jin Moon is the former president of the Unification Church of the United States and a daughter of Unification Church founder Reverend Sun Myung Moon and his wife Hak Ja Han. Moon was born in South Korea in 1965 and moved with her family to the United States in 1973. She studied political science and philosophy at Columbia University and pursued her graduate studies at Harvard Divinity School. In the 1980s, Moon spoke at public rallies in support of her father who was convicted of tax fraud by the United States government.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mount Rungwe", "paragraph_text": "Mount Rungwe is a potentially active volcano in the Mbeya Region of the southern highlands of Tanzania. At an altitude of , it is southern Tanzania's second highest peak. Rungwe stands at the junction of the eastern and western arms of the East African Rift. It dominates the mountainous country at the north-west end of the trough that contains Lake Nyasa. The southeastern slopes of these mountains receive up to of rainfall a year, the highest rainfall in Tanzania. The slopes are covered with a belt of tropical montane forest. Above the treeline, at about , there is a belt of heathland. Much of the mountain was listed as a Forest Reserve as early as 1949. The last volcanic eruption probably happened a few hundred years ago.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cross-Country Romance", "paragraph_text": "Cross-Country Romance is a 1940 American romantic comedy film starring Gene Raymond and Wendy Barrie. With the huge success of \"It Happened One Night\", the 1934 American romantic comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable, every studio in Hollywood attempted to cash in with a similar storyline. In addition to this film, there was also \"Love on the Run\" (1936) from MGM, \"The Bride Came C.O.D.\" (1941) by Warner Bros.; even Columbia Pictures, which had made \"It Happened One Night\", produced the musical remake \"Eve Knew Her Apples\" (1945).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geomagnetic reversal", "paragraph_text": "The time spans of chrons are randomly distributed with most being between 0.1 and 1 million years with an average of 450,000 years. Most reversals are estimated to take between 1,000 and 10,000 years. The latest one, the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago, and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "POUM", "paragraph_text": "The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover. The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, \"La Batalla\", calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with Communist Action and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a \"Unification Congress\" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the 1979 elections. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting Herri Batasuna in the Basque country and participating in the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. \"La Batalla\" ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the Valencia branch remained active until 1981.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Sebeliau", "paragraph_text": "Sebeliau is a riverside village in the Lubok Antu division of Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately east-south-east of the state capital Kuching.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto?", "paragraph_text": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto? () is a 1964 Italian black comedy film written and directed by Ottavio Alessi. It is a parody of Robert Aldrich's \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Giuseppe Sirtori", "paragraph_text": "Giuseppe Sirtori (17 April 1813 – 18 September 1874) was an Italian soldier, patriot and politician who fought in the unification of Italy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dickey Lee", "paragraph_text": "Royden Dickey Lipscomb (born September 21, 1936), known professionally as Dickey Lee (sometimes misspelled Dickie Lee or Dicky Lee), is an American pop / country singer and songwriter, best known for the 1960s teenage tragedy songs ``Patches ''and`` Laurie (Strange Things Happen).''", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What year did unification of the country where Sebeliau is located happen?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 208743, "question": "Sebeliau >> country", "answer": "Malaysia", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Sebeliau is a riverside village in the Lubok Antu division of Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately east-southeast of the state capital Kuching."]}, {"id": 159106, "question": "In what year did the unification of #1 happen?", "answer": "1963", "paragraph_support_idx": 5, "support_sentence": ["The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Peninsular Malaysia was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate, independent country."]}], "answer": "1963", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"5": "3607937", "16": "30280111"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__128711_654550", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Henichesk Raion", "paragraph_text": "Henichesk Raion () is one of the 18 administrative raions (districts) of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located in the city of Henichesk. Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Ap Lo Chun", "paragraph_text": "Ap Lo Chun () is a small island in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located in Ap Chau Bay () between Ap Chau in the east and Sai Ap Chau in the west, with the islet of Ap Tan Pai nearby in the northeast. It is under the administration of North District.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nefteyugansky District", "paragraph_text": "Nefteyugansky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the nine in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the south of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Nefteyugansk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 44,815 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Starokostiantyniv Raion", "paragraph_text": "Starokostiantyniv Raion (, ) is one of the 20 administrative raions (a \"district\") of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Starokostiantyniv. Its population was 37,459 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census and 30,448 as of 2012.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Khmelnytskyi Raion", "paragraph_text": "Khmelnytskyi Raion (, ) is one of the 20 administrative raions (a \"district\") of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Khmelnytskyi. Even though the city of Khmelnytskyi is separate from the raion's government, it still serves as its administrative center in addition to its role as that of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast's administrative center. Its population was 53,686 in the 2001 Ukrainian Census and 52,906 .", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cangxi County", "paragraph_text": "Cangxi County () is a county of northeastern Sichuan Province, China, located along the upper reaches of the Jialing River. It is under the administration of Guangyuan City.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "WYYU", "paragraph_text": "WYYU FM 104.5 (\"Mixx 104-5\", pronounced \"mix one oh four five\") is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary music format, and licensed to serve Dalton, Georgia, United States. The station is owned by North Georgia Radio Group, L.P. and features programming from CBS Radio and Westwood One.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Westerplatte", "paragraph_text": "Westerplatte is a peninsula in Gdańsk, Poland, located on the Baltic Sea coast mouth of the Dead Vistula (one of the Vistula delta estuaries), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. From 1926 to 1939 it was the location of a Polish Military Transit Depot (WST), sanctioned within the territory of the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zec Bras-Coupé–Désert", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Bras-Coupé-Desert is a \"zone d'exploitation contrôlée\" (controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC), located in the unorganized territory of Lac-Pythonga in La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Outaouais, in Quebec, in Canada.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yeletsky District", "paragraph_text": "Yeletsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eighteen in Lipetsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Yelets (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 29,627 (2002 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Surgutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Surgutsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the nine in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the center of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Surgut (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 113,515 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Perm", "paragraph_text": "Perm (;) is a city and the administrative centre of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Serpukhovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Serpukhovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Serpukhov (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 35,173 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sloviansk Raion", "paragraph_text": "Sloviansk Raion () is one of the 18 districts of Donetsk Oblast, located in southeastern Ukraine. The administrative center of the district is the city of Sloviansk, which is separately incorporated as a city of oblast significance and does not belong to the raion. Population: .", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Biysky District", "paragraph_text": "Biysky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai and borders with Zonalny, Tselinny, Soltonsky, Krasnogorsky, Sovetsky, and Smolensky Districts, as well as with the territory of the City of Biysk. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Biysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). District's population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Dalton, Georgia", "paragraph_text": "Dalton is a city in Whitfield County, Georgia, United States. It is the county seat of Whitfield County and the principal city of the Dalton, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Murray and Whitfield counties.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Paea", "paragraph_text": "Paea is a commune in the suburbs of Papeete in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. Paea is located on the island of Tahiti, in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 13,021.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Orenburgsky District", "paragraph_text": "Orenburgsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-five in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 74,404 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In which county is the city where WYYU is located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 128711, "question": "What city is WYYU located?", "answer": "Dalton", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["WYYU (104.5 FM, \"Mix 104.5\") is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary music format, and licensed to serve Dalton, Georgia, United States. The station is owned by North Georgia Radio Group, L.P. and features programming from CBS News Radio and Westwood One.", "The station can be heard over much of northwest Georgia, and around and east of Chattanooga in southeast Tennessee. It transmits from the ridge northeast of Dalton and northwest of Chatsworth, near Georgia 286. Its studios and transmitter are separately located in Dalton."]}, {"id": 654550, "question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Whitfield County", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["Dalton is often referred to as the \"Carpet Capital of the World,\" home to over 150 carpet plants. The industry employs more than 30,000 people in the Whitfield County area. More than 90% of the functional carpet produced in the world today is made within a radius of the city."]}], "answer": "Whitfield County", "answer_aliases": ["Whitfield County, Georgia"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"8": "15812310", "17": "110437"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__739243_159106", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Azem Galica", "paragraph_text": "Azem Bejta (1889–1924), commonly known as Azem Galica, was an Albanian nationalist and rebel who fought for the unification of Kosovo with Albania.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Giuseppe Sirtori", "paragraph_text": "Giuseppe Sirtori (17 April 1813 – 18 September 1874) was an Italian soldier, patriot and politician who fought in the unification of Italy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cross-Country Romance", "paragraph_text": "Cross-Country Romance is a 1940 American romantic comedy film starring Gene Raymond and Wendy Barrie. With the huge success of \"It Happened One Night\", the 1934 American romantic comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable, every studio in Hollywood attempted to cash in with a similar storyline. In addition to this film, there was also \"Love on the Run\" (1936) from MGM, \"The Bride Came C.O.D.\" (1941) by Warner Bros.; even Columbia Pictures, which had made \"It Happened One Night\", produced the musical remake \"Eve Knew Her Apples\" (1945).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Ducasse de Mons", "paragraph_text": "The Ducasse de Mons or Doudou is a popular festival that happens every year on Trinity Sunday (57 days after Easter) in the town of Mons in Belgium. It is recognised as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity since November 2005.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Netto (film)", "paragraph_text": "Netto is a 2005 film directed by Robert Thalheim. It is a story of father-son relationship in post-unification Berlin. The song \"Mein bester Kumpel\" by Peter Tschernig is used throughout the film.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Mount Rungwe", "paragraph_text": "Mount Rungwe is a potentially active volcano in the Mbeya Region of the southern highlands of Tanzania. At an altitude of , it is southern Tanzania's second highest peak. Rungwe stands at the junction of the eastern and western arms of the East African Rift. It dominates the mountainous country at the north-west end of the trough that contains Lake Nyasa. The southeastern slopes of these mountains receive up to of rainfall a year, the highest rainfall in Tanzania. The slopes are covered with a belt of tropical montane forest. Above the treeline, at about , there is a belt of heathland. Much of the mountain was listed as a Forest Reserve as early as 1949. The last volcanic eruption probably happened a few hundred years ago.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tug of war at the Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Tug of war was contested as a team event in the Summer Olympics at every Olympiad from 1900 to 1920. Originally the competition was entered by groups called clubs. A country could enter more than one club in the competition, making it possible for one country to earn multiple medals. This happened in 1904, when the United States won all three medals, and in 1908 when the podium was occupied by three British teams. Sweden was also among the top countries with two medals, one as a member of the mixed team.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)", "paragraph_text": "John Corrigan \"Jonathan\" Wells (born 1942) is an American biologist, author, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to \"destroying Darwinism.\" The term \"Darwinism\" is often used by intelligent design proponents and other creationists to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution. He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church’s inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Dickey Lee", "paragraph_text": "Royden Dickey Lipscomb (born September 21, 1936), known professionally as Dickey Lee (sometimes misspelled Dickie Lee or Dicky Lee), is an American pop / country singer and songwriter, best known for the 1960s teenage tragedy songs ``Patches ''and`` Laurie (Strange Things Happen).''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Watskeburt?!", "paragraph_text": "Watskeburt?! is a song by the Dutch hip hop group De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig. \"Watskeburt\" is a contraction of the Dutch sentence \"Wat is er gebeurd?\" (\"What happened?\", in the sense of \"What's happening?\"/\"What's up?\").", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "POUM", "paragraph_text": "The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover. The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, \"La Batalla\", calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with Communist Action and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a \"Unification Congress\" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the 1979 elections. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting Herri Batasuna in the Basque country and participating in the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. \"La Batalla\" ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the Valencia branch remained active until 1981.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stolen Honor", "paragraph_text": "Carlton Sherwood, the producer of \"Stolen Honor\" is a Vietnam War veteran who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1980 for his work for the Gannett News Service. His appointments to several positions by Republican politicians has been cited as evidence of partisan bias and his journalism has been criticized. In 1983 he was responsible for a four-part series on a Washington DC television station which charged the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund with misspending—if not stealing—donated money. The following year, after a GAO audit and threats of a lawsuit, the station broadcast a retraction. \"Inquisition\", his investigation of the 1982 tax fraud prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon (leader of the Unification Church) was published in 1991. The following year the PBS documentary series \"Frontline\" reported that James Gavin, an aide to Moon, had reviewed the \"overall tone and factual contents\" of the manuscript and that Sherwood had agreed to his revisions. Sherwood denied that the Unification Church exerted editorial control over the book.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mintu", "paragraph_text": "Mintu (also known as Rumah Bol or Rumah Bel) is a settlement in Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately east-south-east of the state capital Kuching.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Geomagnetic reversal", "paragraph_text": "The time spans of chrons are randomly distributed with most being between 0.1 and 1 million years with an average of 450,000 years. Most reversals are estimated to take between 1,000 and 10,000 years. The latest one, the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago, and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg", "paragraph_text": "With Switzerland joining the Schengen Treaty in March 2009, the air side was rearranged to include a Schengen and non-Schengen zone. As border control is staffed by both Swiss and French border officers, passengers departing to or arriving from non-Schengen countries may receive either a Swiss or French passport stamp, depending on which officer they happen to approach.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "In Jin Moon", "paragraph_text": "In Jin Moon is the former president of the Unification Church of the United States and a daughter of Unification Church founder Reverend Sun Myung Moon and his wife Hak Ja Han. Moon was born in South Korea in 1965 and moved with her family to the United States in 1973. She studied political science and philosophy at Columbia University and pursued her graduate studies at Harvard Divinity School. In the 1980s, Moon spoke at public rallies in support of her father who was convicted of tax fraud by the United States government.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kingdom of England", "paragraph_text": "During the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and the Norwegian invaders, but was definitively brought under English control by Eadred in 954, completing the unification of England. At about this time, Lothian, the northern part of Northumbria (Roman Bernicia), was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland. On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at Eamont in Cumbria to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English. This can be considered England's' foundation date ', although the process of unification had taken almost 100 years.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "A Woman in Love (Ronnie Milsap song)", "paragraph_text": "\"A Woman in Love\" is a song written by Curtis Wright and Doug Millett, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in September 1989 as the third single from the album \"Stranger Things Have Happened\". It was his last song to reach number one on the U.S. country singles chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto?", "paragraph_text": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto? () is a 1964 Italian black comedy film written and directed by Ottavio Alessi. It is a parody of Robert Aldrich's \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Malaysia", "paragraph_text": "Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation.The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with large minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians, and indigenous peoples. While recognising Islam as the country's established religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister. The country's official language is Malaysian, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "What year did unification of the country Mintu is located happen?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 739243, "question": "Mintu >> country", "answer": "Malaysia", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["Mintu (also known as Rumah Bol or Rumah Bel) is a settlement in Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately east-south-east of the state capital Kuching."]}, {"id": 159106, "question": "In what year did the unification of #1 happen?", "answer": "1963", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Peninsular Malaysia was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate, independent country."]}], "answer": "1963", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"12": "30257876", "19": "3607937"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__614774_42467_91253", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of gravitational theory", "paragraph_text": "In 1687, English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia, which hypothesizes the inverse - square law of universal gravitation. In his own words, ``I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve; and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth; and found them answer pretty nearly. ''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "C/2014 G3", "paragraph_text": "C/2014 G3 is a faint comet discovered on 10 April 2014 by Pan-STARRS which will pass near Jupiter's gravitational field on 8 March 2016 at distance of . The comet had about a 405-year orbital period before entering the planetary region of the Solar System. The comet will only brighten to around apparent magnitude 18 in 2015, and will require a large amateur telescope with a CCD camera to be detected. After this passage the comet will have a 391-year orbital period. C/2014 G3 has a spectra similar to S-type asteroids.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "227 Philosophia", "paragraph_text": "Philosophia (minor planet designation: 227 Philosophia) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Paul-Pierre Henry on August 12, 1882, in Paris and named after the topic of philosophy. Based upon photometric observations, it has a synodic rotation period of 52.98 ± 0.01 with a brightness variation of 0.15 ± 0.02 in magnitude.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Gravitation of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m / s, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.16 ɡ. Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m / s (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration, things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6% of what they weigh on the Earth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "HD 7199", "paragraph_text": "HD 7199 is a K-class star located in the constellation Tucana. The High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile found it to have a planet either 0.290 the mass of Jupiter or 92 times the mass of Earth with an orbital period of 615 days.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mercury (planet)", "paragraph_text": "Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger to the gods.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica", "paragraph_text": "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin for \"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\"), often referred to as simply the Principia (), is a work in three books by Isaac Newton, in Latin, first published 5 July 1687. After annotating and correcting his personal copy of the first edition, Newton published two further editions, in 1713 and 1726. The \"Principia\" states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics; Newton's law of universal gravitation; and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion (which Kepler first obtained empirically).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates", "paragraph_text": "On August 24, 2016, astronomers announced the discovery of a rocky planet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth. Called Proxima b, the planet is 1.3 times the mass of Earth and has an orbital period of roughly 11.2 Earth days. However Proxima Centauri's classification as a red dwarf casts doubts on the habitability of any exoplanets in its orbit due to low stellar flux, high probability of tidal locking, small circumstellar habitable zones and high stellar variation. Another likely candidate is Alpha Centauri, Earth's nearest Sun - like star system 4.37 light years away. Estimates place the probability of finding a habitable planet around Alpha Centauri A or B at roughly 85%. Alpha Centauri is the target of several exoplanet - finding missions, including Breakthrough Starshot and Mission Centaur, the latter of which is chronicled in the 2016 documentary film, ``The Search for Earth Proxima. ''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Saturn", "paragraph_text": "The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4 billion kilometers (9 AU). With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km / s, it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about ​ 29 ⁄ years) to finish one revolution around the Sun. As a consequence, it forms a near 5: 2 mean - motion resonance with Jupiter. The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48 ° relative to the orbital plane of the Earth. The perihelion and aphelion distances are, respectively, 9.195 and 9.957 AU, on average. The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "paragraph_text": "Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (``the Principia ''), first published on 5 July 1686. When Newton's book was presented in 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton had obtained the inverse square law from him.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United Federation of Planets", "paragraph_text": "United Federation of Planets UFP The Federation The flag of the United Federation of Planets Founded 2161 Capital (s) San Francisco Paris Earth, Sol System, Sector 001, Alpha Quadrant Legislature Federation Council Currency Federation Credit Affiliation Starfleet Various", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Age of Enlightenment", "paragraph_text": "There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution. If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes' Discourse on Method, published in 1637. In France, many cited the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica in 1687. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum published in 1637. As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804–15) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Geocentric model", "paragraph_text": "In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture. The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits. This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by Faraday, Ohm, and others during the early 19th century. These studies led to the unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (known as Maxwell's equations).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2002 AA29", "paragraph_text": "When 2002 AA29 is approaching the Earth from in front (i.e. it is moving slightly slower, and the Earth is catching it up), the gravitational attraction of the Earth shifts it onto a slightly faster orbit, a little nearer the Sun. It now hurries ahead of the Earth along its new orbit, until after 95 years it has almost lapped the Earth and is coming up from behind. Again it comes under the Earth's gravitational influence; this time it is lifted onto a slower orbit, further from the Sun. On this orbit it can no longer keep pace with the Earth, and it falls behind until in 95 years it is once again approaching the Earth from in front. The Earth and 2002 AA29 chase each other in turn around the Sun, but do not get close enough to break the pattern.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica", "paragraph_text": "The French mathematical physicist Alexis Clairaut assessed it in 1747: \"The famous book of \"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\" marked the epoch of a great revolution in physics. The method followed by its illustrious author Sir Newton ... spread the light of mathematics on a science which up to then had remained in the darkness of conjectures and hypotheses.\"", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "What is the period of revolution of the planet that seemed to buck the gravitational laws of the author of Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in earth years?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 614774, "question": "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica >> author", "answer": "Newton", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["Halley's visits to Newton in 1684 thus resulted from Halley's debates about planetary motion with Wren and Hooke, and they seem to have provided Newton with the incentive and spur to develop and write what became \"Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica\". Halley was at that time a Fellow and Council member of the Royal Society in London (positions that in 1686 he resigned to become the Society's paid Clerk). Halley's visit to Newton in Cambridge in 1684 probably occurred in August. When Halley asked Newton's opinion on the problem of planetary motions discussed earlier that year between Halley, Hooke and Wren, Newton surprised Halley by saying that he had already made the derivations some time ago; but that he could not find the papers. (Matching accounts of this meeting come from Halley and Abraham De Moivre to whom Newton confided.) Halley then had to wait for Newton to \"find\" the results, and in November 1684 Newton sent Halley an amplified version of whatever previous work Newton had done on the subject. This took the form of a 9-page manuscript, \"De motu corporum in gyrum\" (\"Of the motion of bodies in an orbit\"): the title is shown on some surviving copies, although the (lost) original may have been without a title."]}, {"id": 42467, "question": "What planet seemed to buck #1 's gravitational laws?", "answer": "Mercury", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["Newton's law of gravitation is an example of \"action at a distance\": one body, like the Sun, exerts an influence upon any other body, like the Earth, no matter how far apart they are. Moreover, this action at a distance is \"instantaneous.\" According to Newton's theory, the one body shifting position changes the gravitational pulls felt by all other bodies, all at the same instant of time. Albert Einstein recognized that this was inconsistent with special relativity and its prediction that influences cannot travel faster than the speed of light. So, he sought a new theory of gravitation that would be relativistically consistent. Mercury's orbit did not match that predicted by Newton's law of gravitation. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of an undiscovered planet (Vulcan) that could explain the discrepancies. When Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he focused on Mercury's problematic orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's theory of gravity had been shown to be inexact."]}, {"id": 91253, "question": "what is the period of revolution of #2 in earth years", "answer": "88 days", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["Mercury's sidereal year (88.0 Earth days) and sidereal day (58.65 Earth days) are in a 3:2 ratio. This relationship is called spin–orbit resonance, and \"sidereal\" here means \"relative to the stars\". Consequently, one solar day (sunrise to sunrise) on Mercury lasts for around 176 Earth days: twice the planet's sidereal year. This means that one side of Mercury will remain in sunlight for one Mercurian year of 88 Earth days; while during the next orbit, that side will be in darkness all the time until the next sunrise after another 88 Earth days."]}], "answer": "88 days", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"7": "19694", "11": "10902", "19": "48781"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "2hop__839040_80728", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Gunavantha", "paragraph_text": "Gunavantha is a 2007 Kannada romance film directed by Raghuvardhan and starring Prem Kumar and Rekha Vedavyas in the lead roles with Sharan and Rangayana Raghu in other pivotal roles. The film had musical score and lyrics written by Hamsalekha.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Theruvu Narthaki", "paragraph_text": "Theruvu Narthaki is a 1988 Indian Malayalam film, directed by N. Sankaran Nair and produced by S. Kumar. The film stars Balan K. Nair, Bheeman Raghu, Geetha and Anuradha in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Vijayabhaskar.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jharkhand", "paragraph_text": "Jharkhand State of India Seal Location of Jharkhand Map of Jharkhand Coordinates (Ranchi): 23 ° 21 ′ N 85 ° 20 ′ E  /  23.35 ° N 85.33 ° E  / 23.35; 85.33 Coordinates: 23 ° 21 ′ N 85 ° 20 ′ E  /  23.35 ° N 85.33 ° E  / 23.35; 85.33 Country India Region East India Formation 15 November 2000 Capital Ranchi Districts 24 Government Governor Draupadi Murmu Chief Minister Raghubar Das (BJP) Legislature Unicameral (81 seats) Parliamentary constituency 14 High Court Jharkhand High Court Area Total 79,714 km (30,778 sq mi) Area rank 16th Population (2011) Total 32,988,134 Rank 14th Density 414 / km (1,070 / sq mi) Time zone IST (UTC + 05: 30) ISO 3166 code IN - JH HDI 0.376 (low) HDI rank 19th (2007 - 08) Literacy 67.6% (25th) Official language Hindi Additional official language Urdu Website www.jharkhand.gov.in Formed by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Gudur, Kurnool", "paragraph_text": "Gudur, Kurnool district is a village and a Mandal in Kurnool district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nathavaram", "paragraph_text": "Nathavaram is a village in Visakhapatnam district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. This is the fastest developing village in entire Mandal.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Fatehpur Jat", "paragraph_text": "Fatehpur Jat is a village situated in the Ballia Kheri Mandal of Saharanpur District in Uttar Pradesh, India . The village is located 480 km from the state capital Lucknow . It is a midsized village and has a population of about 1,697 persons living in around 284 households. The majority of the population belong to the Jat community.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Polkampally", "paragraph_text": "Polkampally is a village in Mahbubnagar district in Telangana, India. It falls under Moosapet mandal. It is famous for tasty mangos.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Thalapula Palli", "paragraph_text": "Thalapula Palli, is a village in Puthala Pattu Mandal in Chittoor district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The population is about 1100 – 1300, and mainly depends on agriculture.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jasoi", "paragraph_text": "Jasoi is a village situated in the Baghara Mandal of Muzaffarnagar District in Uttar Pradesh, India . It is 8.140 kilometres from the Mandal headquarters at Baghra, and 19.10 kilometres from the district headquarters at Muzaffarnagar.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University", "paragraph_text": "Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (formerly known as Garhwal University) is a Central University located in Srinagar town in the Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand state in northern India. Named after Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, the university is residential cum affiliating with jurisdiction over Garhwal region. It is on the banks of the river Alaknanda in the mid-Himalayas.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Menakuru", "paragraph_text": "Menakuru is a village located in the Naidupet mandal of Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a designated Special Economic Zone (SEZ).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Five-star rank", "paragraph_text": "Five - star ranks were created in the US military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank. US officers holding five - star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life. The five - star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Paluvayi", "paragraph_text": "New Paluvayi is a small village in Rentachintala mandal, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The village population is approximately 600.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Adilabad mandal", "paragraph_text": "Adilabad mandal is one of the 52 mandals in Adilabad district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is under the administration of Adilabad revenue division and the headquarters are located at Adilabad. The mandal is bounded by Jainad, Bela, Inderavelly, Gudihatnur, Talamadugu and Tamsi mandals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Piney Point Village, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Piney Point Village is a city in Harris County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,125 at the 2010 census. Piney Point Village is the wealthiest place in Texas, as ranked by per capita income. It is part of a collection of upscale residential communities in west Houston known as the Memorial Villages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kunda Kalan", "paragraph_text": "Kunda Kalan a village situated in the Gangoh Mandal of Saharanpur District in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 12.64 kilometres from the mandal headquarters at Gangoh and is 488 kilometres from the state capital in Lucknow.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Himachal Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Raghu Nandan Mandal", "paragraph_text": "Raghunandan Mandal (4 February 1952 – 3 January 2016) was an Indian politician who was a Member of Legislative Assembly from 17 Godda District in Jharkhand from BJP(Bharatiya Janata Party). Mandal overcame his Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) rival Sanjay Prasad Yadav by 34,486 votes. He is also elected as The Assembly committee member on environment and pollution control of jharkhand", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Marripadu", "paragraph_text": "Marripadu is a village and a Mandal in Nellore district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It is located at the border of Nellore District. It produces tobacco. It is on the banks of small river called Boggeru. Somasila Project, Udayagiri are the adjacent tourist places.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "AP Poll", "paragraph_text": "The Associated Press (AP Poll) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports: football, men's basketball and women's basketball. The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation. Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams, and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote, 24 for a second place vote, and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote. Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When ordered by population, what position is the Indian state where Raghu Nandan Mandal died?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 839040, "question": "Raghu Nandan Mandal >> place of death", "answer": "Jharkhand", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["He was born to Sumrit Mandal and Phulwati Devi. His father was also a Member of Legislative assembly from 17 Godda District in Jharkhand representing JMM (Jharkhand Mukti Morcha) during the period (1985–1995). He studied at Ranchi Vikas Vidyalaya. Mandal has been married to Sulochana Mandal since 30 January 1979. They have three children, two sons Amit and Sumit and a daughter named Puja. He died while being taken to a hospital in Jharkhand in 2016 after complaining of chest pains."]}, {"id": 80728, "question": "what is the rank of #1 in population", "answer": "14th", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["Jharkhand ( , ; lit. 'the land of forests') is a state in eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south. It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state. The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath, Dewri and Rajrappa are major religious sites. Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities as of 2011."]}], "answer": "14th", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "197225", "17": "45666888"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__649598_70763", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Ricans are by law citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland. As it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. However, Puerto Rico does have one non-voting member of the House called a Resident Commissioner. As residents of a U.S. territory, American citizens in Puerto Rico are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States, and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income. Like other territories and the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico does not have U.S. senators. Congress approved a local constitution in 1952, allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor. A 2012 referendum showed a majority (54% of those who voted) disagreed with ``the present form of territorial status ''. A second question asking about a new model, had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status, although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum. A fifth referendum was held on June 11, 2017, with`` Statehood'' and ``Independence / Free Association ''initially as the only available choices. At the recommendation of the Department of Justice, an option for the`` current territorial status'' was added. The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood, with 97.18% voting for it, although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99% of the registered voters casting their ballots.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jora Singh", "paragraph_text": "Jora Singh (born 1 January 1979) is an Indian track and field athlete from Haryana who specializes in the decathlon. Jora held the Indian National record of 7502 points set during the Federation Cup held in New Delhi on 2 March 2006 before being broken by Bharatinder Singh in 2011. He broke Kulwinder Singh's previous mark of 7325 points, registered in Chennai in August 2005.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Neha Devi Singh", "paragraph_text": "Neha Devi Singh was born on 9 August 1981 in Mumbai, India. Singh received a degree in Economics from St. Xavier's College. She set out to seek work in the television industry. She pursued a career as a director or producer, but became an actor.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh", "paragraph_text": "Since 1952, five people have been Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. Three of these belonged to the Indian National Congress party, including inaugural office - holder Yashwant Singh Parmar. After his first term ended in 1956, Himachal Pradesh was made a union territory, and the office of Chief Minister ceased to exist. In 1963, Parmar once again became Chief Minister, and during his reign, in 1971, Himachal regained full statehood. Until March 2015, when he was surpassed by Virbhadra Singh, Parmar was the state's longest - serving chief minister. Since 1993, the chief ministership has changed hands every five years between Virbhadra Singh of the Congress and Prem Kumar Dhumal of the Bharatiya Janata Party. The current incumbent is Jai Ram Thakur of the Bharatiya Janata Party having been sworn in on 27 December 2017.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Saul", "paragraph_text": "Saul (/ sɔːl /; Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Šāʼûl; ``asked for, prayed for ''; Latin: Saul; Arabic: طالوت ‎ ‎, Ṭālūt or Arabic: شاؤل ‎ ‎, Sha'ūl), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE, marked a transition from a tribal society to statehood.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, \"Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future.\"", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "2016 United States presidential election in Colorado", "paragraph_text": "Hillary Clinton won the election in Colorado with a plurality of 48.2% of the vote. Donald Trump received 43.3% of the vote, a Democratic margin of victory of 4.9%. This was the third time since achieving statehood that the Republican candidate won the election without carrying Colorado, and the second time since statehood that Colorado has voted Democratic in three consecutive presidential elections. No Republican had won the White House without carrying the state since 1908. Trump won five counties that had voted for President Obama in 2012; Conejos County, Chaffee County, Huerfano County, Las Animas County, and Pueblo County. The latter two counties had not supported a Republican for president since Richard Nixon's 49 - state landslide in 1972.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the \"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico\". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as \"Free Associated State\"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Liberia", "paragraph_text": "In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone. These sanctions were lifted in 2006. Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008. Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Splinter Shards the Birth of Separation", "paragraph_text": "The Splinter Shards the Birth of Separation is the second full-length release by metalcore band Zao, released on Tooth & Nail Records on April 1, 1997.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Haryana", "paragraph_text": "Haryana (IPA: (ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː)), (Urdu: ہریانہ ‎), is one of the 29 states in India, situated in North India. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It stands 21st in terms of its area, which is spread about 44,212 km (17,070 sq mi). As of 2011 census of India, the state is eighteenth largest by population with 25,353,081 inhabitants. The city of Chandigarh is its capital while the National Capital Region city of Faridabad is the most populous city of the state and the city of Gurugram is financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saul", "paragraph_text": "Saul (/ sɔːl /; Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Šāʼûl; ``asked for, prayed for ''; Latin: Saul; Arabic: طالوت ‎, Ṭālūt or Arabic: شاؤل ‎, Ša'ūl), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE, marked a transition from a tribal society to statehood.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "With Malice towards One and All", "paragraph_text": "\"With Malice towards One and All\" was the weekly column series published by celebrated Indian author and journalist Khushwant Singh in the leading English language dailes of India, occupying two full length columns on the editorial page of the Saturday edition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lucky Whitehead", "paragraph_text": "Lucky Whitehead Whitehead with the Dallas Cowboys in 2015 Free agent Position: Wide receiver Birth name: Rodney Darnell Whitehead Jr. Date of birth: (1992 - 06 - 02) June 2, 1992 (age 25) Place of birth: Manassas, Virginia Height: 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) Weight: 180 lb (82 kg) Career information High school: Manassas (VA) Osbourn College: Florida Atlantic Undrafted: 2015 Career history Dallas Cowboys (2015 -- 2016) New York Jets (2017) Career highlights and awards All - C - USA (2014) Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2016 Receptions: 9 Receiving yards: 64 Rushing yards: 189 Total return yards: 1,151 Total touchdowns: 0 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "51st state", "paragraph_text": "In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ted Ginn Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Ted Ginn Jr. Ginn Jr. with the Carolina Panthers in 2016 No. 19 -- New Orleans Saints Position: Wide Receiver Return Specialist Date of birth: (1985 - 04 - 12) April 12, 1985 (age 32) Place of birth: Cleveland, Ohio Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) Weight: 180 lb (82 kg) Career information High school: Cleveland (OH) Glenville College: Ohio State NFL Draft: 2007 / Round: 1 / Pick: 9 Career history Miami Dolphins (2007 -- 2009) San Francisco 49ers (2010 -- 2012) Carolina Panthers (2013) Arizona Cardinals (2014) Carolina Panthers (2015 -- 2016) New Orleans Saints (2017 -- present) Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards PFWA All - Rookie Team (2007) First - team All - Big Ten (2006) 3 × First - team All - American (2004 -- 2006) USA Today High School Defensive Player of the Year (2003) Career NFL statistics as of Week 3, 2017 Receptions: 318 Receiving yards: 4,406 Total return yards: 9,367 Total touchdowns: 35 Player stats at NFL.com", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Law Commission of India", "paragraph_text": "Former Supreme Court judge Balbir Singh Chauhan was appointed Chairman of the 21st Law Commission. Mr. Justice Ravi R. Tripathi, retired judge of the Gujarat High Court was appointed as Full - time Member.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Christ of the Abyss", "paragraph_text": "The original bronze statue was placed in the Mediterranean Sea on 22 August 1954, at approximately 17 metres (56 ft) depth, and stands 2.5 metres (8 ft) tall. It was sculpted by Guido Galletti, based on an idea of Italian diving instructor Duilio Marcante. The statue was placed near the spot where Dario Gonzatti, the first Italian to use SCUBA gear, died in 1947. It depicts Christ offering a benediction of peace, with his head and hands raised skyward. The statue was subsequently dedicated to the memory of Marcante.Due to increasing amounts of corrosion and the growth of crustaceans, the statue was removed from the water and restored in 2003. A hand that had been detached, presumably by an anchor, was also replaced. The statue was returned to the water with a new base on 17 July 2004. The statue was cleaned in 2018.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When did Jora Singh's birth state receive the status of full statehood?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 649598, "question": "Jora Singh >> place of birth", "answer": "Haryana", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["Jora Singh (born 1 January 1979) is an Indian track and field athlete from Haryana who specializes in the decathlon. Jora held the Indian National record of 7502 points set during the Federation Cup held in New Delhi on 2 March 2006 before being broken by Bharatinder Singh in 2011. He broke Kulwinder Singh's previous mark of 7325 points, registered in Chennai in August 2005."]}, {"id": 70763, "question": "when did #1 receive the status of full statehood", "answer": "1 November 1966", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["Haryana ( , ) is a state located in the northern part of India. It was carved out after the linguistic reorganisation of Punjab on 1 November 1966. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% () of India's land area. The state capital is Chandigarh, which it shares with the neighbouring state of Punjab; the most populous city is Faridabad, a part of the National Capital Region. The city of Gurgaon is among India's largest financial and technology hubs. Haryana has administrative divisions, districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats."]}], "answer": "1 November 1966", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "24412569", "12": "14189"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__819523_3429", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Universal Attractions Agency", "paragraph_text": "In business since 1949, UAA is located in New York City. The agency’s history includes launching the career of the soul singer James Brown and representing him for more than 40 years.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Def Comedy Jam", "paragraph_text": "The series had its original run from July 1, 1992 to January 1, 1997. Simmons was inspired to make Def Comedy Jam by Jerry Lewis' movie The Nutty Professor. The show returned on HBO's fall lineup in 2006. Def Comedy Jam helped to launch the careers of several African - American stand - up comedians.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, American Idol has a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Since U Been Gone", "paragraph_text": "\"Since U Been Gone\" is a song recorded by American singer Kelly Clarkson from her second studio album, \"Breakaway\" (2004). The song, which was written and produced by Max Martin and Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald, was released as the lead single from \"Breakaway\" two weeks before the album was released. It is an uptempo pop rock and power pop power ballad that infuses electronic sound with a mixture of soft and loud alternative rock sound. Martin originally wrote \"Since U Been Gone\" with Pink in mind but she turned it down. It was then given to Hilary Duff but she rejected the song because she could not reach its higher notes. The song was finally given to Clarkson after Clive Davis convinced the writers to give it to her. Clarkson decided to add heavier guitars and harder drums to the song after noticing that the demo had an obvious pop sound. Lyrically, the song is written from a woman's point of view where she expresses her sense of relief with the end of her troubled relationship.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 4, "title": "H. C. Speir", "paragraph_text": "H. C. Speir (October 6, 1895 – April 22, 1972) was an American \"talent broker\" and record store owner from Jackson, Mississippi. He was responsible for launching the recording careers of most of the greatest Mississippi blues musicians in the 1920s and 1930s. It has been said that, \"Speir was the godfather of Delta Blues\" and was \"a musical visionary\". Without Speir, Mississippi's greatest natural resource might have gone untapped.\"", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "U to U", "paragraph_text": "U to U, sometimes labeled as U-2-U, is a weekly Nickelodeon television series that aired from 1994 to 1996. The show focused on displaying viewer-submitted work and ideas in their \"Straight From U\" segment where viewers were able to submit their work via mail, e-mail, fax, or telephone.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "SM U-41 (Austria-Hungary)", "paragraph_text": "SM \"U-41 or U-XLI\" was a \"U-27\" class U-boat or submarine for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. \"U-41\", built by the Austrian firm of Cantiere Navale Triestino (CNT) at the Pola Navy Yard, was launched in November 1917. When she was commissioned in February 1918, she became the last boat of her class to enter service. She was also the last domestically constructed Austro-Hungarian U-boat to enter service.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "SM U-135", "paragraph_text": "Built at the Kaiserliche Werft Danzig, the U-boat was laid down on 4 November 1916, launched on 8 September 1917 and commissioned 20 June 1918.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "What I Did for Love (A Chorus Line)", "paragraph_text": "In the penultimate scene of the production, one of the dancers has suffered a career - ending injury. The remaining dancers, gathered together onstage, are asked what they would do if they are told they can no longer dance. Diana Morales, in reply, sings this anthem, which considers loss philosophically, with an undefeated optimism; all the dancers concur. Whatever happens, they will be free of regret. What they did in their careers, they did for love, and their talent, no matter how great, was only theirs ``to borrow '', was to be only temporary and would someday be gone. But the love of performing is never gone. They are all pointed toward tomorrow.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Megan McKenna", "paragraph_text": "In May 2017, Megan launched her own restaurant ``MCK Grill ''in Woodford Green. In September 2017 she starred in her own show on ITVBe, There's Something About Megan, which sees her flying to Nashville to attempt a country music career.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "German submarine U-196", "paragraph_text": "German submarine \"U-196\" was a Type IXD2 U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 10 June 1941 at the AG Weser yard in Bremen, launched on 24 April 1942, and commissioned on 11 September 1942 under the command of \"Kapitänleutnant\" Eitel-Friedrich Kentrat. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin, \"U-196\" was transferred to the 12th flotilla for front-line service on 1 April 1943.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Garry Moore Show", "paragraph_text": "The Garry Moore Show is the name for several separate American variety series on the CBS television network in the 1950s and 1960s. Hosted by experienced radio performer Garry Moore, the series helped launch the careers of many comedic talents, such as Dorothy Loudon, Don Adams, George Gobel, Carol Burnett, Don Knotts, Lee Goodman, James Kirkwood, Jr., and Jonathan Winters. \"The Garry Moore Show\" garnered a number of Emmy nominations and wins.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "German submarine U-420", "paragraph_text": "German submarine \"U-420\" was a Type VIIC U-boat built for the Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. She was laid down in the Danziger Werft as yard number 121, launched on 18 August 1942 and commissioned on 16 December the same year under \"Oberleutnant zur See\" Peter Högqvist. She then joined the 8th U-boat Flotilla for training before transferring to the 11th flotilla for operations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Android (operating system)", "paragraph_text": "Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008. The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 8.1 ``Oreo '', released in December 2017. The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project (AOSP), and is primarily licensed under the Apache License.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Cigarettes & Coffee", "paragraph_text": "Cigarettes & Coffee is a 1993 short film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, starring Philip Baker Hall. It tells the story of five people connected through a twenty-dollar bill. The film helped launch the career of Anderson and was used as a basis for his first feature film, \"Hard Eight\" (1996).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "German submarine U-1235", "paragraph_text": "German submarine \"U-1235\" was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 25 May 1943 at the Deutsche Werft yard at Hamburg, launched on 25 January 1944, and commissioned on 17 May 1944. She served with \"31st U-boat Flotilla\" (31st U-Boat Flotilla), a training unit, and with \"33rd U-boat Flotilla\" from 1 December 1944 to 15 April 1945.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Steven Spielberg", "paragraph_text": "Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting, Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography in order to help promote filmmaking as a marketable skill. The badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree, which Spielberg attended, and where he personally counseled many boys in their work on requirements. That same year, 1989, saw the release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. The opening scene shows a teenage Indiana Jones in scout uniform bearing the rank of a Life Scout. Spielberg stated he made Indiana Jones a Boy Scout in honor of his experience in Scouting. For his career accomplishments, service to others, and dedication to a new merit badge Spielberg was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "German submarine U-197", "paragraph_text": "German submarine \"U-197\" was a Type IXD2 U-boat of Nazi Germany's \"Kriegsmarine\" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 5 July 1941 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard in Bremen as yard number 1043. She was launched on 21 May 1942, and commissioned on 10 October under the command of \"Korvettenkapitän\" Robert Bartels. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin, \"U-197\" was transferred to the 12th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on 1 April 1943.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of Eurovision Song Contest winners", "paragraph_text": "Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist (s) to capitalise on their success and surrounding publicity by launching or furthering their international career during their singing years. However, throughout the history of the contest, relatively few of these artists have gone on to be huge international stars. The most notable winning Eurovision artists whose career was directly launched into the spotlight following their win were the members of ABBA, who won the 1974 contest for Sweden with their song ``Waterloo ''. ABBA went on to be one of the most successful bands of its time. Another notable winner who subsequently achieved international fame and success was Céline Dion, who won the 1988 contest for Switzerland with the song`` Ne partez pas sans moi''.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Talang (Swedish TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Talang, formerly named Talang Sverige (; English: \"Talent Sweden\") in 2014, is the Swedish version of the \"Got Talent\" series show where singers, dancers, comedians, variety acts and other performers compete against each other for audience support and the prize money (1 million SEK in 2007 and since 2014; 500,000 SEK between 2008–2011). The show was broadcast for five seasons on TV4, between 2007–2011, before TV4 put the show on indefinite hiatus. Two years later, on 19 June 2013, TV3 announced that they had acquired the rights for the show and would re-launch the show in spring 2014 under the name \"Talang Sverige\". After 4 years, in 2017, TV4 acquired the rights for the show once again and re-launched the show under the name \"Talang\", without the year behind.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What show helped launch the career of the performer of Since U Been Gone?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 819523, "question": "Since U Been Gone >> performer", "answer": "Kelly Clarkson", "paragraph_support_idx": 3, "support_sentence": ["\"Since U Been Gone\" is a song recorded by American singer Kelly Clarkson from her second studio album, \"Breakaway\" (2004). The song, which was written and produced by Max Martin and Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald, was released as the lead single from \"Breakaway\" two weeks before the album was released. It is an uptempo pop rock and power pop power ballad that infuses electronic sounds with a mixture of a soft and loud pop rock sound. Martin originally wrote \"Since U Been Gone\" with Pink in mind, but she turned it down. It was then given to Hilary Duff, but she rejected the song because she could not reach its higher notes. The song was finally given to Clarkson after Clive Davis convinced the writers to give it to her. Clarkson decided to add heavier guitars and harder drums to the song after noticing that the demo had an obvious pop sound. Lyrically, the song is written from a woman's point of view where she expresses her sense of relief with the end of her troubled relationship."]}, {"id": 3429, "question": "What show helped launched the career of #1 ?", "answer": "American Idol", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, \"American Idol\" has had a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. The alumni of the show's original run scored 13 Grammy Award wins out of 54 Grammy nominations up to its end in 2016, with Underwood and Clarkson receiving 10 wins combined.", "The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to \"Billboard\" magazine, in its first ten years, \"\"Idol\" has spawned 345 \"Billboard\" chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert, and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\" For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003–04 television season through the 2010–11 season, either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings.", "It started as an addition to the \"Idol\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, in which the programme's first series, which was won by Will Young, ended over four months before the show began, as it later became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with the winner determined by American viewers using phones, Internet platforms, and SMS text voting. The winners of the first twenty-two seasons, as chosen by viewers, are Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, Trent Harmon, Maddie Poppe, Laine Hardy, Just Sam, Chayce Beckham, Noah Thompson, Iam Tongi, and Abi Carter."]}], "answer": "American Idol", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "191890", "3": "1648383"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__618544_721739", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shire of Kerang", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Kerang was a local government area located in northwestern Victoria, Australia, along the Murray River. The shire covered an area of , and existed from 1862 until 1995. From 1966 onwards, Kerang itself was managed by a separate entity; the Borough of Kerang.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Stillwater Area High School", "paragraph_text": "Stillwater Area High School (SAHS) is a public school located in Oak Park Heights, Minnesota, and is part of the Stillwater Area Public Schools, District 834. As the oldest high school in Minnesota and the first accredited by the North Central Association (now known as AdvancED) in 1903, Stillwater Area High School claims a special sense of history.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Lutsel K'e Dene School", "paragraph_text": "Lutsel K'e Dene School is a K-12 public school located in Lutselk'e, Northwest Territories, Canada. The school currently represents the only public education option for youth in the settlement and serves a student population of approximately 73 students. The administration of the school is the responsibility of the South Slave Divisional Education Council (SSDEC).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the Union Government (central government), hence the name ``union territory ''. Union territories in India qualify as federal territories, by definition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Zec Bras-Coupé–Désert", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Bras-Coupé-Desert is a \"zone d'exploitation contrôlée\" (controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC), located in the unorganized territory of Lac-Pythonga in La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Outaouais, in Quebec, in Canada.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arrondissement of Mechelen", "paragraph_text": "The Arrondissement of Mechelen (; ) is one of the three administrative arrondissements in the Province of Antwerp, Belgium. It is both an administrative and a judicial arrondissement, as the territory for both coincides.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Khabarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Khabarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Ap Lo Chun", "paragraph_text": "Ap Lo Chun () is a small island in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located in Ap Chau Bay () between Ap Chau in the east and Sai Ap Chau in the west, with the islet of Ap Tan Pai nearby in the northeast. It is under the administration of North District.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Paea", "paragraph_text": "Paea is a commune in the suburbs of Papeete in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. Paea is located on the island of Tahiti, in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 13,021.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Territory of Papua", "paragraph_text": "In 1949, the Territory and the Territory of New Guinea were established in an administrative union by the name of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. That administrative union was renamed as Papua New Guinea in 1971. Notwithstanding that it was part of an administrative union, the Territory of Papua at all times retained a distinct legal status and identity; it was a Possession of the Crown whereas the Territory of New Guinea was initially a League of Nations mandate territory and subsequently a United Nations trust territory. This important legal and political distinction remained until the advent of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 1975.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Outlaws (1960 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Outlaws is an NBC Western television series, starring Barton MacLane as U.S. Marshal Frank Caine, who operated in a lawless section of Oklahoma Territory around Stillwater.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Shire of Isisford", "paragraph_text": "The Shire of Isisford was a local government area located in central western Queensland, between the towns of Longreach and Blackall. It covered an area of , and existed as a local government entity from 1908 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the Shires of Ilfracombe and Longreach to form the Longreach Region.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Biblioteca Ayacucho", "paragraph_text": "The Biblioteca Ayacucho (\"Ayacucho Library\") is an editorial entity of the government of Venezuela, founded on September 10, 1974. It is managed by the \"Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho\". Its name, \"Ayacucho\", comes from the intention to honor the definitive and crucial Battle of Ayacucho that took place December 9, 1824 between Spain and the territories of the Americas, prior to the full independence of the continent.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Deninu School", "paragraph_text": "Deninu School is a K-12 public school located in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories, Canada. The school currently represents the only public education option for youth in the hamlet and serves a student population of approximately 125 students. The administration of the school is the responsibility of the South Slave Divisional Education Council (SSDEC).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Oak Park Heights, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Oak Park Heights is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 4,339 at the 2010 census.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Biysky District", "paragraph_text": "Biysky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai and borders with Zonalny, Tselinny, Soltonsky, Krasnogorsky, Sovetsky, and Smolensky Districts, as well as with the territory of the City of Biysk. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Biysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). District's population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Marussia Motors", "paragraph_text": "In April 2014, the Marussia Motors company was disbanded, with staff leaving to join a government-run technical institute. The Marussia F1 team continued unaffected as a British entity, independent of the Russian car company. However, on 7 November 2014 the administrator announced that the F1 team had ceased trading.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What county is the city where Stillwater Area High School located part of?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 618544, "question": "Stillwater Area High School >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Oak Park Heights", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["Stillwater Area High School (SAHS) is a public school located in Oak Park Heights, Minnesota, United States. It serves as the primary high school for the Stillwater Area Public School District (834), the oldest public school district in Minnesota."]}, {"id": 721739, "question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Washington County", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["Oak Park Heights is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 4,849 at the 2020 census."]}], "answer": "Washington County", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "4700811", "17": "122059"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__98274_154727", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Thomas Scott (archer)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Foster Scott (January 3, 1833 - June 23, 1911) was an American archer who competed at the 1904 Summer Olympics. Born in Warren, Ohio, Scott competed in the men's double American round and the men's double York round, but did not win any medals. Scott, who competed in the events at the age of 71 years and 260 days, was the oldest person to compete in an archery event at the Olympics. He died six years later, in Norwood, Ohio. Scott's daughter, Matilda Howell, was also an Olympic archer who won three gold medals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great power", "paragraph_text": "Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. \"Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars in which at least one great power was opposed to another, and they averaged little more than five years in length. In approximately a 450-year time frame, on average at least two great powers were fighting one another in each and every year.\" Even during the period of Pax Britannica (or \"the British Peace\") between 1815 and 1914, war and military confrontations among the great powers was still a frequent occurrence. In fact, Joshua Baron points out that, in terms of militarized conflicts or confrontations, the UK led the way in this period with nineteen such instances against; Russia (8), France (5), Germany/Prussia (5) and Italy (1).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "United States in World War I", "paragraph_text": "The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, over 2 ​ ⁄ years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "French and Indian War", "paragraph_text": "In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. \"Seven Years\" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mid-twentieth century baby boom", "paragraph_text": "The end of World War II brought a baby boom to many countries, especially Western ones. There is some disagreement as to the precise beginning and ending dates of the post-war baby boom, but it is most often agreed to have begun in the years immediately after the war, though some place it earlier at the increase of births in 1941 - 1943. The boom started to decline as birth rates in the United States started to decline in 1958, though the boom would only grind to a halt 3 years later in 1961, 20 years after it began.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "paragraph_text": "The Indian Army Chief in 1971 Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army but he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the Bangladesh war with enough vigor and zeal. In a BBC interview, he said:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nine Years' War (Ireland)", "paragraph_text": "The war against O'Neill and his allies was the largest conflict fought by England in the Elizabethan era. At the height of the conflict (1600–1601) more than 18,000 soldiers were fighting in the English army in Ireland. By contrast, the English army assisting the Dutch during the Eighty Years' War was never more than 12,000 strong at any one time.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Warsaw Pact", "paragraph_text": "For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Kitos War", "paragraph_text": "The Kitos War (115–117; : \"mered ha'galuyot\" or \"mered ha'tfutzot\" [מרד התפו��ות]; translation: rebellion of the diaspora. ) was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars, 66–136. The rebellions erupted in the year 115, when majority of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan's Parthian War on the eastern border of the Roman Empire, major uprisings by ethnic Judeans in Cyrenaica, Cyprus and Egypt spiraled out of control, resulting in a widespread slaughter of left-behind Roman garrisons and Roman citizens by Jewish rebels.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Scott Speicher", "paragraph_text": "Michael Scott Speicher (12 July 1957 – January 17, 1991) was a United States Navy pilot who was shot down over Iraq during the Persian Gulf War becoming the first American combat casualty of the war. His fate was not known until 2 August 2009 when the Navy reported that Speicher's remains were found in Iraq by United States Marines.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Muslim Atayev", "paragraph_text": "Muslim Atayev (June 24, 1973 – January 27, 2005), also known as Emir Sayfullah, was the founder of the militant organization Yarmuk Jamaat, which later became part of the Caucasus Front's Kabardino-Balkarian Sector in the Russian-held Caucasian Muslim state Kabardino-Balkaria of the Second Chechen War. Atayev was an ethnic Balkar and started his military career as a volunteer fighting in Chechnya.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kamakura Gongorō Kagemasa", "paragraph_text": "Kamakura Gongorō Kagemasa (鎌倉権五郎景政) (born 1069) was a samurai descended from the Taira clan, who fought for the Minamoto clan in the Gosannen War of Japan's Heian period. He is famous for having continued to fight after losing an eye in battle during that war. This was in 1085, when Kagemasa was sixteen years of age.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Léon Bourjade", "paragraph_text": "Léon Bourjade (25 May 1889 – 22 October 1924), born Jean-Pierre Léon Bourjade, was a leading French fighter pilot in World War I, notable for being his country's leading balloon-busting ace. He interrupted his theological studies to fight in World War I; post-war, he completed his studies and spent the few remaining years of his life as a missionary in what is now Papua New Guinea.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Blue Star Memorial Highway", "paragraph_text": "Blue Star Memorial Highways are highways in the United States that are marked to pay tribute to the U.S. armed forces. The National Council of State Garden Clubs, now known as National Garden Clubs, Inc., started the program in 1945 after World War II. The blue star was used on service flags to denote a service member fighting in the war. The program has since been expanded to include Memorial Markers and Memorial By-ways (since 1994). These markers are used in National Cemeteries, parks, veterans facilities, and gardens.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gulf War", "paragraph_text": "The Gulf War (2 August 199028 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 199017 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 199128 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait arising from oil pricing and production disputes. The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War or Iraq War, before the term \"Iraq War\" became identified instead with the post-2003 Iraq War.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William Scott Chalmers", "paragraph_text": "William Scott Chalmers CBE DSC (1 May 1888 – 11 June 1971) was a rear admiral of the Royal Navy who served in World War I and World War II.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ten Years' War", "paragraph_text": "The Ten Years' War () (1868–1878), also known as the Great War (\"Guerra Grande\") and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On October 10, 1868 sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nene Hatun", "paragraph_text": "Nene Hatun (1857 – 22 May 1955) was a Turkish folk heroine, who became known for fighting against Russian forces during the recapture of Fort Aziziye in Erzurum from Russian forces at the start of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Kukan", "paragraph_text": "Kukan (1941) is a documentary film co-produced by Li Ling-Ai and Rey Scott and directed by Rey Scott about the Chinese resistance to Japanese aggression during the early part of World War II (see Second Sino-Japanese War). Though Ling-Ai was a co-producer and sponsor of the film, she was credited as a \"technical advisor\" in its credits.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Jean de Clermont", "paragraph_text": "Jean de Clermont (d. 19 September 1356), Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont, was a Marshal of France (1352) who was killed fighting in the Hundred Years' War at the Battle of Poitiers.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What year did the war Scott Speicher fought in start?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 98274, "question": "What war did Scott Speicher fight in?", "answer": "Gulf War", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["Michael Scott Speicher (July 12, 1957 – unknown) was a naval aviator in the United States Navy who was shot down over Iraq during the Persian Gulf War becoming the first American combat casualty of the war. His fate was not known until 2 August 2009 when the U.S. Navy reported that Speicher's remains had been found in Iraq by the United States military. The official cause of death was \"homicide by undetermined means\" and DNA testing showed survival after his crash. He is also the most recent American to have been shot down in air-to-air combat."]}, {"id": 154727, "question": "What year did #1 start?", "answer": "2 August 1990", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["On 2 August 1990, Iraq, governed by Saddam Hussein, invaded neighboring Kuwait and fully occupied the country within two days. The invasion was primarily over disputes regarding Kuwait's alleged slant drilling in Iraq's Rumaila oil field, as well as to cancel Iraq's large debt to Kuwait from the recently ended Iran-Iraq War. After Iraq briefly occupied Kuwait under a rump puppet government known as the Republic of Kuwait, it split Kuwait's sovereign territory into the Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District in the north, which was absorbed into Iraq's existing Basra Governorate, and the Kuwait Governorate in the south, which became Iraq's 19th governorate."]}], "answer": "2 August 1990", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"9": "697054", "14": "182000"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-7667070357968465996", "question": "who played rodrick in diary of a wimpy kid", "answer": "Devon Bostick", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "17601857"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__75203_20093", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Don't Stop Me Now", "paragraph_text": "``Do n't Stop Me Now ''is a song by the British rock band Queen, featured on their 1978 album Jazz that was released as a single in 1979. Written by lead singer Freddie Mercury, it was recorded in August 1978 at Super Bear Studios in Berre - les - Alpes (Alpes - Maritimes), France, and is the twelfth track on the album.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Songs Remind Me of You", "paragraph_text": "\"Songs Remind Me of You\" is a song by Norwegian recording artist Annie from her second studio album, \"Don't Stop\" (2009). Written by Richard X and Hannah Robinson, the track was released digitally on 17 August 2009 as the album's lead single.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Don't Stop Believin' (Olivia Newton-John song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Stop Believin'\" is the title track from the 1976 album by Olivia Newton-John. Written and composed specifically for Newton-John by John Farrar, it peaked at number thirty-three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It was her seventh number one on the Easy Listening chart, spending one week at the top of the chart in September 1976. The single also went to number fourteen on the country chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Barbara McClintock", "paragraph_text": "McClintock officially retired from her position at the Carnegie Institution in 1967, and was made a Distinguished Service Member of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. This honor allowed her to continue working with graduate students and colleagues in the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as scientist emerita; she lived in the town. In reference to her decision 20 years earlier to stop publishing detailed accounts of her work on controlling elements, she wrote in 1973:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Blue Guitar (Celeste Buckingham song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Blue Guitar\" is a 2011 song by the Slovak recording artist Celeste Buckingham. Released on July 20, 2011, the composition wrote singer herself along with producers Andrej Hruška and Martin Šrámek. Upon its release on the corresponding album \"Don't Look Back,\" her debut single received positive reviews from music journalists.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Don't Ask Me How I Know", "paragraph_text": "\"Don't Ask Me How I Know\" is a debut song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Bobby Pinson. It was released in February 2005 as the first single from his debut album \"Man Like Me\". Pinson co-wrote the song with Bart Butler and Brett Jones.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hollywood Potato Chip", "paragraph_text": "Hollywood Potato Chip is the tenth studio album by the Southern California punk rock band The Vandals, released in 2004 by Kung Fu Records. A music video starring guitarist and producer Warren Fitzgerald was filmed for the band's cover version of Queen's \"Don't Stop Me Now\". The album's title is a euphemism for dried semen on a casting couch. Its original cover art used lettering that parodied the logo of \"Variety\", prompting legal action and a cease and desist order from the magazine which resulted in a replacement cover with redesigned lettering. In 2010 the magazine brought further legal action against the band over third-party uses of the original cover appearing on the internet.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "In 1997, Queen returned to the studio to record \"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)\", a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon. It was released as a bonus track on the Queen Rocks compilation album later that year. In January 1997, Queen performed \"The Show Must Go On\" live with Elton John and the Béjart Ballet in Paris on a night Mercury was remembered, and it marked the last performance and public appearance of John Deacon, who chose to retire. The Paris concert was only the second time Queen had played live since Mercury's death, prompting Elton John to urge them to perform again.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "Before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury (then known by his birth name of Farrokh \"Freddie\" Bulsara) was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested \"Queen\" as a new band name, and adopted his familiar stage name. John Deacon was recruited prior to recording their eponymous debut album in 1973. Queen first charted in the UK with their second album, Queen II, in 1974, but it was the release of Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 which brought them international success. The latter featured \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and popularised the music video. Their 1977 album, News of the World, contained \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\", which have become anthems at sporting events. By the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at 1985's Live Aid is ranked among the greatest in rock history by various music publications, with a 2005 industry poll ranking it the best. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. Since then, May and Taylor have occasionally performed together, including with Paul Rodgers (2004–09) and with Adam Lambert (since 2011). In November 2014, Queen released a new album, Queen Forever, featuring vocals from the late Mercury.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "My Love Is Better", "paragraph_text": "\"My Love Is Better\" is a song by Norwegian recording artist Annie from her second studio album, \"Don't Stop\" (2009). Released as the album's second single on 9 October 2009, the track originally had featured backing vocals by Girls Aloud. \"My Love Is Better\" was re-released on 15 March 2010 as a 12\" single.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "George VI", "paragraph_text": "His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been \"rather distressed\". Two days later, he wrote again: \"I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her\". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: \"I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good\". Consequently, he was baptised \"Albert Frederick Arthur George\" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as \"Bertie\". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name \"may supplant the less favoured one\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lancashire", "paragraph_text": "The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago – but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The Loyal Toast, 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' is in regular use in the county palatine. Lancaster serves as the county town of the county palatine.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wie es geht", "paragraph_text": "\"Wie es geht\" (\"How to do it\", lit. \"How it goes\") is a punk song by Die Ärzte. It is the first track and the first single from their 2000 album \"Runter mit den Spendierhosen, Unsichtbarer!\". The singer addresses a woman, trying several times to tell her \"I love you\", but keeps on ending up saying \"(I just don't know) how to do it\"; at the end of the song he finally manages to say the words.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "In 1978, the band released Jazz, which reached number two in the UK and number six on the Billboard 200 in the US. The album included the hit singles \"Fat Bottomed Girls\" and \"Bicycle Race\" on a double-sided record. Queen rented Wimbledon Stadium for a day to shoot the video, with 65 naked female models hired to stage a nude bicycle race. Reviews of the album in recent years have been more favourable. Another notable track from Jazz, \"Don't Stop Me Now\", provides another example of the band's exuberant vocal harmonies.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Don't Stop the Carnival (novel)", "paragraph_text": "Don't Stop the Carnival is a 1965 novel by American writer Herman Wouk. It is a comedy about escaping middle-age crisis to the Caribbean, a heaven that quickly turns into a hell for the main character. The novel was turned into a short-lived musical and later, album by Jimmy Buffett in 1997.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "King of the Doghouse", "paragraph_text": "King of the Doghouse is the first solo album by Francis Rossi, best known as the front man in the English Rock band Status Quo, which was released in 1996. It was recorded between the release of the band's 1996 \"Don't Stop\" 30th anniversary covers album and the recording of their 1999 \"Under the Influence\" album. The album was commercially unsuccessful, but is now widely considered to have been overlooked at the time.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "If We Must Die", "paragraph_text": "``If We Must Die ''is a 1919 poem by Claude McKay published in the July issue of The Liberator. McKay wrote the poem as a response to mob attacks by white Americans upon African - American communities during Red Summer. The poem was later reprinted in The Messenger of the same year. The poem would also be read in Congress by Republican Senator from Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, (Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore; later Princess Henry of Battenberg; 14 April 1857 – 26 October 1944) was the fifth daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Beatrice was the last of Queen Victoria's children to die, 66 years after the first, her elder sister Alice.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off", "paragraph_text": "\"We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off\" (released in the UK as \"We Don't Have To...\") is American R&B vocalist Jermaine Stewart's first of three singles from 1986. The song was included on his second album \"Frantic Romantic\", released that same year. \"We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off\" remains Stewart's biggest commercial success in both America and Europe.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Ian Fang", "paragraph_text": "Ian Fang (born December 13, 1989) is a Chinese actor based in Singapore and was named as one of the 8 Dukes of Caldecott Hill. He is known for starring in dramas such as \"On the Fringe 2011\" and \"Don't Stop Believin'\", as well as movies such as \"Imperfect\". Fang has an official fan club called Ianization. Fang has also owned a streetwear label called FirstAttempt XIX", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In what year did the writer of Don't Stop Me Now by Queen die?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 75203, "question": "who wrote don't stop me now by queen", "answer": "Freddie Mercury", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["\"Don't Stop Me Now\" is a song by the British rock band Queen, featured on their 1978 album \"Jazz\" and released as a single on 26 January 1979. Written by lead singer Freddie Mercury, it was recorded in August 1978 at Super Bear Studios in Berre-les-Alpes (Alpes-Maritimes), France, and is the twelfth track on the album.", "The song was written by Freddie Mercury during the sessions for \"Jazz\". The band felt they were \"getting better at having a good time\" and the lyrics reflect this. Musically, the song builds on Mercury's piano playing, with John Deacon and Roger Taylor providing a bass guitar and drums backing track. The song also provides an example of Queen's trademark style of multitrack harmony vocals for the chorus lines."]}, {"id": 20093, "question": "In what year did #1 die?", "answer": "1991", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["On 23 November 1991, in a prepared statement made on his deathbed, Mercury confirmed that he had AIDS. Within 24 hours of the statement, he died of bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of the disease. His funeral service on 27 November in Kensal Green, West London was private, and held in accordance with the Zoroastrian religious faith of his family.", "Mercury was diagnosed with AIDS in 1987. The band released two more albums, \"The Miracle\" in 1989 and \"Innuendo\" in 1991. On 23 November 1991, Mercury publicly revealed his AIDS diagnosis, and the next day died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS. One more album was released featuring Mercury's vocals, 1995's \"Made in Heaven\". Deacon retired in 1997, while May and Taylor continued to make sporadic appearances together. Since 2004, they have toured as \"Queen +\", with vocalists Paul Rodgers and Adam Lambert."]}], "answer": "1991", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "2030073", "8": "42010"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__313926_22238", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Declaration of war by the United States", "paragraph_text": "For the United States, Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution says ``Congress shall have power to... declare War. ''However, that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a`` declaration of war'' nor does the Constitution itself use this term. In the courts, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in Doe v. Bush, said: ``(T) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war. ''in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional`` Declaration of War'' was not required by the Constitution.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ohio", "paragraph_text": "On February 19, 1803, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution. However, Congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, with Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened. At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to Washington, D.C. on horseback. On August 7, 1953 (the year of Ohio's 150th anniversary), President Eisenhower signed a congressional joint resolution that officially declared March 1, 1803, the date of Ohio's admittance into the Union.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"Pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official. The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4, 1776. The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed; however, the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate. Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4. But in 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not then present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gregorian calendar", "paragraph_text": "A month after having decreed the reform, the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio, the brother of Luigi Lilio, the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij). The papal brief was later revoked, on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Manifesto of the 121", "paragraph_text": "The Manifesto of the 121 (, full title: \"Déclaration sur le droit à l’insoumission dans la guerre d’Algérie\" or \"Declaration on the right of insubordination in the Algerian War\") was an open letter signed by 121 intellectuals and published on 6 September 1960 in the magazine \"Vérité-Liberté\". It called on the French government, then headed by the Gaullist Michel Debré, and public opinion to recognise the Algerian War as a legitimate struggle for independence, denouncing the use of torture by the French army, and calling for French conscientious objectors to the conflict to be respected by the authorities.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Sergio Romano (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Sergio Romano (born 7 July 1929) is an Italian writer, journalist, and historian. He is a columnist for the newspaper \"Corriere della Sera\". Romano is also a former Italian ambassador to Moscow.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Texas Declaration of Independence", "paragraph_text": "The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. It was adopted at the Convention of 1836 at Washington - on - the - Brazos on March 2, 1836, and formally signed the following day after mistakes were noted in the text.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Barbara Handschu", "paragraph_text": "Barbara Ellen Handschu (born June 28, 1942) is an American political activist and lawyer whose surname was memorialized on a set of federal guidelines \"[ordering] restrictions on police surveillance ... signed by the city [of New York] in 1985\", which became known as the Handschu decree.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Freemasonry", "paragraph_text": "In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, \"Liberal\" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lawyers' Edition", "paragraph_text": "LexisNexis, by way of Reed Elsevier, acquired the rights to the \"Lawyers' Edition\", along with a number of other law publications and related assets, from The Thomson Corporation in January 1997. Thomson, in acquiring West Publishing, was required to divest itself of a large number of titles through a consent decree by the United States Department of Justice.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "CharlieCard", "paragraph_text": "The CharlieCard is named after a fictional character in a folk music song ``M.T.A. '', often called`` Charlie on the MTA'', which concerns a man trapped forever on the Boston subway system -- then known as the Metropolitan Transit Authority, or MTA -- because he can not pay the 5 - cent surcharge required to leave the train. Since the card's introduction, the Charlie character has been used on a variety of MBTA signs, including construction and directional signage.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Central African Republic", "paragraph_text": "A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of Séléka and representatives of the opposition to Bozizé, one pro-Bozizé individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President, proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections, Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing a president to serve prior to elections in 18 months.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Sumer", "paragraph_text": "Periodically \"clean slate\" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pope Paul VI", "paragraph_text": "On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter shall now soon be presented to the pope for approval.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Bible", "paragraph_text": "According to the Latin Decretum Gelasianum (also known as the Gelasian Decree), thought to be of a 6th - century document of uncertain authorship and of pseudepigraphal papal authority (variously ascribed to Pope Gelasius I, Pope Damasus I, or Pope Hormisdas) but reflecting the views of the Roman Church by that period, the Council of Rome in 382 AD under Pope Damasus I (366 -- 383) assembled a list of books of the Bible. Damasus commissioned Saint Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible, in the fourth century AD (although Jerome expressed in his prologues to most deuterocanonical books that they were non-canonical). In 1546, at the Council of Trent, Jerome's Vulgate translation was declared by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the Latin Church.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Saint", "paragraph_text": "On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a ``saint ''from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg. Before that time, the popular`` cults'', or venerations, of saints had been local and spontaneous and were confirmed by the local bishop. Pope John XVIII subsequently permitted a cult of five Polish martyrs. Pope Benedict VIII later declared the Armenian hermit Symeon to be a saint, but it was not until the pontificate of Pope Innocent III that the Popes reserved to themselves the exclusive authority to canonize saints, so that local bishops needed the confirmation of the Pope. Walter of Pontoise was the last person in Western Europe to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope: Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen, canonized him in 1153. Thenceforth a decree of Pope Alexander III in 1170 reserved the prerogative of canonization to the Pope, in so far as the Latin Church was concerned.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Protestantism", "paragraph_text": "In 1999, the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement. This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. On 18 July 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Romano Pontifici eligendo", "paragraph_text": "Romano Pontifici eligendo was the apostolic constitution governing the election of popes that was promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1 October 1975. It instituted a number of far-reaching reforms in the process of electing popes. It set the maximum number of electors at 120 and restated in a more formal context the rule he had already instituted that cardinals over the age of 80 not participate in electing a pope.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "Who was required to sign a decree declaring the author of Romano Pontifici Eligendo's author a saint?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 313926, "question": "Romano Pontifici Eligendo >> author", "answer": "Paul VI", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["Romano Pontifici eligendo was the apostolic constitution governing the election of popes that was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 1 October 1975. It instituted a number of far-reaching reforms in the process of electing popes. It set the maximum number of electors at 120 and restated in a more formal context the rule he had already instituted that cardinals over the age of 80 not participate in electing a pope."]}, {"id": 22238, "question": "Who was required to sign a decree declaring #1 a saint?", "answer": "Pope Francis", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Pope Benedict XVI, citing his heroic virtue, proclaimed him venerable on 20 December 2012. Pope Francis beatified Paul VI on 19 October 2014, after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his priestly ordination, 29 May. Pope Francis canonised him on 14 October 2018."]}], "answer": "Pope Francis", "answer_aliases": ["Francis"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"15": "24028", "19": "1893169"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__664137_58115", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Ian Curtis", "paragraph_text": "Ian Kevin Curtis (15 July 1956 -- 18 May 1980) was an English singer - songwriter and musician. He was the lead singer and lyricist of the post-punk band Joy Division. Joy Division released their debut album, Unknown Pleasures, in 1979 and recorded their follow - up, Closer, in 1980.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mean Business", "paragraph_text": "Mean Business is the second and final studio album by The Firm, released by Atlantic Records on 3 February 1986. Repeating the same bluesy formula as on the first album, \"The Firm\" (1985), \"Mean Business\" did not achieve the same commercial success.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Neuromance", "paragraph_text": "Neuromance (stylized as ://Neuromance) is the debut studio album by Italian industrial rock band Dope Stars Inc. and is also the first project by the band released under the Trisol Music Group label. Lyrically it focuses on traditional cyberpunk beliefs and themes, the album title itself a play on the Cyberpunk classic Neuromancer. Unlike their previous EP, \"10,000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures\", which was published by Victor Love, \"Neuromance\" was produced by Thomas Rainer and John Fryer. The album was released on August 22, 2005, as a Digipak to coincide with the release of the digital download.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "My Guilty Pleasure", "paragraph_text": "My Guilty Pleasure is the second studio album by Swedish electronic duo Sally Shapiro. It was released on 21 August 2009 by Permanent Vacation.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Substitution Mass Confusion: A Tribute to The Cars", "paragraph_text": "Substitution Mass Confusion: A Tribute to The Cars is a 2005 compilation album featuring covers of songs originally performed by the American rock band The Cars. The album was released by Not Lame Recordings. Many of the performers featured on the album were from the Boston area, where The Cars first gained exposure in the late 1970s.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Dance into the Light (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Dance into the Light\" is a song performed by Phil Collins and released in 1996 as the first single from the album \"Dance into the Light\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Shout It Out (Patrice Rushen album)", "paragraph_text": "Shout It Out was the third album released by singer Patrice Rushen. This album was the last album Patrice released with Prestige Records before signing with Elektra Records. In this album Rushen gives her audience a pleasurable collection of songs ranging from jazz, funk and fusion to R&B. This album was a clear hint to where her career was going in terms of style. She would follow a stronger R&B sound with her later albums after signing with Elektra Records label.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Richard De Vere", "paragraph_text": "Richard De Vere (18 June 1967 – 10 March 2014) was a British showman who performed for 21 consecutive seasons at Blackpool Pleasure Beach.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Passion, Pain & Pleasure", "paragraph_text": "Passion, Pain & Pleasure (stylized as PASSION PAIN & PLEASURE) is the fourth studio album by American R&B recording artist Trey Songz; it was released on September 14, 2010. The album serves as a follow-up to his commercial breakthrough \"Ready\" (2009). Production for the album took place from March 2010 to July 2010 and was handled by several record producers, including his mentor Troy Taylor, Bryan-Michael Cox, Stargate and Mario Winans, among others.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Pleasure to Kill", "paragraph_text": "Pleasure to Kill is the second studio album by German thrash metal band Kreator, released in April 1986 by Noise Records. \"Pleasure to Kill\" is widely considered a thrash metal classic, as well as a landmark album in the history of thrash metal along with \"Master of Puppets\" by Metallica, \"Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?\" by Megadeth, \"Reign in Blood\" by Slayer, \"Eternal Devastation\" by Destruction and \"Darkness Descends\" by Dark Angel, all released in 1986. The album played a considerable role in the development of many extreme metal subgenres, and death metal bands such as Cannibal Corpse cite the album as an influence. The lyrical themes follow those found on their first album \"Endless Pain\", containing descriptions of macabre scenes of death and horror.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Best Kept Secret (song)", "paragraph_text": "Best Kept Secret is a 2010 single release by Norwegian recording artist Didrik Solli-Tangen, released as the second single from his first studio album \"Guilty Pleasures\" (2010). The song features the Norwegian trumpet soloist Tine Thing Helseth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Night of the Living Dregs", "paragraph_text": "Night of the Living Dregs is an album by Dixie Dregs, released in 1979. The first half of the album was recorded in the studio, and the second half at the Montreux Jazz Festival on July 23, 1978. The album received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Virus (Iron Maiden song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Virus\" is a single from Iron Maiden, released in 1996. It is the first single since 1980's \"Women in Uniform\" that does not appear on any official Iron Maiden studio album. It was, however, featured as a brand new track on the band's first ever career retrospective — 1996's double-disc \"Best of the Beast\". It is the only Iron Maiden song to be credited to both of the band's guitarists. It has never been performed live by Iron Maiden, but Blaze Bayley performed it several times in his solo career. Lyrically, the song warns of rising business corruption in an increasingly Internet-dependent world.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Tim McGraw", "paragraph_text": "Tim McGraw (1993) Not a Moment Too Soon (1994) All I Want (1995) Everywhere (1997) A Place in the Sun (1999) Set This Circus Down (2001) Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors (2002) Live Like You Were Dying (2004) Let It Go (2007) Southern Voice (2009) Emotional Traffic (2012) Two Lanes of Freedom (2013) Sundown Heaven Town (2014) Damn Country Music (2015) The Rest of Our Life (with Faith Hill) (2017)", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Orchestral Favorites", "paragraph_text": "Orchestral Favorites is an album by Frank Zappa first released in May 1979 on his own DiscReet Records label. The album is instrumental and features music performed by the 37-piece Abnuceals Emuukha Electric Symphony Orchestra.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "It's a Business Doing Pleasure with You", "paragraph_text": "\"It's a Business Doing Pleasure with You\" is a song written by Nickelback frontman Chad Kroeger and country musician Brett James, and performed by American country music artist Tim McGraw. The song is the first single to his tenth studio album, \"Southern Voice\". It is also McGraw's fifty-second chart entry on the \"Billboard\" country charts. The song was released to radio on June 29, 2009.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "De Bohemia", "paragraph_text": "De Bohemia is the title of a studio album released by Colombian performer Charlie Zaa. This album is a tribute to Cuban performer Orlando Contreras, and was recorded by Zaa after his temporary retirement from the music business, where he was admitted to a clinic to treat problems with panic attacks and depression. Zaa recorded the album after being convinced by his wife to do so.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Uncertain Pleasures", "paragraph_text": "Uncertain Pleasures is an album by Irish singer Mary Coughlan that was released in March 1990 by East West, a subsidiary of Warner Music Group (at the time known as WEA).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Alive in America", "paragraph_text": "Alive in America is a live album by the American jazz rock group Steely Dan, released in 1995. It is Steely Dan's first live album. The album comprises recordings from their 1993 and 1994 tours, which were the first live Steely Dan performances since 1974.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I Touch Myself", "paragraph_text": "``I Touch Myself ''is a song written and recorded by the Australian rock band Divinyls. It was released in November 1990 as the lead single from their fifth album, diVINYLS, and is a paean to female pleasure, eroticism, orgasm and masturbation.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When did the performer of It's a Business Doing Pleasure with You release his first album?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 664137, "question": "It's a Business Doing Pleasure with You >> performer", "answer": "Tim McGraw", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["\"It's a Business Doing Pleasure with You\" is a song written by Nickelback frontman Chad Kroeger and country musician Brett James, and recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw. The song is the first single to his tenth studio album, \"Southern Voice\". It is also McGraw's fifty-second chart entry on the \"Billboard\" country charts. The song was released to radio on June 29, 2009."]}, {"id": 58115, "question": "when did #1 release his first album", "answer": "1993", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Two years later in April 1993, McGraw released his debut album \"Tim McGraw\", which was commercially unsuccessful and did not sell well. This is his only studio album not to achieve a music recording sales certification or to enter the Top Country Albums charts. Three more singles were released from \"Tim McGraw\": \"Welcome to the Club\", \"Memory Lane\", and \"Two Steppin' Mind\". None made country Top 40 and the album itself did not chart. Both \"Memory Lane\" and \"Tears in the Rain\", another cut from the album, were co-written by Joe Diffie. \"Memory Lane\" had originally appeared on Keith Palmer's self-titled 1991 debut album."]}], "answer": "1993", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"13": "525336", "15": "23413471"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__224113_44326", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "New York's Village Halloween Parade", "paragraph_text": "New York's Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented on the night of every Halloween in New York City's Greenwich Village. The Village Halloween Parade, initiated in 1973 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee, that lays claim to being the world's largest Halloween parade where in recent years it is reported to have 60,000 marchers and 2 million spectators..", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Vadym Ivanov", "paragraph_text": "Vadym Ivanov (born 15 December 1985), is a Ukrainian futsal player who plays for Red Devils Chojnice and the Ukraine national futsal team. Vadym Ivanov played in Unisport-Budstar Kiev, MFK Mytishchi, Viten Orsha, Lokomotiv Kharkiv, LTK Lugansk, Red Devils Chojnice and Sportleader Khmelnitsky. In 2009, he won Belarusian Futsal Premier League", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Halloween", "paragraph_text": "Character Halloween Halloween II Halloween III 1978 1981 2018 Laurie Strode Jamie Lee Curtis Jamie Lee Curtis Nichole Drucker (young) Jamie Lee Curtis Michael Myers The Shape Will Sandin (young) Tommy Lee Wallace (stunts) Adam Gunn (young) Dick Warlock (adult) TBA Nick Castle (adult) Tony Moran (unmasked) Samuel Loomis Donald Pleasence Marion Chambers - Whittington Nancy Stephens Annie Brackett Nancy Kyes Lynda van der Klok P.J. Soles Judith Myers Sandy Johnson Sheriff Leigh Brackett Charles Cyphers Deputy Gary Hunt Hunter von Leer Tommy Doyle Brian Andrews Archival Footage Lindsey Wallace Kyle Richards Dr. Terence Wynn Robert Phalen", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Les Visiteurs du Soir", "paragraph_text": "Les Visiteurs du Soir (US: The Devil's Envoys) is a 1942 film by French film director Marcel Carné. The film was released on 5 December 1942 in Paris during the Nazi occupation.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sid Myer", "paragraph_text": "Sid Myer is an Australian businessman and philanthropist with strong associations with ongoing relations between Australia and Asia. He is a grandson of Sidney Myer and Dame Merlyn Myer. Since graduating from Monash University with a Bachelor of Economics and a Graduate Diploma of Marketing, Myer has been exposed to over 25 years of business experience.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "It's Halloween", "paragraph_text": "It's Halloween is a picture book written by Jack Prelutsky and illustrated by Marylin Hafner, published in 1977. The book is a collection of children's poems with a Halloween theme.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Michael Platt", "paragraph_text": "Michael Platt (born 23 March 1984) is a former Ireland international rugby league footballer who played for the Salford Red Devils; he joined the Salford Red Devils in April 2014 and is contacted until the end of the 2014 season following a successful trial with the Superleague club..Michael joined the Red Devils following 3 appearances with the North Wales Crusaders in 2014. Platt's 1st choice position is Full Back but he has been more effective at Centre for the Bradford Bulls winning the 'Rugby League World Centre of the Month' for August.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gerald Myers", "paragraph_text": "Gerald Myers (born August 5, 1936) is an American former college basketball coach. He was the head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders men's basketball team and the Houston Baptist Huskies men's basketball team and athletic director at Texas Tech University.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "The Devil's Rejects", "paragraph_text": "The Devil's Rejects is a 2005 American horror film written and directed by Rob Zombie, and the sequel to his 2003 film \"House of 1000 Corpses\". The film is centered on the run of three members of the psychopathic antagonist family from the previous film, now seen as villainous protagonists, with Sid Haig, Bill Moseley, and Zombie's wife Sheri Moon Zombie reprising their roles, with Leslie Easterbrook replacing Karen Black as the matriarch.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "The Devil's Rejects", "paragraph_text": "The Devil's Rejects Teaser poster Directed by Rob Zombie Produced by Mike Elliott Andy Gould Marco Mehlitz Michael Ohoven Rob Zombie Written by Rob Zombie Based on Characters by Rob Zombie Starring Sid Haig Bill Moseley Sheri Moon Zombie Ken Foree Matthew McGrory Lew Temple William Forsythe Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Phil Parmet Edited by Glenn W. Garland Production company Cinelamda Distributed by Lionsgate Release date July 22, 2005 (2005 - 07 - 22) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $19.4 million", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Halloween (1978 film)", "paragraph_text": "On Halloween night 1963, in Haddonfield, Illinois, 6 - year - old Michael Myers, dressed in a clown costume and mask, stabs his older sister Judith to death with a kitchen knife in their home. Fifteen years later, on October 30, 1978, Michael's child psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis, and his colleague Marion Chambers arrive at Warren County Smith's Grove Sanatarium. Michael escapes from Smith's Grove, stealing the car that was to take him to court. Returning home to Haddonfield, Michael kills a mechanic for his uniform and steals a white mask, a knife and some rope from a local store.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Devils Wrocław", "paragraph_text": "The Devils Wrocław were an American football team based in Wrocław, Poland. They played in the Polish American Football League. Devil's American affiliate is Chattanooga Steam from Tennessee. In 2013, they merged with Giants Wrocław forming a new team Panthers Wrocław.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Justin Myers", "paragraph_text": "Justin Myers (born January 15, 1985 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American soccer player who currently plays for San Diego Flash of the National Premier Soccer League.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Halloween (1978 film)", "paragraph_text": "Nick Castle as Michael Myers / The Shape Tony Moran as Michael Myers (unmasked) Will Sandin as Michael Myers (age 6)", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Geography of Halloween", "paragraph_text": "The commercialization of Halloween in the United States did not start until the 20th century, beginning perhaps with Halloween postcards (featuring hundreds of designs), which were most popular between 1905 and 1915. Dennison Manufacturing Company (which published its first Halloween catalog in 1909) and the Beistle Company were pioneers in commercially made Halloween decorations, particularly die - cut paper items. German manufacturers specialised in Halloween figurines that were exported to the United States in the period between the two World Wars.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Every Rose Has Its Thorn", "paragraph_text": "Bret Michaels -- Lead Vocals, Acoustic Guitar C.C. DeVille -- Lead Guitar, Keyboards, Backing Vocals Rikki Rockett -- Drums, Backing Vocals Bobby Dall -- Bass, Backing Vocals", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Halloween (1978 film)", "paragraph_text": "Shot in Southern California, \"Halloween\" was released on October 25, 1978 by Compass International Pictures. The film was a major success, earning accolades as a classic horror film. It grossed $47 million at the box office in the United States and $23 million internationally for a total of $70 million worldwide, becoming one of the most profitable independent films. Praised primarily for Carpenter's direction and score, many credit the film as the first in a long line of slasher films inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's \"Psycho\" (1960). Some critics have suggested that \"Halloween\" may encourage sadism and misogyny by audiences identifying with its villain. Others have suggested the film is a social critique of the immorality of youth and teenagers in 1970s America, with many of Myers' victims being sexually promiscuous substance abusers, while the lone heroine is depicted as innocent and pure, hence her survival. Nonetheless, Carpenter dismisses such analyses.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Halloween (franchise)", "paragraph_text": "Halloween is an American horror franchise that consists of eleven films, as well as novels, comic books, merchandise, and a video game. The franchise primarily focuses on serial killer Michael Myers who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his sister, Judith Myers. Fifteen years later, he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis. Michael's killings occur on the holiday of Halloween, on which all of the films primarily take place.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tyler Mane", "paragraph_text": "Daryl Karolat (born December 8, 1966) is a Canadian actor and former professional wrestler, better known by the name Tyler Mane. He is known for playing Sabretooth in X-Men and X-Men: The Official Game, Ajax in Troy and Michael Myers in the remake of Halloween and its sequel, Halloween II.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Françoise Morhange", "paragraph_text": "Françoise Morhange (1915–1984) was a French actress. In 1980, she starred in \"Le Voyage en douce\" under director Michel Deville.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who plays Michael Myers in Halloween by the director of The Devil's Rejects?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 224113, "question": "The Devil's Rejects >> director", "answer": "Rob Zombie", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["The Devil's Rejects is a 2005 American black comedy horror film written, produced and directed by Rob Zombie. It is the second film in the \"Firefly\" film series, serving as a sequel to Zombie's 2003 film \"House of 1000 Corpses\", and followed by its own sequel in 2019, \"3 From Hell\". The film is centered on the three fugitive members of the psychopathic antagonist family from the previous film, acting as the film's villainous protagonists, with Sid Haig, Bill Moseley, and Zombie's wife Sheri Moon Zombie reprising their roles, and Leslie Easterbrook replacing Karen Black as the matriarch."]}, {"id": 44326, "question": "who plays michael myers in halloween by #1", "answer": "Daryl Karolat", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["Daryl Karolat (born December 8, 1966) is a Canadian actor and retired professional wrestler, better known by the name Tyler Mane. He is known for playing supervillain Sabretooth in \"X-Men\" (2000), \"\" (2006), and \"Deadpool & Wolverine\" (2024), Ajax in \"Troy\" (2004), slasher villain Michael Myers in \"Halloween\" (2007) and \"Halloween II\" (2009), supervillain Blackstar in the Netflix series \"Jupiter's Legacy\" (2021) and supervillain Richard Frank / Torminox in the Max series \"Doom Patrol\" (2022–2023).", "In 2007, he played Michael Myers in Rob Zombie's remake of \"Halloween\". After winning the role, he noted that he consecutively watched seven of the eight \"Halloween\" films (excluding the because Michael Myers does not appear apart from in an ad for the first movie) to better understand his character. He is the tallest actor (6' 8\") to portray the character.[] In 2009, he reprised the role again in \"Rob Zombie's H2\", being only the second actor to play Michael Myers more than once, and the first actor to play the role in consecutive films."]}], "answer": "Daryl Karolat", "answer_aliases": ["Tyler Mane"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"8": "2063141", "18": "2162784"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__128895_11396", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos, Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40-year-old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities. With casino revenue declining from $5.2 billion in 2006 to $2.9 billion in 2013, the state saw a drop in money from its 8% tax on those earnings, which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mummulgum", "paragraph_text": "Mummulgum is a small rural village in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, 740 kilometres from the state capital, Sydney. Mummulgum is located on Shannon Brook between Tenterfield and Casino on the Bruxner Highway (Highway 44). It is 58 km south-west of Kyogle with the village and surrounding area being locally administered by Kyogle Council. The nearest large town is Casino which is 27 kilometres east of Mummulgum.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "West Siloam Springs, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "West Siloam Springs is a town in Delaware County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 846 at the 2010 census, a 3.5 percent decrease from 877 at the 2000 census. A bedroom community for Siloam Springs, Arkansas, it is notable for its Cherokee casino, and is the closest town to Natural Falls State Park.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Casino Miami", "paragraph_text": "Casino Miami (formerly known as Miami Jai-Alai Fronton) is a 6,500-capacity indoor arena and casino located at 3500 NW 37th Avenue in Miami, Florida. It is primarily used for gambling, jai alai and concerts. Notable past performers include The Allman Brothers Band, Black Sabbath, Bruce Springsteen, Frank Sinatra and Grateful Dead.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ampdale railway station", "paragraph_text": "Ampdale was the site of a railway station on the North Coast railway in northern New South Wales, Australia, located between the towns of Casino and Grafton. The station was provided between 1935 and 1974.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Federbet", "paragraph_text": "Federbet is an organization of European casino owners and bookmakers that was founded to help unify the laws with respect to gambling in the countries under the European Union, through lobbying and other methods. Part of their operation is to identify match fixing, and to work to eliminate it. Federbet was established in October 2010 in response to the European Commission inquiry regarding on-line gambling. Their headquarters is in Brussels, Paul Tavarelli is the current president of Fedbet, and Francesco Baranca is their secretary general.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "1968 Tasmanian casino referendum", "paragraph_text": "The Tasmanian casino referendum was a one-question referendum held on 14 December 1968, which concerned the granting of Australia's first casino licence to the Federal Group to operate the Wrest Point Hotel Casino in Sandy Bay.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Brooks, California", "paragraph_text": "Brooks is an unincorporated community in Yolo County, California located in the Capay Valley in the northwest of the county. Brooks' ZIP Code is 95606 and its area code 530. The Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation is headquartered in Brooks. The town is home to a large casino Cache Creek Casino Resort. It lies at an elevation of 341 feet (104 m).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "In an effort at revitalizing the city, New Jersey voters in 1976 passed a referendum, approving casino gambling for Atlantic City; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass. Immediately after the legislation passed, the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International. It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978. Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and, later, in the marina district for a total of eleven today. The introduction of gambling did not, however, quickly eliminate many of the urban problems that plagued Atlantic City. Many people have suggested that it only served to exacerbate those problems, as attested to by the stark contrast between tourism intensive areas and the adjacent impoverished working-class neighborhoods. In addition, Atlantic City has been less popular than Las Vegas, as a gambling city in the United States. Donald Trump helped bring big name boxing bouts to the city to attract customers to his casinos. The boxer Mike Tyson had most of his fights in Atlantic City in the 1980s, which helped Atlantic City achieve nationwide attention as a gambling resort. Numerous highrise condominiums were built for use as permanent residences or second homes. By end of the decade it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "In the wake of the United States' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City's second-newest casino, on September 2; and Trump Plaza, which originally opened in 1984, and was the poorest performing casino in the city, on September 16.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Frank Scoblete", "paragraph_text": "Frank Scoblete (born 1947) is an American author who has written both under his own name and King Scobe about casino gambling. Referred to by the \"Washington Post\" as \"a widely published authority on casino games,\" his books include \"Beat the Craps out of the Casinos\", \"Golden Touch Blackjack Revolution,\" and \"Beat the One-Armed Bandits\". He has written and appeared in television documentaries such as the \"What Would You Do If ...?\" program on The Travel Channel, written numerous columns for gambling magazines and websites, and produced a series of videotapes and DVDs, with most of his work being about the games of craps and blackjack.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "High Stakes Gambling", "paragraph_text": "High Stakes Gambling is a Game Boy casino video game that takes place during the Great Depression in the 1930s.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Knokke Casino", "paragraph_text": "The largest of Belgium's ten casinos, it is known for its artwork by Keith Haring, René Magritte and Paul Delvaux. It is the first of four casinos, in different Belgian towns, designed by Léon Stynen. The late twenties building was severely damaged during the second world war. The subsequent renovation allowed surrealist master Magritte to create a giant 360° mural, finished in 1953, comprising eight panels called \"The Enchanted Domain\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Atlantic City, New Jersey", "paragraph_text": "Atlantic City is considered as the \"Gambling Capital of the East Coast,\" and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones. In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes. They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WPUR", "paragraph_text": "WPUR (107.3 FM) is a country music formatted radio station in Atlantic City, New Jersey. WPUR is more commonly known as \"Cat Country 107.3\". Its transmitter is located in Atlantic City, while studios are in Northfield, New Jersey.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "World Series of Poker", "paragraph_text": "The idea of a World Series of Poker began in 1969 with an event called the Texas Gambling Reunion. It was an invitational event sponsored by Tom Moore of San Antonio, Texas, and held at the Holiday Hotel and Casino in Reno. This inaugural event was won by Crandell Addington. The set of tournaments that the World Series of Poker (WSOP) would evolve into was the brainchild of Las Vegas casino owner and poker player Benny Binion. In 1970, the first WSOP at Binion's Horseshoe took place as a series of cash games that included five - card stud, deuce to seven low - ball draw, razz, seven - card stud, and Texas hold 'em. The format for the Main Event as a freeze - out Texas hold' em game came the next year. The winner in 1970, Johnny Moss, was elected by his peers as the first ``World Champion of Poker ''and received a silver cup as a prize.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "25 Hill", "paragraph_text": "25 Hill is a 2011 drama film written and directed by Corbin Bernsen about the All-American Soap Box Derby, the championships of which are held each July in Akron, Ohio. It stars Nathan Gamble, Corbin Bernsen, Maureen Flannigan, and Ralph Waite.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Las Vegas Strip", "paragraph_text": "The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair - o - Dice Club in 1931, but the first resort on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas, opening on April 3, 1941, with 63 rooms. That casino / resort stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960. Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip, the Hotel Last Frontier in 1942. Organized crime figures such as New York's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo, which opened in 1946, and the Desert Inn, which opened in 1950. The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company, which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston, Texas.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau", "paragraph_text": "The Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau, SA; abbreviated as STDM, () (English: \"Tourism and Entertainment Company of Macau Limited\") is a company in Macau owned by Stanley Ho and his family. Historically, it has held a monopoly to Macau's gambling industry as the only licensee for casinos. In 2002, the government of Macau began issuing more licenses and the monopoly was broken. Still, of the 30 operating casinos in Macau, 14 are owned by Stanley Ho.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Casino Raiders", "paragraph_text": "Casino Raiders is a 1989 Hong Kong action drama film written and directed by Jimmy Heung and Wong Jing and starring Andy Lau, Alan Tam, Idy Chan and Rosamund Kwan. It belonged to the early part of the 1989-1996 period, a period when gambling-themed films were dominating the Hong Kong movie scene. The film was followed by two sequels \"No Risk, No Gain\" (1990) and \"Casino Raiders II\" (1991) which have new storylines.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In 2014, how long had the city where WPUR is licensed held a monopoly on casino gambling?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 128895, "question": "What town is WPUR liscensed in?", "answer": "Atlantic City", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["WPUR (107.3 FM) is a country music formatted radio station in Atlantic City, New Jersey. WPUR is more commonly known as \"Cat Country 107.3\". Its transmitter is located in Atlantic City, while studios are in Northfield, New Jersey."]}, {"id": 11396, "question": "How long had #1 held a monopoly on casino gambling?", "answer": "40-year", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos, Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40-year-old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities. With casino revenue declining from $5.2 billion in 2006 to $2.9 billion in 2013, the state saw a drop in money from its 8% tax on those earnings, which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled."]}], "answer": "40-year", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "106211", "14": "6133743"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-7501833780057394635", "question": "which non-british company owns both the famous british rolls- royce and mini brands", "answer": "BMW", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "250309"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "nq_733016474692161086", "question": "where is big bang theory supposed to take place", "answer": "Pasadena , California", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "11269605"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "3hop1__157631_42467_91253", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Project Longshot", "paragraph_text": "The journey to Alpha Centauri B orbit would take about 100 years, at an average velocity of approximately 13411 km / s (about 4.5% the speed of light) and another 4.39 years would be necessary for the data to reach Earth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Saturn", "paragraph_text": "The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4 billion kilometers (9 AU). With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km / s, it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about ​ 29 ⁄ years) to finish one revolution around the Sun. As a consequence, it forms a near 5: 2 mean - motion resonance with Jupiter. The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48 ° relative to the orbital plane of the Earth. The perihelion and aphelion distances are, respectively, 9.195 and 9.957 AU, on average. The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Indus (constellation)", "paragraph_text": "Indus does not contain any bright stars. Alpha Indi, the brightest star in the constellation, is an orange giant of magnitude 3.1, 101 light-years from Earth. Beta Indi is an orange giant of magnitude 3.7, 600 light-years from Earth. Delta Indi is a white star of magnitude 4.4, 185 light-years from Earth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Phases of Venus", "paragraph_text": "The phases of Venus result from the planet's orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit giving the telescopic observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the moon's phases. It presents a full image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a quarter phase when it is at its maximum elongation from the Sun. Venus presents a thin crescent in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its new phase when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at new in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from new to full to new again takes 584 days (the time it takes Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9 arc seconds at full (superior conjunction) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at new (inferior conjunction). Venus reaches its greatest magnitude of − 4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "History of gravitational theory", "paragraph_text": "In 1687, English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia, which hypothesizes the inverse - square law of universal gravitation. In his own words, ``I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve; and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth; and found them answer pretty nearly. ''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Isaac Newton", "paragraph_text": "From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured spectrum produced by a prism could be recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy.He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of colour.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 6, "title": "HD 1461 b", "paragraph_text": "HD 1461 b is an extrasolar planet, orbiting the 6th magnitude G-type star HD 1461, 76.5 light years away in the constellation Cetus. This planet has a minimum mass 6.4 times that of Earth and orbits at a distance of 0.0634 AU with an eccentricity of less than 0.131. It is currently unknown whether the planet is a gas giant like Uranus or Neptune, or has terrestrial composition like CoRoT-7 b. This planet was announced on 13 December 2009 after it was discovered using radial velocity measurements taken at the Keck and Anglo-Australian Observatories.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Earth, Moon, and Planets", "paragraph_text": "Earth, Moon, and Planets is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published approximately ten times per year by Springer Science+Business Media. It was established in 1969 under the title \"The Moon\", was known as \"The Moon and the Planets\" from 1978 to 1983, and was first published under the current title in February 1984. The editor-in-chief is Murthy S. Gudipati (Caltech and JPL). The journal's main focus is on research about the Solar System. Besides original research articles, \"Earth, Moon, and Planets\" publishes conference proceedings, review articles, book reviews, and special issues.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "HD 7199", "paragraph_text": "HD 7199 is a K-class star located in the constellation Tucana. The High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile found it to have a planet either 0.290 the mass of Jupiter or 92 times the mass of Earth with an orbital period of 615 days.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "GRW +70 8247", "paragraph_text": "GRW +70 8247 is a white dwarf located about 43 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. With a magnitude of about 13 it is visible only through a large telescope.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Neptune", "paragraph_text": "Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "HD 30177 b", "paragraph_text": "HD 30177 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 181.6 light-years away in the constellation of Dorado, orbiting the star HD 30177. This is one of the most massive planets ever detected by the radial velocity method. In addition, the planet orbits far from the star, about 4 AU away, taking 2770 days (7.58 years) to orbit the star. Even though the massive planet is orbiting at 4 AU from the star, the radial velocity semi-amplitude is high, around 146.8±2.8 m/s. Since the inclination (and thus the true mass) is not known, this planet candidate may in fact be a brown dwarf.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kepler-10b", "paragraph_text": "Kepler-10, the star that hosts Kepler-10b, is located 560 light-years from our solar system in the Draco constellation. It is approximately the same size as the Sun, with an estimated age of 12 billion years. Planet Kepler-10b was the first planet to be discovered in the orbit of its star. For this, it was designated the star's \"b\" planet. The star, in turn, was named for the Kepler Mission, a NASA-led operation aimed at discovering terrestrial planets that transit, or cross in front of, their host stars with respect to Earth. The planet's discovery was announced to the public on January 10, 2011.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Force", "paragraph_text": "It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "HD 215497 b", "paragraph_text": "HD 215497 b is an extrasolar planet which orbits the K-type main sequence star HD 215497, located approximately 142 light years away in the constellation Tucana. This planet has at least 6.6 times the mass of Earth. This planet was detected by HARPS on October 19, 2009, together with 29 other planets, including HD 215497 c.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Gravitation of the Moon", "paragraph_text": "The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m / s, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.16 ɡ. Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m / s (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration, things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6% of what they weigh on the Earth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mercury (planet)", "paragraph_text": "Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger to the gods.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Speed of light", "paragraph_text": "Speed of light Sunlight takes about 8 minutes 17 seconds to travel the average distance from the surface of the Sun to the Earth. Exact values metres per second 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 Planck length per Planck time (i.e., Planck units) Approximate values (to three significant digits) kilometres per hour 7003108000000000000 ♠ 1080 million (7009108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 × 10) miles per second 7005186000000000000 ♠ 186 000 miles per hour 671 million (7008671000000000000 ♠ 6.71 × 10) astronomical units per day 173 parsecs per year 0.307 Approximate light signal travel times Distance Time one foot 1.0 ns one metre 3.3 ns from geostationary orbit to Earth 119 ms the length of Earth's equator 134 ms from Moon to Earth 1.3 s from Sun to Earth (1 AU) 8.3 min one light year 1.0 year one parsec 3.26 years from nearest star to Sun (1.3 pc) 4.2 years from the nearest galaxy (the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy) to Earth 7011788940000000000 ♠ 25 000 years across the Milky Way 7012315576000000000 ♠ 100 000 years from the Andromeda Galaxy to Earth 2.5 million years from Earth to the edge of the observable universe 46.5 billion years", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "2002 AA29", "paragraph_text": "When 2002 AA29 is approaching the Earth from in front (i.e. it is moving slightly slower, and the Earth is catching it up), the gravitational attraction of the Earth shifts it onto a slightly faster orbit, a little nearer the Sun. It now hurries ahead of the Earth along its new orbit, until after 95 years it has almost lapped the Earth and is coming up from behind. Again it comes under the Earth's gravitational influence; this time it is lifted onto a slower orbit, further from the Sun. On this orbit it can no longer keep pace with the Earth, and it falls behind until in 95 years it is once again approaching the Earth from in front. The Earth and 2002 AA29 chase each other in turn around the Sun, but do not get close enough to break the pattern.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates", "paragraph_text": "On August 24, 2016, astronomers announced the discovery of a rocky planet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth. Called Proxima b, the planet is 1.3 times the mass of Earth and has an orbital period of roughly 11.2 Earth days. However Proxima Centauri's classification as a red dwarf casts doubts on the habitability of any exoplanets in its orbit due to low stellar flux, high probability of tidal locking, small circumstellar habitable zones and high stellar variation. Another likely candidate is Alpha Centauri, Earth's nearest Sun - like star system 4.37 light years away. Estimates place the probability of finding a habitable planet around Alpha Centauri A or B at roughly 85%. Alpha Centauri is the target of several exoplanet - finding missions, including Breakthrough Starshot and Mission Centaur, the latter of which is chronicled in the 2016 documentary film, ``The Search for Earth Proxima. ''", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the revolution period of the planet bucking the gravitational laws of the analyzer of white light?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 157631, "question": "Who analyzed white light?", "answer": "Newton", "paragraph_support_idx": 5, "support_sentence": ["From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured image produced by a prism, which he named a spectrum, could be recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy.", "He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of colour. His 1672 paper on the nature of white light and colours forms the basis for all work that followed on colour and colour vision.", "<templatestyles src=\"Template:Blockquote/styles.css\" />Newton's fundamental contributions to science include the quantification of gravitational attraction, the discovery that white light is actually a mixture of immutable spectral colors, and the formulation of the calculus. Yet there is another, more mysterious side to Newton that is imperfectly known, a realm of activity that spanned some thirty years of his life, although he kept it largely hidden from his contemporaries and colleagues. We refer to Newton's involvement in the discipline of alchemy, or as it was often called in seventeenth-century England, \"chymistry.\""]}, {"id": 42467, "question": "What planet seemed to buck #1 's gravitational laws?", "answer": "Mercury", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Newton's law of gravitation is an example of \"action at a distance\": one body, like the Sun, exerts an influence upon any other body, like the Earth, no matter how far apart they are. Moreover, this action at a distance is \"instantaneous.\" According to Newton's theory, the one body shifting position changes the gravitational pulls felt by all other bodies, all at the same instant of time. Albert Einstein recognized that this was inconsistent with special relativity and its prediction that influences cannot travel faster than the speed of light. So, he sought a new theory of gravitation that would be relativistically consistent. Mercury's orbit did not match that predicted by Newton's law of gravitation. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of an undiscovered planet (Vulcan) that could explain the discrepancies. When Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he focused on Mercury's problematic orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's theory of gravity had been shown to be inexact."]}, {"id": 91253, "question": "what is the period of revolution of #2 in earth years", "answer": "88 days", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Mercury's sidereal year (88.0 Earth days) and sidereal day (58.65 Earth days) are in a 3:2 ratio. This relationship is called spin–orbit resonance, and \"sidereal\" here means \"relative to the stars\". Consequently, one solar day (sunrise to sunrise) on Mercury lasts for around 176 Earth days: twice the planet's sidereal year. This means that one side of Mercury will remain in sunlight for one Mercurian year of 88 Earth days; while during the next orbit, that side will be in darkness all the time until the next sunrise after another 88 Earth days."]}], "answer": "88 days", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"5": "14627", "13": "10902", "16": "19694"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "4hop2__339729_20606_51791_52221", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Lithuanian language", "paragraph_text": "Lithuanian (Lithuanian: lietuvių kalba) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region. It is the language of Lithuanians and the official language of Lithuania as well as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.8 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 200 thousand abroad.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Eating utensil etiquette", "paragraph_text": "When used in conjunction with a knife to cut and consume food in Western social settings, two forms of fork etiquette are common. In the European style, the diner keeps the fork in his or her left hand, while in the American style the fork is shifted between the left and right hands. The American style is most common in the United States, but the European style is considered proper in other countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "paragraph_text": "The \"General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples\" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of \"national languages\". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kokoda Track campaign", "paragraph_text": "The Kokoda Track campaign or Kokoda Trail campaign was part of the Pacific War of World War II. The campaign consisted of a series of battles fought between July and November 1942 in what was then the Australian Territory of Papua. It was primarily a land battle, between the Japanese South Seas Detachment under Major General Tomitarō Horii and Australian and Papuan land forces. The Japanese objective was to seize Port Moresby by an overland advance from the north coast, following the Kokoda Track over the mountains of the Owen Stanley Range, as part of a strategy to isolate Australia from the United States.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "European Economic Community", "paragraph_text": "The EEC was also known as the Common Market in the English - speaking countries and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 350 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but 32 state governments out of 50 have declared English to be one, or the only, official language. The government of Louisiana offers services and most documents in both English and French, as does New Mexico in English and Spanish. The government of Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, operates almost entirely in Spanish, even though its official languages are Spanish and English. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago—particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Konkani language", "paragraph_text": "Konkani (Kōṅkaṇī) is an Indo - Aryan language belonging to the Indo - European family of languages and is spoken along the South western coast of India. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution and the official language of the Indian state of Goa. The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 A.D. It is a minority language in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Daman and Diu.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hamas", "paragraph_text": "Hamas (Arabic: حماس ‎ ‎ Ḥamās, an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al - Muqāwamah al - ʾIslāmiyyah Islamic Resistance Movement) is a Palestinian Sunni - Islamic fundamentalist organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades. It has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover of that area in 2007. During this period it fought several wars with Israel. It is regarded, either in whole or in part, as a terrorist organization by several countries and international organizations, most notably by Israel, the United States and the European Union.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Seattle", "paragraph_text": "Seattle's population historically has been predominantly white. The 2010 census showed that Seattle was one of the whitest big cities in the country, although its proportion of white residents has been gradually declining. In 1960, whites comprised 91.6% of the city's population, while in 2010 they comprised 69.5%. According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Those who spoke Asian languages other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2% of the population, Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9%, and speakers of other languages made up 2.5%.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Square Rooms", "paragraph_text": "\"Square Rooms\" is a song by American singer and actor Al Corley. It was the first single from his debut album of the same name. First released in 1984, the song was a hit in some European countries and had a moderate success in the United States in 1985.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southern Europe", "paragraph_text": "The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Alsace", "paragraph_text": "The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Ottoman Tripolitania", "paragraph_text": "As a result of this conflict, the Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known as Libya.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Al-Berka", "paragraph_text": "Al-Berka (Arabic:البركة) is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. As of the 2011 Libyan revolution, the area is simply known as a district of Benghazi after the Gaddafi era Basic People's Congresses were disbanded.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Togo", "paragraph_text": "Togo is a multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, many of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members. Of the 39 languages, the sole official language is French. Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975: Ewé (Ewe: Èʋegbe; French: Evé) and Kabiyé; they are also the two most widely spoken indigenous languages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies also committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home, and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day. Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light. The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Languages of Italy", "paragraph_text": "There are approximately 34 living spoken languages and related dialects in Italy, most of which are indigenous evolutions of Vulgar Latin, and thus are classified as Romance languages. Although they are sometimes referred to as regional languages, there is no uniformity within any Italian region, and speakers from one locale within a region are typically very aware of features that distinguish their local language from the speech of other places nearby. The official and most widely spoken language is Italian, a descendant of Tuscan.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "What is the most commonly spoken language in the country that seized Al-Berka's country from the country against which the Gallipoli Campaign was fought?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 339729, "question": "Al-Berka >> country", "answer": "Libya", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Al-Berka (Arabic:البركة) is a Basic People's Congress administrative division of Benghazi, Libya. As of the 2011 Libyan revolution, the area is simply known as a district of Benghazi after the Gaddafi era Basic People's Congresses were disbanded."]}, {"id": 20606, "question": "The Gallipoli Campaign fought against which country?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day. Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light. The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by British prime minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion prime ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy."]}, {"id": 51791, "question": "which european state seized #1 from #2 in 1911", "answer": "Italy", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["Over a 75‑year period, the Ottoman Turks provided 33 governors and Libya remained part of the empire until Italy invaded for the second time in 1911."]}, {"id": 52221, "question": "what is the most common language spoken in #3", "answer": "Italian", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["The official and most widely spoken language across the country is Italian, which started off based on the medieval Tuscan of Florence. In parallel, many Italians also communicate in one of the local languages, most of which, like Tuscan, are indigenous evolutions of Vulgar Latin. Some local languages do not stem from Latin, however, but belong to other Indo-European branches, such as Cimbrian (Germanic), Arbëresh (Albanian), Slavomolisano (Slavic) and Griko (Greek). Other non-indigenous languages are spoken by a substantial percentage of the population due to immigration."]}], "answer": "Italian", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"14": "5171132", "15": "30997172", "18": "4721", "19": "1898028"}, "#_support_docs": 4}
+{"id": "nq_4022670427899821671", "question": "how many copies did fifty shades of grey sell", "answer": "over 125 million copies", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "35166850"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__756738_11179", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Birla Planetarium, Chennai", "paragraph_text": "The Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC) was established in 1983 and is functioning with the financial assistance of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The centre started its operations in 1988 with the setting up of Periyar Science and Technology Centre and the functioning of the Birla Planetarium. The centre functions under the chairmanship of the minister of education. The planetarium was inaugurated on 11 May 1988 by the then President of India R. Venkataraman.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre", "paragraph_text": "The Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre, which is situated north-west of the village of Gaydon, Warwickshire, England, is one of the principal engineering centres of Jaguar Land Rover and the location of the headquarters of Land Rover. The site houses a design, research and development centre and extensive test track facilities and is used for the design and development of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles. The site, along with the smaller Aston Martin facility adjacent, occupies the land that was once the RAF V bomber base of RAF Gaydon. The British Motor Museum is also located on the same site.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Citibank Australia", "paragraph_text": "Citibank Australia was opened in 1985 and was one of the first foreign banks to be granted a banking licence in Australia, besides being one of the largest international banks in the country. Since 2001, the national headquarters have been located at the Citigroup Centre, Sydney.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "New Delhi has a population of 249,998. Hindi and Punjabi are the most widely spoken languages in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is highest in Delhi.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Phillip, Australian Capital Territory", "paragraph_text": "Phillip (postcode: 2606) is a suburb of Canberra, Australia in the district of Woden Valley. It is located in the centre of the district and contains the district's main commercial centre, Woden Town Centre. Phillip had a residential population of 2,936 at the . 47.9% of its occupied dwellings were flats and 51.9% were semi-detached, terraces or townhouses. Many more flats are being planned or built. In 2011, 42.8% of the population was foreign born, the fourth highest for any Canberra suburb.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Henichesk Raion", "paragraph_text": "Henichesk Raion () is one of the 18 administrative raions (districts) of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located in the city of Henichesk. Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Horodyshche Raion", "paragraph_text": "Horodyshche Raion () is a raion (district) of Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located at the town of Horodyshche. Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Centre for Science and Environment", "paragraph_text": "Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1980, CSE works as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, poor planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans and advocates for policy changes and better implementation of the already existing policies. CSE uses knowledge-based activism to create awareness about problems and propose sustainable solutions.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Årås", "paragraph_text": "Årås is the administrative centre of Austrheim municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. The village is located in the central part of the island of Fosnøyna, about northeast of the village of Austrheim. The village has a population (2013) of 603, giving the village a population density of .", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Varshets", "paragraph_text": "Varshets (, variously transliterated) is a spa town in Montana Province, northwestern Bulgaria. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Varshets Municipality. As of December 2009, its population is 6,538. The town is located on the northern slopes of the western part of the Balkan mountains in the small valley of the Botunya River, at , 359 metres above sea level. One of the oldest and most popular resorts in northern Bulgaria, it is known for its curative mineral springs, mild mountain climate, natural environment and a large park. The town's tourist infrastructure includes two spa centres, a polyclinic, several rest houses, hotels and also many private lodgings. Varshets has an art gallery, a municipal museum and an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Saint George.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ngopa", "paragraph_text": "Ngopa is a town in the Champhai district of Mizoram, India. It is located in the Ngopa R.D. Block, and it serves as headquarters for that block. It is also an important administrative centre containing important government offices. Ngopa is from the district's main city, Champhai, and from the state's capital city, Aizawl.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Røn", "paragraph_text": "Røn is a village in the municipality of Vestre Slidre, Norway. It is located where the Slidrefjord and the Strondafjord meet, a few miles along the E16 south of the centre Slidre. Its population (SSB 2005) is 302.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Judith E. Deutsch", "paragraph_text": "Judith E. Deutsch, PT, PhD, FAPTA, is a professor of physical therapy in the Department of Rehabilitation & Movement Sciences at Rutgers University. She is also the director of the Research in Virtual Environments and Rehabilitation Sciences Lab.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sanpolino (Brescia Metro)", "paragraph_text": "Sanpolino is a station of the Brescia Metro, in the city of Brescia in northern Italy. The station is located in the centre of Sanpolino, a densely populated modern and innovative suburb of Brescia.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Chudniv Raion", "paragraph_text": "Chudniv Raion () is a raion (district) of Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located at Chudniv. The raion covers an area of . Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Altura (Trieste)", "paragraph_text": "Altura is a neighbourhood in the town of Trieste, Italy, region of Friuli Venezia Giulia. It was established in the 1970s, is located circa from the centre of Trieste and has a population of about 3,400 inhabitants.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rosa Elena Simeón Negrín", "paragraph_text": "Rosa Elena Simeón Negrín was the Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment in Cuba. Her role in government includes raising awareness of environmental issues amongst Cubans.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kimmo Tiilikainen", "paragraph_text": "Kimmo Kalevi Tiilikainen (born 17 August 1966, Ruokolahti) is a Finnish politician from the Centre Party. He is an organic farmer and forester. Tiilikainen has been the Minister of Agriculture and the Environment since 29 May 2015. He is also a former Minister of the Environment of Finland from 2007 to 2008.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Neuenhäusen", "paragraph_text": "Neuenhäusen is a suburb of the town of Celle in Lower Saxony, Germany, and lies south of the \"Altstadt\" (old town) in its centre. A particular feature of this suburb is that it is where most of the many authorities and public institutions, that have their headquarters in Celle, are located.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Spotswood, New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "Spotswood is a suburb of New Plymouth in the Taranaki Region of New Zealand. It is located to the west of the city centre. The population was 2,010 in the 2006 Census, an increase of 27 from 2001.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the population of the location where Centre for Science and Environment is headquartered?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 756738, "question": "Centre for Science and Environment >> headquarters location", "answer": "New Delhi", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1980, CSE works as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, poor planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans and advocates for policy changes and better implementation of the already existing policies."]}, {"id": 11179, "question": "What is the population of #1 ?", "answer": "249,998", "paragraph_support_idx": 3, "support_sentence": ["As of 2011, the New Delhi Municipal Council area has a population of 249,998. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is the highest in Delhi."]}], "answer": "249,998", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"3": "51585", "7": "4508360"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__553982_125776", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Johann Baptist Schenk", "paragraph_text": "Schenk was born in Wiener Neustadt. While still a boy he composed songs, dances and symphonies, and became a proficient violinist and keyboard and wind instrument player. In 1773 he went to Vienna to study with Georg Christoph Wagenseil. Beginning in 1777 he was composing religious works for Saint Stephen's Cathedral. In the 1780s he became a prolific composer of incidental music for plays and singspiele. His best-known singspiel is \"Der Dorfbarbier\", which premiered in 1796. His other compositions include numerous cantatas, ten symphonies, several concertos (including a well-known one for harp), and five string quartets. Mozart was a good friend of Schenk and Beethoven studied under him in 1793.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "paragraph_text": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27January 1756 to Leopold Mozart (1719–1787) and Anna Maria, née Pertl (1720–1778), at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg. This was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic principality in what is now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy. His elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart (1751–1829), nicknamed \"Nannerl\". Mozart was baptised the day after his birth, at St. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg. The baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form, as \"Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart\". He generally called himself \"Wolfgang Amadè Mozart\" as an adult, but his name had many variants.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Timothy Eddy", "paragraph_text": "Timothy Eddy is an American cellist from Exeter, New Hampshire who is a founder of Orion String Quartet and a resident of the Mannes College The New School for Music. Since 1978 he is a member of Bach Aria Group and is a former member of Galimir String Quartet of New York Philomusica Chamber Ensemble. He is also a winner of numerous competitions such as the 1975 Cassado International Violoncello Competition, Dealy Competition and Denver Symphony Guild.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Amadeus Quartet", "paragraph_text": "The Amadeus Quartet was a world-famous string quartet founded in 1947 and disbanded in 1987, remarkable for having retained its founding members throughout its long history.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Olivier Greif", "paragraph_text": "Olivier Greif (3 January 1950, Paris – 13 May 2000, Paris) was a French composer of Polish-Jewish parentage. His father was an Auschwitz survivor, a fact which affected Greif deeply and led him to compose a number of Holocaust-themed works, notably \"Todesfuge\", and \"Lettres de Westerbork\", a song cycle which uses letters written by Etty Hillesum . (The composer wanted to use Paul Celan's poem \"Todesfuge\" in his third string quartet, but found it difficult to set, so kept the title but used Dylan Thomas's \"Elegy\" instead.)", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kevin Volans: Hunting:Gathering", "paragraph_text": "Kevin Volans: Hunting:Gathering is a studio album by the Kronos Quartet, containing works by South African composer Kevin Volans composed especially for the quartet.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Helen Merrill with Strings", "paragraph_text": "Helen Merrill with Strings is the second album by Helen Merrill, featuring the singer fronting a quartet augmented by a string section arranged by Richard Hayman, recorded in 1955 and released on the EmArcy label.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Alois Reiser", "paragraph_text": "Alois Reiser (April 6, 1887 - April 4, 1977 in Los Angeles) was an American composer of Czechoslovakian origin. Born in Prague, he came to the United States in 1905. He composed a number of works for orchestra, including two tone poems and two cello concertos; he also wrote chamber music, including string quartets, and the opera \"Gobi\". He also composed music for films.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Franz Pecháček", "paragraph_text": "Franz Xaver Pecháček (4 July 1793 in Vienna – 15 September 1840 in Karlsruhe) was an Austrian-German violin virtuoso and composer of Bohemian origin. Besides polonaises, variations, Rondos and potpourris for violin and orchestra, he composed two string quartets and the \"Adagio et Polonaise\" for clarinet and orchestra.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Peter Hänsel", "paragraph_text": "Peter Hänsel (born 29 November 1770 in Leppe, Silesia Province; d. 18 September 1831 in Vienna) was a German-Austrian violinist and classical composer of almost exclusively chamber music. He has been recently viewed not only as the principal representative of the true quartet school of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, but also the composer responsible for incorporating French and Polish influences into the Viennese classical style, thus serving as mediator between Germany, France and Poland.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "String Quartet No. 15 (Mozart)", "paragraph_text": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's String Quartet No. 15 in D minor, K. 421/417b is the second of the Quartets dedicated to Haydn and the only one of the set in a minor key. Though undated in the autograph, it is believed to have been completed in 1783, while his wife Constanze Mozart was in labour with her first child Raimund. Constanze stated that the rising string figures in the second movement corresponded to her cries from the other room.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Edwin Grasse", "paragraph_text": "Edwin Grasse (13 August 1884 – 8 April 1954) was an American violinist, organist and composer. Among his compositions were orchestral works, including a symphony and a violin concerto, and much chamber music, including a string quartet.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Joseph Linke", "paragraph_text": "Joseph Linke (also spelled Joseph Lincke, Josef Linke; 8 June 1783 – 26 March 1837) was a cellist and composer who had a distinguished career in Vienna, as a soloist and as a member of the Schuppanzigh Quartet. He took part in the first performances of string quartets and other chamber works of Ludwig van Beethoven.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "MusiConnects", "paragraph_text": "MusiConnects is a non-profit arts education organization, founded by the Boston Public Quartet and based in Boston, Massachusetts. Their mission is to model and teach self-expression, peer leadership and community development through the transformative power of chamber music. MusiConnects is actively working in partnership with Boston public schools to provide free music education to students – in the hopes of also creating a thriving community to unite youth, families, and musicians. The Boston Public quartet is a professional, performing string quartet that regularly gives concerts across the Boston area, in traditional and neighborhood venues alike.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Adalbert Gyrowetz", "paragraph_text": "Vojtěch Matyáš Jírovec (Adalbert Gyrowetz) (20 February 1763 – 19 March 1850) was a Bohemian composer. He mainly wrote instrumental works, with a great production of string quartets and symphonies; his operas and singspiele numbered more than 30, including \"Semiramide\" (1791), \"Der Augenarzt\" (1811), and \"Robert, oder Die Prüfung\" (1815).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Clarinet Quintet (Brahms)", "paragraph_text": "Johannes Brahms's Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115 was written in 1891 for the clarinettist Richard Mühlfeld. It is scored for a clarinet in A with a string quartet. It has a duration of approximately thirty-five minutes.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "String Quartet No. 18 (Mozart)", "paragraph_text": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's String Quartet No. 18 in A major, K. 464, the fifth of the Quartets dedicated to Haydn, was completed in 1785. Mozart's autograph catalogue states as the date of composition \"\"1785. / the 10th January\"\". It is in four movements:", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joseph Haydn", "paragraph_text": "Franz Joseph Haydn (; German: [ˈfʁants ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdn̩] (listen); 31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets \"Father of the Symphony\" and \"Father of the String Quartet\".Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family at their remote estate. Until the later part of his life, this isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was, as he put it, \"forced to become original\". Yet his music circulated widely, and for much of his career he was the most celebrated composer in Europe.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "String Quartet (Verdi)", "paragraph_text": "Giuseppe Verdi's String Quartet in E minor was written in the spring of 1873 during a production of \"Aida\" in Naples. It is the only surviving chamber music work in Verdi's catalogue.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Maurice Bolyer", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Bolyer (December 1, 1920 – August 18, 1978), born Maurice Beaulieu, was a composer and musician known as \"Canada's King of the Banjo\". Although proficient in a variety of string instruments and piano, he is best known for his work on the banjo.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who was the dad of the composer of String Quartet No. 18?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 553982, "question": "String Quartet No. 18 >> composer", "answer": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's String Quartet No. 18 in A major, K. 464, the fifth of the Quartets dedicated to Haydn, was completed in 1785. Mozart's autograph catalogue states as the date of composition \"1785. / the 10th January\". It is in four movements:"]}, {"id": 125776, "question": "Who was the dad of #1 ?", "answer": "Leopold Mozart", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["In his early years, Wolfgang's father was his only teacher. Along with music, he taught his children languages and academic subjects. Biographer Solomon notes that, while Leopold was a devoted teacher to his children, there is evidence that Mozart was keen to progress beyond what he was taught. His first ink-spattered composition and his precocious efforts with the violin were of his initiative and came as a surprise to Leopold, who eventually gave up composing when his son's musical talents became evident.", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl, at Getreidegasse 9 in Salzburg. Salzburg was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic principality in the Holy Roman Empire (today in Austria). He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy. His elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed \"Nannerl\". Mozart was baptised the day after his birth, at St. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg. The baptismal record gives his name in Latinised form, as \"Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart\". He generally called himself \"Wolfgang Amadè Mozart\" as an adult, but his name had many variants."]}], "answer": "Leopold Mozart", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "33163", "16": "16918479"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-3406412495959097318", "question": "who wrote the touch of the master's hand", "answer": "Myra Brooks Welch", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "46919750"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__446324_620302", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stephen Henry Parker", "paragraph_text": "Stephen Henry Parker was the second son of Stephen Stanley Parker (1817-1904) and his wife Elizabeth, née Sewell. He was the grandson of Stephen Parker (c.1795-1879), a pioneer settler in York, Western Australia. Parker was educated at the Bishop's School, Perth, and was called to the bar in 1868.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Algernon Methuen", "paragraph_text": "Methuen was born as Algernon Methuen Marshall Stedman in London, the third son of John Buck Stedman, FRCS, and Jane Elizabeth née Marshall. He was educated at Berkhamsted School and then Wadham College, Oxford, from which he graduated with an MA.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Comprehensive school", "paragraph_text": "In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Saint Helena", "paragraph_text": "Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Elizabeth Blanchard (educator)", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Blanchard (1834–1891) was an American educator who was the seventh president of Mount Holyoke College (as Principal and Acting President).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "The Landlord's Game", "paragraph_text": "The Landlord's Game is a board game patented in 1904 by Elizabeth Magie as . It is a realty and taxation game intended to educate users about Georgism. It is the inspiration for the board game \"Monopoly\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Poptropica", "paragraph_text": "Poptropica is an online role-playing game, developed in 2007 by Pearson Education's Family Education Network, and targeted towards children aged 6 to 15. \"Poptropica\" was primarily the creation of Jeff Kinney, the author of the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series. As of 2015, he remains at the company as the Creative Director.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Arthur Kroker", "paragraph_text": "Arthur Kroker (born 1945 in Red Rock, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian author, editor, educator and researcher of political science, technology and culture.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Journal of Applied Philosophy", "paragraph_text": "The Journal of Applied Philosophy is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for Applied Philosophy and edited by Elizabeth Brake (Arizona State University). It covers a broad spectrum of issues in all areas of applied philosophy, including work on the environment, medicine, science, engineering, policy, law, politics, economics, and education.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mary Gaunt", "paragraph_text": "Mary was the eldest daughter of William Henry Gaunt, a Victorian county court judge and Elizabeth Palmer, and was born in Chiltern, Victoria. She was educated at Grenville College, Ballarat and the University of Melbourne, being one of the first two women students to enroll there.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Elizabeth and After", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth and After is a novel by Matt Cohen, first published in 1999 by Knopf Canada. His final novel, it won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction just a few weeks before Cohen's death.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Matt Cohen (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Matt Cohen was born in Kingston, Ontario, the son of Morris Cohen and Beatrice Sohn, and grew up in Ottawa. He studied political economy at the University of Toronto and taught political philosophy and religion at McMaster University in the late 1960s before publishing his first novel \"Korsoniloff\" in 1969.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Guy Gaunt", "paragraph_text": "Gaunt was born in Ballarat, Australia, to William Henry Gaunt and his wife Elizabeth Mary Palmer. Gaunt's brother-in-law was Alexander Stenson Palmer (banker and M.P. for Victoria). Gaunt's brother Ernest Gaunt was also an admiral. Their sister, Mary Elizabeth Bakewell Gaunt, was a well-known author in Australia and wrote several travel books. Guy was educated at Melbourne Grammar School from 1881 to 1883.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Pride and Prejudice", "paragraph_text": "Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 romantic novel by Jane Austen. It charts the emotional development of protagonist Elizabeth Bennet, who learns the error of making hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between the superficial and the essential. The comedy of the writing lies in the depiction of manners, education, marriage, and money during the British Regency period.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Madrasa", "paragraph_text": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage ‘Self’ and ‘System’: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Elizabeth Gertrude Britton", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (née Knight) (January 9, 1858 – February 25, 1934) was an American botanist, bryologist, and educator. She and her husband, Nathaniel Lord Britton played a significant role in the fundraising and creation of the New York Botanical Garden. She was a co-founder of the predecessor to the American Bryological and Lichenological Society. She was an activist for protection of wildflowers, inspiring local chapter activities and the passage of legislation. Elizabeth Britton made major contributions to the literature of mosses, publishing 170 papers in that field.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Education in the Philippines", "paragraph_text": "Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). DepEd is responsible for the K -- 12 basic education; it exercises full and exclusive control over public schools and nominal regulation over private schools, and it also enforces the national curriculum that has been put in place since 2013. CHED and TESDA, on the other hand, are responsible for higher education; CHED regulates the academically - oriented universities and colleges while TESDA oversees the development of technical and vocational education institutions and programs in the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Nicholas Eftimiades", "paragraph_text": "Nicholas Eftimiades is an American government official, author, and educator best known for his work \"Chinese Intelligence Operations\" (1994). He currently resides in the Tokyo area.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as \"a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant.\" Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as \"a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades", "paragraph_text": "Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades, also referred to as PSAT, is a government institution of technical vocation education and training higher learning located in Alvear Street, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines. PSAT is duly registered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. All PSAT programs are accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "The author of Elizabeth and After attended which university?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 446324, "question": "Elizabeth and After >> author", "answer": "Matt Cohen", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["Elizabeth and After is a novel by Matt Cohen, first published in 1999 by Knopf Canada. His final novel, it won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction just a few weeks before Cohen's death."]}, {"id": 620302, "question": "#1 >> educated at", "answer": "University of Toronto", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["Matt Cohen was born in Montreal, son of Morris Cohen and Beatrice Sohn, and was raised in Kingston and Ottawa. He studied political economy at the University of Toronto and taught political philosophy and religion at McMaster University in the late 1960s before publishing his first novel \"Korsoniloff\" in 1969."]}], "answer": "University of Toronto", "answer_aliases": ["UT"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"10": "9242716", "11": "1650522"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-4749096275428462645", "question": "who played stephanie in all in the family", "answer": "Danielle Brisebois", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "4069893"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__756738_11125", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nepal", "paragraph_text": "Nepal experiences five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. The Himalaya blocks cold winds from Central Asia in the winter and forms the northern limit of the monsoon wind patterns. In a land once thickly forested, deforestation is a major problem in all regions, with resulting erosion and degradation of ecosystems.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ngopa", "paragraph_text": "Ngopa is a town in the Champhai district of Mizoram, India. It is located in the Ngopa R.D. Block, and it serves as headquarters for that block. It is also an important administrative centre containing important government offices. Ngopa is from the district's main city, Champhai, and from the state's capital city, Aizawl.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New Delhi", "paragraph_text": "The climate of New Delhi is a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 °C (115 °F) in summers to around 0 °C (32 °F) in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers, relatively dry and mild winters, a monsoonal period, and dust storms. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 14 to 34 °C (57 to 93 °F). New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −3.2 °C (26.2 °F). Those for Delhi metropolis stand at 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) and −3.2 °C (26.2 °F) respectively. The average annual rainfall is 784 millimetres (30.9 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Questacon", "paragraph_text": "Questacon – the National Science and Technology Centre, is located on the southern shore of Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, Australia. It is a large centre with more than 200 interactive exhibits relating to science and technology. It has many science programs that are devoted to inspiring the children of Australia to love science.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "RuPaul's Drag Race (season 5)", "paragraph_text": "The winner of the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Jinkx Monsoon, with Alaska and Roxxxy Andrews being the runners - up.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Clothing", "paragraph_text": "Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "North American Monsoon", "paragraph_text": "The North American monsoon, variously known as the Southwest monsoon, the Mexican monsoon, the New Mexican monsoon, or the Arizona monsoon, is a pattern of pronounced increase in thunderstorms and rainfall over large areas of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, typically occurring between July and mid September. During the monsoon, thunderstorms are fueled by daytime heating and build up during the late afternoon - early evening. Typically, these storms dissipate by late night, and the next day starts out fair, with the cycle repeating daily. The monsoon typically loses its energy by mid-September when drier and cooler conditions are reestablished over the region. Geographically, the North American monsoon precipitation region is centered over the Sierra Madre Occidental in the Mexican states of Sinaloa, Durango, Sonora and Chihuahua.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Neuenhäusen", "paragraph_text": "Neuenhäusen is a suburb of the town of Celle in Lower Saxony, Germany, and lies south of the \"Altstadt\" (old town) in its centre. A particular feature of this suburb is that it is where most of the many authorities and public institutions, that have their headquarters in Celle, are located.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Kimmo Tiilikainen", "paragraph_text": "Kimmo Kalevi Tiilikainen (born 17 August 1966, Ruokolahti) is a Finnish politician from the Centre Party. He is an organic farmer and forester. Tiilikainen has been the Minister of Agriculture and the Environment since 29 May 2015. He is also a former Minister of the Environment of Finland from 2007 to 2008.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Citibank Australia", "paragraph_text": "Citibank Australia was opened in 1985 and was one of the first foreign banks to be granted a banking licence in Australia, besides being one of the largest international banks in the country. Since 2001, the national headquarters have been located at the Citigroup Centre, Sydney.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre", "paragraph_text": "The Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre, which is situated north-west of the village of Gaydon, Warwickshire, England, is one of the principal engineering centres of Jaguar Land Rover and the location of the headquarters of Land Rover. The site houses a design, research and development centre and extensive test track facilities and is used for the design and development of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles. The site, along with the smaller Aston Martin facility adjacent, occupies the land that was once the RAF V bomber base of RAF Gaydon. The British Motor Museum is also located on the same site.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cherrapunji", "paragraph_text": "Sohra or Cherrapunji has a mild subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), with monsoonal influences typical of India. The city's annual rainfall average stands at 11,777 millimetres (463.7 in). This figure places it behind only nearby Mawsynram, Meghalaya, whose average is 11,873 millimetres (467.4 in). Cherrapunji receives both the southwest and northeast monsoonal winds, giving it a single monsoon season. It lies on the windward side of the Khasi Hills, so the resulting orographic lift enhances precipitation. In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the Brahmaputra valley. The driest months are November, December, January and February.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Territory Wildlife Park", "paragraph_text": "The Territory Wildlife Park is a zoo at Berry Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia, some (about a 45 minutes drive) south of Darwin. It opened in 1989. Situated on 400 ha of natural bushland, it contains native animals and plants representative of Northern Territory, and especially Top End tropical monsoonal, environments. It contributes to their conservation through research programs as well as through public education. The three main habitats represented are woodland, wetland and monsoon vine forest.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical schools—Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine. Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Centre for Science and Environment", "paragraph_text": "Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1980, CSE works as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, poor planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans and advocates for policy changes and better implementation of the already existing policies. CSE uses knowledge-based activism to create awareness about problems and propose sustainable solutions.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "paragraph_text": "Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Judith E. Deutsch", "paragraph_text": "Judith E. Deutsch, PT, PhD, FAPTA, is a professor of physical therapy in the Department of Rehabilitation & Movement Sciences at Rutgers University. She is also the director of the Research in Virtual Environments and Rehabilitation Sciences Lab.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Birla Planetarium, Chennai", "paragraph_text": "The Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC) was established in 1983 and is functioning with the financial assistance of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The centre started its operations in 1988 with the setting up of Periyar Science and Technology Centre and the functioning of the Birla Planetarium. The centre functions under the chairmanship of the minister of education. The planetarium was inaugurated on 11 May 1988 by the then President of India R. Venkataraman.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Climate of Pakistan", "paragraph_text": "Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country. These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan. Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in upper Sindh, central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan, FATA, Chitral and Gilgit -- Baltistan. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding, even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country. Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November. They affect the coastal localities of the country. Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and June, They are locally known as Andhi. These dust storms are quite violent. Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter. Heat waves occur during May and June, especially in southern Punjab, central Balochistan and interior Sindh. Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir. Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When does monsoon season occur in the city where Centre for Science and Environment is headquartered?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 756738, "question": "Centre for Science and Environment >> headquarters location", "answer": "New Delhi", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1980, CSE works as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, poor planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans and advocates for policy changes and better implementation of the already existing policies."]}, {"id": 11125, "question": "When does the monsoon season occur in #1 ?", "answer": "the middle of the summer", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["The climate of New Delhi is a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cwa\") bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen \"BSh\") with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from in summers to around in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and extremely hot summers with dust storms, relatively dry and mild winters with wildfire haze, and a monsoonal period. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. Winters are very mild. The annual mean temperature is around ; monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately . New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is on 28 May 2024 at Met Delhi Mungeshpur while the lowest temperature ever recorded is on 11 January 1967 at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as Palam Airport). The average annual rainfall is and monsoon rainfall from June to September is about , most of which is during the monsoons in July and August."]}], "answer": "the middle of the summer", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "51585", "15": "4508360"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__244564_127375", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "CFJB-FM", "paragraph_text": "CFJB-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 95.7 FM in Barrie, Ontario. The station broadcasts a mainstream rock format branded as Rock 95.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Once More, with Feeling (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)", "paragraph_text": "All of the regular cast performed their own vocals, although two actors were given minimal singing at their request. ``Once More, with Feeling ''is the most technically complex episode in the series, as extra voice and dance training for the cast was interspersed with the production of four other Buffy episodes. It was Joss Whedon's first attempt at writing music, and different styles -- from 1950s sitcom theme music to rock opera -- express the characters' secrets in specific ways. The episode was well received critically upon airing, specifically for containing the humor and wit to which fans had become accustomed. The musical format allowed characters to stay true to their natures while they struggled to overcome deceit and miscommunication, fitting with the sixth season's themes of growing up and facing adult responsibilities. It is considered one of the most effective and popular episodes of the series, and -- prior to a financial dispute in 2007 -- was shown in theaters with the audience invited to sing along.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Hell's Kitchen (American TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Hell's Kitchen is a reality television show that uses a progressive elimination format to narrow down a field of 12 to 20 aspiring chefs to a single winner over the course of one season. The U.S. version of Hell's Kitchen follows the format of the UK version though the show is recorded and not performed live, nor is there audience participation in the elimination of chefs. The show is produced at Hell's Kitchen, a modified warehouse in Los Angeles that includes the restaurant, dual kitchen facilities and a dormitory where the chefs reside while on the show. They are also given knife sets that they get to keep, regardless of their progress.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Imogene Coca Show", "paragraph_text": "The Imogene Coca Show is a half-hour NBC television series starring Imogene Coca in both situation comedy and variety show formats. The program debuted on October 2, 1954, after the ending of Sid Caesar's \"Your Show of Shows\", on which Coca had been a popular regular performer.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Serena van der Woodsen", "paragraph_text": "A scene set in the future shows everyone reunited at the Bass - Waldorf residence, witnessing the marriage of Dan and Serena.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Monsula", "paragraph_text": "Monsula was an American punk rock band from the San Francisco Bay Area, California. The band was conceived in 1988 by Pete Zetterberg and Paul Lee in an art class at Benicia High School. With many member changes over the years, they performed regularly at Berkeley's Gilman Street Project and were known for their simple East Bay pop punk style of music. The band played hundreds of live shows throughout North America before disbanding five years later in 1993.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Queen (band)", "paragraph_text": "In 1997, Queen returned to the studio to record \"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)\", a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon. It was released as a bonus track on the Queen Rocks compilation album later that year. In January 1997, Queen performed \"The Show Must Go On\" live with Elton John and the Béjart Ballet in Paris on a night Mercury was remembered, and it marked the last performance and public appearance of John Deacon, who chose to retire. The Paris concert was only the second time Queen had played live since Mercury's death, prompting Elton John to urge them to perform again.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Taylor Swift and Def Leppard", "paragraph_text": "\"Taylor Swift and Def Leppard\" is an episode of the CMT television show \"CMT Crossroads\". The episode features performances by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and English hard rock band Def Leppard.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Oldest dated rocks", "paragraph_text": "The oldest dated rocks on Earth, as an aggregate of minerals that have not been subsequently broken down by erosion or melted, are more than 4 billion years old, formed during the Hadean Eon of Earth's geological history. Such rocks are exposed on the Earth's surface in very few places. Some of the oldest surface rock can be found in the Canadian Shield, Australia, Africa and in a few other old regions around the world. The ages of these felsic rocks are generally between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years. The approximate ages have a margin of error of millions of years. In 1999, the oldest known rock on Earth was dated to 4.031 ± 0.003 billion years, and is part of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada. Researchers at McGill University found a rock with a very old model age for extraction from the mantle (3.8 to 4.28 billion years ago) in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt on the coast of Hudson Bay, in northern Quebec; the true age of these samples is still under debate, and they may actually be closer to 3.8 billion years old. Older than these rocks are crystals of the mineral zircon, which can survive the disaggregation of their parent rock and be found and dated in younger rock formations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Walker Run", "paragraph_text": "Walker Run (also known as Beach Haven Creek) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Salem Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . There are three unnamed tributaries. The stream is on rock of the Mahantango Formation, the Harrell Formation, the Irish Valley Member, and the Trimmers Rock Formation. A number of roads cross the stream. It is inhabited by wild trout.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Top Gear (1977 TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Top Gear is a show that started in April 1977, as a half hour motoring programme on the BBC in the United Kingdom. The original format ran for 24 years up to December 2001. A revamped format of the show began nearly one year later, in October 2002.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Grinspoon", "paragraph_text": "Grinspoon is an Australian rock band from Lismore, New South Wales formed in 1995 and fronted by Phil Jamieson on vocals and guitar with Pat Davern on guitar, Joe Hansen on bass guitar and Kristian Hopes on drums. Also in 1995, they won the Triple J-sponsored Unearthed competition for Lismore, with their post-grunge song \"Sickfest\". Their name was taken from Dr. Lester Grinspoon an Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, who supports marijuana for medical use.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Little Big Shots (Australian TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Little Big Shots is an Australian reality television show which premiered on the Seven Network on 27 August 2017. The program, based on the American format of the same name, is hosted by Shane Jacobson and features performances by children aged 3 to 13 years old.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Feigenbaumklippe", "paragraph_text": "The Feigenbaumklippe is a rock formation in the Oker valley in the Harz mountains of central Germany. They lie on the hiking trail from the \"Kästeklippen\" crags to Romkerhall Waterfall. These granite rocks, which show clear signs of \"wool sack weathering\" (\"Wollsackverwitterung\") are a favourite destination for hikers and offer a good view of the valley towards the west. The observation point has safety railings.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "paragraph_text": "Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion. The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept. Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Celine (concert residency)", "paragraph_text": "Celine is the second residency show by Canadian recording artist Celine Dion. The show is performed at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada beginning 15 March 2011, with an estimated 70 performances per year (which makes Celine the top money earner in Vegas, earning $500 K a show). The show ranked 26th in Pollstar's ``Top 50 Worldwide Tour (Mid-Year) '', earning over 20 million dollars. Being seen by over 200,000 people, the show became the number one show in 2011 (for North America). The show has also made Dion the`` most profitable music act in Las Vegas'' since Elvis Presley.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Rock Show (Grinspoon song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Rock Show\" was the third single by Grinspoon from their second studio album \"Easy\". It was released on 5 May 2000 on the Grudge label (the Australian imprint of Universal Records), reaching No. 78 on the Australian Singles Chart and polling at No. 33 on Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2000.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Lean wit It, Rock wit It", "paragraph_text": "``Lean wit It, Rock wit It ''Single by Dem Franchize Boyz featuring Peanut and Charlay from the album On Top of Our Game Released January 17, 2006 (2006 - 01 - 17) Recorded 2005 Genre Snap southern hip hop Length 3: 51 Label So So Def Recordings EMI America Songwriter (s) Carlos A. Valente Jamall Willingham Gerald Tiller Bernard Leverette Maurice Gleaton D'Angelo Hunt Charles Hammond Robert Hill Producer (s) Maurice`` Parlae'' Gleaton Dem Franchize Boyz singles chronology ``I Think They Like Me ''(2005)`` Lean wit It, Rock wit It'' (2006) ``Ridin 'Rims ''(2006)`` I Think They Like Me'' (Remix) (2005) ``Lean wit It, Rock wit It ''(2006)`` Ridin' Rims'' (2006)", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "WXNX", "paragraph_text": "WXNX is a commercial radio station licensed to Sanibel, Florida, broadcasting to the Fort Myers/Naples area on 93.7 FM. WXNX airs an Active Rock and Alternative Rock hybrid radio format similar to Richmond, Virginia's now-defunct \"Y-101\" as a new rock alternative station, since it's a mixed format approach, the format label \"Modern Rock\" is an acceptable status", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "The Ed Sullivan Show", "paragraph_text": "In late 1963, Sullivan and his entourage happened also to be passing through Heathrow and witnessed how The Beatles' fans greeted the group on their return from Stockholm, where they had performed a television show as warmup band to local stars Suzie and Lill Babs. Sullivan was intrigued, telling his entourage it was the same thing as Elvis all over again. He initially offered Beatles manager Brian Epstein top dollar for a single show but the Beatles manager had a better idea -- he wanted exposure for his clients: the Beatles would instead appear three times on the show, at bottom dollar, but receive top billing and two spots (opening and closing) on each show.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Which year witnessed the formation of the performer of Rock Show?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 244564, "question": "Rock Show >> performer", "answer": "Grinspoon", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["\"Rock Show\" was the third single by Grinspoon from their second studio album \"Easy\". It was released on 5 May 2000 on the Grudge label (the Australian imprint of Universal Records), reaching No. 78 on the Australian Singles Chart and polling at No. 33 on Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2000."]}, {"id": 127375, "question": "Which year witnessed the formation of #1 ?", "answer": "1995", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["Grinspoon are an Australian rock band from Lismore, New South Wales, which formed in 1995 by Pat Davern on guitar, Joe Hansen on bass guitar, Kristian Hopes on drums and frontman Phil Jamieson on vocals and guitar. Also in that year, Grinspoon won the national youth radio, Triple J–sponsored Unearthed competition for Lismore, with their post-grunge song \"Sickfest\". The band's name references Lester Grinspoon, an associate professor emeritus of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, who supported marijuana for medical use."]}], "answer": "1995", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"11": "567703", "16": "12275205"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "4hop1__405751_4520_65397_52731", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "United States House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms, while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only five members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: John Bullock Clark (D - MO), John William Reid (D - MO) and Henry Cornelius Burnett (D - KY). Michael Myers (D - PA) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, and James Traficant (D - OH) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption. The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bill of rights", "paragraph_text": "Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens, although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia's states. In 1973, Federal Attorney - General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament, although it was never passed. In 1984, Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights, but it was never introduced into parliament, and in 1985, Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights, which was passed by the House of Representatives, but failed to pass the Senate. Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians (populist politics) to unelected (constitutional) judges and bureaucrats. Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act. However, the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system, seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights, unless legislation expressly intends to interfere.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "David Vladeck", "paragraph_text": "David C. Vladeck (born June 6, 1951) is the former Director of the Bureau of Consumer Protection of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent agency of the United States government. He was appointed by the Chairman of the FTC, Jon Leibowitz, on April 14, 2009, shortly after Leibowitz became Chairman.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Daylight saving time", "paragraph_text": "The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Scottish Parliament", "paragraph_text": "Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill; a committee of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit; a member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Union budget of India", "paragraph_text": "The Union Budget of India, also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India, is the annual budget of the Republic of India. The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April. Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament. The budget, which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1, the start of India's financial year.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)", "paragraph_text": "In 1980, Wilson read an Associated Press dispatch on the congressional wires describing the refugees fleeing Soviet-occupied Afghanistan. The communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan had taken over power during the Saur Revolution and asked the Soviet Union to help suppress resistance from the Mujahideen. According to biographer George Crile III, Wilson called the staff of the United States House Committee on Appropriations dealing with \"black appropriations\" and requested a two-fold appropriation increase for Afghanistan. Because Wilson had just been named to the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense (which is responsible for funding CIA operations), his request went through.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Federal government of the United States", "paragraph_text": "The executive power in the federal government is vested in the President of the United States, although power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials. The president and vice president are elected as running mates by the Electoral College, for which each state, as well as the District of Columbia, is allocated a number of seats based on its representation (or ostensible representation, in the case of D.C.) in both houses of Congress. The president is limited to a maximum of two four - year terms. If the president has already served two years or more of a term to which some other person was elected, he or she may only serve one more additional four - year term.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Ohio House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "Members are limited to four consecutive two - year elected terms (terms are considered consecutive if they are separated by less than two years). Time served by appointment to fill out another representative's uncompleted term does not count against the term limit. There are 99 members in the house, elected from single - member districts. Every even - numbered year, all the seats are up for re-election.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "2013 United States federal government shutdown", "paragraph_text": "From October 1 to October 17, 2013, the United States federal government entered a shutdown and curtailed most routine operations because neither legislation appropriating funds for fiscal year 2014 nor a continuing resolution for the interim authorization of appropriations for fiscal year 2014 was enacted in time. Regular government operations resumed October 17 after an interim appropriations bill was signed into law.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Royal assent", "paragraph_text": "The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate, as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons. On the day of the event, the Speaker of the Senate will read to the chamber a notice from the secretary to the governor general indicating when the viceroy or a deputy thereof will arrive. The Senate thereafter cannot adjourn until after the ceremony. The speaker moves to sit beside the throne, the Mace Bearer, with mace in hand, stands adjacent to him or her, and the governor general enters to take the speaker's chair. The Usher of the Black Rod is then commanded by the speaker to summon the Members of Parliament, who follow Black Rod back to the Senate, the Sergeant-at-Arms carrying the mace of the House of Commons. In the Senate, those from the commons stand behind the bar, while Black Rod proceeds to stand next to the governor general, who then nods his or her head to signify Royal Assent to the presented bills (which do not include appropriations bills). Once the list of bills is complete, the Clerk of the Senate states: \"in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] doth assent to these bills.\" If there are any appropriation bills to receive Royal Assent, the Speaker of the House of Commons will read their titles and the Senate clerk repeats them to the governor general, who nods his or her head to communicate Royal Assent. When these bills have all been assented to, the Clerk of the Senate recites \"in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] thanks her loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence and assents to these bills. The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lane splitting", "paragraph_text": "In the United States, bills to legalize lane splitting have been introduced in state legislatures around the US over the last twenty years but none had been enacted until California's legislature passed such a bill in August, 2016.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Connecticut House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Connecticut House of Representatives is the lower house in the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Connecticut. The house is composed of 151 members representing an equal number of districts, with each constituency containing nearly 22,600 residents. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Money bill", "paragraph_text": "While the United States of America is not a parliamentary democracy, the Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that all bills raising revenue originate in the House of Representatives, consistent with British constitutional practice; by convention, appropriation bills (bills that spend money) also originate in the House. Unlike in most Westminster systems, there are no limits on the Senate's ability to amend revenue bills or any requirement for the Senate to approve such bills within a certain timeframe. Both appropriations and revenue bills are often referred to as money bills to contrast them with authorization bills. The U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Munoz - Flores (1990) held that: ``A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment ''.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Appropriation bill", "paragraph_text": "According to the Origination Clause of the United States Constitution, all bills for raising revenue, generally tax bills, must originate in the House of Representatives, similar to the Westminster system requirement that all money bills originate in the lower house. Traditionally, though, appropriation bills also originate in the House of Representatives. House appropriations bills begin with ``H.R. '', meaning`` House of Representatives''. In reference to revenue bills, the Constitution also states that the ``Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. ''As with revenue bills, the Senate and House each drafts and considers its own appropriation bill. The Senate then`` cuts - and - pastes,'' substituting the language of its version of a particular appropriation bill for the language of the House bill, then agrees to the bill as amended.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Pennsylvania House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the legislature of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. There are 203 members, elected for two - year terms from single member districts.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Missouri House of Representatives", "paragraph_text": "The Missouri House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Missouri General Assembly. It has 163 members, representing districts with an average size of 37,000 residents. House members are elected for two - year terms during general elections held in even - numbered years.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Donna Howard", "paragraph_text": "Donna Howard (born October 25, 1951) is a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing the 48th District since her election in 2006. She currently serves as vice chairman of the House Administration Committee and also serves on the Appropriations Committee, the Higher Education Committee, and the Appropriations Sub-Committees on Article III and on Budget Transparency and Reform.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies", "paragraph_text": "The United States House Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress. Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees, each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills. This subcommittee has jurisdiction over the budget for the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "How long is the term of a member from the house of the body providing oversight for the commission that employs David Vladeck which can introduce appropriation bills?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 405751, "question": "David Vladeck >> employer", "answer": "Federal Trade Commission", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["David C. Vladeck (born June 6, 1951) is an American lawyer and the former director of the Bureau of Consumer Protection of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent agency of the United States government. He was appointed by the chairman of the FTC, Jon Leibowitz, on April 14, 2009, shortly after Leibowitz became chairman. He served in that position until December 31, 2012, when he returned to the Georgetown University Law Center."]}, {"id": 4520, "question": "Who has over-sight of #1 ?", "answer": "Congress", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight."]}, {"id": 65397, "question": "which house of #2 has the power to introduce appropriation bills", "answer": "the House of Representatives", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["According to the Origination Clause of the US Constitution, all bills for raising revenue, generally tax bills, must originate in the House of Representatives, similar to the Westminster system requirement for all money bills to originate in the lower house. Traditionally, appropriation bills originate in the House of Representatives. House appropriations bills begin with \"H.R.\", meaning \"House of Representatives.\" In reference to revenue bills, the Constitution also states that the \"Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.\" As with revenue bills, the Senate and House each drafts and considers its own appropriation bill. The Senate then cuts and pastes, substitutes the language of its version of a particular appropriation bill for the language of the House bill, and agrees to the bill as amended."]}, {"id": 52731, "question": "how many years is the term for a member of #3", "answer": "two - year terms", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a resident commissioner (a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on the date that the original member's would have expired."]}], "answer": "two - year terms", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "19468510", "2": "26942239", "14": "198562", "17": "738686"}, "#_support_docs": 4}
+{"id": "2hop__557013_99808", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Shoals, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Shoals is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, West Virginia, United States. Shoals is located on West Virginia Route 75 south-southwest of downtown Huntington. Shoals has a post office with ZIP code 25562.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "I Like It, I Love It", "paragraph_text": "``I Like It, I Love It ''is a song written by Jeb Stuart Anderson, Steve Dukes, and Mark Hall, and recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw. It was released in July 1995 as the first single from his album All I Want. The song is McGraw's ninth single overall, and it became his third number - one single on the Hot Country Songs chart. It was recorded at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals Alabama.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Six Days on the Road", "paragraph_text": "``Six Days on the Road ''is an American song written by Earl Green and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio songwriter Carl Montgomery, made famous by country music singer Dave Dudley. The song was initially recorded by Paul Davis (not to be confused with singer - songwriter Paul Davis) and was released in 1961 on the Bulletin label. In 1963, the song became a major hit when released by Dave Dudley and is often hailed as the definitive celebration of the American truck driver.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Bat's Path End", "paragraph_text": "Bat's Path End was a hamlet near Trinity, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The nearest post office was in Shoal Harbour.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "South America", "paragraph_text": "Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The Andean States, the Guianas and the Southern Cone.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "National Pan-Hellenic Council", "paragraph_text": "National Pan-Hellenic Council Data Established 1930 Members 9 Continent North America Country United States Headquarters Decatur, Georgia Organization type Coalition of members", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Spring Valley, Alabama", "paragraph_text": "Spring Valley is an unincorporated community in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. Spring Valley is located at the junction of County Highways 57 and 61, south-southeast of Muscle Shoals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tonga", "paragraph_text": "Tonga's foreign policy has been described by Matangi Tonga as \"Look East\"—specifically, as establishing closer diplomatic and economic relations with Asia (which actually lies to the north-west of the Pacific kingdom). Tonga retains cordial relations with the United States. Although it remains on good terms with the United Kingdom, the two countries do not maintain particularly close relations, and the United Kingdom closed its High Commission in Tonga in 2006. Tonga's relations with Oceania's regional powers, Australia and New Zealand, are good.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Flat Shoals, North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Flat Shoals is a small unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, approximately four miles southwest of county seat Danbury, near Hanging Rock State Park.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Canadian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Canadian Airlines International Ltd. (stylized as Canadin Airlines or Canadiairline that operated from 1987 until 2001. The airline was Canada's second largest airline after Air Canada, and carried more than 11.9 million passengers to over 160 destinations in 17 countries on five continents at its height in 1996. Canadian Airlines served 105 destinations in Canada, more than any other airline. Canadian Airlines was also a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Peter Guttman (photographer)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Guttman is an American author, photographer, lecturer, television personality and adventurer who has traveled on assignment through over 230 countries and seven continents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Sixties Scoop", "paragraph_text": "The term Sixties Scoop refers to the practice, during the 1960s, of taking (``scooping up '') children of Aboriginal peoples in Canada from their families for placing in foster homes or adoption. Provincially, each region had their specific adoption or fostering program and policy. For example, Saskatchewan had the Adopt Indian Metis (AIM) Program. The children were typically placed for adoption or fostering in Canada though a few were placed in the United States or western Europe. The term`` Sixties scoop'' was coined by Patrick Johnston in his 1983 report Native Children and the Child Welfare System. It is a variation of the broader term Baby Scoop Era to refer to the period from the late 1950s to 1980s when large numbers of children were taken from their parents for adoption. However and henceforth, the continued practice of taking Indigenous, Inuit and Metis children from their families for placing in foster homes or adoption is termed Millennium Scoop", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Big3", "paragraph_text": "BIG3 BIG3 official logo Sport Basketball Founded January 11, 2017; 19 months ago (2017 - 01 - 11) Founder Ice Cube Jeff Kwatinetz Inaugural season 2017 Commissioner Clyde Drexler No. of teams 8 Country United States Headquarters Los Angeles, California Venue (s) 10 Continent FIBA Americas (Americas) Most recent champion (s) Power (1st title) Most titles Power (1 title) Trilogy (1 title) TV partner (s) Fox, FS1 Official website BIG3.com", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Gift Lake Metis Settlement", "paragraph_text": "Gift Lake Metis Settlement is a Metis settlement in northern Alberta, Canada within Big Lakes County. It is located along Highway 750, approximately northeast of Grande Prairie.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Larsen Bank", "paragraph_text": "Larsen Bank is a shoal with a least depth of in the northern part of Newcomb Bay, Antarctica, located north of Kilby Island in the Windmill Islands.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Africa", "paragraph_text": "Africa is the world's second largest and second most - populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "List of island countries", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of island countries. An island is a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water. Many island countries are spread over an archipelago, as is the case with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Indonesia (which consists of thousands of islands). Others consist of a single island, such as Nauru, or part of an island, such as Haiti. Although Australia is designated as a continent, it is often referred to as an island, as it has no land borders. Some declared island countries are not universally recognized as politically independent, such as Northern Cyprus. Some states, such as Taiwan, officially claim to hold continental territories but are de facto limited to control over islands.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Metis Shoal", "paragraph_text": "Metis Shoal is a shoal at the top of a submarine volcano, located between the islands of Kao and Late in Tonga. When the volcano erupted in 1995 a 43 metre high island formed, composed of a solid lava dome above the surface. It was washed away soon after.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Central America", "paragraph_text": "Central America (Spanish: América Central, Centroamérica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Which continent encompasses the country that contains Metis Shoal?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 557013, "question": "Metis Shoal >> country", "answer": "Tonga", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["Metis Shoal, also known as Lateiki Island, is a volcanic island at the top of a submarine volcano in Tonga, located between the islands of Kao and Late. The current island formed in October 2019, when a smaller island disappeared after 24 years."]}, {"id": 99808, "question": "On what continent can #1 be found?", "answer": "Oceania", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["Tonga ( , ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (), is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania. The country has 171 islands - of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in the southern Pacific Ocean. As of 2021,[ [update]] according to Johnson's Tribune, Tonga has a population of 104,494, 70% of whom reside on the main island, Tongatapu. The country stretches approximately north-south. It is surrounded by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna (France) to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west, Niue (the nearest foreign territory) to the east and Kermadec (New Zealand) to the southwest. Tonga is about from New Zealand's North Island.", "Located in Oceania, Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, directly south of Samoa and about two-thirds of the way from Hawai'i to New Zealand. Its 171 islands, 45 of them inhabited, are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu – and cover an -long north–south line."]}], "answer": "Oceania", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"7": "30158", "18": "8785058"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-8113383032913678202", "question": "what is the first book of the 5th wave series", "answer": "The 5th Wave", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "49676264"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "nq_4784641874222624232", "question": "who sang it's the last song i'll ever write for you", "answer": "David Cook", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "35716992"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__772171_27057", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the Union Government (central government), hence the name ``union territory ''. Union territories in India qualify as federal territories, by definition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Clark County Government Center", "paragraph_text": "The Clark County Government Center serves as the government center building for Clark County, Nevada. It is located in Downtown Las Vegas. The complex designed by Fentress Bradburn and opened in 1995 consists of a six-story county administration building, three one-story buildings for the county commissioners’ chambers, a multipurpose community facility and a central plant. It includes space for government administration, a law enforcement complex, a performing arts complex, a child-care facility and structured parking. It also contains a single-story auditorium, a pyramid-shaped cafeteria and a cylindrical, six-story reception hall, as well as office buildings.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Gmina Ozorków", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Ozorków is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Ozorków, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County (former)", "paragraph_text": "Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok was an administrative county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory, which is now in central Hungary, was slightly smaller than that of present Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. The capital of the county was Szolnok.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Zec Bras-Coupé–Désert", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Bras-Coupé-Desert is a \"zone d'exploitation contrôlée\" (controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC), located in the unorganized territory of Lac-Pythonga in La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Outaouais, in Quebec, in Canada.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tatra County", "paragraph_text": "Tatra County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Zakopane, which lies south of the regional capital Kraków. The county takes its name from the Tatra mountain range, which covers most of its territory.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of burn centres in Australia", "paragraph_text": "While many hospitals in Australia have the capability to treat burns, there are currently 13 designated burns units across Australia. Most states have one centre for adults and another for children; all units are located in a state/territorial capital city.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Gmina Bełchatów", "paragraph_text": "Gmina Bełchatów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Bełchatów, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zapata, Texas", "paragraph_text": "Zapata is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Zapata County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,089 at the 2010 census. As an unincorporated community, Zapata has no municipal government but like all 254 Texas counties has four elected county commissioners chosen by single-member districts and a countywide elected administrative judge.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Baranya County (former)", "paragraph_text": "Baranya (, , / \"Baranja\", ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in southern Hungary (the present county Baranya) and northeastern Croatia (part of the Osijek-Baranja county). The capital of the county was Pécs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Independent agencies of the United States government", "paragraph_text": "While most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary appointed by the President of the United States, independent agencies (in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control) almost always have a commission, board, or similar collegial body consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency. (This is why many independent agencies include the word ``Commission ''or`` Board'' in their name.) The president appoints the commissioners or board members, subject to Senate confirmation, but they often serve terms that are staggered and longer than a four - year presidential term, meaning that most presidents will not have the opportunity to appoint all the commissioners of a given independent agency. The president can normally designate which commissioner will serve as the chairperson. Normally there are statutory provisions limiting the president's authority to remove commissioners, typically for incapacity, neglect of duty, malfeasance, or other good cause. In addition, most independent agencies have a statutory requirement of bipartisan membership on the commission, so the president can not simply fill vacancies with members of his own political party.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff. While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, but have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Dodge (CDP), Wisconsin", "paragraph_text": "Dodge is an unincorporated census-designated place located in the town of Dodge, Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, United States. Dodge is south-southwest of Arcadia. Dodge has a post office with ZIP code 54625. As of the 2010 census, its population was 121.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Arcadia Township, Carroll County, Iowa", "paragraph_text": "Arcadia Township is one of eighteen townships in Carroll County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 752.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Neilson River", "paragraph_text": "The Neilson River flows into the territory of the municipality of Saint-Raymond, in the Portneuf Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of the Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, in Canada.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Carolyn Colvin", "paragraph_text": "Carolyn W. Colvin (born May 27, 1942 in Arnold, Maryland) was the Acting Commissioner of Social Security Administration in the United States, appointed on February 14, 2013, having succeeded Michael J. Astrue. On June 20, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated her to serve as the commissioner. On September 18, 2014, the United States Senate Committee on Finance approved her nomination by a 22 -- 2 vote.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Arcadia, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Arcadia is a town in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The population was 247 at the 2010 census, a decrease of 11.5 percent from 279 at the 2000 census.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wardville, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Wardville is a small unincorporated community in northern Atoka County, Oklahoma, United States, along State Highway 131 14 miles northeast of Coalgate, Oklahoma. The post office was established February 6, 1902 under the name Herbert, Oklahoma. Herbert was located in Atoka County, Choctaw Nation, a territorial-era entity which included portions of today's Atoka, Coal, Hughes and Pittsburg counties. The town was named after Herbert Ward, who was the youngest son of the towns first postmaster, Henry Pleasant Ward. The name of the town was changed to Wardville on July 18, 1907. Wardville was named for the before mentioned Henry Pleasant Ward, who served in the territorial House of Representatives and Senate and was an Atoka County judge. The Wardville Post Office closed in 2007.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "How many county commissioners does the county where Arcadia is located have?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 772171, "question": "Arcadia >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Oklahoma County", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["Arcadia is a town in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The population was 169 at the 2020 United States census, a 31% decrease from 247 at the 2010 census."]}, {"id": 27057, "question": "How many county commissioners does each #1 have?", "answer": "three", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff. While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, and have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts."]}], "answer": "three", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"13": "22489", "18": "130444"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__29341_30907_24622", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he'd never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other. In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a \"ridiculous waste of time.\"", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Philippine presidential line of succession", "paragraph_text": "If both the President and the Vice President die, become permanently disabled, are removed from office, or resign - the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, will act as President until a President or Vice-President is elected and qualifies.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Age of candidacy", "paragraph_text": "In Nigeria, a person must be at least 35 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 30 to be a Senator or State Governor, and 25 to be a Representative in parliament.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Presiding Officer of the United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The Constitution also provides for appointment of one of the elected senators to serve as President pro tempore. This senator presides when the vice president is absent from the body. The president pro tempore is selected by the body specifically for the role of presiding in the absence of (as the meaning of pro tempore, literally ``for the time being '') the actual presiding officer. By tradition, the title of President pro tempore has come to be given more - or-less automatically to the most senior senator of the majority party. In actual practice in the modern Senate, the president pro tempore also does not often serve in the role (though it is their constitutional right to do so). Instead, as governed by Rule I, they frequently designate a junior senator to perform the function.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States, who is President of the Senate. In the Vice President's absence, the President Pro Tempore, who is customarily the senior member of the party holding a majority of seats, presides over the Senate. In the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Vice President of Liberia", "paragraph_text": "The Vice President of the Republic of Liberia is the second - highest executive official in Liberia, and one of only two elected executive offices along with the President. The Vice President is elected on the same ticket with the president to a six - year term. In the event of the death, resignation or removal of the president, the Vice President ascends to the presidency, which he or she holds for the remainder of their predecessor's term. The Vice President also serves as the President of the Senate and may cast a vote in the event of a tie. The current Vice President is Jewel Taylor, serving under President George Weah.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the \"Old North State\" has gained many different industry sectors. See the following article summary: science, technology, energy and math, or STEM, industries in the area surrounding North Carolina's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001, placing Raleigh-Cary at No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country where technology is booming. In 2010 North Carolina's total gross state product was $424.9 billion, while the state debt in November 2012, according to one source, totalled US$2.4bn, while according to another, was in 2012 US$57.8bn. In 2011 the civilian labor force was at around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million. The working population is employed across the major employment sectors. The economy of North Carolina covers 15 metropolitan areas. In 2010, North Carolina was chosen as the third-best state for business by Forbes Magazine, and the second-best state by Chief Executive Officer Magazine.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Speaker (politics)", "paragraph_text": "The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives presides over the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives. This post is second in line to the presidency -- after the vice president -- and is therefore the third highest - ranking national office overall. In practice, this post is the highest - ranking in Congress, because the president of the US Senate is the vice president, who has his / her office, and predominant responsibilities, at the White House, and therefore does not have a day - to - day presence at the Congress.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country's president, Daniel Ortega. Though Ortega had won internationally certified elections, the trip was criticized because Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses. The Sandinista government was opposed by the right-wing CIA-backed rebels known as the Contras. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators, Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the U.S. dropping support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the Reagan administration as a \"propaganda initiative\" designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra aid package, but Kerry said \"I am willing..... to take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas.\" The House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, which in part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "President of the Senate of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The Senate President is second in line for succession to the Nigerian presidency, after the Vice President of Nigeria. The current President of the Senate is Bukola Saraki.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Presidency of George W. Bush", "paragraph_text": "The presidency of George W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20, 2001, when George W. Bush was inaugurated as 43rd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2009. Bush, a Republican, took office following a very close victory over Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2004 election, he defeated Democrat John Kerry to win re-election. Bush, the 43rd President, is the eldest son of the 41st President, George H.W. Bush. He was succeeded by Democrat Barack Obama, who won the 2008 presidential election.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "United States Electoral College", "paragraph_text": "If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president, with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote. If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president, with each of the 100 senators having one vote.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "United States Senate", "paragraph_text": "Under the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. The Senate has only broken a deadlock once; in 1837, it elected Richard Mentor Johnson. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "The election of President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50 U.S. states or in Washington, D.C. cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the U.S. Electoral College, known as electors. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for President, and for Vice President. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes (at least 270 out of a total of 538, since the Twenty - Third Amendment granting voting rights to citizens of Washington, D.C.) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for President, the House of Representatives chooses the winner; if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for Vice President, then the Senate chooses the winner.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Vice President of the United States Seal of the Vice President Flag of the Vice President Incumbent Mike Pence since January 20, 2017 United States Senate Executive branch of the U.S. government Office of the Vice President Style Mr. Vice President (informal) The Honorable (formal) Mr. President (as President of the Senate) His Excellency (international correspondence) Status Second - highest executive branch officer President of the Senate Member of Cabinet National Security Council National Space Council (Chairman) United States Senate (President) Residence Number One Observatory Circle Seat Washington, D.C. Nominator President of the United States, Political parties Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length 4 years, no term limit Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4, 1789 (229 years ago) (1789 - 03 - 04) First holder John Adams April 21, 1789 Succession First Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate (in the Senate) Salary US $230,700 annually Website www.whitehouse.gov", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry and his second wife, Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira (known as Teresa), the widow of Kerry's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III, were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. Early the following year, Senator Heinz was killed in a plane crash near Lower Merion. Teresa has three sons from her previous marriage to Heinz, Henry John Heinz IV, André Thierstein Heinz, and Christopher Drake Heinz. Heinz and Kerry were married on May 26, 1995, in Nantucket, Massachusetts.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.", "paragraph_text": "Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (July 5, 1902 – February 27, 1985), sometimes referred to as Henry Cabot Lodge II, was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts and a United States ambassador. He was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1960 presidential election alongside incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon. The Republican ticket lost to Democrats John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Joint session of the United States Congress", "paragraph_text": "Joint sessions and meetings are usually held in the Chamber of the House of Representatives, and are traditionally presided over by the Speaker of the House. However, the Constitution requires the Vice President (as President of the Senate) to preside over the counting of electoral votes.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Vice President of the United States", "paragraph_text": "No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11 - member committee on ``Leftover Business ''proposed a method of electing the president and vice president, and recommended that the vice president succeed the executive in the event of a vacancy in that position, but would otherwise serve as the president of the Senate, casting a vote only to break a tie. Although delegates approved establishing the office, with both its executive and senatorial functions, not many understood the extent of the vice president's duties. Only a few states had an analogous position. Among those that did, New York's constitution provided that,`` The lieutenant - governor shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the Senate, and, upon an equal division, have a casting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion.''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "On July 6, John Kerry selected John Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, held later that month. Days before Kerry announced Edwards as his running mate, Kerry gave a short list of three candidates: Sen John Edwards, Rep Dick Gephardt, and Gov Tom Vilsack. Heading into the convention, the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled their new slogan—a promise to make America \"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\" Kerry made his Vietnam War experience the prominent theme of the convention. In accepting the nomination, he began his speech with, \"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\" He later delivered what may have been the speech's most memorable line when he said, \"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\", a quote that later appeared in a Kerry/Edwards television advertisement.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "What is the nickname of the state where John Kerry's VP pick was a senator?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 29341, "question": "Who did John Kerry choose to be by his side as the potential Vice President?", "answer": "John Edwards", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["The 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries took place from January 14 to June 8, 2004, to select the Democratic Party's nominee for president. Before the primaries, Vermont governor Howard Dean was a favorite to win the nomination; however, Massachusetts senator John Kerry won victories in two early races: the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. These wins strengthened Kerry's previously weak campaign. By March 11, Kerry had received enough delegates to win the nomination. Other major candidates included North Carolina senator John Edwards and retired U.S. Army general Wesley Clark. Kerry asked Republican senator John McCain to be his running mate but McCain turned down his offer. On July 6, Kerry selected Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention was held later that month in Boston.", "Bush and Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty. Meanwhile, the Democrats engaged in a competitive primary. Kerry emerged as the early-front runner but was faced with serious opposition by former Vermont governor Howard Dean, who briefly surged ahead of Kerry in the polls. Kerry won the first set of primaries in January and re-emerged as the front-runner, and Dean dropped out in February. Kerry clinched his party's nomination in March after a series of primary victories over runner-up Edwards, who he ultimately selected to be his running mate."]}, {"id": 30907, "question": "Where was #1 a senator?", "answer": "North Carolina", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman. Gore ultimately chose Lieberman."]}, {"id": 24622, "question": "What is the Nickname given to #2 ?", "answer": "Old North State", "paragraph_support_idx": 6, "support_sentence": ["Charlotte, the state's largest city, is a major textile and trade center. According to a Forbes article written in 2013, employment in the \"Old North State\" has gained many different industry sectors. Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) industries in the area surrounding North Carolina's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001. Raleigh ranked the third best city for technology in 2020 due to the state's growing technology sector. In 2010, North Carolina's total gross state product was $424.9 billion, while the state debt in November 2012, according to one source, totaled $2.4 billion, while according to another, was in 2012 $57.8 billion. In 2011, the civilian labor force was at around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million."]}], "answer": "Old North State", "answer_aliases": ["NC", "North Carolina"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "5122699", "6": "21650", "19": "1297662"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "2hop__659397_126539", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991", "paragraph_text": "A total solar eclipse occurred on July 11, 1991. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Totality began over the Pacific Ocean and Hawaii moving across Mexico, down through Central America and across South America ending over Brazil. It lasted for 6 minutes and 53 seconds at the point of maximum eclipse. There will not be a longer total eclipse until June 13, 2132.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Muon neutrino", "paragraph_text": "In 1962 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger established by performing an experiment at the Brookhaven National Laboratory  that more than one type of neutrino exists by first detecting interactions of the muon neutrino (already hypothesised with the name neutretto), which earned them the 1988 Nobel Prize.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017", "paragraph_text": "The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. As a partial solar eclipse, it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America. In northwestern Europe and Africa, it was partially visible in the late evening. In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity, the Chukchi Peninsula.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Funktafied", "paragraph_text": "\"Funktafied\" is the name of a 2001 single by British pop group Five Star, peaking at #99 on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in July of that year and becoming their first single from their \"Eclipse\" album. The single was a U.S. only release and only available in the UK on import.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Violeta de Outono", "paragraph_text": "Fabio Golfetti founded Violeta de Outono in 1985 alongside Cláudio Souza; both had just parted ways with pioneering New Romantic band Zero. They would later be joined by Angelo Pastorello, and with this line-up they released a demo tape, \"Memories\", in the same year. The tape got the attention of independent record label Wop-Bop Records, that released their first recording, the extended play \"Reflexos da Noite\", in 1986.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017", "paragraph_text": "Prior to this event, no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8, 1918; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States. The path of totality touched 14 states, and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse. The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States, with most of this area over the ocean, not land. The event's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4: 05 p.m. UTC (9: 05 a.m. PDT), with the total eclipse beginning there at 5: 16 p.m. UTC (10: 16 a.m. PDT); the total eclipse's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6: 44 p.m. UTC (2: 44 p.m. EDT). Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu, Hawaii began with sunrise at 4: 20 p.m. UTC (6: 20 a.m. HST) and ended by 5: 25 p.m. UTC (7: 25 a.m. HST).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Eclipse (Violeta de Outono album)", "paragraph_text": "Eclipse is a live album by Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono, released in 1995 by Argentine independent label Record Runner. It was recorded during the band's performance at the SESC Pompeia in São Paulo, in 1986.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Lunar eclipse", "paragraph_text": "A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra (shadow). This can occur only when the sun, Earth, and moon are aligned (in ``syzygy '') exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a full moon. The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon's location relative to its orbital nodes.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "paragraph_text": "Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of science", "paragraph_text": "Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): \"One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.\". The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written by Bhāskara in the 12th century, cover topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the patas of the sun and moon. The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Conscription in South Korea", "paragraph_text": "Conscription in South Korea has existed since 1957 and requires male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 to perform about two years of compulsory military service. Women are not required to perform military service, but may voluntarily enlist.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "January 2018 lunar eclipse", "paragraph_text": "A total lunar eclipse occurred on January 31, 2018. The Moon was near its perigee on January 30 and as such may be described as a \"supermoon\". The previous supermoon lunar eclipse was in September 2015.As this supermoon was also a blue moon (the second full moon in a calendar month), it was referred to as a \"super blue blood moon\"; \"blood\" refers to the typical red color of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse. This coincidence last occurred on December 30, 1982 for the eastern hemisphere, and otherwise before that on March 31, 1866. The next occurrence will be on January 31, 2037, one metonic cycle (19 years) later.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "List of solar eclipses visible from the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "23 September 2090 Total Solar Eclipse: the next total eclipse visible in the UK follows a track similar to that of 11 August 1999, but shifted slightly further north and occurring very near sunset. Maximum duration in Cornwall will be 2 minutes and 10 seconds. Same day and month as the eclipse of 23 September 1699.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017", "paragraph_text": "Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of solar eclipses in the 21st century", "paragraph_text": "The next solar eclipse (Partial) will occur on February 15, 2018; the last solar eclipse (Total) occurred on August 21, 2017.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lunar eclipse", "paragraph_text": "A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind Earth and into its shadow. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy), with Earth between the other two. A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night of a full moon. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to either node of its orbit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Eclipse Music TV", "paragraph_text": "Eclipse Music TV was an Australian music television show which was broadcast every Sunday from 12:30pm on GO!. The show was referred to as \"AllPhones Eclipse Music TV\", after its major sponsor All Phones. The first series went to air on the Seven Network in 2005, \"Eclipse Music TV\" quickly became Australia's number one Saturday music chart show til 2007. Its final show on the Seven Network aired on 28 November 2009, before moving to GO! on 8 April 2010. The series ended in 2013.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017", "paragraph_text": "The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, dubbed ``The Great American Eclipse ''by the media, was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. As a partial solar eclipse, it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America. In northwestern Europe and Africa, it was partially visible in the late evening. In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity, the Chukchi Peninsula.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Lunar eclipse", "paragraph_text": "Unlike a solar eclipse, which can be viewed only from a certain relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse lasts a few hours, whereas a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes as viewed from any given place, due to the smaller size of the Moon's shadow. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions, as they are dimmer than the full Moon.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017", "paragraph_text": "The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake, just south of Carbondale. An area of about 9,000 square miles, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years. The cities of Benton, Carbondale, Chester, Harrisburg, Marion, and Metropolis in Illinois; Cape Girardeau, Farmington, and Perryville in Missouri, as well as Paducah, Kentucky, will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse, thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In what year was the performer of Eclipse born?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 659397, "question": "Eclipse >> performer", "answer": "Violeta de Outono", "paragraph_support_idx": 6, "support_sentence": ["Eclipse is a live album by Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono, released in 1995 by Argentine independent label Record Runner. It was recorded during the band's performance at the SESC Pompeia in São Paulo, in 1986."]}, {"id": 126539, "question": "In what year did #1 first exist?", "answer": "1985", "paragraph_support_idx": 4, "support_sentence": ["Fabio Golfetti founded Violeta de Outono in 1985 alongside Cláudio Souza; both had just parted ways with pioneering New Romantic band Zero. They would later be joined by Angelo Pastorello, and with this line-up they released a demo tape, \"Memories\", in the same year. The tape got the attention of independent record label Wop-Bop Records, that released their first recording, the extended play \"Reflexos da Noite\", in 1986."]}], "answer": "1985", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"4": "43360336", "6": "43952473"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_4796792221069941826", "question": "when did women's cricket start in india", "answer": "1973", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "2281524"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__274688_23198", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "MP3", "paragraph_text": "Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Near East", "paragraph_text": "The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, may be used in a descriptive sense. The most influential agencies in the United States still using Near East as a working concept are as follows.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Political party", "paragraph_text": "While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Call signs in North America", "paragraph_text": "Many countries have specific conventions for classifying call signs by transmitter characteristics and location. The call sign format for radio and television call signs follows a number of conventions. All call signs begin with a prefix assigned by the International Telecommunications Union. For example, the United States has been assigned the following prefixes: ``AAA ''--`` ALZ'', ``K '',`` N'', ``W ''. For a complete list, see international call sign allocations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Islamism", "paragraph_text": "HT does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system, but works to take power through \"ideological struggle\" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will \"facilitate\" a \"change of the government,\" i.e., launch a \"bloodless\" coup. It allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt, and is now banned in both countries. But many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists have cited HT as their key influence.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "M&M's", "paragraph_text": "M&M's originated in the United States in 1941, and are now sold in as many as 100 countries. More than 400 million individual M&M's are produced every day in the United States. They are produced in different colors, some of which have changed over the years. The candy - coated chocolate concept was inspired by a method used to allow soldiers to carry chocolate without having it melt. The company's longest - lasting slogan reflects this: ``Melts in your mouth, not in your hand. ''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Edo State", "paragraph_text": "Edo is a state in Nigeria. With Benin City as capital, the population of the entire state is approximately 8 million people. It is made up of four major ethnic groups; namely Edo (Binis), Esan, Owan and Etsako. However the State has a high presence of residents from across the country and the world because of its cosmopolitan tendencies. Benin City the capital has a history of being one of the foremost destinations of Europeans during their exploration of the African continent many centuries ago. Some of the flash points have remained enviable tourists' attractions for the state.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "List of burn centres in Australia", "paragraph_text": "While many hospitals in Australia have the capability to treat burns, there are currently 13 designated burns units across Australia. Most states have one centre for adults and another for children; all units are located in a state/territorial capital city.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Nkwerre", "paragraph_text": "Nkwerre is one of the Local Government Areas in Imo State, Nigeria with its headquarters in Nkwerre town where the name of local government area was derived.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Facebook", "paragraph_text": "In many countries the social networking sites and mobile apps have been blocked temporarily or permanently, including China, Iran, Syria, and North Korea. In May 2018, the government of Papua New Guinea announced that it would ban Facebook for a month while it considered the impact of the website on the country, though no ban has since occurred.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tornado climatology", "paragraph_text": "The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade while Canada reports nearly 100 annually (largely in the southern regions). However, the UK has most tornadoes per area per year, 0.14 per 1000 km2, although these tornadoes are generally weak, and many other European countries have a similar number of tornadoes per area.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Central African Republic", "paragraph_text": "There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah's Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002–3, but many of them have now returned to continue their work.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Languages of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in the United States. Today over 350 languages are used by the U.S. population. The most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language of the United States. Since the 1965 Immigration Act, Spanish is the second most common language in the country. The United States does not have an official language, but 32 state governments out of 50 have declared English to be one, or the only, official language. The government of Louisiana offers services and most documents in both English and French, as does New Mexico in English and Spanish. The government of Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, operates almost entirely in Spanish, even though its official languages are Spanish and English. There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii. Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Mother's Day", "paragraph_text": "The modern Mother's day began in the United States, at the initiative of Ann Reeves Jarvis in the early 20th century. This is not (directly) related to the many traditional celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have existed throughout the world over thousands of years, such as the Greek cult to Cybele, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration (originally a commemoration of Mother Church, not motherhood). However, in some countries, Mother's Day is still synonymous with these older traditions.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Geir Hansteen Jörgensen", "paragraph_text": "Geir Hansteen Jörgensen (born 18 February 1968) is a Swedish television, film and commercials director. His most famous works are probably the film and TV mini-series \"The New Country\" and \"The Soloists\". Both have received many awards internationally.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games", "paragraph_text": "The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes. However, the advent of the state - sponsored ``full - time amateur athlete ''of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to allow professional athletes to compete in the Olympic Games starting in 1988. The National Hockey League (NHL) was initially reluctant to allow its players to compete because the Olympics are held in the middle of the NHL season, and the league would have to halt play if many of its players participated. Eventually, NHL players were admitted starting in 1998.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of countries by gold production", "paragraph_text": "For many years until 2006, South Africa was the world's dominant gold producer, but recently other countries with large surface area have surpassed South Africa: China, Russia, Canada, the United States, Peru and Australia. Albeit, none of these countries have approached South Africa's peak production which occurred in the 1970s. Note the figures are for primary production. In the US, for example, for the years 2010 - 14, new and old scrap exceeded both primary production and reported domestic consumption.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Oil refinery", "paragraph_text": "Many governments worldwide have mandated restrictions on contaminants that refineries release, and most refineries have installed the equipment needed to comply with the requirements of the pertinent environmental protection regulatory agencies. In the United States, there is strong pressure to prevent the development of new refineries, and no major refinery has been built in the country since Marathon's Garyville, Louisiana facility in 1976. However, many existing refineries have been expanded during that time. Environmental restrictions and pressure to prevent construction of new refineries may have also contributed to rising fuel prices in the United States. Additionally, many refineries (more than 100 since the 1980s) have closed due to obsolescence and / or merger activity within the industry itself.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "How many states does the country containing Nkwerre have?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 274688, "question": "Nkwerre >> country", "answer": "Nigeria", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["Nkwerre is one of the Local Government Areas in Imo State, South-East, Nigeria. It is situated in Nkwerre town where the name of the local government area was derived. Its population was placed at 80,270 from the 2006 population census with an area of 38.447 km. It is known for its thick vegetation which is supposed to prevent soil erosion however, it is erosion prone area."]}, {"id": 23198, "question": "How many states does #1 have?", "answer": "thirty-six", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 local government areas. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South West, South East, and South South."]}], "answer": "thirty-six", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"8": "24854035", "16": "21383"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__141869_135045", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Stefan Andersson (singer)", "paragraph_text": "Stefan Andersson (born in Haga, Gothenburg, Sweden on 8 August 1967) is a Swedish singer-songwriter. Andersson is also known for his 1992 Swedish hit song \"Catch the Moon,\" which reached #4 on the Swedish charts.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kyiso", "paragraph_text": "Kyiso (, ; c. 1000–1038) was king of Pagan dynasty from 1021 to 1038. According to the Burmese chronicles, Kyiso was a son of King Nyaung-u Sawrahan but raised by King Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu. Kunhsaw married Nyuang-u's three chief queens, two of whom were pregnant and subsequently gave birth to Kyiso and Sokkate. Sokkate and Kyiso were raised by Kunhsaw as his own sons. When the two sons reached manhood, they forced Kunhsaw to abdicate the throne and become a monk.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Why Lady Why (Gary Morris song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Why Lady Why\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Gary Morris. It was released in November 1983 as the fourth single and title track from the album \"Why Lady Why\". The song reached #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Morris wrote the song with Eddie Setser.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Emma Willis", "paragraph_text": "On 5 July 2008, Emma Griffiths married Busted member Matt Willis at Rushton Hall, Northamptonshire, after three years of dating. The wedding was featured in OK magazine. She gave birth to their first child, a daughter called Isabelle, in June 2009. In November 2011, the couple had a second child, a son called Ace, and in May 2016, Willis gave birth to her third child, a girl called Trixie.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hot Dog with the Lot", "paragraph_text": "Hot Dog with the Lot is a comedy gameshow created by Mark \"The Italian Stallion\" Ciobo, of Snake catching fame, that first aired in 2005 on community television (Channel 31) throughout Australia and New Zealand, but in 2007, the show was picked up for broadcast on Foxtel and Austar respectively in the two nations. The show is created and produced by a team of Melbourne filmmakers, some of whom created the successful Crazy Crosswords on Briz31.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Beyoncé", "paragraph_text": "On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Beyoncé", "paragraph_text": "On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security. Two days later, Jay Z released \"Glory\", a song dedicated to their child, on his website Lifeandtimes.com. The song detailed the couple's pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Beyoncé suffered before becoming pregnant with Blue Ivy. Blue Ivy's cries are included at the end of the song, and she was officially credited as \"B.I.C.\" on it. At two days old, she became the youngest person ever to appear on a Billboard chart when \"Glory\" debuted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Catch You", "paragraph_text": "\"Catch You\" is a song by the British recording artist Sophie Ellis-Bextor for her third album, \"Trip the Light Fantastic\" (2007). It was written by Cathy Dennis, Rhys Barker and Greg Kurstin and produced by Kurstin. It was released as the album's first single on 19 February 2007. \"Catch You\" is a pop rock song and talks about Bextor chasing the guy that she wants.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Make Her Say", "paragraph_text": "\"Make Her Say\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kid Cudi, released as the second single from his debut album \"\" (2009). The single was digitally released to iTunes on June 9, 2009. It features fellow American rappers Common and Kanye West, the latter of whom also produced the song. The song is perhaps best known for its sample of \"Poker Face\", as performed by Lady Gaga. The song received a nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 52nd Grammy Awards.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Lady of the Island", "paragraph_text": "\"Lady of the Island\" is a folk song written by Graham Nash in the late 1960s. The song appears on Crosby, Stills & Nash's critically acclaimed, self-titled debut album. The song is notable for taking its inspiration from fellow folk musician Joni Mitchell, with whom Nash was romantically involved at the time. Although the album contains another love song to Mitchell, David Crosby's \"Guinnevere\", Nash told \"Mojo\" magazine in April 2009 that this potentially tricky situation did not create any problems. He explained: \"The way that we went about our lives did not entail jealousy and it didn't entail raging about somebody being with somebody else's woman. Me and David and Joni didn't think anything of it, that's for sure.\"", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "When the Thought of You Catches Up with Me", "paragraph_text": "\"When the Thought of You Catches Up with Me\" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer David Ball. It was released in August 1994 as the second single from the album \"Thinkin' Problem\" as the follow-up to the successful title track. This song reached number 7 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, and number 6 on Canada's \"RPM\" country chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stephen \"tWitch\" Boss", "paragraph_text": "On December 10, 2013, Boss and fellow SYTYCD alum Allison Holker married at Nigel Lythgoe's Villa San Juliette Vineyard and Winery in Paso Robles, Calif. He became father to Holker's daughter, Weslie. On March 27, 2016, Holker gave birth to their son, Maddox Laurel.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "You Gave Me a Mountain", "paragraph_text": "``You Gave Me a Mountain ''(sometimes credited as`` Lord, You Gave Me a Mountain'') is a song written by country singer - songwriter Marty Robbins during the 1960s. It has been recorded by many artists, including Robbins himself, but the highest - charting version of the song was by Frankie Laine in 1969. This version was included on Laine's album of the same name.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Princess Dowager Liu", "paragraph_text": "Lady Liu gave birth to Zhang Tianxi in 346. That year, Zhang Jun died. Nothing is known about her life between that year and 363, when Zhang Tianxi seized the throne from his nephew Zhang Xuanjing (Duke Jingdao) and honored her as princess dowager. (The exact title he honored her with is disputed historically; \"Zizhi Tongjian\" gave it as \"Taifei\" (太妃, translate as princess dowager), while \"Shiliuguo Chunqiu\" gave it as \"Taihou\" (太后, translate as queen dowager or empress dowager).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Émile Bertrand", "paragraph_text": "Émile Bertrand (1844–1909) was a French mineralogist, in honour of whom bertrandite was named by Alexis Damour. He also gave his name to the \"Bertrand lens\" or phase telescope.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "List of The Thundermans characters", "paragraph_text": "Billy Thunderman (Diego Velazquez) is the third - born Thunderman child. He is an energetic little brother to Phoebe and Max and older brother to Nora and Chloe. His superpower is super-speed. In one episode, it was revealed that Barb gave birth to Billy in the air while her husband was transporting her to a hospital, implying that Billy likely hit his head after birth, which is probably why he is sometimes unintelligent.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Paulene Stone", "paragraph_text": "In 1963, Stone married Tony Norris, with whom she had one daughter, Sophie Norris (born 1964). The couple divorced in 1967. A couple of years later, in 1969, Stone gave birth to actor Laurence Harvey's only child, Domino Harvey, while he was married to Joan Perry. Stone married Harvey in 1972; the marriage lasted only a year before his death in 1973. In 1978, Paulene Stone married Peter Morton, co-founder of the Hard Rock Cafe restaurant chain, and moved to Los Angeles. They had one son, Harry Morton (born 1981). They divorced in 1986. Stone's fourth and final marriage was to actor Mark Burns, to whom she remained married until his death in May 2007.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sophie Ellis-Bextor", "paragraph_text": "Ellis-Bextor was born in London to Janet Ellis, who was later a presenter on BBC's children's television programmes \"Blue Peter\" and \"Jigsaw\", and Robin Bextor, a film producer and director: they separated when she was four. As a child, Ellis-Bextor occasionally appeared on \"Blue Peter\" alongside her mother, who presented the programme.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "I Am the Future", "paragraph_text": "\"I Am the Future\" is a 1982 song by rock musician Alice Cooper. The song was one of two singles released from his 1982 album \"Zipper Catches Skin\". The single did not chart, and despite the advent of MTV at the time a promotional video was not created for it.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who is the mother of the singer of Catch You?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 141869, "question": "The song Catch You was by whom?", "answer": "Sophie Ellis-Bextor", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["\"Catch You\" is a song by the British recording artist Sophie Ellis-Bextor for her third album, \"Trip the Light Fantastic\" (2007). It was written by Cathy Dennis, Rhys Barker and Greg Kurstin and produced by Kurstin. It was released as the album's first single on 19 February 2007. \"Catch You\" is a pop rock song and talks about Bextor chasing the guy that she wants."]}, {"id": 135045, "question": "Which lady gave birth to #1 ?", "answer": "Janet Ellis", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the UK, Ellis-Bextor performed live weekly \"Kitchen Disco\" concerts featuring herself and her family, streamed live from their kitchen on Instagram. Beginning 24 June 2020, Ellis-Bextor started a weekly podcast titled \"Spinning Plates with Sophie Ellis-Bextor\" on which she interviews working mothers. Guests have included Fearne Cotton, Caitlin Moran, Myleene Klass, Róisin Murphy, and her own mother Janet Ellis."]}], "answer": "Janet Ellis", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"7": "5882395", "18": "473752"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__444566_851569", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Biysky District", "paragraph_text": "Biysky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai and borders with Zonalny, Tselinny, Soltonsky, Krasnogorsky, Sovetsky, and Smolensky Districts, as well as with the territory of the City of Biysk. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Biysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). District's population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Togoland", "paragraph_text": "British Togoland, officially the Mandate Territory of Togoland and later officially the Trust Territory of Togoland, was a territory in West Africa, under the administration of the United Kingdom. It was effectively formed in 1916 by the splitting of the German protectorate of Togoland into two territories, French Togoland and British Togoland, during the First World War. Initially, it was a League of Nations Class B mandate. In 1922, British Togoland was formally placed under British rule while French Togoland, now Togo, was placed under French rule.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Adriaen Maertensz Block", "paragraph_text": "Adriaen Maertensz Block (c.1582, Gouda - 7 March 1661, Lisse) was successively captain, commander, and governor of Ambon between 1614-1617, administrator of the \"Raad van Indië\" for the Kamer of the Dutch East India Company in Amsterdam (VOC) in Batavia.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Khabarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Khabarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Hôtel van Eetvelde", "paragraph_text": "The Hôtel van Eetvelde is a town house designed in 1895 by Victor Horta for Edmond van Eetvelde, administrator of Congo Free State. Together with the Hôtel Tassel, the Hôtel Solvay and his own House and atelier it was put on the 'UNESCO World Heritage List' in 2000 as the core of epoch-making urban residences Victor Horta designed before 1900. It is located at 4 \"Avenue Palmerston\" in Brussels.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Compton, California", "paragraph_text": "Compton is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city to incorporate. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 96,456. It is known as the \"Hub City\" due to its geographic centrality in Los Angeles County. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, Downtown Compton, and Richland Farms. The city is generally a working class city with some middle-class neighborhoods, and is home to a relatively young population, at an average 25 years of age, compared to the American median age of 38 (based on 2018 data).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Forshee-Van Orden House", "paragraph_text": "Forshee-Van Orden House is located in Montvale, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1765 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1984.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "J. C. Carly House", "paragraph_text": "The J. C. Carly House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a historic home located in Curtis Park, Sacramento, California.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Foppe van Aitzema", "paragraph_text": "Foppe van Aitzema (ca. 1580 Dokkum—October 1637, Vienna), a son of Schelte van Aitzema, a man of noble birth, was council to the Duke of Brunswick when he became resident to the state of the United Netherlands in Hamburg.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Biblioteca Ayacucho", "paragraph_text": "The Biblioteca Ayacucho (\"Ayacucho Library\") is an editorial entity of the government of Venezuela, founded on September 10, 1974. It is managed by the \"Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho\". Its name, \"Ayacucho\", comes from the intention to honor the definitive and crucial Battle of Ayacucho that took place December 9, 1824 between Spain and the territories of the Americas, prior to the full independence of the continent.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Stephen Van Rensselaer House", "paragraph_text": "The Stephen Van Rensselaer House at 149 Mulberry Street between Grand and Hester Streets in the Little Italy neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was built c.1816 in the Federal style by Stephen Van Rensselaer III. It was originally located on the northwest corner of Mulberry and Grand, but in 1841 was moved down the block to its current location. The two-story dormered house is typical of Federal-style row houses which were common at the time in Manhattan below 14th Street.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jan van der Elburcht", "paragraph_text": "Jan van der Elburcht (1500 – 1571) was an early Dutch painter. His name is derived from Elburg, his town of birth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Territory of Papua", "paragraph_text": "In 1949, the Territory and the Territory of New Guinea were established in an administrative union by the name of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. That administrative union was renamed as Papua New Guinea in 1971. Notwithstanding that it was part of an administrative union, the Territory of Papua at all times retained a distinct legal status and identity; it was a Possession of the Crown whereas the Territory of New Guinea was initially a League of Nations mandate territory and subsequently a United Nations trust territory. This important legal and political distinction remained until the advent of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 1975.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "This Is Us", "paragraph_text": "Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016 -- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8 -- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Harmon Van Dien House", "paragraph_text": "Harmon Van Dien House is located in Paramus, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1811 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Van C. Gessel", "paragraph_text": "Van C. Gessel (born August 1, 1950, Compton, California) is a former Dean of the BYU College of Humanities at Brigham Young University. He also served as chair of the Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages at BYU. He has become renowned for his work as the primary translator for Japanese novelist Endo Shusaku. He is also a prominent editor of several Japanese translations including \"The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature\" (Volume 1 published in 2005, Volume 2 in 2007).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Van Koert-Winters House", "paragraph_text": "Van Koert-Winters House, is located in Franklin Lakes, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1984.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dallol (woreda)", "paragraph_text": "Dallol is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. This woreda is named for the former mining settlement of Dallol, which set the record for the hottest inhabited place on Earth, with an average temperature of 34° C. Located at the northernmost point of the Administrative Zone 2, Dallol's territory includes part of the Afar Depression. This woreda is bordered on the south by Koneba, on the west by the Tigray Region, on the north by Eritrea, and on the east and south by Berhale. Detailed information is not available for the settlements in this woreda.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Van Ness House (Fairfield, New Jersey)", "paragraph_text": "The Peter Van Ness Farmhouse is located in Fairfield, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1740 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 29, 1977.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In which county is the birthplace of Van C. Gessel located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 444566, "question": "Van C. Gessel >> place of birth", "answer": "Compton", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Van Craig Gessel (born August 1, 1950, Compton, California) is a former Dean of the BYU College of Humanities at Brigham Young University. He also served as chair of the Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages at BYU. He has become renowned for his work as the primary translator for Japanese novelist Endo Shusaku. He is also a co-editor of several Japanese translations including \"The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature\" (Volume 1 published in 2005, Volume 2 in 2007)."]}, {"id": 851569, "question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Los Angeles County", "paragraph_support_idx": 5, "support_sentence": ["Compton is a city located in the Gateway Cities region of southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county, and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city in Los Angeles County to incorporate. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 95,740. It is known as the \"Hub City\" due to its alleged geographic centrality in Los Angeles County, though it is actually near the southern end of the county. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, downtown Compton, and Richland Farms."]}], "answer": "Los Angeles County", "answer_aliases": ["Los Angeles County, California"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"5": "107615", "16": "34172818"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-3401407261038960654", "question": "how many species of plants are found in india", "answer": "more than 50,000", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "3298895"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "3hop2__30796_527723_24137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "My Hero Academia", "paragraph_text": "A third season was announced in the 44th issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine of 2017. The simuldub premiered on April 7, 2018. The opening theme is ``ODD FUTURE ''by UVERworld, while the ending theme is`` Update'' by miwa.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Steven Bilsland, 1st Baron Bilsland", "paragraph_text": "Captain Alexander Steven Bilsland, 1st Baron Bilsland, KT, MC (13 September 1892 – 10 December 1970), known as Sir Steven Bilsland, Bt, between 1921 and 1950, was a Scottish businessman and public servant.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and during 1968–1969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "La Vie", "paragraph_text": "La Vie is a weekly French Roman Catholic magazine, edited by Malesherbes Publications, a member of the Groupe La Vie-Le Monde.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Deborah VanAmerongen", "paragraph_text": "VanAmerongen graduated from Utica College of Syracuse University and received her M.A. of Public Administration from Rockefeller College of the State University of New York at Albany. She began her career of public service in the New York State Assembly’s Program & Counsel staff, where she had oversight of a wide range of issues, including Housing, Consumer Affairs, Agriculture and Veterans Affairs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "In sheer numbers, Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean, who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004, although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico and Nevada. Kerry's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls. Most other states did not have updated polling numbers to give an accurate placing for the Kerry campaign before Iowa. Heading into the primaries, Kerry's campaign was largely seen as in trouble, particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan. The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager, as well as Kerry's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign (while his wife was a billionaire, campaign finance rules prohibited using one's personal fortune). He also brought on the \"magical\" Michael Whouley who would be credited with helping bring home the Iowa victory the same as he did in New Hampshire for Al Gore in 2000 against Bill Bradley.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "AP Poll", "paragraph_text": "The Associated Press (AP Poll) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports: football, men's basketball and women's basketball. The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation. Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams, and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote, 24 for a second place vote, and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote. Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Steven Segaloff", "paragraph_text": "Steven C. Segaloff (born July 21, 1970 in New Haven, Connecticut) is an American rowing cox. He finished 5th in the men's eight at the 1996 Summer Olympics.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "John Ross Robertson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Toronto, the son of John Robertson and Margaret Sinclair, Robertson was educated at Upper Canada College, a private high school in Toronto. As a young man, he started a newspaper at UCC called \"Young Canada\" and a satirical weekly magazine, \"The Grumbler\". The Grumbler was published in 1864 in a building on the corner of King Street and Toronto Street in Toronto. The Grumbler was one of Robertson's more well known publications.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Le Journal de Mickey", "paragraph_text": "Le Journal de Mickey is a French weekly comics magazine established in 1934, featuring Disney comics from France and around the world. The magazine is currently published by Disney Hachette Presse. It is centered on the adventures of Mickey Mouse and other Disney figures but contains also other comics. It is credited with \"the birth of the modern bande dessinée\". It is now the most popular French weekly magazine for children between 8 and 13 years old.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "The Nation with David Speers", "paragraph_text": "The Nation with David Speers is an Australian television program on Sky News Australia. The program discusses political issues of the week with a panel of political contributors, moderated by host David Speers. The weekly program was one of two shows hosted by Speers, the other being the four-times weekly \"PM Agenda\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register, the weekly \"alternative\" New Haven Advocate (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the Hartford Courant), the online daily New Haven Independent, and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper. Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The Register also backs PLAY magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News, the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, the ABC affiliate for Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state, and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65, a PBS affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Cycle News", "paragraph_text": "Cycle News is a motorcycling magazine and website based in the United States, it was a weekly print publication from 1965 to 2010 and switched to a weekly digital magazine in February 2011. The magazine is headquartered in Irvine, California and is best known for coverage of all forms of motorcycle racing.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Respekt", "paragraph_text": "Respekt is a Czech weekly newsmagazine published in Prague, the Czech Republic, reporting on domestic and foreign political and economic issues, as well as on science and culture.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Kerry Lang", "paragraph_text": "Kerry Lang holds a degree from the University of Edinburgh Medical School (MBChB, 1998) and from the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS, Glasgow 2001).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Brown Memorial Library", "paragraph_text": "Brown Memorial Library is the public library of Clinton, Maine. It is located in an architecturally distinguished 1899-1900 Richardsonian Romanesque building at 53 Railroad Street in the town center. It was donated to the town by William W. Brown, in honor of his parents. The building was designed by architect John Calvin Stevens and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Kerry Juby", "paragraph_text": "Kerry Juby (3 January 1948 – July 2003) was born in Bexley, South London and was a radio DJ who worked for Pirate Radio Station Radio Caroline in the 1960s (initially as an engineer) under the name Kerry Clarke. When London's Capital Radio started in 1973 he was presenter/producer of \"Kerry-Go-Round\", aimed at younger listeners. He then dedicated more time to producing two weekend magazine shows in \"Hullabaloo\" and \"Sunday Supplement\" for the station in addition to working on other outside projects such as the Stage Broadcast Company, which provided the Capital Radio Video Show throughout the 80s and Voicebox Sound Equipment.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Computerra", "paragraph_text": "Computerra () was a Russian computer weekly publication. The first edition was released on December 21, 1992 and was published by C&C Computer Publishing Limited (Computerra Publishing House). Later, it received the online counterpart at [www.computerra.ru], which supplements the contents of the publication; due to the financial problems and lack of advertisement material, the issue 811–812 on December 15, 2009 was announced as the last issue to be published offline, with only the online version remaining active. The last issue cover lacks a usual cover image, with only the black rectangle instead and the words roughly translatable as \"now you can shut down your computerra\", as a pun on the shutdown image of Windows 95.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve. He began his active duty military service on August 19, 1966. After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport, Rhode Island, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized full public access to those records.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What weekly publication in Steven Segaloff's birthplace is issued by Kerry's college?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 30796, "question": "Where did Kerry go to college?", "answer": "Yale University", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["In 1962, Kerry attended Yale University, majoring in political science and residing in Jonathan Edwards College. By that year, his parents returned to Groton. While at Yale, Kerry briefly dated Janet Auchincloss, the younger half-sister of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Through Auchincloss, Kerry was invited to a day of sailing with then-President John F. Kennedy and his family.", "Kerry grew up in Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. In 1966, after graduating from Yale University, he enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve, ultimately attaining the rank of lieutenant. During the Vietnam War, Kerry served a brief tour in South Vietnam. While commanding a Swift boat, he sustained three wounds in combat with the Viet Cong, for which he earned three Purple Heart medals. Kerry was also awarded the Silver Star Medal and the Bronze Star Medal for conduct in separate military engagements. After completing his active military service, Kerry returned to the United States and became an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He gained national recognition as an anti-war activist, serving as a spokesperson for the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization. Kerry testified in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, where he described the United States government's policy in Vietnam as the cause of war crimes."]}, {"id": 527723, "question": "Steven Segaloff >> place of birth", "answer": "New Haven", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["Steven C. Segaloff (born July 21, 1970 in New Haven, Connecticut) is an American rowing cox. He finished 5th in the men's eight at the 1996 Summer Olympics."]}, {"id": 24137, "question": "What weekly publication in #2 is issued by #1 ?", "answer": "Yale Herald", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["New Haven is served by the daily \"New Haven Register\", the weekly \"alternative\" \"New Haven Advocate\" (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the \"Hartford Courant\"), the online daily \"New Haven Independent\", and the monthly \"Grand News Community Newspaper.\" Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The \"Register\" also backs \"PLAY\" magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the \"Yale Daily News\", the weekly \"Yale Herald\" and a humor tabloid, \"Rumpus Magazine\"."]}], "answer": "Yale Herald", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "5122699", "7": "30784578", "12": "53825"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "4hop1__106922_52584_71250_135051", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Clothing", "paragraph_text": "By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Isles", "paragraph_text": "The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325–320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, \"the British Island\", and Prettanoi, \"the Britons\". Strabo used Βρεττανική (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the \"P\" of Pretannia to the \"B\" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Garbage Dreams", "paragraph_text": "Garbage Dreams is a 2009 feature length documentary film produced and directed by Mai Iskander. Filmed over the course of four years, \"Garbage Dreams\" follows three teenage boys growing up in Egypt’s garbage village. \"Garbage Dreams\" aired on the PBS program \"Independent Lens\" for the occasion of Earth Day 2010 and has been screened in many international film festivals.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Kepoi", "paragraph_text": "Kepoi or Cepoi (Ancient Greek: Κῆποι, Russian: Кепы) was an ancient Greek colony situated on the Taman peninsula, three kilometres to the east of Phanagoria, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia. The colony was established by the Milesians in the 6th century BC. In the Hellenistic period, it was controlled by the kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus, who (according to Aeschines) made a present of a place called \"the Gardens\" to Gylon, the grandfather of Demosthenes. The town reached its peak in the 1st centuries AD, but the Huns and Goths put an end to its prosperity in the 4th century. Soviet excavations, started in 1957, yielded rich finds, including a marble statue of a Greek goddess (\"Aphrodite of Taman\"). More than 400 burials were explored at Kepoi in the 1960s and 1970s; the rest of the site has been submerged by the Sea of Azov.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Roman Empire", "paragraph_text": "The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. The first two centuries of the empire's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, or ``Roman Peace ''. Following Octavian's victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41, the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic, but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead. Under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. After Claudius' successor, Nero, committed suicide in AD 68, the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars, as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea, during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor. Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus, who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors. The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pinnacle of its power during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, which at its greatest extent comprised major portions of the ancient world, stretching from parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, Bulgaria-Paeonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Parthian Empire emerged from the ashes and was succeeded by the Sassanid Dynasty in 224 AD, under which Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world, along with the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than four centuries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. In between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century, the state became the first Christian nation. The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301 AD. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Olympias", "paragraph_text": "Olympias (, , c. 375–316 BC) was a daughter of king Neoptolemus I of Epirus, sister to Alexander I of Epirus, fourth wife of Philip II, the king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the Great. According to the 1st century AD biographer, Plutarch, she was a devout member of the orgiastic snake-worshiping cult of Dionysus, and he suggests that she slept with snakes in her bed.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "This Dream's on Me", "paragraph_text": "\"This Dream's on Me\" is a song written by Fred Koller, and recorded by American country music artist Gene Watson. It was released in July 1982 as the first single and title track from the album \"This Dream's on Me\". The song reached #8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "History of Egypt", "paragraph_text": "In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, whose first ruler was one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Mithridates II of Commagene", "paragraph_text": "Mithridates II Antiochus Epiphanes Philorhomaeus Philhellen Monocrites (, died 20 BC), also known as Mithridates II of Commagene, was a man of Armenian and Greek descent who lived in the 1st century BC. He was a prince of Commagene and one of the sons of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene and Queen Isias Philostorgos of Commagene. When his father died in 38 BC, he succeeded his father and reigned until his death.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Cleopatra's Daughter", "paragraph_text": "Cleopatra's Daughter () is a 1960 historical drama film set in Egypt during the reign of the pharaoh Khufu (r. 2589-2566 BC). The film stars Debra Paget and was directed by Fernando Cerchio. For some reason, the English version was translated very differently from the original Italian script, setting the film in the 1st century BC, rather than the early Bronze Age.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BC. By the time he died in c. 272 BC, a large part of the subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty. However, the region of Kalinga (around modern day Odisha) remained outside Mauryan control, perhaps interfering with their trade with the south.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus", "paragraph_text": "Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (flourished 1st century BC) was the brother of triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and son to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the consul of 78 BC. His mother may have been a daughter of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Old Testament", "paragraph_text": "The first five books -- Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, book of Numbers and Deuteronomy -- reached their present form in the Persian period (538 -- 332 BC), and their authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the Temple at that time. The books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings follow, forming a history of Israel from the Conquest of Canaan to the Siege of Jerusalem c. 587 BC. There is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work (the so - called ``Deuteronomistic history '') during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC. The two Books of Chronicles cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC. Chronicles, and Ezra -- Nehemiah, were probably finished during the 3rd century BC. Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two (Catholic Old Testament) to four (Orthodox) Books of Maccabees, written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Barefoot and Crazy", "paragraph_text": "\"Barefoot and Crazy\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Jack Ingram. It was released in March 2009 as the second single from his album \"Big Dreams & High Hopes\". In late 2009, the song became Ingram's second Top Ten country hit, reaching number 10 on \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Marcus Antonius Creticus", "paragraph_text": "Marcus Antonius Creticus (flourished 1st century BC) was a Roman politician, member of the Antonius family. Creticus was the son of Marcus Antonius and, by his marriage to Julia Antonia, he had three sons: Marcus Antonius (the Triumvir), Gaius Antonius and Lucius Antonius.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Architecture of Argentina", "paragraph_text": "The Architecture of Argentina can be said to start at the beginning of the Spanish colonisation, though it was in the 18th century that the cities of the country reached their splendour. Cities like Córdoba, Salta, Mendoza, and also Buenos Aires conserved most their historical Spanish colonial architecture in spite of their urban growth.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Trajan", "paragraph_text": "Marcus Ulpius Traianus was born on 18 September 53AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the city of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville). Although frequently designated the first provincial emperor, and dismissed by later writers such as Cassius Dio (himself of provincial origin) as \"an Iberian, and neither an Italian nor even an Italiot\", Trajan appears to have hailed on his father's side from the area of Tuder (modern Todi) in Umbria, at the border with Etruria, and on his mother's side from the Gens Marcia, of an Italic family of Sabine origin. Trajan's birthplace of Italica was founded as a Roman military colony of \"Italian\" settlers in 206BC, though it is unknown when the Ulpii arrived there. It is possible, but cannot be substantiated, that Trajan's ancestors married local women and lost their citizenship at some point, but they certainly recovered their status when the city became a municipium with Latin citizenship in the mid-1st century BC.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Buthrotum", "paragraph_text": "In 228 BC Buthrotum became a Roman protectorate alongside Corfu. In the next century, it became a part of a province of Macedonia. In 44 BC, Caesar designated Buthrotum as a colony to reward soldiers who had fought for him against Pompey. Local landholder Titus Pomponius Atticus objected to his correspondent Cicero who lobbied against the plan in the Senate. As a result, only small numbers of colonists were settled.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who is the mother of the leader who caused the empire which had the country for Garbage Dreams as a colony in the 1st century bc, to reach its greatest extent?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 106922, "question": "Which was the country for Garbage Dreams?", "answer": "Egypt", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["\"Garbage Dreams\" follows three teenage boys born into the trash trade and growing up in the world's largest garbage village, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It is the home to 60,000 Zaballeen, also spelled \"Zabbaleen\" as Arabic for \"garbage people.\" Far ahead of any modern \"Green\" initiatives, the Zaballeen survive by recycling 80 percent of the garbage they collect. When their community is suddenly faced with the globalization of its trade, each of the teenage boys is forced to make choices that will impact his future and the survival of his community."]}, {"id": 52584, "question": "in the 1st century bc #1 became a colony of", "answer": "the Roman Empire", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["Egypt quickly became the Empire's breadbasket supplying the greater portion of the Empire's grain in addition to flax, papyrus, glass and many other finished goods. The city of Alexandria became a key trading outpost for the Roman Empire (by some accounts, the most important for a time). Shipping from Egypt regularly reached India and Ethiopia among other international destinations. It was also a leading (perhaps \"the\" leading) scientific and technological center of the Empire. Scholars such as Ptolemy, Hypatia, and Heron broke new ground in astronomy, mathematics, and other disciplines. Culturally, the city of Alexandria at times rivaled Rome in its importance."]}, {"id": 71250, "question": "when did #2 reach its greatest extent", "answer": "under Trajan", "paragraph_support_idx": 4, "support_sentence": ["The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (lit. 'Roman Peace'). Rome reached its greatest territorial extent under Trajan (r. 98 – 117 AD), but a period of increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus (r. 180 – 192). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 49-year crisis that threatened its existence due to civil war, plagues and barbarian invasions. The Gallic and Palmyrene empires broke away from the state and a series of short-lived emperors led the Empire, which was later reunified under Aurelian (r. 270 – 275). The civil wars ended with the victory of Diocletian (r. 284 – 305), who set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West. Constantine the Great (r. 306 – 337), the first Christian emperor, moved the imperial seat from Rome to Byzantium in 330, and renamed it Constantinople. The Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in 476 by Odoacer, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire survived for another millennium with Constantinople as its sole capital, until the city's fall in 1453.", "The Empire reached its largest expanse under Trajan (r. 98 – 117), encompassing 5 million km2. The traditional population estimate of 55–60 million inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the most populous unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak from 70 million to more than 100 million. Each of the three largest cities in the Empire—Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch—was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century."]}, {"id": 135051, "question": "Who is #3 's mother?", "answer": "Marcia", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["Trajan's paternal grandfather Ulpius married a Traia. Their son, Trajan's namesake father Marcus Ulpius Traianus, was born at Italica during the reign of Tiberius and became a prominent senator and general, commanding the Legio X Fretensis under Vespasian in the First Jewish-Roman War. Trajan's mother was Marcia, a Roman noblewoman of the gens Marcia and a sister-in-law of the second Flavian Emperor Titus. Little is known of her. Her father is believed to be Quintus Marcius Barea Sura. Her mother was Antonia Furnilla, daughter of Aulus Antonius Rufus and Furnia. Trajan owned some lands called \"Figlinae Marcianae\" in Ameria, another Umbrian town, located near both Tuder and Reate (the home of the Flavian dynasty) and believed to be the home of Marcia's family."]}], "answer": "Marcia", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "21563824", "4": "25507", "9": "13588", "18": "30570"}, "#_support_docs": 4}
+{"id": "2hop__427142_36134", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Central African Republic", "paragraph_text": "The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. Several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the government (e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008). The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Lucknow Pact", "paragraph_text": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a member of the Congress as well as the League, made both the parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal approach to India and give Indians more authority to run their country, besides safeguarding basic Muslim demands. Jinnah is seen as the mastermind and architect of this pact.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "MINUGUA", "paragraph_text": "By adopting resolution 1094(1997) on efforts towards peace in Central America, the Security Council authorized on 20 January 1997 the attachment of a group of 155 military observers and requisite medical personnel to MINUGUA for a three-month period, operational as of 3 March 1997. The task of the observer group were verification of the agreement on the definitive ceasefire. While retaining its acronym MINUGUA, the peacekeeping mission's name was changed to United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala as of 1 April 1997 in order to reflect the new mandate. In a Presidential Statement of 5 March 1997 (S/PRST/1997/9), the Council welcomed the deployment on 3 March 1997 of the group of United Nations military observers attached to the United Nations Mission for the Verification of Human Rights and of Compliance with the Commitments of the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights in Guatemala (MINUGUA) for the purposes of verification of the Oslo ceasefire agreement and reaffirmed its full support for the peace process in Guatemala.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Delamanid", "paragraph_text": "The medication was not readily available globally as of 2015. It was believed that pricing will be similar to bedaquiline, which for six months is approximately US$900 in low income countries, US$3,000 in middle income countries, and US$30,000 in high income countries. As of 2016 the Stop TB Partnership had an agreement to get the medication for US$1,700 per six month.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Treaty Clause", "paragraph_text": "Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, includes the Treaty Clause, which empowers the president of the United States to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements, which must be confirmed by the Senate, between the United States and other countries, which become treaties between the United States and other countries after the advice and consent of a supermajority of the United States Senate.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States", "paragraph_text": "The FATCA agreement is an international agreement signed between Canada and the United States that allows the implementation of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (an Act of the U.S. Congress) in Canada. It is one of 30 intergovernmental agreements the US has concluded with other countries to implement the FATCA.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sons of Anarchy (season 6)", "paragraph_text": "The school shooting was committed by someone connected to Nero's cousin, who had been given a number of KG - 9's. Jax contacts the Irish, wishing to get out of the gun business, but the Irish are resistant to the idea. Toric offers Clay help with the murder charge, in exchange for information about SAMCRO. When Clay refuses, Toric forges Clay's signature on a plea agreement. Nero's cousin, and the latter's girlfriend - whose son shot up the school - are killed and buried. Elsewhere, Bobby has added another member to his list of recruits.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Cameroon", "paragraph_text": "Its foreign policy closely follows that of its main ally, France (one of its former colonial rulers). Cameroon relies heavily on France for its defence, although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.President Biya has engaged in a decades-long clash with the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil-rich Bakassi peninsula. Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1,000-mile (1 600 km) border and have disputed the sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula. In 1994 Cameroon petitioned the International Court of Justice to resolve the dispute. The two countries attempted to establish a cease-fire in 1996, however, fighting continued for years. In 2002, the ICJ ruled that the Anglo-German Agreement of 1913 gave sovereignty to Cameroon. The ruling called for a withdrawal by both countries and denied the request by Cameroon for compensation due to Nigeria's long-term occupation. By 2004, Nigeria had failed to meet the deadline to handover the peninsula. A UN-mediated summit in June 2006 facilitated an agreement for Nigeria to withdraw from the region and both leaders signed the Greentree Agreement. The withdrawal and handover of control was completed by August 2006.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Northumberland Development Project", "paragraph_text": "Following the riots in the Tottenham area other parts of London and elsewhere in England in August 2011 the Greater London Authority and Haringey Council announced on 28 September that it would relieve the club of all community infrastructure payments that planners would normally require, estimated at £8.5 m, and to provide a further £8.5 m for regeneration and infrastructure projects. As part of the agreement an additional £9m was also committed by the London Borough of Haringey to improve services for residents in the area.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tengako", "paragraph_text": "Tengako is a peninsula at the north end of Fongafale islet of Funafuti, Tuvalu. At the end of the peninsula is Amatuku islet on which the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute is located.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "College recruiting", "paragraph_text": "After receiving an offer, a player may choose to commit. This is a non-binding, oral agreement. Although more coaches have tried in recent years to get players to commit early, the most highly rated players typically commit within a month of National Signing Day, the day all high school players who will graduate that year can sign letters of intent (LI) to play for the college of their choice. Signing Day always falls on the first Wednesday of February. Other players, who may not have as many offers to choose from, more often verbally commit earlier in the process. Players occasionally decide to sign with a different school from which they gave a verbal commitment, which often leads to rancor between the fans and coaching staffs of the two schools. Junior college players, however, can sign scholarships in late - December, once their sophomore seasons have ended.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Disarmament of Libya", "paragraph_text": "In 1968, Libya became signatory of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), ratified the treaty in 1975, and concluded a safeguards agreement in 1980. Despite its commitment to NPT, there are reports indicating that Muammar Gaddafi of Libya either made unsuccessful attempts to build or entered in an agreement to purchase a nuclear weapon from nuclear - armed nations. In the 1970s -- 80s, Gaddafi made numerous attempts to accelerate and push forward his ambitions for an active nuclear weapons program, using the nuclear black market sources. However, after the end of the Cold War in 1991, Gaddafi sought to resolve its nuclear crises with the United States aiming to uplift the sanctions against Libya, finally agreeing to authorize rolling back Libya's weapons of mass destruction program on December 2003.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "OPEC Fund for International Development", "paragraph_text": "All developing countries are, in principle, eligible for OFID assistance, although the least developed countries are given higher priority and have received more than one-half of the institution’s cumulative commitments to date. Also eligible are international institutions whose activities benefit the developing countries.  OFID Member Countries are excluded from benefiting from assistance, except in the case of disaster relief or within the context of a regional program. Over the years, OFID has spread its presence to 134 countries, of which 53 are in Africa, 43 in Asia, 31 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 7 in Europe.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "China–United States relations", "paragraph_text": "On March 1, 1979, the two countries formally established embassies in each other's capitals. In 1979, outstanding private claims were resolved and a bilateral trade agreement was completed. Vice President Walter Mondale reciprocated Vice Premier Deng's visit with an August 1979 trip to China. This visit led to agreements in September 1980 on maritime affairs, civil aviation links, and textile matters, as well as a bilateral consular convention.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference", "paragraph_text": "According to the organizing committee at the outset of the talks, the expected key result was an agreement to set a goal of limiting global warming to \"well below 2 °C\" Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. The agreement calls for zero net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to be reached during the second half of the 21st century. In the adopted version of the Paris Agreement, the parties will also \"pursue efforts to\" limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C. The 1.5 °C goal will require zero emissions sometime between 2030 and 2050, according to some scientists.Prior to the conference, 146 national climate panels publicly presented draft national climate contributions (called \"Intended Nationally Determined Contributions\", INDCs). These suggested commitments were estimated to limit global warming to 2.7 degrees Celsius by 2100. For example, the EU suggested INDC is a commitment to a 40 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 1990. The agreement establishes a \"global stocktake\" which revisits the national goals to \"update and enhance\" them every five years beginning 2023. However, no detailed timetable or country-specific goals for emissions were incorporated into the Paris Agreement – as opposed to the previous Kyoto Protocol.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sherman Austin", "paragraph_text": "Sherman Martin Austin (born April 10, 1983) is an American anarchist and musician who was arrested for inflammatory content on his website and subsequently convicted. He was the first person to be successfully prosecuted under 18 U.S.C. 842(p), a United States federal law which makes the distribution of information on explosives unlawful if the information is provided with the knowledge or intent that the information will be used to commit a violent federal crime. Austin was convicted under a plea agreement in 2002 and served a one-year sentence in federal prison. Some academics and activists, including Zack de la Rocha of Rage Against the Machine, protested the prosecution of Austin.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Doha Agreement", "paragraph_text": "The Doha Agreement was an agreement reached by rival Lebanese factions on 21 May 2008 in Doha, Qatar. This agreement marked the end of an 18-month-long political crisis in Lebanon.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Buganda Agreement (1900)", "paragraph_text": "The agreement was signed by Buganda's Katikiro Sir Apolo Kagwa, on the behalf of the Kabaka (Daudi Chwa) who was at that time an infant, and Sir Harry Johnston on the behalf of the British colonial government. The agreement solidified the power of the largely Protestant 'Bakungu' client - chiefs, led by Kagwa. London sent only a few officials to administer the country, relying primarily on the Bakungu chiefs. For decades they were preferred because of their political skills, their Christianity, their friendly relations with the British, There are their ability to collect taxes, and the proximity of Entebbe (the Uganda capital) was close to the Buganda capital. By the 1920s the British administrators were more confident, and have less need for military or administrative support.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "To what agreement has the country where Tengako is located committed?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 427142, "question": "Tengako >> country", "answer": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["Tengako is a peninsula at the north end of Fongafale islet of Funafuti, Tuvalu. At the end of the peninsula is Amatuku islet on which the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute is located. Further past that is Mulitefala."]}, {"id": 36134, "question": "To what agreement has #1 committed?", "answer": "Majuro Declaration", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the Majuro Declaration, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has made a commitment to implement power generation of 100% renewable energy (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)."]}], "answer": "Majuro Declaration", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"10": "11977826", "14": "30227"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__846388_19320", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Nora Armani", "paragraph_text": "Nora Armani () was born in Giza, Egypt of Armenian parents, educated and trained in England and as an actor has appeared on stage and screen worldwide performing in different languages. She has also directed a number of plays, a feature film and short film. She holds an M.Sc. degree from the University of London (London School of Economics) and a BA from the American University in Cairo. She has continued her training at UCLA Extension  and RADA in acting and directing, in addition to a number of noteworthy workshops such as Ariane Mnouchkine’s worldwide acclaimed Théâtre du Soleil  (Paris) and Simon MacBurney’s equally well known physical theatre Complicity Theatre  (London).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Pedro Ramírez Vázquez", "paragraph_text": "He won several awards including the National Arts Award in 1973, Cemex Award in 2003 and IDSA's Special Award in 1969 for notable results, creative and innovative concepts and long-term benefits to the industrial design profession, its educational functions and society at large. He was minister of public infrastructure and human settlements during president's José López Portillo government. He was founder and rector of the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. He was part of the faculty of the UNAM and received various honorary degrees (doctor honoris causa) granted by several universities including the UNAM.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Frank Aaen", "paragraph_text": "Frank Aaen is an educated economist and holds a master's degree in economics from Aalborg University which he received in 1985.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Hermes Ramírez", "paragraph_text": "Hermes Ramírez (\"Hermes Julián Ramírez Limonta;\" born January 7, 1948) is a former sprinter from Cuba. Together with Juan Morales, Pablo Montes, and Enrique Figuerola he won an Olympic silver medal in 4 x 100 metres relay in Mexico City 1968. His other achievements include four 100 m and 200 m titles at the Central American and Caribbean Championships.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Honduras Top 50", "paragraph_text": "The Honduras Top 50 is the official airplay music chart in Honduras. Chart rankings are based on radio play and surveyed through radio stations in San Pedro Sula, Tegucigalpa, La Ceiba, Puerto Cortés, Choluteca and Roaton. The charts are compiled by \"Fuzion\" magazine and published by \"El Tiempo\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "David Noel Ramírez Padilla", "paragraph_text": "David Noel Ramírez Padilla (born January 12, 1950) was the dean of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education university system (ITESM) which has thirty one campuses in various parts of Mexico. Ramirez’s education and career as both an educator and administrator have all been around this university system, culminating to his former position beginning in January 2011. In addition, he has authored eight books, numerous articles, served as keynote speaker at various conferences and advised outside institutions on matters regarding accounting, finance and human development.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "José Cadalso", "paragraph_text": "José de Cadalso y Vázquez (Cádiz, 1741 – Gibraltar, 1782), Spanish, Colonel of the Royal Spanish Army, author, poet, playwright and essayist, one of the canonical producers of Spanish Enlightenment literature.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Electrochemical Society", "paragraph_text": "The Electrochemical Society is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of electrochemistry and solid-state science and technology. The society membership comprises more than 8,000 scientists and engineers in over 70 countries worldwide who hold individual membership, as well as roughly 100 corporations and laboratories that hold corporate membership.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Severino Reija", "paragraph_text": "Severino Reija Vázquez (born 25 November 1938 in Lugo, Galicia) is a former footballer from Spain who played as a defender.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Genaro Vázquez Rojas", "paragraph_text": "Genaro Vázquez Rojas studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico () (UNAM), however did not finish. At age 24 he co-founded the Guerreran Civic Community (CCG), while teaching at schools in the slums of the Federal District. The following year in 1958 Vázquez Rojas participated in the Revolutionary Teacher's Movement (MRM) during the strike and seizure of the Secretariat of Public Education. Vázquez Rojas would eventually be fired from his teachers position and go on to represent coffee, copra, and palm workers before the Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization (DAAC).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders", "paragraph_text": "Rank Player Nolan Ryan † 5,714 Randy Johnson † 4,875 Roger Clemens 4,672 Steve Carlton † 4,136 Bert Blyleven † 3,701 6 Tom Seaver † 3,640 7 Don Sutton † 3,574 8 Gaylord Perry † 3,534 9 Walter Johnson † 3,508 10 Greg Maddux † 3,371 11 Phil Niekro † 3,342 12 Ferguson Jenkins † 3,192 13 Pedro Martínez † 3,154 14 Bob Gibson † 3,117 15 Curt Schilling 3,116 16 John Smoltz † 3,084 17 Jim Bunning † 2,855 18 CC Sabathia (114) 2,840 19 Mickey Lolich 2,832 20 Mike Mussina 2,813 21 Cy Young † 2,803 22 Frank Tanana 2,773 23 David Cone 2,668 24 Chuck Finley 2,610 25 Tom Glavine † 2,607 26 Warren Spahn † 2,583 27 Bob Feller † 2,581 28 Tim Keefe † 2,564 29 Jerry Koosman 2,556 30 Javier Vázquez 2,536 31 A.J. Burnett 2,513 32 Christy Mathewson † 2,507 33 Don Drysdale † 2,486 34 Jack Morris 2,478", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Lucio San Pedro", "paragraph_text": "Lucio San Pedro Lucio D. San Pedro, Sr. (1913 - 02 - 11) February 11, 1913 Angono, Rizal, Philippine Islands March 31, 2002 (2002 - 03 - 31) (aged 89) Angono Medics Hospital, Angono, Rizal, Philippines Resting place Angono, Rizal Nationality Filipino Other names LDSP Occupation composer, teacher, conductor Known for National Artist of the Philippines for Music, composer of hymns like Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno Spouse (s) Gertrudes San Pedro (née Díaz) Children Rhodora San Pedro Bienvenido San Pedro Ma. Conchita San Pedro Ma. Cristina San Pedro Lucio San Pedro, Jr. Awards National Artist of the Philippines", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Efren Ramirez", "paragraph_text": "Efrain Antonio Ramírez (born October 2, 1973) is an American actor and DJ, best known for playing Pedro Sánchez in the 2004 indie film Napoleon Dynamite. He later reprised his role in the 2012 animated series of the same name.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Lasallian educational institutions", "paragraph_text": "The De La Salle Brothers, say that, with the assistance of more than 73,000 lay colleagues, they teach over 900,000 students as they provide Christian value education worldwide to 1,500 Lasallian educational institutions and is globally established in 82 countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Joaquín Vázquez", "paragraph_text": "Joaquín Vázquez Fernández (August 26, 1897 – October 21, 1965) was a Spanish footballer. He competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Francisco H. Vázquez", "paragraph_text": "Francisco H. Vázquez (born June 11, 1949 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico) is a Mexican-American scholar and public intellectual. Vázquez is currently a tenured professor of the history of ideas and director of the Hutchins Institute for Public Policy Studies and Community Action at the nationally known Hutchins School of Liberal Studies at Sonoma State University. He is also the director of the Hutchins Institute for Public Policy Studies and Community Action. He co-authored the prominent book \"Latino/a Thought: Culture, Politics, and Society\", (Rowman & Littlefield) with University of California Irvine professor Rodolfo D. Torres in 2003. A second edition by Vázquez alone was issued on December 2008.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Manuel Orozco y Berra", "paragraph_text": "Manuel Orozco y Berra (8 June 1816 - 27 January 1881; He was born and died in Mexico City) was a Mexican historian and a member of the Mexican Academy of Language. He was a disciple of José Fernando Ramírez and Joaquín García Icazbalceta and together with them, is considered one of the most important historians of Mexico of the 19th century, ranking \"as a major figure among 19th-century students of the Mexican Indian past.\" He produced a significant body of published work on Mesoamerican ethnohistory,", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Harvard University", "paragraph_text": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "School of Salamanca", "paragraph_text": "Gabriel Vázquez (1549–1604) held that natural law is not limited to the individual, but obliges societies to act in accord and be treated with justice.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What worldwide ranking does the university that Pedro Ramirez Vasquez attended hold?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 846388, "question": "Pedro Ramírez Vázquez >> educated at", "answer": "UNAM", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["Ramírez Vázquez earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1943. He was responsible for the construction of some of Mexico's most emblematic buildings. He was a modern architect with influences from the European modern movement, Latin American modern architects and precolumbian cultures. Concrete is the material he used most often."]}, {"id": 19320, "question": "What worldwide ranking does #1 hold?", "answer": "74th", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centers. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007."]}], "answer": "74th", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "8906902", "17": "18987"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__159612_22372_45098", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Women's suffrage", "paragraph_text": "The United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Canada and a few Latin American nations passed women's suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin American nations established women's suffrage in the 1940s (see table in Summary below). The last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Marion Boyd", "paragraph_text": "Marion Boyd (born March 26, 1946) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 1999 who represented the riding of London Centre. She served as a member of cabinet in the government of Bob Rae. She works as a consultant and mediator.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom", "paragraph_text": "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to give women the right to vote. It finally succeeded through two laws in 1918 and 1928. It became a national movement in the Victorian era. Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the 1832 Reform Act and the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act. In 1872 the fight for women's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). As well as in England, women's suffrage movements in Wales and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum. The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1906. It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Clara Campoamor", "paragraph_text": "Clara Campoamor (12 February 1888 – 30 April 1972) was a Spanish politician and feminist best known for her advocacy for women's rights and suffrage during the writing of the Spanish constitution of 1931. A child of a working-class family, Campoamor began work as a seamstress at age 13, later working in a number of government positions before securing entry to law school at the University of Madrid. She became active in a number of women's organizations before standing for election as a member of the 1931 Constituent Assembly, to which she and two other women were elected despite that Spanish women could not vote at the time. Her advocacy led to the inclusion of language in the 1931 constitution of Spain that guaranteed equality between men and women. She later lost her parliamentary seat and briefly served as a government minister before fleeing the country during the Spanish Civil War. Campoamor died in exile in Switzerland. She was later buried at the Polloe Cemetery in San Sebastian, Spain.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Timeline of women's suffrage", "paragraph_text": "Some women in the Isle of Man (geographically part of the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) gained the right to vote in 1881. Though it did not achieve nationhood until 1907, the colony of New Zealand was the first self - governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in, but not to stand for, parliamentary elections in 1893, followed closely by the colony of South Australia in 1894 (which, unlike New Zealand, allowed women to stand for Parliament). In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the age of liberty between 1718 and 1772.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alain Krivine", "paragraph_text": "Krivine was one of the leaders of the May 1968 revolt in Paris, and was the last of the generation radicalised in the 1960s to serve on the political bureau of the LCR. He was the candidate of the LCR at the French presidential election on 1969, getting 1.05% of the votes.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "American Idol", "paragraph_text": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Cabinet of Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz", "paragraph_text": "The Cabinet of Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz was appointed on October 31, 2005, and passed the vote of confidence in parliament on November 10, 2005. It was supported by 272 votes with 187 votes against (no abstentions). This minority government was ruled by politicians of Law and Justice and some independents e.g. Zbigniew Religa.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Women's suffrage in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Women's suffrage in the United States of America, the legal right of women to vote, was established over the course of several decades, first in various states and localities, sometimes on a limited basis, and then nationally in 1920.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "League of Nations", "paragraph_text": "There were several border conflicts between Colombia and Peru in the early part of the 20th century, and in 1922, their governments signed the Salomón-Lozano Treaty in an attempt to resolve them. As part of this treaty, the border town of Leticia and its surrounding area was ceded from Peru to Colombia, giving Colombia access to the Amazon River. On 1 September 1932, business leaders from Peruvian rubber and sugar industries who had lost land, as a result, organised an armed takeover of Leticia. At first, the Peruvian government did not recognise the military takeover, but President of Peru Luis Sánchez Cerro decided to resist a Colombian re-occupation. The Peruvian Army occupied Leticia, leading to an armed conflict between the two nations. After months of diplomatic negotiations, the governments accepted mediation by the League of Nations, and their representatives presented their cases before the Council. A provisional peace agreement, signed by both parties in May 1933, provided for the League to assume control of the disputed territory while bilateral negotiations proceeded. In May 1934, a final peace agreement was signed, resulting in the return of Leticia to Colombia, a formal apology from Peru for the 1932 invasion, demilitarisation of the area around Leticia, free navigation on the Amazon and Putumayo Rivers, and a pledge of non-aggression.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Women's suffrage in the United States", "paragraph_text": "The Women's suffrage in the United States of America, the legal right of women to vote, was established over the course of several decades, first in various states and localities, sometimes on a limited basis, and then nationally in 1920.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Andrzej Walkowiak", "paragraph_text": "He was elected to Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 5203 votes in 4 Bydgoszcz district, standing for Law and Justice (PiS). He joined Poland Comes First when that party split from PiS in 2010.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Kate Sheppard", "paragraph_text": "Kate Sheppard promoted women's suffrage by organising petitions and public meetings, by writing letters to the press, and by developing contacts with politicians. She was the editor of The White Ribbon, the first woman-operated newspaper in New Zealand. Through her skilful writing and persuasive public speaking, she successfully advocated women's suffrage. Her pamphlets Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote and Should Women Vote? contributed to the cause. This work culminated in a petition with 30,000 signatures calling for women's suffrage that was presented to parliament, and the successful extension of the franchise to women in 1893. As a result, New Zealand became the first country to establish universal suffrage.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Commission for Women", "paragraph_text": "The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body of the Government of India, generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women. It was established in January 1992 under the provisions of the Indian Constitution, as defined in the 1990 National Commission for Women Act. The first head of the commission was Jayanti Patnaik. As of 2017, Rekha Sharma is the chairperson.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Women's suffrage in Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Women in Switzerland gained the right to vote in federal elections after a referendum in February 1971. In 1991 following a decision by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, Appenzell Innerrhoden became the last Swiss canton to grant women the vote on local issues.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ayesha Gaddafi", "paragraph_text": "In 2010 after sanctions were imposed on Iraq, she arrived in Baghdad with a delegation of 69 officials. Shortly before the invasion of Iraq in 2003, she met with Saddam Hussein. In 2011, she strongly denounced the policies of U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. President Barack Obama, calling for a mediation of the Libyan Civil War through an international organization which would exclude them.Ayesha has served as a mediator on behalf of the government with European Union corporations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Grace Wilbur Trout", "paragraph_text": "Grace Belden Wilbur Trout (March 18, 1864 – October 21, 1955) was an American suffragist who was president of the Chicago Political Equality League. She was instrumental in getting the Illinois legislature to pass a law allowing women to vote in local and national elections.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Tomasz Piotr Nowak", "paragraph_text": "Tomasz Piotr Nowak (born December 22, 1956 in Kwidzyn) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 9559 votes in 37 Konin district, candidating from the Civic Platform list.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Iran", "paragraph_text": "The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader. The others are elected by the Iranian Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary. The Council interprets the constitution and may veto Parliament. If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia (Islamic law), it is referred back to Parliament for revision. The Expediency Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country. Local city councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When did women get the vote in the country the organization who intervened with mediation for the governments is located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 159612, "question": "Who intervened with mediation for the governments?", "answer": "the League of Nations", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["There were several border conflicts between Colombia and Peru in the early part of the 20th century, and in 1922, their governments signed the Salomón-Lozano Treaty in an attempt to resolve them. As part of this treaty, the border town of Leticia and its surrounding area was ceded from Peru to Colombia, giving Colombia access to the Amazon River. On 1 September 1932, business leaders from Peruvian rubber and sugar industries who had lost land, as a result, organised an armed takeover of Leticia. At first, the Peruvian government did not recognise the military takeover, but President of Peru Luis Sánchez Cerro decided to resist a Colombian re-occupation. The Peruvian Army occupied Leticia, leading to an armed conflict between the two nations. After months of diplomatic negotiations, the governments accepted mediation by the League of Nations, and their representatives presented their cases before the Council. A provisional peace agreement, signed by both parties in May 1933, provided for the League to assume control of the disputed territory while bilateral negotiations proceeded. In May 1934, a final peace agreement was signed, resulting in the return of Leticia to Colombia, a formal apology from Peru for the 1932 invasion, demilitarisation of the area around Leticia, free navigation on the Amazon and Putumayo Rivers, and a pledge of non-aggression."]}, {"id": 22372, "question": "Where is #1 located?", "answer": "Switzerland", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Many international institutions have headquarters in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to join the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after the headquarters in New York. Switzerland was a founding member and hosted the League of Nations."]}, {"id": 45098, "question": "when did women get the vote in #2", "answer": "February 1971", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Women in Switzerland gained the right to vote in federal elections after a referendum in February 1971. The first federal vote in which women were able to participate was the 31 October 1971 election of the Federal Assembly. However it was not until a 1990 decision by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland that women gained full voting rights in the final Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden."]}], "answer": "February 1971", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"9": "17926", "13": "26748", "15": "32156702"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "2hop__206815_131909", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Saw Kill", "paragraph_text": "Saw Kill may refer to three different bodies of water in New York. Two are tributaries and make up watersheds on the eastern bank of the Hudson River. The northernmost of these is in the Town of Stuyvesant, New York in Columbia County and the southernmost of these is in the Town of Red Hook, New York in Dutchess County. The northern Saw Kill is more commonly known as Mill Creek today. The third tributary drains into Esopus Creek on the Hudson’s west bank. This article refers to the southern body of water on the east bank as Saw Kill (east) and the body of water on the west bank as Saw Kill (west).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kassel", "paragraph_text": "Kassel (; spelled Cassel until 1928) is a city located on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name and had 200,507 inhabitants in December 2015. The former capital of the state of Hesse-Kassel has many palaces and parks, including the Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kassel is also known for the \"documenta\" exhibitions of contemporary art. Kassel has a public university with 25,000 students (2018) and a multicultural population (39% of the citizens in 2017 had a migration background).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Cape Town water crisis", "paragraph_text": "In February 2018, the Groenland Water Users' Association (a representative body for farmers in the Elgin and Grabouw agricultural areas around Cape Town) began releasing an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "The Water Hole", "paragraph_text": "The Water Hole is a 1928 American Western film directed by F. Richard Jones starring Jack Holt, Nancy Carroll, and John Boles It was based on a novel by Zane Grey and released by Paramount Pictures. The film had sequences filmed in Technicolor, and it was shot during July in Death Valley, California. No copies of \"The Water Hole\" are known to exist, suggesting that it is a lost film.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Lake Norman", "paragraph_text": "Lake Norman, created between 1959 and 1964 as part of the construction of the Cowans Ford Dam by Duke Energy, is the largest man-made body of fresh water in North Carolina.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Lake Oesa", "paragraph_text": "Lake Oesa is a body of water located at an elevation of 2,267m (7438 ft) in the mountains of Yoho National Park, near Field, British Columbia, Canada.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick", "paragraph_text": "``Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick ''is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978. Written by Dury and the Blockheads' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel, it is the group's most successful single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "John Dury", "paragraph_text": "John Dury (1596 in Edinburgh – 1680 in Kassel) was a Scottish Calvinist minister and a significant intellectual of the English Civil War period. He made efforts to re-unite the Calvinist and Lutheran wings of Protestantism, hoping to succeed when he moved to Kassel in 1661, but he did not accomplish this. He was a prolific preacher, pamphleteer, and writer.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Swan Upping", "paragraph_text": "By prerogative right, the British Crown enjoys ownership of all unmarked mute swans in open water. Rights over swans may, however, be granted to a subject by the Crown (accordingly they may also be claimed by prescription.) The ownership of swans in a given body of water was commonly granted to landowners up to the 16th century. The only bodies still to exercise such rights are two livery companies of the City of London. Thus the ownership of swans in the Thames is shared equally among the Crown, the Vintners' Company and the Dyers' Company.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Body water", "paragraph_text": "Intracellular fluid (2 / 3 of body water) is fluid contained within cells. In a 72 - kg body containing 40 litres of fluid, about 25 litres is intracellular, which amounts to 62.5%. Jackson's texts states 70% of body fluid is intracellular.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Outwitting Trolls", "paragraph_text": "Outwitting Trolls is a murder mystery written by William G. Tapply that takes place in Boston. This is the last book in the Brady Coyne series published after Tapply’s death. Coyne, a lawyer, is retained by Sharon Nickels after discovering the body of her ex-husband Ken. Coyne, a former neighbor and friend, assists Sharon who is accused of stabbing Ken in a hotel room.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kaveri River water dispute", "paragraph_text": "Central Water Commission chairman, S. Masood Hussain will head the CWMA and chief engineer of the Central Water Commission, Navin Kumar will be the first chairman of the CWRC. While the CWMA is an umbrella body, the CWRC will monitor water management on a day - to - day basis, including the water level and inflow and outflow of reservoirs in all the basin states.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Drip Fed Fred", "paragraph_text": "\"Drip Fed Fred\" is a single by British band Madness from their 1999 album \"Wonderful\", featuring Ian Dury on vocals. It was released as a single in January 2000, peaking at number 55 in the UK Singles Chart. It was the last song to which Dury would contribute his voice, before he died in March 2000.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Butterfly Pond", "paragraph_text": "Butterfly Pond, also known as Aldrich Brook, is a body of water in the town of Lincoln, in Providence County, Rhode Island.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Edema", "paragraph_text": "The term water retention (also known as fluid retention) or hydrops, hydropsy, edema, signifies an abnormal accumulation of clear, watery fluid in the tissues or cavities of the body.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Lake District", "paragraph_text": "It is located entirely within the county of Cumbria, and all the land in England higher than 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, respectively Wast Water and Windermere.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Achilles' heel", "paragraph_text": "In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx, which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water; however, as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. One day, a poisonous arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him shortly afterwards.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Sex and Death 101", "paragraph_text": "Sex and Death 101 is a 2007 dark comedy science fiction film written and directed by Daniel Waters released in the United States on April 4, 2008. The film marks the reunion of writer-director Daniel Waters and Winona Ryder, who previously worked on the 1988 film \"Heathers\", written by Waters.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "John, King of England", "paragraph_text": "John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a \"surfeit of peaches\". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What body of water is by the place John Dury died?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 206815, "question": "John Dury >> place of death", "answer": "Kassel", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["John Dury (1596 in Edinburgh – 1680 in Kassel) was a Scottish Calvinist minister and an intellectual of the English Civil War period. He made efforts to re-unite the Calvinist and Lutheran wings of Protestantism, hoping to succeed when he moved to Kassel in 1661, but he did not accomplish this. He was also a preacher, pamphleteer, and writer."]}, {"id": 131909, "question": "Which is the body of water by #1 ?", "answer": "Fulda", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["Kassel (; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, in central Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name, and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2020. The former capital of the state of Hesse-Kassel, it has many palaces and parks, including the Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kassel is also known for the \"documenta\" exhibitions of contemporary art. Kassel has a public university with 25,000 students (2018) and a multicultural population (39% of the citizens in 2017 had a migration background)."]}], "answer": "Fulda", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "42108", "7": "11205104"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop2__30796_484597_24137", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "AP Poll", "paragraph_text": "The Associated Press (AP Poll) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports: football, men's basketball and women's basketball. The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation. Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams, and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote, 24 for a second place vote, and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote. Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", "paragraph_text": "Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for ritual expiation. In 207 BC, during one of the Punic Wars' worst crises, the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved \"at least twenty days\" of dedicated rites.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "John Ross Robertson", "paragraph_text": "Born in Toronto, the son of John Robertson and Margaret Sinclair, Robertson was educated at Upper Canada College, a private high school in Toronto. As a young man, he started a newspaper at UCC called \"Young Canada\" and a satirical weekly magazine, \"The Grumbler\". The Grumbler was published in 1864 in a building on the corner of King Street and Toronto Street in Toronto. The Grumbler was one of Robertson's more well known publications.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Respekt", "paragraph_text": "Respekt is a Czech weekly newsmagazine published in Prague, the Czech Republic, reporting on domestic and foreign political and economic issues, as well as on science and culture.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "paragraph_text": "Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Le Journal de Mickey", "paragraph_text": "Le Journal de Mickey is a French weekly comics magazine established in 1934, featuring Disney comics from France and around the world. The magazine is currently published by Disney Hachette Presse. It is centered on the adventures of Mickey Mouse and other Disney figures but contains also other comics. It is credited with \"the birth of the modern bande dessinée\". It is now the most popular French weekly magazine for children between 8 and 13 years old.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", "paragraph_text": "New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register, the weekly \"alternative\" New Haven Advocate (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the Hartford Courant), the online daily New Haven Independent, and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper. Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The Register also backs PLAY magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News, the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, the ABC affiliate for Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state, and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65, a PBS affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Kerry Lang", "paragraph_text": "Kerry Lang holds a degree from the University of Edinburgh Medical School (MBChB, 1998) and from the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS, Glasgow 2001).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Computerra", "paragraph_text": "Computerra () was a Russian computer weekly publication. The first edition was released on December 21, 1992 and was published by C&C Computer Publishing Limited (Computerra Publishing House). Later, it received the online counterpart at [www.computerra.ru], which supplements the contents of the publication; due to the financial problems and lack of advertisement material, the issue 811–812 on December 15, 2009 was announced as the last issue to be published offline, with only the online version remaining active. The last issue cover lacks a usual cover image, with only the black rectangle instead and the words roughly translatable as \"now you can shut down your computerra\", as a pun on the shutdown image of Windows 95.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "La Vie", "paragraph_text": "La Vie is a weekly French Roman Catholic magazine, edited by Malesherbes Publications, a member of the Groupe La Vie-Le Monde.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "2004 United States presidential election", "paragraph_text": "In sheer numbers, Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean, who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004, although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico and Nevada. Kerry's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls. Most other states did not have updated polling numbers to give an accurate placing for the Kerry campaign before Iowa. Heading into the primaries, Kerry's campaign was largely seen as in trouble, particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan. The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager, as well as Kerry's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign (while his wife was a billionaire, campaign finance rules prohibited using one's personal fortune). He also brought on the \"magical\" Michael Whouley who would be credited with helping bring home the Iowa victory the same as he did in New Hampshire for Al Gore in 2000 against Bill Bradley.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Hezekiah Augur", "paragraph_text": "Augur was born in New Haven, Connecticut. The son of a carpenter, he learned his trade as a woodcarver, carving table legs and other furniture ornament. Borrowing $2,000 from his father, he was invited to join a grocery store business venture. Three years later he discovered, to his shock and amazement, that not only was his money gone, but that he owed his partners $7,000. While thus engaged he invented a lace-making machine that lifted the financial burdens that he had assumed and thus allowed him to take up carving full-time. Around that time he also invented a machine for carving piano legs. He switched to marble later in his career, being among the first native born Americans to do so. Chauncey Ives studied briefly with Augug.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cycle News", "paragraph_text": "Cycle News is a motorcycling magazine and website based in the United States, it was a weekly print publication from 1965 to 2010 and switched to a weekly digital magazine in February 2011. The magazine is headquartered in Irvine, California and is best known for coverage of all forms of motorcycle racing.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue", "paragraph_text": "The swimsuit issue was invented by Sports Illustrated editor Andre Laguerre to fill the winter months, a typically slow point in the sporting calendar. He asked fashion reporter Jule Campbell to go on a shoot to fill space, including the cover, with a beautiful model. The first issue, released in 1964, entailed a cover featuring Babette March and a five - page layout. Campbell soon became a powerful figure in modeling and molded the issue into a media phenomenon by featuring ``bigger and healthier ''California women and printing the names of the models with their photos, beginning a new supermodel era. In the 1950s, a few women appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, but the 1964 issue is considered to be the beginning of the current format known as the Swimsuit Issue. In 1997, Tyra Banks was the first black woman on the cover. Since 1997, the swimsuit issue has been a stand - alone edition, separate from the regular weekly magazine.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "The Nation with David Speers", "paragraph_text": "The Nation with David Speers is an Australian television program on Sky News Australia. The program discusses political issues of the week with a panel of political contributors, moderated by host David Speers. The weekly program was one of two shows hosted by Speers, the other being the four-times weekly \"PM Agenda\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Corporate Corridor", "paragraph_text": "Corporate Corridor is a weekly business program on Dawn News that discusses business issues with top executives representing the private, public and government enterprises of Pakistan.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Deborah VanAmerongen", "paragraph_text": "VanAmerongen graduated from Utica College of Syracuse University and received her M.A. of Public Administration from Rockefeller College of the State University of New York at Albany. She began her career of public service in the New York State Assembly’s Program & Counsel staff, where she had oversight of a wide range of issues, including Housing, Consumer Affairs, Agriculture and Veterans Affairs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve. He began his active duty military service on August 19, 1966. After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport, Rhode Island, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized full public access to those records.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "My Hero Academia", "paragraph_text": "A third season was announced in the 44th issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine of 2017. The simuldub premiered on April 7, 2018. The opening theme is ``ODD FUTURE ''by UVERworld, while the ending theme is`` Update'' by miwa.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "John Kerry", "paragraph_text": "Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and during 1968–1969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "What weekly publication in the city where Hezekiah Augur was born is issued by Kerry's college?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 30796, "question": "Where did Kerry go to college?", "answer": "Yale University", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["In 1962, Kerry attended Yale University, majoring in political science and residing in Jonathan Edwards College. By that year, his parents returned to Groton. While at Yale, Kerry briefly dated Janet Auchincloss, the younger half-sister of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Through Auchincloss, Kerry was invited to a day of sailing with then-President John F. Kennedy and his family.", "Kerry grew up in Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. In 1966, after graduating from Yale University, he enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve, ultimately attaining the rank of lieutenant. During the Vietnam War, Kerry served a brief tour in South Vietnam. While commanding a Swift boat, he sustained three wounds in combat with the Viet Cong, for which he earned three Purple Heart medals. Kerry was also awarded the Silver Star Medal and the Bronze Star Medal for conduct in separate military engagements. After completing his active military service, Kerry returned to the United States and became an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He gained national recognition as an anti-war activist, serving as a spokesperson for the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization. Kerry testified in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, where he described the United States government's policy in Vietnam as the cause of war crimes."]}, {"id": 484597, "question": "Hezekiah Augur >> place of birth", "answer": "New Haven", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["Augur was born in New Haven, Connecticut. The son of a carpenter, he learned his trade as a woodcarver, carving table legs and other furniture ornament. Borrowing $2,000 from his father, he was invited to join a grocery store business venture. Three years later he discovered, to his shock and amazement, that not only was his money gone, but that he owed his partners $7,000. While thus engaged he invented a lace-making machine that lifted the financial burdens that he had assumed and thus allowed him to take up carving full-time. Around that time he also invented a machine for carving piano legs. He switched to marble later in his career, being among the first native born Americans to do so. Chauncey Ives studied briefly with Augur."]}, {"id": 24137, "question": "What weekly publication in #2 is issued by #1 ?", "answer": "Yale Herald", "paragraph_support_idx": 6, "support_sentence": ["New Haven is served by the daily \"New Haven Register\", the weekly \"alternative\" \"New Haven Advocate\" (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the \"Hartford Courant\"), the online daily \"New Haven Independent\", and the monthly \"Grand News Community Newspaper.\" Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The \"Register\" also backs \"PLAY\" magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the \"Yale Daily News\", the weekly \"Yale Herald\" and a humor tabloid, \"Rumpus Magazine\"."]}], "answer": "Yale Herald", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"6": "53825", "11": "6072259", "19": "5122699"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__508340_92444", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Crazy Rap", "paragraph_text": "\"Crazy Rap\", also known as \"Colt 45 and 2 Zig Zags\" or simply \"Colt 45\", is a dirty rap single recorded by rapper Afroman. It was featured on his third album, \"Sell Your Dope\", and was later included on his greatest hits album, \"The Good Times\". It is often referred to as \"Colt 45\", as the hook states \"Colt 45 and two zig-zags, baby that's all we need\". The song failed to replicate the success of its predecessor but it nonetheless still charted across Europe, reaching the top 10 in the UK.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brasse Vannie Kaap", "paragraph_text": "Brasse Vannie Kaap (BVK) was a hip-hop group that hailed from the Cape Flats in Cape Town, South Africa. They rapped in predominantly in the Cape Flats dialect of Afrikaans. The original line-up included Deon Daniels (Boeta-D), Roger Heunis (Hamma), Ashley Titus (Mr Fat) and Enver Pietersen (DJ E20). Bboys Cheeze, Baby-L and Levi joined the group soon after they started to perform live.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me", "paragraph_text": "``Shoo, Fly, Do n't Bother Me! ''is a song that was most likely written by T. Brigham Bishop and first published in 1869 by White, Smith & Perry. It has remained popular since that time. Today, it is commonly sung by children, and has been recorded on many children's records, including Disney Children's Favorite Songs 3, performed by Larry Groce and the Disneyland Children's Sing - Along Chorus.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Beyoncé", "paragraph_text": "Beyoncé's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z's \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay Z, became Beyoncé's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\" and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyoncé a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sirens (British band)", "paragraph_text": "Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \"Baby (Off the Wall)\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Tharu people", "paragraph_text": "Traditionally, marriages were often arranged during the pregnancies of two women. If they gave birth to opposite sex babies, the two babies were supposed to be married if they grew up as friends. It was problematic if a boy or girl came of age and rejected their assigned fiancé(e).  Finding a replacement was difficult because most girls and boys were already engaged. However this custom has been disappearing.  Most Tharus now practice conventional arranged marriages.  They also practice love marriages, inter caste marriage, marriage after courtship and eloping.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Beyoncé", "paragraph_text": "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles - Carter (/ biːˈjɒnseɪ /; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyoncé performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. Beyoncé rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl - group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best - selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyoncé's theatrical film debut in Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) and the release of her debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003). The album established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards, and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles ``Crazy in Love ''and`` Baby Boy''.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sings Hank Williams", "paragraph_text": "Sings Hank Williams is the seventh album by American country and rock and roll singer Johnny Cash, released under Sun Records on September 15, 1960. The album was reissued on Varèse Sarabande on June 17, 2003 as \"Sings Hank Williams and Other Favorites\" with five bonus tracks, two of them being alternate recordings of numbers already available on the album.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "List of awards and nominations received by Nicki Minaj", "paragraph_text": "Throughout 2011 -- 16, Minaj has been nominated for a total of 10 Grammy Awards. She received her first Grammy nomination in 2011 in the category Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the single ``My Chick Bad ''with fellow rapper Ludacris at the 53rd ceremony. For the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012, Minaj received nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rap Album for her debut album Pink Friday, and Best Rap Performance for her single`` Moment 4 Life'' featuring Drake. In 2015, Minaj received two nominations at the 57th Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song for her single ``Anaconda ''and Best Pop Duo / Group Performance for her joint single`` Bang Bang'', with Jessie J and Ariana Grande. For the 58th Grammy Awards in 2016, Minaj received three nominations, including Best Rap Album for her third studio album The Pinkprint.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Hi-Teknology", "paragraph_text": "Hi-Teknology is the debut album from producer Hi-Tek, released on Rawkus Records. Most songs feature rapping or singing by other artists, and all are produced by Hi-Tek. A sequel, \"Hi-Teknology 2\", was made for MCA Records but never released; a second \"Hi-Teknology 2\" was recorded and released on Babygrande Records.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "The Polar Express (film)", "paragraph_text": "Nona Gaye as the Hero Girl Chantel Valdivieso as the Hero Girl (additional motion - capture) Meagan Moore as the Hero Girl (singing voice) Tinashe as the Hero Girl (motion - capture modeling)", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Baby (Justin Bieber song)", "paragraph_text": "The song is predominantly upbeat, featuring Bieber's R&B vocals over a backdrop containing a dance infused beat, full of keyboard and ``disco string ''synths. The song is composed in the key of E ♭ major with Bieber's vocal range spanning from the low - note of G to the high - note of C. According to Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone, the song`` blends winks at Fifties doo - wop with hip - hop chants'', comparing the style and the lyrics ``My first love broke my heart for the first time / And I was like / Baby, baby, baby, ooooh / I thought you'd always be mine ''to fifties ballads like`` Tears on My Pillow'', ``Why Do Fools Fall in Love ''and`` Earth Angel''. Lyrically, Bieber's lines explain his distress over his lost love, and promise to get it back, featured in lines like, ``And I wan na play it cool / But I'm losin 'you... / I'm in pieces / So come and fix me... ''. The chorus features the distinct and repetitive`` baby, baby, baby, ohhhh (nooooo)'' hook. After the second verse, Ludacris comes in with the verse - rap, an anecdote of young love when he was thirteen, as it runs ``When I was 13 / I had my first love / She had me going crazy / Oh, I was star - struck / She woke me up daily / Do n't need no Starbucks... ''.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Let the Heartaches Begin", "paragraph_text": "\"Let the Heartaches Begin\" is a song performed by British singer Long John Baldry. The single was a number one hit in the UK Singles Chart on 22 November 1967 where it stayed for two weeks. It was the second of two consecutive UK number one hits for the writing partnership of Tony Macaulay and John Macleod, the first being \"Baby Now That I've Found You\" by The Foundations. Macaulay says of the recording session \"Long John Baldry sings it extraordinarily well, thanks to three-quarters of a bottle of Courvoisier\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Beyoncé", "paragraph_text": "At age eight, Beyoncé and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while in an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group with three other girls as Girl's Tyme, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search, the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyoncé later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyoncé's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyoncé's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyoncé's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Crazy Rap", "paragraph_text": "``Crazy Rap '', also known as`` Colt 45 and 2 Zig Zags'' or simply ``Colt 45 '', is a dirty rap single recorded by rapper Afroman. It was featured on his third album, Sell Your Dope, and was later included on his greatest hits album, The Good Times. It is often referred to as`` Colt 45'', as the hook states ``Colt 45 and two zig - zags, baby that's all we need ''. The song failed to replicate the success of its predecessor but it nonetheless still charted across Europe, reaching the top 10 in the UK.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "The Brady Bunch", "paragraph_text": "The theme song, penned by Schwartz and Frank De Vol, and originally arranged, sung, and performed by Paul Parrish, Lois Fletcher, and John Beland under the name the Peppermint Trolley Company, quickly communicated to audiences that the Bradys were a blended family. The Brady family is shown in a tic - tac - toe board with Carol on the top center, Alice in the middle block, and Mike on bottom middle. To the right are three blocks with the boys from the oldest on top to the youngest. To the left are three blocks with the girls from the oldest to the youngest. In season two, the Brady kids took over singing the theme song. In season three, the boys sing the first verse, girls sing the second verse, and all sing together for the third and last verse. The sequence was created and filmed by Howard A. Anderson, Jr., a visual effects pioneer who worked on the title sequences for many popular television series.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Blestyashchiye", "paragraph_text": "Blestyashchiye (, lit. \" the shining ones\") is one of the first and most enduring all-girl singing groups in Russia.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Britain's Got Talent (series 8)", "paragraph_text": "The eighth series was won by boy band Collabro, with opera singer Lucy Kay finishing in second place and singing / rapping duo Bars and Melody in third place. During its broadcast, the series averaged around 9.8 million viewers.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Favorite Girl", "paragraph_text": "\"Favorite Girl\" is a song by Canadian recording artist, Justin Bieber. The song was written and produced by D'Mile, and Antea Birchett, Anesha Birchett, and Delisha Thomas also receive writing credits. Bieber debuted the acoustic version of his song in his official YouTube account after American country pop singer Taylor Swift used Bieber's single \"One Time\" as background music in one of her video tour diaries. The song was later released exclusively to iTunes as the second promotional single from his debut studio release, \"My World\" on November 4, 2009.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Loser (Beck song)", "paragraph_text": "Referred to as a ``stoner rap ''by AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the lyrics are mostly nonsensical. The song's chorus, in which Beck sings the lines`` Soy un perdedor / I'm a loser baby, so why do n't you kill me?'', is often interpreted as a parody of Generation X's ``slacker ''culture. Beck has denied the validity of this meaning, instead saying that the chorus is simply about his lack of skill as a rapper. Jon Pareles wrote in The New York Times that`` The sentiment of 'Loser' (...) reflects the twentysomething trademark, a mixture of self - mockery and sardonic defiance'', noting Beck's ``offhand vocal tone and free - associative lyrics ''and comparing his vocals to`` Bob Dylan talk - singing''. After its recording, Beck thought that the song was interesting but unimpressive. He later said, ``The raps and vocals are all first takes. If I'd known the impact it was going to make, I would have put something a little more substantial in it. ''The relationship between Beck and Stephenson soured after the release of`` Loser'' as a single. Stephenson regretted his involvement in creating the song, in particular the ``negative ''lyrics, saying`` I feel bad about it. It's not Beck the person, it's the words. I just wish I could have been more of a positive influence.''", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who raps in Baby by the performer of Favorite Girl?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 508340, "question": "Favorite Girl >> performer", "answer": "Justin Bieber", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["\"Favorite Girl\" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. The song was written and produced by D'Mile, and Antea Birchett, Anesha Birchett, and Delisha Thomas also receive writing credits. Bieber debuted the acoustic version of his song in his official YouTube account after American singer Taylor Swift used Bieber's single \"One Time\" as background music in one of her video tour diaries. The song was later released exclusively to iTunes as the second promotional single from his debut studio release, \"My World\" on November 2, 2009."]}, {"id": 92444, "question": "who sings the rap in baby by #1", "answer": "Ludacris", "paragraph_support_idx": 11, "support_sentence": ["\"Baby\" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber featuring American rapper Ludacris. It was released as the lead single on Bieber's debut studio album, \"My World 2.0\". The track was written by the artists alongside Christina Milian and producers Tricky Stewart and The-Dream."]}], "answer": "Ludacris", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"11": "25788953", "18": "9559805"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__511215_10038", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Maurice Hope", "paragraph_text": "Maurice Hope (born 6 December 1951 in St. John's, Antigua) is a former boxer from England, who was world Jr. Middleweight champion. Hope lived in Hackney most of his life, but now lives in his place of birth, Antigua. He represented Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Raja Haji Fisabilillah", "paragraph_text": "Raja Haji Fisabilillah (full name Raja Haji Fisabilillah ibni Daeng Chelak) (1727–1784) was a Bugis warrior, and also the Yang Dipertuan Muda (Crown Prince) of the Johor-Riau Sultanate from 1777 to 1784.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "List of Arrow characters", "paragraph_text": "Moira Queen (portrayed by Susanna Thompson; Seasons 1 - 2) is the mother of Oliver and Thea, the former acting CEO of Queen Consolidated, mayoral candidate and wife of Robert Queen and later Walter Steele. She also had a brief affair with Malcolm Merlyn after his wife's death, which resulted in Thea's birth. She is based on the minor DC Comics character of the same name.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Yang Guo", "paragraph_text": "Yang Guo, courtesy name Gaizhi, is the fictional protagonist of the wuxia novel \"The Return of the Condor Heroes\" by Jin Yong.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Cristina Yang", "paragraph_text": "During her internship, Cristina has an on - off relationship with the chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) that leads to an accidental pregnancy. Yang schedules an abortion without telling him about the pregnancy due to Burke's behavior towards their lack of relationship status. However, Yang experiences an ectopic pregnancy and Burke discovers the pregnancy after Yang collapses from a burst fallopian tube. Burke and Yang begin a relationship in the aftermath of her miscarriage. After Burke is shot in the arm and develops a hand tremor, Yang helps him cover it up by developing a covert partnership wherein she performs most of his surgeries. Yang initially denies involvement during a confrontation, but then confesses everything to Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the chief of surgery. Yang's actions jeopardize Burke's chances of becoming chief, which he sees as a huge betrayal. After a short breakup, Yang breaks the silence and Burke proposes marriage, which Yang accepts after eight days of hesitation. Burke calls off the wedding, leaving Yang at the altar. She goes on her honeymoon to Hawaii with Meredith to recover, returning to discover that Burke has disappeared from her life and transferred to a different hospital.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Grand Prix (2010 film)", "paragraph_text": "Grand Prix () is 2010 South Korean sports film directed by Yang Yun-ho. It stars Kim Tae-hee and Yang Dong-geun in lead roles as horse jockeys.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Goodbye Mr. Loser", "paragraph_text": "Goodbye Mr. Loser () is a 2015 Chinese comedy film directed by Yan Fei and Peng Damo, and starring Shen Teng, Ma Li, Yin Zheng, Ai Lun, Wang Zhi, Tian Yu, Song Yang, Chang Yuan and Li Ping. The film is based on a play of the same name. It was released on September 30, 2015. Some critics have accused the film of containing similar plot elements as the 1986 American film \"Peggy Sue Got Married\". The directors later denied these allegations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Yuan Quan", "paragraph_text": "Yuan Quan was born in a Hui-Han family. She married actor Xia Yu in 2009, a decade after their first got together as students in Central Academy of Drama. They have appeared in 4 films together: \"The Law of Romance\" (2003), \"Waiting Alone\" (2004), \"Shanghai Rumba\" (2006) and \"Breakup Buddies\" (2014). Yuan Quan also portrayed a character named Xia Yu in \"Pretty Big Feet\" (2002). Their daughter was born on March 31, 2010.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jalan Tun Sardon", "paragraph_text": "Jalan Tun Sardon (Penang State Road P14) is a major road in Penang, Malaysia. Connecting Balik Pulau in the west until Paya Terubong in the east. It was named after the former Penang's state Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor), Tun Sardon Jubir.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "How Is Your Fish Today?", "paragraph_text": "How Is Your Fish Today?, also known as Jin Tian De Yu Zen Me Yang?, is a 2007 Chinese film written by Xiaolu Guo and Hui Rao. It was directed by Xiaolu Guo. The film is a drama set in modern China, focusing on the intertwined stories of two main characters; a frustrated writer (Hui Rao) and the subject of his latest work, Lin Hao (Zijiang Yang). \"How Is Your Fish Today\" won 4 international awards and was well received by critics, but was not commercially successful.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Yang Pu", "paragraph_text": "Yang Pu was born in 900, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, as the fourth son of the major late-Tang warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), whose domain would become Wu eventually. His mother was Yang Xingmi's concubine Lady Wang. In 919, during the reign of his older brother Yang Longyan (King Xuan, Yang Xingmi's second son, who in turn succeeded another older brother, Yang Wo (Prince Wei of Hongnong)), Yang Pu was created the Duke of Danyang.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wu Quanyou", "paragraph_text": "Wu Quanyou (1834–1902), or Wu Ch'uan-yu, was an influential teacher of t'ai chi ch'uan in late Imperial China. His son is credited as the founder of the Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan. As he was of Manchu descent, and would have been named by his family in Manchu, the name \"Wú\" (吳) was a sinicisation that approximated the pronunciation of the first syllable of his Manchu clan name, \"U Hala\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Lew Hing", "paragraph_text": "Lew Hing (劉興) (May 1858 in Canton, China – March 7, 1934) was a Chinese-born American industrialist. His formal married name was Lew Yu-ling.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Xiaokai Yang", "paragraph_text": "Xiaokai Yang (born as Yang Xiguang; Simplified Chinese: 杨小凯; 6 October 1948 – 7 July 2004) was a Chinese-Australian economist. He was one of the world's pre-eminent theorists in economic analysis, and an influential campaigner for democracy in China.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Yang Longyan", "paragraph_text": "Yang Longyan was born in 897, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang; he was the second son of Yang Xingmi, who, by the time of his birth, was a major warlord as the military governor (\"Jiedushi\") of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). His mother was Yang Xingmi's concubine Lady Shi, who was also the mother of his older brother Yang Wo. (Yang Longyan's four younger brothers all appear to be born of different mothers; Yang Pu was known to be born of Lady Wang, while the mothers of the other three brothers were lost to history.) After Yang Xingmi's death in 905, Yang Wo inherited his domain and carried the title of Prince of Hongnong.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hsiang-yen Chih-hsien", "paragraph_text": "Hsiang-yen Chih-hsien 香嚴(or 香巖)智閑 (Hànyǔ Pīnyīn: Xiāngyán Zhìxián; Rōmaji: Kyōgen Chikan, \"c\". 820–898) was a T'ang dynasty Ch'an master of the House of Kuei-yang. A Dharma heir of Kuei-shan Ling-yu 溈山靈祐 (Hànyǔ Pīnyīn: Wéishān Língyòu; Rōmaji: Isan Reiyū, 771–853), the story of Hsiang-yen's enlightenment is rather famous in the Zen tradition. According to his enlightenment story, he had been an accomplished scholar of Buddhist \"sūtra\"s, but for many years had made very little headway in his meditation practice. One day, his master asked him what his original face was before birth, to which he could not respond—this question became his \"kōan\", and he subsequently burned his \"sūtra\"s and set out to settle the matter. One day, while working, he heard the sound of a tile striking the ground and attained enlightenment.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Zhejiang", "paragraph_text": "Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Yang Wenguang", "paragraph_text": "In history, Yang Wenguang was the son of Yang Yanzhao, however, he is the grandson of Yang Yanzhao in the popular fictionalized stories of Yang clan warriors.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Moon Kyung-ja", "paragraph_text": "Moon Kyung-ja (born 14 August 1965) is a South Korean former basketball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics. Her daughter Yang Ji-yeong, a graduate of Sookmyung Girls' High School, was drafted by the Women's Korean Basketball League Yongin Samsung Life Bichumi team in 2011.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Yang Yu (swimmer)", "paragraph_text": "Yang Yu (; born February 6, 1985 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang) is a female Olympic medal-winning swimmer from the People's Republic of China. She became part of the Chinese national swimming team in 1999, and competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "What was the former name of the birthplace of Yang Yu?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 511215, "question": "Yang Yu >> place of birth", "answer": "Hangzhou", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["Yang Yu (; born February 6, 1985, in Hangzhou, Zhejiang) is an Olympic medal-winning swimmer from the People's Republic of China. She became part of the Chinese national swimming team in 1999, and competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics."]}, {"id": 10038, "question": "What was the former name of #1 ?", "answer": "Qiantang", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiantang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou."]}], "answer": "Qiantang", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"16": "96602", "19": "6294442"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_4525608975737028945", "question": "who is the actor that plays ron weasley", "answer": "Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "158595"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__128637_397470", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "WRHI", "paragraph_text": "WRHI is a news/talk radio station in Rock Hill, South Carolina. It broadcasts on AM frequency 1340 kHz with a simulcast on 100.1 FM (via translator W261CP) and is under ownership of OTS Media Group. Its studios and transmitter are both located separately in Rock Hill.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Yeletsky District", "paragraph_text": "Yeletsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eighteen in Lipetsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Yelets (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 29,627 (2002 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Surgutsky District", "paragraph_text": "Surgutsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the nine in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the center of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Surgut (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 113,515 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nefteyugansky District", "paragraph_text": "Nefteyugansky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the nine in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the south of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Nefteyugansk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 44,815 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Starokostiantyniv Raion", "paragraph_text": "Starokostiantyniv Raion (, ) is one of the 20 administrative raions (a \"district\") of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Starokostiantyniv. Its population was 37,459 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census and 30,448 as of 2012.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Serpukhovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Serpukhovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Serpukhov (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 35,173 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Henichesk Raion", "paragraph_text": "Henichesk Raion () is one of the 18 administrative raions (districts) of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located in the city of Henichesk. Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Paea", "paragraph_text": "Paea is a commune in the suburbs of Papeete in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. Paea is located on the island of Tahiti, in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 13,021.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Orenburgsky District", "paragraph_text": "Orenburgsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-five in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 74,404 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ap Lo Chun", "paragraph_text": "Ap Lo Chun () is a small island in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located in Ap Chau Bay () between Ap Chau in the east and Sai Ap Chau in the west, with the islet of Ap Tan Pai nearby in the northeast. It is under the administration of North District.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Podolsky District", "paragraph_text": "Podolsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast just south of the federal city of Moscow. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Podolsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 82,488 (2010 Census);", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Khmelnytskyi Raion", "paragraph_text": "Khmelnytskyi Raion (, ) is one of the 20 administrative raions (a \"district\") of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Khmelnytskyi. Even though the city of Khmelnytskyi is separate from the raion's government, it still serves as its administrative center in addition to its role as that of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast's administrative center. Its population was 53,686 in the 2001 Ukrainian Census and 52,906 .", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Westerplatte", "paragraph_text": "Westerplatte is a peninsula in Gdańsk, Poland, located on the Baltic Sea coast mouth of the Dead Vistula (one of the Vistula delta estuaries), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. From 1926 to 1939 it was the location of a Polish Military Transit Depot (WST), sanctioned within the territory of the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Sloviansk Raion", "paragraph_text": "Sloviansk Raion () is one of the 18 districts of Donetsk Oblast, located in southeastern Ukraine. The administrative center of the district is the city of Sloviansk, which is separately incorporated as a city of oblast significance and does not belong to the raion. Population: .", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Biysky District", "paragraph_text": "Biysky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai and borders with Zonalny, Tselinny, Soltonsky, Krasnogorsky, Sovetsky, and Smolensky Districts, as well as with the territory of the City of Biysk. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Biysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). District's population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rock Hill, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Rock Hill is the largest city in York County, South Carolina, United States and the fifth-largest city in the state. It is also the fourth-largest city of the Charlotte metropolitan area, behind Charlotte, Concord, and Gastonia (all located in North Carolina, unlike Rock Hill). As of the 2010 Census, the population was 66,154. In 2016, the population had increased to 72,937.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Perm", "paragraph_text": "Perm (;) is a city and the administrative centre of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Khabarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Khabarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the county for the city where WRHI is located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 128637, "question": "What city is WRHI located?", "answer": "Rock Hill", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["WRHI is a news/talk radio station in Rock Hill, South Carolina. It broadcasts on AM frequency 1340 kHz with a simulcast on 100.1 FM (via translator W261CY) and is under ownership of OTS Media Group. Its studios and transmitter are both located separately in Rock Hill. In addition to WRHI, OTS Media owns WRHM-FM 107.1, WVSZ-FM 107.3, FM 94.3, FM 104.1, and CN2 & CN2Xtra Television (seen on Comporium Cable Channels 102 and 103)"]}, {"id": 397470, "question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "York County", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["Rock Hill is the most populous city in York County, South Carolina, United States, and the 5th-most populous city in the state. It is also the 4th-most populous city of the Charlotte metropolitan area, behind Charlotte, Concord, and Gastonia (all located in North Carolina). As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 74,372."]}], "answer": "York County", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "7296106", "17": "134715"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__825300_99606", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "Football in Tuvalu is played at club and national team level. The Tuvalu national football team trains at the Tuvalu Sports Ground in Funafuti and competes in the Pacific Games. The Tuvalu National Football Association is an associate member of the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) and is seeking membership in FIFA. The Tuvalu national futsal team participates in the Oceanian Futsal Championship.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world’s population living in one-quarter of the world’s land area. However, from Europe's perspective, they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "South America", "paragraph_text": "Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The Andean States, the Guianas and the Southern Cone.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Central America", "paragraph_text": "Central America (Spanish: América Central, Centroamérica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Argentinosaurus", "paragraph_text": "Argentinosaurus (meaning \"Argentine lizard\") is a genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur first discovered by Guillermo Heredia in Argentina. The generic name refers to the country in which it was discovered. The dinosaur lived on the then-island continent of South America somewhere between 97 and 93.5 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period. It is among the largest known dinosaurs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bismarck monument", "paragraph_text": "From 1868 onwards, Bismarck monuments were erected in many parts of the German Empire in honour of the long-serving Prussian minister-president and first German \"Reichskanzler\", Prince Otto von Bismarck. Today some of these monuments are on the soil of other countries including France, Poland and Russia as well as the former German colonies on other continents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Master of Wine", "paragraph_text": "Until 1983, the examination was limited to United Kingdom wine importers, merchants and retailers. The first non-UK Master of Wine was awarded in 1988. As of October 2017, there are 369 MWs in the world, living in 29 countries. The MWs are spread across 5 continents, wherein UK has 208 MWs, USA has 45 MWs, Australia has 24 MWs and France only has 16 MWs. There are 9 countries with 1 MW each on the list.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "What I'd Say", "paragraph_text": "\"What I'd Say\" is a song written by Robert Byrne and Will Robinson, and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in October 1988 as the third single from his album, \"The Heart of It All\". \"What I'd Say\" was Earl Thomas Conley's seventeenth number one country single. The single went to number one on the U.S. and Canadian country chart's and spent a total of fourteen weeks on the U.S. country chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least - populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Peter Guttman (photographer)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Guttman is an American author, photographer, lecturer, television personality and adventurer who has traveled on assignment through over 230 countries and seven continents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tyrannosaurus", "paragraph_text": "Tyrannosaurus is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur. The species Tyrannosaurus rex (rex meaning ``king ''in Latin), often colloquialy called simply T. rex or T - Rex, is one of the most well - represented of the large theropods. Tyrannosaurus lived throughout what is now western North America, on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia. Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids. Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the upper Cretaceous Period, 68 to 66 million years ago. It was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids, and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of Brazil", "paragraph_text": "The first European to colonize what is now the Federative Republic of Brazil on the continent of South America was Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 / 1468 - c. 1520) on April 22, 1500 under the sponsorship of the Kingdom of Portugal. From the 16th to the early 19th century, Brazil was a colony and a part of the Portuguese Empire. The country expanded south along the coast and west along the Amazon and other inland rivers from the original 15 donatary captaincy colonies established on the northeast Atlantic coast east of the Tordesillas Line of 1494 (approximately the 46th meridian west) that divided the Portuguese domain to the east from the Spanish domain to the west. The country's borders were only finalized in the early 20th century.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Luasamotu", "paragraph_text": "Luasamotu is an uninhabited islet of Vaitupu, Tuvalu. Luasamotu on the reef off the eastern part of Vaitupu known as Matangi.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Africa", "paragraph_text": "Africa is the world's second - largest and second-most - populous continent (the first being Asia). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of its total land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "National Pan-Hellenic Council", "paragraph_text": "National Pan-Hellenic Council Data Established 1930 Members 9 Continent North America Country United States Headquarters Decatur, Georgia Organization type Coalition of members", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia (continent)", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand is not part of the continent of Australia, but of the separate, submerged continent of Zealandia. New Zealand and Australia are both part of the Oceanian sub-region known as Australasia, with New Guinea being in Melanesia. The term Oceania is often used to denote the region encompassing the Australian continent and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven - continent model.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Inauguration of John F. Kennedy", "paragraph_text": "It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, ``ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. ''This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech -- a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Mesozoic", "paragraph_text": "Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "List of island countries", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of island countries. An island is a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water. Many island countries are spread over an archipelago, as is the case with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Indonesia (which consists of thousands of islands). Others consist of a single island, such as Nauru, or part of an island, such as Haiti. Although Australia is designated as a continent, it is often referred to as an island, as it has no land borders. Some declared island countries are not universally recognized as politically independent, such as Northern Cyprus. Some states, such as Taiwan, officially claim to hold continental territories but are de facto limited to control over islands.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1 billion people, or 15% of the world's population. Europe's 733 million people make up 12% of the world's population as of 2012, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least - populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In which region is the country where Luasamotu is located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 825300, "question": "Luasamotu >> country", "answer": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["Luasamotu is an uninhabited islet of Vaitupu, Tuvalu. Luasamotu on the reef off the eastern part of Vaitupu known as Matangi."]}, {"id": 99606, "question": "The continent of #1 is what?", "answer": "Oceania", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["Tuvalu ( ) is an island country in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean, about midway between Hawaii and Australia. It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (which belong to the Solomon Islands), northeast of Vanuatu, southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna, and north of Fiji."]}], "answer": "Oceania", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "30227", "12": "11978512"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__488396_127008", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Come Back When You Grow Up", "paragraph_text": "``Come Back When You Grow Up ''is a song written by Martha Sharp and performed by Bobby Vee and The Strangers. The song was a comeback for the 24 year - old Vee, and it reached # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967. The song appeared on his 1967 album, Come Back When You Grow Up.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Come Fill the Cup", "paragraph_text": "Come Fill the Cup is a 1951 film starring James Cagney and Gig Young, directed by Gordon Douglas. Young's performance was nominated for an Academy Award and Golden Globe.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Jesse (Carly Simon song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Jesse\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and produced by Mike Mainieri. The song was the lead single from Simon's ninth studio album, \"Come Upstairs\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Messiah (Vidal novel)", "paragraph_text": "Messiah is a satirical novel by Gore Vidal, first published in 1954 in the United States by E.P. Dutton. It is the story of the creation of a new religion, Cavism, which quickly comes to replace the established but failing Christian religion.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Sumitra Charat Ram", "paragraph_text": "Sumitra Charat Ram (17 November 1914 – 8 August 2011) was a noted Indian arts patron, impresario and the founder of Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra (SBKK) established in 1952. She played a key role in the revival of performing arts, especially Kathak in the post-independence era, with the establishment of Kathak Kendra.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "British Indian Association", "paragraph_text": "The British Indian Association was established on 31 October 1851. Its formation was a major event of 19th - century India. Its establishment meant Indians had come together and could no longer be ignored. It developed enormous hopes amongst the Indians about their future.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "The Core (band)", "paragraph_text": "The Core (established 1999 in Trondheim, Norway) is a Norwegian Jazz band, known from a series of recordings. It was initiated by the drummer Espen Aalberg, and are performing music in the Coltrane/Shorter tradition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Albatrosh", "paragraph_text": "Albatrosh (established 2006 in Skien, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz duo performing their own musical compositions described as dense and dynamic.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Here She Comes Now / Venus in Furs", "paragraph_text": "\"Here She Comes Now\"/\"Venus in Furs\" is a split single from the American rock bands Nirvana and The Melvins. It was released in 1991 and includes the songs \"Here She Comes Now\" performed by Nirvana, and \"Venus in Furs\" performed by The Melvins. Both songs are cover versions of Velvet Underground songs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Celebrity Series of Boston", "paragraph_text": "The Celebrity Series of Boston is a non-profit performing arts presenter established in Boston, Massachusetts by Boston impresario Aaron Richmond in 1938 as Aaron Richmond's Celebrity Series. Since its founding the Celebrity Series has evolved into one of New England's major presenting organizations with over 100 performance and outreach activities annually.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Ponette", "paragraph_text": "Ponette is a 1996 French film directed by Jacques Doillon. The film centers on four-year-old Ponette (Victoire Thivisol), who is coming to terms with the death of her mother. The film received acclaim for Thivisol's performance, who was only four at the time of filming.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Clarence James Duhart", "paragraph_text": "Clarence James Duhart (March 23, 1912 – September 21, 1998) was an American born bishop in the Catholic Church. He served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Undon Thani in the region of Isan, Thailand from 1965-1975.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Jérémie Elkaïm", "paragraph_text": "Jérémie Elkaïm (born 29 August 1978) is a French actor, screenwriter and film director best known for his role in \"Presque rien\" (US title: \"Come Undone\", 2000). In the film, he plays Mathieu, a troubled, emotionally fragile teen who finds himself in a whirlwind romance with Cédric (played by Stéphane Rideau). His performance in the film garnered him much critical acclaim.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Duran Duran", "paragraph_text": "Duran Duran () are an English new wave band formed in Birmingham in 1978. The band were one of the most successful acts of the 1980s, but by the end of the decade, membership and music style changes challenged the band before a resurgence in the early 1990s. The group were a leading band in the MTV-driven Second British Invasion of the US in the 1980s. They achieved 14 singles in the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart and 21 in the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and have sold over 100 million records worldwide.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Come Undone (Duran Duran song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Come Undone\" is a song by British band Duran Duran. It was released in March 1993 as the second single from the album \"Duran Duran (The Wedding Album)\". It is their 24th single overall.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Jim Corbett National Park", "paragraph_text": "Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India and was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect the endangered Bengal tiger. It is located in Nainital district of Uttarakhand and was named after Jim Corbett who played a key role in its establishment. The park was the first to come under the Project Tiger initiative.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Something Is Squeezing My Skull", "paragraph_text": "The single comes backed with live recordings of \"This Charming Man\", \"Best Friend on the Payroll\" and \"I Keep Mine Hidden\", the latter being performed for the first time ever by Morrissey and his band at BBC Radio 2's 'Live With Morrissey' concert in February 2009.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance", "paragraph_text": "The Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for solo performance pop recordings (vocal or instrumental) and is limited to singles or tracks only.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Easter Oratorio", "paragraph_text": "The Easter Oratorio (), 249, is an oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach, beginning with (\"Come, hasten and run\"). Bach composed it in Leipzig and first performed it on 1 April 1725.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "What's done is done", "paragraph_text": "One of the first - recorded uses of this phrase was by the character Lady Macbeth in Act 3, Scene 2 of the tragedy play Macbeth (early 17th century), by the English playwright William Shakespeare, who said: ``Things without all remedy Should be without regard: what's done, is done ''and`` Give me your hand. What's done can not be undone. -- To bed, to bed, to bed!''", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When was the performer of Come Undone established?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 488396, "question": "Come Undone >> performer", "answer": "Duran Duran", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["\"Come Undone\" is a song by English rock band Duran Duran, released in March 1993 by Parlophone as the second single from their seventh studio album, \"Duran Duran\" (1993). With their commercial and critical success reestablished by the previous single \"Ordinary World\", \"Come Undone\" continued to showcase more of the band's entry into the adult contemporary radio format."]}, {"id": 127008, "question": "When was #1 established?", "answer": "1978", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["John Taylor and Nick Rhodes formed Duran Duran in 1978 in Birmingham, England, with Taylor's art school friend Stephen Duffy, naming their band after \"Dr. Durand Durand\", Milo O'Shea's character from the science fiction film \"Barbarella\" (1968), the day after the film was broadcast on BBC on 20 October 1978. The three of them (Taylor on guitar and vocals, Rhodes on synthesizer and tapes, Duffy on vocals and bass) played their first gig on 5 April 1979 at the Birmingham Polytechnic. Soon after, they were joined by Simon Colley on clarinet and bass. John (then going by his first name Nigel) was the guitarist at this point. After a few gigs, including a performance at Barbarella's in Birmingham opening for the band Fashion, Duffy and Colley left the band in June 1979."]}], "answer": "1978", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"13": "148703", "14": "417693"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__763556_851569", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Territory of Papua", "paragraph_text": "In 1949, the Territory and the Territory of New Guinea were established in an administrative union by the name of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. That administrative union was renamed as Papua New Guinea in 1971. Notwithstanding that it was part of an administrative union, the Territory of Papua at all times retained a distinct legal status and identity; it was a Possession of the Crown whereas the Territory of New Guinea was initially a League of Nations mandate territory and subsequently a United Nations trust territory. This important legal and political distinction remained until the advent of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 1975.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Ap Lo Chun", "paragraph_text": "Ap Lo Chun () is a small island in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located in Ap Chau Bay () between Ap Chau in the east and Sai Ap Chau in the west, with the islet of Ap Tan Pai nearby in the northeast. It is under the administration of North District.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Paea", "paragraph_text": "Paea is a commune in the suburbs of Papeete in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. Paea is located on the island of Tahiti, in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands. At the 2017 census it had a population of 13,021.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Aja Brown", "paragraph_text": "Aja Lena Brown (born April 17, 1982) is an American politician who currently serves as Mayor of Compton, California. She won the election, defeating both incumbent mayor Eric J. Perrodin and former mayor Omar Bradley. In 2018, she announced a run for the United States House of Representatives in California's 44th congressional district.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Union territory", "paragraph_text": "A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the Union Government (central government), hence the name ``union territory ''. Union territories in India qualify as federal territories, by definition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Deninu School", "paragraph_text": "Deninu School is a K-12 public school located in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories, Canada. The school currently represents the only public education option for youth in the hamlet and serves a student population of approximately 125 students. The administration of the school is the responsibility of the South Slave Divisional Education Council (SSDEC).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Lutsel K'e Dene School", "paragraph_text": "Lutsel K'e Dene School is a K-12 public school located in Lutselk'e, Northwest Territories, Canada. The school currently represents the only public education option for youth in the settlement and serves a student population of approximately 73 students. The administration of the school is the responsibility of the South Slave Divisional Education Council (SSDEC).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "States of Germany", "paragraph_text": "Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with one or more Kreisfreie Städte to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland are grouped into such an association, or Kommunalverband besonderer Art. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Biysky District", "paragraph_text": "Biysky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the east of the krai and borders with Zonalny, Tselinny, Soltonsky, Krasnogorsky, Sovetsky, and Smolensky Districts, as well as with the territory of the City of Biysk. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Biysk (which is not administratively a part of the district). District's population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Compton, California", "paragraph_text": "Compton is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city to incorporate. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 96,456. It is known as the \"Hub City\" due to its geographic centrality in Los Angeles County. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, Downtown Compton, and Richland Farms. The city is generally a working class city with some middle-class neighborhoods, and is home to a relatively young population, at an average 25 years of age, compared to the American median age of 38 (based on 2018 data).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Zec Bras-Coupé–Désert", "paragraph_text": "The ZEC Bras-Coupé-Desert is a \"zone d'exploitation contrôlée\" (controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC), located in the unorganized territory of Lac-Pythonga in La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Outaouais, in Quebec, in Canada.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Guam", "paragraph_text": "The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of \"free association\" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories), and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved, and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years, Congress had appropriated \"Compact Impact\" aids to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii, and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation needed]", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "How to Get Away with Murder (season 4)", "paragraph_text": "Viola Davis as Annalise Keating Billy Brown as Nate Lahey Jack Falahee as Connor Walsh Aja Naomi King as Michaela Pratt Matt McGorry as Asher Millstone Conrad Ricamora as Oliver Hampton Karla Souza as Laurel Castillo Charlie Weber as Frank Delfino Liza Weil as Bonnie Winterbottom", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Bogotá", "paragraph_text": "Bogotá (/ ˈboʊɡətɑː /, / ˌbɒɡəˈtɑː /, / ˌboʊ - /; Spanish pronunciation: (boɣoˈta) (listen)), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Khabarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Khabarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Vilnius County", "paragraph_text": "Vilnius County () is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Charles Edward Herbert", "paragraph_text": "Charles Edward Herbert (12 June 1860 – 21 January 1929) was an Australian politician and judge. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1900 to 1905, representing the electorate of Northern Territory. He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory from 1905 to 1910. He was then deputy chief judicial officer of the Territory of Papua (later Judge of the Central Court of Papua) from 1910 to 1928. This role saw him serve for extended periods on the Executive Council of Papua, and act as its Administrator and Lieutenant-Governor. During this period, he served as an acting judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in 1921. He was appointed Administrator of Norfolk Island in 1928, holding the position until his death in 1929.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arrondissement of Mechelen", "paragraph_text": "The Arrondissement of Mechelen (; ) is one of the three administrative arrondissements in the Province of Antwerp, Belgium. It is both an administrative and a judicial arrondissement, as the territory for both coincides.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film)", "paragraph_text": "Director Aja and art director Grégory Levasseur chose not to film in the original's filming location of Victorville, California, and instead scouted many locations for filming including Namibia, South Africa, New Mexico, and Mexico. The two settled on Ouarzazate in Morocco, which was also known as ``the gateway to the Sahara Desert ''.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "David Aja", "paragraph_text": "David Aja (born April 16, 1977) is a Spanish comic book artist, best known for his work on \"The Immortal Iron Fist\" and \"Hawkeye\".", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What county is the city where Aja Brown resides in?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 763556, "question": "Aja Brown >> residence", "answer": "Compton", "paragraph_support_idx": 3, "support_sentence": ["Aja Lena Brown (née Clinkscale; born April 17, 1982) is an American politician who was the mayor of Compton, California from 2013 to 2021. She won the election by defeating both incumbent mayor Eric J. Perrodin and former mayor Omar Bradley."]}, {"id": 851569, "question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Los Angeles County", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["Compton is a city located in the Gateway Cities region of southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county, and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city in Los Angeles County to incorporate. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 95,740. It is known as the \"Hub City\" due to its alleged geographic centrality in Los Angeles County, though it is actually near the southern end of the county. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, downtown Compton, and Richland Farms."]}], "answer": "Los Angeles County", "answer_aliases": ["Los Angeles County, California"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"3": "40714998", "9": "107615"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__143647_576190", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Premier League", "paragraph_text": "In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players, in 1999, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union. A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years, and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years. If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": ".cz", "paragraph_text": ".cz is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Czech Republic. It is administered by CZ.NIC. Registrations must be ordered via accredited domain name registrars.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Country Must Be Country Wide", "paragraph_text": "\"Country Must Be Country Wide\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country rock singer Brantley Gilbert. It was released in April 2011 as the first single from the deluxe edition of his 2010 album \"Halfway to Heaven\".", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Childbirth", "paragraph_text": "In many countries, age is reckoned from the date of birth, and sometimes the birthday is celebrated annually. East Asian age reckoning starts newborns at \"1\", incrementing each Lunar New Year.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Je vecht nooit alleen", "paragraph_text": "\"Je vecht nooit alleen\", (\"You never fight alone\") is a song by the Dutch band 3JS. The English version, Never alone, was the Dutch entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany. 3JS were internally selected by Dutch broadcaster TROS to represent their country. At the national final \"Nationaal Songfestival 2011\" they sang 5 songs. \"Je vecht nooit alleen\" was the favourite of both the professional jury and the televoters. The song was performed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 semi-final at 12 May 2011 but failed to place in final.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Must Be Doin' Somethin' Right", "paragraph_text": "``Must Be Doin 'Somethin' Right ''is a song written by Marty Dodson and Patrick Jason Matthews, and recorded by American country music singer Billy Currington. It was released in May 2005 as the first single from Currington's album Doin 'Somethin' Right. The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Daddy Sang Bass", "paragraph_text": "\"Daddy Sang Bass\" is a 1968 single written by Carl Perkins, with lines from the chorus of \"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?\" and recorded by Johnny Cash. \"Daddy Sang Bass\" was Johnny Cash's sixty-first release on the country chart. The song went to No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" country chart for 6 weeks and spent a total of 19 weeks on the chart. The single reached No. 56 on the \"Cashbox\" pop singles chart in 1969. \"Daddy Sang Bass\" was also released on the Columbia Records Hall of Fame Series as a 45, #13-33153, b/w \"Folsom Prison Blues\" (live version). The record was nominated in the CMA awards category of Single of the Year by the Country Music Association (CMA) in 1969.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Tom Gray", "paragraph_text": "Tom Gray (born February 1, 1941 in Chicago, Illinois) is a bluegrass musician widely considered one of the best bass players in the genre. He is probably best known for his bass playing with The Country Gentlemen and The Seldom Scene. In 1996, as a member of The Country Gentlemen, he was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Elizabeth II", "paragraph_text": "From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations. During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her. Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Countries of the United Kingdom by population", "paragraph_text": "The population of the countries and regions of the United Kingdom was last measured by census in 2011. and the Census organisations have produced population estimates for subsequent years by updating the census results with estimates of births, deaths and migration in each year. The census results, and the annual population estimates, summarised below show that England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom and its population is therefore also presented by region.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Brantley Gilbert", "paragraph_text": "Brantley Keith Gilbert (born January 20, 1985) is an American country music singer, songwriter and record producer from Jefferson, Georgia. He was originally signed to Colt Ford's label, Average Joes Entertainment, where he released \"Modern Day Prodigal Son\" and \"Halfway to Heaven\". He is now signed to the Valory division of Big Machine Records where he has released three studio albums—a deluxe edition of \"Halfway to Heaven\", \"Just as I Am\", \"The Devil Don't Sleep\", and 11 country chart entries, four of which have gone to number one. He also wrote Jason Aldean's singles \"My Kinda Party\" and \"Dirt Road Anthem\".", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Wide Country (TV series)", "paragraph_text": "Wide Country was an American Western television series that aired on NBC from September 20, 1962 to April 25, 1963.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Mid-twentieth century baby boom", "paragraph_text": "The end of World War II brought a baby boom to many countries, especially Western ones. There is some disagreement as to the precise beginning and ending dates of the post-war baby boom, but it is most often agreed to have begun in the years immediately after the war, though some place it earlier at the increase of births in 1941 - 1943. The boom started to decline as birth rates in the United States started to decline in 1958, though the boom would only grind to a halt 3 years later in 1961, 20 years after it began.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Economic inequality", "paragraph_text": "British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued) in countries and states with higher inequality. Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, they found social/health problems lower in countries like Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Birth control movement in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws. They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the Malthusian League -- the world's first birth control advocacy group -- which sought to limit population growth to avoid Thomas Malthus's dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine. By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France. As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs. The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Treaty Clause", "paragraph_text": "Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, includes the Treaty Clause, which empowers the president of the United States to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements, which must be confirmed by the Senate, between the United States and other countries, which become treaties between the United States and other countries after the advice and consent of a supermajority of the United States Senate.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Ty Herndon discography", "paragraph_text": "Ty Herndon is an American country music artist. His discography consists of six studio albums and 20 singles. Of his singles, three reached number 1 on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"What Mattered Most\", \"Living in a Moment\", and \"It Must Be Love\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Rainer Rauffmann", "paragraph_text": "After having played mainly for modest clubs in his country of birth, Germany, he revived his career in Cyprus where he played with success for Omonia, eventually representing the Cypriot national team despite having already reached his 30s.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Languages of Sierra Leone", "paragraph_text": "Sierra Leone is a multilingual country. English is the de facto official language, and Krio is the most widely spoken and is spoken in different countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sonja Lumme", "paragraph_text": "Sonja Lumme (born 6 October 1961, in Kristinestad) is a singer in Finland who represented her country in the Eurovision Song Contest 1985 in which she sang Eläköön elämä. She got 58 points and came 9th place overall. Lumme made further attempts to represent Finland, participating in the 1988 Finnish final and in 1989, she came fifth with \"Rakkauden Laulut\". Her final attempt was in 1992 with the song \"Rakkauden bulevardi\" which came third.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the place of birth of the performer of Country Must Be Country Wide?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 143647, "question": "Who sang or played Country Must Be Country Wide?", "answer": "Brantley Gilbert", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["\"Country Must Be Country Wide\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country rock singer Brantley Gilbert. It was released in April 2011 as the first single from the deluxe edition of his 2010 album \"Halfway to Heaven\"."]}, {"id": 576190, "question": "#1 >> place of birth", "answer": "Jefferson", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["Brantley Keith Gilbert (born January 20, 1985) is an American country rock singer, songwriter and record producer from Jefferson, Georgia. He was originally signed to Colt Ford's label, Average Joes Entertainment, where he released \"Modern Day Prodigal Son\" and \"Halfway to Heaven\". He is now signed to the Valory division of Big Machine Records where he has released six studio albums—a deluxe edition of \"Halfway to Heaven\", \"Just as I Am\", \"The Devil Don't Sleep\", \"Fire & Brimstone\", \"So Help Me God\", \"Tattoos\", and 14 country chart entries, four of which have gone to number one. He also co-wrote (with Colt Ford) and originally recorded Jason Aldean's singles \"My Kinda Party\" and \"Dirt Road Anthem\"."]}], "answer": "Jefferson", "answer_aliases": ["Jefferson, Georgia"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "33253346", "10": "27964866"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__451574_120065", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Hölderlinturm", "paragraph_text": "The Hölderlinturm (English: Hölderlin Tower) is a building located in Tübingen, Germany that served as the place of residence and death in the final years of poet Friedrich Hölderlin. He lived there from May 3, 1807 until his death in 1843. The building is located on the Neckar riverfront and is one of the most popularly known sites in Tübingen.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Albert Gottfried Dietrich", "paragraph_text": "Dietrich was curator at the Botanical Garden in Berlin and was an instructor at the institute of horticulture at Berlin-Schöneberg. From 1833 to 1856, with Christoph Friedrich Otto (1783–1856), he was publisher of \"Allgemeine Gartenzeitung\", a newspaper devoted to gardening.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine", "paragraph_text": "Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine (Friedrich Wilhelm August Victor Leopold Ludwig; 7 October 1870 – 29 May 1873) was the haemophiliac second son of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, one of the daughters of Queen Victoria. He was also a maternal great-uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh through his eldest sister Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "List of That '70s Show characters", "paragraph_text": "In the final episode, Eric returns to Point Place for the New Year and he and Donna kiss. It is presumed that they end up together again at the end of the series and the end of the 1970s.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Friedrich Schmidt-Ott", "paragraph_text": "Friedrich Gustav Adolf Eduard Ludwig Schmidt-Ott (until 1920 his surname was Schmidt) (4 June 1860, in Potsdam – 28 April 1956, in Berlin) was a German lawyer, scientific organizer, and science policymaker. He was the Prussian Minister of Culture, president of the Emergency Association of German Science, on the advisory boards of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and its institutes, and chairman of the Donor Federation of the Emergency Association of German Science.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Otto Friedrich Ferdinand von Görschen", "paragraph_text": "Otto Friedrich Ferdinand von Görschen (April 12, 1824 in Neuruppin – June 8, 1875 in Eberswalde) was a Royal Prussian lieutenant colonel and highly decorated war hero of the 19th century.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Otto of Bavaria", "paragraph_text": "Otto (German: Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar; 27 April 1848 – 11 October 1916) was King of Bavaria from 1886 to 1913. However, he never actively ruled because of alleged severe mental illness. His uncle, Luitpold, and his cousin, Ludwig, served as regents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "paragraph_text": "However Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first hand recollection of the Maximian persecution of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the Festal Epistles state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (30) and thus could not have been properly ordained as Patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible. The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Lawrence Amos McLouth", "paragraph_text": "Lawrence Amos McLouth, A.B., LL.D. (1863–1927) was an American Germanic scholar, born at Ontonagon, Michigan He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1887, as a member of the Zeta Psi fraternity. He served as principal of the Danville, Illinois High School for three years, then proceeded to Europe for additional training, studying for two years at Leipzig, Heidelberg, and Munich. He returned to the University of Michigan as instructor in German. In 1895 he became professor of Germanic languages and literatures at New York University. He edited Huldrych Zwingli's sermons (1902) and some of the novels of Friedrich Gerstäcker (1904) and Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse (1910). He published \"The Teaching of Foreign Literature\" (1903) and \"Verses\" (1910).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Friedrich Hayek", "paragraph_text": "During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Gerd Ludwig", "paragraph_text": "Gerd Ludwig (birth name Gerhard Erich Ludwig, born March 17, 1947 in Alsfeld, Hesse, Germany) is a German-American documentary photographer and photojournalist.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Gustav Albrecht, 5th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg", "paragraph_text": "Gustav Albrecht Alfred Franz Friedrich Otto Emil Ernst, 5th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, 28 February 1907 – 1944 (declared legally dead 29 November 1969) was Prince and head of the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein. He was the son of Richard, 4th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Gymnastics", "paragraph_text": "In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher", "paragraph_text": "Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher (2 August 1799 Dillenburg, Hessen, Germany – 13 December 1858 Cape Town), was a botanical and insect collector who collected extensively in South Africa. He was the author, with Christian Friedrich Ecklon, of \"Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis\" (1835-7), a descriptive catalogue of South African plants.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum", "paragraph_text": "In 1977, the name of the museum was changed to Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum to honour Irene and Peter Ludwig, art collectors who donated a significant part of their collection of art (medieval to modern) to the museum that year, after having given permanent loans from 1957 on.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Otto Ludwig (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Otto Ludwig (February 11, 1813 – February 25, 1865) was a German dramatist, novelist and critic born in Eisfeld in Thuringia. He was one of Germany's first modern realists and one of the most notable dramatists of the period.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Otto von Gerlach", "paragraph_text": "He was the youngest of five children of Carl Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach (1757–1813), first Lord Mayor of Berlin, and Agnes von Raumer (1795–1877), and brother of Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach (1795–1877) and Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach (1790–1861).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Villa Wartholz", "paragraph_text": "Villa Wartholz was designed by Heinrich von Ferstel in the historicist style in the years 1870 to 1872 for Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria. The castle-like building with towers was for recreational purposes, not for military means. The villa was designed with a view over the valley. Karl Ludwig spent so much time in this area, he reserved this place only for hunting by the imperial court. It was built near by his home Karl-Ludwig-Haus on the Rax.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius", "paragraph_text": "Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius (31 July 1788 – May 31, 1843), was a German Protestant theologian and divine born in Merseburg. He was the brother of philologist Detlev Karl Wilhelm Baumgarten-Crusius (1786-1845).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Merseburg", "paragraph_text": "From 1657 to 1738 Merseburg was the residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Merseburg, after which it fell to the Electorate of Saxony. In 1815 following the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "What year did Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius's birthplace end?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 451574, "question": "Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius >> place of birth", "answer": "Merseburg", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius (31 July 1788 – 31 May 1843) was a German Protestant theologian and divine born in Merseburg. He was the brother of philologist Detlev Karl Wilhelm Baumgarten-Crusius (1786-1845)."]}, {"id": 120065, "question": "What year did #1 end?", "answer": "1738", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["From 1657 to 1738 Merseburg was the residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Merseburg, after which it fell to the Electorate of Saxony. In 1815 following the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony."]}], "answer": "1738", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"18": "998505", "19": "21012"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__581349_355553_476740", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "The Oath of Allegiance (Judicial or Official Oath) is a promise to be loyal to the British monarch, and his or her heirs and successors, sworn by certain public servants in the United Kingdom, and also by newly naturalised subjects in citizenship ceremonies. The current standard wording of the oath of allegiance is set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "God of War (2018 video game)", "paragraph_text": "God of War is a third - person action - adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE). Released on April 20, 2018, for the PlayStation 4 (PS4) console, it is the eighth installment in the God of War series, the eighth chronologically, and the sequel to 2010's God of War III. Unlike previous games, which were loosely based on Greek mythology, this game is loosely based on Norse mythology. The main protagonists are Kratos, the former Greek God of War, and his young son Atreus. Following the death of Kratos' second wife and Atreus' mother, they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms. Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus, who is unaware of his divine nature. Along their journey, they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The House of Atreus Act I", "paragraph_text": "The House of Atreus Act I, released in 1999, is the ninth studio album by the American heavy metal band Virgin Steele. It has the subtitle \"A Barbaric-Romantic Opera\". This album is the first part of a metal opera inspired by the Oresteia, a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus which concerns the end of the curse on the House of Atreus. The music was intended to be the soundtrack for theatrical shows, with actors impersonating the characters of the tragedy. The metal opera was actually performed under the name \"Klytaimnestra - The House Of Atreus\" in European theatres from 1999 to 2001, with the production of the Memmingen Opera House company and Landestheater Production.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Pursuant to this power, Congress in 1790 passed the first naturalization law for the United States, the Naturalization Act of 1790. The law enabled those who had resided in the country for two years and had kept their current state of residence for a year to apply for citizenship. However it restricted naturalization to ``free white persons ''of`` good moral character''.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Voting age", "paragraph_text": "The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a ``Youth Citizenship Commission ''. The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said:`` Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation.''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Albano Carrisi", "paragraph_text": "Albano Carrisi (Italian: [alˈbaːno karˈriːzi]; born 20 May 1943), better known as Al Bano, is an Italian recording artist, actor, and winemaker. In 2016, he was awarded Albanian citizenship due to his close ties with the country.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "CKYC-FM", "paragraph_text": "CKYC-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 93.7 FM in Owen Sound, Ontario. The station airs a country music format branded as Country 93, primarily for Grey-Bruce Counties but also serving northern parts of Huron and Wellington Counties. The station is known for its active support of local country music, as well as bringing national and international country music acts to Grey and Bruce counties.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Errol Nolan", "paragraph_text": "Errol Osbourne Nolan II (born August 18, 1991) is an American born sprinter of Jamaican descent who holds dual citizenship with both countries. He now competes for Jamaica as of 2012. He specialises in the 200 and 400 metres.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Angels of the Apocalypse", "paragraph_text": "As with the previous effort, several heavy metal singers were invited to play the characters of the story of the album, with female vocalist Elize Ryd of Amaranthe reprising her role and Floor Jansen (Nightwish, ReVamp) playing the main character. The rest of the cast includes Fabio Lione (Rhapsody of Fire, Angra), David DeFeis (Virgin Steele), Simone Simons (Epica), Caterina Nix (solo Chilean singer who is having her debut album produced by Timo Tolkki) and Zachary Stevens (ex-Savatage, Circle II Circle).", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Energy Performance Certificate (United Kingdom)", "paragraph_text": "Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) were introduced in England and Wales on 1 August 2007 as part of Home Information Packs (HIPs) for domestic properties with four or more bedrooms. Over time this requirement was extended to smaller properties. When the requirement for HIPs was removed in May 2010, the requirement for EPCs continued. The scheme for HIPs was extended to encompass three bedroom homes from 10 September 2007. Rental properties, which have a certificate valid for 10 years, required on a new tenancy commencing on or after 1 October 2008. They are a result of European Union Directive 2002 / 91 / EC relating to the energy performance of buildings, as transposed into British law by the Housing Act 2004 and The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007 / 991).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Myanmar", "paragraph_text": "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952", "paragraph_text": "The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (Pub. L. 82 -- 414, 66 Stat. 163, enacted June 27, 1952), also known as the McCarran -- Walter Act, codified under Title 8 of the United States Code (8 U.S.C. ch. 12), governs immigration to and citizenship in the United States. It has been in effect since June 27, 1952. Before this Act, a variety of statutes governed immigration law but were not organized within one body of text.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "White House", "paragraph_text": "Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony. The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African - American laborers, as well as employed Europeans. Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban, as were the high - relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the ``fish scale ''pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. The initial construction took place over a period of eight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,279,177 today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "United States presidential line of succession", "paragraph_text": "No. Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence (R) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan (R) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch (R) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson (R) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin (R) 6 Secretary of Defense James Mattis (I) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions (R) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke (R) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue (R) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross (R) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta (R) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan (R) Acting 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson (R) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao (R) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry (R) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos (R) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin (I) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke (I) Acting ^ Jump up to: This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession. See Acting officers below. Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus ineligible for the Presidency.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Curses, Hexes and Spells", "paragraph_text": "Curses, Hexes and Spells is a 1974 book by Daniel Cohen. Marketed as children's book, it explains what exactly \"curses\" are, and describes supposed curses on families (such as the House of Atreus in Greek Mythology, the House of Habsburg or the Kennedy family), creatures, places (the Bermuda Triangle, the Devil's Sea), wanderers (like the Flying Dutchman) and ghosts. It also describes a few protective amulets from supposed \"occult\" dangers, and briefly touches on birthstones.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Puerto Rico", "paragraph_text": "In 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Jones -- Shafroth Act, popularly called the Jones Act, which granted Puerto Ricans, born on or after, April 25, 1898, U.S. citizenship. Opponents, which included all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates, who voted unanimously against it, said that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as American entry into World War I became likely.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "paragraph_text": "Schwarzenegger is a dual Austrian/United States citizen. He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "David DeFeis", "paragraph_text": "David DeFeis (born January 4, 1961) is an American singer, keyboard player, songwriter and producer. He is the main composer and leader of the heavy metal band Virgin Steele.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Telman Ismailov", "paragraph_text": "Telman Mardanovich Ismailov (, ; born 26 October 1956) is an Azerbaijani-born businessman and entrepreneur of Mountain Jew origin. Since Azerbaijan does not allow dual citizenship, he holds Russian-Turkish citizenship. He is the chairman of the Russian AST Group of companies, which is active in many countries. Until 2009, Ismailov owned the Europe's then-largest marketplace, Cherkizovsky Market, located in Moscow, Russia.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the country of citizenship of the person who is a part of the band that performs The House of Atreus Act I?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 581349, "question": "The House of Atreus Act I >> performer", "answer": "Virgin Steele", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["The House of Atreus Act I, released in 1999, is the ninth studio album by the American heavy metal band Virgin Steele. It has the subtitle \"A Barbaric-Romantic Opera\". This album is the first part of a metal opera inspired by the Oresteia, a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus which concerns the end of the curse on the House of Atreus. The music was intended to be the soundtrack for theatrical shows, with actors impersonating the characters of the tragedy. The metal opera was actually performed under the name \"Klytaimnestra – The House Of Atreus\" in European theatres from 1999 to 2001, with the production of the Memmingen Opera House company and Landestheater Production."]}, {"id": 355553, "question": "#1 >> has part", "answer": "David DeFeis", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["As with the previous effort, several heavy metal singers were invited to play the characters of the story of the album, with female vocalist Elize Ryd of Amaranthe reprising her role and Floor Jansen (Nightwish, ReVamp) playing the main character. The rest of the cast includes Fabio Lione (Rhapsody of Fire, Angra), David DeFeis (Virgin Steele), Simone Simons (Epica), Caterina Nix (solo Chilean singer who is having her debut album produced by Timo Tolkki) and Zachary Stevens (ex-Savatage, Circle II Circle)."]}, {"id": 476740, "question": "#2 >> country of citizenship", "answer": "America", "paragraph_support_idx": 18, "support_sentence": ["David DeFeis (born January 4, 1961) is an American singer, songwriter and producer. He is the main composer, leader and sole constant member of the heavy metal band Virgin Steele."]}], "answer": "America", "answer_aliases": ["U.S.", "U.S", "the United States", "the U.S.", "United States", "US"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"2": "10163748", "9": "41770159", "18": "19360420"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}
+{"id": "3hop2__30654_153061_89329", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Alaska", "paragraph_text": "Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church. The free black community also established many schools for its children, with the help of Quakers. New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Tom Ferrick", "paragraph_text": "Tom Ferrick, Jr. (1949) is an editor, reporter and columnist long active in print and web journalism in Philadelphia. Until 2013, Ferrick served as senior editor of Metropolis, a local news and information site based in Philadelphia that he founded in 2009. Prior to that, Ferrick worked as a reporter, editor and columnist with the Philadelphia Inquirer. He had been a columnist at the Inquirer since 1998 but left the newspaper in 2008. The Philadelphia native has spent nearly 40 years as a journalist, focusing mostly on government", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Stop the Killing KC", "paragraph_text": "Stop The Killing KC is a community improvement organization in Kansas City, Missouri patterned after \"\"stop the violence/stop the killing\"\" movements in other large American cities, urged since 1985 by Minister Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam movement, and drawing on lessons learned in past decades by many other community improvement organizations such as urban development programs in various U.S. Cities and evangelical or social outreach programs of various churches, religions or groups.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Redbird, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Redbird is a town in Wagoner County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 137 at the 2010 census, a 10.5 percent decline from 153 at the 2000 census. Founded at the turn of the 20th century, it was one of more than fifty all-black towns in Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory. It is one of thirteen surviving black communities in Oklahoma.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Bethany, Oklahoma", "paragraph_text": "Bethany is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The community was founded in 1909 by followers of the Church of the Nazarene from Oklahoma City.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bethel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Bethel is a former community in Clay County, Illinois, United States. Bethel was located in Songer Township, along a railroad line north of Greendale.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like \"church for people who have fallen from grace\" The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to \"old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'\". Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Freedom's Journal", "paragraph_text": "Freedom's Journal was the first African-American owned and operated newspaper published in the United States. Founded by Rev. Peter Williams, Jr. and other free black men in New York City, it was published weekly starting with the 16 March 1827 issue. \"Freedom's Journal\" was superseded in 1829 by \"The Rights of All\", published between 1829 and 1830 by Samuel Cornish, the former senior editor of the \"Journal\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church", "paragraph_text": "The church was organized by African - American members of St. George's Methodist Church who walked out due to racial segregation in the worship services. Mother Bethel was one of the first African - American churches in the United States, dedicated July 29, 1794, by Bishop Francis Asbury. On October 12, 1794, Reverend Robert Blackwell announced that the congregation was received in full fellowship in the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1816 Rev Richard Allen brought together other black Methodist congregations from the region to organize the new African Methodist Episcopal Church denomination. He was elected bishop of this denomination. After the American Civil War, its missionaries went to the South to help freedmen and planted many new churches in the region.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Black Bear Ranch", "paragraph_text": "Black Bear Ranch is an 80-acre intentional community located in Siskiyou County, California, about 25 miles from Forks of Salmon. It was founded in 1968, with the slogan \"free land for free people\". It has been considered by some participants and commentators to be one of the more radical examples of communal living/intentional communities that grew out of the counterculture of the 1960s.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johannes Kuhlo", "paragraph_text": "Karl Friedrich Johannes Kuhlo (* 8 October 1856 in Gohfeld, now Löhne, Germany, † 16 May 1941 in Bielefeld-Bethel, Germany) together with his father Eduard Kuhlo, founded the German Protestant Posaunenchor (trombone choir/church brass ensemble) movement.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "paragraph_text": "In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond. With the endorsements of black power brokers, black clergy and the Richmond Crusade for Voters, South Richmond residents made history, electing Reverend A. Carl Prince to the Richmond City Council. As the first African American Baptist Minister elected to the Richmond City Council, Prince's election paved the way for a political paradigm shift in politics that persist today. Following Prince's election, Reverend Gwendolyn Hedgepeth and the Reverend Leonidas Young, former Richmond Mayor were elected to public office. Prior to Prince's election black clergy made political endorsements and served as appointees to the Richmond School Board and other boards throughout the city. Today religion and politics continues to thrive in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Honorable Dwight C. Jones, a prominent Baptist pastor and former Chairman of the Richmond School Board and Member of the Virginia House of Delegates serves as Mayor of the City of Richmond.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. In terms of Nigeria's major ethnic groups, the Hausa ethnic group (predominant in the north) was found to be 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, the Yoruba tribe (predominant in the west) was 55% Muslim, 35% Christian and 10% adherents of other religions, while the Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ijaw (south) were 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions. The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Charlie Bethel", "paragraph_text": "Charlie Bethel graduated cum laude in 1998 from the University of Georgia's Terry College of Business with a Bachelor of Business Administration in business management. He stayed with the University of Georgia, graduating with a Juris Doctor from the University of Georgia School of Law in 2001. Bethel was admitted to the State Bar of Georgia in 2001 and practiced law from 2003–2005. He is admitted to practice law in all of Georgia's state courts, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, and the Supreme Court of the United States. Bethel was an assistant solicitor for the city of Dalton from 2003–2004.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Black Mark Production", "paragraph_text": "Black Mark Production (founded 1991) is an independent record label originally based in Berlin, later on with offices in Stockholm, Toronto and New York City etc. Black Mark Productions today is a worldwide operating business placed in Villa Hammerheart, Bruzaholm, Sweden, that specializes in extreme metal releases, perhaps best known for its close connection to Quorthon, leader of the defining black metal band Bathory until his death in 2004. As Quorthon himself has stated several times, it was often speculated that he had something to do with the business and operation of Black Mark Productions, except for the concept and name of the label, which would be referenced in the title of the 1987 release \"Under the Sign of the Black Mark\". Quorthon received permission from the Tyfon Grammofon label - which was owned by Börje \"Boss\" Forsberg and featured Bathory - to use his own proxy-label on all Bathory albums, along with a unique 666-X serial number, starting with the self-titled debut album from 1984, but the label wasn't founded as a separate entity before 1991. Who did found it remains disputed, but many point to Boss Forsberg.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mount Bethel, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bethel is an unincorporated community in Upper Mount Bethel Township in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, United States. Mount Bethel is located along Pennsylvania Route 611 north of the intersection with Pennsylvania Route 512.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Interreligious Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "paragraph_text": "The Interreligious Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina (\"Međureligijsko vijeće u Bosni i Hercegovini, MRV\") was established in 1997 with help from the World Conference of Religions for Peace. Its founding members included Grand Mufti Mustafa Cerić, Metropolitan Nikolaj of Dabar-Bosnia, Cardinal and Archbishop of Vrhbosna Vinko Puljić, and Jakob Finci of Jewish Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Thresher Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Thresher Stadium is a sport stadium in North Newton, Kansas, United States. The facility is primarily used by the Bethel College for college football and men's and women's soccer teams. The stadium is also used for local high school and other community events.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who started the Mother Bethel Church dedicated to a religion founded by the black community in the city where Tom Ferrick was from?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 30654, "question": "What religion did the black community found?", "answer": "African Methodist Episcopal Church", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["The state capital was moved from Philadelphia to Lancaster in 1799, then ultimately to Harrisburg in 1812. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until the late 18th century. It also was the nation's financial and cultural center until ultimately being eclipsed in total population by New York City in 1790. In 1816, the city's free Black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent Black denomination in the country, and the first Black Episcopal Church. The free Black community also established many schools for its children with the help of Quakers. Large-scale construction projects for new roads, canals, and railroads made Philadelphia the first major industrial city in the United States."]}, {"id": 153061, "question": "What city is Tom Ferrick from?", "answer": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_support_idx": 2, "support_sentence": ["Tom Ferrick, Jr. (1949) is an editor, reporter and columnist long active in print and web journalism in Philadelphia. Until 2013, he was senior editor of Metropolis, a local news and information Web site based in Philadelphia that he founded in 2009. Prior to that, he was a reporter, editor and columnist for \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\". After being a columnist there since 1998, he left the newspaper in 2008. He has spent nearly 40 years as a journalist, focusing mostly on government."]}, {"id": 89329, "question": "who started the bethel #1 in #2", "answer": "Bishop Francis Asbury", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["The church was proposed in 1791 by members of the Free African Society of Philadelphia, including Absalom Jones, out of a desire to create a space for autonomous African-American worship and community in the city. The desire to create the church was strengthened in 1792, after African-American members of St. George's Methodist Church walked out due to racial segregation in the worship services. Leading roles in the founding were played by Richard Allen, who arranged the purchase of the church's site and its construction, and Absalom Jones, who raised funds among both black and white Philadelphia residents (including then-President George Washington). Mother Bethel was one of the first African-American churches in the United States, dedicated July 29, 1794, by Bishop Francis Asbury."]}], "answer": "Bishop Francis Asbury", "answer_aliases": ["Francis Asbury"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "50585", "2": "9775667", "9": "570934"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__108160_159045", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "Two years later, the Royal African Company was inaugurated, receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. From the outset, slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. To facilitate this trade, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as James Island, Accra and Bunce Island. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 percent in 1650 to around 80 percent in 1780, and in the 13 Colonies from 10 percent to 40 percent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). For the slave traders, the trade was extremely profitable, and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool, which formed the third corner of the so-called triangular trade with Africa and the Americas. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. In 1808, Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 (with the exception of St. Helena, Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company, though these exclusions were later repealed). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of \"apprenticeship\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Slave Trade Act 1807", "paragraph_text": "The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting the slave trade in the British Empire. Although it did not abolish the practice of slavery, it did encourage British action to press other nations states to abolish their own slave trades.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Slander House", "paragraph_text": "Slander House is a 1938 American film directed by Charles Lamont. The film's producer was Ben Judell of Progressive Pictures, known for low-budget exploitation films with provocative titles; other films released by Progressive the same year included \"Rebellious Daughters\" and \"Delinquent Parents\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rebellious Slave", "paragraph_text": "The Rebellious Slave is a 2.15m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1513. It is now held in the Louvre in Paris.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 5, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of color in the state. Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women, indentured servants or free, and African men, indentured, slave or free. After the Revolution, Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves. The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "History of Liberia", "paragraph_text": "Liberia is a country in West Africa which was founded, established, colonized, and controlled by citizens of the United States and ex-Caribbean slaves as a colony for former African American slaves and their free black descendants. It is one of only two sovereign countries in the world that were started by citizens and ex-Caribbean slaves of a political power as a colony for former slaves of the same political power, the other being Sierra Leone, established by Great Britain. In 1847, Liberia proclaimed its independence from the American Colonization Society (ACS).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Slave Dimitrov", "paragraph_text": "Slave Dimitrov (, born June 1, 1946) is a Macedonian composer, singer and record producer. He composed and sang \"Chija si\" (Чија си), labeled as the \"song of the millennium\" in the Republic of Macedonia.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Charleston, South Carolina", "paragraph_text": "By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Olivia d'Abo", "paragraph_text": "Olivia Jane d'Abo (/ ˈdɑːboʊ /; born 22 January 1969) is an English - American actress, singer and songwriter. She is known for her role as Karen Arnold, Kevin Arnold's rebellious teenage hippie sister on The Wonder Years (1988 -- 93), and recurring villain Nicole Wallace in Law & Order: Criminal Intent.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Michelangelo", "paragraph_text": "Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese, known today as Caprese Michelangelo, a small town situated in Valtiberina, near Arezzo, Tuscany. For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence; but the bank failed, and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the town's Judicial administrator and podestà or local administrator of Chiusi della Verna. Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa—a claim that remains unproven, but which Michelangelo believed.Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where he was raised. During his mother's later prolonged illness, and after her death in 1481 (when he was six years old), Michelangelo lived with a nanny and her husband, a stonecutter, in the town of Settignano, where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm. There he gained his love for marble. As Giorgio Vasari quotes him:", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Atlantic slave trade", "paragraph_text": "The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly from Africa to the Americas, and then their sale there. The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were Africans from central and western Africa, who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders (with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids), who brought them to the Americas. The South Atlantic and Caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops, making goods and clothing to sell in Europe. This was crucial to those western European countries which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Françoise Chandernagor", "paragraph_text": "She was born to a family of masons related to the descendants of an Indian free slave (hence her name). She married Philippe Jurgensen and is the mother of three children. Françoise Chandernagor divides her life between Paris and France's central region.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Central African Republic", "paragraph_text": "During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "North Carolina", "paragraph_text": "Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage. In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status. Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain, planters imported more slaves, and the state's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened, effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste. The economy's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Black people", "paragraph_text": "Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or \"mother of a child\", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "First Barons' War", "paragraph_text": "The First Barons' War (1215–1217) was a civil war in the Kingdom of England in which a group of rebellious major landowners (commonly referred to as barons) led by Robert Fitzwalter and supported by a French army under the future Louis VIII of France, waged war against King John of England.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Texas annexation", "paragraph_text": "The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836. At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States. The leadership of both major U.S. political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave - holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro - and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress. Moreover, they wished to avoid a war with Mexico, whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province. With Texas's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s, the President of the Texas Republic, Sam Houston, arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence, with Great Britain mediating.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "The End of the F***ing World", "paragraph_text": "Jessica Barden as Alyssa, a rebellious teenage girl. Initially James' intended victim but later his love interest. Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Fountain Hughes", "paragraph_text": "Fountain Hughes (1848 — 1957) was born a slave in Charlottesville, Virginia in the United States and freed in 1865 after the American Civil War. He worked as a laborer for most of his life, moving in 1881 from Virginia to Baltimore, Maryland. He was interviewed in June 1949 about his life by the Library of Congress as part of the Federal Writers' Project of former slaves' oral histories. The recorded interview is online through the Library of Congress and the World Digital Library.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When was the sculptor of Rebellious Slave born?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 108160, "question": "Who is Rebellious Slave by?", "answer": "Michelangelo", "paragraph_support_idx": 4, "support_sentence": ["The Rebellious Slave is a 2.15m high marble statue by Michelangelo, dated to 1513. It is now held in the Louvre in Paris."]}, {"id": 159045, "question": "When was #1 born?", "answer": "6 March 1475", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese, known today as Caprese Michelangelo, a small town situated in Valtiberina, near Arezzo, Tuscany. For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence; but the bank failed, and his father Ludovico briefly took a government post in Caprese. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the town's judicial administrator and \"podestà\" (local administrator) of Chiusi della Verna. Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Matilde di Canossa—a claim that remains unproven, but which Michelangelo believed."]}], "answer": "6 March 1475", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"4": "34093814", "10": "21019"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__12247_44760", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "1968 United Nations Security Council election", "paragraph_text": "The 1968 United Nations Security Council election was held on 1 November 1968 during the Twenty - third session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Colombia, Finland, Nepal, Spain, and Zambia, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two - year mandates commencing on 1 January 1969.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Western Conference (NBA)", "paragraph_text": "The Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of two conferences that makes up the league, the other being the Eastern Conference. Like the Western Conference, the Eastern Conference is made up of 15 teams, organized in three divisions.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Secure Network", "paragraph_text": "Secure Network is a small research and consulting company focusing on Information Security based in Milano, Italy and London, United Kingdom. Besides having notability in Italy, it received international exposure with a research project on Bluetooth security (co-sponsored by F-Secure) codenamed BlueBag, which has been also selected for the Black Hat Briefings conference 2006 in Las Vegas.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Annapolis Conference", "paragraph_text": "The Annapolis Conference was a Middle East peace conference held on 27 November 2007, at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The conference aimed to revive the Israeli–Palestinian peace process and implement the \"\"Roadmap for peace\"\". The conference ended with the issuing of a joint statement from all parties. After the Annapolis Conference, the negotiations were continued.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Bhagya Reddy Varma", "paragraph_text": "In 1917 in a conference at Vijayawada 'Pratam Andhra - Adi Hindu' meeting was held. In the same year Bhagya Reddy Vermas's speech was very much attracted Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's attention at 'Akhila Bharata Hindu' round table conference in Calcutta. In 1919 a meeting held with Jangamulu, Dasulu, Mulnavasi, for the Adi Hindu beneficial program. The purpose of this event is to resolve the internal issues in Dalit community; he insisted the panchayat court system to be rebuilt. In 1925 Adi Hindu Hand skills exhibition was held to showcase the dalits skills to the world. Bhagya Reddy also campaigned on many social issues like Child Marriage, Black Magic, Women Education, Alcohol prohibition etc. His work was spread to neighboring states Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Andhra, from their as well people joined voices and followed the revolution. In 1930 in an historical speech he announced to take the dalit issues to the British notice in the upcoming All India Round Table Conference at Lucknow in the same year. He supposes to send BR Ambedkar to lead the group. The agenda was to recognize the dalits as Adi Hindu rather panchmilarnulu (untouchables), mala, madiga.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Big Ten Football Championship Game", "paragraph_text": "The Big Ten Football Championship Game is a college football game that is held by the Big Ten Conference each year since 2011 to determine the conference's season champion. The championship game will pit the division champions from the conference's West and East divisions in a game held after the regular season has been completed. The game is held the first Saturday of December at 8 PM Eastern.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "San Francisco", "paragraph_text": "San Francisco has a warm - summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb) characteristic of California's coast, with moist mild winters and dry summers. San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year - round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Washington Naval Treaty", "paragraph_text": "At the first plenary session held November 21, 1921, US Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes presented his country's proposals. Hughes provided a dramatic beginning for the conference by stating with resolve: ``The way to disarm is to disarm ''. The ambitious slogan received enthusiastic public endorsement and likely shortened the conference while helping ensure his proposals were largely adopted. He subsequently proposed the following:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "2015 Bilderberg Conference", "paragraph_text": "The 2015 Bilderberg Conference took place between 11-14 June 2015 at the Interalpen-Hotel Tyrol in Telfs-Buchen, Austria. The hotel had previously held the Bilderberg Conference in 1988.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Trafalgar Square", "paragraph_text": "Throughout the 1980s, a continuous anti-apartheid protest was held outside South Africa House. In 1990, the Poll Tax Riots began by a demonstration attended by 200,000 people and ultimately caused rioting in the surrounding area. More recently, there have been anti-war demonstrations opposing the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War. A large vigil was held shortly after the terrorist bombings in London on Thursday, 7 July 2005.In December 2009, participants from the Camp for Climate Action occupied the square for the two weeks during which the UN Conference on Climate Change took place in Copenhagen. It was billed as a UK base for direct action on climate change and saw various actions and protests stem from the occupation.In March 2011, the square was occupied by a crowd protesting against the UK Budget and proposed budget cuts. During the night the situation turned violent as the escalation by riot police and protesters damaged portions of the square. In November 2015 a vigil against the terrorist attacks in Paris was held. Crowds sang the French national anthem, La Marseillaise, and held banners in support of the city and country.Every year on the anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October), the Sea Cadet Corps holds a parade in honour of Admiral Lord Nelson and the British victory over the combined fleets of Spain and France at Trafalgar. The Royal British Legion holds a Silence in the Square event on Armistice Day, 11 November, in remembrance of those who died in war. The event includes music and poetry readings, culminating in a bugler playing the Last Post and a two-minute silence at 11 am.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "United Nations Environment Programme", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), a programme of the United Nations, coordinates the organization's environmental activities and assists developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. It was founded by Maurice Strong, its first director, as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference) in June 1972 and has overall responsibility for environmental problems among United Nations agencies; however, international talks on specialized issues, such as addressing climate change or combating desertification, are overseen by other UN organizations, like the Bonn-based Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. UNEP's activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy. It has played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science and information and illustrating the way those can be implemented in conjunction with policy, working on the development and implementation of policy with national governments, regional institutions in conjunction with environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs). UNEP has also been active in funding and implementing environment related development projects.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "RSA SecurID", "paragraph_text": "RSA SecurID, formerly referred to as SecurID, is a mechanism developed by Security Dynamics (later RSA Security and now RSA, The Security Division of EMC) for performing two - factor authentication for a user to a network resource.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Southeast Asia", "paragraph_text": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Prime number", "paragraph_text": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie–Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y (assumed coprime) if only the product xy is known. The Diffie–Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation, while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Computer security", "paragraph_text": "The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the \"industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through.\" On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change", "paragraph_text": "The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is an Indian government ministry. The ministry portfolio is currently held by Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Card security code", "paragraph_text": "The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed, not embossed like the card number, on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, the card security code is the four digits printed (not embossed) on the front towards the right. The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Caribbean and Central America Action", "paragraph_text": "Among the public figures speaking at the 33rd conference, held in 2009 in Miami, were the Prime Minister of Haiti, Jean-Max Bellerive, Canada's Minister of State of Foreign Affairs, Peter Kent and Puerto Rico's Secretary of State, Kenneth McClintock. The organization's policy-oriented programs have focused on tourism, financial services, policy and regulatory environments for business in the Americas, energy security, maritime port security, disaster mitigation, customs, telecommunications, intellectual property rights, information technology, agriculture and telecommunications. Cabinet-level officials have represented the United States at prior conferences.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Earth Summit", "paragraph_text": "The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, the Rio Conference, and the Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Diane Victor", "paragraph_text": "Diane Victor, (born 1964, Witbank, RSA) is a South African artist and printmaker, known for her satirical and social commentary of contemporary South African politics.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the climate like where the RSA Security Conference is held?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 12247, "question": "Where was the RSA Security Conference held?", "answer": "San Francisco", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["Many government officials and experts think that the government should do more and that there is a crucial need for improved regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the \"industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If the industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through.\" On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently. Daniel R. McCarthy analyzed this public-private partnership in cybersecurity and reflected on the role of cybersecurity in the broader constitution of political order."]}, {"id": 44760, "question": "what is the climate like in #1", "answer": "a warm - summer Mediterranean climate", "paragraph_support_idx": 6, "support_sentence": ["San Francisco has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: \"Csb\", Trewartha: Csll), characteristic of California's coast, with moist winters and dry summers. San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation."]}], "answer": "a warm - summer Mediterranean climate", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"6": "49728", "14": "7398"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "4hop1__377963_344284_86983_516763", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "First Anglo-Burmese War", "paragraph_text": "Sign a commercial treaty in due courseThe first installment of indemnity was to be paid immediately, the second installment within the first 100 days from signing of the treaty, and the rest within two years. Until the second installment was paid, the British would not leave Yangon.The Treaty of Yandabo was signed by General Campbell from the British side and Governor of Legaing Maha Min Hla Kyaw Htin from the Burmese side on 24 February 1826. The Burmese paid 250,000 pounds sterling in gold and silver bullion as the first installment of the indemnity, and also released British prisoners of war. The war was thus brought to an end, and the British army moved south. The British army remained in the territories surrendered to it under the treaty and in the territories such as the Rangoon area which were occupied for several years in the guarantee of the financial terms of the treaty.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Great Turkish War", "paragraph_text": "The Great Turkish War () or the War of the Holy League () was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Habsburg Monarchy, Poland-Lithuania, Venice and Russia. Intensive fighting began in 1683 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The war was a defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost large amounts of territory. It lost lands in Hungary and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as part of the western Balkans. The war was also significant in that it marked the first time Russia was involved in a western European alliance.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Khabarovsky District", "paragraph_text": "Khabarovsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, ``We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank. ''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Weardale", "paragraph_text": "Weardale is a dale, or valley, of the east side of the Pennines in County Durham, England. Large parts of Weardale fall within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) – the second largest AONB in England and Wales. The upper valley is surrounded by high fells (up to O.D. at Burnhope Seat) and heather grouse moors. The River Wear flows through Weardale before reaching Bishop Auckland and then Durham, meeting the sea at Sunderland.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Treaty", "paragraph_text": "Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement. Each of these treaties has seventeen parties. These however are still bilateral, not multilateral, treaties. The parties are divided into two groups, the Swiss (\"on the one part\") and the EU and its member states (\"on the other part\"). The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally—it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states.[citation needed]", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Congress of Berlin", "paragraph_text": "The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of six great powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan peninsula following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, signed three months earlier between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Vatican City", "paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Treaty of Sugauli", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 - 16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Prokhladnensky District", "paragraph_text": "Prokhladnensky District (; ; ) is an administrative and a municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Prokhladny (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 45,533.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes", "paragraph_text": "The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6–8, 1912. Following the eruption, thousands of fumaroles vented steam from the ash. Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916, gave the valley its name, saying that \"the whole valley as far as the eye could reach was full of hundreds, no thousands—literally, tens of thousands—of smokes curling up from its fissured floor.\"", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Estonian language", "paragraph_text": "Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Alaska Purchase", "paragraph_text": "Russia continued to see an opportunity to weaken British power by causing British Columbia, including the Royal Navy base at Esquimalt, to be surrounded or annexed by American territory. Following the Union victory in the Civil War, the Tsar instructed the Russian minister to the United States, Eduard de Stoeckl, to re-enter into negotiations with William H. Seward in the beginning of March 1867. President Johnson was entangled in negotiations about Reconstruction and Seward had alienated a number of Republicans, so they believed that the purchase would help divert attention from the domestic issues. The negotiations concluded after an all - night session with the signing of the treaty at 04: 00 on March 30, 1867, with the purchase price set at $7.2 million ($105 million in 2016), or about 2 cents per acre ($4.74 / km).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "paragraph_text": "A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana. The territory's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain, nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France, nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Alaska Purchase", "paragraph_text": "Russia continued to see an opportunity to weaken British power by causing British Columbia, including the Royal Navy base at Esquimalt, to be surrounded or annexed by American territory. Following the Union victory in the civil war, the Tsar instructed the Russian minister to the United States, Eduard de Stoeckl, to re-enter into negotiations with William Seward in the beginning of March 1867. President Johnson was entangled in negotiations about Reconstruction and Seward had alienated a number of Republicans, so they believed that the purchase would help divert attention from the current domestic matters. The negotiations concluded after an all - night session with the signing of the treaty at 04: 00 on March 30, 1867, with the purchase price set at $7.2 million ($123 million today), or about 2 cents per acre ($4.74 / km).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Alaska Purchase", "paragraph_text": "The Alaska Purchase (Russian: Продажа Аляски, tr. Prodazha Alyaski) was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, by a treaty ratified by the United States Senate, and signed by president Andrew Johnson.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Lafayette C. Baker", "paragraph_text": "Lafayette Curry Baker (October 13, 1826 – July 3, 1868) was a United States investigator and spy, serving the Union Army, during the American Civil War and under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Armenia", "paragraph_text": "In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the \"Wilsonian Armenia\" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "paragraph_text": "The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria - Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest - Litovsk (Polish: Brześć Litewski; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations. The treaty was agreed upon by the Bolshevik government to stop further advances by German and Austro - Hungarian forces. According to the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Choysky District", "paragraph_text": "Choysky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Altai Republic, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a \"selo\") of Choya. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 8,348, with the population of Choya accounting for 23.0% of that number.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "The Ten Thousand Smokes feature of the same type of Weardale is in a region that was purchased from Russia by an American president that served in which military organisation?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 377963, "question": "Weardale >> instance of", "answer": "valley", "paragraph_support_idx": 4, "support_sentence": ["Weardale is a dale, or valley, on the east side of the Pennines in County Durham, England. Large parts of Weardale fall within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) – the second-largest AONB in England and Wales. The upper dale is surrounded by high fells (up to O.D. at Burnhope Seat) and heather grouse moors. The River Wear flows through Weardale before reaching Bishop Auckland and then Durham, meeting the sea at Sunderland."]}, {"id": 344284, "question": "#1 of Ten Thousand Smokes >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Alaska", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6–8, 1912. Following the eruption, thousands of fumaroles vented steam from the ash. Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916, gave the valley its name, saying that \"the whole valley as far as the eye could reach was full of hundreds, no thousands—literally, tens of thousands—of smokes curling up from its fissured floor.\""]}, {"id": 86983, "question": "who signed the treaty to purchase #2 from russia", "answer": "Andrew Johnson", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["The purchase of Alaska has been referenced as a \"bargain basement deal\" and as the principal positive accomplishment of the otherwise much-maligned presidency of Andrew Johnson."]}, {"id": 516763, "question": "#3 >> military branch", "answer": "Union Army", "paragraph_support_idx": 16, "support_sentence": ["Lafayette Curry Baker (October 13, 1826 – July 3, 1868) was a United States investigator and spy, serving the Union Army during the American Civil War and under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson."]}], "answer": "Union Army", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"4": "1399249", "10": "363227", "15": "193703", "16": "1940400"}, "#_support_docs": 4}
+{"id": "2hop__278107_159106", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Malaysia", "paragraph_text": "Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation.The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with large minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians, and indigenous peoples. While recognising Islam as the country's established religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister. The country's official language is Malaysian, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Geomagnetic reversal", "paragraph_text": "The time spans of chrons are randomly distributed with most being between 0.1 and 1 million years with an average of 450,000 years. Most reversals are estimated to take between 1,000 and 10,000 years. The latest one, the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago, and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "A Woman in Love (Ronnie Milsap song)", "paragraph_text": "\"A Woman in Love\" is a song written by Curtis Wright and Doug Millett, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in September 1989 as the third single from the album \"Stranger Things Have Happened\". It was his last song to reach number one on the U.S. country singles chart.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Cross-Country Romance", "paragraph_text": "Cross-Country Romance is a 1940 American romantic comedy film starring Gene Raymond and Wendy Barrie. With the huge success of \"It Happened One Night\", the 1934 American romantic comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable, every studio in Hollywood attempted to cash in with a similar storyline. In addition to this film, there was also \"Love on the Run\" (1936) from MGM, \"The Bride Came C.O.D.\" (1941) by Warner Bros.; even Columbia Pictures, which had made \"It Happened One Night\", produced the musical remake \"Eve Knew Her Apples\" (1945).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "POUM", "paragraph_text": "The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover. The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, \"La Batalla\", calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with Communist Action and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a \"Unification Congress\" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the 1979 elections. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting Herri Batasuna in the Basque country and participating in the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. \"La Batalla\" ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the Valencia branch remained active until 1981.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Netto (film)", "paragraph_text": "Netto is a 2005 film directed by Robert Thalheim. It is a story of father-son relationship in post-unification Berlin. The song \"Mein bester Kumpel\" by Peter Tschernig is used throughout the film.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Syarif Masahor", "paragraph_text": "Sharif Masahor bin Muhammad Al-Shahab, also written as Syed Mashhor and commonly known as Syarif Masahor, or Sharif Masahor in Malayan contexts, (died 1890 in Selangor) was a famous Malay rebel of Hadhrami descent in Sarikei, Sarawak state, Malaysia during the Brooke White Rajahs era in that state. Later, he played an important role in the Klang War.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Mount Rungwe", "paragraph_text": "Mount Rungwe is a potentially active volcano in the Mbeya Region of the southern highlands of Tanzania. At an altitude of , it is southern Tanzania's second highest peak. Rungwe stands at the junction of the eastern and western arms of the East African Rift. It dominates the mountainous country at the north-west end of the trough that contains Lake Nyasa. The southeastern slopes of these mountains receive up to of rainfall a year, the highest rainfall in Tanzania. The slopes are covered with a belt of tropical montane forest. Above the treeline, at about , there is a belt of heathland. Much of the mountain was listed as a Forest Reserve as early as 1949. The last volcanic eruption probably happened a few hundred years ago.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)", "paragraph_text": "John Corrigan \"Jonathan\" Wells (born 1942) is an American biologist, author, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of church founder Sun Myung Moon, his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to \"destroying Darwinism.\" The term \"Darwinism\" is often used by intelligent design proponents and other creationists to refer to the scientific consensus on evolution. He gained a PhD in religious studies at Yale University in 1986, then became Director of the Unification Church’s inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a PhD in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Tug of war at the Summer Olympics", "paragraph_text": "Tug of war was contested as a team event in the Summer Olympics at every Olympiad from 1900 to 1920. Originally the competition was entered by groups called clubs. A country could enter more than one club in the competition, making it possible for one country to earn multiple medals. This happened in 1904, when the United States won all three medals, and in 1908 when the podium was occupied by three British teams. Sweden was also among the top countries with two medals, one as a member of the mixed team.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "In Jin Moon", "paragraph_text": "In Jin Moon is the former president of the Unification Church of the United States and a daughter of Unification Church founder Reverend Sun Myung Moon and his wife Hak Ja Han. Moon was born in South Korea in 1965 and moved with her family to the United States in 1973. She studied political science and philosophy at Columbia University and pursued her graduate studies at Harvard Divinity School. In the 1980s, Moon spoke at public rallies in support of her father who was convicted of tax fraud by the United States government.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Khalifa Bin Yousef", "paragraph_text": "Khalifa Bin Yousef was a statesman who played a significant role in the unification of The United Arab Emirates and in the economic and political life of the time in the Persian Gulf.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "What Happened Don't Lie", "paragraph_text": "What Happened Don't Lie is the debut album from Melbourne band Offcutts. It is the first full-length release following seven EPs over five years.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Giuseppe Sirtori", "paragraph_text": "Giuseppe Sirtori (17 April 1813 – 18 September 1874) was an Italian soldier, patriot and politician who fought in the unification of Italy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg", "paragraph_text": "With Switzerland joining the Schengen Treaty in March 2009, the air side was rearranged to include a Schengen and non-Schengen zone. As border control is staffed by both Swiss and French border officers, passengers departing to or arriving from non-Schengen countries may receive either a Swiss or French passport stamp, depending on which officer they happen to approach.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Ducasse de Mons", "paragraph_text": "The Ducasse de Mons or Doudou is a popular festival that happens every year on Trinity Sunday (57 days after Easter) in the town of Mons in Belgium. It is recognised as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity since November 2005.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Dickey Lee", "paragraph_text": "Royden Dickey Lipscomb (born September 21, 1936), known professionally as Dickey Lee (sometimes misspelled Dickie Lee or Dicky Lee), is an American pop / country singer and songwriter, best known for the 1960s teenage tragedy songs ``Patches ''and`` Laurie (Strange Things Happen).''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Stolen Honor", "paragraph_text": "Carlton Sherwood, the producer of \"Stolen Honor\" is a Vietnam War veteran who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1980 for his work for the Gannett News Service. His appointments to several positions by Republican politicians has been cited as evidence of partisan bias and his journalism has been criticized. In 1983 he was responsible for a four-part series on a Washington DC television station which charged the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund with misspending—if not stealing—donated money. The following year, after a GAO audit and threats of a lawsuit, the station broadcast a retraction. \"Inquisition\", his investigation of the 1982 tax fraud prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon (leader of the Unification Church) was published in 1991. The following year the PBS documentary series \"Frontline\" reported that James Gavin, an aide to Moon, had reviewed the \"overall tone and factual contents\" of the manuscript and that Sherwood had agreed to his revisions. Sherwood denied that the Unification Church exerted editorial control over the book.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto?", "paragraph_text": "What Ever Happened to Baby Toto? () is a 1964 Italian black comedy film written and directed by Ottavio Alessi. It is a parody of Robert Aldrich's \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Sarikei", "paragraph_text": "Sarikei () is a town, and the capital of the \"Sarikei District\" (985 square kilometres) in Sarikei Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is located on the Rajang River, near where the river empties into the South China Sea. The district population (year 2010 census) was 56,798.", "is_supporting": true}], "question": "In what year did the unification of the country containing the town of Sarikei happen?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 278107, "question": "Sarikei >> country", "answer": "Malaysia", "paragraph_support_idx": 19, "support_sentence": ["Sarikei is a town, and the capital of Sarikei District in Sarikei Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is located on the Rajang River, near where the river empties into the South China Sea. The district population (year 2010 census) was 56,798."]}, {"id": 159106, "question": "In what year did the unification of #1 happen?", "answer": "1963", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Peninsular Malaysia was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate, independent country."]}], "answer": "1963", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "3607937", "19": "991308"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_5794174937723861896", "question": "when was journey to the center of the earth made", "answer": "1864", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "723638"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "nq_8246087612673955123", "question": "who wrote the song here i am lord", "answer": "Dan Schutte", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "16864333"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "3hop2__30654_145289_89329", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Sandy Lake, Minnesota", "paragraph_text": "Sandy Lake is an unincorporated community Native American village located in Turner Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States. Its name in the Ojibwe language is \"Gaa-mitaawangaagamaag\", meaning \"Place of the Sandy-shored Lake\". The village is administrative center for the Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa, though the administration of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation, District II, is located in the nearby East Lake.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Bethel, Illinois", "paragraph_text": "Bethel is a former community in Clay County, Illinois, United States. Bethel was located in Songer Township, along a railroad line north of Greendale.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Islam in Romania", "paragraph_text": "Islam in Romania is followed by only 0.3 percent of population, but has 700 years of tradition in Northern Dobruja, a region on the Black Sea coast which was part of the Ottoman Empire for almost five centuries (ca. 1420-1878). In present-day Romania, most adherents to Islam belong to the Tatar and Turkish ethnic communities and follow the Sunni doctrine. The Islamic religion is one of the 16 rites awarded state recognition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_text": "The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church. The free black community also established many schools for its children, with the help of Quakers. New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Mount Bethel, Pennsylvania", "paragraph_text": "Mount Bethel is an unincorporated community in Upper Mount Bethel Township in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, United States. Mount Bethel is located along Pennsylvania Route 611 north of the intersection with Pennsylvania Route 512.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Sandy Eisenberg Sasso", "paragraph_text": "Sandy Eisenberg Sasso is the first woman to have been ordained a rabbi in Reconstructionist Judaism. She was ordained by the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Philadelphia, on May 19, 1974. She is also the author of many children's books on religious topics. Her son David was born on June 22, 1976, and her daughter Debora was born in 1979.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Interreligious Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "paragraph_text": "The Interreligious Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina (\"Međureligijsko vijeće u Bosni i Hercegovini, MRV\") was established in 1997 with help from the World Conference of Religions for Peace. Its founding members included Grand Mufti Mustafa Cerić, Metropolitan Nikolaj of Dabar-Bosnia, Cardinal and Archbishop of Vrhbosna Vinko Puljić, and Jakob Finci of Jewish Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Santa Maria del Sasso", "paragraph_text": "Santa Maria del Sasso, also known as the Sanctuary of Santa Maria del Sasso is a Renaissance church near Bibbiena in Tuscany, Italy.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Sandy Huff, West Virginia", "paragraph_text": "Sandy Huff is an unincorporated community in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. Sandy Huff is located on the Tug Fork east-northeast of Iaeger.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Yupiit School District", "paragraph_text": "The Yupiit School District serves students in the Akiachak, Akiak, and Tuluksak communities in the Bethel Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Thresher Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Thresher Stadium is a sport stadium in North Newton, Kansas, United States. The facility is primarily used by the Bethel College for college football and men's and women's soccer teams. The stadium is also used for local high school and other community events.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Johannes Kuhlo", "paragraph_text": "Karl Friedrich Johannes Kuhlo (* 8 October 1856 in Gohfeld, now Löhne, Germany, † 16 May 1941 in Bielefeld-Bethel, Germany) together with his father Eduard Kuhlo, founded the German Protestant Posaunenchor (trombone choir/church brass ensemble) movement.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Wishart Bryan Bell", "paragraph_text": "Wishart Bryan Bell (born in Canada, currently living in South Bend, Indiana) is an American choral conductor, pianist, music educator, and musicologist. Since 1997, he has been a faculty member at Bethel College, Mishawaka, Indiana.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like \"church for people who have fallen from grace\" The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to \"old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'\". Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Paramé", "paragraph_text": "Paramé () is a former town and commune of France on the north coast of Brittany. Paramé merged with Saint-Servan to form the commune of Saint-Malo in 1967. Paramé is now a district of Saint-Malo and its seaside resort. The town is known for its long sandy beach and its sea spa.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church", "paragraph_text": "The church was organized by African - American members of St. George's Methodist Church who walked out due to racial segregation in the worship services. Mother Bethel was one of the first African - American churches in the United States, dedicated July 29, 1794, by Bishop Francis Asbury. On October 12, 1794, Reverend Robert Blackwell announced that the congregation was received in full fellowship in the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1816 Rev Richard Allen brought together other black Methodist congregations from the region to organize the new African Methodist Episcopal Church denomination. He was elected bishop of this denomination. After the American Civil War, its missionaries went to the South to help freedmen and planted many new churches in the region.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Pamenos Ballantyne", "paragraph_text": "Pamenos Ballantyne (born 9 December 1973 in Sandy Bay) is a long-distance runner from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. He represented his country in the marathon at two consecutive Summer Olympics starting in 1996.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Bethel College (Kentucky)", "paragraph_text": "The institution opened as Bethel Female High School in Hopkinsville, while the Russellville campus opened as Russellville Male Academy. The Hopkinsville campus changed its name to Bethel College for Women four years later in 1858, taking in students continuing with the program. The college changed its name again in 1917; the Russelville campus became Bethel College, and the Hopkinsville campus Bethel Women's Jr. College. In 1951, the college became co-educational and changed its name to simply Bethel College. It closed in 1964, with the Hopkinsville campus razed in 1966. The last commencement for the Russellville campus was held on January 20, 1933.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Joel Parker (clergyman)", "paragraph_text": "Joel Parker (born Bethel, Vermont, 27 August 1799; died New York City, 2 May 1873) was a United States Presbyterian clergyman and educator.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. In terms of Nigeria's major ethnic groups, the Hausa ethnic group (predominant in the north) was found to be 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, the Yoruba tribe (predominant in the west) was 55% Muslim, 35% Christian and 10% adherents of other religions, while the Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ijaw (south) were 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions. The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who started the Bethel church in the religion the black community founded in the city where Sandy Eisenberg Sasso was born?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 30654, "question": "What religion did the black community found?", "answer": "African Methodist Episcopal Church", "paragraph_support_idx": 3, "support_sentence": ["The state capital was moved from Philadelphia to Lancaster in 1799, then ultimately to Harrisburg in 1812. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until the late 18th century. It also was the nation's financial and cultural center until ultimately being eclipsed in total population by New York City in 1790. In 1816, the city's free Black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent Black denomination in the country, and the first Black Episcopal Church. The free Black community also established many schools for its children with the help of Quakers. Large-scale construction projects for new roads, canals, and railroads made Philadelphia the first major industrial city in the United States."]}, {"id": 145289, "question": "Where was Sandy Eisenberg Sasso born?", "answer": "Philadelphia", "paragraph_support_idx": 5, "support_sentence": ["Sasso was born in 1947 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In her youth, she was very involved in her Philadelphia Reform congregation and began to consider entering the rabbinate at 16 years old, though she knew that such a role had never been open to women. During this period she studied at Gratz College."]}, {"id": 89329, "question": "who started the bethel #1 in #2", "answer": "Bishop Francis Asbury", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["The church was proposed in 1791 by members of the Free African Society of Philadelphia, including Absalom Jones, out of a desire to create a space for autonomous African-American worship and community in the city. The desire to create the church was strengthened in 1792, after African-American members of St. George's Methodist Church walked out due to racial segregation in the worship services. Leading roles in the founding were played by Richard Allen, who arranged the purchase of the church's site and its construction, and Absalom Jones, who raised funds among both black and white Philadelphia residents (including then-President George Washington). Mother Bethel was one of the first African-American churches in the United States, dedicated July 29, 1794, by Bishop Francis Asbury."]}], "answer": "Bishop Francis Asbury", "answer_aliases": ["Francis Asbury"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"3": "50585", "5": "25554733", "15": "570934"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_-8258760753576276233", "question": "who played bass on barney miller theme song", "answer": "Chuck Berghofer", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "543470"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "nq_-3160283135379258497", "question": "when did new york giants move to san francisco", "answer": "1958", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "28416"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__238962_136211", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical Area", "paragraph_text": "The Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical Area is an area in east central Wisconsin. Its principal city is Beaver Dam, and it includes all of Dodge County. The Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and Fond du Lac MSA form the Fond du Lac Beaver Dam Combined Statistical Area. The MSA had an estimated population of 88,489.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Kelsey (Saskatchewan provincial electoral district)", "paragraph_text": "Kelsey was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, encompassing the towns of Hudson Bay and Carrot River. The district was named after 17th century explorer Henry Kelsey.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Walkin' After Midnight", "paragraph_text": "\"Walkin' After Midnight\" is a song written by Alan Block and Donn Hecht and recorded by American country music artist Patsy Cline. The song was originally given to pop singer Kay Starr; however, her label rejected it. The song was left unused until Hecht rediscovered it when writing for Four Star Records. Originally Cline was not fond of \"Walkin' After Midnight\", but after making a compromise with her label she recorded it.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Fond d'Or Bay", "paragraph_text": "Fond d'Or Bay is a bay on the east side of the island of Saint Lucia, in the center of the coast. The Fond d'Or River has its mouth in the bay.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Rensselaer Morse Lewis", "paragraph_text": "Rensselaer Morse Lewis (November 9, 1820 – December 16, 1888) was an American merchant from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin who served a single one-year term in 1873 as a Liberal Reform Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "East Bay Hills (Nova Scotia)", "paragraph_text": "The East Bay Hills refer to a 'fault ridge' of ancient rock on the south side of the East Bay of the Bras d'Or Lake, located on Cape Breton Island, Canada, and are an extension of the Appalachian mountain chain. The East Bay Hills lie in Cape Breton County.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Tollens-Fonds", "paragraph_text": "The Tollens-Fonds (\"Tollens foundation)\" is a Dutch organization named for poet Hendrik Tollens (1780–1856). The organization awards a notable literary prize, the Tollens Prize and till 2008 also the Jacobson Prize.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Voyeykov Ice Shelf", "paragraph_text": "Voyeykov Ice Shelf (), is an ice shelf fringing the coast between Paulding Bay and Cape Goodenough, Antarctica. Mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (SovAE) (1958) and named after (1842–1916), a Russian climatologist.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Grazzini Bay", "paragraph_text": "Grazzini Bay is an ice-filled coastal embayment, , between Gentile Point and Fisher Point on the east side of the Darley Hills, in the Churchill Mountains of Antarctica. The bay opens to the Ross Ice Shelf. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Athos D. Grazzini, a cartographer and toponymic specialist on the National Geographic Magazine (NGM) staff from about 1950–70. This is one of several features in the Darley Hills that are named for NGM staff.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Bemaraha woolly lemur", "paragraph_text": "The Bemaraha woolly lemur (\"Avahi cleesei\"), also known as Cleese's woolly lemur, is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar, named after John Cleese. The scientist who discovered the species named it after Cleese, star of Monty Python, mainly because of Cleese's fondness for lemurs, as shown in \"Operation Lemur With John Cleese\" and \"Fierce Creatures\", and his efforts at protecting and preserving them. The species was first discovered in 1990 by a team of scientists from Zurich University led by Urs Thalmann, but wasn't formally described as a species until November 11, 2005.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Fond du Sac", "paragraph_text": "Fond du Sac is a village in Mauritius located in Pamplemousses District. The village is administered by the Fond du Sac Village Council under the aegis of the Pamplemousses District Council. According to a census taken by Statistics Mauritius in 2011, the population was at 5,186.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of New Zealand", "paragraph_text": "The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers' Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States General of the Netherlands, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. It was subsequently anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during 1769 -- 1770. Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Cape Shirreff", "paragraph_text": "Cape Shirreff is a prominent cape at the north end of the rocky peninsula which separates Hero Bay and Barclay Bay on the north coast of Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. The cape was named by Edward Bransfield in 1820 after Captain William H. Shirreff, the British commanding officer in the Pacific at that time.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Saint Lucia", "paragraph_text": "One of the Windward Islands, \"Saint Lucia\" was named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse (AD 283 – 304). It is the only country in the world named after a historical woman (Ireland is named after the Celtic goddess of fertility Eire). Legend states French sailors were shipwrecked here on 13 December, the feast day of St. Lucy, thus naming the island in honor of \"Sainte Lucie.\"", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Madeira Park", "paragraph_text": "Madeira Park is an unincorporated community in the area of Pender Harbour on the Sunshine Coast of southwest British Columbia, Canada. It was named for pioneer Joe Gonsalves' fond childhood memories of Madeira Island.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Boundary Bay Brewing Company", "paragraph_text": "The Boundary Bay Brewing Company, also known as the Boundary Bay Brewery & Bistro is a brewery and brewpub in Bellingham, Washington, USA. It was founded in 1995 by Ed Bennett, and has won numerous awards in national and international beer competitions. It is named after Boundary Bay, a bay north of Bellingham that is partially Canadian and partially American territory. During prohibition, rum-runners and bootleggers crossed illegal alcohol into the States through this unique geological feature.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Santa Rosa, California", "paragraph_text": "Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, California, United States. Its estimated 2014 population was 174,170. Santa Rosa is the largest city in California's Redwood Empire, Wine Country and the North Bay; the fifth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area after San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, and Fremont; and the 28th most populous city in California.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Santa Rosa, California", "paragraph_text": "Santa Rosa (lit. Spanish for ``Saint Rose '') is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, in California's Wine Country. Its estimated 2016 population was 175,155. Santa Rosa is the largest city in California's Redwood Empire, Wine Country and the North Bay; the fifth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area after San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, and Fremont; and the 28th most populous city in California.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Zucchelli Station", "paragraph_text": "Zucchelli Station is an Italian permanent research station, located at Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica. It has been named after Mario Zucchelli, late director of the Italian Antarctic Program.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Red Rock Cove", "paragraph_text": "Red Rock Cove is an embayment on San Pablo Bay in Richmond, California. It is a cove named after Red Rock Island and lays along Point Molate Beach Park.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "After whom is the country where Fond d'Or Bay is located named?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 238962, "question": "Fond d'Or Bay >> country", "answer": "Saint Lucia", "paragraph_support_idx": 3, "support_sentence": ["Fond d'Or Bay is a bay on the east side of the island of Saint Lucia, in the center of the coast. The Fond d'Or River has its mouth in the bay."]}, {"id": 136211, "question": "Whom is #1 named after?", "answer": "Saint Lucy", "paragraph_support_idx": 13, "support_sentence": ["Saint Lucia is named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse (AD 283 – 304). Saint Lucia is one of two sovereign states in the world named after a female and is the only one named after a woman (Ireland is named after a goddess). Legend states that French sailors were shipwrecked on the island on 13 December, the feast day of St. Lucy, and therefore named the island in her honour."]}], "answer": "Saint Lucy", "answer_aliases": ["Saint Lucia", "Lucy", "Lucy of Syracuse", "Lucia"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"3": "14937651", "13": "27208"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__5991_68737", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 11)", "paragraph_text": "Not even a week after the Season 10 finale episode aired, the Grey's Anatomy team of writers began collaborating on ideas for Season 11 storylines. Shonda Rhimes tweeted that they were hard at work in the writing room, but would have the month of June off before coming back in full swing to write actual episodes. After the 4th of July weekend, Rhimes tweeted that the writers' room was once again buzzing, as the team had returned from vacation to start writing new episodes for Season 11. Camilla Luddington confirmed that the filming for the eleventh season would begin on July 25, 2014.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Brian Lynch (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Brian Michael Lynch (born June 21, 1973) is an American film and comic book writer. Lynch was the initial writer and co-creator with Joss Whedon of \"\" for IDW Publishing, and is best known for writing the screenplays for the films \"Puss in Boots\", \"Minions\", and \"The Secret Life of Pets\". He has also written an unproduced film adaptation of \"The Sims\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Snow Falling on Cedars", "paragraph_text": "Snow Falling on Cedars is a 1994 award-winning novel written by American writer David Guterson. Guterson, who was a teacher at the time, wrote the book in the early morning hours over a ten-year period. Because of the success of the novel, however, he quit his job and began to write full-time.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Steven L. Sears", "paragraph_text": "Steven Lee Sears (born December 23, 1957 in Fort Gordon, Georgia) is an American writer and producer primarily working in television. He is perhaps best known for writing and co-executive producing the popular series \"\", as well as his subsequent creation \"Sheena\", based on the comic book of the same name.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "The Jackie Thomas Show", "paragraph_text": "Such comparisons were bolstered by a BBC documentary, \"Feeding the Monster\", which depicted the backstage activity behind the writing, rehearsal and filming of the season four \"Roseanne\" episode \"Santa Claus.\" Although the documentary didn't mention \"The Jackie Thomas Show\", the \"Los Angeles Times\"' Jeff Kaye said that \"the documentary unveils a real-life, parallel universe to the new series.\" Kaye wrote that \"the show's writers live in constant terror, their exhausting work-weeks punctuated by Pepto-Bismol swigging and all-night writing sessions. They are emotionally battered and their life expectancy on the show is short.\" The segment aired in Britain but was omitted from the documentary's American broadcast on the Showtime cable channel, due to Roseanne Arnold's relationship with Showtime's rival HBO.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Victor Stafford Reid", "paragraph_text": "As a writer, Reid aimed to instil an awareness of legacy and tradition among the Jamaican people. His writings reflected many of the social and cultural hardships that pervade the time periods illustrated in his literary works. As literary critic Edward Baugh stated, \"[Reid’s] writing shows a fondness for the rebel with a cause… he wanted people to learn about their heritage through his writing.\"", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Writings and Drawings", "paragraph_text": "Writings and Drawings is a collection of lyrics and personal drawings from Bob Dylan. It was published in 1973 and is currently out-of-print. The book contained Dylan's lyrics from 1962's \"Bob Dylan\" to selections from 1971's \"Greatest Hits, Volume 2\". Also included within the book are poems and other writings, including album liner notes. The lyrics and writings are arranged by album era, with unreleased songs grouped with the album of its period. The list price for the new book c. 1973 is $6.95.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Gabe Alberro", "paragraph_text": "Gabriel J. Alberro (born March 31, 1976) is an American underground artist, writer, songwriter, and filmmaker. He was born in Miami, Florida, and began his indie career writing short stories and poems and making his own comic books.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hans Heyting", "paragraph_text": "Hans Heyting (13 August 1918 – 9 June 1992), born Johannes Heijting was a Dutch poet, playwright, radio personality, children's book writer and painter. Writing in Drèents (except for his Dutch-language children's books and some poems in Dutch), he was one of the earliest Drèents writers to express personal themes and is considered to have been \"the first true, modern Drèents poet who innovated old forms and showed new ways\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Charles Dickens", "paragraph_text": "Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. For example, when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities, Dickens improved the character with positive features. His plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Russell Davis (writer)", "paragraph_text": "Russell Davis (born 1970) is an American author born in Missouri. His publications include more than 20 novels and 30 short stories. Davis, who writes in many genres, was the president of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) from 2008–2010, and a member of the Western Writers of America (WWA). He has also worked as an editor and book packager.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Walter Anthony", "paragraph_text": "Walter Anthony (February 13, 1872 in Stockton, CA – May 1, 1945 in Hollywood, CA) was a screenplay, titles and documentary film writer. Before Walter started writing in films he was a dramatic and musical critic for \"The San Francisco Call\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Pub", "paragraph_text": "The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man. It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Venmurasu", "paragraph_text": "Venmurasu ( \"Veṇmuracu\") is a Tamil novel by writer Jeyamohan. A modern renarration of the Indian classical epic \"Mahabharatha\", it is Jeyamohan's most ambitious work to date, with a scope and scale that seeks to match the grandness of the epic itself. Jeyamohan started writing the work in January 2014 and has announced plans to write it every day over ten years. The overall volume is expected to cross 25,000 pages.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Glas (book)", "paragraph_text": "Glas is a 1974 book by Jacques Derrida. It combines a reading of Hegel's philosophical works and of Jean Genet's autobiographical writing. \"One of Derrida's more inscrutable books,\" its form and content invite a reflection on the nature of literary genre and of writing.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Brian McConnachie", "paragraph_text": "Brian McConnachie (born December 23, 1942) is an American actor, comedy writer, and children's book author. In 1982, he won an Emmy Award as part of the writing team for \"SCTV Network\", and in 1979 he was nominated for an Emmy as part of the writing team for \"Saturday Night Live\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird", "paragraph_text": "Lee's childhood friend, author Truman Capote, wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition, \"Someone rare has written this very fine first novel: a writer with the liveliest sense of life, and the warmest, most authentic sense of humor. A touching book; and so funny, so likeable.\" This comment has been construed to suggest that Capote wrote the book or edited it heavily. In 2003, a Tuscaloosa newspaper quoted Capote's biological father, Archulus Persons, as claiming that Capote had written \"almost all\" of the book. In 2006, a Capote letter was donated to Monroeville's literary heritage museum; in a letter to a neighbor in Monroeville in 1959, Capote mentioned that Lee was writing a book that was to be published soon. Extensive notes between Lee and her editor at Lippincott also refute the rumor of Capote's authorship. Lee's older sister, Alice, responded to the rumor, saying: \"That's the biggest lie ever told.\"", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Arena Football League", "paragraph_text": "In 2001, Jeff Foley published War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It. The book details a journalist's two preseasons (1999 and 2000) as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds. The 5-foot-6 (170 cm), self-described \"unathletic writer\" played in three preseason games and had one catch for −2 yards.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Joanne McNeil", "paragraph_text": "Joanne McNeil is an American writer, editor, and art critic known for her personal essays on technology. She is reportedly writing a book on internet culture.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Writing Drama", "paragraph_text": "Writing Drama (French: La dramaturgie) is a treatise by French writer and filmmaker Yves Lavandier, originally published in 1994, revised in 1997, 2004, 2008, 2011 and 2014. The English version was translated from the French by Bernard Besserglik and published in 2005. The book exists also in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When did the writer who mentioned The Angel pub in his works start to write books?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 5991, "question": "What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?", "answer": "Charles Dickens", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the Great North Road, the main route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of \"Rights of Man\" (1791). It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank."]}, {"id": 68737, "question": "when did #1 start to write books", "answer": "1836", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of \"The Pickwick Papers\", a publishing phenomenon—thanks largely to the introduction of the character Sam Weller in the fourth episode—that sparked \"Pickwick\" merchandise and spin-offs. Within a few years, Dickens had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most of them published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. For example, when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in \"David Copperfield\" seemed to reflect her own disabilities, Dickens improved the character with positive features. His plots were carefully constructed and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor would individually pay a halfpenny to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers."]}], "answer": "1836", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"9": "5884", "12": "24578"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__33494_78772", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad. In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first \"Best heritage city of India\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Early modern Europe", "paragraph_text": "Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century. Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s, the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487, the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s, the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492, or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century England.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Moosarambagh", "paragraph_text": "Moosrambagh also Moosa Ram Bagh is an old suburb of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is named after the French military commander Monsieur Raymond who served the Nizams during the 18th century. His tomb Raymond's Tomb is located near Asman Garh Palace. The locality of \"Moosa-Ram-Bagh\" is named after him. Wherein, Bagh refers to \"a Garden\" as the area was once covered by huge greenery.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Fort Cornwallis", "paragraph_text": "Fort Cornwallis is a bastion fort in George Town, Penang, Malaysia, built by the British East India Company in the late 18th century. Fort Cornwallis is the largest standing fort in Malaysia. The fort never engaged in combat during its operational history.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alps", "paragraph_text": "During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "John Rider House", "paragraph_text": "The John Rider House is located on Main Street (CT 53) in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a wooden frame house dating to the late 18th century.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "British Empire", "paragraph_text": "During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858, establishing the British Raj, where an appointed governor-general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India. India became the empire's most valuable possession, \"the Jewel in the Crown\", and was the most important source of Britain's strength.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Rising Sun Inn", "paragraph_text": "The Rising Sun Inn is a historic home in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It is a mid- and late-18th-century -story frame house. The earlier section dates to about 1753 and is covered with a gable roof and features a brick gable end. In the late 18th century, a frame, one-room gambrel roof wing was added to the northwest gable end of the house. Since 1916, it has been used as the headquarters of the Ann Arundel Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Chester Chronicle", "paragraph_text": "The Chester Chronicle is a British local weekly newspaper for the Chester and Cheshire area, first established in the 18th century. It is published every Thursday and has a circulation of 7,023", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Raid on Groton", "paragraph_text": "The Raid on Groton happened during King William's War, on July 18, 1694, at Groton, Massachusetts. This was one of numerous attacks against the settlement in the late 17th and early 18th centuries; the village was also raided in 1707 during Queen Anne's War. The French and their First Nations allies did a brisk trade in ransoming captives; some of the youngest captives were adopted by Mohawk families.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "East India Company", "paragraph_text": "The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Hotel de l'Orient", "paragraph_text": "The Hotel de l’Orient is an 18th-century hotel in Puducherry, India. It was founded in 1664 by the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French East India Company).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Johann Friedrich Gleditsch", "paragraph_text": "Johann Friedrich Gleditsch (15 August 1653 – 26 March 1716) was a major book publisher in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the Charminar—commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah—coming to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts of the world. Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent. While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence, it is today, due to the Telugu film industry, the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The Nizami influence can still be seen in the culture of the Hyderabadi Muslims. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Granby Center Historic District", "paragraph_text": "The Granby Center Historic District is a predominantly residential historic district encompassing a portion of the village of Granby Center in Granby, Connecticut. The village developed in the 18th century as a farming center, and a now includes a variety of architectural styles from the late 18th to early 20th centuries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1985.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Hyderabad", "paragraph_text": "Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name \"City of Pearls\" and up until the 18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds. Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in the city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Wig", "paragraph_text": "Among women in the French court of Versailles in the mid-to - late 18th century, large, elaborate and often themed wigs (such as the stereotypical ``boat poufs '') were in vogue for women. These combed - up hair extensions were often very heavy, weighted down with pomades, powders, and other ornamentation. In the late 18th century these coiffures (along with many other indulgences in court life) became symbolic of the decadence of the French nobility, and for that reason quickly became out of fashion from the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When was the company that Nizam allied with in the late 18th century established in India?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 33494, "question": "Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?", "answer": "East India Company", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by French General the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British."]}, {"id": 78772, "question": "when was #1 established in india", "answer": "31 December 1600", "paragraph_support_idx": 12, "support_sentence": ["They convened again a year later, on 31 December 1600, and this time they succeeded; the Queen responded favourably to a petition by George, Earl of Cumberland and 218 others, including James Lancaster, Sir John Harte, Sir John Spencer (both of whom had been Lord Mayor of London), the adventurer Edward Michelborne, the nobleman William Cavendish and other aldermen and citizens. She granted her charter to their corporation named Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years, the charter awarded the company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Any traders there without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo (half of which would go to the Crown and half to the company), as well as imprisonment at the \"royal pleasure\"."]}], "answer": "31 December 1600", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"8": "37534", "12": "43281"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__825300_36180", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees", "paragraph_text": "The National Alliance Of Postal and Federal Employees (NAPFE) is a labor union in the United States. It was founded October 6, 1913 and is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "G20", "paragraph_text": "Membership of the G20 consists of 19 individual countries plus the European Union (EU). The EU is represented by the European Commission and by the European Central Bank. Collectively, the G20 economies account for around 85% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade (or, if excluding EU intra-trade, 75%), two - thirds of the world population, and approximately half of the world land area.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Barry Desmond", "paragraph_text": "He was born in Cork in 1935, and was educated at Coláiste Chríost Rí, the School of Commerce and University College Cork. He became a trade union official with the ITGWU (known later as SIPTU) and the Irish Congress of Trade Unions. His father Cornelius (Con) was Lord Mayor of Cork in 1965–66.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Public-sector trade union", "paragraph_text": "A public-sector trade union (or public-sector labor union) is a trade union which primarily represents the interests of employees within public sector or governmental organizations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "In July 2013 Tuvalu signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the European Union. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Alice Henry", "paragraph_text": "Alice Henry (21 March 1857 – 14 February 1943) was an Australian suffragist, journalist and trade unionist who also became prominent in the American trade union movement as a member of the Women's Trade Union League.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "USS Donegal (1860)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Donegal\" (1860) was a captured Confederate steamship acquired by the Union Navy from the prize court during the American Civil War. She was put into service by the Union Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Switzerland", "paragraph_text": "Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies—has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD. Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world. Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Edvard Johanson", "paragraph_text": "Karl \"Edvard\" Johanson (1882 in Förlösa – 1936) was a Swedish trade union organizer. By profession he was a shoemaker, and belonged to the Shoe & Leather Industries Workers Union. He was the chairman of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation from 1930, when he succeeded Albert Forslund, to 1936, when he was succeeded by Arvid Thorberg.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Luasamotu", "paragraph_text": "Luasamotu is an uninhabited islet of Vaitupu, Tuvalu. Luasamotu on the reef off the eastern part of Vaitupu known as Matangi.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_text": "Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills, with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu (island), Funafuti, providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping. The Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union (TOSU) is the only registered trade union in Tuvalu. It represents workers on foreign ships. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that 800 Tuvaluan men are trained, certified and active as seafarers. The ADB estimates that, at any one time, about 15% of the adult male population works abroad as seafarers. Job opportunities also exist as observers on tuna boats where the role is to monitor compliance with the boat's tuna fishing licence.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "American Federation of Labor", "paragraph_text": "The American Federation of Labor (AFL) organized as an association of trade unions in 1886. The organization emerged from a dispute with the Knights of Labor (K of L) organization, in which the leadership of that organization solicited locals of various craft unions to withdraw from their International organizations and to affiliate with the K of L directly, an action which would have taken funds from the various unions and enriched the K of L's coffers. The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions also merged into what would become the American Federation of Labor.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "paragraph_text": "The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the Trade Unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "William Spence", "paragraph_text": "William Guthrie Spence (7 August 1846 – 13 December 1926), Australian trade union leader and politician, played a leading role in the formation of both Australia's largest union, the Australian Workers' Union, and the Australian Labor Party.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Solidarity (Polish trade union)", "paragraph_text": "Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność, pronounced (sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ) (listen); full name: Independent Self - governing Labour Union ``Solidarity ''-- Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy`` Solidarność'' (ɲezaˈlɛʐnɨ samɔˈʐɔndnɨ ˈzvjɔ̃zɛk zavɔˈdɔvɨ sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ)) is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party. Its membership reached 9.5 million members before its September 1981 Congress (when it reached 10 million), which constituted one third of the total working - age population of Poland.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "USS Clover (1863)", "paragraph_text": "USS \"Clover\" (1863) was a steam gunboat acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Trump tariffs", "paragraph_text": "Beginning on June 1, 2018, the Trump administration imposed a 25% tariff on imports of steel, and a 10% tariff on aluminum, on the European Union, Canada, and Mexico. The tariffs angered U.S. allies, who planned retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods, and heightened chances of a trade war. China said that it will retaliate for the tariffs imposed on $50 billion of Chinese goods that come into effect on July 6. India is also planning to hit back to recoup trade penalties of $241 million on $1.2 billion worth of Indian steel and aluminium. Other countries, such as Australia, are concerned of the consequences of a trade war.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Eswatini", "paragraph_text": "Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swaziland's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Swaziland's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Estonia", "paragraph_text": "A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association", "paragraph_text": "The Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association or CPAA represents rural postal workers for the Canada Post Corporation. The trade union belongs to the Canadian Labour Congress as the federation's smallest National Union.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What is the only trade union on the country having Luasamotu?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 825300, "question": "Luasamotu >> country", "answer": "Tuvalu", "paragraph_support_idx": 9, "support_sentence": ["Luasamotu is an uninhabited islet of Vaitupu, Tuvalu. Luasamotu on the reef off the eastern part of Vaitupu known as Matangi."]}, {"id": 36180, "question": "What is the only trade union on #1 ?", "answer": "Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills, with the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute on Amatuku motu (island), Funafuti, providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping. The Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union (TOSU) is the only registered trade union in Tuvalu. It represents workers on foreign ships. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that 800 Tuvaluan men are trained, certified and active as seafarers. The ADB estimates that, at any one time, about 15% of the adult male population works abroad as seafarers. Job opportunities also exist as observers on tuna boats where the role is to monitor compliance with the boat's tuna fishing licence."]}], "answer": "Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"9": "11978512", "10": "30227"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__160922_19309", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Orlando City SC", "paragraph_text": "Orlando City Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Orlando, Florida that competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer (MLS). Orlando City SC began play in 2015 as an expansion team of the league. The team is the first MLS franchise located in the state of Florida since the Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny were folded by the league following the 2001 season. The team plays in the privately owned and operated Orlando City Stadium, located in the heart of downtown Orlando.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Mexico City", "paragraph_text": "Association football is the country's most popular and most televised franchised sport. Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants América, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club giants Universidad Nacional, with a seating capacity of over 52,000. The Estadio Azul, which seats 33,042 fans, is near the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Nochebuena neighborhood, and is home to the giants Cruz Azul. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional \"Big Four\" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "2015 New York City FC season", "paragraph_text": "The 2015 New York City FC season is the club's first season of existence, their first season in the top tier of American soccer, and their first season in Major League Soccer. New York City FC plays their home games at Yankee Stadium in the New York City borough of The Bronx.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Unidad Deportiva Acapulco", "paragraph_text": "Unidad Deportiva Acapulco (\"English:Acapulco Sports Complex\") is a sports complex composed of a 13,000-seat soccer and track and field stadium and a baseball stadium which can seat thousands. The soccer/track stadium, which originally seated 8,600, is currently home to the Guerreros Acapulco soccer team of the Mexican Segunda División Profesional, which began play in 2009. The baseball stadium is currently used for amateur and semi-pro baseball, and skateboarding.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Rose Bowl (stadium)", "paragraph_text": "One of the most famous stadiums in sporting history, the Rose Bowl is best known as a college football venue, specifically as the host of the annual Rose Bowl Game for which it is named. Since 1982, it has also served as the home stadium of the UCLA Bruins football team. The stadium has also hosted five Super Bowl games, second most of any venue. The Rose Bowl is also a noted soccer venue, having hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, and the 1984 Olympic Gold Medal Match, as well as numerous CONCACAF and United States Soccer Federation matches.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "New York City", "paragraph_text": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "MUSC Health Stadium", "paragraph_text": "MUSC Health Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium located in the Daniel Island area of Charleston, South Carolina that serves as the home of the Charleston Battery of the United Soccer League.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "BBVA Stadium", "paragraph_text": "BBVA Stadium (formerly BBVA Compass Stadium) is an American multi-purpose stadium located in Houston, Texas that is home to the Houston Dynamo, a Major League Soccer club, the Houston Dash of the National Women's Soccer League, and to Texas Southern Tigers football. The stadium is the result of combined commitments of $35.5 million from the city of Houston and $60 million from the Houston Dynamo. Harris County agreed to pay for half of the land in exchange for the ability to jointly own the stadium after its completion date in May 2012. BBVA, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, is the stadium's sponsor company.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Philadelphia Union", "paragraph_text": "The Philadelphia Union is an American professional soccer team based in Chester, Pennsylvania. The Union competes in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member club of the league's Eastern Conference. The club began play in 2010 as an expansion team of the league. The club plays their home matches at Talen Energy Stadium, a soccer-specific stadium located in Chester on the banks of the Delaware River. Jim Curtin is the Union's head coach.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "President of Mexico", "paragraph_text": "Not be a secretary of state or under-secretary of state, attorney general, governor of a State, or head of the government of Mexico City, unless \"separated from the post\" (resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence) at least six months prior to the election.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Perry Lakes Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Perry Lakes Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium adjacent to Perry Lakes in Floreat, Western Australia, Australia. It was built and funded by the State Government and the City of Perth in 1962 for the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and had a nominal capacity of 30,000. Many other events had been held at Perry Lakes Stadium over the years such as the athletics, soccer and rugby.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Negoesco Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Negoesco Stadium is a 3,000 seat soccer stadium located in San Francisco, on the campus of University of San Francisco. Named for USF Soccer Coach Steve Negoesco. It is the home field for the men's and women's soccer teams. Negoesco is also the primary home field for San Francisco City FC of the Premier Development League. The stadium is also used by USF students and staff for recreational activities.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "UCF Soccer and Track Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The UCF Soccer and Track Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located on the main campus of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida, United States. The 2,000-seat stadium is home to the UCF Knights track and field, cross country and soccer teams. The Knights compete in the American Athletic Conference (The American).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Soccer Shrines", "paragraph_text": "Soccer Shrines is a 13-part Canadian television (TV) documentary series about the most famous soccer stadiums in the world and their fans. Produced by Best Boy Entertainment, Soccer Shrines originally aired on GolTV (Canada) in Fall 2010. The series currently airs on GolTV, Sundays at 11:30 am EST, Mondays 6:00 pm & 11:00 pm EST, Tuesday at 1:00 pm EST and on The Cave (TV channel) Sundays at 2:00 am & 8:30 pm EST and Wednesdays at 9:30 pm EST.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Yankee Stadium", "paragraph_text": "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse section of the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies, replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24 - acre former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8 - acre site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field. The stadium incorporates replicas of some design elements from the original Yankee Stadium, and like its predecessor, it has hosted additional events, including college football games, soccer matches, two outdoor NHL games, and concerts. Although Yankee Stadium's construction began in August 2006, the project spanned many years and faced many controversies, including the high public cost and the loss of public parkland. The overall price tag makes the new Yankee Stadium the most expensive stadium ever built. It is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Victoria Park Stadium", "paragraph_text": "The Victoria Park Stadium is soccer venue located in Brampton, Ontario and is home to Brampton United of the Canadian Soccer League. The stadium is located on 20 Victoria Crescent, Brampton. The stadium is part of the James F. McCurry Victoria Park Arena. The stadium hosted the 2004 CPSL Championship final which featured Vaughan Shooters against Toronto Croatia. On May 27, 2016 a fire erupted at the Victoria Park arena.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Dick's Sporting Goods Park", "paragraph_text": "Dick's Sporting Goods Park, also known as DSG Park, is a soccer-specific stadium located in Commerce City, Colorado that is home to the Colorado Rapids men's professional soccer team. The stadium seats up to 18,061 people for soccer matches, but can accommodate up to 19,734 for special soccer events and 27,000 for concerts. It became the third home venue for the Rapids upon its opening in 2007. Sitting at just over 5,200 feet above sea level, the stadium has the highest elevation of any stadium regularly used by MLS teams.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Everton F.C.", "paragraph_text": "There have been indications since 1996 that Everton will move to a new stadium. The original plan was for a new 60,000-seat stadium to be built, but in 2000 a proposal was submitted to build a 55,000 seat stadium as part of the King's Dock regeneration. This was unsuccessful as Everton failed to generate the £30 million needed for a half stake in the stadium project, with the city council rejecting the proposal in 2003. Late in 2004, driven by Liverpool Council and the Northwest Development Corporation, the club entered talks with Liverpool F.C. about sharing a proposed stadium on Stanley Park. Negotiations broke down as Everton failed to raise 50% of the costs. On 11 January 2005, Liverpool announced that ground-sharing was not a possibility, proceeding to plan their own Stanley Park Stadium.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What famous soccer stadium is in the city that is talked about?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 160922, "question": "What city is talked about?", "answer": "Mexico City", "paragraph_support_idx": 10, "support_sentence": ["The official residence and workplace of the president is the National Palace, a building facing the () in Mexico City. The site has been a seat of power since the Aztec Empire, with the materials of the current building taken from the palace of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II. The President also has the use of Chapultepec Castle, formerly the imperial palace of the Second Mexican Empire, then the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1934, when Lázaro Cárdenas established the presidential residence at Los Pinos. Andrés Manuel López Obrador moved the presidential residence back to the National Palace upon the start of his term in 2018."]}, {"id": 19309, "question": "What famous soccer stadium is in #1 ?", "answer": "Azteca Stadium", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice. The city will be one of the host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Mexico City is the first Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the Summer Olympics in 1968, winning bids against Buenos Aires, Lyon and Detroit. The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 Pan American Games, the latter after Santiago and São Paulo withdrew. The ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. Lucha libre is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are Arena México and Arena Coliseo.", "Association football is the country's most popular and most televised franchised sport. Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants América and Cruz Azul, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club giants Universidad Nacional, with a seating capacity of over 52,000. The Sports City Stadium, which seats 33,042 fans, is near the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Nochebuena neighborhood, and is home to the historical Atlante. América, Cruz Azul and Universidad Nacional are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional \"Big Four\". The city's three derbies are the \"Clásico Joven\", played between América and Cruz Azul, the capital's two most popular and successful teams; the \"Clásico Capitalino\", between América and Universidad Nacional, and the \"Clásico Metropolitano\", between Cruz Azul and Universidad Nacional."]}], "answer": "Azteca Stadium", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"1": "18987", "10": "24356889"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__195917_575657", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Federalism", "paragraph_text": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei orgânica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Cyprus Popular Bank", "paragraph_text": "Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts. The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds. The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity. As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4.8% but does not hold a board seat. All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015. She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her. Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016. The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Port Blair", "paragraph_text": "Port Blair (pronunciation (help info)) is the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India situated in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and is the territory's only notified town. It houses the headquarters of the Andaman and Nicobar Police and the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the armed forces of India.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "States of Nigeria", "paragraph_text": "A Nigerian State is a federated political entity, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of Nigeria, There are 36 States in Nigeria, which are bound together by a federal agreement. There is also a territory called the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which is not a state, but a territory, under the direct control of the Federal Government. The States are further divided into a total of 774 Local Government Areas. Under the Nigerian Constitution, states have the power to ratify constitutional amendments.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Battle of Bunker Hill", "paragraph_text": "Battle of Bunker Hill Part of the American Revolutionary War Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull Date June 17, 1775 Location Charlestown, Massachusetts 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 ''N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8'' W  /  42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W  / 42.376361; - 71.060778 Coordinates: 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 ''N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8'' W  /  42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W  / 42.376361; - 71.060778 Result Pyrrhic British victory Territorial changes British capture Charlestown Peninsula Belligerents United Colonies Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Great Britain Commanders and leaders William Prescott Israel Putnam Joseph Warren † John Stark William Howe Thomas Gage Sir Robert Pigot James Abercrombie † Henry Clinton Samuel Graves John Pitcairn † Strength ~ 2,400 3,000 + Casualties and losses 115 killed, 305 wounded, 30 captured (20 POWs died) Total: 450 19 officers killed 62 officers wounded 207 soldiers killed 766 soldiers wounded Total: 1,054", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Australia", "paragraph_text": "Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament — unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator. In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales. The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council. Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Minsk Region", "paragraph_text": "Minsk Region or Minsk Voblasć or Minsk Oblast (, \"Minskaja vobłasć\" ; , \"Minskaja oblastj\") is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Sant Martí d'Empúries", "paragraph_text": "Sant Martí d'Empúries is an entity of the town of L'Escala. It is located next to the ruins of Empúries or Empòrion. Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC. It was the county seat until 1079 Empúries moved to Castelló d'Empúries place less exposed to attack.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Blair Athol, New South Wales", "paragraph_text": "Blair Athol is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Blair Athol is located 57 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown and is part of the Macarthur region.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Billy Goat Tavern", "paragraph_text": "The first location, at 1855 W. Madison St., was opened in 1934 when William ``Billy Goat ''Sianis bought the Lincoln Tavern, near Chicago Stadium, for $205 with a bounced check (he made good on it with the proceeds from the first weekend they were open). When the 1944 Republican National Convention came to town, he posted a sign saying`` No Republicans allowed,'' causing the place to be packed with Republicans demanding to be served. Of course, a great deal of publicity followed, which Sianis characteristically took advantage of.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "British nationality law", "paragraph_text": "lex soli: By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis: By birth abroad, which constitutes ``by descent ''if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Italian Eritrea", "paragraph_text": "Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After \"il Duce\" declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (\"Africa Orientale Italiana\") administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a \"new Roman Empire\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Birth certificate", "paragraph_text": "In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport. However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "John Blair Smith Todd", "paragraph_text": "John Blair Smith Todd (April 4, 1814 – January 5, 1872) was a Delegate from Dakota Territory to the United States House of Representatives and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "List of extreme points of the United States", "paragraph_text": "Utqiaġvik, Alaska 71 ° 17 ′ 44 ''N 156 ° 45 ′ 59'' W  /  71.29556 ° N 156.76639 ° W  / 71.29556; - 156.76639  (Barrow) -- northernmost incorporated place in all U.S. territory, population about 4,000", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "William W. Blair", "paragraph_text": "Blair was born in Holley, New York. In 1839, his family moved to LaSalle County, Illinois. In 1851, Blair encountered missionaries from the Latter Day Saint movement. On October 8, 1851, Blair was baptized by William Smith, the younger brother of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "United States Coast Guard", "paragraph_text": "On 25 November 2002, the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush, designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year, on 1 March 2003.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Holley, New York", "paragraph_text": "Holley is a village in the town of Murray in Orleans County, New York, United States. The population was 1,811 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Scariest Places on Earth", "paragraph_text": "Scariest Places on Earth is an American paranormal reality television series that originally aired from October 23, 2000, to October 29, 2006, on Fox Family, and later ABC Family. The show was hosted by Linda Blair, with narration by Zelda Rubinstein. The show featured reported cases of the paranormal by detailing the location's history, and then sending an ordinary family to visit the location in a reality TV-style vigil.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "James W. Clise House", "paragraph_text": "The James W. Clise House is a house located within Marymoor Park in Redmond, Washington, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In what county is William W. Blair's birthplace located?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 195917, "question": "William W. Blair >> place of birth", "answer": "Holley", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Blair was born in Holley, New York. In 1839, his family moved to LaSalle County, Illinois. In 1851, Blair encountered missionaries from the Latter Day Saint movement. On October 8, 1851, Blair was baptized by William Smith, the younger brother of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement."]}, {"id": 575657, "question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity", "answer": "Orleans County", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["Holley is a village in the town of Murray in Orleans County, New York, United States. The population was 1,811 at the 2010 census. According to the 2020 census, the population decreased to 1,754. It is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area."]}], "answer": "Orleans County", "answer_aliases": ["Orleans County, New York"], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"15": "13542614", "17": "126972"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__846897_99808", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Tahifehifa", "paragraph_text": "Tahifehifa is an island in Tonga. It is located within the Vava'u Group in the far north of the country, 15 kilometers (9 miles) south of the town of Neiafu. This small island of about two and a half acres in size, (one hectare), is owned by the Tongan company 'Pacific Oasis Ltd' on a 99-year Deed of Lease.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tonga", "paragraph_text": "Tonga's foreign policy has been described by Matangi Tonga as \"Look East\"—specifically, as establishing closer diplomatic and economic relations with Asia (which actually lies to the north-west of the Pacific kingdom). Tonga retains cordial relations with the United States. Although it remains on good terms with the United Kingdom, the two countries do not maintain particularly close relations, and the United Kingdom closed its High Commission in Tonga in 2006. Tonga's relations with Oceania's regional powers, Australia and New Zealand, are good.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 2, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least - populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "South America", "paragraph_text": "Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories are divided among three regions: The Andean States, the Guianas and the Southern Cone.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "National Pan-Hellenic Council", "paragraph_text": "National Pan-Hellenic Council Data Established 1930 Members 9 Continent North America Country United States Headquarters Decatur, Georgia Organization type Coalition of members", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Peter Guttman (photographer)", "paragraph_text": "Peter Guttman is an American author, photographer, lecturer, television personality and adventurer who has traveled on assignment through over 230 countries and seven continents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Bismarck monument", "paragraph_text": "From 1868 onwards, Bismarck monuments were erected in many parts of the German Empire in honour of the long-serving Prussian minister-president and first German \"Reichskanzler\", Prince Otto von Bismarck. Today some of these monuments are on the soil of other countries including France, Poland and Russia as well as the former German colonies on other continents.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Canadian Airlines", "paragraph_text": "Canadian Airlines International Ltd. (stylized as Canadin Airlines or Canadiairline that operated from 1987 until 2001. The airline was Canada's second largest airline after Air Canada, and carried more than 11.9 million passengers to over 160 destinations in 17 countries on five continents at its height in 1996. Canadian Airlines served 105 destinations in Canada, more than any other airline. Canadian Airlines was also a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Modern history", "paragraph_text": "At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world’s population living in one-quarter of the world’s land area. However, from Europe's perspective, they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "List of island countries", "paragraph_text": "This is a list of island countries. An island is a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water. Many island countries are spread over an archipelago, as is the case with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Indonesia (which consists of thousands of islands). Others consist of a single island, such as Nauru, or part of an island, such as Haiti. Although Australia is designated as a continent, it is often referred to as an island, as it has no land borders. Some declared island countries are not universally recognized as politically independent, such as Northern Cyprus. Some states, such as Taiwan, officially claim to hold continental territories but are de facto limited to control over islands.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Antarctica", "paragraph_text": "Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to \"balance\" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled \"Antarctica\", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Somalis", "paragraph_text": "Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Iridomyrmex anceps", "paragraph_text": "Iridomyrmex anceps is an ant species of the genus \"Iridomyrmex\". It has a very large distribution in multiple continents, but it is mainly distributed in northern Australia. Some specimens were found in multiple islands, and some were even found and collected in the United Arab Emirates.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Big3", "paragraph_text": "BIG3 BIG3 official logo Sport Basketball Founded January 11, 2017; 19 months ago (2017 - 01 - 11) Founder Ice Cube Jeff Kwatinetz Inaugural season 2017 Commissioner Clyde Drexler No. of teams 8 Country United States Headquarters Los Angeles, California Venue (s) 10 Continent FIBA Americas (Americas) Most recent champion (s) Power (1st title) Most titles Power (1 title) Trilogy (1 title) TV partner (s) Fox, FS1 Official website BIG3.com", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Argentinosaurus", "paragraph_text": "Argentinosaurus (meaning \"Argentine lizard\") is a genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur first discovered by Guillermo Heredia in Argentina. The generic name refers to the country in which it was discovered. The dinosaur lived on the then-island continent of South America somewhere between 97 and 93.5 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period. It is among the largest known dinosaurs.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Australia (continent)", "paragraph_text": "New Zealand is not part of the continent of Australia, but of the separate, submerged continent of Zealandia. New Zealand and Australia are both part of the Oceanian sub-region known as Australasia, with New Guinea being in Melanesia. The term Oceania is often used to denote the region encompassing the Australian continent and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven - continent model.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Africa", "paragraph_text": "Africa is the world's second - largest and second-most - populous continent (the first being Asia). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of its total land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Central America", "paragraph_text": "Central America (Spanish: América Central, Centroamérica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "World population", "paragraph_text": "Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1 billion people, or 15% of the world's population. Europe's 733 million people make up 12% of the world's population as of 2012, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least - populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%). Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Master of Wine", "paragraph_text": "Until 1983, the examination was limited to United Kingdom wine importers, merchants and retailers. The first non-UK Master of Wine was awarded in 1988. As of October 2017, there are 369 MWs in the world, living in 29 countries. The MWs are spread across 5 continents, wherein UK has 208 MWs, USA has 45 MWs, Australia has 24 MWs and France only has 16 MWs. There are 9 countries with 1 MW each on the list.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "On what continent can the country where Tahifehifa is located be found?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 846897, "question": "Tahifehifa >> country", "answer": "Tonga", "paragraph_support_idx": 0, "support_sentence": ["Tahifehifa is an island in Tonga. It is located within the Vava'u Group in the far north of the country, 15 kilometers (9 miles) south of the town of Neiafu. The island is 1.09 acres in size, and is owned by the Tongan company 'Pacific Oasis Ltd' on a 99-year Deed of Lease."]}, {"id": 99808, "question": "On what continent can #1 be found?", "answer": "Oceania", "paragraph_support_idx": 1, "support_sentence": ["Tonga ( , ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (), is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania. The country has 171 islands - of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in the southern Pacific Ocean. As of 2021,[ [update]] according to Johnson's Tribune, Tonga has a population of 104,494, 70% of whom reside on the main island, Tongatapu. The country stretches approximately north-south. It is surrounded by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna (France) to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west, Niue (the nearest foreign territory) to the east and Kermadec (New Zealand) to the southwest. Tonga is about from New Zealand's North Island.", "Located in Oceania, Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, directly south of Samoa and about two-thirds of the way from Hawai'i to New Zealand. Its 171 islands, 45 of them inhabited, are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu – and cover an -long north–south line."]}], "answer": "Oceania", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "8950307", "1": "30158"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__83811_63979", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Look What You Made Me Do", "paragraph_text": "``Look What You Made Me Do ''is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her sixth studio album Reputation (2017). It was first released on August 24, 2017 as the lead single from the album. Swift wrote it with producer Jack Antonoff. It samples the melody of the 1991 song`` I'm Too Sexy'' by the band Right Said Fred; therefore, Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Back to December", "paragraph_text": "``Back to December ''is a song written and recorded by American singer / songwriter Taylor Swift for her third studio album Speak Now (2010). The song was sent to country radio in the United States on November 15, 2010, as the second single from Speak Now. According to Swift,`` Back to December'' is the first time she ever apologizes to someone in a song. Critics speculate that the song is about Taylor Lautner, Swift's ex-boyfriend, which was later acknowledged by Lautner. ``Back to December ''is considered an orchestral country pop ballad and its lyrics are a remorseful plea for forgiveness for breaking up with a former lover.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Kanye West", "paragraph_text": "In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. In \"Famous,\" a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo, West implies that this incident led to Swift's stardom, rapping, \"I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex/ Why? I made that bitch famous.\" After some media backlash about the reference, West posted on Twitter \"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...First thing is I'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship.\" He continued by adding that he had asked both Swift and his wife, Kim Kardashian, for permission to publish the line.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Thinking Out Loud", "paragraph_text": "In the kitchen, Sheeran and Wadge began writing the song at 2: 00 am on 4 February 2014, and completed it in 20 minutes. According to Wadge, the lyrical content resulted from her and Sheeran's talking about ``everlasting love '', inspired by the circumstances relevant at that time. Sheeran also revealed that the lyrics were inspired by his then - girlfriend, Athina Andrelos, whom Sheeran met in early 2014. Sheeran would later explain that he wrote the song`` in a relationship at a really, really happy point''. Immediately after writing, Sheeran recorded the song on his phone. He was keen to include ``Thinking Out Loud ''on the second album. He properly recorded the song the following day at the Sticky Studios, a recording facility located in the small Surrey village of Windlesham, and informed Wadge of its inclusion on the album. It became the last song recorded for the album. For`` Thinking Out Loud'', Sheeran sought the assistance of Jake Gosling, who produced much of his debut album and had earlier contributed tracks, four of which appear on the standard version of the second album.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 4, "title": "22 (Taylor Swift song)", "paragraph_text": "``22 ''is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift for her fourth album, Red (2012). It was written by Swift along with Max Martin and Shellback. The song was released as the album's fourth single on March 12, 2013. The lyrics describe the joys of being 22 years old.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "All Kinds of Everything", "paragraph_text": "``All Kinds of Everything ''is a song written by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith; as performed by Dana, it won the Eurovision Song Contest 1970.`` All Kinds of Everything'' represented a return to the ballad form from the more energetic performances which had dominated Eurovision the previous years. Dana sings about all the things which remind her of her sweetheart (such as wishing - wells, wedding bells and an early morning Dew) with the admission at the end of every verse that ``all kinds of everything remind me of you ''. The recording by Dana became an international hit.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Teardrops on My Guitar", "paragraph_text": "``Teardrops on My Guitar ''is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was co-written by Swift, alongside Liz Rose and produced by Nathan Chapman with Swift's aid.`` Teardrops on My Guitar'' was released on February 19, 2007 by Big Machine Records, as the second single from Swift's eponymous debut album (2006). The song was later included on the international release of Swift's second studio album, Fearless (2008), and released as the second pop single from the album in the United Kingdom. It was inspired by Swift's experience with Drew Hardwick, a classmate of hers for whom she had feelings. He was completely unaware and continually spoke about his girlfriend to Swift, something she pretended to be endeared by. Years afterwards, Hardwick appeared at Swift's house, but Swift rejected him. Musically, the track is soft and is primarily guided by a gentle acoustic guitar. Critics have queried the song's classification as country music, with those in agreement (such as Grady Smith of Rolling Stone) citing the themes and narrative style as country - influenced and those opposed (such as Roger Holland of PopMatters) indicating the pop music production and instrumentation lack traditional country elements.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Love Changes Everything (Sarah Brightman album)", "paragraph_text": "Love Changes Everything - The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection, Volume 2 (2005) is an album by English soprano Sarah Brightman. It contains songs from various shows for which Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote the music. The album contains eight previously released songs along with six new recordings.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Taylor Swift (album)", "paragraph_text": "Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift, released on October 24, 2006, by Big Machine Records. Swift was 16 years old at the time of the album's release and wrote its songs during her freshman year of high school. Swift has writing credits on all of the album's songs, including those co-written with Liz Rose. Swift experimented with several producers, ultimately choosing Nathan Chapman, who had produced her demo album. Musically, the album is country music styled, and lyrically it speaks of romantic relationships, a couple of which Swift wrote from observing relationships before being in one. Lyrics also touch on Swift's personal struggles in high school.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Should've Said No", "paragraph_text": "``Should've Said No ''is a song written and recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift. The song serves as the fifth and final single from her self - titled debut studio album. The song is about Swift addressing her former lover who cheated on her. It became her second number - one single on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and was a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. In addition,`` Should've Said No'' has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "I Don't Wanna Live Forever", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '', alternatively titled`` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker)'', is a song recorded by British singer - songwriter Zayn and American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker. It was written by Swift, Sam Dew and Jack Antonoff, and produced by Antonoff. The single was released on December 9, 2016 by Universal Music Group. The music video was released on January 27, 2017.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "(When You Fall in Love) Everything's a Waltz", "paragraph_text": "\"(When You Fall in Love) Everything's a Waltz\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Ed Bruce. It was released in July 1981 as the second single from the album \"One to One\". The song reached number 14 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Bruce wrote the song with his wife Patsy and Ron Peterson.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Out of the Woods (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Out of the Woods ''is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was written and produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff of fun... It was the second song to be officially released from her fifth studio album 1989, serving as the first promotional single on October 14, 2014. It is the fourth track on the album, after`` Style''. ``Out of the Woods ''serves as the sixth official single with an accompanying music video that premiered on December 31, 2015, during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin 'Eve on ABC. It was released to radio on February 5, 2016. The song went number one in Israel and has reached the top 10 in Belgium, Canada, and New Zealand as well as the top 20 in Australia and the United States.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", "paragraph_text": "The video, which is done seemingly as one continuous shot, begins with Swift in colorful pajamas recounting the events of her off and on again relationship with her ex-boyfriend (played by Noah Mills). The video then segues into Swift going into her living room where her band is dressed up in animal costumes and Swift belts out the chorus of the song. The video then goes to a TV where Swift says ``Like, ever. ''and then to the dining room where we see she returns to recounting the events of her relationship and receives a phone call from her ex who is calling her from a nightclub. Swift hangs up on him and he walks off screen into the nightclub. It then goes to the two in a truck having an argument then to them having a stroll in the park. Swift then runs off and we see her on the phone telling the person on the other line how she and her ex are not getting back together and her frustration of their entire relationship. The video then segues back to Swift's living room where a party is going on and her ex shows up unannounced trying to woo her back and she slams the door in his face. The video ends with Swift on her window ledge where she was at the beginning of the video, singing the last line of the song.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Everything Has Changed", "paragraph_text": "``Everything Has Changed ''is a song written and performed by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift and English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran, taken from Swift's fourth studio album, Red (2012). Produced by Butch Walker, the track was released as the sixth single from the album on July 16, 2013.`` Everything Has Changed'' is a guitar ballad combining folk and pop genres about ``wanting to get to know a new lover better ''.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "I Don't Wanna Live Forever", "paragraph_text": "``I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '', alternatively titled`` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker)'', is a song recorded by English singer - songwriter Zayn and American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker. It was written by Swift, Sam Dew, and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff. The single was released on December 9, 2016, by Universal Music Group. The music video was released on January 27, 2017.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Mean (song)", "paragraph_text": "``Mean ''is a song written and recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift for her third studio album, Speak Now (2010). Produced by Swift alongside Nathan Chapman, the song was sent to country radio in the United States on March 13, 2011, as the third single from Speak Now.`` Mean'' garnered positive reviews from critics for its lyrical detail and profound country sound. The song received commercial success in the United States and Canada, debuting at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number ten on the Canadian Hot 100. The song also appeared on the Australian Singles Chart at number 45.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Taylor Swift and Def Leppard", "paragraph_text": "\"Taylor Swift and Def Leppard\" is an episode of the CMT television show \"CMT Crossroads\". The episode features performances by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and English hard rock band Def Leppard.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Gorgeous (Taylor Swift song)", "paragraph_text": "Swift co-wrote ``Gorgeous ''with its producers Max Martin and Shellback. It has been described as a`` radio - friendly pop'' song. Lyrically, the song depicts ``the pursuit of a maddening love interest '', whom Swift describes as`` gorgeous''. Hugh McIntyre of Forbes characterized the production of the song as ``simultaneously a basic 808 drum and an attempt at something that pushes electro - pop into a more interesting territory than Top 40 is used to ''. Maeve McDermott of USA Today likened the chorus of the song to the sound of Katy Perry. According to Elle, the man mentioned in the song is the British actor Joe Alwyn, who is Swift's current boyfriend. The song is composed in the key of C major with a tempo of 92 beats per minute, with Swift's vocals spanning from C to F.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Shake It Off", "paragraph_text": "\"Shake It Off\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her fifth album, 1989 (2014). Swift co-wrote the song with its producers Max Martin and Shellback, it is an uptempo dance-pop track considered to be a departure from Swift's earlier country pop music style. \"Shake It Off\" is the sixth track on the album and serves as the lead single. The song premiered during a Yahoo! live stream session on August 18, 2014 (also streaming internationally online); its music video was also released the same day. Several hours later, the song was made available for digital download.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "Who did the performer who sings Everything Has Changed with Taylor Swift write the song Thinking Out Loud for?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 83811, "question": "who sings everything has changed with taylor swift", "answer": "Ed Sheeran", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["\"Everything Has Changed\" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift featuring the English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran from Swift's fourth studio album, \"Red\" (2012). It was released as the sixth single from the album on July 14, 2013, by Big Machine Records. A music video for the song was released earlier on June 6, 2013. Produced by Butch Walker, \"Everything Has Changed\" is a guitar-led folk-pop ballad. Its lyrics are about wanting to know a new lover better. The song received mixed reviews from critics, who either complimented or criticized the production."]}, {"id": 63979, "question": "who did #1 wrote the song thinking out loud for", "answer": "his then - girlfriend, Athina Andrelos", "paragraph_support_idx": 3, "support_sentence": ["In the kitchen, Sheeran and Wadge began writing the song at 2:00am on 4 February 2014, and completed it in 20 minutes. According to Wadge, the lyrical content resulted from her and Sheeran's talking about \"everlasting love\", inspired by the circumstances relevant at that time. Sheeran also revealed that the lyrics were inspired by his then-girlfriend, Athina Andrelos, whom Sheeran met in early 2014. Sheeran would later explain that he wrote the song \"in a relationship at a really, really happy point\". Sheeran revealed that he also had his grandparents in mind and maintaining love in old age (\"'til we're 70\" in the lyrics), and the early version of the chorus was \"I'm singing out now\" before it became \"I'm thinking out loud\". Immediately after writing, Sheeran recorded the song on his phone. He was keen to include \"Thinking Out Loud\" on the second album. He properly recorded the song the following day at the Sticky Studios, a recording facility located in the small Surrey village of Windlesham, and informed Wadge of its inclusion on the album. It became the last song recorded for the album. For \"Thinking Out Loud\", Sheeran sought the assistance of Jake Gosling, who produced much of his debut album and had earlier contributed tracks, four of which appear on the standard version of the second album."]}], "answer": "his then - girlfriend, Athina Andrelos", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"3": "43173676", "14": "37807230"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__468121_62776", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Look Around (Anthony Rapp album)", "paragraph_text": "Look Around is the first full-length album by American actor/singer Anthony Rapp, known as a singer for his performance as Mark Cohen in the musical Rent and the film adaptation of the musical. It was released on October 1, 2000.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Tychozorente", "paragraph_text": "Tychozorente is an album by Omar Rodríguez-López. The digital version was released on September 14, 2010, and the CD was released by Rodriguez Lopez Productions in Europe on November 18, 2010. This record is Omar's first collaboration with DJ Nobody and his first release to feature no guitar. Two songs, \"Polaridad\" and \"El Todo\" were premiered during a performance by Omar Rodriguez Lopez Group at Metamorphose Festival, Japan, on September 4, 2010. An official video directed by Omar for \"Polaridad\" was released the day following the album's digital release.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "The Piano Concerto/MGV", "paragraph_text": "The Piano Concerto/MGV is the 23rd album by Michael Nyman, released in 1994. It contains two compositions, \"The Piano Concerto\" and \"MGV\". The first is performed by Kathryn Stott and the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Michael Nyman, and the second is performed by the Michael Nyman Band and Orchestra with Michael Nyman at the piano.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Next Plane Home", "paragraph_text": "\"Next Plane Home\" is the sixth single by the Canadian Grammy Award-nominated recording artist, singer-songwriter and pianist, Daniel Powter. It is the first single from his third studio album, Under the Radar. It is first released on August 20, 2008 in Japan.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Wooden Arms", "paragraph_text": "Wooden Arms is the third album by Patrick Watson, released April 28, 2009 on Secret City Records. The album's first single, \"Tracy's Waters\", was released on March 5 and the group performed a new song, \"Beijing\", on CBC Radio's \"Q\" radio show on April 6. \"Fireweed\" was also released as a single and a music video was filmed, which features both live action and animation.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Kentucky Bluebird", "paragraph_text": "Kentucky Bluebird is a compilation album by American country music singer Keith Whitley. His first posthumous album, it was released via RCA Records Nashville in September 1991. The album consists of four previously released songs, re-orchestrated demos, and other previously unreleased songs, as well as snippets from live performances that predate his professional music career.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Will to Love", "paragraph_text": "\"Will to Love\" is a song written by Neil Young that was first released on his 1977 album \"American Stars 'N Bars\". A promotional single of \"Will to Love\" was released, backed with a live performance of \"Cortez the Killer.\"", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Radar (song)", "paragraph_text": "\"Radar\" is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her fifth studio album, \"Blackout\" (2007). It was written and produced by Bloodshy & Avant and The Clutch, with additional writing from Henrik Jonback, as a record that did not relate to any of her personal problems at the time. The recording sessions took place the day after Spears filed for divorce from Kevin Federline, and members of The Clutch claimed to be surprised by her work ethic. \"Radar\" was originally planned to be released as the third single from \"Blackout\", but \"Break the Ice\" was chosen instead. The song was then planned as the fourth single, but the release was cancelled as Spears began recording her sixth studio album, \"Circus\" (2008). \"Radar\" was later included as a bonus track on \"Circus\", and released as the fourth and final single from the album on June 22, 2009 by Jive Records.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Britney Spears", "paragraph_text": "Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, she performed acting roles in stage productions and television shows as a child before signing with Jive Records in 1997. Spears's first and second studio albums,... Baby One More Time (1999) and Oops!... I Did It Again (2000), became international successes, with the former becoming the best - selling album by a teenage solo artist. Title tracks ``... Baby One More Time ''and`` Oops!... I Did It Again'' broke international sales records. In 2001, Spears released her self - titled third studio album, Britney, and played the starring role in the film Crossroads (2002). She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album, In the Zone (2003), which yielded the worldwide success of the single ``Toxic ''.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Orchestral Favorites", "paragraph_text": "Orchestral Favorites is an album by Frank Zappa first released in May 1979 on his own DiscReet Records label. The album is instrumental and features music performed by the 37-piece Abnuceals Emuukha Electric Symphony Orchestra.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Night of the Living Dregs", "paragraph_text": "Night of the Living Dregs is an album by Dixie Dregs, released in 1979. The first half of the album was recorded in the studio, and the second half at the Montreux Jazz Festival on July 23, 1978. The album received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Alive in America", "paragraph_text": "Alive in America is a live album by the American jazz rock group Steely Dan, released in 1995. It is Steely Dan's first live album. The album comprises recordings from their 1993 and 1994 tours, which were the first live Steely Dan performances since 1974.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Monk in Motian", "paragraph_text": "Monk in Motian is the first album by Paul Motian to be released on the German JMT label. It was released in 1988 and features ten compositions by Thelonious Monk performed by Motian with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano. Geri Allen and Dewey Redman make guest appearances. The album was reissued in 2002 on the Winter & Winter label.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Kathryn Ladano", "paragraph_text": "Kathryn Ladano is a bass clarinet player from Kitchener, Ontario Canada. She has recorded four albums and has performed across Canada and internationally. Her first solo album, \"Open\", was released in August 2010. She subsequently released the album \"\"...listen\"\" with her bass clarinet/percussion duo, Stealth, in 2015.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "XXV: The Essential", "paragraph_text": "XXV: The Essential is a compilation album written and mostly performed by Mike Oldfield and released in 1997. The Roman numerals XXV are to represent that this is a compilation pieces of the first 25 years of Oldfield's work.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Radar Detector", "paragraph_text": "\"Radar Detector\" is the second single from alternative band Darwin Deez. It was released as a digital download on 25 April 2010 and also features on the self-titled debut album \"Darwin Deez\".", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Elton John's Greatest Hits Volume II", "paragraph_text": "Elton John's Greatest Hits Volume II, a compilation album released in 1977, is the sixteenth official album release for Elton John. The original 1977 US version features one song from 1971 and two songs from 1974 that were not on the first greatest hits album. It also features several hit songs from 1975 and two hit singles from Elton's last year of performing in 1976.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Radio Nowhere", "paragraph_text": "\"Radio Nowhere\" is the first single released from Bruce Springsteen's 2007 studio album \"Magic\". It was awarded Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance and Best Rock Song at the Grammy Awards of 2008.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Substitution Mass Confusion: A Tribute to The Cars", "paragraph_text": "Substitution Mass Confusion: A Tribute to The Cars is a 2005 compilation album featuring covers of songs originally performed by the American rock band The Cars. The album was released by Not Lame Recordings. Many of the performers featured on the album were from the Boston area, where The Cars first gained exposure in the late 1970s.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Lilit Bleyan", "paragraph_text": "Lilit Bleyan (; born 2 June 1978) is an Armenian songwriter, singer. She writes and performs songs in Armenian, Spanish and English. The first album “In another City” was presented in November 2011. A second album with songs mostly in Spanish was released in November 2013.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "When did the performer of Radar release her first album?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 468121, "question": "Radar >> performer", "answer": "Britney Spears", "paragraph_support_idx": 7, "support_sentence": ["The single's accompanying music video was directed by Dave Meyers, and pays tribute to the music video of Madonna's \"Take a Bow\" (1994). In the video, Spears is an aristocratic woman involved in a love triangle with two men who are polo players. The video received mixed reviews from critics, who complimented the fashion but called the idea unoriginal. \"Radar\" was performed by Spears at The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009), with the accompanying dance routine featuring her pole dancing.", "\"Radar\" is a song by American singer Britney Spears from her fifth studio album, \"Blackout\" (2007). It was written and produced by Bloodshy & Avant and the Clutch, with additional writing from Henrik Jonback. The recording sessions took place the day after Spears filed for divorce from Kevin Federline, and members of the Clutch claimed to be surprised by her work ethic. \"Radar\" was originally planned to be released as the third single from \"Blackout\", but \"Break the Ice\" was chosen instead. The song was then planned as the fourth single, but the release was cancelled as Spears began recording her sixth studio album, \"Circus\" (2008). \"Radar\" was later included on \"Circus\", and officially released as the fourth and final single from the album on June 22, 2009, by Jive Records."]}, {"id": 62776, "question": "when did #1 release her first album", "answer": "1999", "paragraph_support_idx": 8, "support_sentence": ["Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi. After appearing in the television shows \"Star Search\" and \"The Mickey Mouse Club\", Spears signed with Jive Records in 1997 at age 15. Her first two studio albums, \"...Baby One More Time\" (1999) and \"Oops!... I Did It Again\" (2000), are among the best-selling albums of all time. She adopted a more mature and provocative style for her albums \"Britney\" (2001) and \"In the Zone\" (2003). Spears was the executive producer of her fifth studio album, \"Blackout\" (2007), often referred to as her best work. She returned to the top of the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart with the albums \"Circus\" (2008) and \"Femme Fatale\" (2011), and embarked on a four-year concert residency, (2013–2017), to promote her next two albums, \"Britney Jean\" (2013) and \"Glory\" (2016). Spears' catalog of high-charting singles includes \"...Baby One More Time\", \"Oops!... I Did It Again\", \"I'm a Slave 4 U\", \"Toxic\", \"Gimme More\", \"Womanizer\", \"3\", \"Hold It Against Me\", and \"Scream & Shout\"."]}], "answer": "1999", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"7": "13995413", "8": "3382"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "nq_7326500515087014094", "question": "who plays bernadette from the big bang theory", "answer": "Melissa Ivy Rauch", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"0": "10030613"}, "#_support_docs": 1, "diameter": 0}
+{"id": "2hop__328329_42292", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Politics of Norway", "paragraph_text": "The politics of Norway take place in the framework of a Parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy. Executive power is exercised by the Council of State, the cabinet, led by the Prime Minister of Norway. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislature, the Storting, elected within a multi-party system. The judiciary is independent of the executive branch and the legislature.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Fist Power", "paragraph_text": "Fist Power is a 2000 Hong Kong action film directed by Aman Chang, starring Chiu Man-cheuk, Anthony Wong, Gigi Lai and Sam Lee. Shooting for the film took place in Hong Kong between February and March 1999. The film was released in Hong Kong theatres on 21 January 2000.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Warsaw", "paragraph_text": "Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Thomas Brzustowski", "paragraph_text": "Born in Warsaw, he came to Canada with his family when he was 11. He received a B.A.Sc. degree in engineering physics from the University of Toronto in 1958. He received an M.A. degree from Princeton University in 1960 and a Ph.D. degree in aeronautical engineering in 1963.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 5, "title": "John Annear (politician)", "paragraph_text": "John Thomas Annear (3 June 1842 – 28 May 1910) was a politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and a Member of the Queensland Legislative Council.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Article One of the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation. The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress's power to legislate. Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress's power to legislate, it is as broad as Congress's powers to legislate. However, it is also limited to inquiries that are ``in aid of the legislative function; ''Congress may not`` expose for the sake of exposure.'' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress's investigation power is the operations of the federal government, but Congress's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial (see executive privilege), although not often litigated. As a practical matter, the limitation of Congress's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose (``in aid of ''its legislative powers) functions as a limit on Congress's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government, without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress, must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers. The courts are highly deferential to Congress's exercise of its investigation powers, however. Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate, and the courts have interpreted Congress's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Jurisdiction stripping", "paragraph_text": "Congress may define the jurisdiction of the judiciary through the simultaneous use of two powers. First, Congress holds the power to create (and, implicitly, to define the jurisdiction of) federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court (i.e. Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and various other Article I and Article III tribunals). This court - creating power is granted both in the congressional powers clause (Art. I, § 8, Cl. 9) and in the judicial vesting clause (Art. III, § 1). Second, Congress has the power to make exceptions to and regulations of the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. This court - limiting power is granted in the Exceptions Clause (Art. III, § 2). By exercising these powers in concert, Congress may effectively eliminate any judicial review of certain federal legislative or executive actions and of certain state actions, or alternatively transfer the judicial review responsibility to state courts by ``knocking (federal courts)... out of the game. ''", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Birth control in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Also in 1965, 26 states prohibited birth control for unmarried women. In 1967 Boston University students petitioned Bill Baird to challenge Massachusetts's stringent ``Crimes Against Chastity, Decency, Morality and Good Order ''law. On April 6, 1967 he gave a speech to 1,500 students and others at Boston University on abortion and birth control. He gave a female student one condom and a package of contraceptive foam. Baird was arrested and convicted as a felon, facing up to ten years in jail. He spent three months in Boston's Charles Street Jail. During his challenge to the Massachusetts law, the Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts stated that`` there is nothing to be gained by court action of this kind. The only way to remove the limitations remaining in the law is through the legislative process.'' Despite this opposition, Baird fought for five years until Eisenstadt v. Baird legalized birth control for all Americans on March 22, 1972. Eisenstadt v. Baird, a landmark right to privacy decision, became the foundation for such cases as Roe v. Wade and the 2003 gay rights victory Lawrence v. Texas.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Separation of powers", "paragraph_text": "The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, a state's government is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislative branches overlap.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Separation of church and state in the United States", "paragraph_text": "Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that \"Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order.\" Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution", "paragraph_text": "The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.\"", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Thomas Boyd (Australian politician)", "paragraph_text": "Thomas Elder Boyd (1802 – 12 October 1860) was a Scottish-born banker and politician in colonial Australia, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1845.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Separation of powers", "paragraph_text": "In the United States Constitution, Article 1 Section I gives Congress only those ``legislative powers herein granted ''and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8, while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress. The vesting clause in Article II places no limits on the Executive branch, simply stating that,`` The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.'' The Supreme Court holds ``The judicial Power ''according to Article III, and it established the implication of Judicial review in Marbury v. Madison under the Marshall court.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Portugal", "paragraph_text": "The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the \"moderator power\" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Cyprus", "paragraph_text": "The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Union List", "paragraph_text": "The Union List or List - I is a list of 100 items (the last item is numbered 97) given in Seventh Schedule in the Constitution of India on which Parliament has exclusive power to legislate. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "paragraph_text": "Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, whereby executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Legislative power is vested in both the Council of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Members of the Parliamentary Assembly are chosen according to a proportional representation system.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "James Thomas Gordon", "paragraph_text": "James Thomas Gordon (December 24, 1859—December 21, 1919) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1901 to 1910, as a member of the Conservative Party.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Andorra", "paragraph_text": "The current Head of Government is Antoni Martí of the Democrats for Andorra (DA). Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both government and parliament.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "In the city where Thomas Brzustowski was born, who has the power of legislative action?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 328329, "question": "Thomas Brzustowski >> place of birth", "answer": "Warsaw", "paragraph_support_idx": 4, "support_sentence": ["Born in Warsaw, he came to Canada with his family when he was 11. He received a B.A.Sc. degree in engineering physics from the University of Toronto in 1958. He received an M.A. degree from Princeton University in 1960 and a Ph.D. degree in aeronautical engineering in 1963."]}, {"id": 42292, "question": "Who in #1 has the power of legislative action?", "answer": "Warsaw City Council", "paragraph_support_idx": 3, "support_sentence": ["Warsaw has thereafter remained an urban gmina with the status of a city with powiat rights. Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (\"Rada Miasta\"), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every five years (since 2018 election). Like most legislative bodies, the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. The city mayor exercises the executive power in the city, being the superior of all unelected municipal- or county-level officials and other employees and supervising all subsidiary entities of the city. The incumbent city mayor of Warsaw is Rafał Trzaskowski."]}], "answer": "Warsaw City Council", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"3": "32908", "4": "2108466"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "2hop__35105_41141", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "House music", "paragraph_text": "House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like \"church for people who have fallen from grace\" The house producer Marshall Jefferson compared it to \"old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'\". Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Sugar Island (Detroit River)", "paragraph_text": "For many years Sugar island was held in private ownership with plans to build a bridge and residential housing on the island. There were objections to this plan, mainly by environmental groups, as the island is a resting point for many species of migratory birds. The island was recently purchased by the US Fish and Wildlife service for $434,100 and will be made into a wildlife refuge.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Plague doctor", "paragraph_text": "The first European epidemic of the bubonic plague dates back to the mid 6th century and is called the Plague of Justinian. The largest plague epidemic was the Black Death in Europe in the 14th century. In medieval times, the large loss of people (due to the bubonic plague) in a town created an economic disaster. Community plague doctors were quite valuable and were given special privileges; for example, plague doctors were freely allowed to perform autopsies, which were otherwise generally forbidden in Medieval Europe, to research a cure for the plague.In some cases, plague doctors were so valuable that when Barcelona dispatched two to Tortosa in 1650, outlaws captured them en route and demanded a ransom. The city of Barcelona paid for their release. The city of Orvieto hired Matteo fu Angelo in 1348 for four times the normal rate of a doctor of 50-florin per year. Pope Clement VI hired several extra plague doctors during the Black Death plague. They were to attend to the sick people of Avignon. Of 18 doctors in Venice, only one was left by 1348: five had died of the plague, and 12 were missing and may have fled.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Napoleon", "paragraph_text": "Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "William Jennings Bryan", "paragraph_text": "William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 -- July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States. He also served in the United States House of Representatives and as the United States Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people, he was often called ``The Great Commoner ''.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Muslim world", "paragraph_text": "The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as \"the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr,\" that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India. In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China. In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after. Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1346 to 1353. The bacterium Yersinia pestis, resulting in several forms of plague, is believed to have been the cause. The plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Great Plague of London", "paragraph_text": "People began to be alarmed. Samuel Pepys, who had an important position at the Admiralty, stayed in London and provided a contemporary account of the plague through his diary. On 30 April he wrote: ``Great fears of the sickness here in the City it being said that two or three houses are already shut up. God preserve us all! ''Another source of information on the time is a fictional account, A Journal of the Plague Year, which was written by Daniel Defoe and published in 1722. He had been only six when the plague struck but made use of his family's recollections (his uncle was a saddler in East London and his father a butcher in Cripplegate), interviews with survivors and sight of such official records as were available.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Plague of Athens", "paragraph_text": "Sparta and its allies, with the exception of Corinth, were almost exclusively land based powers, able to summon large land armies that were very nearly unbeatable. Under the direction of Pericles, the Athenians pursued a policy of retreat within the city walls of Athens, relying on Athenian maritime supremacy for supply while the superior Athenian navy harassed Spartan troop movements. Unfortunately the strategy also resulted in adding many people from the countryside to an already well - populated city, introducing a severe crowding factor as well as resource shortages. Due to the close quarters and poor hygiene exhibited at that time Athens became a breeding ground for disease and many citizens died including Pericles, his wife, and his sons Paralus and Xanthippus. In the history of epidemics the 'Plague' of Athens is remarkable for its one - sided affliction and bias on the ultimate outcome of a war.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "History of India", "paragraph_text": "During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350, the Black Death subsided, but it never really died out in England. Over the next few hundred years, further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%. The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636, and ended with the Great Plague of London in 1665.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Immunology", "paragraph_text": "Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42. Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Strasbourg", "paragraph_text": "During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Black Death", "paragraph_text": "The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease entered the region from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza, and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, including Ashkelon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon, Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. In 1348–49, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor.[citation needed]", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "The Door in the Wall (novel)", "paragraph_text": "The story, illustrated by the author, is set in England during the Middle Ages, as the Black Death (bubonic plague) is sweeping across the country. Young Robin is sent away to become a knight like his father, but his dreams are endangered when he loses the use of his legs. A doctor reassures Robin that the weakness in his legs is not caused by the plague and the doctor is supposed to come and help him but does not. His parents are away, serving the king and queen during war, and the servants abandon the house, fearing the plague. Robin is saved by Brother Luke, a friar, who finds him and takes him to a monastery and cares for him.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Sorbo San Basile", "paragraph_text": "Sorbo San Basile (Calabrian: ) is a village and \"comune\" in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of southern Italy. The word \"sorbo\" in Italian means \"the service tree or the sorb-apple tree\" of which there are many orchards in the vicinity. The words \"San Basile\" refer to the Greek Saint Basil the Great because Basilian monks established a monastery in the area as early as 640. Some time after the canonization of Francis Xavier in 1622, that Spanish saint became the patron of the village. The population in 1861 was 1228 people, in 1901 held steady at 1224 people, in 1951 reached a high of 2118 people, but in 2001 sank to a low of 932 people (information from the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica).", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Dominican Order", "paragraph_text": "As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the \"ghoostli\" link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel. It survived in the minds of the nuns. Also, the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house. The English nuns were proud of this heritage, and aware that many of them shared in England's great history as members of the noble class, as seen in the next chapter.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "At most, how many people have died from plague where the House of Wisdom was held?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 35105, "question": "Where was the House of Wisdom held?", "answer": "Baghdad", "paragraph_support_idx": 6, "support_sentence": ["The term \"Islamic Golden Age\" has been attributed to a period in history during which science, economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished. The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic, and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Mongol invasions and the Siege of Baghdad in 1258. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as \"the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr,\" that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Vedic, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations."]}, {"id": 41141, "question": "How many people, at most, have died of plague in #1 ?", "answer": "two-thirds of its population", "paragraph_support_idx": 14, "support_sentence": ["The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague could be found in the Islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850. Sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas, while other outbreaks affected multiple regions. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742. Cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague's first appearance, with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s. Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population died."]}], "answer": "two-thirds of its population", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"6": "191429", "14": "4501"}, "#_support_docs": 2, "diameter": 1}
+{"id": "3hop1__239036_15840_36014", "paragraphs": [{"idx": 0, "title": "Super Mario Bros. 2", "paragraph_text": "Super Mario Bros. 2 is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was first released in North America in October 1988, and in PAL regions the following year. Super Mario Bros. 2 has been remade or re-released for several video game consoles.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 1, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's \"iron-clad terms\" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 2, "title": "Toccara Williams", "paragraph_text": "Toccara Williams is a former basketball point guard who played for the WNBA's San Antonio Silver Stars in the 2004 season. Prior to playing in the WNBA, she played college basketball at Texas A&M from 2000–04. In her senior year, she led the nation for steals per game among Division I teams with an average of 4.1 steals per game. She was then selected in the third round of the 2004 WNBA Draft. Toccara also played professionally overseas in Turkey, Korea, China, and Israel. Williams now has a non profit organization called Sweet Rebound that is geared towards the youth by utilizing sports as a platform for education.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 3, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 4, "title": "Nintendo La Rivista Ufficiale", "paragraph_text": "Nintendo La Rivista Ufficiale, also known by the acronym NRU, was the Italian edition of Official Nintendo video game magazine, specializing in all Nintendo video game consoles and handheld gaming platforms.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 5, "title": "Yoshi's Woolly World", "paragraph_text": "Yoshi's Woolly World is a side-scrolling platformer video game developed by Good-Feel and published by Nintendo for the Wii U. The game is the seventh main entry in the \"Yoshi\" series of games, the first home console title in the series since 1997's \"Yoshi's Story,\" as well as the spiritual successor to 2010's \"Kirby's Epic Yarn.\" The game was released worldwide throughout 2015. A port for the Nintendo 3DS, known as Poochy & Yoshi's Woolly World, was released worldwide in early 2017.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 6, "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "The Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 7, "title": "Electronic Super Joy", "paragraph_text": "Electronic Super Joy is a platform video game created by Michael Todd. The game is available for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, Nintendo Wii U, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A PlayStation Vita release was planned, but later cancelled. The developers have announced plans to publish it on iOS and Android.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 8, "title": "Tetrisphere", "paragraph_text": "Tetrisphere is a falling block puzzle video game for the Nintendo 64 (N64) console. Developed by Canadian company H2O Entertainment, a nearly complete version of the game was originally slated for release on the Atari Jaguar in early 1995. After Nintendo obtained its publishing rights, \"Tetrisphere\" was reworked for the N64 and released on the platform in North America on August 11, 1997, and the PAL regions in February 1998.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 9, "title": "Little Samson", "paragraph_text": "Little Samson, known in Japan as , is a 1992 action platformer video game developed by Takeru and published by Taito Corporation for the Nintendo Entertainment System.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 10, "title": "Celeste (video game)", "paragraph_text": "Noel Berry (Skytorn) and Matt Thorson (TowerFall) created a prototype of Celeste in four days during a game jam, now named Celeste Classic. The result was a difficult platformer with 30 levels for the Pico-8 fantasy video game console designed for speedrunning and precision reflexes. Kill Screen noted that the game was a departure from Thorson's TowerFall, and had more in common with the game mechanics of his older games and Super Mario Maker work. The developers also took inspiration from difficult, Super Nintendo-era platformers. Berry and Thorson developed the game into a standalone release with over 200 rooms spread between eight chapters. They livestreamed parts of their development process on Twitch. The game was also demoed at the 2016 PAX West Indie Megabooth. Celeste released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows, Linux and macOS on January 25, 2018. The original Pico-8 prototype is included in the game as an unlockable minigame. The game will eventually receive a limited collector's edition. Thorson stated that he plans to release a set of \"farewell levels\" for Celeste some time in 2019.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 11, "title": "Kirby's Dream Land", "paragraph_text": "Kirby's Dream Land is an action platform video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy. Released in 1992, it is the first video game in the \"Kirby\" series and the debut of Kirby. As the inaugural \"Kirby\" title it created many conventions that would appear in later games in the series. However, Kirby's iconic copy ability would not appear until \"Kirby's Adventure\", released less than one year later.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 12, "title": "Super Mario Bros. 3", "paragraph_text": "Super Mario Bros. 3 is a platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was first released in Japan on October 23, 1988, and later in North America on February 12, 1990. The game was developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development, led by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka. Enhanced remakes were later released on the Super NES in 1993 and the Game Boy Advance in 2003. The game has been re-released as a Virtual Console title for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Wii U consoles.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 13, "title": "Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3", "paragraph_text": "Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 is a platform game developed by Nintendo for the Game Boy in 1994. It is the first video game to feature Wario as both a playable character and the main character, as well as the first appearance of Captain Syrup and her Brown Sugar Pirates, recurring villains in the \"Wario Land\" series.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 14, "title": "WWE 2K18", "paragraph_text": "WWE 2K18 is a professional wrestling video game developed in a collaboration between Yuke's and Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports. It is the nineteenth installment in the WWE game series (fifth under the WWE 2K banner), serving as the following from their previous game WWE 2K17 (released in 2016). It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on October 17, 2017, with the Nintendo Switch version on December 6, 2017. This release marks the return to Nintendo Platforms since WWE '13, as the first title in the series to be released on that platform. WWE 2K18 is the first video game in the series to only be on eighth generation hardware and also first in the series released on PC alongside its console counterparts.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 15, "title": "Xexyz", "paragraph_text": "Xexyz (pronounced zeks'-zees/zeks'-iz), known in Japan as , is a 1988 video game published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was released in Japan on August 26, 1988, and saw a North American release sometime in April, 1990. The game was never released in Europe and the game is not playable on PAL consoles.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 16, "title": "Kirby's Return to Dream Land", "paragraph_text": "Kirby's Return to Dream Land, released in Europe and Australia as Kirby's Adventure Wii, is a \"Kirby\" video game and the twelfth platform installment of the series, developed by HAL Laboratory, and published by Nintendo. While \"Kirby's Epic Yarn\" was released in 2010, \"Kirby's Return to Dream Land\" is the first traditional \"Kirby\" platforming home console game since \"\", which was released in 2000 for the Nintendo 64. The title was released in North America on October 24, 2011, in Japan on October 27, 2011, in Europe on November 25, 2011, and in Australia on December 1, 2011.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 17, "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_text": "During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's \"Ultra Games\" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts.", "is_supporting": true}, {"idx": 18, "title": "Warlocked", "paragraph_text": "Warlocked is a real-time strategy video game developed by Bits Studios and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. Critical reception towards the game was positive, it received a score of 86% on review aggregation website GameRankings. IGN named the game as the Best Game Boy Strategy game of 2000, and would later list the game as one they would like to see on a hypothetical Virtual Console platform for the Nintendo DSi, owing partially due to its real-time strategy interface. A sequel to the game, titled \"Wizards\", was in development for the Game Boy Advance, but was cancelled due to the lack of a publisher.", "is_supporting": false}, {"idx": 19, "title": "Broforce", "paragraph_text": "Broforce is a side-scrolling run-and-gun platform video game developed by Free Lives and published by Devolver Digital. Development began in April 2012 as a game jam entry and continued with developer and popular support, existing as an Early Access game. The game was released on 15 October 2015 for Microsoft Windows and OS X, and Linux port followed two days later. A PlayStation 4 version was released on 1 March 2016 and a Nintendo Switch port was released on 6 September 2018.", "is_supporting": false}], "question": "What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the platform, also known by a three letter abbreviation, of the video game Xexyz?", "question_decomposition": [{"id": 239036, "question": "Xexyz >> platform", "answer": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "paragraph_support_idx": 15, "support_sentence": ["Xexyz (pronounced zeks'-zees/zeks'-iz), known in Japan as , is a 1988 video game published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game was released in Japan on August 26, 1988, and saw a North American release sometime in April 1990. The game was never released in Europe and the game is not playable on PAL consoles."]}, {"id": 15840, "question": "What is the abbreviation of #1 ?", "answer": "NES", "paragraph_support_idx": 6, "support_sentence": ["The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit home video game console produced by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on July 15, 1983, as the It was released in US test markets as the redesigned NES in October 1985, and fully launched in the US the following year. The NES was distributed in Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia throughout the 1980s under various names. As a third-generation console, it mainly competed with Sega's Master System."]}, {"id": 36014, "question": "What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the #2 ?", "answer": "five", "paragraph_support_idx": 17, "support_sentence": ["During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over games released for the system – the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, such as Konami's \"Ultra Games\" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. Competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim Entertainment began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts."]}], "answer": "five", "answer_aliases": [], "answerable": true, "p2d_id": {"6": "18944028", "15": "4884522", "17": "28314"}, "#_support_docs": 3, "diameter": 2}