[ [ { "uid": "ncomms15841", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Injection and polarization in organic ferroelectric memory diodes.\nB: Operation of organic ferroelectric memory diodes.\nC: Structure and characteristics of organic ferroelectric memory diodes.\nD: Scaling of organic ferroelectric memory diodes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15841_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14325", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Modelled fluid particle trajectories at the fluid surface perturbed by waves.\nB: Surface elevation and surface particle orbits near the nodal points.\nC: Liquid-interface metamaterial.\nD: Rotating drift mechanism.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14325_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5861", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Phonon spectrum and superconductivity of LiCs.\nB: Stability of LinCs compounds under pressure.\nC: The most stable structures of LinCs at a pressure of 150 GPa.\nD: Electronic structures and the nature of Li–Cs bonds.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5861_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6832", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Evidence for a non-equilibrium, nonlinear origin of the TR-SHG response.\nB: Experimental set-up, static SHG characterization and piezoelectric response to in-plane stress.\nC: Photoinduced coupling between ferroelectric and ferromagnetic order.\nD: Comparison of ΔR/Rand ΔI/I.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6832_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14119", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: State evolution of the combined spin system.\nB: Spectroscopic evolution in magnetic field.\nC: Schematics of the experiment and differential conductance.\nD: Fits to the transport model.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14119_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10301", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Topological semimetal Cd3As2microribbon device and magnetotransport characteristics.\nB: Linear MR inBperpendicular toE.\nC: Nontrivial band structure and Berry curvature of a topological semimetal.\nD: MR in the quantum limit.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10301_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2755", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Thermal conduction scaling in GNRs.\nB: Schematic of size effects and different heat-flow regimes.\nC: Insights from numerical simulations.\nD: Measurement of heat flow in graphene ribbons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2755_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1425", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Crystal structures of Li(Zn,Mn)As and X-ray and magnetization results.\nB: Results of muon spin relaxation measurements.\nC: μSR time spectra in zero field.\nD: μSR time spectra in the WTF.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1425_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10600", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The effects of thermal oxidation temperature and time.\nB: The effect on thermocell performance of oxidation and compression of the CNT aerogel.\nC: Fabrication of cylinder-type CNT thermocells and their performance for ΔT≈51 °C.\nD: Pt nanoparticle deposition for improving electrode performance.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10600_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7892", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Summary of modelling results and fibre design trends.\nB: Time evolution of the polymer network properties for the H(AB)nsequences.\nC: Integrated fibre design framework and DPD simulation snapshots.\nD: Experimental validations for fibre spinning and mechanical properties.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7892_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2426", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Individual optimization for each nominal Mn doping of the growth temperature and of the annealing temperature and time.\nB: Demonstration of the essential role of the careful optimization of (Ga,Mn)As synthesis.\nC: Doping trends in the series of optimized (Ga,Mn)As epilayers.\nD: Determination of the spin stiffness constant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2426_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11631", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transport properties of two-dimensional electrons in δ-doped SrTiO3.\nB: Carrier density dependence of quantum transport in δ-doped SrTiO3.\nC: Electronic structures of δ-doped SrTiO3.\nD: Device structure and electron mobility in δ-doped SrTiO3.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11631_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-46848-x", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic representation.\nB: Synthesis procedure for heterogeneous bisnanohoops.\nC: Solid-state emissions ofSCPPs.\nD: Anti-Kasha emissions ofSCPPs in solution.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-024-46848-x_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Behaviour of Janus particles near planar surfaces.\nB: Submicrometre steps as rectifiers of active particles’ trajectories.\nC: Various contributions to particle angular velocity Ωx.\nD: Guidance of Janus microswimmers by step features.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10598_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4063", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Imprinting defects with optical forces.\nB: Fluctuations reveal the line tensionγπand bending rigidityκπof aπ-wall.\nC: Three coalescence pathways of colloidal membranes.\nD: Theoretical model quantitatively describes theπ-wall structure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4063_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10745", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rewritable friction on monolayer graphene.\nB: Stripes on exfoliated hBN.\nC: Orientation of stripes on graphene and hBN.\nD: Stripes on exfoliated graphene.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10745_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14889", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The formation of CdS/Cu2S core-shell structure nanowire after bias in TEM.\nB: Applicability of the electrically driven CE method for other metals.\nC: Detailed characterization of a CdS/Cu2S core-shell structured NW.\nD: Formation process of CdS-Cu2S core-shell structured NW.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14889_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10375", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Entangled photons from artificial atoms interfaced with natural atoms.\nB: Entangled photon pairs at different photon energies.\nC: Tuning the exciton energy at zero fine structure splitting.\nD: A six-legged semiconductor-piezoelectric device for quantum optics.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10375_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5461", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LL transition energies of graphene/h-BN.\nB: Many-body effects on LL transitions for pristine and gapped graphene.\nC: Graphene/h-BN heterostructures.\nD: Magneto-transmission ratio spectra of graphene/h-BN.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5461_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7884", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Synthesis and characterization of heterorotaxanes.\nB: Photophysical studies of R4·4Cl.\nC: Supramolecular encryption and fraud detection using the heterorotaxane-based fluorescent security inks.\nD: Security features of the heterorotaxane R44+- and its complex R44+⊂CD2-based fluorescent inks.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7884_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3970", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Generation–detection experiment with ac-biased detector junction.\nB: Outline of the experiment.\nC: Spatial dependence of detector response.\nD: Generation–detection with unbiased detector junction and simulated response.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3970_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13190", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: FF and CycloFF nanotubes growth rates.\nB: Crystal structure of FF and cycloFF peptides.\nC: Molecularsimulations of FF nanotubes growth.\nD: Dependency of unidirectional FF nanotube elongation and shortening on free monomer concentration.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13190_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10078", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characteristic V-like and Λ-like NED actuator deflection curves.\nB: Finally released V-like and Λ-like NED actuators.\nC: Graph presenting the strain-energy density in V- and Λ- shaped NED actuator.\nD: The controlled change in V- and Λ-shaped NED actuator curvature.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10078_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5938", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Application of an e-TLC device in a reactive hyperaemia test.\nB: Temperature analysis under different illumination conditions.\nC: Determination of skin thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.\nD: Study of thermal processes in a reactive hyperaemia test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5938_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7824", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proposed oxygen ionic and electronic transport paths.\nB: Phase identification by STEM-EDX.\nC: CGO–CGO grain boundaries in CGO–CFO6040 revealed by STEM-EELS.\nD: Oxygen permeation performance of the CGO–CFO composite MIECs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7824_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14675", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Introduction of cyano groups to CoPc enhances catalytic performance.\nB: CO2electroreduction catalysed by the CoPc/CNT hybrid.\nC: Morphological and structural characterizations of the CoPc/CNT hybrid.\nD: Comparison of various hybrid materials for catalysing CO2electroreduction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14675_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6017", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Generalization to other transition metal disulphides.\nB: Further electrochemical performance of Li2S@TiS2cathodes.\nC: Morphology of bare Li2S and Li2S@TiS2structures during a charge–discharge cycle.\nD: Synthesis and characterization of Li2S@TiS2core–shell nanostructures.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6017_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1096", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TEM investigation of the LAO/STO heterointerface on Si.\nB: Growth of LAO films on STO/Si substrates.\nC: Processes of writing and erasing a nanowire at the LAO/TiO2-STO heterointerface on Si.\nD: Time decay for conductance of a nanowire.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1096_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5899", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: On-demand fluorescent patterns formed by EMCR elastomers under electric fields.\nB: Fluorescence intensity and feature size of the field-induced fluorescent patterns.\nC: Characterization of colour change and fluorescence of EMCR elastomer films.\nD: Bioinspired design strategy for on-demand fluorescent patterning.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5899_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15367", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Analysis of a self-assembled monolayer of fullerenes on 2Pt–Pt3Ti(111).\nB: Dodecagonal square-triangle tiling measured by STM.\nC: Proposed adsorption model of fullerenes on 2Pt–Pt3Ti(111).\nD: Adsorption configuration of fullerenes on 2Pt–Pt3Ti(111).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15367_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7152", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Metal dendrites and (PEO/ANF)200composite.\nB: Copper dendrite suppression by(PEO/ANF)n.\nC: (PEO/ANF)30comparative evalution and coin cell performance.\nD: Thermal Stability Studies of(PEO/ANF)n.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7152_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10367", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Linear and FWM transmission, through rectangular gold nanocavities with varying aspect ratios.\nB: Nonlinear metalenses of focal lengths of 5, 10, 30 μm based on FWM operating atωFWM=633 nm.\nC: k-Space analysis of the FWM.\nD: Beam steering angle of the FWM signal for phase-gradient metasurfaces.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10367_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19750-5", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proton-activated artificial synapses based on the Y7C peptide.\nB: Proton-mediated resistive switching characteristics of the Y7C peptide.\nC: Film formation and proton conduction of the Y7C peptide.\nD: Proton/electron controlled bimodal memristor based on the Y7C peptide.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-19750-5_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12042", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Synthesis of the WCC.\nB: Synthesis of WCC-based HMS.\nC: Synthesis of HMS-based LHCs-b.\nD: HMS-based LHCs-b served as photocatalytic entities.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12042_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7012", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure and topology of 3D skyrmionic particles.\nB: Electric control of interactions and assembly of topological particles.\nC: Structure and dynamics of a dimer of toron–umbilical dipolar particles.\nD: Pair interactions of topological particles.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7012_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12850", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Demonstration of a molecular rectifier at 3.78 and 17.8 GHz.\nB: Perspectives for RF-molecular rectifiers.\nC: Description/characterization of the RF molecular rectifier.\nD: Sketch of the energetic level of the molecular device.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12850_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12967", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Morphology and characterization.\nB: Stability evaluation under ambient conditions.\nC: Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution analysis.\nD: Biodegradation performance.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12967_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15478", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mechanical properties of composites with semi-flexible PIC networks and flexible PAAm networks.\nB: Composite hydrogel components.\nC: Mechanical properties of composites with semi-flexible PIC networks and rigid CNT rods.\nD: Mechanical properties of composites with semi-flexible PIC networks and semi-flexible fibrin networks.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15478_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7608", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: E-field distributions on mesoporous Au films.\nB: SERS study of Nile blue-molecules coated on mesoporous Au films.\nC: Synthetic concept of mesoporous Au films.\nD: Microscopic characterization of mesoporous Au films.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7608_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7990", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Using molecular dynamics simulations to unravel the interfacial behaviours of Ag octahedra.\nB: Structure-to-function optical characterization of the three 2D plasmonic superlattices.\nC: Systematic tuning of surface wettabilities creates continuous superlattice structural change.\nD: Controlling nanoscale surface wettability of Ag octahedra to assemble three superlattices.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7990_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1492", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Conduction mechanisms in NC films in dark and under illumination.\nB: Dark conductance and photoconductance in PbS NC OFETs.\nC: Effect of MGB occupancy on photoconduction.\nD: Spectrally resolved responses of OFET indicate presence of mid-gap states forming weakly conductive band.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1492_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4523", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CL imaging of Eu defects in nanodiamonds.\nB: Optical properties of chromium-activated defects in diamond created by electrostatically assembling chromate on a bulk diamond.\nC: Ensemble Photoluminescence measurements of europium defects.\nD: SEM image of the unknown crystallites.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4523_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7089", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characteristics of fast and slow particle populations.\nB: Identifying correlated partners.\nC: Local structure and dynamic populations.\nD: Local density and lengthscales in the system.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7089_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13079", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Direct visualization of electron-directed structural transitions of β-sheets using near-field IR nano-imaging.\nB: Electron-structure interactions in amorphous and crystalline silk proteins.\nC: Quantitative evaluation of conformational transitions in silk proteins using near-field IR nano-spectroscopy.\nD: Electron-regulated nanoscale structural transitions in silk proteins.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13079_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4736", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reliability test.\nB: Supramolecular polydiacetylene.\nC: Sweat pore mapping.\nD: Tuning of hydrochromic response.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4736_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6760", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of parent and doped compounds.\nB: Overview of the RIXS data.\nC: The calculated RPA susceptibilities.\nD: The evolution of RIXS with incident energy.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6760_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4218", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mechanical characterization of HUB-based cross-linked poly(urethane-urea).\nB: Dissociation of carboxylate/amine bonds bearing bulkyN-substituent.\nC: Dynamic exchange reactions in TBEU-bearing small molecule or polymer.\nD: Design of HUB-based self-healing materials.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4218_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2708", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scaling of the number of hops with length.\nB: Electrical characterization of rr-P3HT FeFET.\nC: The hopping mechanisms.\nD: Scaling of the current-voltage characteristics of rr-P3HT FeFETs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2708_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8760", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Theoretical calculations.\nB: Photographs of graphene sponges and schematic model of the assembled cell.\nC: Electrochemical measurement of N,S-codoped graphene electrode with graphene-coated separator.\nD: Morphology and microstructure of the N,S-codoped graphene sponge.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8760_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8790", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Displacement studies.\nB: Transient signal generation.\nC: Transient downregulation of the catalytic activity of Au NP 1.\nD: Transient signal generation fuelled by ATP.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8790_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13811", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Energy density and power density of biscrolled MnO2/CNT supercapacitor compared with published results.\nB: Fabrication scheme and images of biscrolled MnO2/CNT supercapacitor.\nC: Electrochemical performance of biscrolled MnO2/CNT supercapacitors.\nD: Performance of stretchable, bent, mandrel-wrapped and knotted MnO2/CNT biscrolled supercapacitors.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13811_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structural properties of the Ba-Ta3N5nanorods.\nB: Solar-driven PEC water-splitting properties.\nC: Gas chromatography of the oxygen and hydrogen evolved from the electrodes.\nD: XRD patterns for Ta3N5and Ba-Ta3N5nanorods.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3566_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3681", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spatially patterned lateral graphene/h-BCxN heterostructure.\nB: Atomic structure and electronic properties of h-BC2N film.\nC: Atomic structure and electronic property of GNRs.\nD: Formation of mixed BCN domains enclosed by GNRs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3681_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6841", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Full-wave simulations.\nB: Experimental results and retrieved parameters of the fabricated metamaterial sample.\nC: Simulated results and retrieved parameters of the sub-wavelength wire and SRR-based artificial medium with and without embedded TDs.\nD: Homogenization of microwave gain media.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6841_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6246", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: FE simulation of tensile-strained MoS2.\nB: PL characterization of polycrystalline MoS2star with twin GBs.\nC: Controlled tensile strain in single-crystal CVD MoS2.\nD: Intrinsic tensile strain in single-crystal CVD MoS2.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6246_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9401", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pyroelectric effect enhancements on response time of self-powered ZPH PDs.\nB: Working mechanism of self-powered ZPH PDs.\nC: Structure, characterization and design mechanism of self-powered ZPH PDs.\nD: Pyroelectric effect enhanced performances of self-powered ZPH PDs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9401_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7361", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Approximate power–law relations.\nB: Accuracy of the image processing.\nC: Relations between microstructure and global quantities.\nD: Three-dimensional realization of the distribution of directions for contacts at the maximal compression level,Δ=25 mm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7361_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8555", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ultrashort laser-induced confined microexplosion experiments in silicon.\nB: Enthalpy versus pressure curves for various Si allotropes.\nC: (a,b) Additional reflections in the electron diffraction pattern.\nD: Electron diffraction patterns from tetragonal Si phases.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8555_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8992", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of the TOF of CoNx/C with other catalysts.\nB: Schematic illustration of the synthesis of the CoNx/C electrocatalysts.\nC: Understanding the structure of the active sites.\nD: Catalyst characterization.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8992_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14235", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ellipsoidal parameter plots for literature FeOnpolyhedra.\nB: Ellipsoidal analysis of the→mstructural transition in LaAlO3.\nC: Ellipsoidal parameters for FeO6polyhedra.\nD: Ellipsoidal fits to distorted octahedra.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14235_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7160", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of Ni concentration on the maximum grain size and the number of grains.\nB: Enhancing the dissociation of borazane oligomers by introducing Ni.\nC: Characterization of h-BN grains.\nD: Characterization of graphene/h-BN heterostructure.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7160_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2776", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rate equation simulations of DNP.\nB: Experimental proof for fast DNP.\nC: Direct evidence for nuclear spin polarization of the defect atom.\nD: Observation of overhauser shift at RT.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2776_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Quantification of surface degradation due to electrode-electrolyte reactivity.\nB: Morphology and electrochemical characterizations of LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2.\nC: Localization and visualization of interphases at the surface of cycled LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2.\nD: The dynamic behaviour of cathode interphases in Li-ion batteries.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14589_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15846", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Microscopic particle displacements.\nB: Relaxation dynamics.\nC: Stress fluctuations.\nD: Rupture of gel connections.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15846_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3411", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hyperpolarized MR probe targeting calcium ions.\nB: Properties of proposed platform [15N, D9]TMPA.\nC: Platform for designing chemical probes.\nD: Hyperpolarized MR probes targeting hydrogen peroxide and carboxyl esterase.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3411_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8475", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The Seebeck coefficientS(T) of Co0.999Ni0.001Sb3.\nB: The Nernst coefficient of Co0.999Ni0.001Sb3.\nC: The Seebeck effect derived from different asymmetries of charge carriers at the Fermi level.\nD: Electrical transport properties of Co0.999Ni0.001Sb3.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8475_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14586", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure and morphology characterization.\nB: Structural homogeneity and charge transfer properties of PBSCF samples.\nC: Electrochemical properties and structural stability of catalysts.\nD: Density functional theory calculation for the OER mechanism.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14586_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4023", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Resettable OR logic gate using 1c-based MTJs.\nB: Orthogonally modulated isomerization of 2.\nC: Orthogonally modulated isomerization of 1.\nD: 1c-functionalized nanogap devices.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4023_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26473-8", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dynamic breakthrough experiments and stability tests.\nB: Comparison of ethylene purification technologies.\nC: Pore structure and gas sorption properties of Zn-atz-oba.\nD: Molecular modeling guided determination of primary adsorption sites and adsorption isotherms inZn-atz-oba.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-021-26473-8_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13413", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: BP/ReS2heterostructure.\nB: Ternary inverter with three logical states.\nC: Electrical characteristics of BP/ReS2heterojunction-based NDR device at room temperature.\nD: Temperature-dependent electrical characteristics of BP/ReS2NDR device.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13413_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15682", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Energy-storage performance and model parameters.\nB: Schematic illustrations.\nC: Relevant structures of Bi1−xNdxFeO3.\nD: The computed energy storage performance of selected Bi1−xNdxFeO3solid solutions.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15682_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9593", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sample.\nB: Acousto-electric spectroscopy.\nC: FET operation of hybrid MoS2/LiNbO3device.\nD: Photoconductance spectroscopy.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9593_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8880", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The molecular electronic device characterization.\nB: Calculated electron–phonon couplings and comparison with experiments.\nC: Experimental evaluation of vibrational modulation effect.\nD: The results of pump–push photocurrent measurements.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8880_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4189", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Synthesis of GNRs with a large electronic bandgap.\nB: Comparison of GNRs and intermediate reaction products.\nC: Microscopy characterization of GNRs.\nD: Spectroscopic characterization of GNRs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4189_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3819", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Catalytic performance of CNFs for CO2reduction.\nB: Structural and elemental analysis of CNFs.\nC: Evolution of nitrogen atomic nature in CNFs by XPS.\nD: CO2reduction mechanism schematic diagram.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3819_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8772", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental analysis of grading in CQD solids formed by C3.\nB: Photovoltaic cell performance of quantum-funnel CQD photodiodes.\nC: Funnel characteristics in graded CQD solids formed by C3.\nD: Direct formation of CQD solids via centrifugal casting of CQD ink.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8772_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10629", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Time-resolved polarization contrast in photoluminescence for X- and Y-polarized light.\nB: Polarization contrast in excitation with varying crystal aspect ratio.\nC: PL spectral evolution with increased crystal aspect ratio.\nD: Orientation and structural schematic of TAT nanowire crystals.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10629_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3431", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electrochemical performance.\nB: Performance comparison of various materials.\nC: Hybrid thin film of 2D VOPO4and graphene.\nD: Formation of VOPO4ultrathin nanosheets.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3431_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2161", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dispersion of the 3D chess metamaterial.\nB: Evolution of the transmission spectrum for two layer of coupled nanorings for different value of shift.\nC: Symmetry-dependent hybridization scheme of the closed nanorings.\nD: SEM of the 3D chess metamaterial structure.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2161_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10921", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Superdoping of graphene and SWCNTs with S or B.\nB: Demonstration of uniformly distributed N atoms in NG sheets.\nC: Performance of superdoped graphene with a high level of N.\nD: Superdoping of LDGMs with N.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10921_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5709", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Raman spectra of 2+2 r-f4LG.\nB: In situtemperature-dependent Raman spectra of 2+2 r-f4LG.\nC: Raman images and spectra of 2+2 f4LG.\nD: Raman images and spectrum of 3+3 r-f6LG.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5709_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42018-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic illustration of assembly-controlled film-forming dynamic of Y6 analogs.\nB: Schematic of slot-die integrated In-situ UV-vis apparatus and material structure.\nC: Extracted packing dimers, trimers, and packing statistics of molecular dynamic simulation of Y6 analogs.\nD: Analysis of in-situ UV-vis spectrum of slot-die coated blends based on PM6:Y6, PM6:N3 and PM6:L8-BO.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-42018-7_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Monte Carlo simulation.\nB: Schematic of chiral DWs.\nC: Homochiral Bloch-component walls.\nD: Quantifying Néel- and Bloch chirality.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7598_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5396", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reversal of MR sign atT=11 K.\nB: Structure of the organic spin valves and characterization of ferroelectricity in the epitaxial PZT.\nC: Model of the hysteretic behaviour in FE-OSV.\nD: Hysteretic behaviour of the MR atT=11 K.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5396_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7590", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Optical characterization of Ag@L aggregate.\nB: Structural analysis of Ag@L aggregate switching.\nC: Design and synthesis of hybrid Ag@L nanoparticles.\nD: Epsilon-near-zero properties of Ag@L material.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7590_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2066", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Photoelectrochemical properties.\nB: Synchrotron radiation XAFS measurements and calculated DOS.\nC: Advantages of single-layer ZnSe-based film photoelectrode.\nD: General synthetic strategy and characterizations of ZnSe freestanding single layers.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2066_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4247", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TEMT reconstruction of Pt NP network superstructure in as-made ISA-H1 and comparison with SCFT results.\nB: Short- and long-range NP–NP correlations.\nC: TEM characterization of materials.\nD: Quantitative comparison of NP locations between experiment and theory.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4247_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5445", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Modular pre- and post-functionalization of CCMV–avidin crystals through biotin–avidin interaction.\nB: Functionalization with AuNPs.\nC: Protein-based materials used to form electrostatic binary solids.\nD: Functionalization with enzymes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5445_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8315", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: BN–BP–BN heterostructure device.\nB: SdH oscillations in the 8-nm-thick BN–BP–BN heterostructure.\nC: SdH oscillations in the BN–BP–BN heterostructure samples along the X- and Y- directions.\nD: Mobility and stability of the BN–BP–BN heterostructure devices.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8315_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ONWL to fabricate the nano-gap metal pattern.\nB: Highly aligned NW FETs.\nC: Large-area single P3HT:PEO-blend NW FET and complementary inverter circuit arrays.\nD: Organic nanowire printing.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: High-resolution (S) TEM images for various folded structures.\nB: Comparison with the continuum mechanics models.\nC: Analysis on the high-resolution image of folds and 3D reconstruction.\nD: Scheme of folded structures of 2D membranes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14558", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Van-der-Waals coupled perovskite multi-quantum wells (MQWs) for light emission.\nB: Bimolecular emission in three-dimensional (3D) perovskites versus excitonic emission in perovskite multi-quantum wells (MQWs)\nC: The calculated luminescence quantum yield (QY) in three-dimensional (3D) lead-based perovskites.\nD: Probing exciton localization from thin quantum well (QW) to thick (T) QW using time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14558_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9394", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electrical properties of FETs.\nB: Effect of coating speed and of molecular weight.\nC: Topography of P(NDI2OD-T2) submonolayer and films deposited on glass substrates.\nD: Polarized optical density and charge modulation microscopy maps.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9394_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2213", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematics andI–Vcharacteristics of electrochemically gated P3HT transistors.\nB: Temperature dependence of the zero magnetic field resistivity (ρ).\nC: The approach to the insulator–metal transition.\nD: Observation of the Hall effect.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2213_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10141", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Computational results.\nB: HOR performances.\nC: X-ray diffraction pattern and XPS spectra of the Ni/N-CNT.\nD: Comparison of calculated exchange current densities to measured values.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10141_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4186", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Evolution of Raman spectra as a function of sheet defectiveness.\nB: AC-HRTEM characterization of defect structures.\nC: Measurement of elastic stiffness and breaking load of defective graphene.\nD: Nanoindentation experiments and sample preparation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4186_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1640", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental set-up.\nB: Spin current relaxation.\nC: Angular dependence of ISHE signal and spin precession.\nD: Observation of ISHE in silicon.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1640_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10310", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Preparation of the polyelectrolyte by using VSNPs crosslinker.\nB: Schematics of fabrication strategies for specific functional supercapacitors.\nC: Electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor comprising the VSNPs-PAA polyelectrolyte under high stretching.\nD: Self-healing performance of the supercapacitor comprising the VSNPs-PAA polyelectrolyte.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10310_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-30594-z", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In vivo measurements in a porcine kidney model.\nB: Characterization of the NIRS probe.\nC: Characterization of NIRS probes with bioresorbable barbs.\nD: Wireless, implantable near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) probing system for local-tissue oximetry.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-30594-z_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8954", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Photoluminescence spectra of three MOFs in the powder form with femtosecond pulsed laser excitation.\nB: Multiphoton-excited fluorescence action cross-sections for An2Py, 1a, 2 and 3.\nC: Emission spectra of the guests and MOFs 2, 3 together with the excitation spectra parent MOF 1a showing the occurrence of FRET.\nD: Structures of 1–3, ligands and their fluorescence images.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8954_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11811", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic representation of visualization of 3D macrodispersion of fillers in organic–inorganic composites.\nB: Molecular structure and characterization of TPE-DTAB.\nC: Macrodispersion of organo-modified MMT in PVC/MMT composite.\nD: Characterizations of TPE-DTAB-modified MMT.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11811_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2941", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Cell impedance test and characterization of SEI formation on composite electrodes.\nB: Electrode design and fabrication.\nC: Electrochemical characteristics.\nD: Microstructure of the SiNP-PANi composite electrodes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2941_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32902-z", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Total synthesis of 4-epi-phyllanthine (4) via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based C2-epimerization of the neosecurinine scaffold.\nB: Select prior syntheses and derivatization of allosecurinine and our synthetic blueprint for C4-oxygenated securinine-type natural products.\nC: Total synthesis of securingines C (8b) and D (9b).\nD: Total synthesis of phyllanthine (5) and 4-epi-securitinine (52).", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-32902-z_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-17370-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Current-dependent dew point optimization.\nB: AMFC stability at high and low water conditions.\nC: Dew point effects on electrode water and cell behavior.\nD: AMFC performance and stability using PTFE-added electrodes.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-020-17370-7_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2193", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Response speed of the micropumps upon fast heating and cooling.\nB: Preparation of the core-shell elastomers.\nC: Characterization of the core-shell elastomer particles by light microscopy.\nD: Expected flow profile in the core-shell particles during polymerization and resulting director configuration.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2193_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10600", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fabrication of cylinder-type CNT thermocells and their performance for ΔT≈51 °C.\nB: The effects of thermal oxidation temperature and time.\nC: Carbon nanotube aerogel sheets as high-performance electrodes.\nD: Pt nanoparticle deposition for improving electrode performance.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10600_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15902", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ultrastructural properties of micrococoon.\nB: Micrococoon morphology.\nC: Micrococoon synthesis.\nD: NSF long-term storage and release.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15902_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7276", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic of the ‘O2’ molecular orbital diagram.\nB: Cell design and electrochemical behaviour of thein situEPR cell.\nC: X-band EPR spectra of the Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3versus Li half cell during cycling between 2 and 4 V.\nD: X-band EPR spectra of the Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3versus Li half cell during cycling between 2 and 4.6 V.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7276_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15909", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Field-effect mobility of devices fromrrP3HT106-b-rsP3HT47fibres.\nB: Tunnelling atomic force (TUNA) microscopy image of fibres.\nC: Fibres fromrrP3HT-b-rsP3HT.\nD: OFETs fabricated from therrP3HT-b-rsP3HT andrrP3HT-b-PS fibres.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15909_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12251", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Measurement of the change in lattice spacing induced by oxygen concentration gradient.\nB: TEM images of several MW-CNTs before and after oxidation.\nC: A series of high-quality AC-ETEM images during the oxidation process.\nD: Sketch map of the oxidation process.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12251_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11580", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TEM images of the solid samples.\nB: SAXS and X-ray diffraction profiles of 3D SMOF-1.\nC: Fluorescence quenching and photo-driven hydrogen production.\nD: Compounds used in this study.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11580_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13640", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Orientation of bottlebrush polymers in their hot-pressed films.\nB: Design principles for polymers processable into a 2D homeotropic order.\nC: Molecular structures of bottlebrush polymers and their phase transition behaviours.\nD: Self-assembled structures of bottlebrush polymers in bulk.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13640_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11399", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: POM aggregate formation at the microscopic scale.\nB: Chemical state of SL and ESD electrodes.\nC: Atomically resolved STEM images of monodisperse SL POM.\nD: Electrode–electrolyte interfaces of fabricated supercapacitor devices.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11399_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6802", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mechanical properties of FIBER NFAs with various densities.\nB: Compressive, shear and tensile mechanical properties of the FIBER NFAs (ρ=9.6 mg cm−3).\nC: Multifunctionality of combining the thermal insulation, sound absorption, emulsion separation and electric conduction.\nD: Design, processing and cellular architectures of FIBER NFAs (ρ=9.6 mg cm−3).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6802_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13651", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chemical structure and physicochemical properties of J71.\nB: Plots and images of the GIWAXS measurements.\nC: Transient absorption measurements for the study of hole transfer dynamics.\nD: Synthetic route of J71 and the effect of the alkylsilyl substitution on the physicochemical properties of the monomers.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13651_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11746", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ion–molecule reaction of formic acid with mass-selected hydrides, [LAg2(H)]+.\nB: DFT-calculated energy profile for the two reaction steps in the catalytic cycle ofFig. 1a.\nC: Experimental (red line) and DFT-calculated (blue line) IRMPD and UV spectra\nD: Key concepts for switching on reactivity at coinage metal centres.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11746_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10078", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characteristic V-like and Λ-like NED actuator deflection curves.\nB: The controlled change in V- and Λ-shaped NED actuator curvature.\nC: Finally released V-like and Λ-like NED actuators.\nD: Schematic cross-section of a Λ-shaped NED.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10078_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1116", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Thermodynamics of the porter domain of AcrB.\nB: The crystal structure and coarse-grained (CG) model of AcrB.\nC: Snapshots of drug export through 'exit' and 'cleft'.\nD: Dynamic simulations for the functional rotation and the drug export of AcrB.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1116_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14313", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Visualization of a hexagonal water–hydroxyl island.\nB: Capture of water monomers walking along a pentagonal water chain.\nC: High-resolution images of terminals in water chains.\nD: Visualization of pentagonal water chains and their defects.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14313_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11585", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: J–Vcharacteristics and EQE of IDTBR devices with P3HT.\nB: Structure and UV–vis absorption of IDTBR acceptors.\nC: Charge generation and recombination dynamics of IDTBR:P3HT blends.\nD: Solar cell stability.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11585_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15717", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Morphology characterization.\nB: Evidence of OMC intercalation.\nC: Schematic illustration of the synthetic route.\nD: Electrochemical performance of MDC-OMC.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15717_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6979", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure illustrations of PCN-332 and PCN-333.\nB: Pore expansion with preserved structure (the isoreticular approach).\nC: Transmission- and scanning electron microscopy anlyses of PCN-333(Al).\nD: Porosity and stability characterization of PCN-333 and PCN-332.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6979_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12949", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NMR studies and single-crystal X-ray analysis of bis(merocyanine) 2.\nB: NMR studies and single-crystal X-ray analysis of bis(merocyanine) 1.\nC: Quantum chemical calculation studies.\nD: Exciton state diagram and UV/vis absorption spectra.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12949_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5622", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of βCD–bpy gel and supramolecular cross-linking in the gel.\nB: Metal–ion-responsive adhesion of βCD–bpy gel totBu gels.\nC: A metal–ion-responsive adhesive material.\nD: Reaction of metal ions with βCD–bpy gel and its property change.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5622_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spray-coating of smectic α-ZrP/epoxy films.\nB: α-ZrP nanoplatelets and spray-coated films.\nC: Gas barrier property of spray-coated films.\nD: Smectic (φ=0.040) α-ZrP/epoxy liquid.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4589_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7210", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Energy landscape of single guest translated along the honeycomb rim.\nB: Images as quantitative thermodynamic measurements of a guided diffusion scenario.\nC: Confinement of single molecules in a surface-supported two-dimensional metal-organic nanomesh.\nD: Time-averaged patterns and their modelling.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7210_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1561", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Photon-assisted tunnelling in a 2-electron double quantum dot.\nB: Analysis of the photon-assisted-tunnelling spectra.\nC: Power-dependence of the photon-assisted tunnelling spectra and spontaneous relaxation.\nD: Photon-assisted-tunnelling spectra and simulations.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1561_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3275", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fabrication of hydrogel cubes with uniform giant DNA glue modification.\nB: Self-assembly of hydrogel cubes with uniform giant DNA glue modification.\nC: Self-assembly of hydrogel cuboids at the liquid–liquid interface.\nD: Self-assembly of multiple hydrogel cubes dimers.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3275_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-40718-8", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Large scale reaction and derivatizations of the chiral products.\nB: Kinetic resolution of substituted [2.2]paracyclophanes.\nC: Experimental mechanistic studies and postulated reaction mechanism.\nD: Scope for KR of substituted amido[2.2]paracyclophanes.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-40718-8_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10771", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of chemical stability and catalytic durability between CoS2/CNT and CoS|P/CNT.\nB: Structural characterizations of the CoS|P/CNT hybrid material.\nC: XANES spectra of CoS|P/CNT and structural stability discussion based on first-principles calculations.\nD: Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution over the CoS|P/CNT catalyst.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10771_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14457", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Thermodynamic characterization of SO2and CO2adsorption processes.\nB: Structural characterization and computational modelling.\nC: Defect pore engineering in an isoreticular metal organic framework series.\nD: Sulfur dioxide interaction with crystal defect sites.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14457_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-15207-x", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Boron-mediated directed C–H hydroxylation of indoles.\nB: Synthetic applications.\nC: Boron-mediated directedorthoC–H hydroxylation of amides.\nD: Towards a transition-metal-free process for directed aromatic C–H hydroxylation.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-15207-x_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9127", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ‘Windmill’-like supermicelles.\nB: Programmed stepwise hierarchical assembly.\nC: Initial studies of hierarchical assembly via H-bonding interactions.\nD: Hierarchical assembly of triblock comicelles via H-bonding.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9127_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9363", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: UltrafastD–T2correlation LNMR experiment.\nB: Boosting sensitivity by hyperpolarization.\nC: Resolving different physical environments of molecules.\nD: Improved chemical resolution.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9363_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15306", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Covalent link of p-AP molecules on the surface via single-vacancy formation.\nB: The electric and electronic graphene features remain unaltered after p-AP functionalization.\nC: Evolution of the covalently linked vacancies with the ion dose.\nD: Charge redistribution in the region around the molecule upon covalent bonding.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15306_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-20274-1", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hasubanan alkaloids and reported asymmetric syntheses.\nB: Total synthesis of (-)-cepharatines A (5) and C (6).\nC: Retro-synthetic analysis of hasubanan alkaloids: a unified synthetic route.\nD: Total synthesis of (-)-sinoracutine (9).", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-20274-1_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7398", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Calculated dynamic quantities of NS2 as a function of pressure and temperature.\nB: Location of experimental reversibility windows (Boolchand phases).\nC: A numerical glass transition cycle.\nD: Structure and constraint behaviour of densified silicates.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7398_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8669", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Work and information are related by physical processes.\nB: Relation between information-theoretic and thermodynamic quantities.\nC: Examples of logical processes.\nD: The work cost of quantum measurements.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8669_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8798", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Evolution of atomic ratio of oxygen atoms.\nB: Catalytic performances of NiCo2O4in the temperature range of 200–550 °C.\nC: Evolution of products.\nD: Conversion of CH4.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8798_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10914", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Energy profiles.\nB: Synthesis of pyrimidine.\nC: Synthetic application and modification.\nD: Transition states for the first acetonitrile addition.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10914_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13088", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of cell-surface modification by CLSM images and flow cytometry analysis.\nB: Real-time monitoring of light-induced cell disassembly.\nC: Schematic illustration of engineering photo-responsive host-guest recognition on cell surfaces.\nD: Fluorescence images and quantitative analysis of controlled cell adhesion and release.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13088_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8417", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rheology of H/H and H/L organogels.\nB: Mechanical analysis of self-healing behavior in H/H organogels.\nC: Equilibria for model compound and PEG HDCNs.\nD: Free energy profile for the formation of 3 in excess paraformaldehyde.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8417_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12165", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterizations of KSCN-treated melon compared with amorphous melon.\nB: HOMO and LUMO distribution on the carbon nitrides.\nC: Characterization of the KSCN-treated melon before and after the 100+ h photocatalytic experiment.\nD: Molecular models used in this study.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12165_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2242", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Atomic distribution within the particles.\nB: Temperature-dependent catalytic performance.\nC: Methanol conversion and CO content for typical steam-reforming reaction catalysts.\nD: Thermodynamic equilibrium product compositions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2242_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14039", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: STM images of benzaldehyde formation at the FeO/Pt(111) interface.\nB: Interfacial effects of three different Ag-TMO structures.\nC: Adsorption configurations and free energy profile of benzaldehyde formation at the FeO/Pt(111) interface.\nD: Dependence of catalytic activity on the surface Cu+species of PdCux–Cu2O nanocomposites evolved from fresh Pd-Cualloy.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14039_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14625", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecular structure of 19 with 20% probability.\nB: C1-stabilizing IBOs of gold complex 8.\nC: Molecular structure of 6 and 7.\nD: Known gold carbene complexes 14 and 15 and comparison of them with gold carbene 8.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14625_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6847", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inverse pore diameter scaling.\nB: Nanoparticle-modified membranes.\nC: Conductivity rejections and pH sensitivity of methyl-terminated nanoparticle membranes.\nD: Engineering the ligand terminal group to tune the membrane charge.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6847_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9173", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Two-body and three-body FRET processes.\nB: Population transfer fromn=32.\nC: Population transfer.\nD: Density dependence.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9173_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5647", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Time courses of red light-driven water splitting by the hybrid systems.\nB: Time courses of solar OWS by PSII-Ru/SrTiO3:Rh.\nC: Optical microscope images of the PSII–photocatalyst hybrid systems.\nD: Scheme of a PSII–photocatalyst hybrid system for OWS.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5647_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11002", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reaction pathway considerations for a model pyrrole molecule on Au(111).\nB: Self-assembly of OETAP on Au(111) after deposition at room temperature.\nC: Surface-assisted synthesis and self-assembly of phthalocyanines.\nD: Surface-confined synthesis of phthalocyanine tapes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11002_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15360", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of Ce3+concentration of strained and unstrained ceria films measuredin-situ.\nB: HR-TEM characterization of the CeO2-δ/substrate interfaces.\nC: -ray reciprocal space maps of coherently strained versus relaxed ceria.\nD: Probing the effect of the film/substrate interface on the reducibility of the ceria films.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15360_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3009", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structural and optical properties of1.\nB: Proposed mechanism for the mechanical stimulus-triggered phase transformation.\nC: Photographs and crystal structures of polymorphsIbandIIy.\nD: Photographs of the phase transformation ofIbtoIIy.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3009_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13057", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: High-resolutionin situTEM image of Cu40SiO2at 1 mbar H2at 250 °C.\nB: Effect of copper particle size on activity.\nC: Effect of zinc loading on activity.\nD: Electron microscopy images and corresponding particle size distributions of copper catalysts with particle sizes ranging from 2 to 15 nm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13057_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2641", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Macroscopic volume and microscopy characterization of the samples before and after swelling.\nB: Time-series images of the H0.8[Ti1.2Fe0.8]O4·H2O crystals.\nC: Distribution of DMAE and H2O molecules.\nD: Evidence of crystalline swelling using SAXS.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2641_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4800", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Generation of the acetylene dication and the deprotonation fragments.\nB: Laser-field control of asymmetric hydrogen bond breaking.\nC: Subfemtosecond directional control of deprotonation.\nD: The relevant first excited state of the dication for deprotonation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4800_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5470", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Vertically aligned MoS2nanoflakes.\nB: CO2reduction performance of the bulk MoS2catalyst in the EMIM-BF4solution.\nC: DFT calculations of electron density.\nD: Overview of different catalysts’ performance at different overpotentials.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5470_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1542", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: COFs engineered with various organic groups.\nB: IR spectral profiles.\nC: Pore surface engineering in COFs.\nD: XRD patterns and crystalline structure.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1542_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4515", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: H−ions in apatites.\nB: Dependence ofδisoondO–H…OanddM–H.\nC: Incorporation of H−and OH−anions into mayenites observed by X-ray diffraction.\nD: Crystal structure of C12A7.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4515_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13108", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Macroscopic characterization of haloimidazole crystals.\nB: Crystal structure of 1–8.\nC: PFM images and piezoresponse hysteresis loops of 8.\nD: Polarization domain and piezoresponse hysteresis loops of 2·7.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13108_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12711", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Intact tDBA on Ag(111).\nB: Third reaction by annealing at 400 °C.\nC: Summary of the transformation process.\nD: First reaction on Cu(111).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12711_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5948", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization and assembly of Au–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles.\nB: Catalytic activities of Au–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles.\nC: Trends in TORs of Au–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles and their mass activity.\nD: Structural characterization of Au–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5948_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12942", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Homology modelling-based mutagenesis of FS and HFS.\nB: Biosynthesis of PDs inRosmarinus officinalisand sage species.\nC: Functional analysis of C20Ox.\nD: Overview of the engineered CA pathway.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12942_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3581", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structural analysis of the host–guest-binding complex.\nB: Examination of host–guest binding.\nC: Catalytic epoxidation of olefins by the dendrimer catalyst.\nD: Structures of guest molecules.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3581_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-40667-2", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electrochemical CO2reduction performance in flow cell.\nB: Preparation and characterization of catalyst.\nC: X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.\nD: Electrochemical CO2reduction performance in H-cell.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-40667-2_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10411", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Excitation spectra of single molecules at room temperature.\nB: Heterogeneity of single molecule emission.\nC: The concept of broadband single-molecule excitation spectroscopy.\nD: Simultaneous detection of emission and excitation spectra of individual molecules.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10411_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8128", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Diffraction spot intensity modulation with tilt.\nB: Quantification of diffraction spot shape change with tilt\nC: Thickness dependence of rel-rods.\nD: MFI nanosheet crystal structure.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8128_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8261", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TEM images and OER activities of battery-cycled CoO/CNF.\nB: OER activities and stability of pristine and 2-cycle TMO/CFP catalysts.\nC: Bifunctional 2-cycle NiFeOx/CFP for two-electrode water splitting.\nD: Schematic of TMO morphology evolution under galvanostatic cycles.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8261_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4931", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Relaxed and frozen electron densities.\nB: Comparison of experimental and calculated tip-sample interactions.\nC: Quantifying the short-range forces responsible for intermolecular contrast.\nD: Intermolecular contrast in a 2D hydrogen-bonded assembly.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4931_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15254", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Morphological analysis of photochemically transmuted SPs.\nB: SPs with photo-tunable curvature.\nC: Light-induced unfolding of helical SP fibres and refolding of the resulting straight fibres into randomly coiled fibres.\nD: Mechanistic insight into photochemical transmutation of SPs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15254_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3890", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Nanoscale mapping of α-helical and β-sheet secondary structure.\nB: Infrared nanospectroscopy and nanoimaging of secondary structure in individual insulin fibrils.\nC: Infrared nanospectroscopy of TMV and individual ferritin protein complexes.\nD: Nano-FTIR mapping of PM.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3890_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3162", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spectroscopic evidence for metallicity of 1D sulphur chains.\nB: Chemical states and filling ratios of 1D sulphur chains.\nC: Electric transport of buckypapers containing 1D sulphur chains.\nD: Structural identification of 1D sulphur chains inside CNTs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3162_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1970", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scheme of artificial nacre synthesis.\nB: TEM cross-section showing continuity of crystallinity across one organic layer.\nC: Optical characterization.\nD: Comparison of biogenic and artificial nacre.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1970_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10744", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hall voltage measurements at different temperatures and for different sizes of nanoparticles.\nB: Schematic structure of a GaN-based magnetless Hall device.\nC: GATR-FTIR spectra of the adsorbed monolayers.\nD: Hall voltage measured for calibrating the magnet-less Hall devices.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10744_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: X-ray diffraction patterns for a series of samples.\nB: Chemical adsorption of CO2for a series of samples.\nC: AC impedance spectroscopy with different cathodes.\nD: Cycling performance.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14785_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2490", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chemistry of the bound calcium phosphate at the different stages.\nB: Electron diffraction and FTIR analysis.\nC: Results ofin situAFM investigation of ACP and AP nucleation kinetics.\nD: Morphological transformations of CaP during time as observed by Cryo-TEM.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2490_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1800", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: iCVD nano-adhesive bonding.\nB: Anisotropic particle synthesis from organic precursors.\nC: Synthesis of NIR-active anisotropic particles.\nD: Optimization of residence timescale.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1800_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8954", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Photoluminescence spectra of three MOFs in the powder form with femtosecond pulsed laser excitation.\nB: Emission spectra of the guests and MOFs 2, 3 together with the excitation spectra parent MOF 1a showing the occurrence of FRET.\nC: Multiphoton-excited fluorescence action cross-sections for An2Py, 1a, 2 and 3.\nD: Structures of 1–3, ligands and their fluorescence images.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8954_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14353", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Catalytic oxidative C–H functionalization.\nB: Mechanism studies.\nC: Photo-driven C–H trifluoromethylation of substituted benzenes and nitrogen-containing heteroarenes.\nD: Characterization of the nanocatalyst.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14353_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10085", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spectroscopic studies of the polymer and blend films (1:2 wt ratio).\nB: Temperature dependenteVOCfor a PNOz4T/PC71BM cell and a PNTz4T/PC71BM cell.\nC: TEM images of the polymer/PC71BM blend film (1:2 wt ratio).\nD: Structures and properties of the polymers.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10085_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2809", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Temperature dependence of shift factors (scaled relaxation time) comparing data and different models.\nB: Images of old amber.\nC: Stress relaxation behaviour of amber at different temperatures.\nD: Thermal property measurement of amber.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2809_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5235", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ultrafast Auger probe data.\nB: Potential energy surfaces and ultrafast Auger probe scheme.\nC: Ultrafast Auger probe simulations.\nD: Ground state Auger spectrum.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5235_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2169", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Device and measurement setup.\nB: Non-local conductance measurement.\nC: Noise cross correlation.\nD: Andreev reflection and charge measurement.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2169_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14119", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spectroscopic evolution in magnetic field.\nB: State evolution of the combined spin system.\nC: Fits to the transport model.\nD: Schematics of the experiment and differential conductance.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14119_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15225", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Evolution of the single-molecule Fano spectra with different energy detunings.\nB: Distance dependence of single-molecule Fano resonance.\nC: Orientation dependence of the Lamb shift.\nD: Realization of single-molecule Fano resonance.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15225_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9973", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: s-SNOM images and interaction curves of BNNTs.\nB: Reconstructed interaction curve and derived approach curves.\nC: Scheme of method of the near-field interaction reconstruction.\nD: Interaction curves of the BNNT terminal under quadrature homodyne conditions.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9973_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3154", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Linear mid-infrared nanoantennas for PIR spectroscopy.\nB: PIR-SEIRA spectroscopy of a protein monolayer in dry and aqueous media.\nC: Molecular bond-specific signatures of bound particles.\nD: Multiple protein binding monitoredin-situwith PIR-SEIRA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3154_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10940", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy ofex vivohuman pulmonary tissue after incubation with RFP-expressingA. fumigatus.\nB: A Trp-BODIPY fluorogenic amino acid.\nC: The cyclic peptide 8 is a highly stable fluorogenic agent for high-resolution imaging ofA. fumigatus.\nD: Fluorogenic peptides for live cell imaging ofA.fumigatusin co-culture with human lung epithelial cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10940_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10482", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transport measurements on various observed resistance states in defect-engineered GeTe nanowires.\nB: Transport measurements on crystalline GeTe nanowires irradiated at various dosages.\nC: Accessing intermediate resistance states on GeTe nanowire devices defect engineered into insulating crystalline phase.\nD: Structural analysis on crystalline GeTe nanowires irradiated at various dosages.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10482_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10107", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The dipole moment and charge density oscillations.\nB: The rt-TDDFT Ehrenfest dynamics simulations at 50 K for neutral Ag55(a,b) and Ag55with the modified electronic structure\nC: The calculated eigen energies, atomic structure and absorption spectra of Ag55.\nD: The analysis of the transition coefficientsCj,i(t).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10107_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-44627-8", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Numerical demonstration of dual-band waveform-selective metasurfaces.\nB: Experimental demonstration of engineering wave propagation in accordance with frequency sequence.\nC: Concept of the use of frequency-hopping metasurfaces to obtain additional degrees of freedom to engineer wave propagation.\nD: Experimental demonstration of the metasurface towards realistic communication scenarios.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-44627-8_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14696", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Correlation functions of charge density wave and trimer phases.\nB: Correlation functions of dimerized and spin-motion fluid phases.\nC: Model and phase diagram for quantum spin-motion coupling.\nD: Spin-motion coupling in the limit of classical motion.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14696_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15357", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental set-up.\nB: Full-interferometer mode.\nC: Flux detection and oscillation.\nD: Density functional theory calculations.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15357_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5959", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Time-resolved spectra on a nearly optimally doped Bi2212.\nB: Dynamics of pump-induced change.\nC: Equilibrium and transient nodal electron self-energies.\nD: Results on a heavily overdoped Bi2201 and an overdoped Bi2212.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5959_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6855", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A leaky Dirac photonic crystal.\nB: Accidental degeneracy of two eigenmodes in the leaky Dirac PC at the Γ-point.\nC: Scanning ability of the DLWA.\nD: Bloch impedance and radiation performance for different lengths of the DLWA.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6855_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12721", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DC transport and anomalous Hall effect.\nB: Elemental-specific charge transfer and interfacial magnetism by XAS and XMCD.\nC: Magnetic depth profiling by PNR.\nD: Global magnetization of SMO–SIO superlattices.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12721_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5679", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Estimating the optimal pulse duration for a three-qubit register.\nB: Features of cross-talk in single-ion measurements.\nC: Addressing of a single qubit within a quantum byte.\nD: Effect of randomized pulse sequences.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5679_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8783", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electrically pulsed excitation and polarization dependence.\nB: Single defect PL in 4H–SiC.\nC: Defect origin.\nD: Intensity-excitation power curves for single-photon emitters in 4H–SiC.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8783_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4130", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Response to radiation.\nB: Overview of the experiment and main results.\nC: Noise equivalent power.\nD: Quasiparticle fluctuations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4130_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7661", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Magnetic field control of the ferroelectric domain-wall state.\nB: Magnetic and ferroelectric domain-wall structure.\nC: Electric-field-driven injection and positioning of a domain wall.\nD: Ferroelectric order and domains in Mn0.95Co0.05WO4.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7661_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6994", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hexatic ordering in a large system.\nB: Other interesting states formed in a system made of rotating particles.\nC: Dynamical behaviour and state diagram of rotating disks.\nD: The analysis of point patterns.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6994_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electronic structure of SmB6and its comparison with non-interacting TIs.\nB: Spin polarization of topological Dirac surface states along thedirection.\nC: Spin polarization of topological Dirac surface states along high-symmetry lines.\nD: Schematic of the spin-polarized surface state dispersion in the TKI SmB6.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5566_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Suspended gate organic thin-film transistor pressure sensors.\nB: Pulse wave measurement.\nC: Fundamental electric response and performance data for the SGOTFTs.\nD: Tunable pressure-sensing performance.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7269_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2307", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Design of the travelling wave SSPD.\nB: SPD characterization in time domain.\nC: SSPD on-chip detection performance.\nD: Time-domain ring-down measurements.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2307_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9757", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Adiabaticity parameter.\nB: Qubit in a noisy environment.\nC: Coherence of the qubit.\nD: Pulse sequences.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9757_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3322", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Density of states calculations.\nB: Growth and structural characterization of CuMnAs.\nC: Magnetic characterization.\nD: Transport in CuMnAs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3322_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9874", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electrical performance through one full stretch cycle with schematic illustration.\nB: Schematic representation of stretch mechanism with accompanying SEM images.\nC: Characterization of liquid repellency.\nD: Durability testing for electrical performance and liquid repellency.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9874_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Probabilities of random eigenfunctions with different energies containing knotted vortices.\nB: Tangled and knotted vortex filaments in random high-energy eigenfunctions of energyEN.\nC: Dependence of vortex knot complexity on curve length.\nD: Examples of low-energy eigenfunctions with knotted vortices in symmetric strongly amphicheirally symmetric conformations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12346_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9187", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Geometry of the vortex streamlines.\nB: Penetration of the vortex rings.\nC: Time evolution of the vortex ring formation.\nD: Formation of a vortex ring during drop impact.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9187_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1920", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mapping of Ising nematic domains from tunnelling asymmetry maps in Dy-Bi2212.\nB: Equilibrium phase diagrams and fixed points.\nC: Critical exponents.\nD: Cluster size distribution and critical exponents.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1920_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9999", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematics of the colloidal swimmer near a substrate.\nB: MSAD data re-scaled to allow comparison with theory.\nC: Brownian rotational quenching and alignment near a planar surface.\nD: Electrophoretic behaviour for Janus colloids.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9999_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6376", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spin textures in chiral helimagnets.\nB: Multi-scale modelling of Cu2OSeO3.\nC: Exchange couplings between effective tetrahedral entities.\nD: Magnetization process of conical helices for the Dzyaloshinskii model.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6376_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13754", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Thermal images in W/YIG and Pt/Al2O3/YIG.\nB: Comparison of temperature distributions induced by SPE and Joule heating.\nC: Numerical simulation of temperature distributions.\nD: Observation of SPE in Pt/YIG using LIT.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13754_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8178", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Time profiles and dynamical phase of the harmonic spectra of Cs.\nB: Position and time, and scheme of electron dynamics.\nC: SST time-frequency spectra and semiclassical trajectories.\nD: HHG power spectra of Cs and time-domain synthesis of the harmonics.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8178_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10591", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structural characterization of the DNA origami nanostructures.\nB: Light-induced conformation changes of DNA origami nanostructures.\nC: ‘Writing’, ‘erasing’ and ‘reading’ of the 3D plasmonic nanostructures by light.\nD: Light-driven 3D plasmonic nanosystem.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10591_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14009", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Vertex map of crystals with two topological defects.\nB: Vertex map of a crystal with one topological defect.\nC: Dislocations in pyrochlore spin ice.\nD: Topological frustration.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14009_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11683", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Local changes in photoluminescence (PL) over time under illumination.\nB: Bulk changes in photoluminescence (PL) over time under illumination.\nC: Time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling.\nD: Iodide redistribution after light soaking.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11683_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2442", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison between simulations and theory in the presence of impurities.\nB: Spin textures in chiral-lattice magnets.\nC: Comparison between simulations and theory in the absence of impurities.\nD: Velocities of the current-driven motions.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2442_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2201", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: System model and physical realization.\nB: Experimental set-up and optical spectroscopy.\nC: Wavelength conversion efficiency and bandwidth.\nD: Output noise.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2201_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15846", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rupture of gel connections.\nB: Relaxation dynamics.\nC: Local stresses.\nD: Stress fluctuations.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15846_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5133", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Determination of magnetic flux density in the APB region.\nB: Structure of APB produced by heat treatment in the Fe70Al30alloy.\nC: Change in the Fe content in the APB region.\nD: Direct imaging of magnetization distribution in the APB region.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5133_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6311", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental data.\nB: PSD of the bead and power transmission.\nC: Concept of the acoustic granular crystal switch.\nD: Acoustic logic elements.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6311_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4048", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Resistance-field measurements for different spin-mixer layer thicknesses.\nB: Structure and magnetic characterization of the superconducting spin valves.\nC: Transport properties of spin valves with and without spin mixers.\nD: Asymmetry in peak widths.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4048_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12773", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structural distortions and FE-like symmetry breaking in LAO/STO heterostructures.\nB: Quantitative analysis of polar catastrophe and cation intermixing in LAO/STO at atomic scale.\nC: The strain-resurrected head-to-head FE-like polarizations and the 2DEG-hole juxtaposition in conductive LAO/STO.\nD: FE-like distortions in LAO and STO as a strain-accommodation alternative.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12773_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13258", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Time-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy set-up.\nB: Schematic of the system of study presenting the dopant concentration in the vicinity of a dangling bond.\nC: Spectroscopic behaviour of selected dangling bonds on Si(100) samples with dopant depletion layer at the surface.\nD: Time-resolved STM measurements of relaxation and excitation time constants.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13258_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14761", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental L-TEM images of a Néel skyrmion at varying tilt angles.\nB: In situreversal behaviour of a Co/Pd multilayer.\nC: Magnetic induction map of a tilted skyrmion.\nD: Simulated zero-field skyrmion width.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14761_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9963", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Probe energy dependence of TRKR.\nB: Optically initialized valley-polarized holes.\nC: Temperature dependence of hole valley depolarization.\nD: Valley polarization and coherence in monolayer WSe2.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9963_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2335", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Properties of a MgF2crystalline WGM microresonator.\nB: Phase noise investigation of the mid-infrared frequency comb modes.\nC: Phase noise investigation of the mid-infrared frequency comb modes.\nD: Mid-infrared optical frequency comb generation using a crystalline MgF2microresonator.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2335_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2080", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Shot-noise measurement and spin polarization.\nB: Time evolution of the wave packet for the charge density and the spin density in the QPC channel.\nC: Measurement setup and physical properties of the InGaAs-based QPC device.\nD: Quantized conductance plateaus.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2080_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9190", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The mechanism for optical modulation of the exchange in iron oxides.\nB: Determination of the absolute sign of the change ofD/Jin TmFeO3.\nC: THz emission versus the magnetization direction in FeBO3and ErFeO3.\nD: Terahertz emission generated in YFeO3.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9190_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15044", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Representative Interferograms of the Mach–Zehnder Interferometer.\nB: Experimental apparatus.\nC: Results for repeated runs of the experiment.\nD: Experimental schematic and phase characterization.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15044_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12974", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identifying the extreme quantum limit via Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations.\nB: Nonlinearity of the resistance in the extreme quantum limit.\nC: Schematic of the measurement setup.\nD: Dependence of the resistivity on field direction.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12974_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10426", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Extraction of Schottky barrier height from the threshold voltage.\nB: TEM characterization of the MoS2GBs showing misorientation angle dependence.\nC: Measurements and statistics on Intra-domain vs inter-domain transport.\nD: DFT calculations of the band structure for GBs with various misorientation angles.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10426_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3525", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: T- andVbg-driven current switching of bipolar JJG (JA).\nB: Tdependence of s.d. ofP(Ic).\nC: Configuration of JJG with ap–nbarrier.\nD: Gate-controlled complete suppression of supercurrent inJA.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3525_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11791", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Performance of graphene-based flexible OLEDs fabricated on 50 μm PET substrate.\nB: Synergetic optical effect of TiO2as a high-index layer and GraHIL as a low-index HIL.\nC: Device performance of graphene-based OLEDs under study.\nD: Design overview of proposed high-efficiency graphene-based OLEDs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11791_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15722", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spin injection of two typed devices at room temperature.\nB: NLSV MR data.\nC: A lateral spin valve device with gallium nitride channel.\nD: Difference in spin transport of crystallographic planes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15722_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison with the continuum mechanics models.\nB: Scheme of folded structures of 2D membranes.\nC: Analysis on the high-resolution image of folds and 3D reconstruction.\nD: High-resolution (S) TEM images for various folded structures.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9935_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7007", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Distance per type of flow and population size.\nB: Classification of cities.\nC: Results for 31 Spanish cities.\nD: Total commuting distance.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7007_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5437", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic of the interaction model.\nB: Order parameters for the transition between the phases.\nC: Morphological phase diagram.\nD: Packing evolution depending on friction and confinement rigidity.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5437_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8547", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Kondo peak mapping to detect spin distribution.\nB: Schematic illustration of Cu corroles used in our study.\nC: STM image and Kondo resonance of Cu-TPC and Cu-Benzo.\nD: Comparison and analysis of the crystal and optimized structures.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8547_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13038", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Robust surface states between the Weyl photonic crystal and the PEC.\nB: Experimental set-up for surface transmission measurements.\nC: Double Weyl points breaking into single Weyl points due to symmetry breaking.\nD: Realization of Weyl points in an electromagnetic system by introducing interlayer coupling.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13038_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8249", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Extinction contrast and birefringence imaging.\nB: Schematic of a scanning cavity microscope.\nC: Extinction cross-section of gold nanoparticles.\nD: Resolution enhancement by higher transverse modes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8249_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2755", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Measurement of heat flow in graphene ribbons.\nB: Thermal conduction scaling in GNRs.\nC: Schematic of size effects and different heat-flow regimes.\nD: Insights from numerical simulations.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2755_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32148-9", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Triggered operation of a three-layer transient DNAzyme cascade.\nB: Triggered transient formation and depletion of a DNAzyme.\nC: Triggered operation of a two-layer transient DNAzyme cascade.\nD: Conjugation of the transient three-layer DNAzyme cascade to subsequent biocatalytic processes.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-32148-9_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12216", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Heterogeneous nucleation of silicon oil on different solid seed particles.\nB: Reconfigurable materials.\nC: Engineering new shapes.\nD: pH- and light-triggered dewetting.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12216_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10769", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Altshuler–Aronov–Spivak oscillations.\nB: Aharonov–Bohm oscillations.\nC: Gate tuning of Aharonov–Bohm oscillations.\nD: Magnetotransport of a nanowire with diameter∼115 nm (Device 1).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10769_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9667", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structures of Au38Tand Au38Q.\nB: Characteriztion of Au38T.\nC: Comparison of ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared absorption spectra of Au38T.\nD: Difference in stability and catalysis between Au38Tand Au38Q.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9667_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 3D-tunable micro-honeycomb structure of an ECM matrix for use as a co-culturing system.\nB: Functional assays of the co-cultured spheroids in a 3D hydrogel scaffold and PDMS microwells.\nC: Diverse applications of the tunable HAR honeycomb microstructures.\nD: The principles underlying viscoelastic lithography.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11269_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1627", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ultrasound contrast enhancementin vivo.\nB: Photoacoustic imagingin vitro.\nC: PAnDs.\nD: Ultrasound contrast enhancementin vitro.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1627_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15053", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A diagram of the scheme to obtain a strain-induced quantum emitter.\nB: Optimization of strain-induced arrays of quantum emitters.\nC: Positioning accuracy determined by weighted spectral averaging.\nD: A monolayer WSe2quantum emitter array.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15053_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9185", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TPC measurements using excitation with a 1.55 eV sub-CM-threshold photon energy.\nB: TPC measurements of CM using excitation with 3.1 eV photons.\nC: Schematic of TPC measurements.\nD: CM and its characteristics.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9185_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4132", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Real-time andin-situartery wrist pulses and acoustic vibrations.\nB: Dynamic pressure response at low and high pressure range.\nC: Pressure-resolved and time-resolved responses.\nD: Detection of other types of mechanical forces.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4132_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11924", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Materials properties and device design.\nB: Electronic transport.\nC: Temporal response.\nD: Photoconduction.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11924_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12396", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Two-level system vacuum Rabi mode splitting.\nB: Sample fabrication.\nC: Device design.\nD: Mechanical displacement noise.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12396_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3275", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Self-assembly of multiple hydrogel cubes dimers.\nB: Fabrication of hydrogel cubes with uniform giant DNA glue modification.\nC: Self-assembly of hydrogel cubes with uniform giant DNA glue modification.\nD: Self-assembly of hydrogel cuboids at the liquid–liquid interface.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3275_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6746", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Microscopy analysis of stereocomplex and amporphous spherical micelles.\nB: Morphological transition and the changes to the crystallinity on mixing of two homochiral cylinders 3 and 4.\nC: Characterization of the formation of the stereocomplex spherical micelles from the homochiral polymers 1 and 2.\nD: Characterization data of the nanostructures obtained from the self-assembly of diblock copolymers 1 or/and 2.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6746_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12952", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A comparison between the shape of each Raman peak at 0 and 22.8 GPa.\nB: The vibrational properties of TiS3under hydrostatic pressure.\nC: Polarization dependence of Raman modes and their pressure dependence.\nD: Material synthesis and characterization.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12952_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2584", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A 29 T spin-orbit magnetic field in a carbon nanotube.\nB: Large spin-orbit coupling in a (p,n) double quantum dot.\nC: Spin-orbit coupling in the first three electronic shells.\nD: Spin-orbit coupled states in a nearly-metallic nanotube.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2584_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7409", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Magnetoresistance and state preparation.\nB: Model for hyperfine splitting in the framework of the Thiele equation.\nC: Fine splitting of vortex gyration frequencies.\nD: Scheme of the experimental set-up.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7409_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13064", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Catalogue of stable 2D structures for a 1:1 MeOH:water monolayer.\nB: Thermally-activated formation of organized water-MeOH structures.\nC: MD simulations of the water-MeOH mixture at the interface with HOPG.\nD: High-resolution AM-AFM imaging of the HOPG–liquid interface.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13064_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9354", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Measurement and analysis of the conductivities for the LMO nanowires.\nB: Raman and XPS spectra.\nC: Structural characterization of the LMO nanowires.\nD: Phase identification of the LMO nanowires.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9354_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1656", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Laser power dependence of the ultrafast photocurrent at the graphene–metal interface.\nB: Finite-difference-time-domain and finite-element-method simulation.\nC: Frequency analyis of ultrafast photocurrents in graphene.\nD: Ultrafast photocurrent circuitry for graphene.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1656_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14179", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Delivery of nontargeted particles (Particles) and EpCAM-targeted PLGA particles (t-Particles) followed by TRAIL therapeutic does not affect non-target cells and tissuesin vivo.\nB: Amplification of TRAIL apoptotic effect via polymeric particles conjugation is caspase dependent and increases death receptor expression.\nC: Polymeric particles conjugated to tumour cell surface amplify TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in the presence of fluid shear stress.\nD: Polymeric particles targeted to tumor cell surface amplify immune cytokinemediated apoptosisin vivo.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14179_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9572", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of black phosphorus flakes.\nB: Thermal conductivity measurements of BP using micro-Raman technique.\nC: Raman thermometer calibration results of the 9.5-nm-thick BP film.\nD: First-principles-based modelling results of few-layer BP.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9572_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12447", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SCD of the three lipids calculated from QSCM measurements.\nB: FEM simulations of the QSCM mode.\nC: CIHD measurements of phospholipids.\nD: Schematic of the experiment.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12447_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12424", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Three regimes of droplet formation.\nB: Electric field aided hydrodynamically dispensing and manipulation of small droplets.\nC: Dispensed droplets and microcapsules.\nD: Size of daughter droplets as a function of experimental parameters.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12424_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15376", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electron co-implantation.\nB: Optical linewidth and coherence properties of SiV.\nC: Targeted Si ion implantation into diamond and SiV defect properties.\nD: Spatial precision of SiV creation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15376_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8446", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Superconducting state transport measurement C.\nB: Sample image and schematic.\nC: Device characterization.\nD: Superconducting state transport measurement B.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8446_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of data with the decay cascade model.\nB: Measurement circuit and raw data.\nC: Effect of AWG pulse waveform on pump performance for sample 2.\nD: Effect of AWG pulse waveform on pump performance for sample 1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12074", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 3′–5′ exonucleolytic activity of ϕ29DP on rCDNAiiand rD2C1.\nB: E. coli-dependent HRCA reaction.\nC: E. coli-dependent RCA reaction.\nD: Inability of a D2C to undergo RCA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12074_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15189", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison between the active sample and the control sample.\nB: Electron tunnelling events and the resulting resonator transition rates.\nC: Experimental sample and measurement scheme.\nD: Quantum-circuit refrigeration and thermal model.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15189_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7590", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Design and synthesis of hybrid Ag@L nanoparticles.\nB: Optical characterization of Ag@L aggregate.\nC: Structural analysis of Ag@L aggregate switching.\nD: Epsilon-near-zero properties of Ag@L material.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7590_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1286", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Confocal scanning images of the QD emission for different slit-to-first-groove distances.\nB: Plasmonic beaming of the fluoresence from a quantum emitter.\nC: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of plasmonic antennas and XZ confocal scanning images.\nD: Active control over QD emission.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1286_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3114", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MD simulations for single dislocation dynamics.\nB: In situimaging of the compression of Cu–graphene multilayers.\nC: Results of nanopillar compression test.\nD: Schematic of metal–graphene multilayer system synthesis.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3114_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8637", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Variation of spin configurations with magnetic fields for a 40 nm NW.\nB: Crystal morphology and transport properties of a MnSi NW.\nC: Transport properties andT–Bphase diagram of a 40 nm MnSi NW.\nD: The NW diameter dependence of the MR behaviors and the skyrmion phase diagrams of temperatureTand magnetic fieldB.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8637_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Large-area single P3HT:PEO-blend NW FET and complementary inverter circuit arrays.\nB: ONWL to fabricate the nano-gap metal pattern.\nC: Organic FET with nano-channel length and width.\nD: Organic nanowire printing.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14702", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Feasibility investigation of the ACIE method forin vitrodrug-release monitoring.\nB: In vivoNIR bioimaging of the GI tract with different sized microcarrier gavaging.\nC: Schematic illustration of the ACIE bioimaging system and fabrication procedure.\nD: Pharmacokinetics of BSA and toxicity evaluation of the microcarriers.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14702_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scaling up hydration-driven nanoscale energy conversion.\nB: Hygroscopy-driven artificial muscles.\nC: The rotary engine.\nD: The evaporation-driven oscillatory engine.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8346_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8662", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Numerical results.\nB: Single-photon emission.\nC: The lens fabrication process.\nD: Hong–Ou–Mandel setup.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8662_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1337", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Encapsulated FD10 is uptaken by anionic ligand-binding receptorsin cellulo.(a) Schematic showing the different pathways of endocytosis adopted by free and encapsulated FD10.\nB: Encapsulated FD10 uptaken by coelomocytes ofC. elegansis functional.\nC: Formation and characterization of host–cargo complex of DNA icosahedron and FD10.\nD: Accessibility of FD10 in the host–cargo complex and interaction of encapsulated cargo within the host capsule.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1337_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2965", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Methods for isothermal triggering of DNA nanotube self-assembly.\nB: Modeling and quantitation of DNA nanotube growth.\nC: Upstream control circuit.\nD: Structural and dynamic DNA nanotechnology", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2965_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15340", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Controlling the orientation and assembly of colloidal PMMA particles.\nB: The working principle of TOMOTRAP.\nC: Controlling the orientation of an eukaryotic cell.\nD: Controlling the orientation, shape and assembly of red blood cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15340_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26927-z", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Emission spectra using 355 nm excitation.\nB: Photophysical mechanism and application of LaL1(TTA)3.\nC: Differences between phosphorescence and persistent luminescence and performance of LaL1(TTA)3.\nD: Kinetics Profile of triplet and singlet transitions of LaL1(TTA)3at 77 K (or 10 K where stated).", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-26927-z_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3679", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pseudo-colour plots of TR-2PPE spectra in 150 ps.\nB: Pseudo-colour plots of TR-2PPE spectra in 10 ps.\nC: Kinetics of CT formation/decay and triplet energy transfer.\nD: Electronic energy alignment at the interface.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3679_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15845", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SM-OCT imaging of the mouse cornea and retina clarifies the boundaries between the layers and reveals the cellular structure of the stroma.\nB: Demonstration of speckle removal and increased visibility in phantoms.\nC: SM-OCT in the mouse pinna reveals fine low-contrast structures.\nD: Analysis of speckle statistics and speckle contrast in SM-OCT and conventional OCT.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15845_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9204", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The two-laser experiment (B=0.0 mT,T=4.2 K) on X1−.\nB: X0spin noise within the Coulomb blockade plateau.\nC: Linewidth versus scanning frequency.\nD: Neutral and charged excitons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9204_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Second harmonic diffraction fromχ(2)gratings.\nB: Absorption and electroabsorption spectra of pentacene/C60CT states.\nC: Generation and modulation ofχ(2)by intermolecular charge transfer states.\nD: Sub-wavelengthχ(2)grating fabrication.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14269_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7407", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Control of the surface plasmon-polariton field.\nB: Excitation energy-dependent imaging versus energy-space imaging.\nC: PINEM on a single nanowire.\nD: Energy-space imaging.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7407_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12588", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The single-photon source efficiency in a wide frequency range.\nB: Correlation function measurements.\nC: Device operation.\nD: The single-photon source.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12588_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1584", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: How the photonic lantern works.\nB: The operation of the FBG.\nC: The set up for the on-sky tests of the sky-suppressing fibre.\nD: Sky spectrum and filter performance.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1584_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9420", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of carrier cooling, bandgap renormalization and Burstein–Moss effect.\nB: Effective mass calculation from TA spectra corrected for reflection changes.\nC: TA spectra showing hot photoexcited carrier distributions and cooling.\nD: Transient absorption and reflection spectra of CH3NH3PbI3films on Al2O3.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9420_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8565", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Band diagram of a three-mode coupler with varying middle waveguide widthW2.\nB: AE scheme in atomic physics and optical waveguides.\nC: Experimental observation of AE compared with ordinary three identical waveguides.\nD: Active coupling control between outer waveguides in AE configuration.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8565_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15391", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Edge detection for changes in either amplitude or phase.\nB: Design of surface-plasmon-based spatial differentiator.\nC: Spatial resolution test with slot patterns.\nD: Spatial differentiation demonstration for the beams through slits.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15391_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11809", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Absorptivity of the metamaterial versus incidence angle.\nB: Measured absorptivity versus incidence angle.\nC: Absorptivity and emissivity at high temperature.\nD: Elemental analysis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11809_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7611", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CEP control of emission angle.\nB: Single-atom response WFR simulation results.\nC: Photon yield and calculated pulse profiles.\nD: Isolated spatiotemporal profiles for three different emission angles", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7611_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6615", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DNA structures.\nB: Ideal yield, efficiencies and dipole orientation.\nC: Energy transfer analysis.\nD: Fluorophore photophysical properties.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6615_figure_10.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-47125-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Bilateral DSSs in double WNRs.\nB: Phase transitions in WNLSs.\nC: Degeneracy features of WNRs and singularities.\nD: Platform of WNLSs with DOFs of translation and rotation.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-024-47125-7_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9724", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Film growth and characterization.\nB: Performance of the photodetector based on ISC film.\nC: Photodetector based on ISC film.\nD: Current-voltage (IV) trace and lifetime measurements.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9724_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8944", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Photoemission dynamics predicted by simple man's model.\nB: Size-dependent near-field enhancement.\nC: Electron energy spectra and recollision dynamics calculated with M3C simulations.\nD: Size and intensity scaling of the electron yield.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8944_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6001", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: KPFM measurements for short-circuit conditions at thinner capping layer thicknesses.\nB: Cross-sectional elemental analysis.\nC: Setup of the SFM measurement principle.\nD: CPD measurements of the device without HTM.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6001_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15043", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Two-way capacities for Gaussian channels in terms of the relevant channel parameters.\nB: Adaptive quantum protocol.\nC: Two-way capacities of basic qubit channels.\nD: Classification of channels in DVs and CVs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15043_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9286", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Interfacial functionalization steps.\nB: Energy schematic of the tandem layer structure under illumination.\nC: Output power characteristic.\nD: Stability assessment.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9286_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8410", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Synthetic procedure for ZSO.\nB: XRD and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) of samples obtained with various reaction conditions.\nC: Experimental procedure for PSCs.\nD: Structure and performance of ZSO-based flexible perovskite solar cell.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8410_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ONWL to fabricate the nano-gap metal pattern.\nB: Highly aligned NW FETs.\nC: Organic nanowire printing.\nD: Organic FET with nano-channel length and width.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15331", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Simulation and experimental results of BF-QEPAS.\nB: Qualitative representation of the QTF response curves.\nC: Linear dependence of the BF-QEPAS signal on H2O concentration levels.\nD: A side-by-side comparison of conventional QEPAS and BF-QEPAS techniques.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15331_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4609", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Demonstration that the fringe-field effect is a result of magnetic, rather than electrical coupling.\nB: Magnetoconductance (MC) and magnetoelectroluminescence (MEL) in organic semiconductor devices.\nC: Correlation between a remanent magnetic state of the magnetic film and the MC/MEL.\nD: Correlation between MC/MEL and magnetization for several different ferromagnetic films.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4609_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16097", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: All-optical devices based on a degenerate cavity system.\nB: Equivalent circuit and spectrum of the proposed photonic devices.\nC: Design of a stopband optical filter based on photon’s OAM.\nD: Time evolution of the optical signal in the quantum memory.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms16097_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15330", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electron extraction and charge recombination properties.\nB: Monitoring iodide distribution in PSCs.\nC: Planar heterojunction PSCs using a nanocarbon layer to suppress layer-to-layer ions/molecules diffusion and facilitate electron charge carrier diffusion.\nD: Performance of PSCs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15330_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1302", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Stable expression of Kir2.\nB: Ex-293 cells form 3D biosynthetic excitable tissues and establish active electrical connection between remote regions in a 3D cardiac network.\nC: Spiral waves in Ex-293 monolayers.\nD: Stable coexpression of three genes confers impulse conduction in unexcitable cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1302_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14494", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Bipod gaits generate three power strokes per walking cycle resulting in more continuous forward locomotion.\nB: Gait optimization in an insect model.\nC: Tripod gaits are optimal for fast climbing using leg adhesion.\nD: Blocking leg adhesion inD. melanogasterabolishes the tripod gait and uncovers the potential for atypical bipod-like leg coordination.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14494_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11513", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure and electron emission performances of a GME.\nB: Electron emission performances of GMEs with different graphene dimensions.\nC: Temporal response of a GME.\nD: Schematic mechanism of gate tunability.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11513_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7126", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dynamics of the magnon wave packet.\nB: The electronic bands and the Landau decay rate.\nC: The magnon lifetime and spin-resolved density of states.\nD: The magnon dispersion relation and linewidth.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7126_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19511-4", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: AFM thickness dependence of current-induced switching in PtMn/Pt and PtMn/Ru structures.\nB: Stack structure, schematics of measurement configuration, and current-induced switching.\nC: Different characteristics of current-induced switching between PtMn/Pt and PtMn/Ru structures.\nD: XMLD-PEEM imaging of current-induced switching in Pt/PtMn(10) structures.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-19511-4_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12398", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spectromicroscopic quantification of resistive switching filaments.\nB: Graphene electrodes forin operandospectromicroscopy of memristive devices.\nC: Calibrating X-ray absorption spectroscopy for the detection of subtle changes in oxygen-vacancy concentration.\nD: Utilizing PEEM insights for device simulation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12398_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12699", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Managing the light spectrum.\nB: Light absorption and emission.\nC: Managing light distribution.\nD: Sunlight-to-biomass conversion efficiency and strategies.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12699_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11650", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fabrication and function of the Chem–Phys hybrid sensor patch.\nB: On-body test configuration.\nC: Real-time on-body evaluation of the Chem–Phys hybrid patch showing the lactate levels and heart rate for three human subjects.\nD: In-vitrocharacterization of Chem–Phys hybrid patch.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11650_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-45670-9", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Computing power demand increase and platform transition from Von-Neumann towards highly parallelized architectures.\nB: Schematic diagrams of DAC circuits conventionally used in the literature to bias the rows of the memristive crossbar.\nC: Schematic diagrams of ADC circuits conventionally used in the literature.\nD: Typical figures-of-merit used to quantify the performance of ANNs intended for pattern recognition.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-024-45670-9_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12725", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Stretchability of TRAM.\nB: Memory performance of TRAM.\nC: The h-BN thickness dependence of TRAM.\nD: Device structure and memory characteristics of the TRAM.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12725_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Performance of the PHOLEDs.\nB: Energetics of the excited states in the PHOLED EML.\nC: Energy and doping schemes of the PHOLEDs.\nD: Lifetime and modelling of the PHOLEDs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15566_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Deterministic soft composite materials as substrates for skin-mounted electronics and wirelessly controlled responsive hydrogels.\nB: Wavy network architectures and design rules for tailored, non-linear stress–strain responses.\nC: Skin-like mechanics in a network composite material and spatially heterogeneous designs.\nD: Self-similar network designs for multistage non-linear mechanical response and extreme stretchability.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7566_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13413", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Temperature-dependent electrical characteristics of BP/ReS2NDR device.\nB: BP/ReS2heterostructure.\nC: Ternary inverter with three logical states.\nD: Electrical characteristics of BP/ReS2heterojunction-based NDR device at room temperature.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13413_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12762", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Diffusion resistances for water at the nanoscale.\nB: Surface effects on water diffusion.\nC: Experimental diffusion coefficient.\nD: Self-diffusivity of water in defected MFI membranes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12762_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The evaporation-driven oscillatory engine.\nB: Scaling up hydration-driven nanoscale energy conversion.\nC: The rotary engine.\nD: Hygroscopy-driven artificial muscles.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8346_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15891", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tunnelling triboelectrification with different types of graphene and equivalent circuit.\nB: Control of the density and polarity of the tunnelling triboelectric charges.\nC: Resistance reduction of graphene by tunnelling triboelectrification.\nD: Tunnelling triboelectrification by friction of graphene with a Pt AFM tip.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15891_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-40763-3", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Performance evaluation of the data model for continuous BP estimation.\nB: Working principle and layouts of the wearable wireless continuous blood pressure monitoring system.\nC: Device characterization and signal analysis.\nD: Performance evaluation of the wireless wristband for continuous BP monitoring.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-40763-3_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13065", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DFT analysis of adsorption energies of S species on TiO (001) and TiO2(110).\nB: Characterization of electrode films and separators during cycling.\nC: Schematic illustration of the adsorption limitation of LiPSs for polar hosts.\nD: Characterization of the sulfur-based composite materials.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13065_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15400", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In situTEM observations of the lithiation process in Ag1.63Mn8O16nanorods.\nB: Predicted stable structures for representative Ag and Li concentrations.\nC: Lithiation process in Ag1.63Mn8O16nanorods and structural characterization.\nD: Phase evolution of hollandite nanorods during lithiation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15400_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13907", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Origin and mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic performance in CdS/Ti3C2system.\nB: Morphology and chemical composition of CT2.5.\nC: Photocatalytic performance and spectroscopy/(photo)electrochemical characterization.\nD: Density function theory calculation studies of O-terminated Ti3C2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13907_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15390", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Performance of solid-state DSCs with Cu(II/I) hole conductor.\nB: Solid Cu(II/I) hole conductor in solid-state DSCs.\nC: DSCs with the Cu(II/I) hole conductor and Y123 sensitizer.\nD: Time-resolved laser spectroscopy of interfacial electron transfer involving Y123 dye molecules.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15390_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12744", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sustainably powering wearable electronics during walking or jogging.\nB: Overview of the TENG.\nC: Applications of the TENG in emergency response and weather indication.\nD: Electrical outputs of the TENG on diverse types of motions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12744_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14075", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RTA comparison with hotplate for FAPbI3thermal processing.\nB: FAPbI3decomposition and kinetic modelling.\nC: FAPbI3film morphology and device performance for film annealed at 170 °C.\nD: RTA/in situXRD.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14075_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Quantification of surface degradation due to structural reconstruction.\nB: Quantification of surface degradation due to electrode-electrolyte reactivity.\nC: The dynamic behaviour of cathode interphases in Li-ion batteries.\nD: Morphology and electrochemical characterizations of LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14589_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14083", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Material characterization of the active carbon cloth/iodine cathode.\nB: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the cathode and anode.\nC: Electrochemical performance of the rechargeable Mg/I2battery.\nD: Electrochemical performance with microporous carbon/iodine cathode.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14083_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14627", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sulfur distribution in the VN nanoribbons after cycling.\nB: Schematic of fabrication process of VN/G composite and cell assembly.\nC: Electrochemical performances of VN/G and RGO cathodes.\nD: Morphology and structural characterization of the VN/G composite.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14627_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-019-13434-5", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of the SiO electrode with an elastic GPE.\nB: High-resolution XPS spectra of cycled SiO electrodes.\nC: Schematic illustration of an elastic gel polymer electrolyte (GPE)-incorporated SiO anode with a reliable electrode structure.\nD: Cycling stability of SiO|NCM cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-019-13434-5_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15682", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic illustrations.\nB: Energy-storage performance and model parameters.\nC: CalculatedP–Ehysteresis curves of Bi1−xNdxFeO3solid solutions.\nD: The computed energy storage performance of selected Bi1−xNdxFeO3solid solutions.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15682_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12537", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Photovoltaic properties.\nB: Phase diagram of the CdTe-CdSe pseudobinary system.\nC: Cross-sectional EBIC average line profiles.\nD: CdTe growth-induced phase transformation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12537_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12985", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Electrical outputs of triboelectric nanogenerator.\nB: Working mechanism of three-layer structured triboelectric nanogenerator.\nC: Fabrication of three-layer structured triboelectric nanogenerator.\nD: Wireless sensing system and portable power-supplying system for driving and charging electronics.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12985_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15113", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterizations and catalytic activity of monolayer MoS2.\nB: Theoretical predictions.\nC: HER activity before and after desulfurization of polycrystalline multilayer 2H-MoS2.\nD: Summary of the HER activity of electrochemically desulfurized MoS2.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15113_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12806", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Recombination lifetime analysis.\nB: Scheme and structure of perovskite solar cell.\nC: Performance characterizations of the perovskite devices.\nD: Characterization of N-CLCS and CLCS films.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12806_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15194", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of Co(OH)2before and afterin situXAS experiment.\nB: Comparison ofin situXANES collected on the electrode and the reaction model of Co(OH)2and CoOOH transformation.\nC: Cycling life of Co(OH)2and design of the XAS experiment.\nD: Phase transformation energy profile using DFT and comparison ofin situEXAFS collected on the electrode together with their corresponding fitted curves.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15194_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7412", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Equipment for growing periodic Si nanostructures.\nB: Si nanostructures collected at regions of different temperatures.\nC: The chemical potential oscillation.\nD: The growth tip and VLS processes in it.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7412_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12611", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reversible learning is supported in WTA networks using TiO2memristor-based synapses.\nB: Learning in a WTA network with a mixture of software and memristor synapses.\nC: TiO2-based memristors encode conditional probabilities.\nD: Weight-dependent STDP in memristors.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12611_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28518-y", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Examples of non-linearizable systems.\nB: Linear vs. nonlinear model reduction.\nC: Data-driven nonlinear SSM-reduced model on the unstable manifold of the steady solution of the flow past a cylinder.\nD: Schematics of SSMLearn.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-28518-y_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13890", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chemical potentialsforA={C,N,O,H} atoms.\nB: Classification of molecular carbon ring stability.\nC: Isomer energies with chemical formula C7O2H10.\nD: Prediction and explanation of molecular energies with a deep tensor neural network.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13890_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8669", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Examples of logical processes.\nB: Relation between information-theoretic and thermodynamic quantities.\nC: The work cost of quantum measurements.\nD: Work and information are related by physical processes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8669_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13928", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Brain network application.\nB: Network node dispersion.\nC: Percolation on the Power Grid network.\nD: D-measure for classical evolving models.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13928_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7599", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Predictions of the CAPE–HLCY–VWSH model—Peak months of tornado activity for the United Stated and Canada.\nB: Differences in the conditional autoregressive term between the CAPE–HLCY F0–F5 and CAPE–HLCY–VWSH F0–F5 monthly models.\nC: Results of the CAPE–HLCY–VWSH F0–F5 model.\nD: Results of the CAPE–HLCY–VWSH F2–F5 model.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7599_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Temporal evolution of plasma inflows and downflows during the reconnection.\nB: Temporal evolution of the flare heating and the CME acceleration.\nC: Overview of the 17 January 2012 solar flare and CME reconnection event.\nD: Plasma and magnetic configurations during the reconnection process.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8598_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5040", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TEM images of oxide and metallic phases.\nB: Oxygen isotope composition.\nC: SEM backscattered electron images of sample no. 125.\nD: Magnetite grain surrounded by ladder veins.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5040_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14719", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure inside of a KAW packet.\nB: Current and electric field fluctuations in a KAW.\nC: Comparison of current and electric field estimates.\nD: MMS observations of a reconnection exhaust.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14719_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1344", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Bolometric lightcurve and selected spectra from the normal Type Ia supernova SN 2003du.\nB: Schematic illustration of the arguments for and against a given progenitor scenario being the predominant mechanism for SNe Ia.\nC: Determination of the reddening law along the line of site to SNe Ia.\nD: Two-dimensional SN Ia models.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1344_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8144", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rare incompatible cells segregate from the majority but eventually rejoin the population and produce spores.\nB: Cheating and kin recognition are diminished during development.\nC: Cells with rare recognition cues produce equal amounts of spores in mixes with either compatible or incompatible strains.\nD: An illustration of the proposed cost to cells that carry rare recognition cures in co-development with incompatible strains.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8144_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5789", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Trace fossils on theOphthalmosaurusbones.\nB: Abundance data of macroinvertebrates associated with theOphthalmosaurusbones.\nC: Macroinvertebrates associated with theOphthalmosaurusbones.\nD: Plan of the excavation, locality of recovery of theOphthalmosaurusand stratigraphy.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5789_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6945", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The production of biosurfactants and swarming motility inP. putidaIsoF are dependent on thepsogene cluster.\nB: The role of putisolvin biosurfactants in biofilm structural development.\nC: Putisolvins are not a public good in swarming colonies.\nD: Activity of thepsoApromoter during biofilm development.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6945_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11252", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model ofsDscamβisoform expression.\nB: Each variable cassette preceded by a promoter insDscam.\nC: Model of the origins ofsDscamαandsDscamβ.\nD: Organization of two novelDscamgene subfamilies inM. martensii.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11252_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12114", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transgenerational reproductive impairment of the F0, F1 and F2 generations.\nB: Transgenerational effect of hypoxia on the epigenome.\nC: Hypoxia induces differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in testis of the F0, F1 and F2 generations.\nD: Integrated omics analysis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12114_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15414", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ants identify and return to their preferred location in the nest.\nB: Chambers with a given function display a unique chemical signature.\nC: Evidence against passive chemical deposit mechanism.\nD: Classifier evaluation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15414_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14458", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: High-introgression SNPs show greater association with flowering time than background SNPs.\nB: Possible demographic history creating the present-day pattern of spatial genetic variation inArabidopsis thaliana.\nC: Origin of non-relict expansion based on whole-genome population polymorphism.\nD: Global pattern of outlier relict haplotypes inA. thalianagenome.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14458_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3455", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Late Triassic Os isotope record in the Panthalassa Ocean.\nB: Major element compositions of chert and claystone.\nC: Photomicrographs of the claystones from the Sakahogi section.\nD: Stratigraphic Os isotope profile.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3455_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6168", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses across two radiations.\nB: Phenotypic trajectory analysis between Midas cichlid species flocks demonstrates parallel evolution.\nC: Study area.\nD: Parallelism in eco-morphological variation of Midas cichlids across two crater lakes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6168_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4521", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Distribution of toxins inC. geographusvenom duct and proposed mechanism for venom release.\nB: Action of predation- and defence-evokedC. geographusvenoms on human receptors.\nC: The predation- and defence-evoked venoms of cone snails.\nD: Molecular evolution of conotoxin gene superfamilies and the role of defensive evolutionary pressure on cone snail venom evolution.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4521_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6234", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Alternative stable states in mussel beds at different levels of spatial complexity.\nB: Self-organized spatial patterns in a mussel bed at two spatial scales nested within one another.\nC: Development of spatial patterns at two spatial scales within mussel beds.\nD: Effects of increasing spatial complexity on ecosystem functioning.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6234_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6754", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pyritization–kerogenization taphonomic gradient.\nB: Taphonomic representations ofConotubus hemiannulatus.\nC: Ultraviolet photoluminescence andin situXRD data forConotubusspecimen 1GH2-70A.\nD: SEM/EDS and SIMS δ34SPYdata forConotubusspecimen GJS-Cono002.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6754_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9676", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tetrapods from the Cisuralian of northeastern Brazil.\nB: Palaeoichthyofauna from the Cisuralian of northeastern Brazil.\nC: Location of the new faunal province and phylogenetic relationships of the temnospondyl taxa described herein.\nD: Reconstruction of the Cisuralian lacustrine/wetland community of the Teresina area in northeastern Brazil.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9676_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11833", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Herbivore exclusion and nutrient pollution alter algal communities.\nB: Multiple stressors disrupt coral microbial communities and produce coral mortality.\nC: Effects of nutrient pollution and parrotfish predation on coral mortality and microbiology.\nD: Algal competition and temperature combine to alter coral microbiomes by driving bacterial blooms.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11833_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7278", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The RYTO shape can be derived from a simple branched metabolic pathway model and subsequently found in bacterial growth data.\nB: As predicted by population genetics theory, threelamBmutant strains can be stably co-maintained in a laboratory microcosm.\nC: RATO data in theE. colilibrary is too noisy to discern a nonlinear shape, however, a priorSaccharomyces cerevisiaedata set has a nonlinear RATO.\nD: The evidence for a between-strain RYTO is not significant at all maltotriose concentrations tested.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7278_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2749", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Holotype specimen ofAcrotholus audeti.\nB: Paratype specimen ofA. audetiwith interpretive drawings.\nC: Selected results of morphometric analyses of pachycephalosaur frontoparietal domes.\nD: Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of Pachycephalosauria.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2749_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1636", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characteristics of the VDVF water column.\nB: Characteristics of the BVF water column.\nC: MCSC faunal observations.\nD: MCSC chimneys and fauna.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1636_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2415", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison among speleothem δ18O records over the past 60 ka.\nB: Speleothem δ18O records from western Amazonia in comparison with other climate records.\nC: Precise anti-correlation between the millennial variability of the AM and the SAM.\nD: Location of climate records from South America and current regional climate patterns.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2415_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2111", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Modelling of hypothetical tool-projection angles inCorvusspecies.\nB: Visual-field projections on orthographically viewed spheres for sixCorvusspecies.\nC: Geometry of tool-holding in NC crows.\nD: Filming eye movements and tool-positioning in free-moving NC crows.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2111_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2391", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Examples of echinoderms from the Cambrian Stages 3–5 of Morocco.\nB: Stratigraphic distribution of early to middle Cambrian echinoderms.\nC: Map of localities.\nD: Cambrian lithostratigraphy in Morocco.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2391_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9854", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Simulated patterns of circulation in the Indo-Pacific region for the boreal summer.\nB: Observed change in precipitation in the Indo-Pacific region for JJA.\nC: Global anomalies of sea water temperature in the boreal summer during the hiatus period compared with typical La Niña years.\nD: Vertically integrated moisture budget incorporating tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean effects.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9854_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4323", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Past AMO variability and changes in solar and volcanic forcing.\nB: Spatial relationship between external forcings and instrumental North Atlantic SSTs.\nC: Relationships between external forcings and the AMO during the LIA and modern warming.\nD: Linear regression analyses of the AMO and the external forcings.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4323_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14203", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inter-ocean comparison of shallow and deep water ventilation.\nB: Core Locations and Study Area.\nC: Radiocarbon records for TR163–23.\nD: Foraminifera radiocarbon offsets from the atmosphere over the past 25,000 years.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14203_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14914", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Whole core geochemistry of Ardley Lake sediments.\nB: Penguin occupation phases in the Ardley Lake record compared with key records of volcanic activity climate and sea-ice from the Antarctic Peninsula region for the last 10,000 years.\nC: Scatterplots of element/aluminium ratios and comparison of C/N and C/P ratios.\nD: Modelled penguin population changes for the Ardley Island penguin colony compared with a summary of key environmental influences during the Holocene.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14914_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4035", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Field location and experimental schematic.\nB: Temperature dependence of emissions.\nC: Emissions from the peatland and gaseous speciation.\nD: Preferential volatilization of selenium.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4035_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10266", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Case study showing cloud impacts on melt/refreezing during 16–21 June 2008 at 67°N–49°E.\nB: CRE over the GrIS.\nC: The effects of clouds on the SMB during the period September 2007–September 2010.\nD: Retrieved cloud properties over the GrIS by satellite remote sensing.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10266_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7642", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sea ice and ocean conditions in CB over the last 250 years.\nB: CB2010 chronology.\nC: Pixels locations for extraction of SICs.\nD: Relationship between proxies and cyclicity of sea surface conditions in the MGP area.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7642_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13653", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Illustration showing the land-to-ocean fluxes during glacial and deglacial periods.\nB: Sediment record of massive PF-C remobilization during the YD-PB transition and ice core data from Greenland.\nC: Location of post-glacial sediment records in the Laptev Sea.\nD: OC source apportionment in the Laptev Sea sediment record.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13653_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13382", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Alpine LGM ice cap.\nB: Valley-fill thickness and postglacial erosion rates.\nC: Observed and modelled uplift rates.\nD: Uplift rates caused by deglaciation and postglacial erosion and deposition.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13382_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1811", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: South-shore coral Sr/Ca and Hydrostation S SST from 1976 to 1997.\nB: Carbon isotope records from Bermuda and regional climate records.\nC: Influences on and variability of oceanic Δ14C.\nD: Schematic showing the interactions of the 5-box model.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1811_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14196", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Relationship of the proportion of transpiration derived from deep soil moisture between current values and its future response.\nB: Climate-driven changes in the proportion of transpiration derived from deep soil moisture.\nC: Duration of ecological droughts during growing season.\nD: Current and future distribution of temperate drylands.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14196_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15329", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mass-absorption cross-sections of black carbon- and iron oxidex-containing particles as a function of wavelength and mass-equivalent diameter.\nB: Transmission electron microscopy images and element distributions of aggregated iron oxide nanoparticles found in dry PBL air.\nC: Scatterplots between the 1-min data of various observed parameters in dry PBL air.\nD: Single-particle soot photometer data indicating the mixing state of individual iron oxide-containing particles.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15329_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-31434-w", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Radiative effects of all summer atmospheric blocking events on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet relative to mean (2003–2020) conditions.\nB: Correlative relationships between summer cloudiness and radiative fluxes at the ice sheet surface.\nC: Sensitivity of net shortwave radiation to changes in summer cloudiness for a range of climate scenarios.\nD: High-resolution (1 km × 1 km) predictions of summer cloudiness, albedo and cloud radiative effects (CRE) over the Greenland Ice Sheet derived from fusing different satellite datasets with machine learning.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-31434-w_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2521", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Southern Ocean/South Atlantic dynamics during the mPWP.\nB: Simulated AMOC and ocean heat transport in the Atlantic.\nC: Comparison between PRISM and simulated Atlantic SST.\nD: Benthic foraminiferal δ13C with comparison to simulated sea water ages.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2521_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11509", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Authigenic carbonate crusts.\nB: U-Th carbonate crust dating results compared with paleoclimate and sea-level records since the LGM.\nC: Bathymetric map of the study area and remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) recovery of authigenic carbonate.\nD: Schematic sketch illustrating different snapshots of gas hydrate stability at steady state and fluid flow dynamics through time in the southwest Barents Sea shelf.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11509_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14199", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Linking nuclide concentrations to exposure history.\nB: Overview maps of sample sites and simple exposure10Be ages.\nC: Simple exposure10Be ages and long-term denudation rates as a function of altitude.\nD: Climate and modeled glaciation history in west Greenland throughout the last 1 Myr.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14199_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9028", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Study area characteristics.\nB: A global perspective on tectonics and valley shape.\nC: Fitting power laws to valley cross-sections.\nD: Cross-sectional valley shape, turnover time, rock uplift and erosion rates.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9028_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7960", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Buoyancy flux evolution of thermochemical plumes.\nB: Conditions for the ascent of a LBP.\nC: Ascent dynamics of an LBP.\nD: Influence of the plume volume on the plume regime for the thermochemical plumes rising in a subadiabatic mantle.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7960_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-27998-2", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic fault model showing the effect of heterogeneity on fault strength and stability.\nB: Mechanical behaviour of laterally heterogeneous vs. homogeneously mixed clay-quartz fault gouge layers.\nC: Microstructural evolution and potential causes of weakening in the heterogeneous fault gouge layers.\nD: Evolution of the stability-controlling rate-and-state friction parameter (a–b) as a function of clay content for the spatially heterogeneous and homogeneously mixed clay-quartz fault gouge layers.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-27998-2_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11189", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Measured forward scattering spectra with theoretical fits.\nB: VISAR shock velocity compares well with hydrodynamic simulations up to 20 ns when the x-ray probe begins.\nC: Average ionization of D2plotted as a function of compression along the single-shock Hugoniot.\nD: Experimental set-up and timing.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11189_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6604", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Microphotographs of partially melted eclogites and leucosome (melt) in the Sulu orogen.\nB: Geological map of Yangkou bay and General's Hill.\nC: Geochemical plots of ten rock pairs of leucosome and residue.\nD: Structural map of melt channels at General's Hill.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6604_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2829", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Geometric and temporal evolution of passage zones in glaciovolcanic pyroclastic successions.\nB: Classification of subaqueous to subaerial transitions in effusive and explosive glaciovolcanic sequences.\nC: Photographs of outcrops and photomicrographs of armoured lapilli.\nD: Passage zones preserved in a Pleistocene tuya in north-central British Columbia.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2829_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9344", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: P–T diagram of the HP Grt-websterite in the Alxa area.\nB: CL images of zircons and U-Pb concondia diagrams.\nC: Photographs of typical rocks and minerals with their relationships.\nD: The tectonic setting of the Alxa HP Grt-websterite.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9344_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15736", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The Ronda mantle shear zones.\nB: Olivine fabric across a mylonitic complex.\nC: Olivine fabric and strain partitioning resulting from water pumping in mantle shear zones.\nD: Olivine sub-grain boundaries and distribution of lattice misorientation distributions between ultramylonites.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15736_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7132", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Seismicity and propagation direction of strong ACR waves.\nB: Synthetic CCFs for sub-seafloor sources.\nC: Schematic of longer-period incessant waves and ACR waves.\nD: Observed CCFs for a separation distance of 5 km.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7132_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19590-3", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model setup and initial conditions.\nB: Synthesis of modeling results. Data reveals an exponential relationship (95% confidence.\nC: Model results for Northridge and the Stepover.\nD: Study area and data.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-19590-3_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42733-1", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mangrove distribution and morphological development phases.\nB: Temporal variation in mangrove distribution and sediment accumulation rates at three representative estuaries on the North Island of New Zealand.\nC: Model layout comprising size, initial bathymetry and boundaries.\nD: Comparison of the distribution of bed surface properties expressed as mean bed elevation, mud thickness and sedimentation rate for five representative scenarios in Fig.2.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-42733-1_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1584", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The set up for the on-sky tests of the sky-suppressing fibre.\nB: How the photonic lanterns are constructed.\nC: How the photonic lantern works.\nD: The operation of the FBG.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1584_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15228", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 3D view of ice-shelf channel formation.\nB: Characterization of the grounding zone.\nC: Overview of the study area.\nD: Hydrological model for conduit-widening upstream of the grounding line.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15228_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15329", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Altitude profiles of various observed parameters.\nB: Mass-absorption cross-sections of black carbon- and iron oxidex-containing particles as a function of wavelength and mass-equivalent diameter.\nC: Size-resolved number and mass concentrations of iron oxide particles.\nD: Transmission electron microscopy images and element distributions of aggregated iron oxide nanoparticles found in dry PBL air.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15329_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-23391-7", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Projected mercury levels in the environment in 2050.\nB: Diagram for the approach and data sources for methylmercury exposure and risk calculation in this study.\nC: Projections of global total anthropogenic emission of mercury during 2010–2050 based on different emission scenarios.\nD: Range in cumulative health impacts (unit: US dollars in 2020 value) to 2050 for the CP (current policy), MFR (maximum feasible reduction), NP-Delayed (new policy delayed), A1B (business as usual), and A2 (divided world scenario) scenarios.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-23391-7_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28630-z", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Allometric scaling for first-order processes.\nB: Allometric scaling of net carbon production with increasing watershed area.\nC: Conceptual model of allometric scaling.\nD: Allometric scaling for zero-order processes.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-28630-z_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15541", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Isoprene emission estimates and maps of vegetation distributions and terrain elevation.\nB: Surface isoprene emission flux during flight RF 20140930.\nC: Correlations of terrain elevations with observed isoprene EFs and top-down isoprene emissions.\nD: Distribution of isoprene EF.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15541_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15333", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Changes in horizontal winds and dust–wind feedback.\nB: Lagged correlation between observed dust and visibility.\nC: Dust-induced changes in vertical profiles of heating rate and winds.\nD: Differences in simulated wind and dust in China at preindustrial conditions.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15333_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14914", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Whole core geochemistry of Ardley Lake sediments.\nB: Changes in land availability and colony population on Ardley Island over the last 9,000 years.\nC: Study sites and the location of different types of records examined.\nD: Penguin occupation phases in the Ardley Lake record compared with key records of volcanic activity climate and sea-ice from the Antarctic Peninsula region for the last 10,000 years.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14914_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4035", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Surface water composition and speciation.\nB: Emissions from the peatland and gaseous speciation.\nC: Temperature dependence of emissions.\nD: Field location and experimental schematic.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4035_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39806-6", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Three-scenario scheme of the continental margin carbon cycling before during and after the negative isotope excursion (NIE).\nB: Location of the US Gulf Coastal Plain and Mossy Grove Core (MGC).\nC: Total organic carbon, carbon and oxygen stable isotope and microfossil records from the Mossy Grove Core (MGC) in the depth domain.\nD: Total organic carbon, carbon and oxygen stable isotope and microfossil records from the Mossy Grove Core (MGC) in the age domain.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-39806-6_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1049", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Crustacean fragments from upper Carboniferous bitumen clast.\nB: Crustacean fragments from upper Carboniferous bitumen clast.\nC: Phylogenetic tree of the Copepoda.\nD: Geological setting of the bitumen clast in the Al Khlata Formation, upper Carboniferous, Oman.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1049_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15972", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pictures and design of the water-table decline experiment.\nB: Variables influencing enzyme activities and iron-bound lignin phenols in the alpine wetland soils.\nC: Concentrations and ratios of neutral sugars in the submerged soil.\nD: Proposed conceptual model showing the iron gate versus enzyme latch mechanisms during water-table decline.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15972_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6497", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scanning electron microscopy of SM1 euryarchaeal biofilm samples.\nB: Distribution and diversity of SM1-related organisms.\nC: Metabolic pathway map of genes encoded in the SM1 euryarchaeal pangenome.\nD: Hamus formation, structure and anchorage in SM1 euryarchaeal double membrane.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6497_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13046", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Standardized effects derived from the structural equation modeling (SEM).\nB: Structure equation modelling (SEM) examining the multivariate effects on CO2–C release.\nC: Relationship between CO2–C release and several controlling variables.\nD: CO2–C release obtained from −5 and 5 °C incubations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13046_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28652-7", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The sensitivity of gross primary production to soil water content and vapor pressure deficit using five Earth System Models.\nB: The sensitivity of gross primary production, canopy conductance and maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate to soil water content and vapor pressure deficit.\nC: Response of gross primary production to soil water content and vapor pressure deficit.\nD: Disentangling soil water content and vapor pressure deficit limitation effects.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-28652-7_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4835", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SEM images of the external carbonate deposits.\nB: SEM images of internal cell-wall carbonate deposits.\nC: Experimental responses and variation in leaf CaCO3content.\nD: Variation in the external presence of crystals.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4835_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9854", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Global anomalies of sea water temperature in the boreal summer during the hiatus period compared with typical La Niña years.\nB: Observed change in precipitation in the Indo-Pacific region for JJA.\nC: Vertically integrated moisture budget incorporating tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean effects.\nD: Simulated patterns of circulation in the Indo-Pacific region for the boreal summer.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9854_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6076", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Deglaciation episodes in the last 500 kyr.\nB: Synchronization of Red Sea dust and RSL records with Asian speleothem δ18O.\nC: Sea-level and orbital time series with simulated Asian monsoon records.\nD: Radiometrically constrained 500 kyr RSL record with fully propagated uncertainties.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6076_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2505", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Vertical sections of velocities and velocity anomalies.\nB: Circulation anomaly on the northern Barents Sea shelf (NBSS).\nC: Two pathways of Atlantic Water towards the Arctic Ocean.\nD: Velocity and volume transport along the northern Barents Sea Opening (BSO) slope.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2505_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10505", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Vertical sections on southeastern and northwestern flanks of the AC.\nB: The meridional PV advection by ACs.\nC: The AOU cross-sections along southeastern and northwestern flanks of the AC based on data from the 17 Argo floats.\nD: The AC fields in the core layer of STMW.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10505_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-34492-2", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Marginal contribution of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, and environmental properties to the odds of inclusion on the Candidate List.\nB: Marginal contribution of explanatory variables to the odds of inclusion on Candidate List.\nC: Overlap of substances among the chemical lists.\nD: Distribution of CMR and Environmental Score across chemical lists.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-34492-2_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21786-0", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Location, size, and application of existing coal plants in China.\nB: Retirement score of individual coal plants.\nC: Global and China 1.5 °C and 2 °C scenarios, 2010–2050.\nD: Scores of technical attributes, profitability, and environmental impacts for the low-hanging fruit plants.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-021-21786-0_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12747", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Partial-effects plots for variables in the most parsimonious global model.\nB: Informative continuous fixed effects in preferred models for each subset.\nC: Frequency distribution of wildlife abundance changes in protected areas.\nD: Partial-effects plots for the most parsimonious model of each subset modelled.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12747_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-15788-7", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Temporal pathways of urban expansion in northeastern United States under different scenarios.\nB: National urban land expansion in the middle of the road scenario.\nC: Decadal update routine of the Country-Level Urban Buildup Scenario (CLUBS) model.\nD: Three styles/maturity stages of urban land expansion.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-15788-7_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-33976-5", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Share of energy for the energy system, net energy per capita, and EROI of the energy system for the four illustrative pathways.\nB: Analysis of factors affecting energy system emissions.\nC: Share of energy system emissions over time, as a percentage of total emissions, for three different EROI scenarios.\nD: Energy system emissions for each of the four 1.5 °C illustrative pathways.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-33976-5_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13744", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model to show the effects of varying magma storage conditions on the magnitude of the observed ground deformation and the atmospheric sulfur yield of eruptions.\nB: Sulfur output and erupted volume systematics for natural volcanic eruption data.\nC: Factors controlling atmospheric sulfur loading and ground deformation systematics for volcanic eruptions.\nD: Example observations and a schematic illustration of the model underpinning this study.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13744_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15246", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tsunami deposits at Taco and Lomo de las Campanas.\nB: Numerical simulations of failures on the northern flanks of Tenerife and related tsunami.\nC: Stratigraphic logs of the main sections.\nD: Location and altitude of tsunami deposits on the north-western coast of Tenerife, Canary Islands.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15246_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26887-4", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Examples hard structures.\nB: Global distribution of coastal vegetation and resulting wave transmission reduction.\nC: Reduced coastal protection costs with annotations for the top 10 countries.\nD: Role of salt marshes and mangroves for areas characterized by various population densities.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-26887-4_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13844", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Distribution of current population relative to past fatal earthquakes and crustal strain across Eurasia.\nB: Optical and SAR satellite timeline for major Earth Observing satellites with systematic and global coverage.\nC: Time-dependent deformation at strike-slip faults.\nD: Derivation of DEMs from satellite optical data and examples of extraction of quantitative ground displacement data from the imagery and topography.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13844_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16019", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Coastal cave stratigraphic units and the tsunami sand beds.\nB: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposit.\nC: Bayesian model showing timing of tsunamis.\nD: Model of tsunamis deposits in cave interior.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms16019_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10231", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Refractive indices of aerosols from 0.2 to 100 μm.\nB: Spectrally resolved heating and cooling rates and corresponding energy fluxes and opacity.\nC: Vertical heating rate profiles.\nD: Globally averaged heating and cooling fluxes on Jupiter.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10231_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32516-5", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Metal/silicate N partition coefficients (DNmetal/silicate) as a function of oxygen fugacity.\nB: Earth’s heterogeneous accretion of C–H–S during its main accretion phase.\nC: Earth’s heterogeneous accretion of nitrogen during its main accretion phase.\nD: Comparison between our modeled volatile contents and the observed values in the bulk silicate Earth (BSE).", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-32516-5_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6445", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NanoFTIR characterization of the cometary dust grain Iris.\nB: Principle of near-field microscopy for material identification.\nC: Implementation of nanoFTIR with a coherent infrared source.\nD: Correlative nanoFTIR and TEM of sub-micron cation concentration gradients.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6445_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14879", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Exposed deeply weathered basement on Bomlø in southwestern Norway.\nB: Characterization of deeply weathered basement in southern Sweden.\nC: Characterization of deeply weathered basement on Utsira High.\nD: Deep weathering and saprolitization in crystalline basement in Scandinavia.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14879_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21759-3", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Hydrology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Implications of the redistribution of fluvial energy across a lengthening summer thaw season in small High Arctic watersheds (10 km2) underlain by continuous permafrost.\nB: Regional hydrometeorology.\nC: Hydrological energy budgets for small High Arctic streams.\nD: The impact of permafrost change on watershed carbon export.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-021-21759-3_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-24747-9", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Hydrology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Egypt’s Evolving Water Fluxes.\nB: Future scenarios.\nC: Future projection of demand.\nD: Egypt’s response.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-021-24747-9_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-31125-6", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Limnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Simulation of freeze lag and thaw lag days.\nB: Attributions of long-term trends and interannual variability of lake evaporation volume.\nC: Reconstruction of the monthly lake surface area time series based on GSWD annual water classification maps.\nD: Validation of reconstructed monthly surface area values by comparing to GRSAD for 6715 reservoirs.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-31125-6_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-44813-2", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Limnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecule-specific thermal responses (MER) of DOM and their correlation with molecular traits.\nB: The spatial transferability of molecule-specific thermal responses (MER) of DOM.\nC: DOM thermal responses and links to decomposition processes in the laboratory experiments.\nD: Nutrient enrichment accelerates DOM thermal responses (iCER) at warmer temperatures.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-024-44813-2_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42262-x", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Limnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Controls of the responsiveness of lake water temperature to air temperature.\nB: Differences in trends of epilimnetic water temperature and atmospheric temperature change as a function of air temperature.\nC: Distribution of trend differences between water temperatures to air temperature as a function of water transparency.\nD: Long-term variations of air and lake water temperatures.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-42262-x_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11976", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Physically based linear regression models to explain Neptune magnitude fluctuations.\nB: Time series of Neptune’s brightness and solar modulated parameters.\nC: Saturation ratios required for condensation onto ions.\nD: Comparison of smoothing approaches for Neptune magnitude time series data.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11976_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8598", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Temporal evolution of plasma inflows and downflows during the reconnection.\nB: Overview of the 17 January 2012 solar flare and CME reconnection event.\nC: Temporal evolution of the flare heating and the CME acceleration.\nD: Plasma and magnetic configurations during the reconnection process.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8598_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13798", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overview of the flare and the rotational motion of the southern part of the sunspot observed by SDO/AIA and SDO/HMI.\nB: The results of the NLFFF extrapolation.\nC: Temporal profiles of the kinematic parameters and the mean photospheric magnetic field of the sunspot.\nD: Helicity flux across the photosphere.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13798_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8703", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Observations of the ion distribution in velocity space.\nB: Location of Cluster spacecraft.\nC: Theoretical linear growth rates based on the measured ion distributions.\nD: Polarization properties of the magnetosonic waves observed by Cluster 4 on 6 July 2013.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8703_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8135", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Optimization of the ElEvo model shape with multipointin situobservations of a CME shock arrival.\nB: Solar observations of the X1.2 flare and associated phenomena on 7 January 2014 18–20 UT.\nC: Graduate Cylindrical Shell model of the CME and interplanetary shock kinematics.\nD: Observations indicating the CME arrival at Mars.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8135_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8926", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mitochondrial damage induces AMPK association with mitochondria and the ATG16 complex.\nB: LKB1 and mTORC1 inhibition are dispensable for mitochondrial autophagy in cancer cells.\nC: ProteinN-myristoylation plays a role in cancer cell survival and patient outcome.\nD: ProteinN-myristoylation is required for AMPK association with mitochondria and mitochondrial removal.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8926_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8640", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Loss of the NatA complex causes embryo lethality.\nB: The plant NatA complex targets N termini after iMet removal.\nC: NatA-depletedArabidopsisplants display drought tolerance.\nD: Transcriptional response to NatA depletion.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8640_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pkl1 opposes γ-TuRC microtubule nucleation asymmetrically from spindle poles.\nB: Kinesin-5 Cut7 binds the γ-TuRC MTOC.\nC: Spindle assembly and cell viability remain high in thepkl1Δ cut7Δstrain.\nD: Loss of Pkl1 affects daughter pole organization.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6339_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8215", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: p300 is the acetyltransferase of Beclin 1.\nB: SIRT1 decreases Beclin 1 acetylation and the interaction of Beclin 1 and Rubicon.\nC: Beclin 1 is acetylated at lysines 430 and 437.\nD: Autophagosome maturation and endocytic trafficking in Beclin 1–2KR-expressing cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8215_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5991", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Knockout of LKB1 delays the maturation of SCs and myelination.\nB: Phosphorylation of LKB1 by PKA regulates localization and myelination.\nC: SC-specific knockout of LKB1 attenuates myelination during development.\nD: Knockout of LKB1 delays the initiation and alters myelin extent.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5991_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10939", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Depletion of FAM21 causes mis-sorting of SNX27–retromer cargoes to the Golgi apparatus.\nB: SNX27 interacts directly with FAM21 among the WASH complex components.\nC: The interaction of SNX27 with FAM21 is required for proper recycling of its cargo to the plasma membrane (PM).\nD: FAM21 regulates a precise localization of SNX27 at an endosomal subdomain through their interaction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10939_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3886", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model for ribosome stalling.\nB: tRNA(Trp)5556G>Astalls ribosomes at tryptophan codons and causes a change in RPF size distribution.\nC: tRNA(Trp)5556G>Acauses mitochondria malfunctioning and an increase of RPFs at tryptophan codons.\nD: Size distribution of mitochondrial RPFs suggests mechanism of action.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3886_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6372", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SSN regulates the JA synthesis and signal transduction pathways.\nB: Phylogenetic analysis of the CYP82 family and theSSNexpression pattern.\nC: The 9-LOX pathway plays an important role in systemic cell death.\nD: Constitutively activated defence response inSSN-RNAi plants and disease resistance symptoms onV. dahliaeinfection.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6372_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11949", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Set1 and Jhd2 localize to their shared target genes and regulate H3K4 methylation.\nB: Transcriptional co-regulation is dependent on Set1 and Jhd2 catalytic activities and H3K4 methylation.\nC: Set1 and Jhd2 co-regulate nucleosomal occupancy and histone turnover at their shared target genes.\nD: Set1 and Jhd2 co-regulate chromatin structure and nucleosomal turnover genome-wide during transcriptional regulation in yeast.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11949_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14867", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Par3-exocyst interaction is necessary for cell survival.\nB: Loss of Par3 reduces pAkt and PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3levels.\nC: Decrease in pAkt upon Par3 knockdown is independent of the interaction between Par3 and Pten.\nD: Depletion of Par3 in mammary cells affects post-Golgi transport of lateral membrane proteins.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14867_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6421", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inhibition of FtsZ oligomerization by EzrA fragments.\nB: Quantification of binding of EzrA spectrin repeats 1–2 to FtsZ.\nC: Comparison of EzrA with spectrin family proteins.\nD: Model of the interaction of EzrA with the cytoskeleton at the membrane surface.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6421_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7373", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecular-level activation of Met signalling pathway by dimeric macrocycles.\nB: Fluorescein-conjugated macrocycles localized on the cellular membranes of live cells.\nC: The human Met signalling cascade and RaPID selection.\nD: Branching morphogenesis in normal human RPTEC, induced by dimeric macrocycles.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7373_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9024", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mechanism of MP-miR-503 release in endothelial cells.\nB: In vivoregulation of miR-503 by p75NTR.\nC: NF-κB p65 binds miR-503 promoter and regulates its transcription.\nD: In vivotransfer of miR-503 during diabetes and ischaemia.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9024_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7135", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Analysis of the activation state-dependent adhesome network.\nB: Active integrin creates an environment that stabilizes microtubules at the cell cortex.\nC: Microtubule (MT) morphology and dynamics are dictated by integrin activation state.\nD: Proteomic analysis of integrin activation state-dependent adhesion complexes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7135_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9388", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PTEN regulates cilia disassembly and phosphorylation of DVL2.\nB: PTEN is required for ciliogenesis in mouse trachea and ependyma.\nC: PTEN interacts with Dishevelled-2.\nD: PTEN affects ciliogenesis by targeting DVL2.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9388_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8844", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ca2+increases in processes of OPCs at axonal varicosities.\nB: Myelination occurs in absence of axon-OPC AMPAR-mediated synaptic currents.\nC: Nonsynaptic junctions between axons and OPCs are promoted by vesicular release from axons.\nD: Electrically active axons releasing synaptic vesicles are preferentially myelinated.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8844_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ligand-bound GRs inhibit inducible migration of mammary cells.\nB: High GR associates with better prognosis of breast cancer.\nC: GR induces negative feedback regulators of EGFR signalling.\nD: Diurnal control of EGFR transcriptional programmes in animals.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6073_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6951", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tmod3 is a novel Akt2 substrate.\nB: Tmod3 functions downstream of Akt2 signalling and is required for ISGT and glucose uptake.\nC: Tmod3 is required for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle fusion but not trafficking of GSVs to the periphery.\nD: Tmod3–Tm5NM1 interaction is essential for ISGT and glucose uptake.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6951_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9357", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LATS1/2, but not MST1/2, are essential for YAP regulation by various signals\nB: MAP4K4 acts through LATS to phosphorylate and inhibit YAP.\nC: Deletion of MAP4K4/6/7 in MST1/2 dKO cells abolishes the majority of LATS and YAP phosphorylation induced by various signals.\nD: Deletion of MAP4K4/6/7 decreases YAP phosphorylation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9357_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Phosphorylation of WRN by CDK1 promotes long-range resection at replication-dependent DSBs.\nB: CDK-dependent phosphorylation of WRN at S1133 regulates DSB repair pathway choice at collapsed forks.\nC: CDK-dependent phosphorylation of WRN is required for genome integrity and survival in response to replication-dependent DSBs.\nD: Phosphorylation at S1133 is involved in regulating the association of WRN with the MRE11 complex and MRE11 foci-formation after replication-dependent DSBs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12880_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10080", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Differentiation of cPF cells into expandable pancreatic endodermal progenitor cells.\nB: Conversion of human fibroblasts into definitive endodermal progenitor cells.\nC: Transplanted cPB cells remain functional and protect mice from chemically induced diabetes.\nD: Improved maturation of cPE cells into insulin-producing, glucose-responsive cPB cellsin vitro.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10080_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2581", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identification of Plin1 as an adipocyte-specific activator of Fsp27.\nB: Fsp27–Plin1 interaction is important for giant LD formation in adipocytes.\nC: Plin1 restores the activity of CIDE-N dimerization-defective mutant.\nD: Disruption of CIDE-N homodimerization abolishes Fsp27-mediated LD growth.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2581_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7474", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ascl1 directly regulatesCenpjexpression in the embryonic telencephalon.\nB: SilencingCenpjalters neuronal migration and morphology.\nC: Cenpjsilencing disrupts microtubule dynamics.\nD: Microtubule-destabilizing domain of Cenpj is required for migration.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7474_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4755", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Contact allergenicity of chemicals depends on the capacity to trigger Syk signalling.\nB: CARD9/BCL10 selectively controls NF-κB activation required for pro-IL-1α/β synthesis.\nC: T cells require MyD88 signalling through IL-1R1 for differentiation into effectors.\nD: DAP12-Syk signalling controls contact allergen-induced ROS production and caspase-1 activation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4755_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CendR endocytosis is mechanistically distinct from known endocytic pathways.\nB: GIPC1/synectin is required for CendR endocytosis downstream of NRP1 binding.\nC: Overview of genome RNAi screen.\nD: Intercellular transport of CendR cargo responds to nutrient availability.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5904_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: pH dependence of MdfA-mediated Mdr.\nB: Proton transport by control or MdfA-containing everted membrane vesicles.\nC: MdfA confers resistance only against a unique class of symmetric dicationic compounds (LDC).\nD: Affinity and stoichiometry of Dq binding by purified MdfA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5615_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Association of PKM2 with SNAP-23 in tumour cell exosomes.\nB: PKM2-promoted exosome release in tumour cells is dependent on SNAP-23.\nC: Release of exosomes by tumour cells depends on aerobic glycolysis.\nD: PKM2 plays a critical role in release of exosomes in tumour cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14041_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5153", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Subcellular heterogeneity of mitochondrial Ca2+response.\nB: Intercellular heterogeneity of mitochondrial Ca2+imaging visualized with CEPIA.\nC: Simultaneous imaging of STIM1 localization and ER Ca2+concentration.\nD: Visualization of ER Ca2+dynamics during SOCE.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5153_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4832", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TMEM129 is part of the US11 dislocation complex.\nB: TMEM129 is present in ERAD complexes in the absence of US11.\nC: TMEM129 is crucial for US11-mediated HLA class I downregulation.\nD: TMEM129 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for US11-mediated HLA class I downregulation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4832_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: GPCR-related proteins involved in inflammation-mediated human HCC.\nB: ARRB1 promoted hepatocellular proliferation through PI3K/Akt signalling.\nC: Inflammation induced hepatocellular ARRB1 expression in mice.\nD: Effects ofARRB1deletion on inflammation-induced hepatocellular apoptosis and hepatocellular proliferation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8369_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12849", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The molecular functions of PARP9 and PARP14 in macrophagesin vitro.\nB: Role of haematopoietic PARP14 in acute arterial lesion formation in mice.\nC: Bioinformatics to identify candidate regulators of macrophage activation.\nD: Potential interaction of PARP9 and PARP14.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12849_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Primary structure and domain organization of Talin and RIAM.\nB: RIAM and integrin β CT bind to neighbouring regions of talin-F3, resulting in a ternary complex.\nC: RIAM promotes the talin unmasking and integrin activation.\nD: Structure of RIAM-N/talin-F3 complex reveals a mechanism for talin unmasking.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6880_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ex vivoanalysis ofdrebrinloss of function.\nB: SR-SIM reveals that f-actin and drebrin form a cortical collar around microtubules in the proximal leading process.\nC: Drebrin function is required for directed movement of two-stroke motilityin vitro.\nD: Siah2 antagonizes drebrin function.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14484_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10869", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Other human BET members do not exhibit reprogramming activities, but BET inhibition impairs human reprogramming.\nB: BRD3R-upregulated mitotic genes constitute a PSC fingerprint.\nC: BRD3R speeds up reprogramming kinetics and enhances the quality of reprogramming.\nD: A Large set of mitotic genes is upregulated by BRD3R during reprogramming.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10869_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Notch signalling is required for maintaining a secretory phenotype.\nB: Inhibition of Notch signalling leads to downregulation of stemness-related genes.\nC: Active Wnt signalling is required for expression of stemness factors in the organoids and supports their growth.\nD: Organoid morphology and phenotype remains stable during long-term culture.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9989_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9645", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Syt-9 is expressed in gonadotropes but not somatotropes.\nB: Reduced secretion of FSH in femalesyt-9KO mice.\nC: Robust expression of syt-9 in the pituitary.\nD: Syt-9KO mice exhibit alterations in the oestrous cycle.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9645_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10789", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: YY1 inhibits expression of Foxp3-target genes.\nB: Spacer and zinc finger 1-2 domains of YY1 are essential for inhibition of Tregdifferentiation.\nC: Expression of YY1 is low in Tregcells.\nD: YY1 overexpression causes a loss of Foxp3 and Tregsignature genes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10789_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8840", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: C-terminal RS of Snf1p interacts with and activates Arf3p.\nB: C-terminal regulatory domain of Snf1p activates Arf3p.\nC: Regulation ofFLO11mRNA transcription by Snf1.\nD: Snf1p interacts with Arf3p in response to glucose depletion.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8840_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13565", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inhibition of C9 homodimerization with a tethered LDP blocks C9 activity.\nB: C9 homodimerization stabilizes its association with the apoptosomein vitroand in cells.\nC: Monomeric ProC9 can be activated through a direct interaction with oligomerized Apaf-1 NODs.\nD: ProC9 undergoes selective intramolecular cleavage following homodimerization.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13565_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7619", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of CIL in uniform concentrations of EGF.\nB: PI3K and Rac polarize and retain persistent activity at the leading edge during chemotaxis and are inhibited during CIL.\nC: MTLn3-B1 chemotaxis in different EGF gradients and influences from CIL.\nD: EphB signalling suppresses EGF protrusion signalling in MTLn3 Cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7619_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2794", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DDR1 and β1 integrin mediate the effects of compliance and contractility, respectively.\nB: ECM-elevated stromal oestrogen stimulates oestrogen-dependent growth of ER+ breast cancer cells.\nC: ECM-elevated stromal oestrogens stimulate oestrogen-dependent transcription in ER+ breast cancer cells.\nD: ECM stimulates aromatase transcription and oestrogen biosynthesis in ASCs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2794_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6201", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chlamydiainduces p53 degradation.\nB: Chlamydia-induced degradation of p53 is mediated by phosphorylation of MDM2.\nC: Disruption of p53–MDM2 interaction inhibits the formation of infectious progeny.\nD: Degradation of p53 is sustained in primary cells and mediatesChlamydia’s anti-apoptotic effect.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6201_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3750", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The ciliary entry of IFT components is compromised indyf-19mutants.\nB: DYF-19 interacts directly with IFT component DYF-11.\nC: DYF-19 is a functional component of TFs.\nD: DYF-19 regulates the ciliary entry of assembled IFT particles.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3750_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12564", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Lung myofibroblasts demonstrate increased α6-expression.\nB: A model for mechanosensing α6in the regulation of lung myofibroblast invasion into the BM.\nC: Fibroblast-specific deletion of α6protects mice against bleomycin injury-induced experimental lung fibrosis.\nD: α6Mediates matrix stiffness-dependent lung myofibroblast invasion into the BM.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12564_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Association ofARHGAP33with schizophrenia.\nB: Cooperative facilitation of TrkB trafficking by ARHGAP33 and SORT1.\nC: ARHGAP33 promotes the interaction between TrkB and SORT1.\nD: Increased TrkB at the Golgi apparatus inARHGAP33KO mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8947", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Crystal structure of the Repeat12 domain.\nB: Linear overview of the RyR1 sequence.\nC: The N760D disease-linked mutation affects folding and FKBP binding.\nD: Disease-associated mutations in the SPRY1 and Repeat12 domains.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8947_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11248", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The tunnel of ATX.\nB: 7α-OH steroids are bound in the tunnel of ATX.\nC: Physiological effects of bile salts on human serum and LPA receptor activation.\nD: TUDCA acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of LPC hydrolysis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11248_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10289", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spine Ca2+transients are controlled by mGluR1 or M1muscarinic receptor inhibition of SK channels.\nB: Electrophysiological rules for induction of pathway-specific LTP at mature Schaffer collateral–CA1 pyramidal neuron synapses.\nC: EPSCaTs evoked during paired stimulations are initiated through the activation of NMDARs and VSCCs.\nD: Magnitude of spine EPSCaTs elicited by pre- and postsynaptic spike pairing.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10289_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1551", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Complete block of branching morphogenesis and labyrinth layer formation inBcl9l−/−placenta.\nB: β-Catenin/BCL9L/TCF4 signalling is required for FK-induced fusion of BeWo cells.\nC: Downregulation of the GCM1/syncytin-B pathway, and failure of fusion in the placenta ofBcl9l-deficient mice.\nD: β-Catenin/BCL9L/TCF4 signalling targets theGCM1/syncytin pathway in BeWo cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1551_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12037", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: FNIPs co-chaperones inhibit Hsp90 chaperone cycle and facilitate chaperoning of the clients.\nB: High levels of FNIPs make renal tumours sensitive to Hsp90 inhibitor GB.\nC: Lst4 is not an orthologue of FNIPs in yeast.\nD: FNIPs expression sensitizes cancer cells to Hsp90 inhibitor.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12037_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13416", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A βarr biased ligand of β2AR does not promote core interaction with βarr1.\nB: Truncation of the third intracellular loop does affect ERK activation and internalization.\nC: Ligand-dependent modulation of core interaction inApoβ2V2Rphos–βarr1-Fab30 complex.\nD: Core interaction is dispensable for recruitment of ERK2 MAP kinase.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13416_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13874", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: HeterozygousCTNND1loss correlates with loss of expression and decreased patient survival.\nB: p120 interacts with MKLP1 to regulate focused RhoA activity during cytokinesis.\nC: Loss of p120 induces multinucleation and chromosomal instability.\nD: Multinucleation induced by p120 loss occurs independent of cadherin association.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13874_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7318", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Disappearance of CNAs during thein vitrodifferentiation of pluripotent stem cells and tissues.\nB: Repeated copy-number alterations (CNAs) in pluripotent stem cells.\nC: Sequentially reprogrammed iPSCs support the production of all-iPSC mice for up to six generations.\nD: The accumulated SNVs and their frequencies during sequential reprogramming.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7318_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10549", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SMARCA4 depletion augments chromosomal translocations in a TOP1-dependent manner.\nB: Proteome-wide identification of TOP1-associated proteins.\nC: TOP1-associated proteins are required for efficient CSR.\nD: SMARCA4 is required for efficient TOP1 recruitment to chromatin.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10549_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12175", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DC-specific WASp deletion induces increased CD8+T cells.\nB: Der p 2 induces skin pathology in WASp KO mice.\nC: Der p 2 induces expansion of WASp KO CD8+IFNγ+T cells.\nD: WASp and the WASp-VCA domain in cross-presentation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12175_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8018", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: IM30 influences MGDG/PG liposome aggregation induced by divalent cations.\nB: IM30 and Mg2+-mediated vesicle fusion.\nC: IM30 interaction with membrane lipids.\nD: IM30 rings bind perpendicularly to membrane surfaces.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8018_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6238", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CSCs are less sensitive to CD95-mediated apoptosis than non-CSCs.\nB: Synergism between DICE and CD95-mediated apoptosis.\nC: Modulating sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis and to DICE.\nD: CSCs are more sensitive to DICE than non-CSCs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6238_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7249", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reconstitution of clathrin polymerization on GUVs and effects of osmotic shocks.\nB: Effect of high bending rigidity and epsin on the clathrin budding abilities.\nC: TEM images of GUVs incubated with AP180/clathrin under different osmotic conditions.\nD: Clathrin coat rupture experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7249_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4405", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Plexin B2 and Rnd3 interact biochemically.\nB: Plexin B2 activates RhoA in the cortex in part by recruiting RhoGEFs.\nC: Plexin B2 regulates the migration and the morphology of cortical neurons.\nD: p190RhoGAP mediates Rnd3 inhibitory function towards RhoA and competes with Plexin B2 for Rnd3 binding.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4405_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9468", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: G6PD is dynamically modified by O-GlcNAc at serine 84.\nB: O-GlcNAcylation of G6PD regulates metabolic flux through the PPP.\nC: O-GlcNAcylation of G6PD is important for tumor growthin vivoand is increased in human lung cancers.\nD: O-GlcNAcylation of G6PD promotes cellular biosynthesis, cell proliferation and antioxidant defense.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9468_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6081", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CRL3-KCTD17 polyubiquitylates trichoplein.\nB: KCTD17 depletion blocks axonemal extension during ciliogenesis.\nC: UPS controls ciliogenesis and trichoplein degradation.\nD: KCTD17 downregulates trichoplein-Aurora-A pathway to promote ciliogenesis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6081_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11960", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The model for acetate-induced epigenetic regulation ofde novolipogenesis.\nB: Acetate rescues hypoxia-induced reduction of histone acetylation.\nC: Acetate predominately activates lipid synthesis pathway through epigenetic regulation under hypoxia.\nD: Acetate epigenetically activates lipogenic genes without reflecting cellular lipid demands.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11960_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4528", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hepatic IRE1α ablation reduces diet-induced ketogenesis.\nB: Effects of overexpressed IRE1α proteins on the expression ofPparα.\nC: Restored liver expression of PPARα normalized the metabolic defects of LKO mice.\nD: Prolonged food deprivation results in activation of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway in the liver.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4528_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fluorescence spectroscopy of the SWCNT–fibrinogen interaction.\nB: SWCNT suspension library.\nC: High resolution microscopy of the SWCNT–fibrinogen interaction.\nD: Protein CoPhMoRe screen.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10241_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7898", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The CLICR strategy enables Cry2 activation of transmembrane receptors.\nB: CLICR allows photoactivation of endogenous RTKs in fibroblasts and enables PDGFRβ-dependent phototaxis.\nC: CLICR targeting and clustering of β-integrins.\nD: CLICR can target and cluster endogenous transmembrane receptors.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7898_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Extended pedigree of Family I with linkage and segregation analyses.\nB: Clinical features of probands and mutation identification.\nC: Expression ofMBTPS2in OI and IFAP fibroblasts.\nD: Functional studies of theMBTPS2variants.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11920_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4753", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transcriptional profiling of IL-21-stimulated CD4+ T cells.\nB: IL-21 promotes the differentiation of CD4+ T cells that produce IL-22 but not IL-17.\nC: STAT3 controls AhR recruitment to theil22promoter in IL-21-stimulated CD4+ T cells.\nD: IL-21 and AhR control IL-22+ CD4+ T cellsin vivoand limit mucosal inflammation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4753_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5129", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Specific labelling determines the total number of preprotein import sites and the degree of clustering.\nB: Preprotein import occurs at discrete microdomains.\nC: Design and implementation of the approach.\nD: Preprotein import sites are non-uniform.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5129_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1418", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Crystal structures of drICE in isolation and in complex with DIAP1–BIR1.\nB: Mechanism of auto-inhibition in the DIAP1–BIR1 domain.\nC: Mechanism of drICE inhibition by the DIAP1–BIR1 domain.\nD: A mechanistic model on the interplay of apoptotic caspases and their regulators inDrosophila.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1418_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5142", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecular structures and crystal packing.\nB: Bilayer membrane transport experiments.\nC: Single channel conductance of T-channels under ‘early stage’ conductance records.\nD: Molecular simulations of water molecules and ions confined within T-channel.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5142_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6726", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The DNA binding modules of FAN1.\nB: The crystal structures of the FAN1-DNA complex.\nC: The DNA-promoted dimerization of FAN1.\nD: FAN1 in ICL repair and related disorders.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6726_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structural comparison of CTDs of different β-CoV S proteins.\nB: Crystal structure of 1A-310-677aa.\nC: Inhibition of HKU1 virus infection by 1A-S310-677aa.\nD: Integrated model of HKU1 S protein trimer with the crystal structure of 1A-S310-677aa.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15216_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1007", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mutant f02655 sensory neurons of Johnston's organ display an altered ultrastructure.\nB: DCX-EMAP localization in campaniform receptors.\nC: The ultrastructure of the tubular body in f02655 campaniform receptors in theDrosophilahaltere is altered.\nD: DCX-EMAP, a doublecortin-domain-containing member of the echinoderm–microtubule-associated protein family.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1007_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8953", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: K4E and D83V MEF2B binds HEK293A cell DNA at fewer sites than WT MEF2B.\nB: Expression microarray analysis of stably transfected monoclonal HEK293A cell lines expressing mutant and WT MEF2B-V5.\nC: MEF2B-V5 tends to promote BCL6 expression and inhibit chemotaxis in DLBCL.\nD: MEF2B binds MEF2 motifs and acts as a transcriptional activator.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8953_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9342", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Blockers as probes for Ca2+-dependent gate location in K+channels.\nB: TPeA blocks closed and open MthK.\nC: Br-bTBA and bbTBA block closed MthK more slowly than TPeA.\nD: MthK is closed in 0 Ca2+and is activated quickly with Ca2+.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9342_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10883", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tcf7l2 regulates the expression of cholesterol biosynthetic genes in OLs.\nB: Tcf7l2 coordinates with Kaiso to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signalling during OL differentiation.\nC: Tcf7l2ablation impairs remyelination in LPC-induced demyelinating animal model.\nD: OL differentiation defects in the brain of Tcf7l2ΔHMG mice lacking the DNA-binding HMG domain.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10883_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10626", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Injection of Poly(I:C) does not impair glucose metabolism.\nB: Loss of PKRin vitrodoes not prevent saturated fatty acid-induced inflammation or inflammasome activation.\nC: Loss of PKR does not prevent HFD-induced adipose tissue macrophage recruitment, but ameliorates T-cell recruitment.\nD: Loss of PKR does not improve glucose metabolism in HF-fed mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10626_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4842", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Activation and regulation in PcsB.\nB: The active site of PcsB.\nC: Arrangement of PcsB in solution by SAXS.\nD: Three-dimensional structure of PcsB.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4842_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8223", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Neutralization of mPiezo1 acidic residues.\nB: Ruthenium red sensitivity and single-channel properties of mPiezo1 and dPiezo chimeras.\nC: RR sensitivity of E2133 mutants.\nD: Mutations of a conserved glutamate residue alter mPiezo1 pore properties.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8223_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RPTPσ ectodomain flexibility.\nB: Model illustrating flexible RPTPσ ectodomain sampling of extracellular ligands.\nC: TrkC binding preferences for type IIa RPTP family members.\nD: Trans-synaptic RPTPσ:TrkC complex crystal structure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6209_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7148", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Substitution of conserved residues ofEcFdhD severely impacts FDH activity.\nB: A model of Mo-bisPGD binding onEcFdhD based on GDP positions.\nC: The cysteine loops are differentially stabilized in the dimers of DpFdhD.\nD: GDP binding to EcFdhD.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7148_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32976-9", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CKI-based analysis of mouse hepatocyte maturation.\nB: Network analysis of the major molecular landscape in hepatic reprogramming.\nC: Experimental analysis of PIM1 roles in hepatic reprogramming.\nD: Analysis of PIM in reprogramming-induced cell cycle arrest.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-32976-9_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4430", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ANK domain in HACE1 is necessary for autophagic removal of Ub+protein aggregates.\nB: Identification of HACE1 interacting proteins by MS analysis of HA Co-IP.\nC: HACE1 contributes to autophagic clearance of protein aggregates in a p62-dependent manner.\nD: Hace1 deficiency accelerates pressure overload-induced heart failure.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4430_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10025", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Arg404/Asp406/Asp407 residues in Sesn-C constitute a functional site for mTORC1 regulation.\nB: hSesn2 is an alkylhydroperoxidase using a single catalytic cysteine in Sesn-A.\nC: hSesn2 subdomains (Sesn-A/Sesn-C) have a structural similarity to YP_296737.1.\nD: In vitroandin vivosulfenylation of Cys125 in hSesn2 by cumene hydroperoxides.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10025_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Cooperation between synaptic activity and astrocytic Nrf2 activators in supporting neuronal GSH levels.\nB: The GSH system is a major defense against Puma-dependent oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in developing cortical neurons.\nC: Deleterious effects of NMDAR blockadein vivoare due toGclctranscriptional repression.\nD: Synaptic activity boosts GSH biosynthesis and recycling.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7761_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11919", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Lowering PI4P levels through GFP-PIPKIγi1 or GFP-Sac2 overexpression rescues cholesterol redistribution inArf6KO cells.\nB: PI4P is increased inArf6KO cells and accumulates in retromer-positive endosomes.\nC: Cholesterol is redistributed to late endosomes/lysosomes inArf6KO MEFs.\nD: Lowering PI4P levels with PAO rescues excessive retromer tubulation and cholesterol accumulation in LE/LYS inArf6KO cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11919_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5169", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Activity of the wild type IPCT/DIPPS and mutants assessed by31P-NMR.\nB: Pathways of (glycero)phospholipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells.\nC: X-ray structure of IPCT/DIPPS.\nD: Amino-acid sequence alignment of DIPP-synthases.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5169_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10971", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Analysis of syt linker mutant activity in reconstituted fusion reactions.\nB: Linker mutants yield differences in spontaneous release rates.\nC: The ability of linker mutants to rescue evoked synaptic transmission exhibits periodicity.\nD: Membrane penetration activity of WT and linker mutant forms of syt.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10971_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11655", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Modular architecture of ATM/Tel1 kinase.\nB: Purification and cryo-EM structure of intact ATM/Tel1 homodimer.\nC: Overall architecture of the N-terminal helical solenoid.\nD: Three prominent dimer interfaces of ATM/Tel1 kinase.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11655_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12673", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overview of the HIF system.\nB: Overall binding modes of NODD and CODD to PHD2.\nC: NMR studies reveal dynamics of ODD selectivity determinants in solution.\nD: Combined biophysical and biochemical analyses identify NODD/CODD selectivity determinants in the PHDs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12673_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9512", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: STOML3 modulates Piezo1 and Piezo2 channels activity via association with cholesterol.\nB: Cholesterol depletion reduces the amplitude of RA currents in sensory neurons.\nC: Cholesterol depletion alters mechanosensitivity of sensory neurons.\nD: STOML3 modulates Piezo1 channel’s surrounding membrane mechanics via association with cholesterol.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9512_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9154", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CRAF pS338 is induced by genotoxic stress and protects tumour cells from DNA damage.\nB: CRAF pS338 regulates the formation of a complex between CRAF and the DNA repair kinase CHK2.\nC: CRAF kinase activity is not required to drive radioresistance.\nD: Stress-induced PAK1 triggers CRAF pS338 to prevent DNA damage.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9154_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2257", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Homomeric TRPP3 complexes on the plasma membrane ofXenopusoocytes contain three TRPP3 subunits.\nB: The TRPP3 coiled-coil domain trimer is important for the assembly and surface expression of homomeric TRPP3 complexes.\nC: The TRPP3 C-terminus forms a trimer.\nD: The PKD1L3/TRPP3 complex functions as an acid-sensing ion channel.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2257_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6960", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: EI adopts several conformations during its catalytic cycle.\nB: μs-ms dynamics in full-length EI.\nC: NMR analysis of the EI–PEP and EI–αKG complexes.\nD: Coupling between open-to-closed and expanded-to-compact conformational equilibria of EI.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6960_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12239", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PKA regulation of full-length CaV1.4 channels.\nB: Identification of the PKA phosphorylation site within ICDI1.4.\nC: Synthetic PKA regulation of CaV1.2 in HEK293 cells.\nD: PKA does not regulate the interaction of IQ and ICDI domains in CaV1.3 or CaV1.2 channels.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12239_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9045", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Actin and Annexin A2 regulate ATG9A localization to recycling endosomes.\nB: Annexin A2 regulates autophagy.\nC: Actin and Annexin A2 regulate ATG9A sorting from endosomes.\nD: Starvation upregulates Annexin A2 expression via JNK.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9045_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10836", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Increased susceptibility to CIA and autoantibody production inEaf2−/−mice.\nB: GC B cells fromEaf2−/−mice show decreased cell death compared with WT GC B cells.\nC: Increased frequency of Ag-specific GC and memory B cells after immunization.\nD: Overexpression of Eaf2 induces the death of normal B cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10836_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10260", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Single-molecule experiments of leading-strand synthesis on a DNA template containing a CPD lesion in the presence of helicase.\nB: Bulk experiments on DNA synthesis through a lesion-containing DNA template in the presence of helicase.\nC: Helicase unwinding through acis-synCPD lesion.\nD: DNAP alone on a DNA template containing a CPD lesion.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10260_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7488", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The Kv channel tail–PSD-95 interaction is entropy controlled.\nB: TheShaker AandBvariants exhibit differences in cluster area size.\nC: TheShaker AandBspliced variants exhibit distinct cell surface expression levels.\nD: A C-terminal ‘ball and chain’ mechanism for Kv channel binding to PSD-95.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7488_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10172", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Isothermal titration calorimetry analysis of Hb binding to KdHpuA.\nB: Structural features of KdHpuA.\nC: Haemoglobin can pull down various HpuA homologues.\nD: Crystal structure of the KdHpuA:Hb complex.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10172_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9967", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scn9adeletion increasesPenkmRNA expression in DRG neurons.\nB: Mechanical and thermal sensory deficits in Nav1.7-null mice are reversed with the opioid antagonist naloxone.\nC: Naloxone dramatically reverses the analgesia associated with Nav1.7-null mutations in a CIP individual.\nD: Intracellular sodium concentration regulatesPenkexpression.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9967_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mapping LNnT binding on GAL1.\nB: Structural changes induced by λ5-UR22-45binding to GAL1.\nC: Glycosylation differences for Nalm6 pre-BII versus OP9 stromal cells as identified using dual-colour lectin microarrays experiments.\nD: Nalm6 pre-BII and OP9 stromal cells contain GAL1 ligands.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7194_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8569", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Partial unfolding of rubredoxin by force exposes the FeS4centre and allows for protonation of the metal site.\nB: Mechanical unfolding of rubredoxin at various KSCN concentrations.\nC: Scheme of the Fe(SCH3)4−model reactions studied.\nD: Force clamp experiments characterize the rupture rate of ferric–thiolate bond in the presence of KSCN.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8569_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12037", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overexpression of FNIPs enhance Hsp90 binding to drugs.\nB: Folliculin is a new client of Hsp90.\nC: FNIPs facilitate FLCN binding to the Hsp90 chaperone.\nD: Lst4 is not an orthologue of FNIPs in yeast.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12037_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7721", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characteristics of formate and lactate uptake inXenopusoocytes.\nB: Expression and localization of PfFNT inXenopus laevisoocytes.\nC: Localization of HA-PfFNT in 3D7P. falciparumtrophozoites.\nD: Formate and lactate uptake into isolated 3D7P. falciparumtrophozoites.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7721_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15123", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic of how outlier identification and background subtraction reveals changed-state density.\nB: Minor conformations are obscured in conventional maps but are revealed by background correction.\nC: PanDDA maps reveal complex minor conformations and identify allosteric binders.\nD: PanDDA maps clearly show detail obscured by conventional maps.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15123_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7946", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reversine treatment phenocopies loss of kinetochore-localized Mps1.\nB: Loss of BubR1 delays time from securin degradation and Cdk inactivation until anaphase and PB extrusion.\nC: Meiosis I is accelerated and SAC control is impaired without BubR1.\nD: No BubR1 mRNA or protein is detected inBubR1Δ/Δoocytes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7946_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12248", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of the MS2x128 RNA tag.\nB: Kinetic analysis of thePOLR2Apromoter activity and model of polymerase convoy.\nC: Effect of Mediator and TATA box on HIV-1 transcription and on long time scales.\nD: Effect of Mediator and TATA box on HIV-1 transcription and on short time scales.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12248_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21278-1", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NtDD dimerization is critical for fertility and P granule formation in nematodes.\nB: PGL-1 tethering represses an mRNA reporter in vivo.\nC: Argonaute WAGO-1 is required for PGL-1 tethered mRNA reporter repression.\nD: Crystal structure of PGL-1 NtDD.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-021-21278-1_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10846", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of monocyte and macrophage biology in a unique QKI haploinsufficient patient.\nB: Quaking is expressed in macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions.\nC: QKI expression levels have an impact on monocyte adhesion as well as migration and differentiation.\nD: QKI influences pre-mRNA splicing in naive PB monocytes and macrophages.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10846_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14147", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A-FABP mediates expression ofDio2via inhibition of LXRα.\nB: A-FABP enhances conversion of T4 to T3 and energy expenditure in mice.\nC: A-FABP deficiency impairs adaptive thermogenesis in mice.\nD: A-FABP deficiency impedes HFD- and cold-induced activation of BAT in mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14147_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13993", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Lipids interact with NapA via charged head groups and restrict unfolding.\nB: Lipids mediate dimer–core domain contacts and stabilize NapA in the gas phase.\nC: The unfolding trajectories of NapA variants show the effects of local stabilization.\nD: MS of homologous sodium/proton antiporters in C12E9under gentle ionization conditions reveals similarities between NHA2 and NapA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13993_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proposed pore formation mechanism.\nB: Crystal structure of the γ-HL-WR prepore.\nC: Fluorescence-detected differences between prepore and pore.\nD: Crystal structure of prepore of LUK.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5897_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ARD1 regulates the stress response of Hsp70.\nB: ARD1 acetylates K77 of Hsp70.\nC: K77 acetylation enhances the chaperone activity of Hsp70.\nD: Temporal changes in co-chaperone binding to Hsp70 under stress conditions are correlated to Hsp70 acetylation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12882_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1295", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Assessment of molecular correlates of GluN2D deactivation.\nB: The relationship between deactivation and EC50.\nC: Agonist-binding site of GluN2D and determinants for NMDA specificity.\nD: Deactivation time course is dependent on ligand structure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1295_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8093", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Unfolding of CNB domain.\nB: Variability of the unfolding of the transmembrane segments in the closed state.\nC: F–Dcurves from CNGA1 and CNGA1-N2B-HisTag in the closed state.\nD: Unfolding of CNGA1 and CNGA1-N2B-HisTag in the open state.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8093_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: OVAp peptide variants with tCP-dependent motifs promote the positive selection of OT-I CD8+T cells.\nB: Establishment of cells predominantly expressing the tCPs.\nC: OVAp peptide variants with tCP-dependent motifs show lower affinities to OT-I TCR.\nD: tCPs generate peptides with requirements for high-affinity MHC-I binding.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8484_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9780", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Auditory physiology.\nB: Immunodetection of pendrin and/or β-galactosidase.\nC: Localization of KCNK5 expression in adult mice.\nD: Immunodetection of KCNJ10 and KCNQ1 in adultKcnk5+/−andKcnk5−/−mouse cochleas.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9780_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9480", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: BLA neurons expressing Opto-β2AR promote anxiety-like behaviours.\nB: Mutations of β2AR and opto-β2AR alter intracellular signaling kinetics.\nC: Opto-β2ARSSand opto-β2ARLYYinternalization and desensitization.\nD: Opto-β2AR and β2AR internalize and recover from desensitization.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9480_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8922", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Interactions of Ups1 and Mdm35.\nB: Lipid binding and PA transfer activities of single-chain Ups1–Mdm35 derivatives.\nC: Crystal structures of Mdm35 and the Ups1–Mdm35 complex.\nD: Lid and pocket of Ups1–Mdm35.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8922_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ability of Vn to scavenge intracellular ROS.\nB: Mechanism of GPx activity of Vn.\nC: Rescue of cell viability by Vn.\nD: Characterization and GPx-like activity of Vn.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6301_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7186", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genetic variants modulate ZNF143 binding to the chromatin changing the frequency of chromatin interactions.\nB: ZNF143 preferentially binds at chromatin interaction anchors.\nC: ZNF143 is required for the formation of chromatin interactions.\nD: Schematic representation of chromatin interactions involving gene promoters.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7186_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11534", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: FKTN and FKRP can transfer ribitol phosphate to recombinant α-dystroglycan.\nB: Effect of ribitol supplementation on the CDP-ribitol levels and α-dystroglycan glycosylation.\nC: Reduced CDP-pentitol levels and α-dystroglycan glycosylation in ISPD KO cells can be corrected by a bacterial CDP-ribitol pyrophosphorylase.\nD: Involvement of a Sorbinil-sensitive aldose reductase and the kinase FGGY in the formation of CDP-ribitol.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11534_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6945", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The production of biosurfactants and swarming motility inP. putidaIsoF are dependent on thepsogene cluster.\nB: Activity of thepsoApromoter during biofilm development.\nC: AHL production during biofilm development ofP. putidaIsoF.\nD: The role of putisolvin biosurfactants in biofilm structural development.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6945_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13876", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identifying HCIPs that regulate IAV infection by screening the core interactome.\nB: PKP2 perturbs the IAV polymerase complex and inhibits viral polymerase activity.\nC: RNAi depletion of PKP2 promotes influenza virus infection.\nD: Comparative analysis of IAV–host interactomes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13876_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13689", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Formation of a conical capsid through a combination of displacive and disassembly/reassembly models.\nB: Role of membrane and genome in the formation of mature core.\nC: CA association following Gag cleavage by PR.\nD: A model for different HIV-1 maturation pathways.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13689_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proposed mechanism by which dynamic changes in the tRNA pool regulates selective translation of codon-biased transcripts and mycobacterial non-replicating persistence.\nB: Hypoxia induces tRNAThr(UGU)remodelling.\nC: Dynamics of tRNA modifications as BCG enter and exit hypoxic non-replicating persistence.\nD: The choice between codons ThrACGand ThrACCinfluences protein up- or downregulation in the BCG response to hypoxia.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13302_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Crystal structure of 1A-310-677aa.\nB: Integrated model of HKU1 S protein trimer with the crystal structure of 1A-S310-677aa.\nC: Epitope mapping for neutralizing mHKUS-2 and mHKUS-3 antibodies in 1A-S310-677aa.\nD: Inhibition of HKU1 virus infection by 1A-S310-677aa.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15216_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15812", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Zinc-dependent formation of multimeric Zur-zitBDNA complexesin vitroand the contribution of Zur-box upstream region onzitBactivationin vivo.\nB: The abundance of Zur and its genome-wide binding inS. coelicolor.\nC: A scheme for zinc-dependent changes in the binding mode of Zur onzitBDNA.\nD: Overexpression ofzitBhinders differentiation and causes a decrease in the content of Zn as well as Fe, Co and Ni.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15812_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11473", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SLAM receptor family is a hub for E3-mediated interference.\nB: HAdV E3 protein extracellular immunomodulatory interaction network.\nC: The inhibitory receptor LILRB1 is a semi-conserved, functional target.\nD: HAdV-D30 E3/49K modulates cell adhesion through MPZL1 and SLAMF3 targeting.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11473_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12151", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Multiple non-mutually exclusive hypothetical mechanisms could cause genotype–environment interactions for microbiome composition.\nB: Individual bacterial taxa at multiple taxonomic levels are sensitive to several interacting factors.\nC: A large fraction of leaf OTUs were also observed within roots of the same plant.\nD: Summary of experimental design and analysis.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12151_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12707", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Details of intermolecular interactions of the quartenary complex.\nB: Interfacial mutants on BNRF1 exhibit reduced subnuclear co-localization with DAXX.\nC: Generation of the recombinant EBV-GFP BNRF1 D568A/D569A bacmid and virus.\nD: BNRF1-DAXX interaction is essential for EBV latent cycle gene expression during primary infection and B-cell immortalization.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12707_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7198", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The different conformational states of labelled ClyA on mixing with DDM as observed by single-molecule FRET.\nB: Changes in hydrodynamic radius during pore formation.\nC: Pathways of ClyA pore formation.\nD: Kinetics of ClyA pore assembly at 500 nM ClyAwt followed by photo-induced cross-linking.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7198_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14130", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identification of BoNT/X.\nB: Proteolytic activation and inter-chain disulfide bond in BoNT/X.\nC: Full-length BoNT/X is active on cultured neurons andin vivoin mice.\nD: The LC of BoNT/X cleaves VAMPs at a unique site.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14130_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12853", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model for spacer acquisition in the type I-F system.\nB: Protospacer mapping.\nC: Mapping of chromosomal protospacers.\nD: Interference causes spacer acquisition.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12853_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6079", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chemical structures and cartoon representations.\nB: General scheme for sandwich detection using a surface PNA (PNA-SP) and a reporter PNA (PNA-RP).\nC: Detection of the target HIV-1 gag RNA using the PNA-SP4/PNA-RP25 detection system.\nD: HIV-1 quantification of patient samples with NAT-PELA (using PNA-SP4 and PNA-RP25) and PCR.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6079_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11379", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SPP activity is crucial for the stable expression of mature HCV core protein.\nB: SPP haploinsufficiency does not cause insulin resistance or steatosis in CoreTg mice.\nC: SPP is an essential host factor for HCV propagation.\nD: Ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of the immature HCV core protein in SPPKO cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11379_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5713", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Defects in mitochondrial tubular networks induced by PB1-F2 expression.\nB: PB1-F2 translocates into the mitochondrial inner membrane space.\nC: The effect of mitochondrial-targeted PB1-F2 in antiviral innate immunity.\nD: Knockdown ofDrp-1orOMA-1inhibits PB1-F2-induced mitochondrial fission.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5713_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5643", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Replacing ancestral species with evolved isolates in the ancestral community reproduces the clustering behavior.\nB: Multispecies treatment results in higher number of distinct community structures as quantified by consensus clustering.\nC: Community structure as an evolving trait.\nD: Species appearance on an agar plate and evolution experiment design.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5643_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5131", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The soluble NEC binds model membranes.\nB: NEC220 binding to GUVs drives membrane invagination and scission.\nC: NEC220 forms hexagonal honeycomb arrays on LUVs.\nD: Purification of soluble NECs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5131_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Distribution of PPI-1 3′ variable region sequences across the population.\nB: Mechanisms potentially affecting GI transfers.\nC: Structures of the RMS loci varying through intragenomic recombination.\nD: Mobile genetic elements found in the pneumococcal population.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6471_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7777", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Uniform adsorption of SpoIVA onto SSLBs requires SpoVM.\nB: Surface topography of SSHEL particles.\nC: Stable association of SpoIVA on the surface of SSLBs requires ATP.\nD: Covalent modification of the surface of SSHEL particles with small molecules or protein of interest.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7777_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2470", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Homology model of Tet(O).\nB: Cryo-EM maps of the 70S ribosome fromE. colibound with Tet(O).\nC: The involvement of Tet(O) loops in Tc resistence.\nD: Cryo-EM map-fitted atomic model of the 70S ribosome bound with Tet(O).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2470_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental genetics screen of malaria parasite orphan membrane transport proteins.\nB: Critical roles for selectedMTPsin sporogony.\nC: Defective transmission and liver-stage maturation inctr2−andmfs6−parasites.\nD: Genetic screen of 35Plasmodium bergheimembrane transport proteins.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10519_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9533", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transcriptomics from BAL 3 weeks after immunization.\nB: Local T-cell phenotype to immunization in BAL.\nC: Comparative measures of bacterial burden in BAL following aerosol vaccination and restriction during intraphagosomal culturingin vitro.\nD: Immune responses in the lung post-Mtbchallenge.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9533_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14321", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Latently infected monocytes have high affinity for CX3CL1 that indicates cell surface US28 expression.\nB: F49A-FTP kills experimentally latently infected CD34+ progenitor cells, reducing HCMV reactivation events.\nC: F49A-FTP kills lytically infected cells because of their expression of US28.\nD: F49A-FTP kills naturally latently infected monocytes, reducing reactivation events.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14321_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10508", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The mucoid polymer produced by M is required for both spreading and spatial structuring.\nB: The frequency of M and D morphotypes approach a characteristic ratio independent of the initial frequency.\nC: M functions as a lubricant allowing D to push from behind.\nD: M and D self-organize into characteristic spatial patterns.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10508_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The structure of the MTase domain of hMPVL.\nB: NTPase activity.\nC: RNA-binding site comparisons.\nD: CR-VI+-binding pockets.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9749_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4759", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Requirement for memory:\nB: Forces and bacterial motion in an example simulated trajectory with up to four pili.\nC: Force-dependence of unbinding rate and velocity of individual pili:\nD: Experimental evidence for memory effects.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4759_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13557", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure based models for initiating stages in EBV entry and host receptor dependent cell tropism.\nB: The gp42 HP interacts with gH D-II and overlaps the integrin binding ‘KGD’ motif.\nC: Crystal structure of EBV gHgL/gp42 bound to the E1D1 Fab.\nD: Interactions of the gp42 N-terminal domain with gH.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13557_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1488", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of the FliH and FliI suppressor mutations on the interaction of FliJ(Δ13–24) with FlhA.\nB: pH dependence of PMF components.\nC: Effects of FliJ deletion on flagellar protein export.\nD: Effect of a deletion of residues 328–351 of FlhA on the interaction with the soluble proteins.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1488_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3865", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Silencing ofTbMCUexpression decreases Ca2+uptake of digitonin-permeabilized PCF and BSF trypanosomes.\nB: Phenotypic changes after RNAi ofTbMCU.\nC: TbMCU co-localizes with MitoTracker and its downregulation by RNAi affects growth in PCF and BSF trypanosomes.\nD: Changes in BSF trypanosomes after conditional KO ofTbMCU.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3865_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12506", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MR1-Ag tetramer+CD8+T cells from peripheral blood do not exclusively express TRAV1-2.\nB: T-cell clone D462-E4 displays ligand and microbial infection selectivity.\nC: Isolation of an MR1-restricted T-cell clone that reacts to bacteria independently of the TRAV1-2 TCR.\nD: Selective recognition ofS. pyogenesby a TRAV1-2-negative T-cell clone D462-E4.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12506_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2427", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Phylogenetic relationship ofR. solaniAG1 IA with other Basidiomycetes fungi and orthologs.\nB: The expression pattern of genes coding for the degradative enzymes ofR. solaniAG1 IA.\nC: Candidate effectors cause necrotic phenotypes in rice, corn and soybean.\nD: Genomic sequence and paired reads coverage.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2427_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11320", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In vitrovalidation of selected chemical inhibitors and proviral factors.\nB: Screening results analysis.\nC: Effect of the identified antiviral drugs on different classes of viruses.\nD: Fatty acid synthesis requirement for CHIKV life cycle.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11320_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7660", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: FEZ1 bindsin vitroassembled HIV-1 CA–NC complexes and affects infection.\nB: Depletion of FEZ1 inhibits HIV-1 trafficking to the nucleus.\nC: Depletion of kinesin-1 inhibits trafficking of HIV-1 particles to the nucleus.\nD: Kinesin-1 regulates nuclear entry of HIV-1 DNA.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7660_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15743", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ZIKV infection of the sperm.\nB: Protection from ZIKV-induced sperm damage by DNA immunization.\nC: ZIKV infection of the testis and epididymis.\nD: Protection from ZIKV-induced damage to the testis and epididymis by DNA immunization.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15743_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13376", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Naïve IGHV4-39-derived antibodies from naïve B cells.\nB: Characterization of anti-IsdB antibodies in the human memory B cell repertoire.\nC: Germline and allelic specificity of IGHV4-39-derived NEAT1 binders.\nD: Germline-encoded binding of IGHV1-69 to the NEAT2 domain of IsdB.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13376_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5686", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PsIsc1 and VdIsc1 are secreted proteins.\nB: Pathogen effectors subverting plant SA biosynthesis.\nC: Functional analysis of the N termini of PsIsc1 and VdIsc1.\nD: PsIsc1 is a virulence factor inP. sojae.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5686_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Bioluminescence imaging of mice infected with LAV-Luc via intranasal inoculation.\nB: Generation and characterization of replication-competent IAV carrying luciferase reporter (IAV-Luc).\nC: Bioluminescence imaging of IAV-Luc could be exploited to evaluate antiviral therapeuticsin vitroand in living mice.\nD: Infection of IAV-Luc in mice resulted in loss of body weight and lung injuries as well as lethality.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3369_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14340", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NDV induces upregulation of ICOS in the tumour microenvironment.\nB: NDV-ICOSL potentiates the efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade.\nC: NDV-ICOSL enhances local and systemic CD8 T-cell activation.\nD: Combination therapy leads to expansion of activated TILs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14340_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genetic implementation and function characterization of individual modules.\nB: Module assembly to implement theLearningandRecallingsubfunctions.\nC: The Pavlovian-like conditioning performance of the single simultaneous conditioning circuit on the population level.\nD: Formulating the single simultaneous conditioning function as a sequential-logic genetic circuit.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4102_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5891", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MscL-dependent susceptibility to dihydrostreptomycin.\nB: Working model for streptomycin–MscL interactions.\nC: MscL-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth by known antibiotic agents.\nD: Streptomycin induces a MscL-dependent glutamate flux.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5891_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4001", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Formation of (p)ppGpp following overexpression of HipA.\nB: The effect of GltX on growth arrest and persistence.\nC: Phosphorylation of GltX in the presence of HipA.\nD: The persistence cycle through the activation of the stringent response.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4001_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11062", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: E. colitwo-plasmid system testing the known directsigE–sigBinteraction ofM. tuberculosis.\nB: Communities within the sigma factor regulatory network.\nC: Topological properties of the sigma factor and transcription factor networks.\nD: β-galactosidase assay results for the 13 × 13 matrix ofM. tuberculosissigma factors.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11062_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fluorescence-detected differences between prepore and pore.\nB: Haemolytic activity of γ-HL mutants and LUK.\nC: Crystal structure of prepore of LUK.\nD: Crystal structure of the γ-HL-WR prepore.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5897_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13823", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Oxylipins promoteP. aeruginosavirulence indrosophilaflies and lettuce.\nB: Oxylipins induce microcolony and biofilm formation over human epithelial cell surfaces.\nC: Oxylipins induce microcolony and biofilm formation over abiotic surfaces.\nD: Hypothetical model of the role of oxylipins in the formation of bacterial biofilms.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13823_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chaperone addiction module can be transferred to classic two-component TA systems.\nB: PrimaryMtb-SecBTAchaperone-binding site of ChAD.\nC: SecB/ChAD addiction modules of TAC systems are specific.\nD: The chaperone facilitates the folding ofMtb-HigA1 and other unrelated proteins only in the presence of ChAD.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13339_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7050", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rapamycin treatment protects against ECM.\nB: Dietary restriction reduces brain parasite accumulation and immunopathology.\nC: Leptin is required for pathogenesis of ECM.\nD: Dietary restriction reduces total parasite sequestration and increases parasite spleen clearance.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7050_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11567", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In vivorelevance of FYT21.\nB: FYT21 inhibits cell activation by various TLR agonists.\nC: FYT21 reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine release by inhibiting NFκB/AP-1 activation.\nD: The interaction between bacteria and FYT21.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11567_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15710", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Intravacuolar TgMyoI-KO and TgMyoJ-KO parasites divide asynchronously and are not connected.\nB: The intravacuolar connection contributes to the delayed death phenotype.\nC: Deletion of TgMyoI or TgMyoJ does not impact on the residual body formation.\nD: ΔKU80 parasite intravacuolar connection revealed by serial section TEM and 3D reconstruction.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15710_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14447", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CD8+T-cell activation contributes to arenavirus-mediated tumour regression.\nB: LCMV and arenavirus vaccine Candid#1 induce regression of human tumours.\nC: Arenavirus preferentially replicates and persists in cancer cells.\nD: IFN-I was essential for arenavirus-induced tumour regression.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14447_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7734", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Beneficial effects of fibre in DSS colitis are mediated through GPR43 and GPR109A, and expressed in non-haematopoietic cells.\nB: Co-housing with WT mice restores colonic epithelium inflammasome activation and improves features of DSS colitis development inGpr43−/−mice.\nC: High-fibre-fed microbiota is structurally different from zero-fibre-fed microbiota, confers protection in DSS colitis associated and increases inflammasome activation.\nD: Fibre and acetate protect from DSS-induced colitis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7734_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2303", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TDP-43 mislocalization in the motor neurons of AR2 mice.\nB: Calpain-dependent cleavage of TDP-43in vitro.\nC: Rescue of abnormal calpain-dependent cleavage of TDP-43 in AR2 mice.\nD: Roles of calpain (Calp) in TDP-43 pathology in ALS.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2303_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The activity of potassium channels facilitates peak shifts.\nB: Input speed and balance influence peak shift magnitude.\nC: Precise inhibition maintains efficacy at high frequencies.\nD: Inhibition tunes coincidence detection.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4790_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: WM-induced changes in extrastriate visual responses improve two-point discrimination.\nB: A computational model describing changes in extrastriate visual responses produced by signals from FEF delay neurons.\nC: Persistent activity is a predominant property of V4-projecting FEF neurons.\nD: RF changes and gain increases during WM.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15041_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ex-293 cells form 3D biosynthetic excitable tissues and establish active electrical connection between remote regions in a 3D cardiac network.\nB: Effects of channel blockers on the shape and conduction of APs in Ex-293 monolayers.\nC: Stable overexpression of Cx43 in Kir2.\nD: Spiral waves in Ex-293 monolayers.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1302_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4326", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Association between segmentation and waxing and waning patterns.\nB: ICC in the small intestine harbour high- and low-frequency activities.\nC: Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis of slow-wave activity and segmentation.\nD: Phase–amplitude coupling leads to a waxing and waning slow-wave pattern.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4326_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2417", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Expression levels of Hsp70 inducers in skeletal muscle.\nB: Augmentation of pathogenic AR accumulation in the CNS ofHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice.\nC: Expression levels of Hsps in tissues fromHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice.\nD: Histopathological change in the CNS ofHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2417_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12328", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Generation and basic characterization ofSalm4−/−mice.\nB: SALM4 inhibits the interaction between SALM3/5 and LAR.\nC: SALM4cis-interacts with SALMs 2/3/5.\nD: Domains of SALM4 involved in the interaction with SALM2, SALM3 and SALM5.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12328_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10161", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Emotion modulates changes in pupil dilation depending on the facial features that are fixated.\nB: Decreased attention to the eyes in monkeys with amygdala lesions.\nC: The effect of amygdala lesions on attentional capture by social stimuli.\nD: The left column shows MRI of coronal sections from a representative rhesus monkey brain depicting the location and extent of the intended bilateral amygdala lesion.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10161_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9200", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Activity-induced AMPAR surface insertion requires DHHC5 endocytic cycling.\nB: Activity-induced DHHC5 endocytosis and trafficking on recycling endosomes.\nC: Changes in DHHC5 palmitoylation and localization following increased neuronal activity.\nD: PSD-95 and Fyn control DHHC5 turnover in spine heads.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9200_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CHCHD2 responds to mitochondrial stresses.\nB: 4E-BP rescues neurodegeneration by loss of CHCHD2.\nC: dCHCHD2mutant flies exhibit phenotypes associated with PD.\nD: CHCHD2 maintains the electron flow in OXPHOS.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15500_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12190", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Benchmarking against state of the art on real data.\nB: Simulations with flat baseline.\nC: Application to seven different sets of real data.\nD: Application of MLspike to 1,000 recorded neurons.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12190_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9381", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of the Stau dsRBD5 structure with other dsRBDs.\nB: The interaction between Mira and Stau.\nC: Direct interaction between Mira CBD and Stau dsRBD5 is required for Stau localization during the asymmetric divisions ofDrosophilatype I larval NBs.\nD: The coiled-coil structure of Mira514–595.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9381_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14456", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Trans-synaptic tracing from single-electroporated amBNST neurons.\nB: In vivoNMDA-R antagonist infusion in BNST neurons blocks anxiolytic effect induced by HFSvSUB/CA1.\nC: In vivoinput-specific opposite plasticity in the amBNST.\nD: Characterization of vSUB/CA1-ILCx-amBNST pathways.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14456_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12531", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spinal over-expression ofArrb2prevents and reverses neuropathic pain.\nB: Arrb2deficiency increases synaptic GluN2B in SDH neurons.\nC: Arrb2deficiency causes prolongation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.\nD: Expression ofArrb2mRNA and Arrb2 protein in SDH.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12531_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11195", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Source-level EEG results for the stop-signal task.\nB: EEG analysis schematic.\nC: Source-level EEG results for the MS-IC WM task.\nD: Behavioural task details and results.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11195_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2318", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spatio-temporal network dynamics in the absence of fast GABAergic transmission in the juvenile CA3 region.\nB: Spatio-temporal network dynamics in the absence of fast GABAergic transmission in the developing CA3 region.\nC: The spatial distribution and morphological features of hippocampal EGNs/LGNs are similar at juvenile and adult stages.\nD: EGNs can trigger synchrony as small assemblies at P7 and single-handedly at juvenile stages.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2318_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7760", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CSF ferritin levels independently predict brain structural changes.\nB: Conversion from MCI to dementia as predicted by baseline CSF biomarkers.\nC: CSF ferritin levels independently predict cognitive status.\nD: Schematic: the impact of ferritin and other biomarkers on AD presentation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7760_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13233", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Glycolytic enzymes are associated to motile vesicles in axons.\nB: FAT relies on glycolytic enzymes.\nC: Self-propelling vesiclesin vitro.\nD: Motile vesicles are autonomous energy-producing organelles.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13233_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2135", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The N terminus of PrPCis required for the interaction with AMPA subunits.\nB: Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity is enhanced in PrPC-null mice and zinc uptake is reduced in prion disease.\nC: PrPCinteracts with AMPA receptor subunits.\nD: Zinc uptake does not require the endocytosis of PrPC.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2135_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10965", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A miR-219 inhibitor reversed NSC phenotypes induced by TLX siRNAin vivo.\nB: The DISC1-mutant NSCs exhibit increased miR-219 expression and reduced proliferation.\nC: TLX inhibits miR-219 processing in NSCs.\nD: miR-219 inhibits NSC proliferation and promotes neuronal differentiation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10965_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14219", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MEIS2+/Htr3a-GFP+ INs are functionally integrated in the juvenile cortical white matter (WM).\nB: White matter (WM)Htr3a-GFP+ INs express MEIS2 at an early postnatal age.\nC: Htr3a-GFP+ INs expressing COUPTFII are preferentially distributed in cortical layer 1 and express reelin (RELN).\nD: Single-cell RNA-seq identifies molecularly distinct types ofHtr3a-GFP+ INs during development.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14219_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15098", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Formation of mature olfactory sensory neurons inLmnb1mosaic mutant olfactory epithelium.\nB: Cellular dynamics and distribution in theLmnb1mosaic mutant olfactory epithelium.\nC: Transcriptome profiling ofLmnb1−/−mutant olfactory cells.\nD: Nuclear architecture and organization ofLmnb1−/−cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15098_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13804", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The laminar profile of selective attention and working memory.\nB: The influence of a mask.\nC: The influence of attention and working memory on spiking activity.\nD: Capacity limitations in working memory.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13804_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Oxt mediates caffeine's effect on energy balance in the DIO mice.\nB: Aberration of the adenosine receptor signalling pathway in the hypothalamus of DIO mouse.\nC: Overexpression of A1R in PVN neurons significantly attenuates caffeine’s effect on energy balance.\nD: Peripheral caffeine treatment ameliorates diet-induced obesity.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15904_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2230", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fibrinogen induces microglial responses in the healthy mouse cortexin vivo.\nB: Fibrin induces ROS generation in microglia.\nC: Fibrinogen is required for development of axonal damage in neuroinflammation.\nD: Perivascular cluster formation requires fibrin deposition and precedes demyelination.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2230_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6689", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Population analysis of response modulation during activation of PV+ and SOM+ neurons.\nB: Single-pulse ChR2 stimulation of PV+ and SOM+ neurons reveals response dependence of inhibition.\nC: Effect of ChR2-mediated PV+ and SOM+ neuron activation on target cells of awake head-fixed mice.\nD: PV+ and SOM+ neuron responses to full-field flashes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6689_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13605", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PET monitoring hM4Di expression in bilateral rmCD.\nB: Behavioural effect of PET-monitored chemogenetic silencing.\nC: Experimental design.\nD: DREADD versus muscimol inactivation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13605_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9096", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Computational architecture.\nB: Behavioural results and model simulations.\nC: Model-free neural evidence of value contextualization.\nD: Experimental task and design.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9096_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CP of delay activity during the perceptual and memory tasks.\nB: Anatomical location of LPFC neurons with perceptual and mnemonic coding.\nC: Behavioural task design and performance.\nD: Parametric nature of LPFC motion direction representations.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15471_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Behavioural abnormalities inARHGAP33KO mice.\nB: Cooperative facilitation of TrkB trafficking by ARHGAP33 and SORT1.\nC: Association ofARHGAP33with schizophrenia.\nD: ARHGAP33 promotes the interaction between TrkB and SORT1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2980", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Photodiode arrays in the eye.\nB: VEP elicited by 1 mm visible light spot on the retina.\nC: VEP amplitude as a function of pulse duration.\nD: Cortical responses in WT (normally sighted) animals.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2980_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8246", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MAP6 protein is involved in the Sema3E signalling pathway.\nB: The Sema3E receptors (PlexinD1/Neuropilin1/VEGFR2) expression in developing MAP6-KO brain and in cultured subicular neurons.\nC: Reduced brain volume in MAP6-KO mice associated with deficits in axonal fibre tracts.\nD: Absence of the post-commissural fornix in E18.5 MAP6-KO embryos.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8246_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12743", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dam-tagged long-range chromosomal loop formations in PFC neurons.\nB: Chromosomal conformations tagged by TALEGad1Dam.\nC: Transient Dam expression in PFC neurons.\nD: Experimental timeline.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12743_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4047", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RFs and orientation/direction preference of exemplary V1 neurons.\nB: Hypothetical reference systems used by V1 neurons to encode the visual world.\nC: Fitting the population response.\nD: Population response.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4047_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14263", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Feature dependence of SC saliency coding.\nB: Model saliency predicts saccade behaviour.\nC: Saliency and priority coding in the superior colliculus (SC).\nD: Behavioural dependence of SC saliency coding (saccade-aligned).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14263_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3125", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Live imaging of apical progenitors and their progeny in the LGE.\nB: Distribution of mitotic cells in the neocortex of gyrencephalic species shows a high abundance of bipolar radial glia.\nC: Progenitors of different proliferative behaviour contribute to the striatal projection neuron lineage in the LGE.\nD: The number of bipolar subapically dividing RGs is increased in Trnp1-shRNA electroporated cells in the developing mouse cerebral cortex.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3125_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12140", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental results where sixO. scyllaruswere presented with expanding circular looming stimuli displayed on an LCD monitor.\nB: Experimental results for the LED experiment.\nC: Experimental method.\nD: Diagrams illustrating the polarization anatomy of a mantis shrimp eye and the relevant geometries.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12140_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3038", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Laser-mediated axotomy in the living mouse brain.\nB: Axon regrowth is associated with a reestablishment of normal bouton density contacting new targets.\nC: Cell type-specific axon regeneration in the adult brain.\nD: Absence of a prominent glial scar following laser-mediated microlesion.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3038_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11003", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Amnesic shadow in recognition.\nB: Nature and growth of the amnesic shadow.\nC: Hippocampal modulation (HM) paradigm and predictions.\nD: Amnesic shadow in cued recall.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11003_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1532", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Co-transfection of LSD1 without its 3′-UTR rescues miR-137-induced precocious outward migration.\nB: TLX regulates miR-137 expression.\nC: LSD1 rescues TLX siRNA-induced outward migration.\nD: A miR-137 inhibitor rescues TLX siRNA-induced outward cell migration in embryonic mouse brains.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1532_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-27876-3", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Degraded neural processing of evidence under ketamine.\nB: Pharmacological protocol and cue combination task.\nC: Relation between premature commitments and decision uncertainty.\nD: Impaired cognitive inference under ketamine.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-021-27876-3_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4611", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: FCs reduce food intake and increase faecal SCFA concentrations.\nB: Acetate administration reduces food intake.\nC: Acetate effects in the hypothalamus.\nD: Relative changes in total metabolite content in the hypothalamus and remaining brain biopsies after (2-13C) acetate or (U-13C) inulin administrations.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4611_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10584", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Development of glutamatergic afferent input onto L5aNkx2-1interneuron subtypes.\nB: Identification of Nkx2-1 interneuron subtypes through early postnatal development.\nC: Development of glutamatergic afferent input onto L4Nkx2-1interneuron subtypes.\nD: Early onset of glutamatergic afferent input ontoNkx2-1interneurons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10584_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14967", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PEGylation of DT and itsin vitrofunctionality after modification.\nB: Sympathectomy with BRAINSPAReDT predisposes mice to sustained obesity and glucose intolerance without affecting food intake.\nC: BRAINSPAReDT ablates peripheral neurons but not those in the brain.\nD: Obese mice sympathectomized with BRAINSPAReDT have deficits in thermogenic gene expression and nocturnal hypoactivity but normal energy expenditure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14967_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1455", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Temporal and directional control of turning events.\nB: High-resolution measurements of sensory input and motor output.\nC: Navigational algorithm adaptation to genetic manipulations of peripheral olfactory inputs.\nD: Sensory-motor model for larval chemotaxis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1455_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fine structures of the eye of the Carboniferous fishA. bridgeiand extant fishRhinogobiussp.\nB: Two principal component axes showing the plots for 483 extant vertebrate rod (asterisks) and cone (square) external contours with fossil fish rod and cone contours (yellow).\nC: Optical photographs of the Carboniferous fishA. bridgei.\nD: SEM and TEM of the rods and cones of the Carboniferous fishA. bridgeiand extant fishRhinogobiussp.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6920_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13348", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: STING is essential for restriction of HSV-1 in microglia in vitro and for antiviral control in neuronsin vivo.\nB: Microglia induce STING dependent antiviral programs in neurons and prime the TLR3 pathway in astrocytes.\nC: Microglia accumulate at sites of infection in the CNS in a STING-independent manner.\nD: Dissemination of the IFN response in the infected brain depends on STING.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13348_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1226", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Measurement of the volume displacement.\nB: Power gain of basilar membrane vibration.\nC: Spatial patterns of basilar membrane vibration.\nD: Single-point basilar membrane vibration.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1226_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6601", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Aurora kinase B is required for MeCP2 S421 phosphorylation in the aNPCs.\nB: Phosphorylation of MeCP2 S421 is regulated by cell cycle in aNPCs.\nC: Altered proliferation and differentiation of MeCP2 phosphor-mutant aNPCin vitroandin vivo.\nD: Reduced Notch signalling in MeCP2 phosphor-mutant aNPCs and phenotypic rescue by NICD overexpression.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6601_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3740", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Increased HS promotes more rapid and more complete recovery from SCI.\nB: T1KO mice recover from SCI more quickly and more completely than WT mice.\nC: HS synthesis increases in injured spinal cords of T1KO mice.\nD: Syndecan-3 and glypican-1 are the target HSPGs of SCI-induced HS upregulation in T1KO mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3740_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2568", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Immunohistochemical characterization of DAT-AAA mice with disrupted C-terminal PDZ-target sequence.\nB: Presynaptic terminals in striatum from DAT-AAA mice demonstrate substantial loss of DAT expression.\nC: Inhibition of dynamin-dependent internalization increases surface levels of DAT-AAA, but not WT.\nD: Dopaminergic neurons show reduced DAT-AAA surface expression and no ER retention of DAT-AAA.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2568_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13892", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transcriptional pause regions inE. coliriboswitches.\nB: Transcriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms of thethiCriboswitch.\nC: ThethiCriboswitch exhibits transcriptional pausing at the translation start site important for transcriptional control.\nD: The TPP-binding efficiency is modulated along thethiCriboswitch transcriptional pathway.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13892_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12580", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The MUB LBL is stabilized by E2 surface interaction.\nB: The MUB LBL conflicts with E1 E2 association.\nC: A model: MUB inhibition of E2∼Ub formation.\nD: An AtMUB3:AtUBC8 co-crystal structure reveals extensive backside interaction that overlaps with non-covalent Ub binding.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12580_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9976", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SiM-KARTS measurements of preQ1-dependent anti-SD-binding kinetics.\nB: Single mRNA molecules can undergo conformational switching depending on their environment.\nC: In vitrotranslation ofTtemRNA.\nD: Detection of burst behaviour through spike train analysis.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9976_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1997", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Intense training enhances histone PTMs and memory consolidation.\nB: Activation of histone PTMs in the hippocampus and PFC.\nC: Blocking the activation of histone PTMs prevents memory retention.\nD: Short-term recent and remote object memory in adult mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1997_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LATS2is a downstream target of anti-miR-371-3.\nB: Involvement of anti-miR-371-3 in TGCTs.\nC: A potential tumour suppressive role of anti-miR-371-3 in TGCTs.\nD: DNA methylation and gene expression analyses at the miR-371-3 locus.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3724_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14329", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: C257, C268 and C586 residues in RIP1 are oxidized in response to TNF-induced ROS in L929 cells.\nB: ROS promote RIP1 autophosphorylation on S161 and this phosphorylation is essential for RIP1 to effectively transduce necroptotic signal.\nC: TNF-induced ROS enhance necrosome formation in a RIP1 S161 phosphorylation-dependent manner.\nD: ROS as well as S161 phosphorylation of RIP1 facilitate RIP1-RIP3 co-localization in the cells undergoing TNF-induced necroptosis.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14329_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1982", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Replication timing and cancer driver genes.\nB: SNV frequency compared with replication timing for functional regions.\nC: Selection signature for protein-coding SNVs.\nD: Genomic features and SNV frequency.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1982_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7752", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ATF3 increases the Tip60 stability by decreasing its ubiquitination level.\nB: ATF3 promotes USP7-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of Tip60.\nC: The ATF3–Tip60 interaction is required for Tip60 regulation.\nD: Knockdown of ATF3 expression leads to impaired ATM activation by IR.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7752_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of edQTLs on edited dsRNA structures.\nB: Quantifying RNA editing in the DGRP.\nC: Characterization of distal edQTLs.\nD: Prediction of ECSs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9194_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16112", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Increased transfection efficiency uncovers homology-mediated RI events.\nB: Impact of loss of Pol θ and Lig4 on chromosomal DSB repair.\nC: Characterization of Lig4-independent RI events.\nD: Evidence for Pol θ-mediated RI in NHEJ-proficient cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms16112_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14013", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Restoration of nuclear PTEN-mediated DNA damage signalling by restraining CK2 impairs tumour but not normal neural stem cell survival.\nB: Model summarizes the contribution of defective NHEJ to PTEN DNA damage signalling and suppression of p53-mediated GBM formation and drug-resistant survival.\nC: Configuration and characterization of GBMs developed from hGFAP-CreXRCC4fl/flp53fl/flmice.\nD: Impairment of PTEN nuclear distribution by CK2β overexpression promotes cellular transformation of GXP NS.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14013_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4064", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model showing the functions of MED18 and its partners.\nB: MED18 regulates RNA Pol II occupancy of target genes.\nC: YY1 interacts with MED18 to suppress glutaredoxin and thioredoxin gene expression.\nD: Direct association of MED18 with different regions of target genes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4064_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13595", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Single-molecule FRET analysis reveals that ORF145/RIP locks the RNAP clamp in a defined conformation.\nB: ORF145/RIP binds in the DNA-binding channel of RNAP.\nC: ORF145/RIP inhibits PIC formation.\nD: Molecular mechanism and evolution of ORF145/RIP.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13595_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1766", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A proline substitution at aggregation-prone domain of TDP-43 induces pathological degradation of TDP-43 proteins.\nB: Dynamics of detergent-insoluble TDP-43 aggregates in normal cells.\nC: The effects of EGCG on TDP-43.\nD: Working model for the intrinsic propensities of TDP-43 GQN-rich C terminus in normal cellular functions and disease progression.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1766_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11081", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experiments performed in acute hippocampal slices validate the resultsin vitro.\nB: LTD-induced transcription ofBdnfpromoters II and VI requires EZH2 displacement and H3K27Me3 demethylation and acetylation.\nC: NMDA stimulation induces epigenetic remodelling ofBdnfpromoters.\nD: Response ofBdnfpromoters to NMDA stimulation in mature hippocampal neurons.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11081_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9898", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 4D analysis of riboswitch conformation and tertiary structural stability in a single experiment.\nB: Experimentally determined RNA conformational landscape describes interaction of the c-di-GMP-I riboswitch with its cognate ligand.\nC: Conformational landscape analysis of c-di-GMP-I riboswitch interaction with a non-cognate ligand reveals a cryptic non-native conformation.\nD: Kanamycin B induces an off-pathway conformation of the c-di-GMP-I riboswitch.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9898_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13856", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Canonical signatures of a piRNA pathway in the adult fly fat body.\nB: The piRNA pathway is active in the fat body.\nC: piRNA pathway mutants are stress sensitive and short-lived.\nD: Loss of the piRNA pathway disrupts normal metabolic functions of the fat body.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13856_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8023", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Critical residues for the interaction between DNMT1 and USP7.\nB: Interaction between DNMT1 and USP7.\nC: Overall structure of DNMT1 and USP7.\nD: USP7–DNMT1 interaction is required for USP7-mediated stabilization of DNMT1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8023_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15078", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Leader cells maintain their invasive phenotype even while cultured as a purified population.\nB: Leader cells represent a specialized subpopulation which can be purified using SaGA.\nC: The fibronectin/FAK pathway drives leader cell invasion.\nD: Leader cells promote motility and invasion of follower cells through a soluble factor.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15078_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11268", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: APLNRis expressed in newly lumenized vessels and its expression is flow-dependent.\nB: Apelin/APLNR regulates CXCR4 expressionin vitroandin vivo.\nC: Atorvastatin augments apelin/APLNR signalling and improves theApln−/−retinal phenotype.\nD: APLNR regulatesCXCR4expression through miR-139-5p.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11268_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6506", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Architecture of the HerA helicase.\nB: Sequence conservation of HerA residues important for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, and DNA translocation.\nC: A conserved DNA-binding loop appears mechanically linked to the active site.\nD: Functional assays examining ATP hydrolysis and DNA processing by HerA–NurA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6506_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8030", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The vault complex does not contribute to the vtRNA1-1-mediated apoptosis resistance.\nB: Dose dependence of vtRNA1-1 levels on the impact of apoptosis resistance.\nC: vtRNA1-1 modulates both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.\nD: vtRNA levels in response to expression of EBV-encoded latency III proteins.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8030_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5263", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inhibition of NELF or Integrator leads to the accumulation of aberrant polyadenylated U1 transcripts.\nB: Proposed model of the functions of DSIF, NELF and Integrator duringU1gene transcription and 3′ processing.\nC: NELF inhibits aberrant polyadenylation of U1 transcripts by preventing the recruitment of CstF-64.\nD: Interplay of P-TEFb, NELF, Integrator and DSIF on theRNU1gene.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5263_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2469", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Myc sites present in mitotic chromosomes associate with insulator proteins.\nB: Myc sites occupied during interphase and mitosis have different characteristics.\nC: Properties of Myc sites in interphase and mitotic chromosomes.\nD: Characteristics of Myc-associated genes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2469_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9909", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inheritable mutagenic G-quadruplexes during organogenesis.\nB: Signatures of inheritable G-quadruplex configurations.\nC: Overrepresentation of co-occurring G4 deletions in single animals.\nD: Model for mitotic inheritance of persistent G-quadruplexes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9909_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15637", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: WIPI4 interacts with ATG2, AMPK and ULK1.\nB: WIPI3 interacts with the TSC complex.\nC: WIPI1 assists WIPI2 in recruiting ATG16L for LC3 lipidation.\nD: The WIPI protein interactome.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15637_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Co-localization of the transcription factor Hot1 with theSTL1gene and transcripts.\nB: Precise spatiotemporal analysis ofSTL1 Spinachexpression.\nC: Development of an imaging workflow to localize gene loci in live yeast.\nD: Use of Spinach RNA aptamer to monitor localization of mRNAs inS. cerevisiae.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9882_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8307", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Co-expression ofASXL1truncation mutations+BAP1 skews EML and haematopoietic precursor cells to the mast cell lineage.\nB: H2AK119Ub marks are present at the expressed and non-expressed genes in EML cells.\nC: ASXL1 truncations synergize with BAP1 and TET2 loss-of-function to skew commitment to the myeloid lineagein vivo.\nD: Expression of ASXL1(1–479)+BAP1 leads to upregulation of low-expressed and intermediate-expressed genes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8307_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12235", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SIRT7-mediated H3K122succ desuccinylation is implemented in cellular response to DNA damage.\nB: SIRT7 catalyses histone H3K122 desuccinylationin vitro.\nC: The catalytic activity of SIRT7 is required for efficient DSB repair.\nD: SIRT7-catalysed H3K122succ desuccinylation is linked to chromatin condensation during DSB repair.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12235_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1826", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Epigenetic regulation of theHOXAcluster.\nB: Distribution of 5mC and 5hmC within theHOXAcluster.\nC: TET2 is mainly responsible for the 5mC–5hmC conversion in theHOXAcluster during RA induction.\nD: Pluripotency features and DNA methylation profiles of NT2 cells upon RA induction.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1826_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14338", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pharmacological inhibition of Akt enhances cellular clearance in patient-derived cells.\nB: Assessment of storage burden.\nC: Akt inhibition promotes TFEB nuclear translocation and activation of the CLEAR network.\nD: Akt phosphorylates TFEB at Ser467.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14338_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Statistics of UvrD translocation.\nB: Two UvrD molecules translocate together and unwind the duplex segment without stalling.\nC: UvrD translocation is blocked by dsDNA.\nD: The duplex DNA segment blocking translocation of UvrD is unwound as another UvrD binds to the junction.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2882_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28884-7", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Venetoclax-resistantBCL2mutants identified by base editing with Cas9-NG.\nB: Establishment of a benchmarking assay for Cas9 activity.\nC: Validation ofBRCA1hits identified by Cas9-NG.\nD: Off-target profiles of high-fidelity variants.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-28884-7_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11702", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MT1G, a common target of miR-1246 and miR-1290, inhibitstumourgrowth and metastasis.\nB: The metastatic ability of lung TICs is dependent on miR-1246 and miR-1290.\nC: Administration of anti-miRNA LNA inhibitorsin vivoinhibitstumourprogression.\nD: Longitudinal analyses of circulating miRNA levels in response to ongoing therapy in NSCLC patients.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11702_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14286", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Uba6 is required for the regulation of subcellular localization of ezrin and formation of epithelial acini in human nontransformed mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells.\nB: In vitroorthogonal reactivity of the xUB-xUba6 and xUB-xUba1 pairs.\nC: Silencing of ezrin partially rescuesUBA6-deficient MCF-10A cells from perturbed epithelial morphogenesis in 3D culture.\nD: Uba6 negatively controls the stability of CUGBP1 and ezrin by mediating K48-linked polyubiquitination of the proteins.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14286_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Heterochromatic introns in the genomes ofArabidopsisand rice.\nB: IBM2 facilitates transcription of genes with intragenic heterochromatin.\nC: IBM2 regulates transcription ofIBM1.\nD: Pol II and IBM2 densities atIBM1and intragenic heterochromatin.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3301_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reactivation of the inactiveXΔTsixpaternal X-chromosome in the inner cell mass (ICM).\nB: Absence of ectopic Xist induction from theXΔTsixmaternal X-chromosome in embryonic day (E) 3.5 blastocyst embryos.\nC: Characterization of differentiation-dependent Xist RNA induction from theXΔTsixmaternal X-chromosome.\nD: Xist induction from theXΔTsixmaternal X-chromosome in E6.5 extra-embryonic cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5209_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The algorithm and workflow of CIRI-AS.\nB: CircRNA AS events in 62 samples ofD. melanogaster.\nC: Features of four types of AS events in circRNAs.\nD: Binding site density of splicing factors in transcribed exons of HeLa cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12060_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5527", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TRIP13 is upregulated in SCCHN.\nB: TRIP13 overexpression is sensitized to NHEJ protein DNA-PKcs.\nC: Mutation of the conserved domain of TRIP13 impairs tumorigenesis.\nD: Suppression of TRIP13 inhibits oncogenic phenotypes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5527_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13610", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identification of Set2-repressed antisense transcripts (SRATs).\nB: SRATs are actively transcribed by RNA Pol II in the wild-type strain and enhanced in theSET2deletion strain.\nC: SRATs initiate and terminate within the coding regions of genes.\nD: Interleaved transcription suppresses gene expression by adding H3 K36 methylation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13610_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In cellulovalidation of differential splice junctions.\nB: Identification of alternative branchpoint usage in anSF3B1MUTcontext.\nC: Characterization of alternative 3′ss (AG’) sequences.\nD: Differential splice junctions inSF3B1MUTtumours.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10615_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12179", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of downregulation of RanBP2 in BA regulation in mice.\nB: RanBP2 is a novel SHP-interacting protein.\nC: RanBP2-mediated SUMOylation at K68 facilitates nuclear localization of SHP.\nD: SUMOylation at K68 increases SHP-mediated epigenetic repression of BA synthetic genes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12179_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14016", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Linc-RAM facilitates formation of the MyoD–Baf60c–Brg1 complex by interacting with MyoD.\nB: Hypothetical working model of Linc-RAM functions.\nC: Nuclear Linc-RAM physically interacts with MyoD in the muscle cells.\nD: Linc-RAM knockout mice exhibits delayed muscle regeneration.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14016_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7051", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ezh2ablation and GSK503 treatment prevents murine melanoma growth.\nB: EZH2 is required for metastatic progression of human and murine melanoma.\nC: Ezh2ablation inTyr::N-RasQ61KInk4a−/−mice prevents skin melanoma formation.\nD: Ezh2 is not required for normal melanocyte homeostasis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7051_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8049", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The UBA domain of dDsk2 binds H2Bub1.\nB: dDsk2 regulates H2Bub1 deubiquitylation at promoters of dHP1c complex target genes.\nC: dHP1c complex target genes are enriched in developmental functions and show strong RNA pol II pausing.\nD: dDsk2 does not mediate proteolytic degradation of the dHP1c complex.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8049_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11645", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inclusion of exon 11.5 predominantly occurs inptb-1-expressing neurons.\nB: Neuron-class-specific exon 11.5 selection of endogenousdaf-2.\nC: Split-GFP reporters reveal cell types that co-expressunc-75,ptb-1and RBFOX genes.\nD: RBFOX family proteins directly promote exon 11.5 inclusion.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11645_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5768", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect ofSTV11-Ron RSV resistance.\nB: Characterization of RSV resistance in KK34.\nC: STV11haplotypes and complementation tests.\nD: Analysis of natural variation at theSTV11locus in rice cultivars andO. rufipogon.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5768_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Expression ofMBTPS2in OI and IFAP fibroblasts.\nB: S2P deficiency causes abnormal post-translational modification of type I collagen.\nC: Functional studies of theMBTPS2variants.\nD: Clinical features of probands and mutation identification.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11920_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6680", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of Leu206Arg and Leu199_Cys200insTrp mutations on the retention of Cα subunits on DEAE-Sephacel.\nB: Location of Leu206Arg and Leu199_Cys200insTrp mutations.\nC: Effect of Leu206Arg and Leu199_Cys200insTrp mutations on the association with R subunits analysed by co-IP.\nD: Effect of Leu206Arg and Leu199_Cys200insTrp mutations on cAMP-dependent PKA dissociation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6680_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4830", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental validation of ZAK function in cancer.\nB: Differential ZAK isoform usage between normal and tumour samples.\nC: Somatic mutations in gastric cancer.\nD: Altered pathways in gastric cancer and potential targeted therapies.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4830_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Methylation profiles of genes.\nB: DNA methylation in TEs.\nC: Distribution of TEs around genes.\nD: Expression profiles of methylated genes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3091_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RBM38 is induced by p53 and is required to sustain p21 levels.\nB: A model for RBM38 function and implication in breast cancer.\nC: miRNAs are required for efficient RBM38 effect on p21 and cell cycle.\nD: Selective inhibition of miRNA activity by RBM38.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1519_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: HPDE-iKRASG12Dcell model.\nB: NADKknockdown promotes cellular ROS and abrogates PDAC growth.\nC: In vivofunctional screening for aberration drivers of PDAC.\nD: Functional annotation of cancer gene aberration HiTMMoB.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10500_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11280", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Removal of extracellular gut bacteria exposes 'hidden' mutations and reduces stress tolerance in the next generation.\nB: Lack ofAcetobacterappears to suppress oogenesis by repression ofAldhin the ovary.\nC: Lack of gut microbiota represses oogenesis and alters early embryonic development in the next generation.\nD: Expedited maternal-to-zygotic-transition and faster development of embryos of bacterial-depleted flies.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11280_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4647", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: AMAOmutation in cave-dwellingAstyanax mexicanus.\nB: HPLC measurements of monoamines and metabolites inAstyanaxSF and Pachón CF.\nC: Distribution ofMAOalleles in the wild.\nD: MAOexpression inAstyanaxSF and Pachón CF.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4647_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6187", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Candidate differentially methylated loci are enriched atcis-regulatory elements.\nB: Network analysis.\nC: Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles.\nD: Biological validation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6187_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of edQTLs on edited dsRNA structures.\nB: Characterization of distal edQTLs.\nC: Quantifying RNA editing in the DGRP.\nD: Prediction of ECSs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9194_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9806", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The relationship betweenROBOmutations and CNV and LOH at theROBO1andROBO2locus.\nB: Overexpression of ROBO1 and ROBO2 inhibited tumorigenesis, whereas some ROBO mutants impaired ROBO function.\nC: CNV and LOH analysis.\nD: Targeted sequencing of theROBO1andROBO2genes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9806_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Consecutive isolation of Notch active progenitors recapitulates cortical lamination and glial fates.\nB: Schematic model for NSC progression.\nC: Global gene expression cluster analysis for stage specifically expressed genes.\nD: Glial transformation with respect to Notch activation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7500_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6936", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Homopolymer and base calling in SPDBK.\nB: SPDBK base discrimination in ensemble solution.\nC: Theory of binding kinetics for base discrimination.\nD: SPDBK workflow and base discrimination.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6936_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10770", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Target site mutations in CRISPR/Cas-induced cancers.\nB: Electroporation-based plasmid delivery to the murine pancreas.\nC: Chromosomal rearrangements in cancers induced by CRISPR/Cas9-multiplexing.\nD: Efficiency of electroporation-based vector delivery into pancreatic cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10770_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7601", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genome-wide identification ofcis-miR-eQTLs.\nB: The distribution of distance betweencis-miR-eQTLs and miRNA position.\nC: Manhattan plot ofcis-miR-eQTLs.\nD: The variance proportion of miRNA expression explained by singlecis-miR-eQTLs at different heritability levels.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7601_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6276", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LINE-1 RNA in P-bodies and stress granules co-localizes with autophagosomes and is likely degraded by autophagy with ORF1p.\nB: Levels of LINE-1 RNA and genomic insertions increase in mice with loss ofBecn1/Atg6.\nC: LINE-1 RNA in P-bodies or stress granules is preferentially targeted for autophagic degradation by NDP52 and P62, respectively.\nD: LINE-1 andAluRNA are enclosed within autophagosomes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6276_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6299", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Models for pattern formation and evolution.\nB: Iridophore distributions and role in stripe termination.\nC: Enhanced Csf1 expression inD. albolineatusthroughcisregulatory evolution.\nD: Different pigment patterns ofD. rerioandD. albolineatus.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6299_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Humans have much more individually distinctive faces than many animals.\nB: Morphological evidence that human faces have evolved to signal individual identity.\nC: Evolutionary history of example face-associated loci.\nD: Population genomic evidence that human faces have evolved to signal individual identity.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5800_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4116", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genomic aberrations identified in 38 spitzoid neoplasms by targeted sequencing.\nB: RET fusions.\nC: NTRK1fusions.\nD: ALKfusions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4116_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5617", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Several structural non-additive polymorphisms affect AtARQ1 function.\nB: Identification ofATQ1for As(V) tolerance.\nC: Allelic variation atAtARQ1involves structural and regulatory polymorphisms.\nD: Arabidopsis At2g21045 gene encodes an arsenate reductase.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5617_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Diffusion-like local mapping algorithm for detecting target bead with real-world location on a chip.\nB: Sniper targeting of molecular clones.\nC: NGS-based quality analysis of retrieved DNA.\nD: Schematic diagram of our focused pulse laser radiation pressure-driven non-contact target bead sniper system.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7073_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13719", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ADAM17 is upregulated in PCa.\nB: PF-03084014 constrains tumorigenesis ofPtenpc−/−prostate tumours.\nC: Notch1 signalling is activated inPtenpc−/−prostate tumours.\nD: Anti-tumour activity of PF-03084014 inPtenpc−/−;Trp53pc−/−prostate tumours.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13719_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11548", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SURVIV analysis of exon-skipping events in the TCGA IDC RNA-seq data set.\nB: Simulation studies to assess the performance of SURVIV and the importance of modelling the estimation uncertainty of mRNA isoform ratio.\nC: Kaplan–Meier survival plots of IDC patients stratified by two-means clustering of the exon-inclusion levels of four survival-associated alternative splicing events.\nD: Splicing factor regulatory network of survival-associated alternative splicing events in IDC.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11548_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8243", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Embryonic genes are ectopically expressed inscl15vegetative tissues.\nB: Physical interaction of SCL15 with HDA19.\nC: Cell-specific localization of SCL15-sGFP inArabidopsis.\nD: ChIP analysis determines histone acetylation state at seed-specific loci.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8243_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6360", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Defective nuclear translocation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB and rescue by ectopic expression of NIKwild-type.\nB: NIKPro565Argis structurally altered and catalytically impaired.\nC: Functional impairment of NIK-deficient NK cells.\nD: Defective canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway function.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6360_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4802", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TEKTvariations were enriched in breast cancer after paclitaxel-based NCT.\nB: TEKT4germline variations reduce microtubule stability and interfere with the interaction between tektin4 and tubulin.\nC: TEKT4germline variations are associated with a poor prognosis.\nD: TEKT4germline variations induce paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4802_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4444", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Doubling of cyclin B1 degradation rates in oocytes by chemical inhibitors of the SAC.\nB: Mad2 inhibition raises cyclin B1 degradation rates in oocytes.\nC: Inhibition of the APC by SAC proteins is bivalent dependent.\nD: Partial and persistent APC inhibition lengthens MI and reduces aneuploidy in metaphase II eggs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4444_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: GhHOX3expression affects cotton fibre elongation.\nB: Transcriptional regulation of target genes by GhHOX3 and the effects of GhHD1 and GhSLR1.\nC: GhRDL1andGhEXPA1are direct targets of GhHOX3.\nD: The DELLA protein GhSLR1 binds to GhHOX3 and interferes with the GhHOX3–GhHD1 interaction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6519_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3650", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proliferation and Akt-S473 in TKO NED and Ras-TKO tumours.\nB: Mutant Ras is required for invasion of NED TKO MEF sarcomas in nude mice.\nC: Trypsinizing cells in suspension before injection into nude mice places an artificial proliferation and anoikis barrier on tumour initiation.\nD: Mutant Ras or cell–cell contacts prevent anoikis and cause constitutive Akt-S473 and cytoplasmic retention of Foxo3a in suspension culture.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3650_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15464", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Targeting 17 sites in the mouse genome with CRISPR/Cas9.\nB: Asymmetric deletions.\nC: Targeting individual genomic sites with more than one sgRNA.\nD: Targeting more than one genomic site with several sgRNAs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15464_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11773", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Brain-specificCrmp2cKO mice exhibit hippocampal synaptic dysfunction.\nB: Abnormal dendritic and synaptic development of newborn neurons with CRMP2 deficiency in the adult dentate gyrus.\nC: Brain-specific knockout ofCrmp2leads to enlarged lateral ventricles in mice.\nD: Morphological and ultra-structural neuronal defects in cKO mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11773_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14826", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Exploratory dynamics and convergence to a constraint-satisfying stable state.\nB: Dependence of CF on model parameters.\nC: Exploratory adaptation depends on the existence of hubs and is enhanced by their auto-regulation.\nD: Convergence fractions depend on network topology.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14826_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6329", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Aptamer-mediated functional regulation of PfCRT expression from its native chromosomal context.\nB: Aptamer controlled target proteins are properly trafficked to various subcellular compartments.\nC: Aptamer 5-1.17 enables aTc-dependent control of reporter gene expression.\nD: Rapid induction and washout kinetics are achieved using the TetR-aptamer system inP. falciparum.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6329_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6744", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SprtnKO causes impaired cell proliferation and cell death.\nB: SprtnKO causes embryonic lethality.\nC: SprtnKO causes DNA damage and checkpoint activation.\nD: Effects ofSprtnKO on DNA replication forks.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6744_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13816", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proliferation defects and IR hypersensitivity ofXlf−/−Paxx−/−MEFs.\nB: Generation and characterization of isogenicXlf−/−PaxxΔ/Δpre-B cell lines.\nC: Lymphocyte development inPaxx−/−mice.\nD: PAXX and XLF have distinct functions during NHEJ.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13816_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1756", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Urate excretion via Abcg2 in a mouse model.\nB: Increase of UUE and the frequency of overproduction hyperuricemia by ABCG2 dysfunction.\nC: Pathophysiological model and proposed new classification of hyperuricemia.\nD: Current classification of hyperuricemia.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1756_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11229", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure and function of the GT domain.\nB: Disease-causing mutations and sequence conservation of GDE.\nC: Structure of CgGDE.\nD: Additional contacts of CgGDE with glycogen.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11229_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5723", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identification of the chromosomes bound by chromosome 18-TERRAs.\nB: Transcripts arising from the subtelomere of chromosome 18 show a ‘TERRA behaviour’.\nC: Identification of UUAGGG-containing transcripts that arise from the subtelomere of chromosome 18 that resembles TERRA.\nD: Identification of transcription initiation and termination sites of chromosome 18-RNAs as well as their promoter.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5723_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8106", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Positional validation of a subset of Tn insertion mutants by PCR.\nB: Results of Cartesian Pooling-Coordinate Sequencing on a 96 × 96-well transposon insertion library ofM. bovisBCG.\nC: Verification by PCR of CP-CSeq assignment and of clonal purity of a subset of Tn insertion mutants, following single-clone picking from library glycerol stocks.\nD: Cartesian Pooling-Coordinate Sequencing (CP-CSeq) concept for simultaneously determining both tag sequence and library coordinates of the biological entity containing the tag sequence.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8106_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2542", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: OsMADS57 inhibitsD14expression.\nB: OsMADS57 interaction with OsTB1.\nC: Morphological comparison of the transgenic lines.\nD: OsMADS57structure and phenotype of theosmads57-1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2542_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9940", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Somatic SNV spectra and mutation signatures.\nB: Mutations burden of OS driver genes.\nC: Comprehensive analysis of two tumours.\nD: Copy-number variation analysis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9940_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9258", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Detection of lesion-associated DNA in bodily fluids.\nB: Mutational landscape varies between the three stages of tumour progression.\nC: Histological characteristics of samples.\nD: Intratumour heterogeneity and branched evolution in AIS and MIA tumours.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9258_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6944", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CAR activation suppresses β-catenin-induced p53 response and cellular senescence.\nB: Synergistic induction of liver growth by combined β-catenin and CAR activation.\nC: Gene expression pattern in β-catenin plus CAR-induced liver tumours.\nD: Histology analysis of β-catenin plus CAR-induced liver tumours.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6944_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7380", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Epsins were augmented in human colon cancer.\nB: Epsin 1, Dvl2 and Wnt receptors were upregulated in mouse colon cancer.\nC: The Epsin ENTH-UIM fragment was sufficient to recover tumour growth.\nD: Epsin ENTH-UIM interacted with and impaired polyubiquitination of the Dvl2 C terminus.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7380_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: EMT correlates with miR-200 and PD-L1 expression in clinical lung cancer datasets.\nB: CD8+TILs determine the metastatic potential in lung adenocarcinoma models.\nC: PD-L1 levels on human and murine NSCLC cell lines are regulated by the miR-200/ZEB1 axis.\nD: Pharmacologic targeting of PD-L1 with antibody treatment prevents tumour growth and metastasis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6241_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1727", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: V600EB-RAF levels modulate melanoma sensitivity to vemurafenib.\nB: MAPK-reactivating mechanisms of acquired B-RAFi resistance and therapeutic implications.\nC: Differential B-RAFi/MEKi sensitivities and C-RAF dependency.\nD: Exome sequencing identifiesV600EB-RAFamplification as a candidate mechanism for BRAFi resistance.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1727_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4545", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In vivotransfection into a subcutaneous HeLa tumour model.\nB: The effect of DPc concentration on pDNA condensation.\nC: In vitrotransfection efficiency and cytotoxicity to HeLa cells.\nD: The subcellular distribution of DPc-TPMs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4545_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NA-induced Src activation is mediated by an ADRB/cAMP/PKA mechanism.\nB: NA-induced SrcS17phosphorylation on SYF cells is required for Src activation.\nC: Adrenergic-mediated Src activation leads to increased tumour invasion and growth.\nD: Interaction between pS17 and Src results in conformational changes that expose Y419.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2413_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4295", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: VLX600-induced autophagy is a protective response.\nB: In vivoactivity of VLX600 on colon carcinoma xenografts.\nC: Induction of HIF-1α and a glycolytic response by VLX600.\nD: Characterization of mitochondrial dysfunction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4295_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14634", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MICU1 silencing restores pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.\nB: MICU1-mediated Ca2+buffering in OvCa cells evaluated using cisplatin.\nC: MICU1 negatively regulates OxPhos function and induces lactate production.\nD: Expression and pathological significance of MICU1 in OvCa.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14634_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11111", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mutation signatures.\nB: Exemplars of clonal evolution in cancers with and without evidence of genetic bottlenecking after treatment.\nC: Schematic of putative evolution and sampling of patients with respect to genetic bottlenecks and clinical response.\nD: p53 mutation changes after treatment in selected cancers.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11111_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4214", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sp1 recruits Hey1 to theUSP11promoter to induce transcriptional repression.\nB: Notch/Hey1-induced PML degradation pathway promotes GBM malignant phenotypes.\nC: Hey1 downregulates USP11 and PML in GBM.\nD: Notch/Heyl-induced PML degradation pathway promotes GIC characteristic.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4214_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6794", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ZEB2 overexpression promotes T-ALL cell survival and can be prevented by blocking IL7R or JAK1/2 inhibitionin vitroandin vivo.\nB: Zeb2overexpression leads to increased leukaemia-initiating potential.\nC: Tie2-Cre-mediated expression ofZeb2on its own or in synergy withp53loss leads to T-cell lymophoblastic leukaemia.\nD: Strong positive correlation betweenZeb2andIl7rmRNA levels associates with increased JAK/STAT signalling.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6794_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7377", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SCLC transformed cell lines exhibit neuroendocrine (NE) features.\nB: Resistant SCLCs respond to ABT-263 and lose EGFR expression.\nC: ResistantEGFRmutant SCLCs have genetic loss ofRB1.\nD: RB is invariably absent in resistantEGFRmutant SCLCs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7377_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: BAP1 knockdown partially suppresses cell proliferation through KLF5.\nB: The KLF5/BAP1/HCF-1 complex promotes cell cycle progression through p27.\nC: The BAP1 and KLF5 proteins directly interact.\nD: BAP1 is a candidate DUB that maintains KLF5 protein stability.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9471_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6218", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LIF inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis in response to the treatments of chemotherapeutic agents in human CRC cells.\nB: LIF promotes chemoresistance in colorectal HCT116 xenograft tumours.\nC: Overexpression of LIF in human CRCs.\nD: Stat3 induces the expression of ID1 to mediate the inhibitory effect of LIF on p53.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6218_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4393", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NDRG2 recruits PP2A to PTEN leading to its dephosphorylation at pSer380/pThr382/pThr383.\nB: Downregulation ofNDRG2is associated with enhanced phosphorylation of PTEN-Ser380/Thr382/Thr383 and enhanced activation of PI3K-AKT in various cancers.\nC: NDRG2 is a novel PTEN-interacting protein.\nD: Decreased expression ofNDRG2and the enhanced phosphorylation of PTEN are involved in the activation of PI3K-AKT.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4393_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4231", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Integrative analysis of prognostic modules.\nB: The enrichment of prognostic mRNA genes in modules.\nC: Target genes of prognostic miRNA genes show the same patterns.\nD: The depletion of prognostic mRNA genes in hubs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4231_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses of RNA-seq gene-expression data.\nB: Overview of the gene fusions present in 195 paediatric BCP ALL cases in the discovery cohort.\nC: Overview of aberrations in BCP ALL cases withETV6-RUNX1-like gene-expression pattern.\nD: Splice patterns over fusion breakpoints.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11790_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pharmacological inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signalling augments the cytotoxic effects of temozolomide.\nB: Genetical inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signalling augments the cytotoxic effects of temozolomide.\nC: Wnt/β-catenin regulates the expression of MGMT.\nD: Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin in combination with temozolomide reduces tumour growthin vivo.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9904_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Bax is essential for SMBA suppression of lung cancer in xenograft models.\nB: SMBA suppresses lung cancerin vivo.\nC: Bax is an essential for SMBA induction of apoptosis and Cytcrelease.\nD: SMBA(s) induces Bax conformational change and promotes its oligomerization.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5935_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9866", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Analysis of mutational signature in CLL.\nB: Distribution of mutations in selected genes.\nC: Association of signatures with clinical characteristics.\nD: c-AID mutations exhibit classical features of SHM.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9866_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15205", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MutantKRASsignals via CCL2 to recruit splenic myeloid cells to malignant pleural effusions.\nB: MutantKRASpromotes malignant pleural effusion development.\nC: Selective induction of malignant pleural effusions byKRAS-mutant tumour cells.\nD: KRASmutations in human malignant pleural effusions.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15205_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11371", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dynamics of constitutive membrane protein endocytosis.\nB: Hypoxia-induced CAIX overrides caveolin-1 negative regulation to allow specific cytotoxin delivery to hypoxic cells.\nC: Encoding of hypoxia-induced internalizing surface proteins.\nD: Hypoxia down-regulates global membrane protein endocytosis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11371_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Glucocorticoid receptor activation correlates with YAP activity in breast cancer and is involved in chemoresistance.\nB: Glucocorticoids induce activation of the Hippo transducer YAPin vitroandin vivo.\nC: Glucocorticoids induce YAP nuclear localization.\nD: Glucocorticoids activate YAP via FAK/Src-dependent actin cytoskeleton remodelling.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14073_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10346", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of C1q on B16/F10 melanoma cell biology.\nB: Immunohistochemical analysis of primary and metastatic colon carcinoma for deposition of C1q.\nC: Angiogenesis and lung metastases in tumour-bearing mice.\nD: Tumour growth in BM transplanted mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10346_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15110", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PARP3 and BLM cooperate to repair DNA DSBs.\nB: PARP3 promotes chromosomal rearrangements in several human cell types.\nC: Validation of factors that modulate chromosomal rearrangements in human cells.\nD: Model of PARP3 regulation of G4 DNA at DNA DSBs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15110_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4546", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spatial and temporal control of PoP-liposome permeabilization.\nB: MD simulations of a stable porphyrin bilayer.\nC: Stability of PoP-liposomes.\nD: NIR-mediated liposomal cargo unloading in the absence of heating.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4546_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11012", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: miR-122 inhibits TGFβ1 in human cells, but TGFβR1 in mouse cells.\nB: Loss of miR-122 resulted in the different metastatic effects in humans or mice liver cancersin vivo.\nC: Genome-wide screening of miRNA targets in humans or mice.\nD: Evolutionary analysis of miR-122 targetingTGFβ1/TGFβR1in vertebrates.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11012_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15080", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The PTN–PTPRZ1 signalling axis is critical for GSC maintenance.\nB: PTN–PTPRZ1 signalling activates the Fyn–AKT pathway in GSCs.\nC: Treatment with the anti-PTPRZ1 antibody potently inhibits GSC tumour growth and extends animal survival.\nD: GSCs are enriched in the glioma cells with high PTPRZ1 expression.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15080_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1421", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Knockdown USP13 inhibits melanoma cell proliferation and colony formation.\nB: USP13 regulates MITF target genes by influencing MITF binding to its target promoters.\nC: Exogenous USP13 stabilizes endogenous and exogenous MITF.\nD: USP13 interacts with ubMITF.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1421_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MNK1 and MNK2 expression in non-malignant (GM02184), malignant (DLBCL) cell lines and primary tissue samples.\nB: MNK kinase activity inhibition on eIF4E1 and eIF4E3.\nC: MNK expression regulates eIF4E1 in a dose-dependent manner.\nD: p38 is the primary regulator of MNK-driven eIF4E1 phosphorylation in DLBCL.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6413_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9325", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LRF is required for maintenance of genome integrity.\nB: Transcriptional independent role of LRF in cNHEJ.\nC: LRF-deficient cells are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation.\nD: Interaction of LRF with DNA-PKcs and Ku70/80.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9325_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1629", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Construction and screening of the DNA:PNA-Yxmultivalent library.\nB: Strategies to construct multivalent assemblies.\nC: Atomic-scale computational model of anLKγ-PNA:DNA complex bound to αVβ3integrin receptors.\nD: In vivoactivity and determination of stoichiometry forLKγ-PNA:DNA complexes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1629_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11363", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: P21WAF1/CIP1overexpression impairs the survival ofKRAS-mutant cancer cells.\nB: A synthetic lethal chemical screen reveals thatKRAS-mutant cells are selectively sensitive to the combined inhibition of PLK1 and ROCK.\nC: In vivoefficacy of combined PLK1 and ROCK inhibition.\nD: The p53 signalling pathway is involved in the sensitivity of BI-2536/fasudil inKRAS-mutant cancers.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11363_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6433", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mutations in hCdc73 affect p53 levels.\nB: eEF1Bγ, which interacts with cytoplasmic hCdc73, is required for the hCdc73-p53 mRNA association.\nC: hCdc73 controls mature p53 mRNA stability.\nD: hCdc73 forms a high-molecular-weight complex with eEF1Bγ and hSki8.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6433_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2921", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Doxo induces H2AX eviction and attenuates DDR.\nB: Intercalation of Doxo into DNA suffices to induce histone eviction from nucleosomes.\nC: In vivoresponses to Doxo or Etop treatments.\nD: Histone eviction effect of anthracyclines on AML patients and blasts.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2921_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11478", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Region association plot of rs2238126 at 12p13.2 for colorectal cancer.\nB: Summary of the study design and the results.\nC: A schematic model of our findings.\nD: The rs2238126 alleles affect the activity of enhancer MAX at the 12p13.2 locus.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11478_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15004", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PsV or VLP-induced tumoricidal effect in the gut is mediated by caspase-1.\nB: VLP and plasmid DNA activate NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes respectively.\nC: VLP-hCEA eradicates intestinal tumours and substantially extends the lifespan ofhCEA-Tg/ApcMin/+mice.\nD: PsV induces pyroptosis in intestinal tumours.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15004_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13701", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ATM loss-of-function dampens AKT/mTOR signalling.\nB: Cancer-associated ATM mutations predict MEK inhibitor sensitivity.\nC: Restoration of ATM point mutation renders cells resistant to MEK inhibition.\nD: Chemical genetic screen reveals MEK inhibitor sensitivity of ATM-depleted cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13701_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7910", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ISL1 expression in cancer cells limits CSC population.\nB: Dnmt1 is indispensable for mammary stem/progenitor cell maintenance.\nC: Dnmt1 expression during mammary gland development\nD: Association between ISL1 expression and overall survival.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7910_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mutp53 stimulates the Warburg effect bothin vitroandin vivo.\nB: Mutp53 promotes actin polymerization to promote GLUT1 translocation to the PM.\nC: Mutp53 stimulates the Warburg effect through ROCK activation bothin vitroandin vivo.\nD: Mutp53 stimulates the Warburg effect through activating RhoA.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3935_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Validation of the two-step therapy in three-dimensional colosphere cultures and allografts.\nB: Dissemination phenotypes induced by four- and five-hit models.\nC: Bortezomib promotes sensitivity to PI3K pathway inhibition.\nD: Validation of the two-step therapy in colorectal cancer cell lines.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13615_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10798", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SC and EMT properties of human prostatic basal cells.\nB: Enhanced rRNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis in basal cells.\nC: Intrinsic proneural properties of human prostate basal epithelial cells.\nD: Proneural genes regulate prostatic basal cell stem/progenitor activities and the basal gene-expression profile is linked to aggressive PCa.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10798_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6384", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Loss of CSN6 compromises lymphomagenesis in the Eμ-Myctransgenic mouse by increasing Fbxw7 stability.\nB: CSN6 is overexpressed in many cancer types and correlated with upregulation of Myc target genes.\nC: CSN6 regulates the SCF (Skp1/Cullin-1/Fbxw7) complex to stabilize Myc.\nD: CSN6 haplo-insufficiency delays the onset/progression of Myc-mediated lymphomagenesis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6384_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6238", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CSCs are more sensitive to DICE than non-CSCs.\nB: CSCs are less sensitive to CD95-mediated apoptosis than non-CSCs.\nC: Modulating sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis and to DICE.\nD: Synergism between DICE and CD95-mediated apoptosis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6238_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15440", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mutations in melanoma tissue samples and cell lines.\nB: Chromosome 1 alterations predispose to JAK1 deficiency.\nC: IFNγ-resistant melanoma evolves into a T-cell-resistant lesion.\nD: Alterations in IFNγ pathway signalling impact on patient survival.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15440_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7520", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identification of p53-regulated enhancer RNAs (p53RERs).\nB: DNA methylation-associated silencing of LED in lymphoproliferative tumours.\nC: Novel p53-regulated lncRNA LED.\nD: LED binds preferentially to enhancers and regulates enhancer RNA production from p53RERs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7520_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12680", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scanning electron microscopic and vascular cast analyses of liver microvasculatures.\nB: Extravasation and intravasation of tumour cells in orthotopic tumour models.\nC: Hepatocyte-derived VEGF facilitates metastasis.\nD: CRC tumour cell extravasation and metastasis in livers.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12680_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Downregulation of OXPHOS genes is associated with poor clinical outcome and EMT gene signature.\nB: Suppression of OXPHOS is a key metabolic feature of Skin Cutaneous Melanoma.\nC: Rewiring of metabolic gene expression in cancer tissues compared to normal.\nD: The metabolic landscape of cancer is tissue-specific but convergent.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13041_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10893", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TheDGKADMR shows gene enhancer characteristics.\nB: A role ofDGKAin fibroblast activation and stress response.\nC: TheDGKADMR is regulating DGKA activation in fibroblasts.\nD: Co-inhibition of DGKA and PRKCA in irradiated fibroblasts.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10893_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8103", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A branch-point mutation in the resistant C3 cell line promotes BRAF3–9 splicing.\nB: Splicing modulation perturbs proliferation of resistant cell lines.\nC: Effect of splicing modulation on BRAF3–9 splicing.\nD: SSA inhibits tumour growth of vemurafenib-resistant cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8103_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13589", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ST2 expression in human CRC samples.\nB: Circulating and recombinant sST2 suppresses the malignant growth of LuM1 tumours.\nC: sST2 inhibits the malignant growth of mouse CRC cells.\nD: sST2 inhibits the IL-33-induced angiogenic response of HUVECs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13589_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11314", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: An N-terminal portion of FNDC4 is secreted.\nB: FNDC4 signals partly via STAT3.\nC: FNDC4 also acts on human macrophages.\nD: FNDC4 acts on macrophages.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11314_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5177", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RUNX1S291fs helps PRC1 repressHoxa9expression in the absence of Ezh2.\nB: Hoxa9expression level is critical for transformation from MDS to AML.\nC: RUNX1S291fs/Ezh2-null MDS HSPCs represses expression of Ezh2 target genes.\nD: Ezh2 loss promotes initiation and propagation of RUNX1S291fs-induced MDS.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5177_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13292", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Caspase-mediated inhibition ofΔsifAin primary macrophages.\nB: Growth inhibition ofΔsifAdoes not require cytokine production.\nC: ΔsifAgrowth within macrophages is partially inhibited by caspase-11.\nD: Expression of caspase-11 in MEFs reduces growth of Salmonella.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13292_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12623", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Origin of recipient DCs in heart allografts.\nB: Effect of delayed recipient DC depletion on allograft survival and T-cell proliferation and apoptosis in the graft.\nC: Rapid replacement of donor DCs in kidney allografts by recipient monocyte-derived DCs.\nD: Effect of recipient DC depletion on rejection mediated by effector T cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12623_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8796", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: GCs and LPS regulate SphK1 and S1P dependent on GR dimerization and the p38–MSK1 pathway in macrophages to limit ALI.\nB: GCs inhibit lung inflammation by the GR in myeloid cells requiring an intact GR dimerization interface.\nC: SphK1 expression in myeloid cells is essential for the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs in ALI.\nD: Dex and LPS treatment synergistically elevate SphK1 mRNA dependent on the p38 MAPK–MSK1 pathway.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8796_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12756", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Phosphorylation of SHP-1 Ser557is critical for T cell development.\nB: Expression of PKD isoforms in the thymus.\nC: Identification of PKD2 and PKD3 substrates.\nD: SHP-1 is phosphorylated by PKD2 and PKD3 at Ser557in thymocytes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12756_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12131", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: High proportion of Env-reactive memory B cells in chronically SIV-infected AGMs compared with that in RMs and humans.\nB: Virus capture and ADCC activity of Env-specific AGM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).\nC: Genetic comparison of immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions (CH) of AGM, RM and human.\nD: Genetic characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from single-cell sorted memory B cells of chronically SIV-infected AGMs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12131_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TBK1 deficiency promotes T-cell retention in draining lymph nodes.\nB: TBK1 deficiency promotes T-cell activation and perturbs T-cell homeostasis.\nC: TBK1 is crucial for EAE induction.\nD: TBK1 stimulates AKT degradation and negatively regulates the activation of AKT and mTORC1 pathways.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7074_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14714", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Humoral immunity requires both ORAI1 and ORAI2 in TFHcells.\nB: Impaired proliferation and cytokine production ofOrai1/Orai2-deficient T cellsin vitro.\nC: Orai1/Orai2-deficient T cells fail to cause GvHD after adoptive transfer into allogenic host mice.\nD: ORAI1 and ORAI2 form heteromeric channels.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14714_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6472", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Analysis of astrogliosis and cell proliferation in spinal cords of mice with diphtheria toxin (DTX)-induced oligodendrocyte ablation (oDTR).\nB: Scheme of inducible ablation of oligodendrocytes in adult mice and an overview of the resulting spinal pathophysiology and behavioural phenotypes.\nC: Overview of sensory dysfunction induced by oligodendrocyte ablation in genetically targeted mice following diphtheria toxin (DTX) treatment.\nD: Quantitative and ultrastructural analysis of myelin integrity and axonal pathology in the spinalthalamic tract.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6472_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15051", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental stroke induces a loss of MZ B cells.\nB: Loss of MZ B-cell functions and bacterial infection after experimental stroke.\nC: Genome-wide transcriptional changes in the spleen after experimental stroke.\nD: Blockade of β−adrenergic signalling prevents loss of MZ B cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15051_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10363", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Venous and capillary endothelium expresses EMCNin vivo.\nB: siRNA knockdown of EMCN leads to increased neutrophil–endothelial cell interactions.\nC: Overexpression of EMCNin vivoprotects against TNF-α-induced inflammatory cell infiltrations.\nD: Overexpression of EMCN protects endothelial cells from neutrophil adhesion induced by treatment with TNF-α.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10363_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10205", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: IcaA does not inhibit caspase-11 activation directly but inhibits a caspase-11 activation upstream of the non-canonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.\nB: C. burnetiiinhibits the caspase-11-mediated non-canonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced byL. pneumophila.\nC: Model for IcaA-mediated inhibition of non-canonical activation of the inflammasome.\nD: C. burnetiimutants foricaAfail to inhibit the non-canonical activation of the inflammasome in response toflaA−L. pneumophila.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10205_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-41519-9", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Combined dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia increase cell death and lipid accumulation in the lung.\nB: Combined dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia increase TB severity.\nC: Mutation of bacterial glyercol-3-kinase abrogates the enhanced virulence ofM. tuberculosisin diabetic mice.\nD: Streptozotocin combined with high fat diet mirrors human type 2 diabetes.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-023-41519-9_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DAPK interacts with PHD2 and increases PHD2-HIF-1α association.\nB: HIF-1α-knockout prevents excess Th17 differentiation inDapk−/−T cells.\nC: DAPK deficiency increases T-cell activation and EAE exacerbation.\nD: DAPK promotes PHD2-dependent HIF-1α degradation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11904_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12040", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Biophysical properties and crystal structures of HR1-redesigned Env trimers.\nB: Design and characterization of HR1-redesigned Env trimers with short cleavage site linkers.\nC: Computational redesign of the HR1 N terminus and cleavage site in the context of a prefusion Env structure.\nD: Design and validation of a generic HR1 linker to stabilize diverse Env trimers.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12040_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2719", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TCR signalling alters Bcl-2 family gene expression.\nB: TCR stimulation inhibits IL-7-mediated survival.\nC: A switch in survival regulation after TCR stimulation.\nD: Summary of interactions of TCR and IL-7R signals and inhibitory drugs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2719_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Extracellular calcium induces monocyte IL-1β release by activating the inflammasome.\nB: Extracellular calcium induces several proinflammatory cytokines and is released from necrotic cells.\nC: Extracellular calcium activates the inflammasome via CaSR and GPRC6A.\nD: The cAMP pathway and extracellular ATP is not involved in ex[Ca2+]-induced inflammasome activation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2339_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5713", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Knockdown ofDrp-1orOMA-1inhibits PB1-F2-induced mitochondrial fission.\nB: The effect of mitochondrial-targeted PB1-F2 in antiviral innate immunity.\nC: Full-length PB1-F2 variants associate with mitochondria.\nD: Defects in mitochondrial tubular networks induced by PB1-F2 expression.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5713_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7833", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transcriptomic analysis confirms increased cellular activation in the patient recovery group.\nB: Elevated IFN-γ-producing CD8+, CD4+and NK responses in the H7N9 recovery patient group.\nC: Proposed model of sequential recruitment of immune effectors during severe H7N9 disease.\nD: Phenotype of A*0201-M158+-specific CD8+T cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7833_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NFATc1 affects the expression of inflammatory cytokines by CD4+T cells via B-cell-derived IL-10.\nB: Aldara treatment leads to the differentiation of splenic B cells to Ab-producing cells and affects NFATc1 expression.\nC: NFATc1 suppresses IL-10 RNA induction in cultured splenic B cells.\nD: NFATc1 ablation in B cells suppresses the induction of skin inflammation by Aldara.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11724_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proposed model describing function of Irg1l within epidermal cells following infection and wounding.\nB: Irg1l is expressed withinkrt4+epidermal cells followingSalmonellainfection.\nC: Infection-responsive epidermal expression ofirg1lis dependent upon macrophages and Myd88.\nD: GC/GR signalling suppresses infection-responsive expression ofirg1lin epidermal cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4880_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Controlled assembly and characterization of virus-like glycodendri-nano-particles.\nB: Schematic representation of the nested polyvalency strategy.\nC: Inhibition of viral infection of mammalian cells.\nD: Creation of polyvalent mannose-terminated glycodendrons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2302_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Direct targeting of the 3′ UTR ofIGF-1mRNA by miR-483-3p.\nB: Endogenous IGF-1 is critical for the cytotoxic activity of human NK cells.\nC: IGF-1 induces the differentiation and expansion of human UCB/CD34+cells into NK cells.\nD: IGF-1 induces increased human NK cytotoxic potential.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2484_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10857", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: STAT5 binds to the IRF4 promoter.\nB: Itk is required for IRF4 expression in CD4+T cells.\nC: Itk-deficient mice are resistant to papain-induced lung inflammation.\nD: ITK is required for Th9 differentiation of human cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10857_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15877", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MiR-34a expression is upregulated in DCs from patients with RA.\nB: MiR-34a controls DC activation by regulating AXL.\nC: AXLexpression is constitutively reduced in RA CD1c+DCs.\nD: A model describing miR-34/AXL function in DCs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15877_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8084", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Influence of the3’RRdeletion on IgG1CSR and secretion.\nB: RNA Pol II during CSR in3′RR-deficient mice.\nC: Epigenetic marks, AID and pol II recruitments inSγ3,Sγ2bandSɛduring CSR in3′RR-deficient mice.\nD: Influence of the3′RRdeletion on diversity and mutations ofSμ-Sγ1junctions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8084_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14649", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tumour-associated TGF-β and PGE2promote ex-Th17 Foxp3+IL-17Anegcells.\nB: Transdifferentiation of adoptively transfered Foxp3neg/+IL-17A+T cells.\nC: Transcriptome analysis of IL-17A+Foxp3+/negcells.\nD: Th17 cells transdifferentiate intoFoxp3+exTh17cells in tumour-bearing mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14649_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6377", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: IL-2-mediated rescue limits acute apoptosis of effector cells.\nB: Late CD27:CD70 signals contribute to memory CD4 T-cell survival by enhancing IL-2 production.\nC: IL-2-dependent CD127 induction at the effector phase is associated with memory generation.\nD: Blocking interactions with MHC-II+APC at the effector stage reduces memory CD4 T cell generation following IAV challenge.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6377_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14642", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: STAT activation in haemocytes impairsAtg2expression to reduce mycobactericidal activity.\nB: Theunpairedcytokines reduce resistance toM. marinuminfection.\nC: M. marinumdriven lipid accumulation is required for intracellular growth or survival of mycobacteria.\nD: IL-6 impairs intracellular killing ofM. tuberculosisthrough altered LD homeostasis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14642_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14401", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TheI. scapularisIMD pathway affects bacterial colonizationin vivo.\nB: Lipid priming is protective against bacterial colonization of ticks.\nC: TheI. scapularisIMD pathway responds toA. phagocytophiluminfection.\nD: Infection-derived lipids stimulate the IMD pathway.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14401_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15632", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: γδT17 cells downregulate CCR6 upon activation.\nB: CCR6 regulates homeostatic γδT17 cell recruitment to dermis.\nC: CCR2 recruits γδT17 cells to inflammatory sites.\nD: IRF4 and BATF promote CCR6 downregulation in γδT17 cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15632_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: BioAge predicts HBV vaccine response.\nB: Development of the BioAge signature and application to the EM131 cohort.\nC: Integrative analysis reveals positive correlations between biomarkers of HBV vaccine response.\nD: Identification of gene-expression signature predicting the HBV vaccine response.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10369_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8838", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rnf145 ablation in mouse macrophages rescues oxidative burst inNcf4+/−cells.\nB: Pfklknockdown impairs glycolysis and enhances flux through the pentose phosphate pathway.\nC: Rnf145knockdown reduces ubiquitination of the Nox2 complex.\nD: Targeting negative regulatory nodes controlling oxidative burst enhances bactericidal activity in macrophages.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8838_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6715", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Kit(D814Y) is essential for autonomous proliferation of mouse RCM cells.\nB: Kit(D814Y) at the ER activates STAT5 in mouse cells.\nC: Oncogenic role and intracellular trafficking of mutant Kit in rat and human cells.\nD: Kit(D814Y) localizes to endolysosomes in mouse RCM cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6715_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11406", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: miR-424(322) regulates T-cell cytokine secretions by blocking PD-L1 in a Skov3 (CP)/T-cell co-culture model.\nB: miR-424(322) enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by regulating immunocyte production in ID8 tumours.\nC: CD8+ T cells are required for the efficacy of miR-424(322) treatment in ID8 tumours.\nD: miR-424(322) influences IFN-γ induced PD-L1-associated CD8+ T-cell apoptosis in a Skov3 (CP)/T-cell co-culture model.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11406_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9327", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: IL-33 is inactivated by disulphide bonding.\nB: Other IL-1 family members are susceptible to oxidation.\nC: Free cysteines control the conformational switch in IL-33.\nD: IL-33 converts rapidly to a disulphide bonded formin vivo.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9327_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6213", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transition from diffusive to directional motility under flow and adaptation to changes of flow direction.\nB: From local detection of an external cue to global cellular guiding.\nC: Perturbation of the wind vane self-steering system with inhibitors of microtubules and actomyosin contractility.\nD: Prominent and non-adherent uropods act as wind vanes in the flow and guide cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6213_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7059", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of deletion of MazF toxins on disease progression in guinea pigs.\nB: Gross pathological and histopathological analysis of lung sections of guinea pigs infected with various strains.\nC: Effect of overexpression of MazF toxins on mycobacterial growth.\nD: Model proposed for the regulation of bacterial metabolism by TA systems inMtb.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7059_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8068", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Biophysical kinetic model underestimates the abundance of the RelA homodimer.\nB: Monomer competition reduces the abundance of the RelA homodimer.\nC: IκBβ is important in RelA homodimer formation.\nD: Deriving probable IκB–NFκB interaction affinities from experimental data.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8068_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8520", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Impaired protein translation is independent of tRNAGlyaminoacylation and may causally contribute to CMT-like phenotypes.\nB: CMT-mutant GARS expression shortens lifespan and induces motor performance deficits.\nC: Selective mutant GARS expression in motor neurons induces progressive muscle denervation in a proximo–distal gradient.\nD: Selective mutant GARS expression in class IV multidendritic sensory neurons induces dendritic morphology defects.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8520_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13132", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Improvement of AP conduction by E-Fibs in a model of cardiac interstitial fibrosis.\nB: Improvement of mammalian AP conduction by BacNavin modeled pathological conditions.\nC: Generation of actively conducting human E-Fibs.\nD: Tuning electrical properties of E-Fibs via FACS.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13132_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10161", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Decreased attention to the eyes in monkeys with amygdala lesions.\nB: Behavioural tasks.\nC: The left column shows MRI of coronal sections from a representative rhesus monkey brain depicting the location and extent of the intended bilateral amygdala lesion.\nD: Fixation density plots.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10161_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1742", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Infrared evokes inward currents in untransfected HEK cells.\nB: Infrared transiently alters the membrane electrical capacitance of artificial lipid bilayers and HEK cells.\nC: Infrared depolarizes bilayers and elicits APs in artificial neurons.\nD: Infrared laser pulses evoke inward currents in wild-type oocytes via a water-heating mechanism.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1742_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9575", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The ITT promotes IgG antibody production.\nB: The ITT promotes plasma cell generation.\nC: The ITT improves the maintenance of IgG-switched memory B cells.\nD: The ITT promotes T-cell-independent reactivation of IgG-switched memory B cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9575_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1225", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transmembrane voltage responses control the time course of ensemble potassium channel activity in cell-attached patches.\nB: Measurement errors of dendritic HCN channels in cell-attached patches.\nC: The activation properties of HCN1 channels are altered by transmembrane voltage changes.\nD: HCN1 channel surface density is under-estimated in cell-attached patches.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1225_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12190", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Application to seven different sets of real data.\nB: Simulations with constant, drifting and fluctuating baseline.\nC: Autocalibration algorithm.\nD: Application of MLspike to 1,000 recorded neurons.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12190_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15760", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CTCF depletion inhibits γH2AX nano-foci and cluster formation and diminishes the DNA repair capability.\nB: Analysis of γH2AX nano-foci spatial clustering.\nC: Characterization of γH2AX foci at different resolution levels.\nD: 3D-SIM chromatin composition analysis of γH2AX nano-foci before and during DDR.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15760_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9808", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Quantification of mtDNA copy number and analysis of mtDNA integrity.\nB: In vitrocharacterization of HsPOLγA D274A, Q1102A and H1134A mutant proteins.\nC: Genetic complementation at thetamaslocus.\nD: Mutant recombinant HsPOLγA proteins can complement each other inin vitroassays.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9808_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6871", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Delayed growth of M4 clones in serially transplanted mice.\nB: Variation in clone size in primary and metastatic tumour xenografts.\nC: Experimental design.\nD: Replicate xenografts include both symmetric and asymmetric clonal growth patterns.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6871_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2059", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inhibitor-targeted kinases are confirmed as barrier genes.\nB: Inhibitor-treated iPSCs reach a fully reprogrammed state.\nC: B6-induced inactivation of GSK3β is mediated by Akt.\nD: Low level inhibition of AurkA does not affect MEFs cell cycle or mES differentiation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2059_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13607", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Application of CGRP as a genetically expressed vasoactive reporter.\nB: Imaging artificial haemodynamic responses induced by CGRP probesin vivo.\nC: Design and assessment of protease-activated imaging probes based on CGRP.\nD: Principle of molecular imaging with CGRP-induced haemodynamic responses.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13607_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12139", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematics of Smart-seq2 coupled with LCM (LCM-seq) for analysis of single neurons.\nB: LCM-seq improved the sensitivity of gene detection and is applicable to single cells.\nC: LCM-seq is applicable to partly degraded human post-mortem tissues and reveals differential gene expression of spinal MNs and mDA neurons.\nD: LCM-seq revealed the unique identities of cervical and lumbar spinal MNs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12139_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11856", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Highly sensitivein vivoBLI of deep tissue tumours.\nB: Properties of AkaLumine-HCl.\nC: Cellular imaging using AkaLumine-HCl.\nD: Cell-membrane permeability of AkaLumine-HCl.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11856_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12568", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In vivocharacterization of UvrB.\nB: Immobile UvrA molecules.\nC: In vivocharacterization of UvrA.\nD: UvrA and UvrB have a different mobility and distribution in cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12568_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7753", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Refractoryfrqpromoters recruit newly activated WCC but transcription initiation is blocked.\nB: Genome-wide identification of refractory light-inducible promoters.\nC: Light-induced synchronized transcription wave at thefrqandvvdpromoters.\nD: Refractoriness is associated with the corefrqpromoter.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7753_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7952", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tail-clamp hCFPNA2 mediates correction of F508DEL in theCFTRgene.\nB: Modified nanoparticles for increased PNA uptake.\nC: Deep sequencing in additional human genomic sites showed no increased mutation rates in comparison with untreated controls.\nD: Confirmation ofCFTRmodification in isolated clones.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7952_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32016-6", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overview of the native metabolomics workflow.\nB: Structure-activity relationships of rivulariapeptolides and molassamides.\nC: Structure elucidation workflow based on NMR and MS/MS data.\nD: Native metabolomics analysis.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-32016-6_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12420", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Correlative light and electron microscopy of ATG13 and ER.\nB: ATG13 shows unique distribution pattern on autophagosome membranes.\nC: Autophagosomes associate with ATG9 and ERGIC membrane compartments.\nD: Combination of ERES-ATG9-VMP1 compartments can only partially predict the site of autophagosome nucleation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12420_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1467", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Summary of trait associations across genomic regions and percentage of variance explained by significant locus.\nB: Identity by State and phenotypic variation among subpopulations.\nC: Phenotypic distribution and genome-wide association scan for plant height.\nD: Population structure inO. sativa.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1467_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12281", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Correlation ofwith the fidelity of spectral reconstruction by the maximum entropy method.\nB: Correlation ofwith the fidelity of spectral reconstruction by convexl1-norm minimization.\nC: Correlation ofwith the fidelity of spectral reconstruction by the IST method.\nD: Quality measurements of selected N–CO planes from the reconstructed 3-D HNCO spectrum of GB1 by CLEAN.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12281_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11212", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: serIC recovers highly purified nuclear RBPs.\nB: Good agreement between serIC and computational RBP prediction.\nC: Network of DDR proteins in the nuclear RNA interactome.\nD: Altered domain composition of the serIC RNA interactome.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11212_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3848", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inducible TRF2 and POT1 knockdown generates dysfunctional telomeres.\nB: QTIP reveals quantitative changes in protein composition at dysfunctional telomeres.\nC: QTIP identifies novel telomeric proteins.\nD: Validation of variations identified by QTIP of short and long telomeres.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3848_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9843", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure of φ6 P2 polymerase within the polymerase complex.\nB: Localized reconstruction of sub-particles from images of macromolecular complexes.\nC: Structural flexibility of Sec13/31 vertices in the native COPII cage.\nD: Partial occupancy of the VP4 spike in rotavirus triple-layered particles.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9843_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1629", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Construction and screening of the DNA:PNA-Yxmultivalent library.\nB: Strategies to construct multivalent assemblies.\nC: In vivoactivity and determination of stoichiometry forLKγ-PNA:DNA complexes.\nD: Atomic-scale computational model of anLKγ-PNA:DNA complex bound to αVβ3integrin receptors.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1629_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1114", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: N8–6 complex.\nB: Chemical structures of anti-influenza viral drugs and influenza virus sialidase inhibitors.\nC: Superimposition of N8 structures.\nD: Preparation of 3-allyl-Neu5Ac2en (5) and 3-(p-tolyl)allyl-Neu5Ac2en (6).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1114_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2040", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecular transformation during the enzymatic hydrogelation process.\nB: Enzyme-trigged self-assembly inside live cells.\nC: Principle of imaging enzyme-triggered supramolecular self-assembly inside cells.\nD: TEM images of the cell fractions before and after enzyme-trigged formation of the molecular nanofibres.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2040_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ultraviolet-B-dependent recruitment of mCh-NLS-COP1C340to chromatin.\nB: Ultraviolet-B-dependent induction of transcriptional activity.\nC: Induction of H2B-GFP-UVR8(2x) and mCh-NLS-COP1C340interaction using an LED ultraviolet-B source.\nD: Ultraviolet-B-dependent nuclear retention of GFP-UVR8.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2800_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In vivochronic multiphoton microscopy of ENS with abdominal window.\nB: Optogenetic application of integrated graphene sensor and abdominal window.\nC: Unpaired analysis of fluorescent and electrical potential response to chemical stimuli.\nD: Electrical response to chemical stimuliin vivo.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11800_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2119", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Secondary structures and affinities of the selected RNA motif–ligand interactions.\nB: Solution-based screen and chemoinformatic analysis of the hit compounds.\nC: The structures of the RNA motif libraries and the competitor oligonucleotides used in this study.\nD: The general procedure used to merge solution-based small molecule HTS with microarray-based selection of RNAs that bind ligands.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2119_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8872", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Morphology analysis of the as-obtained Al@TiO2with etching time of 4.5 h.\nB: Half-cell battery performance of Al@TiO2(4.5 h etching).\nC: Synthesis and characterization of Al@TiO2.\nD: Morphology evolution of Al@TiO2after the coin cell was tested 500 cycles.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8872_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental setup and stabilizer design.\nB: High-resolution imaging of myocytes in the beating heart.\nC: In vivoflow cytometry in the beating heart.\nD: Image reconstruction principle and data processing.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2060_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8670", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ER-localized oxBFP has greater fluorescence intensity.\nB: GalT–mCherry puncta localize to lysosomes.\nC: ER-localized EBFP2 forms non-native disulphide bonds.\nD: OxFPs are fluorescent.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8670_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7847", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Selective integration mode imprinting of pathways and networks.\nB: Multimodality and dynamics of the integration profile in human monocytes.\nC: Multimodal signal integration in human pDC.\nD: Classification of the 82 interaction profiles into 10 biological interaction modes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7847_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Computational time efficiency of the proposed sampling approach.\nB: Network motifs found in biological networks.\nC: Plots ofandfor counting the occurrences of FFL.\nD: Correlation of motif counts in 41 human cell-specific TF regulatory networks.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3241_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12832", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rhodopsin dimer models.\nB: Expression of RP mutants.\nC: Pull-down experiments.\nD: Rhodopsin structure showing sites of RP mutations.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12832_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9554", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Permutation analysis of the TCGA acute myeloid leukaemia data sets.\nB: Patients harbouring the same gene mutations but with variations intrans-associated gene expression.\nC: Theoretical performance of xseq on simulated data sets.\nD: Overview of the xseq modelling framework.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9554_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19542-x", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Representation of ChromSCape workflow.\nB: Benchmarking single-cell epigenomic tools with an in-silico mix of H3K27me3 scChIP-seq.\nC: ChromSCape deconvolves epigenomic landscapes within the tumor micro-environment.\nD: ChromSCape identifies immune cell populations from scATAC-seq datasets.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-19542-x_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13229", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Regular afferents transmit more information through changes in firing rate than irregular afferents.\nB: Regular afferents display low performance in discriminating between different stimulus waveforms through precise spike timing.\nC: A simple model can explain how variability and sensitivity regulate the nature of neural code in the vestibular periphery.\nD: Irregular afferents display higher discrimination performance and greater precision than regular afferents.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13229_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14061", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CNVs are transient within fission yeast.\nB: Both SNPs and rearrangements contribute to intrinsic reproductive isolation.\nC: Transient duplications affect gene expression.\nD: SVs contribute to quantitative traits.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14061_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3464", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MRA agreement among different FGFR perturbation experiments.\nB: Derivation and validation of theFGFR2gene expression signatures.\nC: Network inference and MRA flowchart.\nD: Validation of regulons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3464_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12388", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Stem cells leaking from the limbus accumulate near the centre of the cornea and reduce the degree of centripetal organization of the corneal epithelium.\nB: The distribution of stem cells in a mouse corneal lineage tracing model is consistent with stem cell leakage from the limbus.\nC: Centripetal migration of the corneal epithelium is retained with greater dispersal when replicative potential increases.\nD: UVR damage drives centripetal migration of corneal epithelial cell clones.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12388_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6330", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TEM1-β-lactamase antibiotic resistance correlates with the foldability ofde novoproteins.\nB: De novoproteins compared with native ones.\nC: Well-folded mutants obtained by directed evolution.\nD: Complementarity between SEFs and physics-based energy functions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6330_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14665", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Validation of chromosome dimensions and occupancy by DAPI staining and EM imaging.\nB: Models of bacterial chromosome organization.\nC: TheM. pneumoniaechromosome is partitioned into domains of co-expressed genes.\nD: Validation of 3D models with super-resolution imaging.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14665_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12990", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Multidimensional profiles reveal mutant relationships and differences in the phenotypic spectrum.\nB: Visualization tools aid in the identification of phenotypic changes.\nC: Identification of subtle phenotypes requires unbiased quantitative information.\nD: Phenotypic differences between populations are revealed by logistic regression models.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12990_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14614", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fitness landscapes of the three IGPS orthologues.\nB: Sequence conservation and epistasis affect fitness landscapes.\nC: Putative effects of mutations on the energy landscape of IGPS.\nD: Fitness landscapes of orthologous proteins are correlated despite their low sequence identity.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14614_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6490", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Functional segregation between CGI+ and CGI− genes during early embryo development.\nB: The Core class DBPs define active enhancers in ES cells.\nC: Predominant regulation of the MYC and PRC classes on CGI+ promoters.\nD: Enhancer-binding master regulators control the activity of tissue-specific CGI− genes in addition to general activity of CGI+ genes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6490_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-37991-y", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rson consecutive slides, with different feature extraction models and cosine distance—as measured in (E-2a).\nB: Effect of distance between cropped, non-consecutive probe and target slides onRs, measured in experiment (cE-2b).\nC: Effect of the number of patients and number of slides (probes) onRs.\nD: Examples of consecutive slides used for cropped WSI linking attacks without shift and with a shift.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-37991-y_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6695", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Identification of structural genome rearrangements using GRAAL.\nB: Principle of genomic assembly from chromosomal contact data using GRAAL.\nC: High-resolution reassembly human contigs using GRAAL.\nD: Finishing theTrichoderma reeseigenome assembly using GRAAL.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6695_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13197", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overview of lncRNA expression in 7,295 human tumours.\nB: Included tumours samples and genomic data types.\nC: Associations between driver mutations and lncRNA expression levels.\nD: Evaluation of methodology to associate driver mutations with transcriptional changes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13197_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32102-9", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Highest tensile cell pairs have reduced density and intensity of E-cadherin and F-actin at junctions.\nB: Geometric constraints impose different cortical stiffness in cell pairs.\nC: Elasticity profiles and correlation of biophysical parameters under various geometric constraints.\nD: Manipulation of intrinsic intracellular rheology is sufficient to drive junction maturation phenotype.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-32102-9_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5342", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Instant 3D microsurgery for different animals.\nB: Evaluation of CDA.\nC: Schematic illustration of several different methods of CDA.\nD: Vaa3D-Neuron2 reconstructions for other biological and biomedical applications.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5342_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14362", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The metacell landscape and cluster analysis identified Etv2 derivatives.\nB: The metagene signature using wp-NMF successfully separated cell clusters with distinct spatial distribution.\nC: Immunohistochemical and ES/EB studies support the dpath results.\nD: dpath allows the definition of the developmental trajectory and hierarchy of lineages.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14362_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12144", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: eSNP-Karyotyping data analysis workflow.\nB: The effect of read number and population composition on eSNP-Karyotyping sensitivity.\nC: eSNP-Karyotype and G-banding karyotype analyses of hESC samples.\nD: LOH detection and recombination mapping using RNA-Seq data.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12144_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11306", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Information recovery by DMC analysis.\nB: COMETgazer and MethylSeekR segmentation for M1 with corresponding methylation values.\nC: Correlation between African (YRU) haplotype blocks and YRU COMETs derived from M5.\nD: Relationship between methylation values and oscillation of methylation (OM) for chromosome 1 of M1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11306_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15873", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SNX9 nanoscale localization to the neck of late stage CCPs.\nB: Reaction-diffusion model and experimental determination of model parameters.\nC: SNX9 recruitment to late stage CCPs requires its association with PI(3,4)P2/PI(4,5)P2.\nD: PI3KC2α-mediated PI(3,4)P2synthesis is predicted to selectively facilitate recruitment of SNX9.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15873_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1518", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sensitivity analysis of the synapse microarray technology.\nB: Schematic of the synapse microarray technology.\nC: Screening of known and novel HDAC inhibitors for small molecules modulating NLG1-induced synaptogenesis using synapse microarrays.\nD: Precise control of the neuron–fibroblast coculture by synapse microarrays.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1518_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14306", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Strain-level variation in the gut metagenomic sample.\nB: Phylogenetic tree and assembly validation of the reconstructed kelp bacterial genomes.\nC: Application of metaSort on an oral microbiome.\nD: Overview of the metaSort approach.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14306_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12477", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of residue propensities between active and inactive conformations of CheY.\nB: Bond-to-bond propensities identify the allosteric site and atomistic pathway in caspase-1.\nC: Prediction of allosteric sites based on bond-to-bond propensity for a test set of 20 allosteric proteins.\nD: Calibration of absolute propensities against the SCOP reference set.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12477_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1510", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A model for mechanisms underlying spider-head segmentation.\nB: At-opaactivity is required to promote stripe splitting and its expression is regulated by segmentation genes.\nC: Schematic illustrations showing the changes in gene expressions involved inAchaearaneahead segmentation.\nD: At-otdactivity is required to maintain dynamicAt-hhexpression in the presumptive head ectoderm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1510_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Number of simple and complex indels, mobile element insertions (MEIs) and deletions (stratified by length).\nB: Overviews of discovery approach and variant set.\nC: Schematic overview of the imputation experiment.\nD: Effects of MEIs on gene expression.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12989_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13666", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genome-wide screening for metabolically regulated regions.\nB: Contribution of metabolism to DNA methylation at cancer loci.\nC: Integrative modelling of local DNA methylation levels.\nD: Implication of metabolic regulation of methylation in patient survival.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13666_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5945", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Nanoparticle templating by BIND.\nB: BIND can be used to generate programmable multifunctional biofilms.\nC: Covalent immobilization of full-length proteins onto SpyTag-BIND biofilms.\nD: Genetic engineering of the BIND platform.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5945_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15544", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The putative catalytic processing of 10-DAB or DT by DBAT supported by DBAT activity assays after site-specific mutagenesis.\nB: The DBAT structure predicted by homology modeling (template: HCT) and molecular docking of DBAT with the substrates.\nC: Optimum temperature and pH and the specific activities of the DBATs.\nD: Molecular docking of DBAT and DBATG38R/F301Vwith DT.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15544_figure_10.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5047", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: hiPSC-derived photoreceptors expressed proteins of the phototransduction pathway and occasionally showed light responsein vitro.\nB: Retinal progenitors within hiPSC-derived RCs underwent spontaneous differentiation.\nC: hiPSC-derived NR progenitors within the 3D RCs recapitulated the spatiotemporal pattern of NR differentiationin vivo.\nD: Long-term suspension culture of hiPSC-derived RCs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5047_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3509", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Activity and nomenclature of pseudo-loxPsites.\nB: Structural context of the isolated mutants.\nC: In vitrorecombination of plasmids by mutants of Cre.\nD: Selecting functional and accurate Cre variants.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3509_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11438", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Evolutionary ages of human inter- and intragenic miRNAs and their host genes.\nB: Functional analyses of inter- and intragenic miRNAs.\nC: Human miRNA expression breadth according to age and genomic context.\nD: Interspecies analyses of miRNA expression.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11438_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15090", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of RT11-i and TMab4-i antibodies.\nB: RT11 inhibits the growth of oncogenic Ras mutant tumour cells by blocking PPIs between Ras and effector proteins.\nC: Co-treatment of RT11-i overcomes cetuximab resistance in KRas mutant colorectal LoVo tumours in mice.\nD: Generation and characterization of RGD10 peptide-fused RT11-i iMab.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15090_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5394", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Statistical analysis of antibody dynamics.\nB: Antibodies aggregate at moderate density.\nC: Suboptimal spacing and orientation of epitope pairs makes IgG walk stochastically on antigenic surfaces.\nD: Antibody locomotion on Sendai purple membrane.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5394_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26902-8", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Toc-HDO targetingItga4ameliorates clinical EAE symptoms and suppresses spinal cord demyelination and immune cell infiltration.\nB: Adoptive transfer of primary T cells treated with Toc-HDO ex vivo suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.\nC: Endocytosis inhibitors reduce Toc-HDO cellular internalization in mouse T cells.\nD: Intravenously administered Toc-HDO results in dose-dependent gene silencing, efficient cellular uptake, and high retention in mouse lymphocytes.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-021-26902-8_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10848", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Single-molecule force experiments of AdK by optical tweezers.\nB: Structure of AdK.\nC: Effect of the phosphate linker length between the adenosine moieties.\nD: Nucleotide-induced conformational changes of AdK.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10848_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-35807-7", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proof-of-concept medical applications for volumetrically printed SF screws.\nB: Resolutions with VAM printing of SS and SF (bio)ink formulations.\nC: Printing performance of SS and SF (bio)ink formulations.\nD: Additional physical properties of volumetrically printed SS and SF objects.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-35807-7_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The free end rule as a topological determinant for the folding of polyhedral single-chain DNA nanostructures.\nB: FFS simulations of a designed P1 folding pathway using the oxDNA model.\nC: Single-chain DNA square pyramid designs and the structural characterization of P1.\nD: The rapid folding of a single-chain DNA square pyramid demonstrates the feasibility of implemented design principles.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10803_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1120", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Monitoring of the EGFR in activated COS cells.\nB: Transient and stable modification of mammalian cells with MultiLabel.\nC: Generation of a multiexpression plasmid.\nD: Transient transfection of HEK293 cells with a MultiLabel plasmid.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1120_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5496", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fundamental piezoelectric responses and performance data for the amplified pressure sensor.\nB: Blood pressure wave measurements on the wrist and neck.\nC: Schematic illustrations and photographs of a thin conformable piezoelectric pressure sensor.\nD: Bending effect on a sensor that uses a SiNM n-MOSFET with 800 μm channel width.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5496_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5841", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Trx mutants used to study N terminus initiated unfolding.\nB: Modular nature of the mechanical resistance to translocation.\nC: Lifetimes of level 3 for N terminus-first translocation.\nD: Co-translocational protein unfolding of Trx is a four-step process.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5841_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2035", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Calcium responses in primary cell types of TN-XXL transgenic mice.\nB: Wide-spread expression of TN-XXL in tissues and organs of TN-XXL transgenic mice.\nC: Long-termin vivotelemetric ECG in adult TN-XXL transgenic mice.\nD: Calcium imaging in tissue explants of TN-XXL mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2035_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mechanical behaviour of interlocked building blocks.\nB: Multiscale crystallographic model of theC. pyramidatashell.\nC: Nanoscopic structural features at the building block level.\nD: Interlocked cross-sections of the helical fibrous building blocks.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7216_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1817", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Activin provides telencephalic neuronal precursors with a CGE identity.\nB: The roles of Activin are conserved in hESCs.\nC: Electrophysiological activity of Activin-generated neurons.\nD: Activin antagonizes the mitogenic effects of Shh.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1817_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6486", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TALEN-mediated homologous recombination at theNvFP-7Rlocus.\nB: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing ofNvFP-7R.\nC: TALEN-induced mutations inNvFP-7R.\nD: TALEN-mediated homologous recombination at theNvFP-7Rlocus using thehs-eGFPdonor vector.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6486_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Detection of 5hmC in ssDNA using SWCNT nanopore.\nB: Translocation of ssDNA through SWCNT nanopores.\nC: Categorization of SWCNT nanopores.\nD: Schematic illustration of the setup and workflow.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3989_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4814", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: p53LZ design concept.\nB: p53LZ1 and p53LZ2 interact with both HDM2 and HDMXin vitro.\nC: p53LZ2 exhibits high-affinity binding to both HDM2 and HDMX, relative to WT p53in vitro.\nD: TAT-p53LZ2 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4814_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9692", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overview schematic of intravital nanoparticle imaging for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis.\nB: TNP causes mitotic arrest and DNA damage in a spatially defined dose-dependent manner.\nC: Local TNP payload accumulation correlates with DNA damage in OVCA.\nD: Tumour-associated CX3CR1+and F4/80+host phagocytes accumulate TNP vehicle in a syngeneic model of lung cancer.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9692_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7006", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Histological but no functional rescue in Pde6brd1/rd1-C3H mice.\nB: Supplementation of PDE6B gene to rods restores retinotopy and visual function.\nC: Preservation of structure after AAV-mediated gene therapy in Pde6brd1/rd1-F3 mice.\nD: Restoration of photoreceptor and bipolar cell function in Pde6brd1/rd1-F3 mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7006_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13173", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sustainable haematopoiesis and engraftment of LV gene-modified CD34+cellsin vivoin NHPs following point-of-care manufacturing.\nB: Removal of UM729 from transduction conditions reduces VCN but also CFC transduction efficiency.\nC: Human mobilized gene-modified CD34+cells produced using point-of-care manufacturing engraft in immunodeficient mice.\nD: Human steady-state BM CD34+cells produced using point-of-care manufacturing engraft into immunodeficient mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13173_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7649", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Evolution of fibril and fibre configuration during tensile extension.\nB: SAXS analysis of skin in tension.\nC: Viscosity and hierarchical structure.\nD: Experimental and predicted tensile response of a wavy structure simulating collagen in skin.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7649_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5414", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Morphology of the cyprid adhesive apparatus and the expressed adhesive plaque.\nB: A new model for the permanent adhesion of barnacle cyprids.\nC: Spatial arrangement of lipidaceous and proteinaceous adhesive granules within the cyprid cement gland.\nD: Spatial arrangement of lipidaceous and proteinaceous components of the expressed adhesive.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5414_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4750", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model for KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel gating.\nB: K70N in KNCE1 farther separates the two voltage sensor movements of KCNQ1.\nC: UCL 2077 isolated the first component of the fluorescence change.\nD: S4 residue accessibility shows two components of S4 movement in KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4750_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9167", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 3BC315 binding to BG505 Env analysed by SPR.\nB: Structural analysis of 3BC176/3BC315 paratopes, and their epitopes on the BG505 SOSIP.664293Ftrimer.\nC: Identification of the 3BC315 epitope by cryo-EM.\nD: 3BC176 and 3BC315 accelerate viral spike decay.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9167_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9400", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Morphogenetic potential of cell end-distributed factors.\nB: Wall mechanics and exocytosis suffice to drive growth domain morphology.\nC: A biomechanical model explaining the morphological evolution of fission yeast cell growth domains through the cell cycle.\nD: Exocytosis pattern and growth domain morphogenesis are causally linked.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9400_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4356", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ω-shrink fusion.\nB: Ω-enlarge-stay and Ω-enlarge-close.\nC: Ω-shrink-stay and Ω-shrink-close.\nD: Resolving the Ω-profile at the fusion instant.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4356_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2184", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mutant cycle analysis of voltage dependence of activation of NaV1.7 mutations.\nB: Structural modelling of transmembrane domains of human NaV1.7 channel.\nC: Firing frequencies and membrane potentials of CBZ- or DMSO-treated DRG neurons expressing S241T.\nD: Voltage dependence of activation and steady-state fast inactivation of S241T and F1449V mutant channels.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2184_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Numerical simulation of collective cell movement.\nB: Genitalia rotation requires Myo-II.\nC: Myo-II-related LR asymmetric cell intercalation in A8a epithelial cells.\nD: LR asymmetric Myo-II accumulation in A8a epithelial cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10074_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11130", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Analysis of the TRPV2 ion permeation pathway.\nB: Single particle cryo-EM analysis of full-length TRPV2.\nC: Large-pore turret may influence the TRPV2 ion permeation pathway.\nD: Comparison of the ankyrin repeat domain and outer pore region of TRPV2 and TRPV1.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11130_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1450", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rotational fluctuations in the FOMT are constrained by the torsional stiffness of DNA only.\nB: RecA filament formation on dsDNA monitored in the FOMT.\nC: Force calibration and force-extension measurements in the FOMT.\nD: Schematic of FOMT.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1450_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4319", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Cytoskeletal dynamics during chemotactic response and SILAC experimental approach.\nB: Temporal incorporation profiles for the proteins detected only in the cross-linked SILAC experiment.\nC: Comparison of SILAC-based protein dynamics with thein vivodynamics of GFP-tagged proteins.\nD: Co-localization analysis from dual-channel TIRF microscopy.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4319_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1668", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The remodelling of the nucleus is mediated by cell spreading area and actomyosin activity.\nB: The nuclear shape remodelling is accompanied by a nuclear volume loss.\nC: Cell elongation leads to chromatin condensation and affects cell proliferation.\nD: Model for the mechanical orchestration between cell and nuclear shape changes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1668_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8271", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overview of the SasG system.\nB: Conformational flexibility of SasG.\nC: Equilibrium denaturation curves for SasG domains.\nD: SAXS analysis of SasG particle shape and size.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8271_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Stabilization of GCGR by peptide ligand in the HDX studies.\nB: Motions of the ECD with respect to the 7TM domain in the simulations of glucagon-GCGR and apo-GCGR.\nC: EM analysis of glucagon receptor–mAb23 complex.\nD: Comparison of open glucagon-bound and -closed apo-GCGR structures.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8859_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6937", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: p110δ localization at the basolateral membrane of MDCK cysts.\nB: p110δ is required for the membrane localization of β-dystroglycan (β-DG).\nC: p110δ activity is required for lumen initiation in MDCK cysts.\nD: ECM regulates p110δ expression.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6937_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5913", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Surface-associated pause duration and irreversible attachment.\nB: Near-surface trajectories generated by cell tracking and analysis.\nC: Modelled orbital and roaming cell trajectories.\nD: Representative roaming and orbiting surface motility trajectories.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5913_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10260", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Helicase unwinding through acis-synCPD lesion.\nB: Bulk experiments on DNA synthesis through a lesion-containing DNA template in the presence of helicase.\nC: DNAP alone on a DNA template containing a CPD lesion.\nD: Single-molecule experiments of leading-strand synthesis on a DNA template containing a CPD lesion in the presence of helicase.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10260_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8277", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dynamics of TALE truncation mutants along DNA templates.\nB: TALE protein structure and subdomain schematic.\nC: TALE proteins exhibit rapid 1D diffusion along DNA templates.\nD: Single-molecule assay for TALE protein dynamics.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8277_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12940", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Net charge of the pH sensor switches sign at activation pH.\nB: Deprotonation of Asp164 enables gate opening and water entrance.\nC: pH-dependent sodium binding to the core residues.\nD: Sodium binding disrupts the Lys300–Asp163 salt bridge and lowers the pKaof Lys300.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12940_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2507", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Quantitative characterization of signalling proteins in tumour tissue.\nB: Real-time single-molecule co-IP imaging.\nC: Quantitative characterization of KRas in two human breast cancer cell lines.\nD: Single-molecule kinetic analysis of the HRas–cRafRBDinteraction.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2507_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3137", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MscS 3D structure and gating properties in the presence of monovalent and divalent cations.\nB: Graphic illustration of proposed MscS selectivity mechanism.\nC: Ca2+influx via MS channelsin vivoshown using aequorin chemiluminescence.\nD: MscS subconducting states in the presence of Ca2+.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3137_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Generation of spatially organized 3D cardiac microchambers.\nB: Biophysical cues directed the spatial differentiation.\nC: Assessment of cardiac developmental toxicity.\nD: Spatial differentiation of patterned hiPSCs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8413_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7481", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The NOX-D20:mC5a interface.\nB: NOX-D20 adopts a complex 3D architecture.\nC: The NOX-D20:mC5a complex.\nD: A rationale for NOX-D20 affinity improvement through backbone modifications.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7481_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6849", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Tethered Rad4 opens up undamaged DNA nucleotide pairs as it does to damaged ones.\nB: Free energy profile for DNA opening by Rad4/XPC at damaged and undamaged sites.\nC: Crystal structure determination of Rad4–Rad23 bound to undamaged DNA using disulphide crosslinking.\nD: 2AP fluorescence and T-jump measurements to examine Rad4-induced DNA-opening dynamics with Rad4 β-hairpin mutants.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6849_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Kinetic modeling and mutational studies confirm open-state stabilization through fluorination.\nB: SCA analysis highlights the varying levels of co-evolution between Phe481 and nearby charged side chains.\nC: The effect of fluorination is specific to position 481.\nD: Reducing the negative electrostatic surface potential on Phe481 stabilizes the channel open state.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2761_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5244", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The substrate binding cavity of TmCdsA and its catalytic mechanism.\nB: Architecture of the active site of TmCdsA.\nC: The overall structure of TmCdsA.\nD: The fundamental role of Cds enzyme in phospholipid biosynthesis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5244_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3963", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NMR structures of apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 and the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272–292complex.\nB: Docking of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 on the Orai hexamer.\nC: Affects of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272–292mutations on full-length function.\nD: CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structural changes associated with Orai1 C272–292binding.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3963_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2126", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Stress granule formation in SY5Y mAng1HA and mAng1HA-ALS cell lines.\nB: Uptake and localization of WT hANG and hANG-ALS variants in SY5Y cells.\nC: 3D structure of hANG and the comparison of hANG-ALS variant structures at the mutation sites.\nD: Effects of WT hANG and hANG-ALS variants on post-mitotic motor neuron (MN) number and morphology.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2126_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14932", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Species-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase catalytic mechanisms and overview of affinity selection.\nB: Pharmacologic–phylogenetic relationship of iPGM macrocyclic peptide inhibitor.\nC: Ce-2d traps iPGM in an open conformation.\nD: Ce-2d · iPGM interactions.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14932_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5068", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Two binding pockets within the cavity form putative binding sites for the donor subtituent and the acceptor alcohol.\nB: Binding of CDP-glycerol in the active site.\nC: The structure of AF2299 reveals the architecture of a CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase.\nD: CDP-alcohol phosphotransferases effect phosphotransfer by a base-catalysed mechanism.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5068_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12837", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The structure of CD36 and its binding of fatty acids.\nB: A model for the inhibition of oxLDL binding by PfEMP1.\nC: Limited chemical conservation allows CD36 binding.\nD: PfEMP1 proteins prevent oxidized LDL from binding to CD36.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12837_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42830-1", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structure-based mutational analysis of the BRCA2 TR2-RAD51 interface.\nB: An acidic patch on the RAD51 surface mediates binding of BRCA2 TR2 and BRC4.\nC: A model for the role of BRCA2 TR2 in homology-directed repair and protection of stalled forks.\nD: Structure-guided BRCA2 TR2 cross-linking to RAD51.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-42830-1_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RPTPσ ectodomain flexibility.\nB: GAG-mediated inhibition of synaptic RPTPσ:TrkC interaction and function.\nC: Model illustrating flexible RPTPσ ectodomain sampling of extracellular ligands.\nD: Trans-synaptic RPTPσ:TrkC complex crystal structure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6209_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1237", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CFP1 preferentially binds CpGG trinucleotide.\nB: Detailed interactions between the CFP1 CXXC domain and the GCGG double-stranded DNA (5′-GCCAGCGGTGGC-3′).\nC: Comparison of CFP1–CpG complex (CCGG1) with MLL1–CpG complex (PDB id: 2KKF).\nD: Crystal structures of CFP1 in complex with a CpG DNA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1237_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3965", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sequence alignment of the Smo CRD.\nB: Analysis of the binding of Bud to human Smo CRD.\nC: Identification of cysteines essential for Smo signalling.\nD: A novel model for Smo allosteric regulation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3965_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15368", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Eukaryotic polyamine metabolism and HDAC gatekeepers.\nB: Electrostatic surface potential of HDAC10.\nC: Crystal structure of the Y307F zHDAC10Δ–AAT complex.\nD: Constriction of the zHDAC10 active site by gatekeeper E274 and the ηA2 helix.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15368_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15959", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Stability of the HIV-1 capsid.\nB: The HIV-1 capsid.\nC: Electrostatic potential averaged over the final 400 ns of the HIV-1 capsid simulation.\nD: Mechanical motions of the HIV-1 capsid.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15959_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4106", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 3D cryo-EM maps reveal MloK1 conformations in the presence and absence of cAMP.\nB: The architecture of MloK1.\nC: Structural changes in MloK1 upon cAMP binding.\nD: Mechanism of MloK1 gating with cAMP.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4106_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The free end rule as a topological determinant for the folding of polyhedral single-chain DNA nanostructures.\nB: Single-chain DNA square pyramid designs and the structural characterization of P1.\nC: The rapid folding of a single-chain DNA square pyramid demonstrates the feasibility of implemented design principles.\nD: Comparing the properties of slowly annealed square pyramid designs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10803_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7895", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A proposed biosynthetic pathway to the FeGP cofactor.\nB: [Fe]-hydrogenase and FeGP cofactor.\nC: Crystal structure and mechanism of HcgE.\nD: Crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of HcgF.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7895_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RIAM interaction with talin-F3.\nB: A model of talin membrane localization and activation as mediated by the RIAM- and PIP2-mediated pathways.\nC: RIAM promotes the talin unmasking and integrin activation.\nD: Structure of RIAM-N/talin-F3 complex reveals a mechanism for talin unmasking.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6880_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4622", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The anion translocation pathway.\nB: Schematic representation of the topology and structural motifs of rPres.\nC: Solvent accessibility of an amino acid in the proposed central binding site.\nD: Mutations in the central cavity affect NLC and anion transport.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4622_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1717", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic of voltage-gated sodium channel.\nB: Measurement of H4 di-histidine using transition-metal ion FRET is similar to the NMR structure and does not affect function.\nC: A Long-QT Syndrome type 3 (LQT3) mutation causes a structural change.\nD: Structural model of the NaV1.5 C-T.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1717_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14132", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reaction progress kinetic analysis of FPPS.\nB: FPP synthesis and mevalonate pathway.\nC: Ligand binding to FPPS characterized by ITC.\nD: Conformational transition and catalytic cycle of FPPS.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14132_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7655", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Deletion of the linker alters ternary complex formation.\nB: Overall shape of Sti1 and Sti1 fragments.\nC: Effect of the linker deletionin vivoand on the interaction of Sti1 with Hsp70 and Hsp90.\nD: SpFRET measurements of fluorescently labelled Sti1.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7655_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9843", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Subtraction of unwanted densities in particle images.\nB: Partial occupancy of the VP4 spike in rotavirus triple-layered particles.\nC: Localized reconstruction of sub-particles from images of macromolecular complexes.\nD: Structural flexibility of Sec13/31 vertices in the native COPII cage.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9843_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9346", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Conformational changes of P[11] HRV VP8* upon binding to glycans.\nB: Interactions of LNnT and LNT with P[11] HRV N155 VP8*.\nC: Crystal structure of P[11] bovine RV (BRV) VP8*.\nD: VP8* of neonate-specific P[11] RVs binds glycans with Galβ-GlcNAc motifs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9346_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5801", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The triple role of Arg1353.50and changes in finger loop during arrestin activation and binding.\nB: Structural and functional comparison of GtαCT and ArrFL-1.\nC: Overall structure of the Ops*–ArrFL-1 complex.\nD: Overview of rhodopsin signal transduction and deactivation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5801_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The structure of the MTase domain of hMPVL.\nB: NTPase activity.\nC: N7- and 2′O-methylation.\nD: RNA-binding site comparisons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9749_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6423", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Lateral interaction between PTPσ/Slitrk1 complexes for synapse formation.\nB: Structural comparison of Slitrk1 LRR1 and LRR2 domains.\nC: Complex structure of the PTPδ Ig1–3/Slitrk1 LRR1.\nD: Critical residues for PTPσ/Slitrk1 binding and synaptogenic activity.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6423_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10457", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Discrimination basis against near-cognate duplexes with pyrimidine–pyrimidine U·U mismatches in the decoding centre of the 70S ribosome.\nB: Details ofE. colitRNALysSUUanticodon loop interactions.\nC: Base pairs at the wobble position of the codon–anticodon duplex formed by the SUU anticodon ofE. colitRNALysSUUon cognate codons AAA or AAG.\nD: Structure and modifications of lysine tRNALysSUUfromE. coliand complexes of the 70S ribosome with tRNALysSUUin the A-site.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10457_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13557", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mutations in the E1D1 epitope affect membrane fusion with epithelial cells.\nB: E1D1 mAb and Fab bind gHgL and selectively inhibit epithelial-cell fusion.\nC: E1D1 binds exclusively to residues in gL.\nD: Interactions of the gp42 N-terminal domain with gH.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13557_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5439", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A proposed reaction mechanism for FALDH.\nB: Structure of human FALDH.\nC: Membrane interaction of FALDH.\nD: Point mutations causative for the SLS and affected residues in the FALDH structure.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5439_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Disassembly of theIrxAcluster alters the expression patterns ofIrxAgenes.\nB: Multiple enhancers are distributed along the theIrxAcluster.\nC: An evolutionarily conserved 3D architecture is formed between the first two genes of eachIrxcluster.\nD: The three-dimensionalIrxarchitecture depends on CTCF.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1301_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7402", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: BN represents a new class of AARS inhibitor.\nB: Critical regulation of ThrRS conformation and activity through the extra binding site of BN.\nC: Structural basis of specific ThrRS–Borrelidin (BN) recognition.\nD: BN excludes all substrates of ThrRS for protein translation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7402_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structures suggest a mechanism for fetal versus adult affinity.\nB: Simulations identify affinity-influencing side chains.\nC: The action of W55 in C4-swapped constructs.\nD: Ligand binding site and affinities.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11352_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8108", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: EM analysis of yeast INO80-C and SWR-C.\nB: Structural and functional analysis of INO80-Cies6and SWR-Cswc2subcomplexes.\nC: The INO80-Cies6subcomplex is inactive in remodelling assays.\nD: INO80-C and SWR-C contain single hexameric rings of Rvb1/Rvb2.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8108_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3465", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Crystal structure of the NavMs-pore+CTD.\nB: DEER-derived model showing the dynamics of the pore and CTD.\nC: Labelled proteins.\nD: EPR spectroscopy.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3465_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15744", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Crystal structure of MxAMO1.\nB: R640A abolishes the flexibility of MxA.\nC: Conformational dynamics in the GD-BSE region.\nD: Strategy of the smFRET assay.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15744_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2071", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Involvement of RNAi genes in the effects of OxyS onC. elegans.\nB: DsrA decreases the longevity ofC. elegansby targetingF42G9.6.\nC: Involvement of RNAi genes in the effects of DsrA onC. elegans.\nD: OxyS-expressingE. colihas a physiological impact onC. elegans.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2071_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3455", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Upper Triassic bedded chert of the Sakahogi section.\nB: Major element compositions of chert and claystone.\nC: Late Triassic Os isotope record in the Panthalassa Ocean.\nD: Stratigraphic Os isotope profile.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3455_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6133", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rates of denitrification and DNRA in the different treatments.\nB: Measured oxygen concentration profiles and calculated oxygen consumption profiles.\nC: Fluxes of methane in the different treatments.\nD: Bioturbation by meiofauna.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6133_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6495", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Assembly size in Mbp plotted against the relative proportion of exons, introns and different repetitive elements.\nB: Quantitative measures on the divergence of TE islands and LDRs.\nC: Mean normalized expression in third instar queen larvae and mated adult queens for all Cobs1.4 genes.\nD: Genomic divergence and subgenomic structure of the 12 largestC. obscuriorgenome scaffolds (including all 18 TE islands).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6495_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12468", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Measuring the brain state and flight mode of flying frigatebirds.\nB: Slow wave sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry is related to circling flight.\nC: Unihemispheric and bihemispheric sleep in flight.\nD: Frigatebirds sleep more and deeper on land than in flight.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12468_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9438", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Palaeolatitudinal distribution of Pseudosuchia.\nB: Global raw counts of pseudosuchian genera through the last 250 million years.\nC: Regional plots of subsampled biodiversity versus palaeolatitudinal centroid and subsampling curves for non-marine genera.\nD: Subsampled pseudosuchian genus biodiversity.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9438_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15172", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: B. gladiolisymbionts protectL. villosa>eggs from fungal infestation.\nB: The symbionts ofL. villosalikely evolved from plant-pathogenicB. gladioliand retain their ability to infect a plant host.\nC: TheBurkholderiasymbionts ofL. villosaproduce several antimicrobial compounds.\nD: Burkholderia gladiolisymbionts are transmitted vertically via egg smearing inLagria villosabeetles.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15172_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1124", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Depth of reaction zone and lithospheric structure.\nB: Characteristic invertebrates at the Loki's Castle vent field.\nC: Geology of the Eastern Mohns Ridge.\nD: Location of the Loki's Castle Vent field.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1124_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6436", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The period of exploitation of moa eggs by Polynesians in the eastern South Island of New Zealand.\nB: The human population in early New Zealand in relation to timing of key events.\nC: Locations of 50 natural deposits and seven archaeological sites on the South Island of New Zealand.\nD: Bayesian chronologies for moa extinction and the period of interaction of humans with moa in the South Island of New Zealand.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6436_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8368", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Indicators of physio-chemical conditions at the site of calcification in corals in the four pH treatments.\nB: Organic matrix protein content of the coral skeletons in the four pH treatments.\nC: Skeletal growth parameters in the four pH treatments.\nD: Corallite calyx size in the four pH treatments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8368_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9767", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Lake–stream divergence in lateral plating and the associated molecular signatures.\nB: Geographic context, demography and phylogeny of the study populations.\nC: Localized signatures of selection.\nD: Alternative demographic scenarios explaining repeated population divergence.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9767_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Selected results of morphometric analyses of pachycephalosaur frontoparietal domes.\nB: High-resolution computed tomography scans of the holotype specimen ofA. audeti.\nC: Holotype specimen ofAcrotholus audeti.\nD: Paratype specimen ofA. audetiwith interpretive drawings.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2749_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6239", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Example of the bottom-up structuring transfer.\nB: Cumulative biovolume/biomass within DS space-scale structures.\nC: Data description.\nD: Space-scale patterns.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6239_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21223-2", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Observed versus modeled vegetation growth carryover effects.\nB: Satellite-based vegetation growth carryover versus climatic effects.\nC: Site-based vegetation growth carryover versus climatic effects.\nD: Pathways for early-season factors controlling peak-season growth.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-021-21223-2_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16094", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of flow attenuation due to vegetation and infrastructure on a subtropical coastal wetland.\nB: Wetland vegetation changes due to constant sea-level rise and constant soil surface elevation change.\nC: Flow attenuation effects due to vegetation on a subtropical tidal flat.\nD: Wet land vegetation changes due to variable sea-level rise and variable soil surface elevation change with low suspended sediment.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms16094_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2415", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Location of climate records from South America and current regional climate patterns.\nB: Speleothem δ18O records from western Amazonia in comparison with other climate records.\nC: Precise anti-correlation between the millennial variability of the AM and the SAM.\nD: Comparison among speleothem δ18O records over the past 60 ka.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2415_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4835", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SEM images of internal cell-wall carbonate deposits.\nB: SEM images of the internal and external seagrass carbonate deposits.\nC: SEM images of the external carbonate deposits.\nD: Experimental responses and variation in leaf CaCO3content.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4835_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12860", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Alginate degradation cascade of substrates varying in solubility and chain length.\nB: Membrane-bound versus broadcasted alginate lyases dictate growth lag time.\nC: Evolutionary history and ecological occurrence of alginate lyases.\nD: Alginate lyase activity is modulated by gene dosage.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12860_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5058", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Enhanced cleavage of Nrp1 hampers its ability to induce sensitivity to Sema3A.\nB: Rat proprioceptive axons lose responsiveness to Sema3A at embryonic day 14.\nC: Nrp1 is developmentally downregulated in proprioceptive axons.\nD: Genetic elimination of ADAM10 in the nervous system delays entry of sensory axons into the spinal cord.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5058_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6042", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dax1 and Nanog are both required for full reprogramming to induce pluripotency.\nB: Functions of Dax1 and Nanog are partially complementary but they cannot replace each other.\nC: Dax1 and Nanog function in parallel and independently to regulate pluripotency of ESCs.\nD: Relationship of Dax1 with other ESC regulators.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6042_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15125", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: E2f1controls endoreplication and is regulated post-transcriptionally by Ras/Raf signalling.\nB: Ras/Raf signalling promotes EC endoreplication independently of TOR.\nC: Model illustrating the relative influence of EGFR/Ras/Raf/MAPK and InR/Pi3K/TOR signalling on ISC proliferation and EB/EC endoreplication.\nD: Epithelial damage induces extra endoreplication in ECs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15125_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5697", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Regulation of various endothelial and vascular markers by Twist1.\nB: KLF4 is essential for Twist1-induced endothelial differentiation.\nC: Jagged1 is essential for Twist1-induced endothelial differentiation.\nD: Knockdown of KLF4 decreased stem-like property induced by Twist1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5697_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7315", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In-vivovalidation of dsDMR enhancers.\nB: Most dsDMRs with decreasing DNA methylation level between 6 and 24 hpf are developmental enhancers.\nC: Gene regulatory network derived by dsDMRs.\nD: Global features of DNA methylation across zebrafish embryogenesis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7315_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1232", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A model for transactivation of the EGFR/ERK1/2 signalling pathway by FGF7/FGFR2b.\nB: Evaluation of the role of various signalling pathways in FGF7-stimulated migration of HaCaT cells.\nC: Conditioned supernatants from FGF7-stimulated human primary keratinocytes or VEGF-A-stimulated HUVECs activate ERK1/2.\nD: FGF7/FGFR2b signalling activates ADAM17.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1232_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7404", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ASD risk network predicted by DAWN model incorporating CHD8 binding.\nB: CHD8 targets are enriched in an ASD-associated co-expression network.\nC: Conserved CHD8-binding sites are enriched for ASD risk genes.\nD: CHD8 targets in neurodevelopment are enriched for ASD risk genes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7404_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3916", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: dUTX directly interacts with ecdysone receptor.\nB: dUTX demethylase activity is required for cell death.\nC: dUTX regulates ecdysone-induced cell death.\nD: dUTX is required for salivary gland cell death.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3916_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10660", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A shortened G1 phase impairs 53BP1 nuclear body formation and causes replication stress in the following S-phase.\nB: ESCs display massive accumulation of ssDNA gaps, reduced fork speed and frequent fork reversal.\nC: Replication stress markers are presentin vitroin ESCs andin vivoin ICM cells.\nD: Delaying the G1/S and not the G2/M transition suppresses H2AX phosphorylation in ESCs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10660_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11288", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Lack of the developing gut causes PGC cluster fusion.\nB: Expression patterns ofcxcl12aandlppvariants.\nC: Progenitor cell positioning at target site.\nD: PGCs avoid regions expressing LPP proteins.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11288_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10288", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Random migration and proliferation can generate chimeric and diffuse rare clones.\nB: Extensive mixing of individual clones in the discrete model.\nC: Reduced proliferation results in belly-spot formation.\nD: Melanoblast migration is undirected and not driven by repulsion.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10288_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-27800-9", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Promoter-enhancer interactions (PEIs) rewired in chicken granulosa cells during folliculogenesis.\nB: TAD boundaries are largely stable in chicken granulosa cells during folliculogenesis.\nC: Dynamic changes of chromatin architecture during granulosa cell development.\nD: The transcriptomic profiles of granulosa cells (GCs) during folliculogenesis.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-27800-9_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3879", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Loss of Cdh1 triggers replicative stress and apoptotic cell death in the VZ and SVZ of the cerebral cortex.\nB: Replicative stress induced by Cdh1 loss in the VZ and SVZ of the cerebral cortex is p53 independent.\nC: Cdh1 deficiency reduces brain size and cerebral cortex lengthin vivo.\nD: Cdh1 deficiency increases neural progenitor population in the VZ and SVZ of the cerebral cortex.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3879_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7188", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Different temporal requirements for AA and 2i.\nB: AA combined with 2i enhances reprogramming efficiency.\nC: AA+2i increases connectivity of upregulated genes.\nD: Convergence of AA and 2i effectors to regulate Esrrb level.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7188_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1242", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Wwp2is identified as a downstream target of Sox9 and regulates palatogenesis.\nB: Wwp2activates Sox9 by affecting its nuclear translocation.\nC: Med25 is involved in palatogenesis and interacts physically with Sox9 and Wwp2.\nD: Generation of Sox9-3′ EGFP knock-in mice and Sox9-EGFP/EGFP null chimeras.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1242_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3829", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Using morpholino target protector (TP) to show thatmiR-1represses zebrafishsars-3′UTR.\nB: Distinct functions ofmiR-1andmiR-206in angiogenesis during zebrafish embryonic development.\nC: Knockdown ofmiR-1and overexpression ofsarsresult in downregulating the expression ofvegfaa.\nD: The zebrafishvegfaamRNA is regulated differently bymiR-1andmiR-206.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3829_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4661", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RA promotes differentiation in poorly differentiated NPC cells by inducing IKKα expression.\nB: Derepression of IKKα by RA depends on EZH2 inhibition.\nC: IKKα is repressed by EZH2-mediated H3K27 histone methylation within theIKKα promoter.\nD: IKKα downregulation is responsible for the undifferentiated phenotype of NPC.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4661_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10328", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Localization of Treacle to DNA damage-induced foci depends on MDC1.\nB: High levels of oxidation in the neuroepithelium of wild-type embryos.\nC: Treacle interacts with Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1–MDC1 complex and localizes to DNA damage-induced foci.\nD: Tcof1deficiency causes dysfunction of DNA damage repair and subsequent apoptosis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10328_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8476", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model for the regulation of PPR formation by Zic1 and RA signalling.\nB: Zic1 regulates placode fate independently of canonical RA receptors.\nC: Retinoic acid signalling regulates placode formation.\nD: LPGDS is required for placode development.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8476_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7048", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: YAP is elevated in skeletal muscle in response to denervation and neurodegeneration.\nB: YAP promotes skeletal muscle fibre hypertrophy via TEAD transcription factors.\nC: YAP is required for the maintenance of basal skeletal muscle fibre size.\nD: Endogenous YAP is upregulated to mitigate neurogenic muscle atrophy.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7048_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1240", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Relative expression of Tet transcripts in development.\nB: Increase of 5hmC in the maternal genome of zygotes derived from PGC7-null oocytes.\nC: 5hmC preferentially appears in the paternal genome of early mouse preimplantation embryos.\nD: 5hmC is present in rabbit and bovine zygotes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1240_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PTEN regulates vascular density.\nB: PTEN negatively regulates stalk cell proliferation.\nC: PTEN interacts with Notchin vivoto negatively control stalk cell proliferation.\nD: Catalytic and non-catalytic roles of PTEN regulate EC proliferation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8935_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1424", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Oscillations of cytoplasmic speed in fertilized mouse eggs.\nB: High amplitude cytoplasmic speed peaks depend on the presence of the FC.\nC: Cytoplasmic speed peaks depend on free Ca2+oscillations.\nD: Cytoplasmic movements as an indicator for viability of embryos.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1424_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4163", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Estimates of effective population sizes of Western RHG and AGR populations.\nB: Simulated models of a bottleneck and an expansion fitting the observed LD levels of Western RHG and AGR.\nC: Admixture LD in RHG and AGR populations.\nD: Lower effective population sizes of RHG with respect to AGR populations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4163_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Expression profiles of methylated genes.\nB: Distribution of TEs around genes.\nC: Methylation profiles of genes.\nD: Methylation patterns of selected genes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3091_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Parallel evolution and cross-resistance.\nB: Mutations identified in independently evolved lines.\nC: Antibiotic properties and cross-resistance.\nD: Cross-resistance interactions and their general properties.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5352_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1687", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genetic determinants of direct and retroactive effects.\nB: Stochastic modelling of the feedback circuits.\nC: Retroactive effect of theGAL3promoter in the presence of glucose.\nD: RNA decay rates in the GAL regulon.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1687_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14444", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Novel CM-associated proteins important for hyphal development.\nB: Multicellularity and septal pore gating in the fungi.\nC: Estimated protein coding capacity of selected fungal genomes.\nD: Distribution of proteins involved in septal pore gating and hyphal fusion.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14444_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4973", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Examples of individual paddle prints.\nB: Location and stratigraphic horizon of the Luoping marine reptile paddle prints.\nC: Dimensions of the 15 individual trackways.\nD: Seabed scene, Luoping, 245 Myr ago.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4973_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14994", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Wavelet analysis of female and male recombination rates.\nB: Genomic features associated with the recombination rate.\nC: Improved resolution of the refined genetic maps.\nD: Relationship between H3K4 trimethylation and sex-specific recombination rates marks.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14994_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14614", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Putative effects of mutations on the energy landscape of IGPS.\nB: Sequence conservation and epistasis affect fitness landscapes.\nC: Translocation of fitness landscapes in the sequence space of orthologous TIM barrels.\nD: The first principal component of fitness landscape is related to average four-fold conservation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14614_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1819", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Basic monomeric units and oligomeric structure of melanin.\nB: Retinal melanosomes in an extant fish eye.\nC: Negative ion ToF-SIMS spectra of melanin and microbodies from FUM-N-2050.\nD: Negative ion ToF-SIMS spectra and IR absorbance spectra of melanin and parts of FUM-N-2050.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1819_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The density of nondominant WS phenotypes of wild and lacZ-marked types in the shaken and static microcosms.\nB: Population dynamics of each phenotype in the four experimental treatments.\nC: Biodiversity dynamics in the temporal niche experiment.\nD: Population density of each phenotype in the WS fitness experiment.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3102_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1593", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Principal patterns of form variation.\nB: Endocranial mean shapes.\nC: Evolutionary transformations of mean shapes after allometry adjustment.\nD: Principal components (PC) analysis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1593_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6029", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Temporally structured maximum clade credibility phylogenetic tree of the NA gene of seasonal H1N1 viruses, showing the timeline of amino acid substitutions.\nB: Plaque size, NA activity, NA accumulation and substrate affinity of the BR/59/07 NA proteins with different amino acid substitutions.\nC: NA protein phenotypes of seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses of the NC99 and BR07 lineages.\nD: Defects in enzyme activity and protein accumulation caused by the H275Y mutation in other N1-subtype NA proteins.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6029_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Calibration of the XRF scanning counts.\nB: Additional XRF scanning profiles from CD154-17-17K.\nC: Climate change during the Middle Stone Age in Southeast Africa.\nD: Age model construction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2897_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4584", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Lipid concentration and gene expression divergence in LCP and other metabolic pathways.\nB: Proportions of NLS in contemporary human populations.\nC: Outstanding genetic features of lipid catabolism genes.\nD: Potential regulatory effects of NLS in LCP pathway.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4584_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12233", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Time-calibrated phylogeny of attine ants and mutualistic fungal cultivars.\nB: Coevolutionary changes in chitin-related functions in attine ants and their cultivars.\nC: Evolutionary changes in genomic arrangement and gene family sizes in attine ants.\nD: Evolutionary changes in carbohydrate-degrading potential of attine fungal cultivars.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12233_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1045", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Occipital region in actinopterygian fish.\nB: Origin and maintenance of pectoral motoneurons across the hindbrain–spinal cord boundary.\nC: Evolution of pectoral innervation.\nD: Pectoral innervation in Chondricthyes (ratfish) and Dipnoi (lungfish).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1045_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A demonstration of the information mixing concept.\nB: The optimal competence distributions for the three models and four kinds of networks.\nC: The flocking GPMM.\nD: The Voting GPMM.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3484_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5222", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Cellular behaviour of the tumour and its fitness consequences inP. robustaline.\nB: H. oligactistumour-bearing polyps have a unique gene expression profile.\nC: Spontaneously occurring tumours are not reported in animals outside the bilaterian clade.\nD: The tumour in two species ofHydrais formed by accumulation of ISCs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5222_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1926", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genome-wide transcriptional analysis ofcas-1mutants in flg22-induced immunity.\nB: CAS regulates salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and its related gene expression.\nC: CAS-dependent hypersensitive response (HR) cell death.\nD: Chloroplast Ca2+dynamics.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1926_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10654", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Expression of genes involved in the synthesis of SGAs and sterol precursors in tomato leaves derived fromGAME9-Ox andGAME9-RNAi lines.\nB: GAME9is part of anERF-gene cluster in the Solanaceae and is related to other alkaloid-associated regulatory genes.\nC: Cholesterol and other sterols levels in potatoGAME9-Ox lines.\nD: A model for GAME9 control of the steroidal alkaloid pathway and its precursors.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10654_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5518", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Infection assays with wounded barley leaves.\nB: Microconidium germination and examination for mitochondria.\nC: Microconidia of the wild-type strain 70-15.\nD: Microconidia failed to infect intact rice leaves and had limited carbon storage.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5518_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Intralocus and interlocus pairwise LD comparison for the genes involved in the selection sweep (−64 to +52 kb) in wild soybeans.\nB: Functional analysis ofGlycineSHAT1-5inArabidopsis nst1-1;nst3-1mutant.\nC: Plant architecture and pod shattering character in cultivated soybean and wild soybean\nD: Functional analysis of GARP-biding site in Arabidopsis protoplast.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4352_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4274", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of AtABCG14 on translocation of cytokinin from root to shoot.\nB: Gene expression pattern and subcellular localization of AtABCG14.\nC: Subcellular localization of EGFP-AtABCG14 fusion protein.\nD: AtABCG14 cytokinin (trans-zeatin) transport activity.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4274_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12699", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Light absorption and emission.\nB: Managing solar light collection for microalgal cultivation.\nC: Managing the light spectrum.\nD: Sunlight-to-biomass conversion efficiency and strategies.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12699_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8395", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LRT2 interacts with OsIAA proteins.\nB: A proposed model for the LRT2-regulated auxin signalling.\nC: LRT2 positively regulates the degradation of OsIAAs.\nD: Knocking down theOsIAA11expression partially rescues thelrt2mutant phenotype.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8395_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7450", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Expression patterns ofSpPHBandSpFILduring pitcher development.\nB: Computational simulation of cell proliferation during leaf development.\nC: Morphology ofS. purpureapitcher leaves.\nD: Oriented cell divisions in the hollow and ridge regions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7450_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2479", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MIEL1 is a negative regulator of resistance and HR responses inArabidopsisin response to bacterial inoculation.\nB: MIEL1 is an active E3 ligase and ubiquitinates MYB30in vitro.\nC: MYB30 is ubiquitinated inArabidopsis.\nD: MIEL1 leads to MYB30 proteasomal degradation and repression of its transcriptional activity.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2479_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13018", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ENAP1 interacts with histone H3 and regulates histone acetylation of H3K14 and H3K23.\nB: Acetylation at H3K14 and H3K23 is up-regulated by ethylene.\nC: Partial rescue of theENAP1oxphenotype byein3-1eil1-1.\nD: Partial rescue of theENAP1oxphenotype byein2-5.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13018_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7914", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genetic mapping accuracy of uniquely aligned B73 tags (UABTs) in 4.4-M mapped tags.\nB: Predicting the distance between GWAS mapping position and observed position of UABTs by M5Rules_G.\nC: A framework to construct the pan-genome on the basis ofde novogenome assemblies.\nD: Identification of PAVs from the 4.4-M mapped tags.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7914_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Production of active CDK affects cell size but not cell cycle length.\nB: An inverse relationship between cell size and cell cycle length and a positive relationship between RGR and cell size regulate cell size in the SAM and developing primordia\nC: Mean cell size in the SAM is dynamic and dependent on metabolic constraints.\nD: Cell size dependent progression of the cell cycle is sufficient to produce an inverse relationship between cell size and cell cycle length and homeostasis of cell size.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15060_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8243", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Over-represented gene ontology (GO) categories among genes upregulated inscl15mutant seedlings.\nB: Embryonic genes are ectopically expressed inscl15vegetative tissues.\nC: ChIP analysis determines histone acetylation state at seed-specific loci.\nD: Tissue-specific expression ofSCL15.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8243_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5636", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ELF3 inhibits senescence.\nB: PIF4 and PIF5 (PIF4/PIF5) promote senescence.\nC: PIF4/PIF5 directly induce bZIPs andEIN3.\nD: PIF4/PIF5 induceORE1through multiple feed-forward loops.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5636_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1801", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: VEG1is expressed in I2meristems of wild type and in ectopic I2meristems of pea inflorescence mutants.\nB: Cloning ofVEG1.\nC: Mutant secondary inflorescences replaced by vegetative branches in peaveg1.\nD: Genetic model for specification of meristem identity in the compound inflorescence of pea.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1801_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1482", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Character state evolution of three of the seven leaf epidermal and phytolith characters across Poaceae.\nB: Fossil cuticle with phytoliths.\nC: Examples of samples from modern reference collection material used in this study.\nD: Map and stratigraphy of localities.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1482_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8433", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Cidea permits perilipin retention in eWAT.\nB: Cidea promotes adipose tissue expansion.\nC: Generation of aP2-hCidea transgenic mice.\nD: Cidea does not inhibit fat mobilization.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8433_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15652", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects ofSOX5knockdown in a human β cell line and ofSOX5overexpression in human islets.\nB: Characterization ofSox5expression and effects ofSox5knockdown.\nC: Metabolic characterization ofSox5-kd cells.\nD: Expression of the T2D-associated module afterSOX5perturbation and in animal models.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15652_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DSBs trigger senescence in the mouse liver.\nB: Cell proliferation after DSB treatment.\nC: RNA-seq gene expression profiles of mouse liver after DSB induction.\nD: Phenotypic analysis of DSB-induced mouse liver.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7790_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SR Ca2+load of aging LV myocytes.\nB: Inhibition ofINaLshortens the repolarization properties of the old heart.\nC: Aging is associated with a progressive deterioration of cardiac function.\nD: Aging leads to electrical abnormalities.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9803_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28239-2", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The activation of cGAS/STING pathway plays a critical role in obese mEV-induced islet inflammation.\nB: Pathogenic effects of microbiota-derived EVs on inducing obesity-associated islet inflammation and β cell abnormalities.\nC: Obese mEVs cause obesity-associated islet inflammation and β cell abnormalities.\nD: Complement component 3 (C3) facilitates the capture of mEVs by islet Vsig4+ macrophages.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-28239-2_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-33367-w", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Cellular dysfunction of Sim1 neurons uponmir-7ablation.\nB: Association of human variants in the locus encompassingMIR7-1with height, adiposity and related traits.\nC: Neuroendocrine abnormalities in mice lacking miR-7 in Sim1 neurons.\nD: Obesity, hyperphagia, and increased insulin secretion upon deletion ofmir-7in Sim1 neurons.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-33367-w_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12180", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CRY1 accelerates ubiquitin-mediated FOXO1 degradation.\nB: CRY1 is involved in MDM2-mediated FOXO1 ubiquitination.\nC: CRY1 regulates FOXO1 protein level.\nD: SREBP1c directly activatesCRY1gene expression.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12180_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10764", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: HMGB1 is an allosteric inhibitor of tetrameric PK M2.\nB: HMGB1 kills CRC cellsin vivo.\nC: HMGB1 from human blood donors induces cell death in CRC.\nD: HMGB1 blocks glycolysis by interfering with PK M2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10764_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10492", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: HDAC inhibitors potentiate vascular calcification (VC).\nB: MDM2 induces VC.\nC: Loss of HDAC1 enhances vascular calcification (VC).\nD: HDAC1 is ubiquitinated in VC.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10492_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Advanced aortic root plaques of WD-fedLdlr−/−mice exhibit an imbalance in 5-LOX-derived SPMs and LTs compared with earlier stage lesions.\nB: Administration of RvD1 to WD-fedLdlr−/−mice with established atherosclerosis enhances fibrous caps and decreases collagenase and MMP9.\nC: Human vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques have decreased 5-LOX SPM levels and a lower SPM:LT ratio than stable lesions.\nD: Administration of RvD1 to WD-fedLdlr−/−mice with established atherosclerosis restores lipid medicator balance.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12859_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1043", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ouabain protects from apoptosis in malnourished kidneys through the Na,K-ATPase/IP3R/NF-κB signalling pathway.\nB: Ouabain rescues nephrogenesis in fetal malnutrition.\nC: Spontaneous calcium waves in embryonic rat kidney explants.\nD: Ouabain increases expression ofWt1andPax2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1043_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1153", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecular cloning of two alternative splice variants ofCatSperδ.\nB: Identification of CATSPERδ encoded byTmem146as an auxiliary subunit of native CATSPER channels.\nC: Inactivation ofCatSperδdecreases the stability of CATSPER1 during spermatogenesis.\nD: Targeted disruption ofTmem146gene inactivatesCatSperδ.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1153_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12317", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of mitochondrial complex II stimulation by the succinate prodrug NV189.\nB: Delivery of succinate to the intracellular space via a prodrug strategy.\nC: Intracellular metabolism of exogenous prodrug-delivered succinate.\nD: Succinate prodrug treatment of mitochondrial complex I-deficient Leigh syndrome patient fibroblasts.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12317_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Eliminating selectin ligands in N138G mice prevents priming of circulating neutrophils.\nB: Primed neutrophils from N138G mice have enhanced bacterial killingin vitroandin vivo.\nC: Altered L-selectin mechanochemistry in N138G mice enhances neutrophil interactionsin vitroandin vivo.\nD: N138G mice form larger deep vein thrombi.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15196_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5993", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Impaired mitochondrial metabolism inLkb1-mutant peripheral nerves.\nB: Lkb1is required for optimal metabolic reprogramming during SC differentiation.\nC: Lkb1 regulates CS activity.\nD: Global PNS hypomyelination and C-fibre-sorting problems in theLkb1-mutant mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5993_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7643", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rio1 promotes rDNA segregation by downregulating RNA PolI.\nB: Functional characterization of the Rio1 nuclear depletion mutant.\nC: Rio1 localizes to the rDNA in a dynamic, cell cycle stage-dependent manner.\nD: Rio1 promotes timely cell cycle commencement and rDNA stability.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7643_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3767", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experiments to identify the competition avoidance cue.\nB: Dose-response experiments for the sex pheromone.\nC: Experiments to identify the female sex pheromone.\nD: Importance of minor components in the sex pheromone.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3767_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5981", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Measuring the pH values inE. coliperiplasm and cytoplasm under acid stress.\nB: Comparison of the labelling efficiencyin vitroand within theE. colicytoplasm.\nC: Toxicity of Cu(I) complexes insideE. colicells.\nD: Directing a genetically encoded click-labelled pH indicator to differentE. coliinternal spaces.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5981_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9076", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Localized two-photon activation of ATG.\nB: Dendritic NMDAR currents evoked by rapid laser-mediated photoswitching of ATG.\nC: Calcium imaging using ATG in acute hippocampal slices.\nD: Coincidence detection using ATG in layer 2/3 cortical neurons.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9076_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Free energy profiles for the rotation about the 2–3 bond of 2-AMS in its (a) enamine and (b) imine form, respectively.\nB: Crystal structures of the E268A mutant and its solution and single-crystal electronic absorption spectra.\nC: Proposed catalytic mechanism for the oxidation of 2-AMS by AMSDH.\nD: Crystal structures of wild-type AMSDH and single-crystal electronic absorption spectrum of a catalytic intermediate.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6935_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2900", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: AO orange mimics the triple stacking ligand.\nB: VUF9432 binds as a triple stack to Ac-AChBP.\nC: Details of VUF9432 binding to Ac-AChBP.\nD: Binding of VUF9432 is a multistep process.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2900_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14043", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A collection of diverse small molecules obtained via LDS appraoch.\nB: 14q and 14r inhibit Smo.\nC: Scope of the gold catalysed rearrangement ofO-prenylated substrate 13 todf-oxindoles 14.\nD: Influence of representative compounds on Wnt signalling (3j) and autophagy (3f).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14043_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5521", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of the N- and C-domains of XylE in the outward-facing partially occluded and the inward-facing open conformations.\nB: Views of the cytoplasmic domain in the outward partially occluded conformation (a) and in the inward open conformation (b).\nC: Interactions of Asp27 at different protonation states in MD simulations.\nD: Movements in the substrate-binding site for sugar release.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5521_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3802", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Affinity and Ca2+mobilization for C3a versus 17.\nB: Effect of heterocycles on ligand binding to C3aR.\nC: Modelling C3aR interactions with Leu–Ala–Arg.\nD: Inflammatory gene expression and degranulation induced by C3a versus 17.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3802_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1114", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: N8–5complex.\nB: Preparation of 3-allyl-Neu5Ac2en (5) and 3-(p-tolyl)allyl-Neu5Ac2en (6).\nC: Chemical structures of anti-influenza viral drugs and influenza virus sialidase inhibitors.\nD: N8–6 complex.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1114_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2822", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Simulated binding mode of m6A and hm6A in FTO after 10 ns of MD simulations.\nB: Presence of hm6A and f6A in mammalian mRNA.\nC: Formation of new RNA modifications during oxidative demethylation of m6A in RNA by FTO.\nD: A proposed model of dynamic regulation of RNA modifications by FTO.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2822_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-25698-x", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Human liver S9 enzymes generate Phase I and II xenobiotic metabolites in a time-dependent manner.\nB: Stable isotope-assisted unexpected metabolite identification.\nC: Identification of undocumented xenobiotic exposures.\nD: Stable-isotope assisted metabolite identification.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-021-25698-x_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1097", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Small-angle X-ray scattering data and fits.\nB: Molecular modelling based on small-angle X-ray scattering.\nC: Small-angle X-ray scattering shapes.\nD: Structure of the ternary complex CyaY/IscS/IscU.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1097_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7122", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overexpression ofgpr56causes increased OPC number and inhibits myelination.\nB: gpr56mutant spinal cord axons are hypomyelinated.\nC: Loss ofGpr56does not affect neural precursor differentiation capacity.\nD: Manipulation of Gα12/13and RhoA signalling influences CNSmbpexpression ingpr56mutants.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7122_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reaction between ArI and the intermediate (422 nm).\nB: Kinetic data.\nC: Ultraviolet–vis spectra of the catalytic oxidative reactions.\nD: Schematic illustrations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2196_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 3′–5′ exonucleolytic activity of ϕ29DP on rCDNAiiand rD2C1.\nB: Cleavage of an RNA-containing D2C by an RCD.\nC: E. coli-dependent HRCA reaction.\nD: E. coli-dependent RCA reaction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12074_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7481", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A rationale for NOX-D20 affinity improvement through backbone modifications.\nB: NOX-D20 adopts a complex 3D architecture.\nC: Influence of monovalent and divalent cations on mC5a recognition by NOX-D20 measured by SPR.\nD: C5a alignment showing conserved residues involved in NOX-D20 binding and comparison of NOX-D20 and C5aR footprints onto C5a.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7481_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14633", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Assembly of gene network modules with protein-responsive iSBH sgRNAs.\nB: Assembly of gene network modules with ASO-responsive iSBH sgRNAs.\nC: Inhibition of CRISPR-TR activity by SBH-sgRNAs.\nD: Design and optimization of protein-responsive iSBH-sgRNAs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14633_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13042", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CatD cellular assay results with selected BACE1 inhibitors.\nB: Identification of PF-7802-labelled proteins and peptides.\nC: Chronic treatment with BACE1 inhibitors causes accumulation of CatD.\nD: PF-7802 probe design and results in live retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13042_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6223", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Binding analysis of position 98β mutants of selected TCRs.\nB: Binding of soluble TCRs to antigen-presenting cells.\nC: Binding of selected RD1 TCR clones.\nD: Amino acid sequences of various A6-derived TCR clones.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6223_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1687", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RNA decay rates in the GAL regulon.\nB: Genetic determinants of direct and retroactive effects.\nC: Retroactive effects on the cellular memory.\nD: Functional genomic comparison of the GAL regulatory regions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1687_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4612", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TheeDeg-On system.\nB: Quantification of proteasomal degradation inhibition using the Deg-On system.\nC: Quantification of UPS modulation using theeDeg-On system.\nD: Quantification of UPS modulation using a stableeDeg-On cell line.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4612_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13858", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Selection and characterization of cI library members.\nB: Developing a phagemid-based system for the selection of combinatorial libraries.\nC: Design and characterization of engineered promoters with no activation by wild-type (WT) cI.\nD: Construction and characterization of gene circuits.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13858_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15028", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In vitrofunctional assays of the engineered probiotic strain.\nB: Evaluation of the engineered probiotic strain in aC. elegansinfection model.\nC: Development of optimal cellular host and genetic element systems for a functional probiotic strain.\nD: Prophylactic activity of engineered EcN againstP. aeruginosainfection.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15028_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2939", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: T-cell survival signalling network governing the development of T-LGL leukemia.\nB: Control of the New England power-grid test system following a fault.\nC: Control in an associative memory network.\nD: Schematic illustration of the network control problem.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2939_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Genetic implementation and function characterization of individual modules.\nB: The Pavlovian-like conditioning performance of the single simultaneous conditioning circuit on the population level.\nC: Formulating the single simultaneous conditioning function as a sequential-logic genetic circuit.\nD: Module assembly to implement theLearningandRecallingsubfunctions.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4102_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3503", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Recombinase-assisted genome engineering (RAGE).\nB: Performance of select strains after 0 or 50 generations of culturing.\nC: Growth of strains on 2% degraded alginate.\nD: Advanced design principle based on the optimal implementation of complex biological systems through RAGE.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3503_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13419", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Induction ofA. parvulum-associated colitis requires the gut microbiota and hydrogen sulfide.\nB: Assessment of the microbiota composition at the mucosa-luminal interface of new-onset paediatric IBD.\nC: Microbiota–mitochondria correlation analysis.\nD: Atopobium parvuluminduces rapid and severe pan-colitis inIl10−/−mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13419_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1499", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Structures and molecular modelling ofTPP-IOAandTPP-ISA.\nB: Mitigative effects ofTPP-ISAandTPP-IOAagainst apoptosis.\nC: Modelling of the binding of imidazole substituted fatty acids.\nD: Radiation protection and mitigation byTPP-IOAandTPP-ISA.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1499_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Results of screening a fragment library using the warhead activation assay.\nB: Development of the bis-electrophilic warhead 1.\nC: Crystal structure of inhibitor 14 with 3C protease of EV-B93 (PDB: 5IYT).\nD: Concept of the fragment-warhead activation assay.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12761_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-27818-z", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Comparison of biotinylation enzymes in biotinylation of neo-substrate.\nB: Biotin-dependent LS-MS/MS analyses using HuH7 and IMR32 cells expressing AirID-CRBN.\nC: ZMYM2-FGFR1 fusion protein is degraded by pomalidomide.\nD: AirID-CRBN biotinylates neo-substrates in the presence of thalidomide and IMiDs in cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-021-27818-z_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The effects of transplanted astroglia on behavioural recovery after GCI.\nB: Effects of ACM from Olig2PC-Astros and NPC-Astros on neurons.\nC: Neuroprotective effects of NPC-Astros and Olig2PC-Astros following GCI.\nD: Differentiation of astroglial cells from Olig2-negative NPCs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3196_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14240", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Potent pepstatin preparations contain pepstatin esters.\nB: Mutations in the esterase PfPARE are responsible for resistance to pepstatin esters.\nC: PfPARE hydrolyzes and activates an ester-containing prodrug.\nD: In cell metabolism of pepstatin esters.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14240_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15482", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ACaBdf1 BD1 inhibitor phenocopies the effect of BD1 inactivation onC. albicansgrowth.\nB: Structure-based sequence alignment of human and fungal BET proteins showing the ligand-binding region.\nC: Bdf1 BDs are essential forC. albicansviability and virulence.\nD: Identification of a selectiveCaBdf1 BD2 inhibitor.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15482_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15398", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Single time point pulse-SILAC is sufficient to identify drug targets.\nB: ZFP91 and IKZF1/3 share a common sequence motif.\nC: Validation of ZFP91 asbona fidelenalidomide-induced CRL4CRBNsubstrate.\nD: Combining multiple data sets can further increase robustness and sensitivity.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15398_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6736", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Exemestane (EXE), letrozole (LTZ) and anastrozole (ANA) selectively activate the native TRPA1 channel expressed in rodent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.\nB: Aromatase inhibitors release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and produce neurogenic edema.\nC: Intragastric letrozole (LTZ) induces TRPA1-dependent prolonged mechanical allodynia and reduction in forelimb grip strength in mice.\nD: Intragastric exemestane (EXE) induces TRPA1-dependent prolonged mechanical allodynia and reduction in forelimb grip strength in mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6736_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Atglistatin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis improves glucose homeostasis.\nB: Metabolic characterization of mice fed a HFD in the presence and absence of Atglistatin.\nC: Atglistatin transiently inhibits lipolysis and protects from HFD-induced obesity.\nD: Hypophagia and reduced lipid deposition in WAT contribute to the obesity resistant phenotype.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14859_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4739", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of ketoconazole and BSO on CYP3A4-expressing THLE-2 cells on the TeamChip.\nB: Controlled expression of proteins in THLE-2 cells on the TeamChip.\nC: Effects of human DMEs expressed in THLE-2 cells on the toxicity of model compounds.\nD: TeamChip schematics and photographs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4739_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CMMP injection does not stimulate local T-cell immune response in immunocompetent mice.\nB: Injection of CMMPs promotes angiomyogenesis.\nC: Physiochemical and biological properties of CMMPs.\nD: Effects of CMMPs on NRCMs functionsin vitro.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13724_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14126", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Single-cell sequencing of mESC transfected with either miR-294 or let-7c.\nB: Differential gene expression of mESC transfected with either miR294 or let-7c.\nC: Cell-cell correlations within Dgcr8−/−and Dgcr8−/−transfected with either miR294 or let-7c.\nD: Gene co-expression across cells in Dgcr8−/−and Dgcr8−/−transfected with either miR294 or let7c.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14126_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: TNF-α is sufficient to induce HF TAT and is crucial for WIHN.\nB: Ly6C+inflammatory macrophages contribute to WIH-A and WIHN.\nC: TNF is a crucial mediator to induce the HF TAT.\nD: TNF activates the PI3K/AKT pathway in HF stem cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14091_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32229-9", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Primary cilia morphology in sPD.\nB: Primary cilia in fPD.\nC: Cluster specific gene expression changes in sPD pathology.\nD: scRNA-seq profiling and clustering.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-32229-9_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8140", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Model of the role of Prmt5 during fetal myogenesis and adult muscle regeneration.\nB: Epigenetic silencing of the cell cycle inhibitorp21by Prmt5.\nC: Prmt5 is required for survival of MuSC upon differentiation.\nD: Prmt5 regulates proliferation of MuSC via inhibition ofp21expression.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8140_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7188", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: AA combined with 2i enhances reprogramming efficiency.\nB: Different temporal requirements for AA and 2i.\nC: Convergence of AA and 2i effectors to regulate Esrrb level.\nD: AA and 2i promote complementary transcriptional responses.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7188_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13096", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Deletion ofPorcnin macrophages radio-sensitizes mice to lethal doses of WBI.\nB: CM from WT but not fromPorcn-null BMMΦ inhibits RIGS inCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice exposed to lethal dose of WBI.\nC: Macrophage-derived WNTs induce β-catenin activity in irradiated crypts.\nD: CM from WT BMMΦ rescued the Lgr5+veISC population in bothin vivoandin vitro.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13096_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10774", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Endothelin-1 supports clonal isolation of ISL1+CVP.\nB: Schematic illustration of the importance of EDN1 in the maintenance of CVPs.\nC: Endothelin-1 permits long-term clonal expansion of ISL1+CVPs.\nD: ISL1+CVP differentiates and forms human–mouse chimeric circulatory systemin vivo.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10774_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10924", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: DNMT3A mutant downregulates differentiation-associated genes in a DNA methylation-independent manner.\nB: DNMT3A R882 mutant recruits more efficiently RING1B to cell differentiation-associated genes.\nC: PRC1 contributes to development of DNMT3A mutant-associated leukaemic cells.\nD: DNMT3A R882 mutant specifically interacts with PRC2-dependent PRC1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10924_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11164", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ear pinna regeneration is not dependent on hole size.\nB: Complete ear-hole closure is coupled with tissue regeneration.\nC: Regenerating species restore dermal architecture whereas non-regenerating species form scar tissue in the dermis.\nD: A cubic function describes ear closure across species.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11164_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8107", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Germ cell flux promotes germline progenitor loss.\nB: Proximal somatic gonad (PSG) DAF-16/FOXO activity maintains germline progenitors.\nC: Germ cell flux influences germline progenitor maintenance through DAF-16/FOXO-dependent and DAF-16/FOXO-independent mechanisms.\nD: The DAF-2/insulin-IGF-like receptor (IIR) promotes age-related loss of germline progenitor cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8107_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7170", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NR2F1 and RA responsive genes in quiescent HEp3 cells.\nB: NR2F1 and tumour-initiating properties.\nC: Identification of NR2F1 and RARβ targets.\nD: NR2F1 and global H3-PTMs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7170_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Species richness and abundance relationships favour mimics over models.\nB: Geographic distribution of RBB gains and losses.\nC: Repeated evolutionary transitions among colour patterns in snakes.\nD: Spatial correlation between coral snakes and their mimics.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11484_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10247", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Some floral odours block the aggressive response to the alarm pheromone.\nB: Floral compounds compete with IAA to an extent directly proportional to their appetitive value.\nC: The impaired response to IAA was not caused by masking of this pheromone by the floral compounds.\nD: A possible model for the decision-making process underlying honeybee aggression.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10247_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11034", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hunt parameters in African wild dogs.\nB: Energy model outcome for African wild dogs.\nC: Comparison of African wild dog and cheetah stride parameters.\nD: Comparison of solitary versus group hunting scenarios.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11034_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13698", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Jumping of a water strider.\nB: Different jump modes.\nC: Comparison of empirical and modelled leg movements.\nD: Theoretical and empirical results of jumping of water striders.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13698_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1510", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: At-otdactivity is required to maintain dynamicAt-hhexpression in the presumptive head ectoderm.\nB: Splitting of the headAt-hhstripe in epithelium undergoing convergent extension.\nC: At-opaactivity is required to promote stripe splitting and its expression is regulated by segmentation genes.\nD: Various strategies to generate a spatial periodic pattern.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1510_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13098", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Motor cortex activity predicts upcoming responses.\nB: Differences in beta rebound between main and control task.\nC: Response alternation and its relation to the beta rebound.\nD: Visuomotor decision task.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13098_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13526", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of deadline-induced speed pressure on pre-motion pupil diameter and evoked pupil dilation.\nB: A simple network model generates signatures of speed pressure via global gain modulation alone.\nC: Identifying the shape of the neural input to the pupil diameter system during decision formation.\nD: Behavioural signatures of time-dependency under mild speed pressure.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13526_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-23540-y", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Neuronal correlates of detection in an immediate-response task (Experiment 1).\nB: Average firing rates of responsive neurons.\nC: Neuronal correlates of detection and confidence in a delayed-response task (Experiment 2).\nD: Computational model based on evidence accumulation.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-021-23540-y_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12327", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Experimental design and implementation.\nB: Recent and past reward rates influence choice in an opposing manner.\nC: Opposing effects of recent and past reward rates in dACC predict choice.\nD: RL-avgRR explains reward rate trend-guided choices.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12327_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15932", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Validation of the PTGS using gene set enrichment analysis.\nB: Generating the PTGS and establishing the cytotoxicity-scoring concept.\nC: Validation of the PTGS usingin vitroandin vivoprofiles from the TG-GATEs toxicogenomics database.\nD: High-throughput screening cell-based validation of PTGS to predict cytotoxicity in the CMap database.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15932_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3883", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reversal of hepatic steatosis by the reduction of SREBP-1 levels.\nB: miR-33−/−mice become obese and develop hepatic steatosis.\nC: SREBP-1 is regulated by endogenous changes in miR-33in vitro.\nD: Srebf1is a miR-33 target gene.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3883_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2774", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LOX regulates ECM structure and cell–cell junctional integrity in the lungin vivo.\nB: ECM structure mediates lung vascular permeability in endotoxin-induced lung injuryin vivo.\nC: LOX regulates lung vascular permeabilityin vivo.\nD: Matrix elasticity controls the integrity of endothelial cell–cell junction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2774_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3685", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of chronic ghrelin administration in lean mice with or without IgG from lean or obese mice.\nB: Anti-des-acyl ghrelin IgG in humans.\nC: Affinity binding between human ghrelin and IgG assayed by SPR.\nD: Ghrelin-reactive IgG and total IgG in humans.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3685_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9554", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Overview of the xseq modelling framework.\nB: Patients harbouring the same gene mutations but with variations intrans-associated gene expression.\nC: Theoretical performance of xseq on simulated data sets.\nD: The 65 genes harboured loss-of-function mutations with strongcis-effects on the expression of these genes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9554_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4475", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Enrichment of ClC-2 GlialCAM and MLC1 at cell–cell contacts requires expression of GlialCAM in both neighbouring cells.\nB: GlialcamandMlc1knockout mislocalizes ClC-2, MLC1 and GlialCAM along blood vessels.\nC: GlialcamandMlc1knockout alters the localization of ClC-2, GlialCAM and MLC1 in OLs.\nD: Expression of ClC-2, GlialCAM and MLC1 inGlialcamandMlc1mouse models.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4475_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7706", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: KR12 suppresses tumour growthin vivo.\nB: KR12-mediated specific suppression of KRAS codon 12 mutants in human colon cancer cells.\nC: Structure of KR12 and the sequence-specific cleavage of a DNA strand through KR12-dependent alkylation.\nD: KR12-dependent induction of cellular senescence and apoptosis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7706_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14677", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Smad3-dependent tumour microenvironment is derived from the bone marrow.\nB: The anticancer effect of Smad3−/−NK cells is dependent on E4BP4 more than on T-bet.\nC: Smad3 suppresses NK cell differentiation by downregulating E4BP4in vivoandin vitro.\nD: Smad3 facilitates cancer progression by suppressing host NK cell immunity in the tumour microenvironment.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14677_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7717", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Linear regression plots of root-to-tip distances according to Path-O-Gen (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/pathogen/).\nB: Bayesian phylogeny and population dynamics of 165 genotypes from Lineage 4, calibrated with four high-coverage eighteenth-century genotypes.\nC: Source of eighteenth centuryM. tuberculosisgenomes.\nD: Signatures of DNA damage associated with aged DNA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7717_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7532", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Guanabenz treatment protects oligodendrocytes and alters CD4+ T cell populations in two EAE mouse models.\nB: Guanabenz decreases IFN-γ-induced hypomyelination in rat cerebellar slice cultures.\nC: Guanabenz treatment delays and alleviates clinical symptoms in mice with chronic EAE.\nD: Guanabenz treatment alleviates clinical severity of relapse in mice with relapsing-remitting EAE.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7532_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2950", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Severe chronic anaemia of ISAM leads to efficient labelling of REP cells with GFP.\nB: Distribution of cells with Epo-producing potential throughout the renal cortex.\nC: Erythroblast-specific defects caused by insufficient Epo production in ISAM.\nD: Severe adult-onset anaemia with Epo-deficiency inEpo–/–::Tg458mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2950_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13710", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Serum LOXL2 as a biomarker for HFrEF and HFpEF.\nB: LOXL2 gene deletion improves cardiac function of stressed hearts in mice.\nC: LOXL2 correlates with cardiac dysfunction in both mouse model and human patients.\nD: LOXL2 correlates with collagen crosslinking and diastolic abnormalities in HFpEF.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13710_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14570", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Smurf2−/−mice have increased bone resorption.\nB: Smurf2−/−osteoblasts express high levels of RANKL driving osteoclastogenesis.\nC: Deletion ofSmurf2in mesenchymal cells leads to increased bone resorption.\nD: Osteoblast differentiation increased inSmurf2knockdown and knockout cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14570_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5934", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of obesity and lipid on autophagy.\nB: Effect of autophagy enhancers on diabetes ofAtg7+/−-ob/obmice.\nC: Aggravation of metabolic profile inob/obmice with autophagy haploinsufficiency.\nD: Proposed model for the development of diabetes in obese mice with systemic autophagy insufficiency.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5934_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11256", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Summary of the increased GCR rates of single-mutant strains identified using patch tests.\nB: Analysis of the ovarian and colorectal cancer TCGA data for alterations in GIS genes.\nC: Assaying single-mutant strains using GCR strain scores.\nD: Identification of genetic interactions involved in suppressing genome instability.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11256_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4386", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: APP knockdown unaffected the endocytosis of the γ-secretase.\nB: Intrinsic enzymatic activity of the γ-secretase in CALM-depleted cell membranes.\nC: Acidification in the consequence of endosomal maturation is the critical determinant for Aβ42 ratio.\nD: CALM regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis of γ-secretase.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4386_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14656", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ep3regulates CX3CR1 and VEGF expression through TGFβ1 signalling.\nB: Ep3overexpression in Mos/Mps improves cardiac recovery after MI in mice.\nC: Ep3deletion suppresses Ly6ClowMo/Mp infiltration in peritonitis in mice.\nD: CX3CR1 and VEGF are TGFβ1-targeting genes in mice and humans.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14656_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9282", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Pharmacological TNFα ablation blunts cortical but not trabecular bone loss caused by T-cell reconstitution.\nB: Proposed model of ART-induced bone loss.\nC: Starting T-cell number impacts the magnitude of bone loss in trabecular and cortical bone compartments.\nD: Proportion of immune cells producing RANKL and TNFα following T-cell reconstitution.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9282_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8360", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Activation of BTK and caspase-1 in infiltrating macrophages.\nB: BTK promotes ASC aggregation and interacts with ASC and NLRP3.\nC: Neuronal protection and inhibition of IL-1β maturation by ibrutinib in ischaemic brain injury.\nD: BTK inhibitors and its dysfunctional mutation suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8360_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4828", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: WASH1 depletion decreases neuronal cell survival.\nB: The D620N mutation destabilizes the retromer–WASH complex association.\nC: WASH1 depletion affects trafficking and localization of ATG9A.\nD: Effect of the D620N mutation on the assembly and protein–protein interactions of the retromer CSC.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4828_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8307", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: H2AK119Ub marks are present at the expressed and non-expressed genes in EML cells.\nB: Ectopic expression of ASXL1 truncations+BAP1 results in stable depletion of H2AK119Ub in the EML haematopoietic cell line.\nC: Expression of ASXL1(1–479)+BAP1 leads to upregulation of low-expressed and intermediate-expressed genes.\nD: Leukemia-associated ASXL1 truncation mutations cooperate with BAP1 to promote deubiquitination of H2AK119Ub.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8307_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4147", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: MafB is expressed in foam cells found within atherosclerotic lesions ofLDLR−/−mice.\nB: Reduction of atherogenic lesions inMafb−/−→LDLR−/−mice.\nC: MafB is regulated by the LXR/RXR nuclear receptors.\nD: AIM expression is reduced inMafb-deficient macrophages.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4147_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Cooperative facilitation of TrkB trafficking by ARHGAP33 and SORT1.\nB: Behavioural abnormalities inARHGAP33KO mice.\nC: Rescue of the impaired spine development and behavioural abnormalities inARHGAP33KO mice via TrkB activation in adulthood.\nD: Association ofARHGAP33with schizophrenia.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11387", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ordered RNA–protein interactions.\nB: HPeV3 structure.\nC: Structure-based sequence alignment of human parechoviruses.\nD: HPeV3–Fab structure.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11387_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4885", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Wdr62 regulates spindle assembly and its depletion activates the spindle checkpoint.\nB: Wdr62depleted cells exhibit a delay in mitotic progression and cell death.\nC: Wdr62 genetically interacts with Aurora A to regulate mitotic progression and brain size.\nD: Mitotic arrest and cell death inWdr62deficient cerebral cortex.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4885_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3359", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Regulation of genes involved in the MHC class I presentation pathway by p53.\nB: ERAP1 is transcriptionally regulated by p53 via abona fidep53RE.\nC: Influenza A virus infection-activated p53 enhances MHC class I expression in A549 (p53+/+) cells.\nD: Restoration of ERAP1 expression rescues the MHC class I expression.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3359_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11303", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Secondary structure prediction for Myl4 WT and mutant N-termini.\nB: Predicted interaction of Myl4 with putative actin-binding site.\nC: Myofibrillar organization and sarcomeric structure in WT and E17K transgenics.\nD: Electrocardiograms and whole hearts from WT transgenic and E17K transgenic zebrafish.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11303_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13781", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effect of YAP1 silencing, the P6 JAK inhibitor and GP130 silencing on DIH and Hep3B proliferation.\nB: RAF1 ablation correlates with decreased YAP1 and GP130 protein turnover in Hep3B cells, primary hepatocytes (P-HEPS), and DIH.\nC: Molecular characterization of RAF1-deficient lesions.\nD: Molecular characterization of RAF1-deficient cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13781_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5777", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Zygoticptk7mutants develop spinal curvatures that progress rapidly during late larval and early juvenile stages.\nB: Zygoticptk7mutants display late-onset, three-dimensional spinal curvatures.\nC: Ptk7mutants model CS or IS depending on timing of gene loss-of-function.\nD: Abnormal non-canonical Wnt/PCP or canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling lead to defects in embryonic segmentation and to subsequent vertebral abnormalities.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5777_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-16230-8", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Metabolic phenotype of chow-fed male p62Δ69-251mice.\nB: Impaired genomic binding of ATF2 in p62Δ69-251and global p62−/−mice.\nC: Impaired BAT function in p62flx/flxUcp1-Cre mice.\nD: Impaired energy expenditure and BAT thermogenesis in obese p62Δ69-251mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-16230-8_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10055", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: AMH receptor transcript expression in GnRH neurons.\nB: Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of AMHin vivoincreases the LH secretion.\nC: AMH increases GnRH neuron firing and hormone secretion.\nD: Specificity tests of anti-AMHR2 antibody and identification of AMHR2-expressing cells in the adult mouse brain.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10055_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2032", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Regulation of aSyn transcript isoform ratioin vitroandin vivo.\nB: Characterization of aSyn mRNA 3′UTR isoforms in unaffected and PD brain tissue.\nC: Altered aSyn transcript co-expression correlation networks in PD brain tissue.\nD: Regulation and consequences of aSyn 3′UTR alternative usage.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2032_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5715", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The pStat3-pc-Jun-pATF-2 ternary complex is central for CCL5 expression and pStat3-dependent HIF-1α induces VEGF expression.\nB: Tumour-conditioned LECs (MB231-LECs) express CCL5.\nC: MB231-LECs promote angiogenesisin vivo.\nD: Anti-mVEGF164and maraviroc treatment inhibits LN and lung metastasis.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5715_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14262", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecular discordances between original tumours and derived models in CRC-relevant genes.\nB: Comparative gene expression profiling between PDO and PDX models.\nC: Molecular classification of response to 5-FU in PDX models.\nD: Overview of drug response in PDX and PDO models.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14262_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4591", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Establishment of ExoScreen to detect the EVs.\nB: Analysis of circulating CD147 and CD9 double-positive EVs in healthy donors or colorectal cancer patient sera.\nC: Analysis of the amount of CD147 in EVs derived from various colon cancer cell lines and a normal colon fibroblast cell line.\nD: Comparison of ExoScreen and conventional methods.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4591_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9528", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Loss of Numb/Numbl induces senescence in a p53-dependent manner.\nB: Loss of Numb/Numbl exacerbates the dystrophic muscle phenotype.\nC: Self-renewed mutant satellite cells acquire senescence properties.\nD: Increased senescence in the absence of Numb/Numbl during muscle regeneration.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9528_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8530", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Targeting c-Myc is a mechanism by which 14-3-3σ suppresses cancer metabolic reprogramming.\nB: 14-3-3σ inhibits cancer metabolism by promoting Myc degradation.\nC: 14-3-3σ is involved in metabolic regulation under hypoxic condition.\nD: 14-3-3σ inhibits cancer metabolic reprogramming.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8530_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14108", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Elevated circulating purinergic components are associated with acclimatization and subsequent hypoxic adenosine response upon re-ascent.\nB: Hypoxia downregulates eENT1 through adenosine–ADORA2B–ubiquitin signalling.\nC: eENT1 is the major factor eliminating extracellular adenosine.\nD: Working model.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14108_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11672", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sustained inhibition of ErbB2 signalling triggers apoptosisin vivo.\nB: Dynamic signalling responses to ErbB2 blockade.\nC: ErbB3 knockdown is not sufficient to induce apoptosis without inhibition of ErbB2.\nD: RAS-PI3K crosstalk mediates AKT reactivation in the absence of p-ErbB3.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11672_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12754", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The wt NS1B protein, but not the 67 mutant NS1B protein, binds and sequesters ISG15 conjugates in IFN-β-pretreated influenza B virus-infected cells.\nB: ISGylation is responsible for the inhibition of viral RNA production in 67 mutant virus-infected cells.\nC: The NS1B protein does not inhibit IFN-β-induced ISGylation in influenza B virus-infected cells.\nD: The major target of ISGylation in influenza B virus-infected cells is NP.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12754_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11386", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Rescue of anion exchange activity of H723R-pendrin by DNAJC14.\nB: DNAJC14 upregulation restores the cell-surface expression of H723R-pendrin.\nC: Rescue of anion exchange activity of H723R-pendrin by Arf1-Q71L.\nD: Localization of DNAJC14 and Hsc70 in PANC-1 cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11386_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4329", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 3D-MIMs for spatiotemporal measurement and stimulation across the entire epicardial surface.\nB: Temperature and strain sensing combined with imaging enabled by integrated μ-ILEDs.\nC: Analysis of pressures on the epicardium associated with integration of a 3D-MIM.\nD: High-density electrical mapping.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4329_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14478", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Formulas of compounds investigated.\nB: Morphological effects on adultS. mansoni in vitro.\nC: IC50values of 1o and established antimalarial drugs as determined in the IC50speed assay onP. falciparumNF54in vitro18.\nD: Effect of compound 1o onP. bergheimultiplication in mice and on parasite transmission to mosquitoes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14478_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7722", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Self-cleavage of mouse neutrophil elastase after activation.\nB: The tc- and sc-form of neutrophil elastase in human and murine neutrophils.\nC: Impaired inhibition of tc mouse neutrophil elastase by AAT.\nD: Double internal cleavages appear to inactivate neutrophil elastase.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7722_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7745", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: G-CSF signalling is essential for the survival inmdxmice.\nB: G-CSF increases satellite cells in multiple differentiation stages.\nC: G-CSFR is asymmetrically expressed in activated satellite cells.\nD: G-CSF increases satellite cells through the G-CSF–G-CSFR–JNK axis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7745_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10782", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Hypothalamic histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) expression is regulated by nutrient availability and leptin sensitivity.\nB: Hypothalamic HDAC5 knockdown impedes leptin action:\nC: Hypothalamic disruption of HDAC5 activity impairs POMC expression and STAT3 signalling:\nD: Hypothalamic HDAC5 overexpression improves leptin sensitivity and ameliorates diet-induced obesity:", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10782_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11398", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dementia incidence rates in men and women.\nB: Flow chart of individuals in CFAS I and II.\nC: Total number of incident cases in UK in 2015 by age.\nD: Dementia incidence rates in CFAS I and CFAS II.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11398_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9126", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: RNAi silencing of YAP1 suppresses cell growth and invasionin vitro.\nB: Regulation of YAP1 and AR interactions by antiandrogenin vitro.\nC: Regulation of YAP1 phosphorylation by a direct MST1 signalling in PC cells.\nD: Mapping the binding domain between YAP1 and AR and assessing the significance of the binding.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9126_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8671", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reduced adiposity and adipocyte maturity in mice lacking 14-3-3ζ.\nB: 14-3-3ζ suppresses hedgehog signalling to control the expression of p27Kip1.\nC: Loss of 14-3-3ζ leads to rapid, autophagy-dependent degradation of C/EBP-δ.\nD: 14-3-3ζKO mice can gain weight on a high-fat diet", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8671_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2675", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Muscle regeneration is abnormal in the absence of CD9 or CD81.\nB: Muscle regeneration after grafting of control or CD9P-1-silenced myoblasts.\nC: CD9P-1 associates with CD9 and CD81 and negatively regulates myoblast fusion.\nD: Actin and α-actinin organizations in regenerating myofibres.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2675_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1491", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Relationship between collagen-binding activity and cerebral haemorrhage.\nB: Evaluation of the virulence of serotypek S. mutansstrains using the mouse cerebral haemorrhage model.\nC: Effect of CBP-expressingS. mutansisolated from stroke patients on cerebral haemorrhage.\nD: Variation of bacterial cell surface conditions and collagen-induced platelet aggregation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1491_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39836-0", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reference and personal food similarity networks.\nB: Structure of the food-nutrient network is crucial for determining the nutritional redundancy of human diet.\nC: Dietary food profiles are highly personalized while the nutrient profiles are highly stable.\nD: Nutrient redundancy serves as a potential metric to predict healthy aging in NHS.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-39836-0_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3740", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Increased HS promotes more rapid and more complete recovery from SCI.\nB: CS synthesis after the CSI is lower in T1KO than in WT mice.\nC: HS synthesis increases in injured spinal cords of T1KO mice.\nD: Reduced CS levels are associated with reduced scar formation in T1KO mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3740_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8882", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PARP14 knockdown impairs HCC cell growth.\nB: Active JNK1 specifically activates PKM2 but not PKM1.\nC: Mutation of Thr365 inhibits PKM2 and promotes PARP14-mediated HCC cell survival.\nD: PARP14 inhibits PKM2 activity via suppression of JNK1.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8882_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32491-x", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Decreased expression of HLA-A and antigen-presenting genes at progression.\nB: Standard LDR of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide forms supportive environment for T cells and highlights impact of cell dose.\nC: T-cell product enriched with activated, effector memory CD8 cells is associated with response.\nD: Increase in proinflammatory cytokines in responders post lete-cel infusion and correlation to peak cell expansion.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-32491-x_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-18081-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of EVs isolated from shCON and shITGB3 cells.\nB: ITGB3 is required for EV-induced colony formation in MDA.MB.231 cells.\nC: Interaction of EVs with the cell surface is a highly dynamic process.\nD: EV-induced activation of FAK is required for ITGB3-dependent EV uptake.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-18081-9_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9457", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Δ2–4Merlin expression promotes cell migration and induces EMT.\nB: Interfering with the expression of Merlin promotes metastasis in HCC cell lines.\nC: The alternative splicing of Merlin in HCC is determined by PCR and western blotting.\nD: Δ2–4Merlin loses its functions of anchoring the membrane and binding to ERM and β-catenin.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9457_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13354", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Interaction between PD-L1 and BMS-936559.\nB: Crystal structure of PD-L1 in complex with BMS-936559.\nC: Suggestion of a cyclic peptide as a modulator of the CTLA-4/B7 interaction.\nD: Conformational changes in the loops of PD-1 induced by the binding of anti-PD-1 antibodies.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13354_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12943", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Proximal Bmi1+ cells preferentially undergo clonal expansion during prostate tumorigenesis.\nB: CARBs prost-castration serve as a prostate cancer cell-of-origin.\nC: Bmi1+ cells serve as prostate cancer initiating cells.\nD: Cell cycle entry and exit of luminal and basal CARBs in regenerating prostates.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12943_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13166", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CSN5 inhibition results in the inactivation of a subset of CRLs and the stabilization of their substrates.\nB: CSN5i-3 inhibits tumour growth of a human xenograft.\nC: CSN5i-3 is a potent inhibitor of CSN5-catalysed cullin deneddylation.\nD: CSN5 inhibition exhibits a differentiating effect on the viability of cancer cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13166_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13796", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: GALNT14 promotes lung metastasis initiation by reversing the BMP-mediated suppression ofSOX4expression.\nB: Proposed working model of GALNT14-mediated lung-specific metastasis of breast cancer.\nC: GALNT14 enables BCCs to modify and exploit the lung microenvironment for their metastatic outgrowth.\nD: GALNT14 selectively promotes lung metastasis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13796_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14209", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CARMIL2-deficiency impairs CD28 co-signalling.\nB: IL-2 rescues degranulation and NKG2D expression on NK and CD8 T cells.\nC: CARMIL2-deficiency impairs CD28-mediated T-cell differentiation.\nD: CARMIL2-deficiency impairs CD28-mediated T-cell function.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14209_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14290", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Screen for antineoplastic drugs and therapeutic targets in PTCL cell lines.\nB: THZ1 unbinds mutant STAT3 from theMYCgene.\nC: THZ1 inhibits STAT3Y640Fsignalling.\nD: CDK7 is a survival factor in PTCL.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14290_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8058", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Ionizing radiation and maytansinol caused cell death in differentiated cells but not in stem cells.\nB: pieregulates GSC self-renewal throughFOXOlevel.\nC: pieis required for cell survival of somatic but not stem cells.\nD: pieis required for female GSC division.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8058_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9918", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chronic administration of the G-protein-biased agonist improves hepatic steatosis in DIO mice.\nB: Chronic administration of P5 improves glycaemic status in diabetic mice.\nC: In vitropharmacological characterization of P5 (ELVDNAVGGDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS).\nD: Chronic administration of the G-protein-biased agonist modulates adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in DIO mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9918_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6181", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: BDV infection protects against rotenone-induced axonal fragmentation.\nB: The X protein and PX3 trigger filamentation of the mitochondrial network both under basal conditions and after oxidative stress.\nC: The X protein and PX3 block Drp1S616phosphorylation both under basal conditions and after oxidative stress.\nD: BDV X protein protects from rotenone-induced oxidative stress.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6181_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11939", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Gut microbiota community profiles of 27 1-month-old infants and 22 adults.\nB: Relationships between bacterial family abundances and gut environments.\nC: Infant microbiota development and molecular mechanisms of FL utilization by bifidobacteria.\nD: Infant gut microbiota community profiles during the first month of life.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11939_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3584", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: In-vivoimaging of bacterial myositis and sterile myositis.\nB: Humanpost-mortemimplant model.\nC: In-vivoimaging of bacterial myositis.\nD: Vancomycin-IRDye 800CW and the experimental approach.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3584_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10248", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spatiotemporal arrangement of haematopoietic lineages.\nB: Reproducibility of T8.MEM.SP.OT1.D45.LISOVA CLS survival association in breast cancer data sets.\nC: Haematopoietic lineage survival associations.\nD: Correlations between haematopoietic lineage CLS and ESTIMATE purity score.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10248_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9873", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Glutamine consumption and GLS activity are important for optimal adenovirus replication.\nB: MYC regulates glutamine consumption during adenovirus infection.\nC: Glutaminase inhibition limits HSV-1 and influenza A replication.\nD: Adenovirus infection alters host cell glutamine utilization in a MYC activation-dependent manner.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9873_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5765", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Simulation of dynamics of the brain activity pattern on energy landscapes.\nB: Local minimums in the energy landscape during bistable perception.\nC: Relationship between basin size and mean duration.\nD: Relationship with GMV.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5765_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4065", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Schematic representations of the nanoparticle formulations andin vitroefficacy data.\nB: In vivoefficacy of 12 weeks biweekly low-dose [S]-rHDL infusions.\nC: In vivoefficacy of a single week high-dose [S]-rHDL infusions.\nD: Schematic of the study design.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4065_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21249-6", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Impact of reopening schools on epidemic activity.\nB: Impact of reopening schools on ICU occupancy.\nC: Protocols of school reopening.\nD: Simulated epidemic activity in scenarios with reopening of schools.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-21249-6_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-43206-1", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Bioinformatics analyses of CCHFV Gn/Gc interacting host proteins.\nB: C-terminus of HAX1 is required for interaction with Gn and N-terminus of HAX1 is essential for mitochondrial targeting.\nC: Proposed model for host restriction of CCHFV via HAX1 by sequestrating Gn to mitochondria.\nD: HAX1 acts as a host restriction factor against CCHFV infection.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-43206-1_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8314", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Transgenic hA53T versus hWT αS expressed inαS-/- mouse brain.\nB: αS multimers in normal brain tissues and neural cells.\nC: Intact-cell crosslinking of αS expressed at varying levels.\nD: A53T versus WT αS in hESC- and hiPSC-derived neurons.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8314_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7377", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: NGS reveals specific genetic alterations in resistant SCLCs.\nB: Resistant SCLCs respond to ABT-263 and lose EGFR expression.\nC: ResistantEGFRmutant SCLCs have genetic loss ofRB1.\nD: RB is invariably absent in resistantEGFRmutant SCLCs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7377_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6637", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reciprocal regulation between Mcl-1 and Beclin 1 protein stability and ubiquitination.\nB: USP9X binds, deubiquitinates and stabilizes Beclin 1 and Mcl-1.\nC: Beclin 1/Mcl-1 axis contributes to the progression of melanoma.\nD: Model of Beclin 1/Mcl-1 co-regulation and contribution to melanoma progression.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6637_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4551", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Diminished neuroinflammation inBhlhe40−/−mice.\nB: IL-10R blockade rendersBhlhe40−/−mice susceptible to EAE.\nC: THcells require Bhlhe40 for normal cytokine productionin vitro.\nD: Transcriptional analysis of Bhlhe40-deficient THcells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4551_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4125", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: E. coliLPS excites TRPA1-expressing sensory neurons.\nB: TRPA1 mediates stimulation of nociceptor neurons by LPS.\nC: Neurogenic inflammation and pain by LPS depend on TRPA1 activity.\nD: The shape of lipid A determines TRPA1 activation by LPS.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4125_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-38140-1", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Placental schizophrenia-risk genes and SARS-CoV-2 infection.\nB: Single-cell enrichment of placental schizophrenia risk genes.\nC: Concordant and discordant placental gene expression signatures between schizophrenia and other disorders and traits.\nD: Sex bias in placental TWAS for schizophrenia.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-38140-1_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8737", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Fc-independent anti-GPIbα-mediated thrombocytopenia occurs via the AMR.\nB: Anti-GPIbα antibodies induce surface expression of NEU1.\nC: Sialidase inhibition rescues thrombocytopenia in a murine model of ITP.\nD: Anti-GPIbα antibodies induce platelet activation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8737_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2032", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Longer aSyn transcript 3′UTRs promote protein accumulation and mitochondrial localization.\nB: Altered aSyn transcript co-expression correlation networks in PD brain tissue.\nC: Characterization of aSyn mRNA 3′UTR isoforms in unaffected and PD brain tissue.\nD: Regulation and consequences of aSyn 3′UTR alternative usage.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2032_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11776", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 4E-BP3 is transcriptionally induced by mTORC1 inhibition.\nB: E-boxes function ascis-elements for theEIF4EBP3promoter activation by TFE3.\nC: 4E-BP3 limits cap-dependent translation during mTORC1 inhibition.\nD: 4E-BP3 is an important downstream effector of mTORC1 in cancer.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11776_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1033", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scheme of the algorithms.\nB: The number of passed gene sets (PGSs) in the random data sets.\nC: Kaplan–Meier curves of the risk groups for ER− patients with a 10-year disease-free survival predicted by the combinatorial use of NRC-7 to NRC-9.\nD: Kaplan–Meier curves of the risk groups for ER+ patients with 10-year disease-free survival predicted by the combinatorial use of NRC-1 to NRC-6.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1033_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9792", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The recruitment of fibrocyte-like cells in the surgically resected human lung cancer specimens.\nB: The isolation and characterization of mouse fibrocyte-like cells from normal mouse lungs or Y-MESO-14 tumours.\nC: Host-derived FGF2 is upregulated in the intrathoracic Y-MESO-14 tumours resistant to bevacizumab treatment.\nD: The involvement of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in the fibrocyte-like cell-mediated angiogenesis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9792_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13035", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: α7nAChR is necessary to the activation of SSNA on hypertensive challenges.\nB: Selective splenic denervation blocks sympathetic nervous system in the spleen.\nC: AngII activates discharge of the splenic nerve.\nD: Splenic denervation protects from the T cells infiltration in target organs of hypertension.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13035_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7241", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Recruited Mφs activate β-catenin signalling and induce VSMC proliferation after AngII infusion.\nB: C1q mediates AngII-induced activation of β-catenin signalling and arterial remodelling.\nC: Activation of β-catenin signalling induces VSMC proliferation.\nD: β-catenin signal activation is responsible for VSMC proliferation after AngII infusion.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7241_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12862", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: 14-3-3ζ-deficient mice are protected from pulmonary thromboembolism.\nB: 14-3-3ζ-deficient platelets demonstrate sustained metabolic ATP following potent activation.\nC: 14-3-3ζ deficiency enhances platelet mitochondrial respiratory reserve capacity.\nD: Hematopoietic-specific 14-3-3ζ deficiency results in defective arterial thrombosis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12862_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15104", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Basal characters ofXrcc1αMHC-CreandXrcc1αMHC-Cre; Atm+/−mice.\nB: Xrcc1 deficiency increase SSB accumulation and exacerbates heart failure.\nC: Possible roles of SSB accumulation in pathogenesis of heart failure.\nD: ATMgene deletion rescues the cardiac phenotypes ofXrcc1deficient mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15104_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14509", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Impaired translocation of pathogenic bacteria inAif1−/−mice.\nB: Aif1-dependent activation of β1 integrin.\nC: Ultrastructure of M cells in Aif1-deficient mice.\nD: Importance of M-cell-intrinsic Aif1 for uptake of particles andY. enterocolitica.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14509_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15375", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ACF7 regulates motility and tight junction dynamics in colorectal epithelial cells.\nB: Elevated inflammatory response inACF7-deficient mice.\nC: ACF7 regulates wound repair and tight junction dynamics of intestinal epithelial cellsin vivo.\nD: ACF7cKO mice are more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15375_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11606", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The atEcstrain is resistant to H2O2.\nB: Infant mice transplanted with atEcexhibit increased susceptibility toVcinfection.\nC: TheeKatE-encoded catalase plays a critical role in atEc-mediated enhancement ofVcinfectivity.\nD: AtypicalE. colicells proliferate rapidly in response to antibiotic treatment.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11606_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9768", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: ESRP2 regulates a conserved set of postnatal AS transitions in hepatocytes.\nB: Esrp2ablation leads to failure of postnatal AS transitions in the liver.\nC: Histological and functional defects in the livers ofEsrp2KO mice.\nD: ESRP2 controls AS of cell proliferation and differentiation-related genes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9768_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-41519-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Combined dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia increase TB severity.\nB: Streptozotocin combined with high fat diet mirrors human type 2 diabetes.\nC: Mutation of bacterial glyercol-3-kinase abrogates the enhanced virulence ofM. tuberculosisin diabetic mice.\nD: Combination of high fat diet with streptozotocin treatment induces adipose tissue loss.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-023-41519-9_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16052", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Behavioural results in the placebo condition.\nB: Outline of study design and experimental task.\nC: Paradigm-induced activation patterns.\nD: Neural insulin effects.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms16052_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21744-w", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Performance of HCA species in the second cross-sectional study.\nB: Performances of HCA species in the 10-year and 5-year longitudinal studies.\nC: Performances of HCA species and other BA species in the first cross-sectional study.\nD: Performances of surgery-induced changes of HCA species in the gastric bypass surgery intervention study.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-21744-w_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14147", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: A-FABP deficiency impedes HFD- and cold-induced activation of BAT in mice.\nB: Circulating A-FABP facilitates the uptake of free fatty acid into adipocytes.\nC: A-FABP mediates expression ofDio2via inhibition of LXRα.\nD: A-FABP deficiency impairs adaptive thermogenesis in mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14147_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5639", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Chronic hyperglycaemia reversibly alters β-cell ultrastructure.\nB: Gene induction results in rapid diabetes that is normalized by insulin and SU therapy.\nC: Insulin/glucagon double-positive cells are reversibly increased by hyperglycaemia.\nD: Chronic hyperglycaemia alters insulin and glucagon immunostaining in pancreatic islets.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5639_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4673", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Characterization of the cartilage remnant.\nB: Cells of the reserve zone do not undergo apoptosis in Gsα cKO mice.\nC: Chondrocytes of reserve zone are recruited into proliferation in Gsα cKO mice.\nD: Further molecular characterization of the cartilage remnant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4673_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1568", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Establishment of anin vivomodel of axon regeneration across the dorsal root entry zone.\nB: Expression of multiple genes in DRG neurons.\nC: Efficient gene transfection of adult DRG neurons.\nD: In vivoelectroporation of adult mouse DRG neurons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1568_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5093", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: LSD1 is essential for early adipogenesis, but dispensable at later stages of differentiation.\nB: LSD1 induces oxidative capacities in WAT in a cell-autonomous manner.\nC: LSD1 expression is induced in white fat pads after cold exposure or β3-adrenergic treatment of mice.\nD: LSD1 positively regulates OXPHOS in mature adipocytes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5093_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6472", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Analysis of changes in myelination in the spinal cord upon oligodendrocyte ablation (oDTR) after administration of diphtheria toxin (DTX) and potential modulatory factors.\nB: Analysis of microglial and astrocytic changes in mice upon oligodendrocyte ablation (oDTR) after administration of diphtheria toxin (DTX).\nC: Scheme of inducible ablation of oligodendrocytes in adult mice and an overview of the resulting spinal pathophysiology and behavioural phenotypes.\nD: Blocking microglial transformation or T-lymphocyte infiltration in the spinal cord does not inhibit pain hypersensitivity induced by oligodendrocyte ablation in oDTR mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6472_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10465", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Motor neuron-selective deletion ofFUSdoes not cause MN degeneration.\nB: Progressive and selective loss of motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of mice expressing ALS mutant FUS.\nC: Diffuse cytoplasmic mislocalization of mutant FUS extends to sensory and motor axons in the peripheral nerve.\nD: Conditional expression of myc-tagged hFUS from theMAPTlocus reveals increased stability of ALS mutant protein.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10465_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10119", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Increased expression of RCAN1, an endogenous calcineurin inhibitor, downregulates TrkA endocytosis by altering dynamin1 phosphorylation.\nB: RCAN1transgenic mice exhibit loss of sympathetic neurons and reduced sympathetic innervation of target tissues.\nC: RCAN1 overexpression attenuates retrograde NGF signalling.\nD: ReducingRCAN1gene dosage ameliorates defects in calcineurin activity, dynamin phosphorylation and Trk receptor trafficking inDp(16)1Yey/+mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10119_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8319", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Inhibition of the TIR-1 pathway kinase signalling pathway suppresses motor neuron degeneration.\nB: Induction of the innate immune response and neurodegeneration requireunc-13andunc-31.\nC: tir-1promotes TDP-43A315Tor FUSS57Δ-induced paralysis and neurodegeneration.\nD: Activation of immune-linked gene transcription in TDP-43 and FUS ALS models.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8319_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-35474-0", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The SNrGABA-STNGlu-LPBGlupathway in pain-like behaviors.\nB: STNGluneurons directly innervate LPBGluneurons.\nC: Chemogenetic silencing of STN neurons reduces the response of LPBGluneurons to peripheral mechanical stimulation.\nD: Dynamics of STN GCaMP6 signal in pain processing.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-35474-0_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12863", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Molecular medicine", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Botrocetin and shear cause GPIb–IX signalling and clearance of murine platelets.\nB: A deletion mutation unfolding the MSD causes ligand-free GPIb–IX signalling.\nC: Botrocetin and physiological shear induce GPIb–IX signalling in human platelets.\nD: Botrocetin facilitates mechanical pulling-induced unfolding of MSD.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12863_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12616", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Molecular medicine", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: PPX and PPX_Δ12 reduce thrombus formation in blood under flow.\nB: Cloning and expression of PPX mutants.\nC: PPX and PPX_Δ12 do not alter fibrin composition.\nD: PPX and PPX_Δ12 interfere with arterial and venous thrombosis in mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12616_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-36185-w", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Molecular medicine", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Early defects in mitochondrial respiration in the muscle of SBMA mice.\nB: Progressively altered expression of genes involved in sarcomere organization and muscle contraction in SBMA transgenic mice.\nC: Stimulus-induced accumulation of Ca2+in mitochondria in SBMA mice.\nD: Prolonged muscle contraction/relaxation time precedes defects in intrinsic muscle force generation in SBMA mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-36185-w_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39824-4", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Modest impact of diet and microbiota composition on circulating TMAO in BMIS MetaCardis subjects.\nB: Overview of study design and main findings.\nC: Signatures predicting circulating TMAO shift in different disease groups and TMAO causally mediates eGFR decline with age.\nD: TMAO promotes myofibroblast differentiation and exacerbates renal fibrotic injury.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-39824-4_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16052", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Neural insulin effects.\nB: DCM results.\nC: Outline of study design and experimental task.\nD: Paradigm-induced activation patterns.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms16052_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-14552-1", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Volcano plot showing the magnitude (log-fold change) versus evidence (log-odds) of differential expression of all OTUs between food allergy case and non-case mothers.\nB: Household size and the proportion of mothers withP.copridetected in fecal samples collected during pregnancy.\nC: Maternal intake of fat and fiber, substantial carriage ofP.copriand the offspring’s risk of food allergy.\nD: The fractional carriage and relative abundance ofP. copriamong mothers of infants with and without food allergy within the random subgroup.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-14552-1_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28119-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Scatter plots for simulated estimates of SNP association with a quantitative trait (I),\\({\\hat{\\beta }}_{GI}\\), and a quantitative outcome (P) conditional on I,\\({\\hat{\\beta}}{\\,\\!}_{GP}^{\\prime}\\).\nB: Adjustment factors (means ± SD) for the collider bias that are estimated using the Slope-Hunter (SH) and the ‘Hedges-Olkin’ estimator of the Dudbridge et al.\nC: Means of type-1 error rates (averaged over SNPs affectingI) for the unadjusted and adjusted estimators using the Slope-Hunter (SH) method and ‘Hedges-Olkin’ of the Dudbridge et al. (DHO) method.\nD: A graphical illustration for the Slope-Hunter approach.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-28119-9_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-45080-x", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CaMK4 modulates human Tfhcell function.\nB: CaMK4 expression in SLE Tfhcells is increased compared with Tregcells and correlates with TfhBCL6expression.\nC: T cell CaMK4 drives antigen-specific IgG response to immunization.\nD: Deletion of CaMK4 in T cells corrects B cell dysregulation and improves autoimmunity.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-024-45080-x_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19702-z", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Landscape of DNA accessibility in 8 cell types from normal skin in vivo.\nB: Cell types-specific regulome divergence in normal, unaffected, and affected skins.\nC: Cell type-specific chromatin accessibility in a skin biopsy from healthy donors.\nD: Conventional dendritic cells were more infiltrated in affected compare with normal skin.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-19702-z_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8087", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: myofibres decline in size in most limb muscles with age.\nB: Testing satellite cell role in maintaining EOM and diaphragm myofibres.\nC: Summary of satellite cell contribution to adult uninjured muscle.\nD: Satellite cell number differs between muscles and with age.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8087_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10959", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Effects of pterosin B on human articular chondrocytes and hiPSC-derived chondrocytes.\nB: Phenotype of cartilage in mice lacking Sik3 after birth.\nC: Effects of Sik3 deletion on osteoarthritis development in DMM-operated knees.\nD: Effects of pterosin B on chondrocyte differentiationin vitro.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10959_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14181", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Reduced brush border loss and NGAL excretion in fructokinase knockout mice undergoing iAKI.\nB: Improved renal dysfunction in luteolin-receiving mice after ischaemic insult.\nC: Ameliorated renal dysfunction in fructokinase knockout mice undergoing iAKI.\nD: Ameliorated renal dysfunction and injury in fructokinase knockout mice undergoing CIN.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14181_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12973", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Deletion of megalin results in proteinuria containing LCN2.\nB: Trafficking of K3 and K3Cys mutants.\nC: Conservation of surface domains of mammalian LCN2 proteins.\nD: Screening LCN2 mutant proteins for urinary excretion.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12973_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42154-0", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Modulation of kidney fibrosis in ADTKD-UMODby MANF.\nB: Renal tubular upregulation of MANF promotes mitophagy and improves mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to abrogation of STING activation and kidney fibrosis in ADTKD-UMOD.\nC: Generation of a mouse model that recapitulates human ADTKD-UMOD.\nD: Impaired autophagy in the mutant TALs in ADTKD-UMOD.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-42154-0_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-34854-w", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Injury-specific chromatin opening dictates gene activation.\nB: RXRα expression is inversely correlated with kidney disease severity in AKI mice and patients.\nC: Chromatin accessibility landscape of TECs after severe kidney injury.\nD: Bex treatment protects TECs against severe injury.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-34854-w_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5212", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Construction of the HSDN.\nB: Correlation between symptom similarity and shared PPIs.\nC: Disease node diversity and betweenness.\nD: Correlation between symptom similarity and shortest path length of the associated proteins in the PPI network.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5212_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-18682-4", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Details relating to Fig.5where the Neighbourhood tool has been selected.\nB: Disease trajectory network for essential (primary) hypertension (I10).\nC: Linear disease trajectories for essential (primary) hypertension (I10).\nD: Linear disease trajectories for Down syndrome (Q90).", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-18682-4_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11753", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Dysmorphogenesis and cytomegaly of layer 2/3 mPFC neurons are sufficient to induce convulsive seizures.\nB: FCDs and seizures are prevented by chronic postnatal rapamycin treatments but return following rapamycin withdrawal.\nC: Gliosis but no change in GABAergic neuron density are visible in FCDs.\nD: Experimental cortical malformations display typical features of type II FCDs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11753_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32507-6", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Sitting and standing heart rate and blood pressure in female patients.\nB: Hand grip strength (HGS).\nC: Correlation of hand grip strength (HGS) with laboratory parameter.\nD: Severity of fatigue and disability.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-32507-6_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-22726-8", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Urology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Molecular interactions between RhoB and Beclin 1.\nB: RhoB restricts intracellular UPEC.\nC: RhoB-mediated Beclin 1 stabilization is governed by Hsp90.\nD: RhoB induces LC3 lipidation and upregulates Beclin1 level.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-021-22726-8_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-18167-4", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Urology", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: SMCav1.2+/− mice exhibit altered urodynamics mimicking ketamine cystitis.\nB: SMCav1.2+/− mice exhibit abnormal BSM morphology and contractility.\nC: Ketamine and nifedipine dose-dependently inhibit human BSM cell proliferation.\nD: Ketamine inhibition of BSM contraction is not mediated by NMDAR.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-18167-4_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2961", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Spreading rate of HIV as a function of density in US Metropolitan Statistical Areas.\nB: Correlation between GDP and population, as well as correlation between GDP and population density for all 247 NUST-2 regions in the European Union.\nC: The number of social ties as function of grid sizes and urban mobility limits.\nD: Overall time of calls between residents of a county as a function of its population.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2961_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39098-w", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Counterfactual scenarios - Deaths averted if countries had US-equivalent vaccination start date.\nB: Vaccine inequities.\nC: The role of NPIs.\nD: Counterfactual scenarios - Deaths averted if countries had US-equivalent vaccination rate.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-39098-w_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3269", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Social sciences", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Site locations.\nB: Height–diameter models for different inventoried forest types at the YGB reserve in the Central Congo Basin.\nC: Aboveground and soil carbon stock per forest type for inventory plots in the YGB reserve.\nD: Comparison between aboveground carbon stock at YGB and sites from the AfriTRON network.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3269_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-18037-z", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Scientific community", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Exploitable nonlinearity is apparent in different open datasets but not in functional brain images.\nB: Gaussian noise can lead to linearization of decision boundaries.\nC: Classification performance gains with more powerful algorithms in two machine learning datasets.\nD: Adding noise to MNIST images leads to scaling behavior similar to that of brain images.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-18037-z_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-18442-4", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Scientific community", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: pIGF-1R supports the survival of AXL-low tumor cells after osimertinib exposure.\nB: IGF-1R associated with EGFR and adaptor proteins, Gab1 and Shc.\nC: Transient combination of linsitinib with osimertinib cured AXL-low tumors in vivo.\nD: Linsitinib with a suboptimal dose of osimertinib regresses AXL-low tumors in vivo.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-18442-4_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-27673-y", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Energy and society", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Map of the average net earned income per secondary energy expenditure for each census tract in the continental US.\nB: An inset focused on the city of New Orleans, Louisiana (Orleans Parish).\nC: The distribution ofNhs across different household characteristics.\nD: Display of the relationship betweenEbandNhwith net income (gross income - energy expenditures) for US households.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-27673-y_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-31354-9", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Energy and society", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: CO2emissions, transport demand, energy intensity, and carbon intensity in 2015 and 2060 under different strategies and instruments.\nB: Regional differentiation of emission reductions.\nC: CO2from the ground transport sector in China.\nD: Economic costs under different strategies and instruments.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-31354-9_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-17679-3", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Energy and society", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Change in commodity trade costs under 1.75 and 2 °C HDI-based redistributed cases relative to optimal cases, 2020–2060.\nB: Change in production levels of fossil fuels under 1.75 and 2 °C redistributed cases relative to the cost-optimal case, 2020–2060.\nC: Change in regional energy system costs and commodity trade costs under 1.75 and 2 °C HDI-based redistributed cases relative to optimal cases, 2020–2060.\nD: Carbon tax levels applied to fossil production in different HDI groups, 2020–2100.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-17679-3_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-15826-4", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Energy and society", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Distribution of counties selected for PV poverty alleviation policy in China mainland.\nB: Parallel trend using full samples.\nC: Channels through which household income is affected by the SEPAP.\nD: Treatment effect estimates by region and economic condition.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-020-15826-4_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13160", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Energy and society", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Parameter importance as determinants of relative present value.\nB: Parallel coordinates plot of the relative net present values as a function of the most important parameters.\nC: Parameter ranges for which each technology has the highest relative net present value.\nD: Relative present value as a function of carbon price.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13160_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4163", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Agriculture", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Estimates of effective population sizes of Western RHG and AGR populations.\nB: Genome-wide structure of RHG and AGR populations.\nC: Lower effective population sizes of RHG with respect to AGR populations.\nD: Simulated models of a bottleneck and an expansion fitting the observed LD levels of Western RHG and AGR.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4163_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4953", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Agriculture", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Δ13C andδ15N of archaeobotanical samples recovered at each site.\nB: Major climatic trends and demographic changes in the region compared with data from the present study.\nC: Geographical location of the set of 11 Near East archaeological sites where samples were collected.\nD: Kernel quality and soil fertility.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4953_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-30371-y", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Developing world", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Time-scaled phylogeny for Goa samples and reference samples from other states of India.\nB: Year-wise graphs of intervention outputs and indicators of rabies control from 2012 - 2019.\nC: Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model for detecting at least one rabies case by taluka in a month.\nD: Year-wise maps of Goa state showing canine rabies cases and the extent of dog vaccination.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-30371-y_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-20687-y", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Developing world", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Mobility trends raw and treated data from Apple Maps and community mobility reports from Google.\nB: The relationship between social distancing (SD) and the percentage ratio of the unsusceptible or protected people over the whole population (Protection).\nC: Sensitivity analysis considering the impact of having the pandemic spread contained within localized pockets within the state of São Paulo on the progression of the disease estimated by our model and mitigation strategies optimization results for the worst-case scenario investigated in terms of the number of critical cases per day (ICU-PD).\nD: Mitigation strategies optimization results for the state of São Paulo.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-20687-y_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-15218-8", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Developing world", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Design and framework of the study.\nB: Derived current overall heat health risk index (HHRI) values for Philippine cities (c. 2015).\nC: Relative risk (RR) curves derived in this study.\nD: Spatial distribution of Philippine cities, with their current levels of heat hazard, exposure, and vulnerability (c. 2015).", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-15218-8_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-30727-4", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Developing world", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Population exposed to floods.\nB: Economic activity at risk, estimated by exposure headcounts multiplied by subnational income per capita.\nC: Absolute and relative population exposure at subnational level.\nD: Poverty and flood exposure.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-30727-4_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28598-w", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Developing world", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Treatment for diagnosed gHAT patients is modeled as a branching tree process of possible health outcomes including eligibility for novel treatment fexinidazole.\nB: Maps of preferred strategies according to economic or budgetary goals for 2020–2040.\nC: Model of strategies against gHAT in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).\nD: Components of annual and cumulative costs, by strategy and location.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-28598-w_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-46970-w", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Water resources", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Performance summary of the different coastal defence options.\nB: Subgroup analysis for different ecosystem types.\nC: Benefit-Cost Ratios (BCRs) of coastal defence projects.\nD: Mean effect size for different functions.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-024-46970-w_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-23898-z", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Water resources", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Coefficient plot of Clean Water Act sensitivity test results.\nB: Map of the percent of county Clean Water Act (CWA) permittees listed as Clean Water Act Significant Noncompliers.\nC: Coefficient plot of descriptive regression model results.\nD: Map of the percent of county households without full indoor plumbing as reported by the 2014–2018 American Community Survey.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-23898-z_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42204-7", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Water resources", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Long-term desalination performance.\nB: Membrane performance for MD desalination.\nC: Superhydrophobic hierarchical porous PES membrane.\nD: Desalination performance of the nanofilament-coated membranes.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-42204-7_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-14386-x", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Geography", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Uncertainty in the simulation results of three major metropolitan areas in 2100.\nB: The rank-size distributions of urban land patches in the representative regions in different periods.\nC: Projections of urban land demand globally and in the representative macro regions for 2010–2100 under the SSP scenarios.\nD: The pressure of urban population decline by 2100.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-14386-x_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-46491-6", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Geography", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The hubs scores of the 17 SDGs in synergy and trade-off networks at the provincial level.\nB: The aggregated hub score of the 17 SDGs at the regional level.\nC: The synergy and trade-off networks at the goal level built upon ABS(R) and Ratio.\nD: The aggregated hub score of the 17 SDGs at the regional level.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-024-46491-6_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-29094-x", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Geography", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Covariates effect.\nB: Gridded population estimates in selected cities.\nC: Predicted versus observed population totals and densities.\nD: Microcensus clusters location and associated population densities.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-29094-x_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-33527-y", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Geography", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Roles of intra- and inter-city flows in driving the heterogeneous population growth of cities.\nB: International inflow scales superlinearly with city size.\nC: People are moving to counties with lower population density.\nD: Extreme shocks are dissipated at the county level.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-33527-y_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26349-x", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Business and industry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Harmonized carbon footprints of technology hardware and equipment (THE) companies.\nB: Total harmonized carbon emissions of the IT software and service (ITSS) and the technology hardware and equipment (THE) sample in 2019.\nC: Visualization of the framework to harmonize corporate carbon footprints.\nD: Harmonized carbon footprints of IT software and service (ITSS) companies.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-26349-x_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-20741-9", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Business and industry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: The relationship between Export flow change rate andED.\nB: EIT and Eco-cost of the China ban for 2018 Scenario.\nC: System boundaries for LCA of EIT.\nD: Comparison of the environmental impacts of Exports Reduction Scenarios, Recycling Rate Promotion Scenarios, and Combination Scenarios.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-20741-9_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-30714-9", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Business and industry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Influence of using different federated update methods on model performance.\nB: The detailed framework of FedPerGNN.\nC: The personalization RMSE and upload/download communication cost under different numbers of graph expansion rounds.\nD: The personalization RMSE (lefty-axis) and communication cost (righty-axis) under different numbers of pseudo interacted items (M).", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-30714-9_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42499-6", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Forestry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Wood-flow Sankey diagrams for four modelled UK wood-flow scenarios.\nB: Distribution of global warming potential (GWP) impacts for four UK forestry value-chain scenarios in the year 2035.\nC: Initiatives to evolve a societal change system.\nD: Cumulative global warming potential impact of alternative UK forestry value-chain scenarios.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-42499-6_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26768-w", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Forestry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Regional variation in temperature differences (∆T) during hot extremes between areas covered 100% by urban trees (UT) and areas covered 100% by continuous urban fabric (UF).\nB: Schematic of modelling process showing conceptually how the LST observation are analysed in each city.\nC: Mean summertime temperature differences (∆T) between urban vegetated areas and continuous urban fabric plotted against evapotranspiration of vegetated areas outside of each city.\nD: Temperature differences between urban trees and continuous urban fabric for selected cities in Europe.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-26768-w_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7857", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Forestry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Relationships between % contribution of species to stems and % contribution to biomass in five different Amazon regions.\nB: Relationships between % contribution of species to stems and % contribution to productivity in five different Amazon regions.\nC: Map of plot locations. Open circles—single census plots used for biomass and stem number analyses, closed circles—multi-census plots used for biomass, productivity and stem number analyses.\nD: Cumulative % contribution to species, stems, biomass and productivity ordered by maximumDand wood density.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7857_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-38073-9", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Forestry", "question": "Which of the following captions best describes the whole figure?\nA: Differences in AGBD, forest height, canopy cover, and PAI between PAs and matched unprotected areas.\nB: Global-scale vegetation 3D structure data from NASA’s GEDI mission.\nC: In the top 20 countries with the most carbon-effective PAs, most AGC remain unprotected.\nD: Visualization of study methodology.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-38073-9_figure_0.png" } ], [ { "uid": "ncomms7884", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Solid-state fluorescence spectra (λexcitation=347 nm) ofR4·4Cl on adding 0–200 equiv. of γ-CD, followed by 200 equiv. of Ad·Cl.\nB: UV/Vis absorption (solid lines) and normalised fluorescence spectra (excitation: dashed lines, emission: dotted lines) of aqueous solutions ofR4·4Cl (green), stopper1·Cl (red) and dumbbell precursor2·2Cl (blue).\nC: Encrypted polychromic colour palette samples produced by the customized inkjet cartridge (centre) and its derivatives (around the periphery, after printing a layer of authentication reagents) under UV light.\nD: No complexation was observed between2·2Cl and γ-CD.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7884_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1640", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Magnetic field angleθdependence of the FMR fieldHFMRmeasured for the Ni81Fe19/p-Si film. The filled circles represent the experimental data. The solid curve is the numerical solution of the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation with the saturation magnetization 4πMs=0.852T.\nB: An equivalent circuit model of the Ni81Fe19/p-Si film.RFis the electrical resistance of the Ni81Fe19layer.\nC: Hdependence ofdI(H)/dHfor the Ni81Fe19/p-Si film whenθ=180° at 200 mW microwave excitation (see the inset tob).\nD: Field (H) dependence of the electromotive forceVmeasured for the Ni81Fe19/p-Si film whenθ=0 at different microwave excitation powers. The external magnetic field is applied along the film plane. Here the background voltage due to the microwave irradiation is subtracted from theVspectra. The inset shows a schematic illustration of the experimental set-up whenθ=0.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1640_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4523", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: SEM image of the nanodiamonds containing Eu defects, employing the technique #3. Scale bar, 500 nm (b) CL signal recorded from an individual nanodiamonds, resolving the A band fluorescence (broad emission at ~460 nm), the SiV defect (~738 nm) and the Eu line (~612 nm).\nB: After the substitution of Eu, three nearest neighbor carbons of europium and another three carbons bonded with the taken carbon will relax towards the Eu.\nC: Fluorescence decay of Eu defects in bulk diamond (blue squares) and nanodiamonds (red cross).\nD: PL from the EuDPA precursor (top) and Eu defects in bulk diamond after growth (bottom).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4523_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10745", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Transverse force image of the same area, taken 90 min later. The ‘S’ (domain III) has expanded into the canvas, while the ‘U’ (domain I) has decayed.\nB: Contact mode topography scan of a graphene flake on silicon oxide, showing monolayer, bilayer and trilayer regions. Scale bar, 3 μm.\nC: Simultaneously recorded friction signal (upper panel), showing three distinct domains of friction labeled I, II and III. Lower panel: cartoon of the friction imaging mode. The cantilever is scanned laterally and friction between the tip and sample produces the measured torsion of the cantilever.\nD: Tapping mode topography scans of the graphene monolayer, taken within each of the three domains. Each domain is characterized by stripes of period 4.3±0.2 nm along one of three distinct axes rotationally separated by 60°. Scale bars, 20 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10745_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4736", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Chemical structures of diacetylenic lipids: PCDA, TCDA, HCDA (8,10-heneicosadiynoic acid).\nB: Schematic representation of the water-promoted blue-to-red phase transformation of PDA supramolecules. The purple-coloured balls represent hygroscopic elements.\nC: Raman spectra of a poly(PCDA-Cs) film after fingerprinting. The small peak marked with * corresponds to the unconverted blue-phase PDA.\nD: Superimposed image ofe,f. The latent fingerprint image shown indwas obtained by pressing a fingertip on an unmodified paper followed by staining with ninhydrin. The original purple-coloured dots obtained from ninhydrin staining were transformed to black-coloured dots using a Photoshop programme because overlapping red-coloured fluorescence images (e) with black-coloured dots (f) results in a better superimposed image (g).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4736_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13413", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: An illustration of the BP/ReS2heterojunction NDR device.\nB: VINversusVOUTcharacteristic of the ternary inverter. The inset shows an input–output table of the ternary inverter. (e,f) Load-line analysis of the ternary inverter circuit under three bias conditions:\nC: PVCR values of the BP/ReS2NDR device as a function of temperature. (c–e) Peak-current (c), valley-current (d), valley- and peak-voltage values of the BP/ReS2NDR device as a function of temperature (e), which were extracted from the experimentally measured and the theoretically calculatedI–Vcharacteristic curves. The inset incshows the probability of states being occupied (f(E)) as a function of given energyErelative toEF(E−EF). The inset indshows the theoretically calculated diffusion current of the BP/ReS2NDR device at various temperatures.\nD: Three-dimensional KPFM mapping image of the BP/ReS2heterostructure (top) and histogram distributions of ΔVCPDextracted from the KPFM mapping image (bottom).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13413_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4247", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: (111) projection of gyroidal nodes (red spheres) and struts (blue cylinders) of GA;\nB: , (111) projection with PI domain stained by OsO4. Insets show SCFT simulations of expected contrast distributions for different projections; hybrids with binary Pt and Au NP mixtures, (g) ISA-H2 and (h) ISA-H3.\nC: Isosurfaces of NP density from the SCFT simulation ofFig. 4cat three different densities (a.u.). Highly concentrated NP distributions are observed in triple nodes, shown as red spheres in the inset ofa. The cubic lattice parameter,a=59 nm, based on distances from a node to a nearest neighbour (r=21 nm) and a second nearest-neighbour nodes (r=39 nm) is close to the value of 63 nm obtained from SAXS on the experimental system.\nD: Radial distribution function,g(r), of NPs as a function of distance,r, from tomographic data set of ISA-H1. The inset details long-range correlations in the data.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4247_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2066", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: IPCE;\nB: transient decay time and (d) electrochemical impedance spectra at 0.6 V versus Ag/AgCl under 300 W Xe lamp irradiation; the magenta, blue, olive, cyan, purple and red plots correspond to ZnSe single layers, ZnSe-pa double layers and quadruple layers, ZnSe-pa octuple layers, (Zn2Se2)(pa) and bulk ZnSe, respectively; Z′ and Z″ indare the real and imaginary parts of impedance, whereas the solid lines are fitted by ZSimpWin software using the equivalent circuits.\nC: structural model of ZnSe single layers viewed along the (110) plane.\nD: HRTEM and the corresponding fast Fourier transform, scale bar, 1 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2066_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3970", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Simulated temperature distribution on heat (phonon) spreading without decay (infinite bosonic lifetime). Note a significantly weaker spatial dependence than in the experiment.\nB: Current–voltage characteristics of mesa 4a withN=12 junctions. A sum-gap kink is clearly seen atT1, which is a signature of interaction effects in pristine graphene (Supplementary Note 5). On the other hand, the ratios for graphene/h-BN exhibit an entirely different behaviour, which is consistent with gapped graphene. The error bars of energy ratios are calculated using standard formulas for propagation of uncertainty for division based on the uncertainty in determining the energy of each LL transition from theT(B)/T(B0) spectra.\nC: Schematic of the moire pattern in graphene on h-BN with zero crystallographic rotation angle and an exaggerated lattice mismatch of 11% (carbon, grey; boron, blue; and nitrogen, red). The lattice alignments in different regions lead to different local sublattice symmetry breaking in graphene.\nD: The low energy part ofato highlight the extraction of the gap. Dashed line: a guide for eye showing linear extrapolation of the data. The error bars in both panels,δ(E2) , are calculated asδ(E2) = 2Eδ(E) , whereδ(E) is the uncertainty in determining the energy of each LL transition from theT(B)/T(B0) spectra.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5461_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7160", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Resistivity of graphene/SiO2/Si and graphene/h-BN Hall bar devices versus the back-gate voltage at room temperature, respectively. The values of the extracted carrier mobility are indicated in insets.\nB: AFM image of a corner of a h-BN grain transferred on the SiO2/Si substrate. The inset shows the height distribution along the black line ine.\nC: Schematic illustration showing the procedure of h-BN growth. (b–e) Typical SEM images of h-BN grains grown on Cu–Ni alloy foils with 15 atom % Ni at 1,085 °C for 10, 30, 60 and 90 min, respectively. The red arrows inbshow the sites of the h-BN grains, while the inset shows the enlarged image of one as-grown h-BN grain. The scale bars inb–eare 20 μm, and in inset inbis 2 μm.\nD: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of h-BN film on TEM grid with the black arrows showing that it is of monolayer thickness. The inset shows the corresponding selected area electron diffraction pattern. Scale bars are (a) 10 μm, (e) 1 μm and (f) 5 nm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7160_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: FFT of the image inc, which has two sets (red and blue) of spots corresponding to the up and bottom halves of the fold, scale bar, 3 nm−1.\nB: A vertical buckled fold.\nC: The cracked WSe2fold (strain released), which has a nearly perfect AB stacking order between the up and bottom layers, scale bar, 1 nm.\nD: The horizontal folds of WSe2, scale bar, 1 nm. Open circles stand for the atomic positions, and red solid line is the elastic models calculated by continuum mechanics (horizontal cross-section view), same for the cases inb,c.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9935_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6832", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Polar plot of the measured SHG intensity at 10 K. The blue and red symbols are thep- ands-polarized SHG signals,IpandIs, respectively, plotted as a function of the incident light polarization. The cyan dashed and green solid lines are numerical fits toIpandIswithd31=−1,d15=−1.2 andd33=7.\nB: Schematic diagram of the interplay between the lattice, the magnetizationMand the FE polarizationPat various pump–probe delays. After photoexcitation, thermal stress on BSTO (thin red arrows) initially results from e−ph coupling in LCMO within 1 ps. Its magnitude gradually increases after relaxation of the lattice contraction in LCMO through magnetostriction (thin blue arrows) on a timescale of ~50 ps, causingPto decrease. Thermal diffusion from LCMO to both BSTO and the substrate then takes place at longer timescales,t>0.5 ns, finally dissipating through the substrate.\nC: Static temperature-dependent SHG for (p,p) and (s,p) polarization combinations. In LCMO,TC~240 K, while in BSTO,TFE~215 K (ref.33), as indicated by the arrow.\nD: Polarization-dependent changes inIpmeasured att=200 ps for different temperatures.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6832_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15841", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Hole density along the PFO/P(VDF-TrFE) interface (cut line atx=0.099 μm),V=20 V.\nB: Measured (symbols) and simulated (lines)I–Vcharacteristics at ambient temperature. The blue line is calculated by switching off the tunnelling.\nC: Hole concentration in the PFO pillar with lateral dimensionW=WPFO+WP(VDF-TrFE), whereWPFO=5 nm andWP(VDF-TrFE)=200 nm, biased at 5 V.\nD: Effective (viz. interface length normalized) current atV=10 V as a function of the inverse of the device thickness (L). The dashed line is the linear least-square approximation. The error bars are the s.d.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15841_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1492", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The mechanism for charge transport changes under illumination. In this case, the photogenerated electrons get rapidly trapped from the conduction-band (CB) levels into the mid-gap states and are transported through the MGB. On the other hand, photogenerated holes, that are much longer lived, are transported via more-overlapping, highly conductive valence-band (VB) states. Hole transport via the VB levels dominates photoconduction. Because of the 'mixed' character of photoconduction, which involves both the VB and MGB states, the photovoltage is determined not by the intrinsic band-gap energy,Eg, but the VB–MGB separation.\nB: Calculated photoconductivity due to electrons (dashed-and-doted red line) and holes (dashed black line) using equation (3) and assuming thatxis within the interval from 0.05 to 0.95. Solid blue line is the hole photoconductivity obtained using equation (4). The arrows mark the hole-only (left) and electron-only (right) photoconductivities in the limits ofx=0 andx=1, respectively.\nC: 'Cross-sections' obtained from the three-dimensional plots in panel 'a' show the variation of the source–drain current as a function of gate voltage under illumination at different photon energies (shown in the legend).\nD: The dependence ofIsdon photogeneration rate for different gate voltages (3.1 eV photon energy). As expected for a transition from bimolecular to linear recombination, the log–log slope of this dependence is ~0.5 for the large negative gate bias (MGB is completely empty) and approaches unity as the gate bias gets more positive (MGB becomes populated).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1492_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2426", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Oscillatory part of the MO signal (points) measured in a 48-nm-thick epilayer with 7% nominal Mn doping for external magnetic fieldμ0Hext=20 mT applied along the [010] crystallographic direction; line is a fit by a sum of three damped harmonic functions.\nB: Dependence of the Curie temperatureTCon the annealing time for two annealing temperaturesTA=160 °C (red points) and 140 °C (black points) in a 15-nm-thick (Ga,Mn)As epilayer with 13% nominal Mn doping grown at optimalTG. (c,d) Resistivityρ(T) and temperature derivative of the resistivity normalized to the peak value (dρ/dT)* in thex=13% epilayer grown at optimalTGin the as-grown state (black line), for optimalTAand annealing time 0.5 h (blue line) and for optimalTAand optimal annealing time of 8 h (red line). (e,f) Same as panelscanddfor ax=13% epilayer grown at 10 °C below optimalTG;ρ(T) for the as-grown state and for the annealing time 0.5 h are multiplied by the numerical factors depicted in the figure for clarity; (dρ/dT)* is not plotted for the as-grown insulating and paramagnetic sample.\nC: Dependence of anisotropy fieldsKc(black points),Ku(red points) andKout(blue points) on nominal Mn doping.\nD: Sharp Curie point singularities in the temperature derivative of the resistivity in the series of optimized ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As epilayers with metallic conduction andx=0.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.8, 4.5, 5.2, 7, 9 and 13%. (d–f) Hole densityp, magnetizationMand corresponding Mn moment densityNMn, and Curie temperatureTCas a function of the nominal Mn doping in the series of optimized (Ga,Mn)As epilayers.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2426_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6760", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The contribution of collective spin excitations to the charge channel (in arbitrary units) for caseb.\nB: Schematics of the experimental geometry in the horizontal scattering plane, which contains the sample’s (001) direction. (c,d) Cu L3RIXS spectra (σ pol.) of insulating BSYCO, measured at 20 K along the (100) and (110) high-symmetry directions. The incident energy coincides with the peak of the L3XAS. The incidence (emission) angle, measured from the sample normal, varied between 25°(−25°) atq=0 and 85°(35°) at the largestq. Energy loss is the difference between the energies of the incident and the emitted photons. (e,f) UD-2212; (g,h) OPT-2212.\nC: RIXS spectra of SCOC and UD-2212 measured up to 1.4 eV above threshold, forq=0.8 (π, 0). A fluorescence signal (arrows) is observed in UD-2212.\nD: Calculated imaginary part of the RPA magnetic spin susceptibilityχs(q,ω) forT=10−3K in the undoped AFM state (occupancyn=1).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6760_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13190", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Architecture of the microfluidic device. Two inlets, followed by a long and narrow mixing channel and a wider channel with micro-scale pillars.\nB: Rate of monomer turnover at the O (fast) and N (slow) interfaces as a function of temperature.\nC: CycloFF nanotube growth rate as a function of increasing peptide concentration and best fit to the linear relationshipR=kon× c−koff. Each data point represents the average growth rates of ten individual nanotube termini. Scale bar, 10 μm. Error bars represent the standard error of the growth rate of 10 individual tubes.\nD: Crystalline conformation of a cycloFF monomer.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13190_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8555", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Electron diffraction pattern from the area marked inc. The yellow dashed circle ineindicates the reflections used to generate the dark-field image shown ind.\nB: TEM bright-field image of a void at the Si/SiO2interface (the laser pulse was coming from the top); the shock-wave-modified area in Si is clearly observed under the void in SiO2.\nC: Schematic depiction of a microexplosion at the Si surface under a layer of SiO2in a sample cut by a focused ion beam (FIB) for electron diffraction analysis.\nD: A magnified dark-field TEM image of the shock-wave-affected area beneath the Si surface. Scale bars, 200 nm (c,d).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8555_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7152", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: High-temperature oven test on (PEO/ANF)200and Celgard 2400 PE (c) DSC and (d) thermogravimetric analysis curves for (PEO/ANF)200(blue solid) neat PEO (black dotted) and Celgard 2400 PE (black dashed).\nB: Comparative evaluation of stiffness and internal resistance normalized to a standard CR2032 coin cell for (PEO/ANF)200and other ICMs. The corresponding references and the list of abbreviations are given inSupplementary Table 1—BPAEDA, bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate; IL, ionic liquids; NBR, nitrile rubber; PAN, polyacrylonitrile; PEGDMA, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate; PEGDME, poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ethers; PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate); PSt, polystyrene; SN, succinonitrile.\nC: Transmission electron microscopy image of ANF.\nD: Optical photograph of (PEO/ANF)200.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7152_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Current–potential curves for Co-Pi/Ta3N5nanorod photoanode and Co-Pi/Ba-Ta3N5nanorod photoanode in dark and under AM 1.5G-simulated sunlight.\nB: Crystal structure of Ba-Ta3N5viewed from the [100] crystallographic direction (from 3D-EDT data).\nC: Solar energy conversion efficiency of the photoanodes calculated from the current–potential curves ina.\nD: ABF and (g) HAADF scanning transmission electron microscopy images of a Ba-Ta3N5nanorod. Simulated cells of Ba-Ta3N5are overlaid infandg. Scale bars, (a) 300 nm, (b) 100 nm, (c) 10 nm, (f,g) 0.5 nm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3566_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4063", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A 3D-LC-PolScope image determines the 3D orientation of the viruses across aπ-wall.\nB: Simultaneous fluorescence (green) and phase-contrast (red) imaging reveals rod twist within a smectic bridge.\nC: A fluorescence image of aπ-wall in which all the rods are fluorescently labelled. The defect appears darker than the membrane bulk, indicating a local decrease in membrane thickness.\nD: A 2D-LC-PolScope image of a colloidal membrane, in which the intensity at each pixel is proportional to the magnitude of the local retardance. The bright ring along the membrane periphery indicates local rod tilting.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4063_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2776", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The absolute values of an average nuclear field () and the correspondingPNof the Gaidefects, as a function of optical pumping power for the specified GaNAs epilayers. The open symbols represent the experimental data. The dashed lines are calculated values obtained from a rate equation analysis, with the specified key fitting parameters. Other fitting parameters areT1SC=5 ns andτN=10 ns. The deduced difference in the e–n spin flip-flop timeτAbetween the two samples is consistent with what is expected from the difference in the HF coupling constantAof the Gaidefects present in these samples.\nB: ODMR spectra obtained from GaN0.0036As0.9964underσ+(the blue open circles) andσ−(the red open circles) excitation at 32 mW and 2 K, with a microwave frequency of 35.07 GHz. The solid curves are the simulated ODMR spectra of the Gai-D defect by including contributions from both Ga isotopes (denoted by the grey lines).\nC: The horizontal cross-sectional plots ofaat 41 (the blue open circles) and 91 μs (the red open circles), which correspond to the photoluminescence intensity obtained under pureσ+andσ−excitation, respectively. The solid lines are Lorentzian fits of the experimental curves.\nD: A schematic picture of the experimental configuration, where the optical excitation and photoluminescence detection are indicated by the red and black arrows, respectively. The modulation scheme of the excitation light, at a modulation frequency of 135 Hz, is also shown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2776_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6017", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Specific capacity and (c) charge–discharge voltage profiles of Li2S@TiS2cathodes cycled from 0.2 to 4 C.\nB: Typical discharge–charge voltage profile showing various DoD and SoC (points 1–10) and the corresponding percentage of sulphur measured in the electrolyte relative to the total sulphur mass on the electrode at these various points for Li2S@TiS2and bare Li2S cathodes. (e,f) Low- and high-magnification (inset) SEM images of the surface of (e) bare Li2S and (f) Li2S@TiS2cathodes after 100 cycles in the discharged state. Scale bars, 100 μm in (e,f) and 1 μm (e,f; inset).\nC: Ab initiosimulations showing the most stable binding configuration of Li2S with a single layer of TiS2, with a calculated binding energy of 2.99 eV. RT, room temperature.\nD: High-resolution TEM image of the TiS2shell, showing the interlayer spacing of 0.57 nm. Scale bar, 5 nm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6017_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14586", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Mass activities and BET surface area-normalized intrinsic activities of catalysts atη=0.37 V derived from (a); error bars represent s.d. from three independent measurements.\nB: O/Pr and Fe/Pr intensity ratio in the fiber (the grey area indicates the surface region of nanofiber with obvious different O/Pr ratios), and (e) EELS spectra of Co L2,3and Ba M4,5ionization edges (acquired from surface region) of PBSCF-III.\nC: Schematic of a four-step OER mechanism on perovskite oxide catalyst in the alkaline electrolyte.\nD: Intrinsic activity versus egelectron filling of PBSCF-0, III; the bold blue dot line indicates the relationship between egelectron filling and cobalt (B-site) oxidation state by a first-order approximation that the Co3+is in intermediate spin (IS) in the octahedral (Oh) and square pyramidal (C4v), and the Co4+is in high spin (HS) in theOhsymmetry19. Error bars represent s.d. from three independent measurements. (b,c) STEM images including the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) scan lines (orange) across (b) the PBSCF-III nanofiber and (c) the PBSCF-0 particle, together with EELS line scan signal profiles in two-dimensional mode; scale bar (white line), 20 nm (b), 100 nm (c).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14586_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4218", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Illustration of the self-healing process of TBEU-based poly(urethane-urea).\nB: HUB dissociates to isocyanate, which is stable at low temperature but reactive to amine to reform the HUB bond, making HUB a dynamic covalent bond.\nC: Poly(4a/5c), TBEU-bearing dynamic polymers, prepared via the polyaddition of4aand5c.\nD: Equilibrium between isocyanate1, bulky amines (2a–e) and corresponding ureas (3a–e), the chemical structures of bulky amines (2a–e) and the urea3a–ebearing the corresponding HUB: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinylcarboxyamide (TMPCA), 1-(tert-butyl)-1-isopropylurea (TBIPU), 1-(tert-butyl)-1-ethylurea (TBEU), 1,1-diisopropylurea (DIPU) and 1,1-diethylurea (DEU).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4218_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8315", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: SdH oscillations measured atVg=−60 V from the samples along the X- and Y- directions.\nB: Atomic structure of monolayer BP.\nC: Resistance (R) plotted as a function of the magnetic field at gate voltages of −50 V (blue dots), −60 V (green dots) and −70 V (purple dots).\nD: The room temperature conductivity showing no hysteresis in Sample A.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8315_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5899", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Crater wavelengths and internal diameters of the fluorescent rings as a function of the thickness of the buffer substrate.\nB: Cyclic electric fields applied to the EMCR film and (b) the corresponding fluorescence intensity. The green shadow domains indicate that the EMCR film is under green light (~545 nm) for 3 min.\nC: Fluorescent microscope images of the film under various uniaxial strains.\nD: Optical microscope image, (h) fluorescent image and (i) calculated first invariant of a ‘U’ pattern in the EMCR film bonded on a buffer substrate embedded with a rigid object. The inset ingillustrates the mechanism of the pattern formation. The insets ofhandishow the fluorescence intensity and calculated first invariant along indicated paths, respectively. Ingandh, the thicknesses of EMCR elastomer and buffer elastomer are ~21 and ~100 μm, respectively; the applied voltage is 17 kV. The scale bars ina,b,d,e,gandhdenote 250 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5899_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12850", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Picture of a 1 cm × 1 cm array of gold nanocrystals used for X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) or Cyclic Voltammetry measurements. The picture is taken just after dipping the sample into HF (for removal of the SiO2covering dots), the gold nanoarray area being identified through an hydrophilic/hydrophobic contrast.\nB: Same asawith +1 V applied on the tip. We considered a coupling parameter of 0.8 to the Fc from the gold atom (80% of the potential drop occurs in the alkyl chain) to calculate the energy shift of the HOMO levels in the junction (seeSupplementary Fig. 6for details).\nC: Schematic cross section of the proposed RF molecular rectifier. The molecular layer plays the role of the diode with a small dielectric constantρr. Similar to Schottky diodes, the molecular diode is connected to a highly doped silicon substrate.\nD: 2D d.c.I–Vhistogram from one hundred of ferrocenyl undecanethiol gold nanojunctions with a 17.8 GHz RF input signal. The d.c. reference current (solid line) when no RF input signal was added is shown for comparison. It was obtained from the averageI–Vfrom a 2D histogram, without RF power. The voltage step was 0.1 V and the contour plot generated automatically (Originlab). (g,h) 2D |S11| versus voltage curve from one hundred of ferrocenyl undecanethiol gold nanojunctions at 17.8 GHz and relatedϕ(S11) versusVcurve. The voltage step was 0.1 V and the contour plot generated automatically (Originlab).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12850_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-46848-x", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: SCPP[10,9]; and (i)SCPP[10,8].\nB: SCPP[10,9]; and (c)SCPP[10,8]. Fluorescence photographs and emission spectra ofSCPPs under 300/365 nm UV light in dilute DCM (c = 5 × 10−6mol/L):\nC: SCPP[10,9]; and (f)SCPP[10,8]. Excitation-dependent emissive properties ofSCPPs:\nD: SCPP[10];", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-024-46848-x_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15367", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: High-resolution UHV STM image of C60on 2Pt–Pt3Ti(111) (scale bar, 1 nm;Uset=+2.22 V,Iset=2.9 nA, 77 K, slightly low pass filtered). The three-lobe structure of the unoccupied molecular orbitals of fullerenes facing the surface with a hexagon is clearly visible.\nB: (32.4.3.4), (d) (33.42), (e) (36).\nC: Low-temperature UHV-STM image of a fullerene monolayer deposited on a Pt3Ti(111) single crystal terminated by two layers of Pt (2Pt–Pt3Ti(111)) showing two differently oriented hexagonal (Hex1, Hex2) domains and one QC domain. Within the latter domain, two dodecagons with their inner hexagons rotated by∼30° are marked. The indicated orientation of the substrate is determined directly from the atomically resolved 2Pt–Pt3Ti(111) surface (scale bar, 5 nm;Uset=−2.03 V,Iset=0.47 nA, 77 K). (b,c) FFT of the STM image and LEED pattern (energy: 19.5 eV), respectively, showing the spots of the two hexagonal domains (red and green circles) and the quasicrystalline domain with 12-fold symmetry (yellow circles).\nD: High-resolution UHV STM image of C60on 2Pt–Pt3Ti(111) (scale bar, 2 nm;Uset=+2.22 V,Iset=2.9 nA, 77 K, slightly low pass filtered).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15367_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8760", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Nyquist plots of the rGO, S-doped graphene, N-doped graphene and N,S-codoped graphene electrodes before cycling from 1 MHz to 100 mHz at room temperature.\nB: Comparison of the potential difference between the charge and discharge plateaus at different current densities.\nC: Relationship of the C/O ratio in the GO, rGO, S-doped graphene, N-doped graphene and N,S-codoped graphene. C 1s XPS spectra of the (c) GO and (d) N,S-codoped graphene.\nD: Cycling performance and Coulombic efficiency of the Li polysulphide batteries with the rGO, S-doped graphene, N-doped graphene and N,S-codoped graphene electrodes at 0.2C rate for 100 cycles.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8760_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11631", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A sketch of a van der Pauw device with a back-gate electrode.\nB: d2Rxx/dB2as a function of 1/Bat 50 mK withVG=4.7 V, corresponding ton=1.0 × 1012cm−2.\nC: Landau level arrangement whenν=4 disappears. Δdis the Landau level broadening.andare the cyclotron energies of the outer and inner FSs, respectively. Note that each Landau levelNis spin degenerate.\nD: SdH oscillations withVG=4.7 V after subtracting the non-oscillating background, ΔRxx, is plotted as a function of 1/Bat various temperatures.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11631_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2161", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Measured transmission spectra for different numbers of metamaterial layers. Good agreement between experiment and theory is found. Here the last layer in each case is covered by 80 nm of SU-8. A slightly smaller transmission measured in experiment is attributed to deviations from the ideal structure, as seen inFig. 4a. The formation of the passband between 1.3 and 2.3 μm can be observed. The low transmission in experiment with increasing number of layers is due to fabrication imperfection.\nB: Effective index (real part in black and imaginary part in red) when the nanorings are fully shifted: a negative index appears around the antisymmetric mode due to the spectral overlap of the symmetric and antisymmetric modes.\nC: Schematic of the Michelson interferometer. The metamaterial under test is made of two layers of nanorings, shifted with respect to each other (dx=dy=L). The thickness (index) of our metamaterial and reference isdmeta(nmeta) anddref(nref), respectively. The time delay between the two corresponding interferograms is related to the index of the metamaterial bynmeta=1+c0Δt/2dmeta+(nref−1)dref/dmeta(Supplementary Fig. S6), wherec0is the speed of light in vacuum. After planarization, the thickness of the metamaterial isdmeta=110 nm and the thickness of the reference on the same substrate isdref=80 nm (nref=1.5). The chess metamaterial being polarization independent at normal incidence, all measurements are carried out with unpolarized light.\nD: Effective index (real part in black and imaginary part in red) when the nanorings are aligned: the index is always positive.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2161_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2213", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Gate voltage (VG) dependence of the hole density (p). The right axis shows the conversion to holes per thiophene ring. The inset shows accumulated charge (Q, integrated from the gate current) versus time. The top (red), middle (green) and bottom (blue) curves are for −1.00, −0.65 and −0.30 V, respectively.\nB: Log–log plot of ln(ρ(H)/ρ(0)) versusμ0Hfor temperatures from 1.5 to 50 K atp=8.2 × 1021cm−3. The solid lines have slopes of 1.9.\nC: lnρversusT−1/2for 15 distinct gate-induced carrier densities (in units of 1020cm−3), in a single device. The solid lines are straight line guides to the eye.\nD: Schematic of charge injection into the polymer semiconductor. The top layer (black) is the gate electrode, the middle layer (grey) is the ion gel and the bottom layer (maroon) is the polymer semiconductor. Simple ‘+’ and ‘−’ symbols are used for electronic charge carriers, and blue and red symbols are used for ions. The chemical structures of EMIM+and TFSI−are shown on the right.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2213_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8790", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Kinetic model used for fitting the experimental data.\nB: Relative reaction rates (ν/ν0) as a function of the concentration of either ATP or the mixture AMP+2Pi. Experimental conditions: [TACN·Zn2+]=10±1 μM, [HPNPP]=1 mM, [HEPES]=10 mM, pH 7.0, [CaCl2]=1.0 mM, 37 °C.\nC: Absorbance at 400 nm (originating from the reaction productp-nitrophenolate) as a function of time for different mixtures. The red dot indicates the time at which inhibitors were added. The lower slope after reactivation of Au NP1at higher concentrations of ATP is caused by the higher concentrations of produced waste (see the inhibition by different concentrations of the waste mixture given inSupplementary Fig. 8). Experimental conditions: [TACN·Zn2+]=10±1 μM, [HPNPP]=1 mM, [HEPES]=10 mM, pH 7.0, [CaCl2]=1.0 mM, [potato apyrase]=0.06 U ml−1, 37 °C.\nD: Schematic representation of an indicator-displacement assay (step i). An additional energy-consuming step (ii) is required to revert the system back to the original state.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8790_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9593", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Channel resistance (red) and conductance (blue) as a function ofVGSextracted from 2-point output characteristics atVSD=0. For positiveVGS, a linear fit indicates a mobilityμFE=33±5 cm2V s−1and a threshold voltageVth=5.5±1.5 V. The latter agrees well with that derived from the data inb, as summarized inTable 1.\nB: Frequency band of the SAW transmission between IDTs plotted as the scattering parameterS21.\nC: PL map of the active FET region (scale bar, 100 μm). Monolayer MoS2PL intensity (colour coded: red high intensity, black low intensity) is detected only in the channel region. Reflection from the FET contacts and alignment marks is clearly visible.\nD: Comparison of ΔS21withISDunder photoexcitation using a red laser. The laser is switched on every 1 min for Δt=5 s. Each successive minutePlaseris increased by 0.1 mW untilPlaser=1 mW is reached. Subsequently,Plaseris decreased to 0 mW in steps of ΔPlaser=100 μW as shown in the lower panel. Upper and centre panel compare the SAW transmission (ΔS21, red) and photocurrent (ISD, black) forVSD=+100 mV and −100 mV, respectively. Direct correspondence between ΔS21andISDis confirmed: while ΔS21reduces irrespective of voltages, the sign ofISDis determined by the polarity ofVSD.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9593_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8772", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Simulated spatial band diagrams of the ungraded control (left) and graded (right) devices operating at the maximum power point under AM 1.5 solar illumination. Band-bending near the rear of the device introduces a quasi-electric field capable of aiding carrier collection for improved performance.\nB: Photograph of MPA-exchanged PbS CQD film via centrifugal casting method.\nC: Schematic of experiment used to measure sedimentation rates of CQD particles in solution during centrifugation. The solution was used with a mixture of three different-sized MPA–CQDs with excitonic peaks at 950, 1,250 and 1,520 nm.\nD: Time profiles of transient absorption signals at 950 nm probe wavelength (points) and their exponential fits (lines) for single-sized (black), graded (red) and randomly mixed (blue) CQDs. (c,d) Photoluminescence studies of the graded CQD film formed on glass substrate under illumination from the small-bandgap side (bottom illumination) and the large-bandgap side (top illumination) of the graded film (c, top). For the measurements, films were illuminated with a laser beam atλ=440 nm, and the emission was collected from the same side where light is illuminated. The CQD layer was composed of∼180-,∼80- and∼40-nm thick CQD films with corresponding excitonic peaks at 950 (blue), 1,250 (green) and 1,520 nm (red), respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8772_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5938", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Colour–temperature calibration determined using hue analysis.\nB: Temporal variations in temperature extracted from digital colour analysis of an e-TLC held, nominally, at a constant temperature.\nC: Picture of a device with calibration colours operating on the curved surface of the skin. Scale bar, 2 cm.\nD: Thermal diffusivities measured with an active, wireless e-TLC device on the skin at different levels of hydration, separately measured with a commercial moisture meter. The error bars represent average s.d. of measurements obtained with the moisture meter.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5938_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7608", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Photograph and optical image of mesoporous Au film (Sample III) prepared with an electrolyte containing PS18000-b-PEO7500micelles and 3 ml THF+40 μl 1,3,5-TIPBz as solvent.\nB: Corresponding SERS spectral mapping with vibrational intensity.\nC: Representative SERS spectra on mesoporous Au film (Sample III). Mesoporous Au region (that is, deposition area) and non-porous region (that is, non-deposition area) are measured, respectively.\nD: Representative SERS spectra on mesoporous Au films prepared with three electrolytes containing PS18000-b-PEO7500micelles with different solvent compositions ((Sample I) 1 ml THF, (Sample II) 3 ml THF and (Sample III) 3 ml THF+40 μl 1,3,5-TIPBz). A sputtered Au film without mesopores is also compared. The variability of the SERS spectra is ±5% for each, which is due to the variability of the surface roughness and the uniformity of the adsorbed molecular layers.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7608_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10301", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The slopek′ as a function of the carrier density. The solid red line is a linear fitting.\nB: The high-B-field magnetoconductivity inBparallel toEas a function of 1/B. The magnetoconductivity is found to follow ak′/Bdependence while approaching 14 T (see solid red lines).\nC: The vector plot of the Berry curvature in momentum space. The conduction and valence bands of a topological semimetal touch at the Weyl nodes, at which a pair of monopoles is hosted. The arrows show that the flux of the Berry curvature flows from one monopole (red) to the other (blue), defining the nontrivial topological properties of a topological semimetal.\nD: The measured resistance (R) as a function of temperature (T) at zero magnetic field.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10301_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5445", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Fourier transform from imageeand inverse Fourier transform calculated with selected Fourier components.\nB: Native CCMV and (b) avidin. From left to right: particles drawn to scale, calculated electrostatic surface potential, location and geometry of patches, TEM image of negatively stained CCMV (scale bar, 50 nm) and DLS measurements of avidin and CCMV (volume-weighted size distribution).\nC: Low-magnification view of CCMV–avidin binary crystal in random orientation. Scale bar, 200 nm.\nD: Quadratic Miller indices of assigned reflections forstructure versus measuredq-vector positions for five indexed peaks. Solid line presents a linear fit, which yields a lattice parameteraSAXS=35.0 nm (for cubic phasesa=2π✓(h2+k2+l2)/q(hkl)).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5445_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42018-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: and (f), PM6:N3 film:\nB: and (h). 1D GIWAXS plot and peak splitting results are shown ini–k.\nC: and (e), PM6:Y6 film:\nD: and (g), and PM6:L8-BO film:", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-42018-7_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7089", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Two separate populations of early and late correlated particles forφ=0.58. There are no particles in the top right quadrant. The inset shows the expected displacement of the groups over time.\nB: A selection of the stable clusters (7A, 10B, 12D, 13A); the unstable cluster 9A; and the shortest-path rings (sp3a, sp4a, sp5a): the black dot indicates the central spindle axis to which particles may be added.\nC: Average local volume fractionφlocalof early and late-relaxing particles and the whole system for various global volume fractionsφ. Note that only the higher density systems (φ>0.55) have collectively moving early-relaxing particles.φlocalis calculated withr0=1.4, other values ofr0give similar results. Error bars are twice the standard error.\nD: The correlation betweenni(t) and propensity (the expected displacement aftert=τα). For all densities,niis anticorrelated with propensity att≥ταindicating the existence of stable structures in the system. An early peak in correlation grows with volume fraction mirroring the importance of early collective relaxation in dense systems.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7089_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7590", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Molecular structure of the promesogenic ligand L.\nB: Dielectric functions calculated based on spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements.\nC: Extinction spectra of the aggregate taken at 30 and 120 °C revealing a shift of plasmon band maxima (λmax).\nD: Scheme of nanoparticle arrangements in Iso and (f) Lm structures as deduced from SAXRD and TEM; organic ligands are omitted for clarity.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7590_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14889", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic illustration of the formation of a Schottky-type contact at the CdS/W interface in the green dotted line region ofe.\nB: Schematic illustration of the Schottky barrier reduced at the CdS/W interface in the green dotted line region off.\nC: Low-magnification TEM image of the experimental setup showing a CdS NW sandwiched between the Cu electrode and the W electrode.\nD: Copper ions continue migrating, forming CdS/Cu2S core-shell structure. (e–g) Energy band diagrams of Cu-CdS-W, Cu-Cu2S-CdS-W and Cu-Cu2S-W structures, corresponding toa,c,d, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14889_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1425", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Hall resistivity of Li1.1(Zn0.95Mn0.05)As atT=2 K, which exhibits p-type carriers with concentrations ofn~1020cm−3together with the anomalous Hall effect due to spontaneous magnetization atH=0.\nB: resistivity of Li1+yZnAs, showing metallic behaviour of Li deficient (y<0) and Li excess (y>0) compounds.\nC: resistivity of Li1.1(Zn1−xMnx)As, showing the effect of increasing charge scattering with increasing Mn concentrationx.\nD: comparison between the present results (red symbol) and those from (Ga,Mn)As12in a plot of the relaxation rate (which is proportional to the individual ordered moment size multiplied by the moment concentration) versusTc(which is a measure of the effective average ferromagnetic interaction). A factor 4/3 is multiplied to the parameterato adjust the difference from the simple exponential decay rate Λ adopted in ref.12. The good agreement implies that the plotted systems have common mechanisms for their ferromagnetism.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1425_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13079", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: IR nano-imaging using s-SNOM: the phase contrast between silk and silicon (a flat spectral response in the mid-IR) in each IR image correlates to the absorption of silk proteins (that is, the surrounding area of ‘UT’ logos) of various structures at that wavenumber, and the comparison of contrast differences between the IR images (for instance, those in column 3 and column 4) implies the dominant protein structure within the amide I vibration bands (for example, 1,631 cm−1for β-sheets and 1,648 cm−1for random coils).\nB: 3D electron-nanosintering: 3D nanostructures on crystalline silk can be created using a LbL multi-EBL. Multiple exposures are applied in sequence to define each layer. The first exposure is to de-crosslink the crystalline silk proteins, resulting in amorphous proteins to be sintered/re-crosslinked by the following LbL EBL steps. For amorphous silk, this step (the first exposure) is unnecessary.\nC: 3D electron-nanosculpturing: 3D nanotopographies on crystalline silk can be created using a 16-bit grayscale positive EBL (left: design image; right: SEM image). The Einstein image: Photo by Philippe Halsman @ Halsman Archive. One grayscale exposure was applied, followed by a water-only development to remove the exposed area. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: Schematic illustration of β-sheet-oriented structural transitions regulated by electron energies.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13079_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Normalized (to maximum) depth profiles of CEI and active mass dissolution products fragments for electrodes of 8–10 and 18–20 μm after 3 and 100 cycles, respectively, with Cs+sputtering.\nB: Illustrative TOF-SIMS spectra of60Ni−and C5−on the same sample electrode, demonstrating the effectiveness of ROI selection in spatially separating different components in the composite electrode.\nC: 20 cycles, and (h) 100 cycles. The inset shows the magnified semicircle at the high-frequency region in corresponding main figures. After refreshing with a new Li metal anode and electrolyte after 50 cycles, the cell performance and impedance (Supplementary Fig. 17) do not show improvement, confirming the deterioration of the cathode–electrolyte interface being the main reason for the sluggish charge-transfer kinetic properties; meanwhile, a Bode plot of three discharged electrodes after 100 cycles inSupplementary Fig. 18indicates the interphases on Li anodes contribute to the first high-frequency semicircle.\nD: TOF-SIMS spectra of several CEI species (ROI-1 applied and normalized by ROI coverage; integrated over 1,000 s of Cs+sputtering, 10 s interval, two scans per step) on aged LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2particles after 7 days. Additional spectra of CH3O−, C3H2−,7LiF2−, C3O2F−, C5OF−, MnF3−,58NiF3−and CoF3−can be found inSupplementary Fig. 10; the protection of CEI on the active material against acid leaching is readily noticeable among the three samples. (c–f) Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests of three LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2electrodes of different particle size at room temperature.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14589_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7990", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Localized electromagnetic field distributions of the three superlattices. All scale bars, 100 nm. Large-area plasmonic ‘hotstrips’ in the square superlattice is observed. 4-MBT, 4-methylbenzenthiol.\nB: Plot of hydrophobic/hydrophilic potential energy ratios over time. Hydrophobic interactions become dominant as the ligands change from PVP to C16SH.\nC: From AFM measurements, the height percentage of the Ag octahedra in contact with the oil phase can be derived (Supplementary Fig. 8). Increasing surface hydrophobicity of Ag octahedra increases the height percentage in contact with the oil phase in the experiments. Error bars are s.d. collected from sampling at least 50 particles.\nD: Schematic illustration of the relationship between the three superlattices.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7990_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8880", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Simulated infrared (IR) spectrum for the pentacene molecule (red) and crystal (blue), superimposed on the experimental spectrum for comparison.\nB: Molecular arrangement in the pentacene crystal and C60fullerene structure. (b,c) Layout and microscope image of the device. The scale bar length is 0.2mm.\nC: Broadband PPP transient for pentacene/C60photoresistor.\nD: Time- and frequency-domain representations of the infrared (IR) interferometric pulse pair, matching molecular vibrations.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8880_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15478", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Time trace of the storage modulusG′, showing the formation of the fibrin network in the presence of the PIC network (black squares) and without the PIC network (red dots) atT=37 °C. In the composite, the starting modulus att=0 s is much higher, because the PIC hydrogel is formed already.\nB: The differential modulusK′of the PIC/PAAm hybrid hydrogels increases with AAm concentration in the linear regime at low stress, but decreases with AAm concentration in the high-stress regime. The solid lines represent the slopes of the curves.\nC: K′as a function of stress for conjugated (open symbols) and non-conjugated polymer networks (solid symbols, data fromb).\nD: Differential modulusK′as a function of stressσfor PIC/fibrin interpenetrating networks with varying PIC to fibrin mass ratios, showing different stiffening responses. The solid lines represent the stiffening responsesK′∝σmwithm=0.75 for fibrin andm=3/2 for PIC.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15478_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10629", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Time evolution of polarization contrast in PL for X-polarized (red squares) and Y-polarized (blue triangles) excitation.\nB: PL image of a TAT nanowire, Scale bar, 300 nm.\nC: Polarization detection scheme.\nD: Short time behaviour of the polarization contrast for the different excitation polarizations. Vertical error bars for (b,d) represent 1 s.d. in polarization contrast for each point containing the same total number of counts, and horizontal error bars were determined by the averaged time in each step; thus nonlinear binning in time increases the horizontal uncertainty with increasing time.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10629_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Numerically calculated steady-state distributionc(r) of reaction products around half catalyst-covered Janus sphere as a function of the step distance and the cap orientation with respect to the step. The colour map showsc(r) at the surfaces of the particle and substrate;c(r) is in units ofc0(see Methods). Scale bar, 5 μm.\nB: Contributiondue to higher order coupling between the two effects.\nC: Average retention time as a function of peroxide concentration forR=1 μm. The average is determined for 15–20 trajectories per data point; the error bars are standard errors of the mean.\nD: , Contributionobtained by using the free space number density of solute distributioncfs(r) around the particle, i.e., neglecting the influence of the wall on the number density of solute, but including the influence of the wall on the hydrodynamic flow.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10598_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15682", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The ferroelectric tetragonalP4mmphase (T phase), characterized by polar distortions along the [001] direction and no tiltings (a0a0c0).\nB: The energetic paths and barriers connecting the AFE and FE phases with increasingE-field.\nC: The ferroelectricR3cphase (R phase), characterized by polar distortions and anti-phase tiltings about the [111] direction (a−a−a−).\nD: The antiferroelectric orthorhombicPnmaphase (AFE phase), characterized by the anti-polar distortions along the pseudo-cubic [110] direction, and oxygen octahedral tiltings (a−a−c+in Glazer notations14).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15682_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1096", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: As the c-AFM tip biased at −4 V scans cross the nanowire, the conductance decreases drastically. The c-AFM tip travels at a speed of 10 nm s−1along they-direction, as indicated. The width of the nanowire presented in the inset is quantified by fitting the erase curve with a functionG(x)=G0−G1tanh(x/h), with the following best-fit parameters:G0=0.40 nS,G1=0.44 nS andh=6.0 nm. The deconvolved differential conductance (dG/dx)*−1is shown in red and has a half-width maximum of 6.9 nm (+4 V wire).\nB: A cross-sectional bright-field TEM image of the same sample showing the existence of threading dislocations in the STO layer. Planar-view TEM images of (c) as-grown and (d) annealed STO films showing moiré patterns. The scale bars inb,canddcorrespond to 100 nm.\nC: Resilience of a nanowire written with a +6 V AFM tip bias and 300 nm s−1speed and kept overnight in the dark. The conductance decays exponentially at first and then linear over ~18 h.\nD: A cross-sectional high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) image of a 5-nm-thick LAO/annealed TiO2-STO heterostructure grown on Si. Arrows indicate the thickness of the LAO layer. The scale bar corresponds to 50 nm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1096_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3681", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Phase-segregated GNRs modulated by the moiré superlattice, encircling the mixed h-BCxN domains to form brick-and-mortar pattern. The generation of a triangular GNR superstructure with a lattice constant of 6 nm ≈2a(a:lattice constant of graphene moiré superstructure on Ru(0001)) with the borazine dosage of 5 Langmuir (L). (d–f) STM images show the evolution of mixed BCN domains (dotted dark regions) and demixed GNR phases (bright lines) upon the stepwise dosing of borazine at 900 K. The average side lengths of GNR triangles are increased from 3ato 4aand 9awith the increase of the dosage of borazine from 10 to 20 l.\nB: Magnified view of the square-enclosed region in (a) (GNR shows an apparent height of 0.5 Å).\nC: Atomic imaging of h-BC2N and reveal two most stable isomer structure with its corresponding structure illustrated in the inset. Green=C atoms, blue=N atoms and grey=B atoms. Scale bar inb,c: 3 nm; inh: 2.5 Å. One bright spot inhcorresponds to one C–C pair on the imaged triangular lattice, whereby the zigzag bright structures are assigned to the zigzag carbon chains in isomer II, and the other spaced-apart bright spots are assigned to isomer I. Bright and dark spots incform a triangular lattice which indicates the lattice symmetry in h-BC2N is broken owing to the interaction with Ru substrate.\nD: ThedI/dVspectra collected at bare Ru (I), (II) bright spot (red spot inh); (III), bright clusters (pink spot inh); (IV), dark region (marked in green spot inh); and (V); decoupled BCN inSupplementary Fig. S10. (f–g) The order parameters (q,ms) determined in G, BN and mixed BCN zones (error bar represents the standard deviation of order-parameter measurements in three different regions; seeSupplementary Fig. S9for details) .", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3681_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8475", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A junction of conducting solids A and B with different DOSs, which is the situation where the Seebeck effect was originally discovered.\nB: Hall coefficientRH(T) and Hall mobilityμH(T), defined as |RH(T)|/ρ(T). The dashed line indicates an approximateT7dependence ofμH(T). The hatchings indicate the regions where multiband effects are present. The one at around 30 K involves two electron-like bands and the one below 7 K is complex and beyond the scope of this work.\nC: Electrical resistivity plotted as logρversusT−1/4. A linear dependence, as well as the negative MR(T) below about 15 K is characteristic of VRH conduction. VRH, variable range hopping.\nD: A conducting solid with a steep energy dependence of the electron relaxation timeτ.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8475_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10600", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Photograph and SEM images of a cylindrical CNT electrode. Scale bars, 3 mm (left of panel), 30 μm (middle of panel) and 1 μm (right of panel).\nB: Cell voltage versus current density and (b) cell power density versus current density for samples having different thermal oxidation times.\nC: Illustrations and SEM micrographs (insets) comparing CNT buckypaper and CNT aerogel electrodes and the relationship of these morphologies to ion transport (scale bars in the insets, 1-μm). MWNT bundling is not shown and only MWNT outer walls are pictured. Polarization curves for (d) CNT buckypaper and (e) CNT aerogel electrodes. The insets show the dependence of limiting current on ferrocyanide concentration.\nD: The dependence of RamanID/IGratio on oxidation temperature for a 5-min anneal of CNT aerogel sheets in ambient air.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10600_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19750-5", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Current–voltage characteristics of the device at a relative humidity of 45%. The voltage sweep direction (0 → 2 → −2 → 0 V) is displayed with navy arrows.\nB: Nyquist plots measured from the Y7C film in contact with two Au electrodes at different RH. The inset shows the magnified range at RH values of 60%, 75%, and 90%.\nC: Molecular structure of the dimer of Y7C revealed by NMR. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are shown in gray, red, and purple, respectively.\nD: Chemical structure of the Y7C peptide. The phenolic groups of tyrosine and thiol groups of cysteine are highlighted in red and blue, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-19750-5_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Scanning electron microscope images of P3HT:PEO-blend (70:30, w/w) NW and nano-sized electrode gap.\nB: Output characteristics (inset: device structure) and (e) transfer characteristic (ID−VG) (solid line) and gate current versus gate voltage (IG−VG) characteristics (dot line) of P3HT:PEO-blend (70:30, w/w) NW and nano-channel FET based on the polyelectrolyte gate dielectric.\nC: Large-area single P3HT:PEO-blend (70:30, w/w) NW FET array (7 cm × 7 cm) with ~300-nm channel length (144 bottom-contact devices).\nD: Transfer characteristics of P3HT blend NW FET with 30% PEO at different numbers of wires.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6246", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: DFT calculations of bandgap shift of monolayer MoS2versus tensile strain. The dots represent energy shift under an increasing strain from DFT calculations and the trend is shown by the dash line.\nB: PL intensity mapping. The edges and twin GBs have a higher intensity (light yellow), while rest are depicted in orange.\nC: Strain in MoS2layer as a function of the applied strain on the substrate at points A (black), B (red) and C (blue).\nD: Representative PL spectra under each strain, collected from the centre of the triangle.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6246_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14325", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Positions of an imaging particle (yellow dot) on the 3D trajectory at three consecutive moments in time within half a wave period. SeeSupplementary Movie 2for details. Blue surfaces show the rotation of the liquid surface measured simultaneously with the particle position.\nB: Dynamics of the rotating wave about a nodal point within a unit cell of sizeLc=λ/2. Orange circles: motion of wave peaks experimentally tracked for 50T. Black lines: the rotation of thez=0 isoline of the surface elevation followed forT/2. (The red line indicatest=t0, the blue onet=t0+T/4.) (c,d) Surface particle drifts tracked for ≈50T:\nC: within a single unit cell, particle orbits drift forming closed nested guiding centre trajectories (experiments,f=ω/2π=3.9 Hz (λ=104 mm),H=2.5 mm).\nD: Wave number spectrum of the structure functionρ(k) for different relative phasesφ. Asφapproachesπ/2, the flow develops spatial order, indicated by a peak atkwcorresponding toλ/2.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14325_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3819", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Deconvoluted C1sXPS peak confirms the presence of graphitic carbon and nitrogen atoms in CNFs.\nB: Two important bands in the Raman spectra (that is, D band and G band) appear at 1,363 and 1,586 cm−1.\nC: High-resolution TEM image (scale bar, 5 nm) of the edge of the fibre surface and selected area electron diffraction pattern (scale bar, 10 cm) displaying disordered arrangement of crystals.\nD: Chronoamperogram (absolute current density versus time) for CNFs catalyst at potential 0.573 V versus SHE in pure EMIM-BF4shows the stability of catalyst for the tested duration (9 h). The scan rate was 10 mVs−1. The current densities were obtained based on geometrical surface area.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3819_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5396", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Atomic force microscopy topography image of a PZT layer (5 nm in thickness) epitaxially grown on a LSMO (30 nm)/STO substrate.\nB: PFM (phase) response measured after successively switching the polarization of the PZT film by applying +2.5 V and −2.5 V on the tip with respective to the LSMO bottom electrode. Note that the protocol of voltage polarity is different in PFM measurements from that in resistance measurements.\nC: PFM image showing the polarization reversal by gradually increasing the applied voltage. The ‘up’ (‘down’) arrow corresponds to the polarization pointing out of (into) the film surface. Scale bar, 500 nm (b–d).\nD: A typical polarization-voltage loop for the FE-OSV (device A). The black and pink circles illustrate the ‘minor loops’ corresponding toVMAXof ±0.5 and ±1.2 V, respectively. The orange (blue) arrow indicates the direction of the ramp voltage: sweeping down (up) before the MR scans.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5396_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14558", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: An illustration of the fundamental limitation in three-dimensional (3D) perovskite electroluminescence—defect states trapping although rare, can still be very effective in competing with the slow bimolecular recombination at low carrier excitation densities.\nB: The dependence of the TQWs emission build-up time on injected carrier density in the MQW assembled film. These results were obtained following excitation at 400 nm (1 KHz, 50 fs).\nC: Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) decay transients measured at 812±60 nm for 3D perovskite and 782±60 nm for perovskite MQW films following excitation at 650 nm (1 KHz, 100 fs, around 0.01 μJ cm−2). The solid lines are exponential fits of the PL decay transients.\nD: PL quantum yield as a function of the photon-injected carrier density of the films measured with 405 nm laser pulses (2.5 MHz, 200 ps).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14558_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2755", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Thermal conductivity reduction with length for ‘wide’ samples (Wλ), compared with the ballistic limit (kball=GballL/A) at several temperatures. Symbols are data for our ‘short’ unpatterned graphene samples (Figs 1aand3b), and ‘large’ samples of Seolet al.6(Fig. 3a). Solid lines are model from equation 1.\nB: Heater and sensor lines across array of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs).\nC: Thermal conductance per cross-sectional area (G/A) versus temperature for our GNRs (L≈260 nm,Was listed, seeFig. 3c), a ‘short’ unpatterned sample (L≈260 nm,W≈12 μm, seeFig. 3b) and a ‘large’ sample from Seolet al.6(L≈10 μm,W≈2.4 μm, seeFig. 3a). The short but wide graphene sample attains up to ~35% of the theoretical ballistic heat-flow limit22,23,24(also seeSupplementary Fig. S9).\nD: 3D simulation of experimental structure, showing temperature distribution with current applied through heater line.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2755_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14235", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: σ(R) versusσ(R) versus shape parameterSshowing limits for oblate (S<0) and prolate (S>0) ellipsoids for ICSD FeO6structures takingR2=1.9 Å.\nB: σ(R) versus for FeO6octahedra in magnetite.\nC: s.d.σ(R) versus mean ellipsoid radius .\nD: DisplacementsDof the cations from their ellipsoid centres versus for ICSD FeO6structures.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14235_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4189", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: STM image showing arrangement of GNRs. Scale bar, 3 nm. In the magnified part one GNR is highlighted in green for the sake of clarity.\nB: Schematic of the GNRs synthesized in this study and (b) the corresponding calculated band structure.\nC: UPS/IPES spectrum of GNRs on a gold substrate.\nD: 13C NMR spectra for the polymer4and GNRs5.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4189_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9394", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Sketch of the bar-coating process.\nB: Saturation mobility (VGS=VDS=60 V) for FETs fabricated by bar-coating at different velocity (1, 3 and 6 m min−1) a solution of P(NDI2OD-T2) withMnof 26.6 KDa and PDI of 3.2, probing the transport parallel (black dots) and perpendicularly (red dots) to the coating direction. The solution concentration is 5 g l−1in mesitylene.\nC: Saturation mobility (VGS=VDS=60 V) for FETs fabricated by bar-coating solutions of P(NDI2OD-T2) with differentMnand PDI, probing the transport parallel (black dots) and perpendicularly (red dots) to the coating direction. Solution concentration (5 g l−1in mesitylene) and coating speed (3 m min−1) were kept constant.\nD: Average saturation mobilities (circles) with their standard deviation (bars) for 56 FETs coated on an 8 × 8 cm2area in both parallel and perpendicular directions, compared to a distribution obtained from 8 spin-coated FETs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9394_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8954", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: two-photon action cross-sections of An2Py,1a,2,3;\nB: Kekulé structures of anthracene, perylene and An2Py (resonance showing possible stabilized biradical structure); and (e) luminescence photos of An2Py,1a,2,3at 800, 1200, and 1500, nm femtosecond pulsed laser excitation.\nC: The emission spectra of the perylene dye coincides with the excitation region of the parent1aleading to an emission at 570 nm. The emission of perylene is not observed in2.\nD: three-photon action cross-sections of An2Py,1a,2,3; and (d) four-photon action cross-sections of An2Py,1a,2,3. Here, the experimental error results mainly from the uncertainty in fluctuation of input laser pulse energy and determination of laser beam characteristics such as beam waist and pulse duration. As shown in equation (1) and also expressions ofF2,F3andF4inSupplementary Methods,, and.I00is laser beam peak intensity,w0is the beam waist andτis the laser pulse duration", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8954_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10078", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Microscope image (top view) of a released sample of Λ-like NED actuator at its free end and clamping position (left and right, scale bar, 50 μm).\nB: Schematic image of a single elementary actuator cell with the indication of ground (blue) and control potential (red).\nC: Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a V-like NED actuator sample cut with a focused ion beam at the middle of the cantilever (scale bar, 2 μm).\nD: Illustration of a half elementary actuator cell and the fundamental geometric parameters.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10078_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5709", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Positions (upper panel) and full width at half maximum (FWHM) (lower panel) of Stokes shear mode as a function of temperatures. The solid spheres represent the experimental data. The straight blue line (upper panel) is the linear fit and the pink curve is the polynomial fit, which accounts for both thermal expansion and anharmonic multi-phonon interaction. Obviously, the nonlinear fit is superior to the linear one. The frequency of the shear mode at 0 K can be extrapolated. For FWHM (lower panel), the green line is the fit of the data by considering both effects of the phonon–phonon (ph–ph) interaction and electron–phonon coupling (EPC). The purple and blue plots describe the contributions of the ph–ph and EPC, separately. The dominance of EPC, especially at low temperature is clear. Note: the FWHM has been corrected by subtracting the broadening of our system of 0.9 cm−1from the fitted values. The error bars shown here are s.e. of curve fitting. (Elaser=2.33 eV).\nB: Schematic diagram of shear modes in BLG and TLG.\nC: Raman spectrum of low-frequency modes of 3+3 r-f6LG with rotational angle of 12.2°. (Elaser=2.33 eV). Scale bars, 2 μm.\nD: Temperature-dependent Raman spectra of the shear mode with both Stokes and anti-Stokes lines.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5709_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12042", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Plot of absorbance intensity as a function of time (20 min each).\nB: Synthesis of LHCs-b.\nC: SAXS profile of the HMS sample (the final concentration of both HMS and β-CAR is 75 μM) with an acquisition time of 5 h.\nD: Schematic showing the release of nanoparticles.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12042_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10375", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Same as inbwhen Leg 3 is used to change the QD strain status (see the blue data points) while Leg 1 is again used to achieveθ∼φ2(see the red data points). The curve for zero applied voltages is also reported for reference (see the black data points).\nB: Sketch of the radiative decay of a confined biexciton (XX) to the ground state (0) in a generic as-grown QD. In the presence of a FSS (s), the emitted photons are only classically correlated. H (V) indicates horizontally (vertically) polarized photons.\nC: Same as inafor a QD embedded in the device show inc, where anisotropic in-plane strains are first used to restore the exciton (X) degeneracy (left panel), and then to modify the X and XX energies without affecting the FSS (right panel). The yellow lines indicate entanglement. σ+(σ−) indicates right (left) circularly polarized photons.\nD: Same as inFig. 2efor a different QD whose FSS is fine-tuned tos<0.2 μeV. The circles indicate the X energies (EX1,2,3) where cross-correlation measurements have been performed. In particular,EX3correspond to the position in between the hyperfine lines of Cs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10375_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4023", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Diagram of the functionalized nanogap devices. Inset: SEM image of a device fabricated by OWL-generated nanowire (scale bar: 1 μm).\nB: Chemical structure of2oo.\nC: The electronic symbol and a truth table of the OR logic gate. (d,e) Endurance performance: current response of a1c-based nanodevice under alternate modulation of visible light irradiation (700 nm for 2 h) and (d) UV irradiation (365 nm for 30 min) or (e) Electrochemical stimuli (oxidation at 450 mV and reduction at −50 mV for 10 min). The current values were recorded at 0.6 V bias in vacuum.\nD: Conductance (G) changes with different input combinations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4023_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10367", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CCD images for the zeroth and first diffraction orders for different periodicities. A much weaker first negative order may also be seen.\nB: Measured (blue circles) FWM emission angle as a function of the grating periodicity. The red squares are the results from NL-FDTD simulations and the black line is the prediction of the Raman–Nath NL diffraction theory.\nC: CCD image of a signal from a uniform unit cell, and (d) from a phase gradient unit cell (the scale bars in the SEM are 500 nm).\nD: Illustration of the anomalous phase-matching condition for phase-gradient metasurfaces.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10367_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2708", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic representation of electron transfer in a biased double quantum well.λis the reorganization energy,εijis the difference in minimum of the potential energy wells andHijis the tunnel splitting. The semi-classical Marcus hopping path and the nuclear tunnelling mechanism are indicated by solid-red and dashed-red arrows, respectively.\nB: Schematic representation of the M–A hopping process.\nC: Corresponding output characteristics of the rr-P3HT FeFET at zero gate bias as a function of temperature.\nD: Source-drain current at zero gate bias as a function of temperature for various source-drain biases.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2708_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3411", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Single-scan15N NMR spectra (30° pulse angle) of hyperpolarized probe1(0.5 mM) in human blood containing 50% v/v HEPES buffer (middle) without or (top) with 10 mM Ca2+or (bottom) with 10 mM EDTA.\nB: Fluorescein as a platform for designing fluorescent probes. Fluorescein comprises both aromatic and signalling moieties. The fluorescence quantum yield of the signalling moiety can be tuned by the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of the aromatic moiety. In three examples—Fluo-2, DAF-2 and DNAF1—the HOMO/LUMO level of the aromatic moiety is changed on the binding or reaction of Ca2+, NO and glutathioneS-transferase enzyme with the sensing moiety, respectively, leading to light emission from the fluorescent sensors.\nC: Proposed platform for designing hyperpolarized MR probes. Various hyperpolarized MR probes can be designed by the same strategy used for converting fluorophore platforms to fluorescent sensors, as shown inFig. 1a. The chemical structures of probes1–3used in this study are shown.\nD: Spin–lattice relaxation timeT1(14.1 T, D2O, 30 °C) of13C (450 mM) or15N (200–300 mM) nuclei of the chemical compound shown at the bottom. Error bars indicate a s.d. of five saturation recovery measurements.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3411_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10141", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: TEM image. Scale bar, 100 nm. Inset is selected area electron diffraction pattern.\nB: SEM image. Scale bar, 100 nm.\nC: HRTEM images of nickel particle and CNT, respectively. Scale bars, 2 nm.\nD: XPS spectrum. The inset is the high-resolution N 1sXPS spectrum.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10141_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Two-dimensional histogram of experimental DW magnetization data inα−φspace derived from four SPLEEM compound images includingFig. 2b. Colour bar corresponds to the number of pixels on DW centrelines with a givenφandα. Green dashed lines correspond to the histograms inFig. 2e–h.\nB: φ-dependent chiralitiesγNandγBderived from the simulation, −1 corresponds to right-handed and +1 corresponds to left-handed.\nC: Histogram of angleαin DW counted pixel-by-pixel in (b) shows a single peak pointing at ~−40°. Left h., left-handed; right h., right-handed.\nD: Examples of different DW orientations, data are cropped fromb. DW tangent directions are indicated by white dashed lines, scale bars are 100 nm. (e–h)φ-dependent histograms of angleαin DW centre, counted pixel-by-pixel in four SPLEEM compound images includingb. The histograms are normalized with respect to the total number of evaluated states. Left h., left-handed; ML, monolayer; right h., right-handed.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7598_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7892", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Polymer network analysis leads to the node–bridge diagram of the three peptide sequences before and after shear flow (all correspond to the simulation snapshots inFig. 1). Only the H(AB)2sequence exhibit weak network connectivity, whereas the other two sequences do not form any network. Time evolution of the simulated polymer network properties during equilibration and shear flow:\nB: The total number of bridges as a measure of the connectivity.\nC: bright-field microscopic images in the coagulation bath and (d) SEM images of the dried fibre showing a diameter of∼3 μm. Mechanical properties of syringe needle spun silk fibres using the H(AB)12sequence dissolved in two different solvents (HFIP and LiBr aqueous solution). The effect of hydration on fibre Young's modulus is studied by comparing air dried and rehydrated fibres.\nD: Representative stress-strain curve from mechanical tensile testing on various silk fibre samples, confirming high fibre robustness and Young's modulus.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7892_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15846", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Main frame: The stress fluctuations autocorrelation function measured over the whole simulation for the fully thermal regimekBT/∈= 10−3(blue), the intermediatekBT/∈= 10−4(green) and the forkBT/∈= 0 (red). Inset: Time series of the normal stress fluctuationsδσover all the simulation for the athermal sample showing the aging of the structure. P.d.f, probability distribution function.\nB: The probability distribution function of the particle displacements calculated with a lag time equal to 40τ0for three ratios ofkBT/∈, blue circles represent the fully thermal regimekBT/∈= 10−3, green circles refer to the intermediate regimekBT/∈= 10−4and red circles correspond to the configuration atkBT/∈= 0, the solid black line represents the MF predictionu−5/2, a deviation from this purely elastic effects is seen when thermal fluctuations act on the small displacements. Snapshots of the colloidal gel network forkBT/∈= 10−3(b) andkBT/∈= 0 (c), showing the interparticle bonds and the amplitude of the displacements after a rupture event.\nC: The decay of the coherent scattering function as a function of the time rescaled by the relaxation timeτqfor a wave vector ranging fromq=0.1 to 10 and for three different ratios ofkBT/∈.\nD: The particle MSD as a function of timetfor the samekBT/∈ratios as ina.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15846_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3431", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Field emission scanning electron microscopy image of bulk VOPO4·2H2O precursors, where the stacked layers can be clearly seen. Scale bar, 200 nm.\nB: Schematic illustration for 2-propanol-assisted exfoliation process from bulk VOPO4·2H2O to graphene-like VOPO4nanosheets. During the process of ultrasonication in 2-propanol solution, the VOPO4layers were swelled and interlayered H2O molecules effused, resulting in the VOPO4ultrathin nanosheets. (b,c) XRD and Raman spectra of samples for the elongated ultrasonication time of 0, 5, 10 and 15 min, respectively. The insets incare the symmetric bending (left) and stretching (right) modes of O–P–O, respectively.\nC: Cycling stability of the FUPA under repeated bending/extending deformation.\nD: The SEM image of exfoliated VOPO4ultrathin nanosheets with warped edges exhibiting the ultrathin features. Scale bar, 200 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3431_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9363", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Experimental ultrafastD–T2data after the Fourier transform in the spatial frequency dimension. The first row (red) is shown on the top along with the coil sensitivity profile (black).\nB: 13C NMR spectrum of DNP hyperpolarized DMSO in H2O.\nC: Spatial dependence of the inversion timetinversionand the value of wave vectorqdue to the frequency-swept radio frequency and gradient pulse pair.\nD: Corresponding reference map obtained in the conventionalD–T2correlation experiment. The experiments were carried out at 300 MHz1H frequency. The total time in the conventional experiment was 46 min, using eight scans per increment, while only 2 min 30 s were required with a total of 32 scans in the ultrafast experiment.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9363_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7398", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Oxygen intermediate scattering functionFs(kmax,t) atT=2,000 K for different constraints/pressures.\nB: Area of the enthalpic (AH) and volumetric (AV, red curve, right axis) hysteresis as a function of the applied pressureP, defining a reversibility window (RW, grey zone).\nC: Arrhenius plot of the Green–Kubo-calculated viscosities for selected pressures and indicated number of constraints (2.92, 3.04 and 3.95) per atom at 2,000 K. The data at 0 GPa (nc=2.92) can be compared with experimental values of viscosity (Bockriset al.53) measured at ambient conditions. The top inset shows the corresponding activation energyEA(black symbols), together with corresponding calculated activation energy for diffusionEA(orange symbols), derived from an Arrhenius plot of oxygen diffusivity54. The bottom inset shows a calculated relaxation timeτas a function ofncdetermined from a separate evaluation of the viscosity and the instantaneous shear modulus20.\nD: Using the 8−N(octet) rule, the RW can be represented only for a very limited number of systems as a function of the number of mechanical constraints (panel b) using the mean-field estimate ofnc17,18, and is found close tonc=3.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7398_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10771", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Structure illustration of pyrite-phase CoS2and CoS|P (CoS2−xPx,x=1), each with a representative coordination polyhedron.\nB: Typical chronoamperometric responses (j∼tcurves) of the CoS2/CNT and CoS|P/CNT catalysts driving hydrogen evolution at the overpotential of 77 mV without iR compensation for 20 h in 0.5 M H2SO4solution. About 0.4 mg of each catalyst was loaded on a carbon fibre paper with 0.5 cm2of active area. The sharp current fluctuations were caused by the sampling of electrolyte during the electrolysis process.\nC: High-resolution TEM image showing the (200) lattice fringes of pyrite-phase CoS|P; Scale bar, 5 nm.\nD: Box plots (median and quartiles) representing the concentrations of Co dissolved in 20 ml of electrolyte as the HER catalysis proceeds. The vertical whiskers represent the s.d. The statistics are derived from at least three independent measurements.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10771_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14625", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Comparison of related bond lengths and characteristic NMR spectroscopic data of complex8with those of reference complexes15and15a; see ref.63.(c) Comparison of Mayer bond order of complex8with those of reference complexes14and15; see refs63and62.\nB: Au-catalysed cyclization oxidation ofN-alkynyl formamidine1and gold carbene intermediate8.\nC: Heteroatom-stabilized gold carbenes9–13.\nD: Delocalized π bond between C1and phenyl ring.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14625_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13057", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Approximately 2.4 nm copper particles on silica after heat treatment in N2and reduction in H2(Cu2S-N2).\nB: Approximately 8.0 nm copper particles on silica prepared via homogeneous deposition precipitation followed by a hydrothermal treatment and reduction in H2(Cu40SiO2).\nC: Approximately 5.4 nm copper particles on high-surface-area graphite after reduction (Cu9HSAG).\nD: Approximately 14.2 nm copper particles on silica after heat treatment in 2% NO/N2and reduction in H2(Cu6SG(15)-NO). The TEM images inbanddwere acquired with a Tecnai 12 microscope and inaandcwith an image-aberration corrected Titan microscope.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13057_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10085", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Cyclic voltammograms of PNTz4T, PNOz4T (in the thin film), PC61BM and PC71BM (in the solution).\nB: Plots of PCE againstEloss(=Eg−eVOC) for organic solar cells (small molecules and polymers (PSCs)) extracted fromc. (seeSupplementary Table 2for the detail ofcandd) The red open squaresa–eindicate the polymer systems withEloss≤0.6 eV.\nC: J–Vcurves of PNOz4T/PC61BM cells with different polymer to PC61BM weight (p/n) ratios and a PNOz4T/PC71BM cell with a p/n ratio of 1:2.\nD: Chemical structures of PNTz4T and PNOz4T.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10085_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13088", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: SEM images of cellular interactions. Cell–cell adhesion was clearly observed. (g,h) Microscope images of heterotypic cell adhesions between unmodified PBMCs (g), modified PBMCs (h) and MCF-7. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nB: Flow cytometry assay of azo-DNA-FAM binding efficiency, black: untreated MCF-7 cells, green: unmodified cells treated with azo-DNA-FAM, pink: alkynyl-PEG-β-CD modified cells treated with azo-DNA-FAM, orange: alkynyl-PEG-β-CD modified cells treated with adamantine followed by azo-DNA-FAM, blue: alkynyl-β-CD modified cells treated with azo-DNA-FAM. Data were presented as mean±s.d (n=3).\nC: Recognition component-linked azobenzenes could be built onto β-CD-conjugated cell surface through host–guest interactions to construct photo-controlled reversible systems.\nD: Outline of attaching β-CD-labelled cells to an azobenzene-patterned substrate and releasing them again.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13088_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12711", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: AFM image, measured at constant height. Scale bar, 300 pm.\nB: Chemical structure of the product. Measurement parameters:Vtip=−200 mV andI=10 pA ina.Vtip=0 mV andA=60 pm inb.\nC: Corresponding AFM image, measured at a constant height.\nD: Proposed chemical structure of the first product. Measurement parameters:Vtip=−200 mV andI=2 pA inaandVtip=−200 mV andI=1 pA in (inset).Vtip=0 mV andA=60 pm inb,c. Scale bar, 4 nm ina. White, blue and yellow scale bars, 300 pm, 600 pm and 520 pm inb,c.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12711_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8669", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A quantum measurement may be thought of as a device which produces a post-measurement stateX′ and a classical readingC′ from an input stateX.\nB: Maxwell’s demon with a Szilard box, as proposed by Bennett5. A measurement detects on which side of the inserted separator the particle is, and extracts work with a piston in either case. The cylinder is left in its original state, apparently creating a perpetuum mobile with net work gain. However, the measurement outcome (represented by ‘L’ or ‘R’) had to be stored in a memory register, which was initially in some pure state (represented by ‘—’) and the work cost of resetting it to a pure state again compensates the work gain. The register could have been reset using the post-measurement state at no work cost, but the latter was consumed during work extraction.\nC: Work can be extracted if randomness is being produced: the discarded information is entangled with the output (orange wavy lines), and the conditional entropy on the right hand side of (1) is negative.\nD: The corresponding logical process maps the input systemXand classical registerCto a classical outcome on the output registerC′ and a post-measurement state onX′. The initial registerCis prepared in a pure state. Our main result implies that the measurement costs no work in principle.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8669_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13108", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: SEM images of flexible solid solution crystals and (e) the mechanism of a crystal deformation. X⋯X contacts are not shown for the sake of clarity. The scale bar indis 100 μm.\nB: Lateral amplitude and phase and (g) vertical amplitude and phase hysteresis loops obtained by a pulse dc mode. The scale bars ina–dare 10 μm.\nC: Lateral amplitude of the long axis of the crystal.\nD: Crystalline needles of a solid solution grown from a Me2CO/H2O mixture and their elastic properties.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13108_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-17370-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: cross-section of the MEA showing the position of anode GDE, AEM, and cathode GDE of the imaged area; scale bar = 500 μm, (b), (c) longitudinal sections of anode and cathode GDEs at OCV under 100% RHs, (d), (e) longitudinal sections of anode and cathode GDEs at 0.1 V under 100% RHs. The anode and cathode used in this measurement contained 20% wt PTFE in the GDLs and 8% wt PTFE in the CLs. The anode and cathode loading were 0.70 mgPtRucm−2and 0.60 mgPtcm−2, respectively. H2/O2reacting gases were both fed to the cell at 200 sccm.\nB: The “reduced dew points” situation, which shows drying out inside the cell. Anodes and cathodes used in the above three experiments had catalys loadings of 0.70 mgPtRucm−2and 0.60 mgPtcm−2, respectively.\nC: 3.0 A cm−2with anode/cathode dew points of 52/54 °C;\nD: 1.5 A cm−2with anode/cathode dew points of 54/56 °C;", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-17370-7_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7210", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The force-field (red and green lines) and DFT (blue line) energies of a molecule translated across the path shown inFig. 2b–fwith a distance of 2.18 Å between the terminal N and the pore rim. Scale bars, 20 Å.\nB: Transient configuration identified in a close-up measurement, elusive in large-area surveys.\nC: Differences between TAP and the PPF through image free energy of a single confined molecule at different temperatures computed using the r.h.s. of equation (5) in equation (4). The normalization is carried out usingprefas the maximum value in the confined pore. The inset shows the linear fitF(T−1)=−15.0+176 T−1using data between 180 and 500 K.\nD: The Boltzmann distribution of the green and yellow pixel shown inf.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7210_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7276", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: X-band EPR spectra during charge from OCV to 4 V. The signal due to lithium metal particle is removed from the spectra for clarity reason. There is no EPR activity in the as assembled cell as well as after complete discharge (2 V) and is not shown in the Figure.\nB: X-band EPR spectra of the Li versus Li symmetric cell. Bulk lithium did not show any EPR signal because of skin depth effect and a sharp signal because of deposited lithium particles is observed on polarization of the cell.\nC: (O2)3−and (e) (O2)−possess single unpaired electrons hence their EPR activity, while (c) (O2)2−is EPR inactive due to an even number of paired electrons.\nD: X-band EPR spectra of the Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3versus Li half cell at OCV and after charging to 3.6 V. At OCV, all the components and cell parts are EPR-silent/inactive and there is no EPR signal. When the cell is charged to 3.6 V, a broad Ru5+signal (blue part,g=2.0002) and a sharp Li metal signal (line marked in pink) was observed.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7276_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15254", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Molecular models (CPK model as well as electron cloud model) of a hydrogen-bonded hexamer of1.\nB: Schematic illustration of light-induced curvature changes of SP via two possible mechanisms. Grey rectangle: indirect mechanism, where isomerization of the azobenzene occurs in the individual molecular/rosette level via aggregate–monomer exchange. White rectangle: direct mechanism, where isomerization of the azobenzene moieties occurs within the stacked SP chains.\nC: Random mechanism, where photoinduced loss of curvature starts randomly at several points within a fibre.\nD: Foldamers generally usemeta-substituted aromatic moieties as covalently curved units. Folding/unfolding can be realized indirectly by controlling non-covalent interactions between non-adjacent monomer units, or directly by introducing responsive units (for example, azobenzene moieties) into the helical backbone/main chain.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15254_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-15207-x", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: 77(0.2 mmol) and POCl3(0.25 mmol) in 2.0 mL of dry DMF, reflux at 160 °C; 2-methylbut-2-ene (2.6 mmol) in 3 mL oftBuOH, NaClO2(0.74 mmol), NaH2PO4(1.0 mmol) at 25 °C, 24 h.\nB: 70(0.2 mmol) and BBr3(0.6 mmol) in 0.5 mL DCM at 110 °C, 24 h; NaBO3·4H2O (1.0 mmol) in 0.5 mL of THF and 0.5 mL of sat. K2CO3, at 60 °C, 6 h.\nC: 72(0.2 mmol) and BBr3(0.22 mmol) in 0.5 mL of DCM at 25 °C, 1 h; NaBO3·4H2O (0.6 mmol) in 0.5 mL of THF and 0.5 mL of K2CO3(aq) at 25 °C, 1 h; K2CO3(0.6 mmol) and BnBr (0.24 mmol) in 2.0 mL of acetone at 25 °C, 24 h;\nD: 76(0.2 mmol), TsOH (0.3 mmol), and ethylene glycol (1,6 mmol) in 2.0 mL of toluene at 120 °C, 22 h;", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-15207-x_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5470", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: the Mo atom at the edge and Mo atom within the lattice;\nB: Cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves for bulk MoS2, Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and bulk Ag in CO2environment. The experiments were performed in 96 mol% water and 4 mol% EMIM-BF4solution by sweeping applied potential from +1 V to −0.764 V versus RHE. The vertical grey line indicates the low overpotential (~54 mV) for CO2reduction at bulk MoS2.\nC: Annular bright-field (ABF) STEM images of vertically aligned MoS2(scale bar, 20 nm). STEM analysis (inset) shows the vertically aligned texture of MoS2nanoflakes (scale bar, 5 nm).\nD: Higher magnification HAADF images show clearly distinct atomic configuration corresponding to the 1T (top) and 2H (bottom) type of MoS2. The related schematic atomic models have also been shown on the right side.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5470_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12949", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Chemical structure of bis(merocyanine)2with two different chromophores and its self-aggregation into three possible dimer structures. The bold arrows illustrate ground state dipole moments of the chromophore units.\nB: Spectrum of aggregate in a 1:1 mixture of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-d2/tetrachloromethane (c=8 × 10−3M) at 253 K with the assignment of significant proton signals.\nC: Chemical structure of bis(merocyanine)1with two identical chromophores and its self-aggregation into homodimer stack.\nD: Molecular packing of bis(merocyanine)1in the solid state (side view) with enlargement of the dimer structure motif (front view). Solvent molecules and hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity and butyl chains were replaced by methyl groups.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12949_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1970", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: atomic force microscope (AFM) height image of the porous film (scale bar, 300 nm).\nB: Organic inter-crystalline, film which allows for vertical crystal continuity between tablets (scale bar, 500 nm).\nC: Transformation of the layer into a porous film: Immersion in a basic solution dissolves PAA and induces pores by dewetting. Stabilization by UV cross-linking. Surface functionalization by PAA immersion.\nD: A continuous PAA/PVP film was formed by sequentially immersing a glass slide into PAA and PVP solutions for 1 min each.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1970_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2941", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: SEM images of the electrode after 2,000 electrochemical cycles, showing that a uniform and thin SEI forms on the composite electrode. Scale bar, 1 μm (left) and 200 nm (right).\nB: Capacity and (d) galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles of a SiNP-PANi electrode cycled at various current densities: 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 3.0 A g−1(from right to left).\nC: SEM image of the PANi hydrogel sample. Scale bar, 100 nm.\nD: First, SiNPs were dispersed in the hydrogel precursor solution containing the crosslinker (phytic acid), the monomer aniline and the initiator ammonium persulphate.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2941_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12165", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: X-ray diffraction patterns;\nB: FTIR, (b) Raman, solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) (c)13C and (d)15N NMR spectra of KSCN-treated melon. For the15N spectrum, melon was treated in isotope-enriched KS13C15N. A summary of the deconvolution and integration of the13C spectrum is given in SupplementaryTable 4. Inset shows the proposed structure and NMR assignments (carbons 4 and 5 refer to H+and K+as counterions, respectively);\nC: Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of KSCN-treated melon compared with amorphous melon, and amorphous melon that has undergone an extra heating step identical to the KSCN-treated melon (400 °C for 1 h, then 500 °C for 30 min) for the first 6 h and for (b) 100+h. After every overnight run, the headspace of the reactor was evacuated and flushed with argon. Methanol (500 μl) was added on the 43rd and 67th hour, and on the 74th, 82nd and the 90th hours (200 μl). Note that the rate only appears to be increasing because the headspace sampling was carried out manually and, hence, at irregular intervals. See main text for the average rates.\nD: Melon pentamer.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12165_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1800", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Intensity decay for (8,7)-type SWNT during H+detection. Exponential quenching model was fit to the experimental data, providing moderate proton quenching kinetic parameters of 0.01 and 0.02 s−1for 0.6 and 2.4 M, respectively. All scale bars, 50 μm.\nB: Triangular particle synthesis with PEG 200 inert flows in an NOA channel from organic precursor containing PEGDA 200, ruthenium dye (mixed with methanol (MeOH) and toluene), and PI. (b,c) Brightfield and fluorescence images of triangular particles synthesized in (a).\nC: Variation of PEGDA 575 loading percentage to determine critical gel point (∼15% monomer concentration). Synthesis was performed in PDMS devices, and all streams contained rhodamine acrylate for visualization of particle interfaces.\nD: Schematic of microparticle synthesis in gas-impermeable NOA channel. Particles were synthesized and then carried out of the synthesis area using rapid, synchronized cycles of shutter-mediated ultraviolet exposure and pressure-driven flow. The vertical flow focusing process is precisely described inSupplementary Fig. S4.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1800_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11002", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Long-range STM image displaying the formation of quasi-unidimensional polymers mainly confined to the fcc regions.\nB: Diethyl-pyrrole to isoindole moiety conversion.\nC: Long-range STM image, revealing the close-packed supramolecular assembly and highlighting the presence of the herringbone reconstruction of Au(111).\nD: High-resolution STM images of polymers of distinct size (3, 4, 5, 6 and 8) and histogram of the polymeric length. (c,d) High-resolution STM image and models of the majority of products between coupled monomers (c, L-type andd, V-type).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11002_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2809", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Rectangular amber sample in rheometer fixtures.\nB: First heating curve of amber from DSC measurement showing large enthalpy overshoot and application of Moynihan’s area matching method to obtain the amber fictive temperatureTf.\nC: Scaled relaxation time versus temperature for all data, from ambient to 160 °C compared with the VFT curve fit to equilibrium data only. Data betweenTfandTgare upper bound to equilibrium response and data forT10 μm) (IDS=drain-to-source current;VDS=drain-to-source bias;VGS=gate-to-source bias).\nB: Chemical structure ofrrP3HT-b-rsP3HT diblock copolymer and the schematic illustration of Step 1, self-assembly ofrrP3HT-b-rsP3HT to form fibres in anisole; Step 2, fragmentation of the fibres; and Step 3, thermal annealing to form uniform fibres. TEM images of the unfragmented fibres from (b)rrP3HT48-b-rsP3HT43and (c)rrP3HT106-b-rsP3HT47,which were obtained by directly dispersing the polymer solid in anisole at 0.1 mg ml−1at 80 °C for 1 h and then slowly cooling to 23 °C. Uniform fibres fromrrP3HT106-b-rsP3HT47prepared by subjecting anisole solutions of fibres (0.1 mg ml−1) to ultrasonication at 0 °C for 1 h, followed by thermal annealing at (d) 56.0 °C, (e) 62.5 °C, (f) 64.0 °C for 30 min and then slow (ca. 6 h) cooling to 23 °C. Scale bars, 500 nm.\nC: Schematic illustration of the charge-carrier transfer processes present in thin films of semiconductive fibre networks.\nD: Variation of saturation mobility versus the fibre lengths after self-seeding. The red curve is a quadratic fit to the data. Each saturation mobility data point is averaged over the data from at least ten devices.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15909_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32902-z", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: 16(0.2 equiv),17(0.1 equiv), TBSCl (2.0 equiv),iPr2EtN (1.2 equiv), THF, –40 °C, 99% (95% ee);\nB: DMP (1.25 equiv), CH2Cl2, 23 °C; SiO2, 94%;\nC: m-CPBA (1.1 equiv), K2CO3(3.0 equiv), CH2Cl2, 0 °C to 23 °C, 75%. B2pin2bis(pinacolato)diboron, TBAF tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, TFA trifluoroacetic acid,m-CPBA 3-chloroperbenzoic acid.\nD: Me3OBF4(3.0 equiv), proton-sponge (4.0 equiv), CH2Cl2, 0 °C to 23 °C, 91%;", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-32902-z_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3009", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Crystal structure ofIbviewed along theaaxis.\nB: Crystal structure ofIbdepicted as stick and space filling models viewed along thecaxis.\nC: Solid seeding-triggered phase transformation (scale bar, 200 μm). The phase transformation ofIbinitiated from the area in contact with the seed crystal ofIIy(upper left photograph) and spread over the entire crystal after 15 h (lower right photograph).\nD: Progression of the phase transformation over the crystals (scale bar, 200 μm). Partial decomposition of theIIyphase was observed (white triangles).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3009_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15902", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Micrographs of NSF micrococoon formation acquired at three different time points T1, T2 and T3:\nB: sphere; T1=0 ms, T2=10 ms, T3=13 ms, (ii) cylinder; T1=0 ms, T2=13 ms and T3=34 ms and (v) thick fibre; T1=0 ms, T2=59 ms, T3=68 ms. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nC: Schematic representation of the microfluidic processing of NSF into micrococoons.\nD: a control sample of monomeric NbSyn86, (ii) NbSyn86 after encapsulation and release treatment in the absence of NSF, (iii) NbSyn86 released from gelled NSF micrococoons (which contain ca. 2% of aggregated NSF), (iv) NbSyn86 released from gelled micrococoons which contain ca. 60% of aggregated NSF.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15902_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9173", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Describes how the two-body FRET (II) (resp. (II’)) from thep(resp.) state occurs through the exchange of a single virtual photon symbolized with two blue arrows.\nB: ) Describes how the three-body FRET transfers the startingppp(resp.) state to the end state through the exchange of two different virtual photons. The first virtual photon, symbolized with blue arrows crossed with a single mark, leads the system to a virtual intermediate state before the second, symbolized with red arrows crossed with two marks, leads it resonantly to the end state. For reference, an horizontal dashed line at the energyrepresents when possible the two-body resonance condition.\nC: (resp.\nD: Describes the similar two-body FRET from apandmixture.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9173_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1561", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The fitted Lorentzian peak area of the Δm=+1 line fromais plotted as a function of microwave amplitudeEand magnetic fieldB.\nB: ΔIQPCas a function of the double-dot detuningɛand the microwave amplitudeEfor 11 GHz andB=1.0 T (middle panel) andB=2.5 T (lower panel). The excitation scheme fromFigure 1dis employed with reference pulse amplitudePɛ=1.5 mV. The green (red) dashed lines mark the multi-photon Δm=0 (Δm=+1) PAT transitions. The reference signal stemming from the pulse is marked by orange arrows. The voltage amplitudeEis measured at the end of the coaxial lines at room temperature. The uppermost panel displays a linecut measured at 1 T. The red line is a least-squares fit by a sum of four lorentzian peaks to the data.\nC: In the conventional picture of PAT, the first sidebands seen inbshould appear when the detuning of the (0,2) and (1,1) states matches the photon energy, and interdot tunnelling is induced. Further sidebands are then interpreted as multi-photon transitions.μFis the chemical potential of the left and right electron reservoir.\nD: Δɛbetween the Δm=0 line and the Δm=−1 (1,1) to (0,2) transition fromFigure 2c. The fit of the anti-crossing (red line) allows for a precise determination ofts.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1561_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14039", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Free energy profile of benzaldehyde formation at FeO/Pt(111) interface. The red and black lines represent for pathway 1 and 2, respectively. Ina–c, the gray balls represent for Pt atoms, red for O, light-pink for H, dark-goldenrod for Fe and sienna for C.\nB: HRTEM image of the fresh PdCu7catalyst.\nC: 8.5 nm × 8.5 nm,Vs=0.1 V,It=2.1 nA;\nD: 7 nm × 7 nm,Vs=0.1 V,It=0.7 nA.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14039_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1116", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Probabilities of all possible states for the three models. 'TS' means the transition state, in which one or more protomers stay in none of the three states.\nB: The CG model of the AcrB porter domain and the drug, minocycline (yellow). Two residues that hide the drug are not drawn. The chains being the B, E and A states in the crystal structure are numbered by I, II and III respectively.\nC: Results for the single protomer simulation with the control set. The values near circles are the probabilities of corresponding states, whereas those beside arrows are transition frequencies between states.\nD: and (d) show the drug export through the 'cleft' and the closed-up view of the 'cleft' respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1116_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11585", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 2D GIXRD of O-IDTBR:P3HT (1:1);\nB: 2D GIXRD of EH-IDTBR thin film;\nC: average charge densities measured in O-IDTBR:P3HT and EH-IDTBR:P3HT devices operating at open circuit as a function ofVocdetermined by CE for different bias light intensities. The grey area marks the data points corresponding∼1 sun light intensity, and dashed lines correspond to the approximate deviceVocvalues (upper line for EH-IDTBR, lower line for O-IDTBR) at 1 sun.\nD: ; 2D GIXRD of EH-IDTBR:P3HT (1:1); and (f) DSC first heating cycles of EH-IDTBR, P3HT and 1:1 blend. Thin films for GIXRD were processed using the same conditions as described for optimized devices and DSC drop-cast samples were measured at 5 °C min−1. Thermograms are offset vertically for clarity.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11585_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11811", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Cross-sectional TEM micrograph of PVC/TPE-DTAB-modified MMT (5 wt%) composite; the inset showed TEM image of TPE-DTAB-modified MMT. Scale bar, 1 μm.\nB: 3D representation of TPE-DTAB-modified MMT dispersion (cyan parts) in PVC matrix. All fluorescence microscopy images were taken with a 405-nm laser.\nC: Fluorescence microscopy image (600 × 600 μm2) of PVC/TPE-DTAB-modified MMT (5 wt%) composite.\nD: ζpotential measurements of TPE-DTAB, Na+-MMT and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT; the inset showed the photographs of Na+-MMT in water, TPE-DTAB-modified MMT in water and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT in petroleum ether for 24 h, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11811_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2307", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Optical micrograph of a fabricated device showing the optical input circuitry, RF contact pads and the SSPD. The control and residual ports are used for calibration purposes. Inset: zoom into the detector region with an scanning electron microscope image showing the single loop device layout. Scale bar, 250 μm.\nB: FDTD simulation of the absorption characteristics of the detector. The propagating intensity is displayed in a logarithmic scale.\nC: OCDE of fabricated devices as a function of detector length and normalized biasing current, after correction for coupler and 50/50 splitter loss. The measured devices have meander widths between 70 and 100 nm. The best OCDE of 91% is obtained for a 20-μm long and 100-nm wide detector (detector III) at 99% of the critical current. For comparison, a meander-type detector (MMI) is also measured with a peak detection efficiency of 3%. Inset: a linear plot of the high-biasing current region, showing the monotonic increase of the detection efficiency towardsIc. The overall system efficiency of the devices, however, is reduced by the coupling loss at the input grating coupler and 50% intensity reduction at the 50/50 splitter.\nD: The modal pattern with NbN wires on top. The inset shows the optical field concentration around the NbN wires.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2307_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13038", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Field pattern for the case without defect.\nB: Band structure in the plane ofkz=0. Each of the three double Weyl points at Γ splits into two single Weyl points. Only three of the six single Weyl points are shown (the band crossing points between the second and third bands, the fourth and fifth bands, and the sixth and seventh bands). The other three single Weyl points can be inferred by applying C2rotation about the axis of the elliptical cylinder.\nC: Bulk band structure in thekz=0 plane. The structure has several Weyl points with different charges (in different colours).\nD: Multilayer system built from PCBs stacked in thezdirection. Interlayer couplings are introduced by the Y-shaped slots on two sides of the PCBs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13038_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2080", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Initial state of the wave packet moving in the −xdirection.\nB: Calculated differential conductance as functions ofVsdand normalized electron energy atBex=+8 T.\nC: Spin polarizationPSdefined byas a function ofVSG. At 0.5(2e2/h), the maximum value reachesPS=0.7. The error bars in panelbandcrepresent the standard deviation deduced from the numerical fitting procedure as a result of the experimental uncertainty of the Fano factor.\nD: After a time evolution of, the wave packet is transmitted through the narrowest constriction.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2080_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6994", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Schematic picture of a pair of two disks rotating around the centre of mass. The two disks are rotating anticlockwise with the same speed.\nB: Temporal change in the interparticle separation. We note that for all the cases including Re=0.7 the interparticle distance eventually reaches a final steady-state value of the separation (seed), which monotonically decreases with Re.\nC: The structure of a hexatic state shown with three colours (yellow for particles with six neighbours; red for particles with more than 7 neighbours; blue for particles with less than 5 neighbours).\nD: A cluster of disks formed at Φ=0.04 at Re=5.94. We confirm that irrespective of the value of Re a cluster is always formed in the range of Re studied.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6994_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10591", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CD intensity recorded at 720 nm (Fig. 3c) during alternative UV and VIS illumination in multiple cycles. Excellent reversibility of the chiroptical response is achieved between the two states with large signal modulations. The error bars represent one s.d. from the mean.\nB: Hybridization and dehybridization of azobenzene-modified DNA oligonucleotides controlled bytrans–cisphotoisomerization of azobenzene through UV and VIS light illumination.\nC: Enlarged view of the origami structures in the locked state. The dsDNA branch, which links the two origami bundles to define the angle, is clearly visible.\nD: TEM image of the DNA origami nanostructures after visible (VIS) light illumination. The locked state is designed to be right-handed.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10591_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10482", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Bright-field TEM image showing stacking faults (yellow rectangles) and dislocation loops (orange circles) induced randomly in a nanowire irradiated with a dosage of 45 μC cm−2. Scale bar, 50 nm (b,c) High-resolution TEM images of a nanowire before (b) and after (c) ion irradiation with a dosage of 100 μC cm−2showing defect tetrahedra (red arrows). Scale bar, 5 nm inb, and 2 nm inc.\nB: Temperature–resistance plots for NW 1 at dosages 700 μC cm−2(magenta) and 1,800 μC cm−2(green), signifying a metal–insulator transition. Inset: variable range hopping (VRH) conduction behaviour observed at 1,800 μC cm−2, dosage confirming the insulating state.\nC: Voltage sweep from 0 to 1 V (green) demonstrating a threshold-switching event of the amorphous phase to state 3 at <1 V with compliance current (Ic) set at 5 μA. A second sweep starting from state 3 (red), revealing a drop in current at 0.01 V corresponding to amorphization event, and the amorphous phase subsequently transformed to state 2 after a threshold-switching event to state 2. Another voltage sweep from 0 to 1 V starting with state 2 (blue), again showing a drop in the current at 0.01 V, signifying amorphization (Supplementary Fig. 12a)—and the amorphous phase subsequently threshold switched and transformed to state 1. The arrows in the figure correspondingly indicate carrier-wind force assisted amorphization and threshold-switching events (c). Repeatable switching measurements, with every cycle consisting of a 100-ns, 26-μA pulse transforming state 1 to amorphous phase, followed by I–V sweeps until state 1 is eventually retrieved; and between every cycleIcwas randomly set to 50, 10 or 5 μA. For the first 60 cycles,Icwas set to 50 μA, for the next 10 cyclesIc=10 μA. From 70 to 82 cycles,Ic=5 μA, followed by 50 μA from 83 to 150 cycles. Further up to 160 cycles,Ic=10 μA. WhenIc=50 μA, amorphous phase always switched to state 1 directly, and whenIc=5 and 10 μA intermediate metastable states became accessible. Here the intermediate resistance states were created by controllably removing defects from the defect-templated region.\nD: Bright-field TEM image of a nanowire ion irradiated with large fluences (1,800 μC cm−2, inset). Selected area electron diffraction showing that the nanowire is still single crystalline with the satellite spots corresponding to the existence of defects. Scale bar, 200 nm. (e–g) Zoomed in, dark-field TEM images of different regions marked ind, all showing many intersecting defect templates, a structural feature that corresponds to electron localization. Scale bar, 20 nm (e,f,g).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10482_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10940", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Chemical structure of the cyclic BODIPY-labelled peptide8.\nB: The amino acid3displays strong fluorogenic behaviour in phospholipid membranes. Spectra of compound3(10 μM) were recorded after incubation with PC:cholesterol (7:1) liposome suspensions in PBS ranging from 3.75 to 0.004 mg ml−1of PC in two-fold serial dilutions,λexc.: 450 nm. PBS alone was used as a negative control for a non-hydrophobic environment. On the right-hand side, pictures of the fluorescence emission of3under excitation with a 365 nm UV-lamp in PC:cholesterol liposome suspensions with increasing PC content (from top to bottom: 3.75, 1.88, 0.94, 0.47, 0.23 and 0 (only PBS) mg ml−1of PC).\nC: Kinetic analysis (from time-lapse imaging indof the fluorescence signal of compound8(2 μM) in the cell membrane ofA. fumigatus(arrow points at the addition time for compound8).\nD: Fluorogenic behaviour of5–7(10 μM) in phosphatidylcoline (PC):cholesterol (7:1) liposome suspensions in PBS ranging from 3.75 to 0.004 mg ml−1of PC in two-fold serial dilutions (λexc.: 450 nm), and wash-free live cell images ofA. fumigatusat 37 °C using fluorescence confocal microscopy after incubation with peptides5–7(5 μM). Scale bar, 20 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10940_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5959", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Real part of electron self-energy (Σ′) at different delay times (t= −1, 1 and 10 ps) for pump fluences 8 and 24 μJ cm−2measured at 17 K (belowTc). Σ′ measured at equilibrium temperature 100 K (aboveTc) is plotted in the lowest panel for comparison.\nB: The corresponding MDC width as a function of energies. The black arrows mark the energy ~ħω0where non-equilibrium and equilibrium MDC width separate with each other. Inset in the lowest panel shows non-equilibrium MDC width at 17 and 108 K (ref.32).\nC: The recovery rate of nodal ΔΣ′ and the nodal coupling strengthλ′ as a function of fluence.\nD: Equilibrium (before pumping,t=−1 ps) and transient (after pumping,t=1 and 10 ps) photoelectron intensity (represented by false colour) as a function of energy and momentum measured along a nodal cut for a pump fluence of 24 μJ cm−2. The bold solid black lines are the momentum distribution curve (MDC) dispersions at the corresponding delay time. The arrows mark the position of the kink atħω0~70 meV.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5959_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2169", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: 2D colour plot of currents due to Cooper pair splitting through the left QD (ΔGL) and the right QD (ΔGR−scaled up by × 2). The red and blue lines at top left and top right panel are the Coulomb blockade peaks of QDLand QDRnearVLG=−0.557 V andVRG=−0.21 V, respectively.\nB: Band diagram of the system aligned for maximum Cooper pair splitting. In the non-local measurement, we look at the conductance of one side of the nanowire (with an embedded QD) as a function of local gate voltage applied to the QD on the other side.\nC: Positive cross-correlation signals for bias voltages,VSD=20, 10 and 5 μV between left side (Coulomb blockade peak of the QDLat left local gate voltage,VLG=−0.557 V) and right side (Coulomb blockade peak of the QDRat right local gate voltage,VRG=−0.21 V).\nD: Non-linear conductance and (e) auto correlation signal (shot noise) as a function of current (ISD) for magnetic fields,B=0 andB=0.2 T. Solid lines are theoretical predictions at temperature,T=10 mK. Charge is 2eforVSD<Δ (blue line) andeforVSD>Δ (red line).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2169_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14009", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A single domain wall connects the two dislocations. Inset shows a schematic representation of the dislocation locations and direction. Scale bar, 2 μm.\nB: Domain walls begin at each dislocation and end at the edges of the crystal.\nC: Disorder frustration: disordered bonds between Ising spins on a square lattice cannot be satisfied with any spin configuration, leading to frustration.\nD: Reduced unit cell showing the locations of the rare earth atoms and their magnetic moment directions in the possibleq=(2π/a)[001] dipolar ground state. This state has alternating planes of ordered tetrahedra, here coloured red and blue, corresponding to the planes of ordering in (b).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14009_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: the 3-sphere (plotted in a distorted projection in which all points on the bounding sphere are equivalent) withN=17 (EN∝N(N+2)) and (c) the 3DHO withN=21 (EN∝N+3/2). The total vortex length is similar in each eigenfunction, a reference wavelength at the origin, proportional toEN−1/2is given in each ofa–c. Each vortex loop in the eigenfunction is coloured grey except for one or two knotted examples in each system, illustrated further ind–g; each of these coloured knots is plotted alongside a simpler projection of the same knot.\nB: The trefoil knot (tabulated as 31from (a) with lengthL=50λand determinant |Δ(−1)|=3;\nC: 250λ. In the main plots, the strong horizontal lines of constant, low-value |Δ(−1)| correspond to specific knots, such as the trefoil (for which) and the composite double trefoil 31#31(for which).\nD: the more complicated 14-crossing prime knot from (b) labelledK14n5049 in the extended notation of standard tabulations beyond 11 crossings29, withL=1,500λand |Δ(−1)|=313;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12346_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5437", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Filament bending energy in the spiral (blue) and classical (green) morphology atσ=20. The inset shows the inclinationθ(l) of the spiral coil.\nB: Half of the spiral filament turns right and half of it left, which is not the case in the classical phase (ε=0,l=10).\nC: The fraction of the sheet surface in contact with itself vanishes when the warped phase transitions to the classical phase (γ=104,μ=1.4, data maximized overl∈[1,10]). Error bars represent s.e.m. from 6–10 independent realizations.\nD: Very thin confinements exhibit tension wrinkles57.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5437_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15357", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Dimensional drawing of the apparatus.\nB: Spectrum of flux oscillation calculation shown inc. The horizontal axis of the spectra shown inbandd, was plotted using frequency per magnetic field units, labelled asγ.\nC: Calculated flux oscillations for H2scattering from Cu(111) using the scattering probabilities mentioned in the text.\nD: Illustration of the manipulation of the rotation projection states within the B1 field. The effect of the field can be visualized as a precession of the axis of rotation of a molecule.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15357_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14119", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: For this tip, a correlation ofC=0.35±0.04 fitsη. The error bars include the statistical and systematic error of the fit to the spectroscopic data. In particular, for the energy positions, the error is one standard deviation of the Gaussian fit to the first derivative of the spectroscopic data and for the asymmetry proportional to the areas under the Gaussian fits. For comparison Ising (c) and Heisenberg fits (e) are shown (dashed line), not reproducing the experimental obtained step energies.\nB: Fitting the asymmetry,ηo, with anisotropy parameters ofD=−4.05 meV, andE=0.65 meV, yields an Ising-like antiferromagnetic coupling between both spins ofJ12=1.1 μeV/nS ×Gsand a correlation ofC=0.6±0.05. AtJ12=0.78 meVηobecomes zero. The error bars include the statistical and systematic error of the fit to the spectroscopic data. In particular, the area under the Gaussian fit to the first derivative of the spectroscopic data in (a).\nC: 2D cut atJ12=2 meV. The coupling introduces a strong polarization of the states. Angular momentum conservation only allows Δmz=0,±1 transitions, suppressing the excitation to the energetically lower states (thin grey arrows). The transitions to the energetically higher states strongly depends on the spin distributions in tip and sample as well as on the tunnelling direction.\nD: Simulated evolution of the state energies and the total magnetic moments,, of the combined spin system,S1=1 andS2=1/2, with Heisenberg couplingJ12. The colour code shows the projected magnetic moment of theS1subsystem (blue: −1, red: +1).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14119_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9973", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Boron nitride interaction curves with in-phase homodyne (blue) and 90° phase homodyne condition (red) at the terminal of the BN nanotube as marked by location 5 inFig. 3b. The infrared frequency is chosen at 1,400 cm−1(b) Interaction curves with in-phase homodyne (blue) and 90° phase homodyne condition (red) at the same location asaat 1,360 cm−1.\nB: Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopic interaction curve. Dashed line shows the linear trend of the background, which is a characteristic of the far-field contribution.\nC: s-SNOM image at 1,360 cm−1.\nD: Interaction curves reconstructed from (b). The point dipole model is plotted with the dashed curve for reference. The tip radius used in the simulation is 28 nm as found by the AFM tip quantification procedure.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9973_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9874", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: CNFs separate during stretching, thus raising electrical resistance.\nB: Electrical sheet resistance (error bars represent s.d. of 4-probe resistance measurements), and (b) advancing/receding CA measurements were determined at stretch intervals 5, 10, 25 and 50 throughout 50 full stretch cycles forλmax=6, 4 and 3 (error bars represent s.d. for CA measurements). Half cycle intervals (5.5, 10.5 and so on) represent the composite returned to a relaxed state (λ=1) before the commencement of the next deformation cycle.\nC: Advancing (solid lines,θAdvancing) and receding (dashed lines,θReceding) water contact angles as a function ofϕ, through a full stretch cycle (λ=1→6→1); superhydrophobic performance remains relatively unchanged through extreme stretch conditions (error bars represent s.d. from average CA measurements). Contact angle hysteresis, defined asΔθ=θAdvancing–θReceding, remains low forϕ≥0.35, which is indicative of robust liquid repellency.\nD: Water droplet roll-off angle data for the same stretch cycle (error bars represent s.d. from average roll-off angle measurements). With the exception of theϕ=0.2 composite (no roll-off), all α-values were <10°, demonstrating high droplet mobility on the surfaces, even under maximum strain. Theϕ=0.2 composite was ‘sticky,’ attributed to a high CA hysteresis (low receding CA reflects high droplet adhesion to the surface).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9874_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8783", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic of the confocal setup used to characterize the single-photon emitters. It includes a Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometer with two single-photon avalanche detectors (D1 and D2) connected to a correlation card (CC). The dichroic mirror (DM) was removed when in used in EL mode. A partial schematic of the device consisting of a p+top contact is also shown. Three floating guard rings encircle the central contact to decrease the electric field at the main contacted junction.\nB: Schematic of the band edges of a 3C polytype inclusion in 4H–SiC35. Thexaxis is parallel to thecaxis with increasing depth to the left. The location of a defect state introduced by the SiCdefect shown in (b) is symbolized by a red dot where the hole is strongly localized upon excitation.\nC: Histogram created from more than 50 spectra indicating the number of lines per 5 nm interval.\nD: A schematic of the energy level diagram of the SiCdefect where the ground state is1A1. Fast (slow) processes are labelled by straight (dashed) arrows. PL and EL boxes indicate the states participating in the respective processes. The3E′ state consists of a valence band-derived hole captured by the defect whereas the1E and3E excited states consist of a hole localized on the defect. In these excited states the electron lies on a split conduction band state thus the energies of the3E′,1E and3E levels depend on the position of the conduction band edge.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8783_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4048", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: R–Hfor a 32-nm-thick layer of Nb and no Ho, and the corresponding variation of temperatureTonH(demonstrating the stability ofTduring the measurement ofR–H).\nB: M–Hloop for a spin valve with 3-nm-thick layer of Ho on either side of Nb; and (d)M–Hloop for a spin valve with a 5-nm-thick layer of Ho on either side of Nb. Arrows inb–dindicate the probable magnetic configuration of the Py layers in the spin valves.\nC: MR versusTand alsoR–Tdata for the same spin valve for parallel (black data points and black solid line) and antiparallel (grey data points and grey solid line) configurations of the Py layers.\nD: An illustration of a Py(8 nm)/Ho/Nb/Ho/Py(5 nm)/FeMn(5 nm) spin valve. The spin valves were cooled in a positive field to 20 K to obtain the magnetization versus in plane magnetic field loops (M–Hloops):", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4048_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Atomic model fora.\nB: Atomic model forc. (e,f) Original (e) and separated half ADF images (f) for one chiral MoS2fold, similar toFig. 2c,d, scale bars, 1 nm. (g,h) The HRTEM images for zigzag (g) and chiral (h) monolayer graphene folds, scale bars, 1 nm.\nC: Height (z) profile picture for all the W atoms ineafter 3D mapping.\nD: The cracked WSe2fold (strain released), which has a nearly perfect AB stacking order between the up and bottom layers, scale bar, 1 nm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9935_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3322", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Half-Heusler CuMnSb.\nB: A birds-eye view of how the layer grows on GaAs and GaP substrates, the green balls represent the As or P atoms.\nC: Tetragonal CuMnAs. The bonds in (c), highlighted in green and red, show the AFM and FM nearest-neighbour-exchange coupling of Mn present in the half-Heusler CuMnSb. The bonds in (f), highlighted in green, show that all Mn nearest neighbours are coupled antiferromagnetically in the tetragonal CuMnAs, which is favorable for highTN.\nD: Hysteresis loops performed on a 3-nm Fe film on CuMnAs at 300 K after cooling in a 1-T field from 430 K. A stable exchange bias is observed symmetrically for positive (blue) and negative (orange) field cool directions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3322_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15044", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: no phases inside of Sagnac loop, (b) only a positive phase (using the liquid crystal), (c) only a negative phase (using the negative-index metamaterial) and (d) both phases engaged. The visibilities of the data shown inc,dare equal within error. The unnormalized data (lower row) presenteda,buses the scale bar on the left, while the unnormalized data ofc,duses the scale bar on the right. The decreased count rate is due to the 13% transmission of the metamaterial.\nB: A histogram of data plotted ina. The error bars (from fitting to extract the visibility) on the individual points are not shown for clarity. Inset: A histogram of the values of, computed from the data ina. The mean value of this distribution is used to compute a phase difference between photons seeing the liquid–crystal phase retarder before or after the metamaterial. A mean value of this distribution that is ≠1 would indicate some form of non-commutativity.\nC: Each point corresponds to one run of the experiment, consisting of turning the liquid crystal off and measuring the visibility of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, followed by turning the liquid crystal on and remeasuring the visibility. The difference between these two visibilities for each run is plotted here for data from each of the two ports of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer. A total of 761 experimental runs were made, resulting in 1,522 values of ΔV. The black line marks the mean of all of the points, and the blue lines the standard deviation.\nD: If two different phasesAandBare placed inside a Sagnac interferometer and, if the phases commute, all the incoming light should exit through the ‘bright port’, while there should be no light in the ‘dark port’. IfAandBdo not commute the dark port will not be dark.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15044_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5133", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Intensity profile observed for theX1–Y1line shown ina, which traces the atomic columns of Fe (blue) and Fe/Al (pink). Difference in the peak intensity is obscured in the APB region because of atomic disordering. The image was subjected to a filtering process, in which apertures were located in all the spot positions observed in the digital diffractogram, to reduce statistical noise.\nB: Atomic-column imaging by high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM) with electron incidence [001].\nC: TEM image (bright-field image) revealing the location of the APB. The view field is identical to that indicated by the rectangle inFig. 1b.\nD: Schematic illustrations of B2-type ordered phase, A2-type disordered phase and APB separating the left B2-type ordered region (matrix 1) from the right B2-type ordered region (matrix 2). The APBs produced by the heat treatment show a finite width, on the order of nanometres.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5133_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1920", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Random bond Ising models. Solid regions denote the ordered nematic phase, from 2D (yellow region) to 3D (orange region). Blue arrows represent how effective model parameters change with increasing coarse graining. Phase transitions are denoted by solid black lines. The corresponding critical exponents are determined by the fixed points to which the blue arrows point, denoted by solid green circles. The blue square in (a) denotes the approximate location of the incipient electron nematic in Dy-Bi2212. While it is not long-range ordered, large planar nematic clusters are present throughout the bulk.\nB: The same image, masked by the Ising map (b) so as to show only the 'orange' domains. The sample has superconducting transition temperatureTc~45 K, and data were taken atT=4.2 (ref.10).\nC: Cluster size distribution after logarithmic binning27, used to calculate the critical exponentτ.\nD: Critical exponent. The horizontal lines in red, green, and purple are our results for the spatial characteristics of clusters in Dy-Bi2212 as reported inSupplementary Fig. S3of ref.10. Solid circles represent theoretical values reported in the literature for the fixed points of equation 1, summarized inSupplementary Tables S1-S6. Red circles representτ, green circles representd−2+η||, and purple circles represent. When comparing with 2D models,, shown by the solid circles. When comparing with 3D models, we have assumed that, at the surface, one observes a 2D cross-section of a cluster embedded in 3D, which implies. This value is represented by the open purple circle. Thick lines connecting symbols represent putative crossover of exponents from 2D to 3D behaviour in a layered material.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1920_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2201", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Scanning electron micrograph of the fabricated silicon nanobeam optomechanical cavity. Scale bar, 1 μm. (d,e) Finite element method (FEM) simulation of the electromagnetic energy density, normalized to the maximum modal energy, of the first- (d) and (e) second-order optical cavity modes of the silicon nanobeam.\nB: Two tunable external cavity diode lasers are used as control beams driving the wavelength conversion process. The input (output) control laser is locked as a mechanical frequency red-detuned from the first-order (second-order) cavity mode atλ≈1,460 nm (λ≈1,545 nm). Both control beams can be amplitude modulated (a-m) to perform EIT-like spectroscopy of the cavity modes, or in the case of the input laser, to generate the input sideband signal for the wavelength conversion process. As described in the Methods, an AOM is used to calibrate the input sideband signal. The light from both lasers is combined using a wavelength multiplexer (λ-mux), and then sent into a dimpled optical fibre taper that is coupled to the OMC cavity. The cavity sample is placed in a cryostat to precool it down toT≈14 K. The transmitted light from the cavity is sent to a high-speed photodetector (PD2), which is connected to a spectrum analyser to measure the converted signal on the output laser. The reflected optical signal from the cavity is directed via an optical circulator to a second high-speed photodetector (PD1) to probe the EIT-like spectrum of each cavity mode.\nC: Schematic indicating the relevant optical frequencies involved in the wavelength conversion process. The cavity control laser beams, labelledα1andα2, are tuned to a mechanical frequency red of the corresponding optical cavity resonances. An input signal (ain) is sent into the input cavity at frequencyωl,1+Δ1. The input signal is converted into an output signal (aout) at frequencyωl,2+Δ1via the optomechanical interaction.\nD: End-to-end power conversion efficiency of input signal to output signal for Δ1=0 as a function of the ratio of the cooperativities of the control beams. In this plot, the control beam intensity for the first-order cavity mode is held fixed (withC1≈16), while the intensity of the control beam of the second-order cavity mode is swept fromC2<C1. The blue circles correspond to measured data points, whereas the solid red line is a theoretical curve using independently measured system parameters. Inset shows the conversion efficiency versus input signal detuning for matched control beamsC1=C2≈16, indicating a conversion bandwidth of ~1.55 MHz.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2201_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14761", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: EELS line scan showing the location of distinct Co and Pd layers.\nB: Schematic illustration of the magnetic structure of chiral 360° Néel domains. Black (blue) denotes the magnetization pointing along the +z(−z) axis.\nC: Schematic of the D-TIE reconstruction of a magnetic skyrmion. The red (blue) represents a region of magnetization along the +z(−z) direction. A reference state (top) is used to remove the uniform magnetic background and electrostatic potential from a skyrmion state (middle), leaving the signal belonging solely to the skyrmion core and its associated dipole field.\nD: D, extracted from the velocity curves ind, in which a clear sign reversal between theN=2 sample andN=3 sample is observed, followed by a gradual increase inDfor increasing the repetition number.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14761_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3525", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Progressive evolution of the differential conductance of the junctionJA, under the irradiation of a microwave of frequencyfmw, with varyingVbgforVtg=0 V, with peaks occurring at the bias voltageVfor integral multiples ofV1(=hfmw/2e=10.3 μV). ThedI/dVpeaks, equivalent to SSs, are completely suppressed as the CNP (Vbg=12.5 V forVtg=0 V) is approached.\nB: Colour-coded plot ofIctaken atB=0. The quadrant map ofIcwas obtained from theI–Vcurves by varyingVbgandVtgby steps of 5 and 1 V, respectively. The overall CNP forms atVbg=12.6 V andVtg=0 V.\nC: Tdependence of the switching current distributionP(Ic) of the JJG,JA, for fixedVbg(=−30 V) andVtg(=0.5 V). The solid lines are the best fits to the PD (T=245~340 mK), TA (T=125~215 mK) and MQT (T=60, 80 mK) model.\nD: Normalized s.d. versusVbgplot for differentVtgatT=60 mK, extracted from the distributions inFig. 3candSupplementary Fig. S6. Lines are guides for the eye. Upward and downward arrows represent the crossover back-gate voltages between the MQT and TA regions (Vbg,q) and between the TA and PD regions (Vbg,p), respectively, for the given fixed values ofVtg.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3525_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14696", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Triplet fraction of the reduced density matrix for two atoms within a dimer (TS, blue solid curve), and consecutive atoms in different dimers (TW, red dashed), as a function of dimerizationδ, at zero magnetic field (h=0).\nB: Spatial dimerizationδ(in units of the lattice constanta), as a function of the interaction strengthJand the magnetic field energyh(in units of the external trap depthVL).\nC: (black solid line),(red dashed line) along the chain for the ground state at (g,h)=(1.18, 1.4)Δ belonging to the spin-motion fluid (‘SMF’) phase. The state contains 4 atoms flipped toalong the direction of the magnetic field. The blue dotted line iscalculated for the ground state of the model HamiltonianH+.\nD: In blue: value of the fitted Luttinger parameterKas a function of the magnetization, obtained by fitting the long-range part of thecorrelation function for the (g,h) values marked by stars inFig. 3b. In red: sum of the squares of the residualsξof the fit.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14696_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15722", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: RS(H) for device 03 (type-C), withHapplied along an axis in they–zplane at angle 30° toz(the inset). Green (blue) trace: field sweep down (up). Red trace data are modified for Overhauser shifts, omission of dips and shifted for clarity (Supplementary Note 4).T=300 K.\nB: Nonlocal MR measurementRS(Hy) with fieldHyapplied along theyaxis (inset) of device 02 (type-D). Green (blue) trace: field sweep down (up). Red trace: data are modified for Overhauser shifts and omission of dips, then shifted up for clarity. No Hanle feature is observed.\nC: False-coloured scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a device (scale bar, 1 μm). The centre-to-centre channel length isL=1 μm. For measurements of MR dips, magnetic fieldHis applied along the easy axis (yaxis) of spin detector F1 and spin injector F2. In studies of the Hanle effect, fieldHmay be applied alongx,yorz, or in they–zplane at angleθtoz.\nD: FieldHis applied along they-axis for device 01. The fit is for 60% absorptive and 40% dispersive components. Compare with data under the same conditions for a type-D device (red trace,Fig. 3a) where no Hanle effect is observed. All data were obtained at 300 K.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15722_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2335", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematics of the acetone absorption experiment. The shaded part represents the detector system, which in this case is included in the OSA.\nB: Illustration of how phase noise of the comb lines can be measured. A low-phase noise comb state (blue) will show a single, narrow repetition rate beat note and CW heterodyne beat note in the radio frequency domain, and no low-frequency amplitude noise; on the other hand, a high-phase noise state (yellow) will show multiple or broad beat notes in repetition rate or CW heterodyne measurement, and also excess low-frequency amplitude noise. Phase noise can thus be determined either by measuring the repetition rate beat note, the CW heterodyne beat note, or the amplitude noise of the comb.\nC: Experimental set-up of the CW laser beat note measurement. BS, beam splitter; PD, photodetector.\nD: The experimental set-up consists of a CW mid- infrared OPO that serves as the pump laser. The pump laser is coupled via a tapered fibre to a crystalline MgF2microresonator. The generated frequency comb is detected using an optical spectrum analyser (OSA) with a cut-off wavelength of 2.5 μm (PD, photodetector).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2335_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9757", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Coherence measured in a spin echo in which the direction of precession of the magnetic field is reversed in the second half (‘protocol R’), givingC+−andC−+.\nB: Dynamic (solid line), geometric (dashed line) and non-geometric non-adiabatic (dotted line) contributions to dephasing, as they appear in the exponent ofνin equation (1), as a function of precession periodT. The curves are computed with the parameters used for recording the data shown incandeforA=π/2. The values for dynamic and geometric dephasing extracted from fits to these measurements are indicated by black dots. The vertical lines indicate the periodsT=0.1, 0.16 μs used in our experiments.\nC: As incbut with precession periodT=160 ns.\nD: As inabut with uncorrelated noise.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9757_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12721", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: M(T) of M1I1atH=1 kOe after field cooling inH=1 kOe.\nB: Magnetic depth profile obtained with fit parameters ofMMn=85 emu cm−3(0.54μB/Mn) andMIr=9 emu cm−3(0.06μB/Ir).\nC: M(T) of symmetric samples atH=1 kOe after field cooling inH=1 kOe. The inset shows the SMO layer thickness (m) dependence of the Curie temperature.\nD: Depth profile of X-ray (purple) and neutron (blue and pink) scattering length densities, where a schematic drawing of the sample geometry is shown above the data.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12721_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15225", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: STM topograph of a single ZnPc molecule on the NaCl island acquired at −1.7 V and 2 pA.\nB: Two typical Fano spectra (−2.5 V, 200 pA, 5 s) for the tip orientation atθ=0° (lobe) andθ=45° (in between lobes), respectively.\nC: Simulated Fano spectra (red lines) for different detunings from −111 to 63 meV. The plasmonic background spectra (blue lines) are introduced by Lorentzian lineshapes with the peak position determined by the different detunings accordingly.\nD: Schematic experimental setup to achieve single-molecule Fano resonance.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15225_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11683", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Upon illumination, electrons will quickly fill traps, inducing an electric field that causes iodide to migrate away from the illuminated region and fill vacancies.\nB: Depth profile data of the iodide intensity in regions of interest (ROI) relative to the background (I−ROI–I−background) for regions illuminated ina, with the carrier generation (gen.) rate plotted on the right axis.\nC: ToF-SIMS image of the iodide (I-) distribution summed through the film depth (the image has been adjusted to show maximum contrast), scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: The PL over time under initial illumination determined from integrating acquired PL decays (black open symbols) or monitoring the PL count rate (black solid line). The red symbols are inverse trap densities 1/NT, whereNTare extracted from the fits to the data ina(grey lines). Inset: open-circuit voltage (Voc) rise of a full solar cell with an illumination intensity comparable to full sunlight (532-nm cw laser,∼60 mW cm−2).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11683_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11791", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Photograph of the proposed flexible TiO2/graphene OLEDs in operation.\nB: Current density (J)–voltage (V)–luminance (L) characteristics. The detailed structure andJ–V–Lcharacteristics of a multi-junction device are represented inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nC: with both TiO2and GraHIL. The black dashed lines indicate border lines dividing representative optical modes including outcoupled, substrate-confined (subs), waveguided (wg) and evanescent modes.\nD: EQE versus luminance characteristics of graphene-based flexible OLEDs with and without TiO2under-layers. Those of an OLED with TiO2on a glass substrate are also shown for comparison. For devices presented in this figure, 50-nm-thick PEDOT:PSS (AI4083) was used as a low-index HIL in all cases.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11791_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8547", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Comparison of the dI/dVspectra at the ligand positions of Cu-Benzo on Au(111) (I, black), on Cu(111) (II, blue) and Cu-TPC on Au(111) (III, green). Red curve inishows the result of the Fano fitting.\nB: Temperature dependence of the Fano dip of Cu-Benzo measured in the temperature region of 4.7–32 K.\nC: dI/dVspectra obtained for Cu-Benzo monomer at positions A–D ina.\nD: Spin density plot of Cu-Benzo for theS=1 triplet state (isospin=0.001), calculated with B3LYP/6–31G(d) level of theory.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8547_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9963", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Optical microscopy image for CVD-grown monolayer WSe2triangles on sapphire substrate. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Schematic of the valley-dependent exciton dynamics. The steady-state exciton populationN+(N−) in the +K (−K) valley under σ+excitation is determined by the valley lifetimeτvand the exciton lifetimeτ.\nC: The Kerr signal intensities at delay timest=2.5 ps (green, solid triangles) andt=100 ps (blue, solid circles) as a function of probe energy. The PL spectrum is also included (grey curves) for comparison. The emission peaks of neutral exciton (X0) and positive trion (X+) are indicated by vertical dotted lines. The Kerr signal exhibits a maximum when the probe energy is on resonance with the X+peak. As the probe energy was tuned close to the X0peak, the Kerr signals become weak and very short-lived.\nD: The valley-depolarization rate of the holeas a function of temperature. The solid line is the fitting curve considering depolarization through phonon-mediated intervalley scatterings. Increasing the temperature only leads to a moderate increase in the valley-depolarization rate. At room temperature (T=300 K), the hole valley lifetime is found to be∼230 ps, which is still at least an order of magnitude longer than the recombination lifetime. The error bars inbare estimated from the uncertainties of exponential fittings.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9963_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9187", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Illustration of the vortex ring penetration at We <64.\nB: Measurement at an impact speedU=1.71 m s−1.\nC: Variation in the instantaneous angular velocity plotted with time and rescaled with the characteristic timescaleτ=U/Dfor water drop impact at a height of 80 mm. The angular velocity shows a substantial oscillatory decrease over time.\nD: Circulation angle of the vortex core as a function of time for the water–ethanol (3:7 in mass fraction) drop impact with different impact speeds.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9187_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13754", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The SPE induced by the SHE near the PM/FI interface.H,M,JcandJsdenote the magnetic field vector (with the magnitudeH), magnetization vector (with the magnitudeM) of FI, charge current applied to PM and spatial direction of the spin current with the spin-polarization vectorσgenerated by the SHE in PM, respectively.∇T-represents the temperature gradient appearing as a result of the SPE-induced heat current. Owing to the symmetry of the SHE, theσdirections on L, R and C are, respectively, along the −x, +xand −y(+x, −xand +y) directions in Pt (W), the spin Hall angle of which is positive (negative). WhenMis along thexdirection, the SPE appears on L and R because ofM||σ.\nB: A schematic illustration of the sample system used for measuring the SPE. The sample comprises a U-shaped PM (in experiments, Pt or W) film formed on a FI (in experiments, YIG). The squares on PM define the areas L, R and C.\nC: Jcdependence ofϕon L and R of the Pt/YIG sample atH=+200 Oe.\nD: Jcdependence ofϕon L of the Pt/YIG and W/YIG samples atH=+200 Oe. The error bars ine,frepresent the s.d. of the measurements.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13754_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6376", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: QMC simulations for the local spin lengths ‹Sz› of Cu(1) and Cu(2) spins as a function of temperature. The shaded area shows the magnetically ordered region. Arrows indicate the limiting values of the local spin lengths asT→0.\nB: For fields in the easy axis direction [100], the transition to the field-enforced plateau state is discontinuous at a fieldHp(100).\nC: The crystal structure is shaped by Cu(2)O4plaquettes (yellow) and Cu(1)O5bipyramids (orange), and covalent Se-O bonds (thick lines), forming a sparse three-dimensional lattice. This lattice can be tiled into tetrahedra (dashed lines), each composed of one Cu(1) and three Cu(2) sites, depicted by large light brown and light cyan spheres, respectively. (Smaller spheres show the remaining non-magnetic sites).\nD: The magnetic Cu2+ions form a distorted pyrochlore lattice, a network of corner-shared tetrahedra. DFT calculations evidence the presence of both types of magnetic interactions—antiferromagnetic (red) and ferromagnetic (blue), in agreement with experimental magnetic structure (arrows). The strength of a certain coupling is indicated by the thickness of the respective line. The strongest couplings,and, are found within the tetrahedra (shaded), while the couplings between the tetrahedra,,, and(the latter is a longer-range coupling), are substantially weaker (dashed lines).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6376_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The signal curves of real-time pulse wave under different voltages.\nB: Schematic illustration of device geometry for ultra-sensitive detection of acoustic wave.\nC: Response of a sensor, integrated with 4 μm photoresist and 10 μm Al foil suspended gate, to the acoustic wave with a fixed frequency of 5 kHz.\nD: Pressure response of the source-drain current at constant voltageVDS=−60 V andVGS=−60 V. The error bars represent 1 s.d.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7269_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10426", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Atomistic model for a triangular flake with Mo-terminated zigzag edges, the upper left inset shows the ‘Up’ type dislocation scheme, while the upper right inset shows the six armchair directions in MoS2with either ‘Up’ or ‘Down’ type dislocations. The directions of all schemes are correlated and aligned.\nB: Electrical performance of the device in panel (b) withα=19°. Intra-domain regions always have a higherμFEand reducedRSwhen compared to inter-domain. An STEM image of the boundary is shown in the inset. Inset scale bar, 1 nm.\nC: Experimentally measured periodicity of the dislocation cores vs. misorientation angle with LA theory fitting. (j–m) Two types of LA-GBs: ‘Up’ type (S-S bond) and ‘Down’ type (Mo-Mo bond) (5-7) dislocation cores. The DFT-optimized models for each dislocation type are shown in (j,l), while ADF images superimposed with atomistic models are displayed in (k,m).\nD: Statistical distribution of the intra- and inter-domain mobilities withμFE(inter)<16 cm2V−1s−1<μFE(intra). The intra-domainμFEdisplays a log-normal distribution (black line) with expectation valueμFE=44 cm2V−1s−1, as exemplified by ln(μFE) in the inset.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10426_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12974", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The period of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations is independent of whether the field is applied in the parallel or perpendicular direction.\nB: Deep in the extreme quantum limit, the Fermi energy is greatly reduced, and electrons reside in disconnected puddles that are localized in minima of the disorder potential.\nC: Shows the same data plotted very near the point of zero bias. (The rectangle in (a) indicates the approximate range and domain of (b).)\nD: The indexNis plotted against 1/BN. The value ofBNcan be identified either using the local resistance maxima (filled blue circles) or the local minima of the derivativedρ/dB(open circles). Experimental uncertainty inBNis ≈0.2 T, so that the uncertainty in 1/BNis smaller than the symbol sizes. For the open circles, the plotted value ofNis shifted by 1/4.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12974_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9190", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The signal emitted just below the spin reorientation temperature at 60 K (black) is shown together with its low-frequency (blue) and high-frequency part (brown). The latter part is in phase with the signal measured at 40 K which describes a quasi-antiferromagnetic (q-AFM) mode only (magenta). The low-frequency part corresponds to the quasi-ferromagnetic mode (q-FM). The first half-cycle of the quasi-antiferromagnetic mode has a different sign compared with the first half-cycle of the quasi-ferromagnetic mode (see dashed line).\nB: The spectra of the YFeO3emission obtained from the data by Fourier transform (open circles) fitted by Lorentzian functions (solid lines).\nC: During the spin reorientation the spin configuration of TmFeO3continuously rotates in the (xz) plane, while keeping the weak ferromagnetic moment in the same plane. At low temperatures, the magnetization is oriented along thexaxis. So, due to the laser-induced reorientation at 60 K, thex-component of the magnetization initially decreases.\nD: The THz electric field emitted from thexcut ErFeO3sample for opposite orientations of the magnetization. The data are fitted with exponentially decaying sinusoids multiplied by error functions (solid lines).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9190_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8178", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The time profiles of the 21st harmonic (H21, above threshold). The red dots and green dots are the corresponding dynamical phases for the peak intensity of the short trajectories and long trajectories calculated by the SST, respectively.\nB: The HHG power spectrum of Cs driven by an intense 3,600-nm (mid-infrared) laser pulse with the peak intensityI=1.4 × 1012W cm−2. The black vertical dashed line indicates the corresponding ionization threshold marked byIp. The dφ/dωdenotes the emission time associated a group of harmonics with the central frequencyω, whereφ(ω) is the spectral phase of the HHG.\nC: Same asa, for the time profiles of the 13th harmonic (H13, near threshold). The blue dots are the corresponding dynamical phases of the multi-rescattering trajectories (second return). The inset shows an enlarged view of the time profiles indicated by the black arrow. Note that the numbers have the same meanings as shown inFig. 2, namely, short trajectories 1, long trajectories 2, and multi-rescattering trajectories 3 (second return and third return).\nD: SST time-frequency analysis of the HHG spectra of Cs. For comparison, the green curves (both solid lines and dots) and the red dashed lines indicate the semiclassical trajectories of the first return and second return, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8178_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-44627-8", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Transmittance of 50-ns short pulses withC1≠C2orC1=C2. In these simulations, the input power is set to 10 dBm.\nB: Diagram block of communication scenario using the proposed metasurface and the BPSK modulation scheme. The time length for each bitTbis set toTb= 10 ns, while the time slot for each frequency carrier is 300 ns (corresponding to 30 bits).\nC: Scattering profiles (or transmittance profiles) extended from the classic frequency domain to the pulse-width domain.\nD: Supercell of quadband waveform-selective metasurfaces.C1,C2,C3andC4are 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.1 pF, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-44627-8_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7661", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Spin structure in the ferroelectric domains. The direction of the spontaneous polarization is directly linked to the chirality of the spin spiral, which is described by the vector product of neighbouring spinsSiandSj.\nB: Ferroelectric domain structure imaged at 5.5 K after zero-field cooling. The ferroelectric domain walls are visible as dark lines. Side-by-side walls parallel toPbprevail in comparison to head-to-head and tail-to-tail walls perpendicular toPb. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nC: Evolution of the vector chiralitySi×Sjacross the side-by-side wall. The discs represent the plane defined bySiandSjand arrows indicate the orientation ofSi×Sj.\nD: Pyroelectric current (solid lines) and integrated SHG measurements at 5 K tracking the magnetic-field-induced polarization rotation in Mn0.95Co0.05WO4. SHG intensities are normalized with respect to the pyroelectric current data.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7661_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6311", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Off state: the acoustic wavefois above the cutoff frequencyfcutoffand cannot travel.\nB: On state: the acoustic wave atfointeracts withfc, generating harmonic waves including one with frequencyfo−fc. Iffo−fcis belowfcutoff, the wave atfocan be reconstructed at the end of the crystal byfcandfo−fc.\nC: Variation of the transmission of the acoustic wave at frequencyfoas a function of the control frequencyfc.\nD: Off configuration: the acoustic wave atfo(7,660 Hz) cannot propagate.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6311_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7007", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Average commuting distance versus population size, per type of flows;\nB: Same ICDR values as inabut sorted by decreasing order ofI(note that by definition, we have for each cityI+C+D+R=1). It is remarkable thatIandRdominate and seem almost sufficient to distinguish cities, whileCandDare almost constant whatever the city size (seeSupplementary Fig. 7for the values obtained with another sizeaof grid cells).\nC: Z-scores obtained by comparing the empirical data and the values returned by the null model. Large values ofZ-scores show that the actual commuting networks cannot be considered as resulting from connecting the nodes at random. TheI,C,DandRvalues of a specific city are then a signature of its structure.\nD: ratioper type of flows. The LouBar criteria16is used here to define residential and employment hotspots.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7007_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5679", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A randomized sequence ofN=1,250 pulses with a Rabi frequency of 2π× 20 kHz and a detuning of 2π× 2 MHz causes the state vector which is initialized in |0› to perform a random walk on the Bloch sphere. After each pulse, the state is indicated by a dot where the shading indicates the pulse number (from light at the beginning to dark at the end).\nB: Fidelity of state |0› as a function of the number of applied pulses. The fidelity of the state decreases exponentially with increasing number of pulses. The decay constant depends on the pulse duration.\nC: Microwave-optical double resonance spectrum for a fixed pulse length of 10 μs serves for determining the microwave addressing frequency of an individual ion. Here, the state-selective resonance fluorescence signal only in the region of ion 1 is considered.\nD: For several benchmarking sequences (with same parameters as ina), the average final state is distributed on the Bloch sphere. This can be treated as a diffusion problem and the resulting probability density is shown.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5679_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13258", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: TR-STS with 1 μs probe pulses with (blue circles) and without (red triangles) a preceding 1 μs pump pulse. The DC bias voltage is set at −1.80 V. The amplitude of the pump pulse is 0.50 V and that of the probe pulse is swept from 50 to 500 mV. The relative delay between the trailing edge of the pump and the leading edge of the probe pulse is 10 ns and the repetition rate is 25 kHz. The observed hysteresis in TR-STS overlaps the bias range over which the system is bistable.\nB: Full band diagram of the system of study. (+/0) and (0/−) are the DB's charge transition levels from positive to neutral and neutral to negative, respectively. Blue coloured area indicates filled states.\nC: Rates extracted from current time-traces in the bistable bias range, calculated by signal pair analysis method (Supplementary Note 1).\nD: Schematic of the excitation time measurementτLH. The green bar indicates the width of the pump pulse.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13258_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3154", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Reflectance spectra before (dashed) and after (solid) SA binding for theL=2.2 μm antenna array. The absorbance (see equation 2) is displayed at the bottom of the panel (solid blue line) with units indicated by the scale bar. For reference, a scaled (× 10) IRRAS absorbance spectra is displayed as the grey-shaded region.\nB: Extracted antenna damping rates and antenna OH-bend coupling parameter. The (fixed) values ofνbandγbare indicated by the red lines iniandj, respectively.\nC: Reflectance spectra and fit for aL=1.8 μm antenna array (P=2.5 μm period).\nD: FDTD-simulated infrared spectra of a resonant plasmonic antenna on CaF2, and (f) corresponding simulation geometry. Antennas are 1.8 μm long, 200 nm wide and 100 nm thick and are arranged in a square (P=2.5 μm period) lattice. The substrate and ambient media RIs arenS=1.4 andn1=1.3, respectively. Reflectance and near-field enhancement are shown, where the latter corresponds the average E-field intensity over a volume defined by the end-face of the rod, extended out 10 nm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3154_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12773", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The formation of head-to-head polarizations,PLAOandPSTOinb, across the metallic LAO/STO interfaces, while null polarization for the insulating 3-uc counterpart. Positive sign points to the LAO surface.\nB: The colour-coded filtered annular bright-field imaging of the characteristic anti-phase oxygen-cage rotation (guiding white cages) in 10-uc LAO/STO, revealed along [110] projection. Guiding grey frames, uc. Scale bars inc–e, 1 nm.\nC: The plane-specific charges in the polar-catastrophe context (grey) and in the 10-uc experiment (black) considering the uc charges ine.\nD: The uc-by-uc charge distributions derived fromcandd, showing 2DEG in the STO and holes in the LAO of conductive heterostructures. Error bars, ±10% as deduced fromcanddexcept for the larger error of ±20% in the surface uc of 3-uc LAO/STO due to the associated beam sensitivity.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12773_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10107", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The absorption spectra calculated by the rt-TDDFT (the black-solid line) and by the DFT eigen states (the blue-dashed line). The heights of the main peaks are normalized.\nB: Theindicates the transition from theith state to the LUMO (304th) state. Several important transitions are labelled. Two distinct types (rapidly oscillating and slowly varying) of transitions can be observed.\nC: The energies stored in the plasmon and single-particle excitations. The blue line is the single-particle energy generated by the plasmon, which is defined as the energy difference in the single-particle mode between the real system (rt-TDDFT simulation) and the non-interacting system (in which plasmons cannot exist) under the same laser illumination. The pink-dashed line is an exponential decay of exp(−ωpt/Q) withQ=13.3. (c,d) The number of excited electrons (positive) and holes (negative) as a function of the corresponding eigen energy with respect to the Fermi energy att=8 and 30 fs. At 8 fs, most excitations are around the Fermi energy and at 30 fs the excitations are concentrated in a few sharp peaks. (e,f) The number of excited carriers under a strong laser illumination. We observe some high-energy excitations at 30 fs (circled by red), which indicates nonlinear effects.\nD: The energy spectrum of(SC(ω,t)) att=17 and 39 fs for the real system. Att=17 fs, there are strong off-resonant peaks at 1.7 and 2.3 eV; att=39 fs those peaks disappear and the resonant peak at 3.6 eV is enhanced.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10107_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2442", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Theoretically predicted linear relation equation (11) (dotted line) betweenandj2in the limit of lowjand smallαandβ. The simulated data ofis also plotted as a function ofj2(dots and solid line). The dashed line indicates an extrapolation toforvd=0 estimated inFig. 7b.\nB: Simulatedj-dependence of Hall angleR=v┴/for several values ofβ, that is,β=0.5α,αand 2αwithα=0.04 in the presence of impurities (x=0.1%). Here, the solid lines are guides for the eyes.\nC: Simulatedj−plot in the smalljregion is magnified. The dashed line is an extrapolation tojcfor=0 estimated inFig. 7b.\nD: , Helical phase (HL) att=4.55 × 10−8s, (b), HL att=4.87 × 10−8s, (c), Skyrmion crystal (SkX) att=1.30 × 10−8s, (d), SkX att=2.60 × 10−8s, and (e), SkX att=4.87 × 10−8s.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2442_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5235", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Sketch illustrating general features of photoexcited molecular states. After a light-induced electronic transition, a nuclear wavepacket is driven by gradients in the potential energy surface (blue) towards regions containing conical intersections (CIs), allowing for ultrafast electronic transitions to lower electronic states (red and black) under violation of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. The electronic relaxation of the photoexcited population can be intercepted by reaction barriers between the initial photoexcited reaction coordinate and CI region. For the particular case of thymine, the UV excitation (pump) pulse excites a wavepacket on theππ* state and CIs connect tonπ* and ground state (GS). The topology of theππ* state controls the speed of electronic relaxation and the height of the sketched barrier is currently a matter of debate. The soft X-ray probing is shown by a transition to core-ionized molecular potential energy surfaces, from which the Auger decay proceeds to a manifold of dicationic states. The potential energy difference between core ionized and dicationic state determines the kinetic energy of the Auger electron.\nB: Ultrafast Auger probing applied to thymine photoprotection. The images on the left side show theπ, nandπ* molecular valence orbitals. The oxygen 1s orbitals, in which the core hole can be created, are highly localized at one of the marked two oxygen sites. Theπandnorbitals are both doubly occupied in the ground state configuration. The UV pump pulse promotes an electron from aπorbital to aπ* orbital, giving rise to the chemically reactiveππ* state. We probe the electronic valence state by a delayed soft X-ray (SXR) probe pulse creating a core hole and inducing Auger decay. The emitted Auger electrons carry information about the valence electronic state at the core-hole position (oxygen in our case).\nC: Experimental difference spectra cut at two different times fromFig. 2a(lower part) indicating a shift towards higher kinetic energy at early times and lower kinetic energies later.\nD: The simulation predicts a redshift fornπ* states, which once more is only due to the O(8) spectrum. Other geometries on the respective state confirm the trend (seeSupplementary Fig. 1). The vibrationally hot electronic ground state in (d) calculated by the ADC(2) method via averaging different nuclear geometries (seeSupplementary Fig. 2) broadens the Auger spectrum with respect to the the ADC(2) simulation of the ‘cold’ ground state for reference.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5235_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Analogous toc, but for C4, where the spin polarization direction is alongy. For (c–f), the photon polarization is C+.\nB: Spin polarization along thexdirection for the surface states measured at theESR. The red and blue colour regions represent positive and negative spin polarizations (spin-up and spin-down), respectively. The black and orange arrows represent the spin polarization directions of theβ-andβ′-bands along thexaxis, respectively. (e,f) Same asc,dbut along theydirection. (g,h) Same asc,dbut along thez(out-of-plane) direction. All the results in Fig. 2 are measured with a photon energy of 26 eV and right-hand circular polarization (C+).\nC: Measured spin-resolved intensity projected on thexdirection for the surface states atESR. The red and blue symbols are the intensity of spin-up and spin-down states, respectively.\nD: Spin polarization measured athν=30 eV along thexdirection for the surface states atESR(10 meV aboveEF). The location in thekx–kyplane is indicated by C1 ina.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5566_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9999", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Janus particle confined within a square groove; parallel vertical walls confine the rotational diffusion about one axis; however, if the particle descends to the base of the groove, it is confined about two orthogonal axes. (c–f) Overlaid still frames from fluorescence microscopy videos with equal time gaps: yellow line shows complete trajectory, green line shows location of vertical cuvette walls and red arrows indication direction of motion:\nB: f(φ) versustforbfrom equation (7) (see Methods).e,fshow still frames from a fluorescence microscopy video for a Pt–PS Janus particle rotating about an out-of-plane axis (e) and about an axis parallel to the plane (f) from the point at which the applied E-field polarity was reversed to the depicted direction (red arrow).\nC: The surface slip velocity flow field.indicates the direction of propulsion.\nD: Selection of frames from fluorescent microscopy videos (15 × 15-μm field-of-view) for fluorescent platinum–polystyrene (PS) Janus spheres of varying radii, the PS side of the colloid appears bright (a), near to a planar interface in de-ionized (DI) water and in 10% aqueous H2O2solutions.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9999_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15846", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Time evolution of the maximum contribution (per particle)to the normal component of the stresses tensor for the athermal network (red),kBT/∈= 10−4(green) andkBT/∈= 10−3(blue).\nB: The average displacementas a function of the time for four consecutive ruptures.\nC: Main frame: The stress fluctuations autocorrelation function measured over the whole simulation for the fully thermal regimekBT/∈= 10−3(blue), the intermediatekBT/∈= 10−4(green) and the forkBT/∈= 0 (red). Inset: Time series of the normal stress fluctuationsδσover all the simulation for the athermal sample showing the aging of the structure. P.d.f, probability distribution function.\nD: The final probability distribution function ofcorresponding to the initial configuration shown ina. P.d.f, probability distribution function.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15846_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4130", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Power spectral density of the resonator amplitude as a function of frequency for different radiation powers at a constant bath temperature of 120 mK and a constant microwave readout power of −88 dBm. Lorentzian fits to the spectra at the lowest and highest temperatures (dashed lines) show how the quasiparticle recombination time can be extracted from the spectra. A noise floor due to amplifier noise is added to the fitted roll-off.\nB: The quasiparticle recombination time as a function of radiation power obtained from the roll-off frequency in the measured spectra. The error bars denote statistical uncertainties from the fitting procedure (1 s.d.). The line is a power law fit to the last five points (whereτqpdoes not saturate):τqp∝. The right axis shows the number of quasiparticles corresponding to the measured recombination time.\nC: The magnitude of the microwave transmission |S21|2, measured as a function of frequency for various radiation powers as shown in the legend. At higher power, more quasiparticles are created, which give a higher resistance and inductance and therefore lead to a lower resonant frequency and a shallower dip. The dots show the resonant frequency at each power.\nD: Filter transmission characteristics of the three stacks of optical filters in the setup (Fig. 1b). The first and third set of filters have a low-pass, a band-pass and a high-pass filter. The second set (at the 100 mK box) has only a high- and a low-pass filter. In the bottom panel the total transmission of these eight filters is shown. We also show the normalized spectral radiance (Planck’s law) at two blackbody temperatures, which demonstrate the large tunability in radiation power in this spectral range. Note that especially for low blackbody temperatures only a fraction 10−6of the total power is in the spectral range of interest. The rejection of the rest of the power requires the eight consecutive filters.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4130_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6855", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The Dirac photonic crystal with an interface to air for leaky-wave radiation. The dispersion diagrams and mode chart results are for a Dirac PC based on the work of Huanget al.4\nB: Mode chart of the three eigenmodes at the Γ-point around the accidental degeneracy dimensions for the 2D Dirac PC. Inset shows the periodic arrangement of the PC.\nC: Two inverted Dirac dispersion cones touching at the Γ-point of the Brillouin zone, showing a closed bandgap in a two-dimensional (2D) Dirac-type photonic crystal (PC).\nD: Amount of radiated power from the DLWA around broadside.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6855_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3114", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: TEM image of a Cu–graphene nanopillar after deformation that shows a higher density of dislocations above the graphene interface. Scale bar, 50 nm.\nB: Top view of a Ni–graphene nanopillar as a function of compression, where the two Shockley partials are travelling within the slip plane.\nC: A schematic view of the dislocation slip and model pillar system used in our simulations.\nD: TEM image of a metal–graphene interface that shows mostly single layers with some double layers. Scale bar, 5 nm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3114_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9572", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Four sample Raman spectra taken at 24, 42, 57 and 72 °C with armchair-polarized laser. The dashed lines correspond to the peak positions at 24 °C.\nB: The Ag2Raman shift as a function of temperature for both armchair- and zigzag-polarized laser. The dashed lines show linear fit results.\nC: Extracted armchair and zigzag in-plane thermal conductivities (karmchairandkzigzag) of multiple BP films. Dashed lines are results of theoretical modelling. The grey error bars account for the uncertainty of SiN substrate thermal conductivitykSiN, whereas the blue/red error bars do not.\nD: Phonon dispersion (energyEversus momentumq) along high symmetry points.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9572_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12447", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Measured SCD versus theoretical SCD for the three lipids. For all the three lipids, experimental and theoretical values match within errors (s.d.). The black line is 1:1 to guide the eye.\nB: Schematic of the SICM setup and QSCM mode. A bias is applied between the Ag/AgCl electrodes inside the pipette and in the bath. The resulting current is affected by the distance between the pipette tip and sample surface and by the sample surface charge. The feedback keeps this current constant at 99% of the unperturbed current. This leads to a charge dependent tip–sample distance. In situation 1, the sample is negatively charged mica, while in situation 2, it is the cationic lipid DPTAP. The red (blue) line represents the path of the pipette tip at +100 mV (−100 mV) bias potential. The black line represents the path taken had the sample been uncharged. The dashed box indicates the tip–sample region investigated with FEM simulations. The simulation geometry (b) is created with rotational symmetry along the pipette axis to reduce the three-dimensional problem to 2D. One electrode, a is positioned at the top of the pipette, the other, b is the outer edge of the water bath. The charged sample, c is positioned at a variable distancedfrom the tip of the pipette. The tip itself is characterized by its inner radiusriand an opening angleθ.\nC: The absolute SCD of lipids and mica is determined by fitting triangles with sides of Δd(height measured at −100 mV subtracted the physical height) and Δσto the scanning height at −100 mV. The values of mica from the three measurements match within errors.\nD: The lipids used in the experiments are DPTAP (+1 charge) DPPE (neutral) and DPPG (−1 charge).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12447_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13064", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The density profile alongzfor a 1:1 water:MeOH mixture shows strongly structured water and MeOH layers between 1 and 5 Å. The distributions obtained with an empirical force field are in good agreement with referenceab initiocalculations on a smaller supercell (Supplementary Fig. 6).\nB: A snapshot of the (50 × 50 × 150 Å) simulation supercell, using a slab geometry with periodic boundary conditions.\nC: A similar row-like structure is visible in a 1:1 water-MeOH solution without any EtOH. The inter-row distance (white arrow) is 58±2 Å. Magnification over a set of row (inset) shows a 5.9±0.6 periodicity perpendicular to the rows (dotted white lines), but less marked than in (a). A profile taken along the row (blue inb) confirms the finer structure although with an amplitude∼4 times less marked than for (a). The clearer resolution with EtOH may be due to the slightly larger periodicity making the difference close to the resolution limit for this system. The structures could be observed with different cantilevers and types of AFM. At low (∼5%) MeOH concentration (d), other 2D structures can be observed forming islands (white arrow) in an otherwise unstructured interface (purple arrow). These structures require a higher temperature to nucleate. Magnification over these assemblies (inset) shows a network of protrusions organized in alternated rows. Along a row, the distance between the smaller protrusions is∼5.5 Å and between the larger protrusions is∼11 Å. The distance between adjacent rows is∼6.3 Å. The assemblies tend to exhibit a high degree of polymorphism at the molecular level (Supplementary Fig. 2). The scale bars are 20 Å (a), 100 Å (c,d), 30 Å (c,d, inset). The purple colour scale bar represents topographic variations of 8 Å (a), 8 Å (c), 5 Å (c, inset), 12 Å (d), and 7 Å (d, inset). The blue scale bar represent a phase variation of 15° (a), 12° (c), 10° (c, inset), 13° (d), and 16° (d, inset). The temperature is 36±3 °C (a–c) and 60±0.1 °C (d).\nD: Regular array of longitudinal rows (white arrow) obtained in a 1:1 water-MeOH mixture spiked with <1% EtOH. Each row is composed of several∼5 Å wide sub-rows running in parallel, and epitaxially following the underlying HOPG lattice (Supplementary Fig. 3). Finer structure with 6.1±0.2 Å periodicity can also be seen perpendicular to the rows (dotted white lines), as evidenced by the green profile in (b) where the periodicity is highlighted.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13064_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1627", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Photoacoustic images of the laser beam drawn letters 'U' and 'T' reconstructed using vaporization-based signals. Both letters stand 1.2 cm tall and 0.5 cm wide.\nB: Photoacoustic image of the thermal expansion-based signals over the same area asa. The vaporization-based image has stronger signal and higher SNR compared with the traditional, thermal expansion-based photoacoustic image.\nC: Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic image representing photoacoustic signal generated from expelled gold nanorods and endogenous chromophores. Each frame is 20.4 mm wide by 12.8 mm tall. ultrasound is in 20-dB scale. In this experimental setup, ~50% of the droplets are disrupted by the 60th laser pulse.\nD: Magnitude of pressure transients, measured as the pulsed laser irradiation continues (that is, over time), indicating the difference in photoacoustic signal produced by vaporization and thermal expansion mechanisms. The lowest level of signal before laser irradiation is indicative of system noise. Once the pulsed laser irradiation is on, the magnitude of photoacoustic signal is initially dominated by PAnD vaporization. The later, steady-state level of photoacoustic signal is attributed to thermal expansion caused by gold nanorods. In this experimental setup, 50% of the droplets are disrupted by the eighth laser pulse. This value, however, is variable depending on several factors, including droplet size, extent of nanoparticle loading, laser fluence, and optical properties of the surrounding environment.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1627_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15053", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Positions of all emitters (black crosses) in columns 2–5. The red rings represent the average emitter displacement and the ring thickness represents the standard deviation. The number of emitters mapped is identified in the lower right corner of each emitter location map.\nB: Example PL spectra of isolated quantum emitters at the pillar locations as labelled. Also shown is the weak signal from the unstrained 1L and 2L WSe2.\nC: Same maps asdshowing the peak intensity where the individual emitters are resolved.\nD: Histogram of the emitter wavelengths with post-selection on the emitter brightness (peak intensity at 0.8 saturation level).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15053_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1286", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Simulation of the flow of light from an emitter in a slit onto a smooth metal surface in the form of surface plasmon polaritons.\nB: When a DC bias voltage is applied across the gap (W=60 nm), the QD emission spectrum is seen to red shift and the overall photoluminescence signal was reduced.\nC: A slit without side grooves.\nD: An asymmetric slit–groove structure optimized to produce an angled beam (G1=g1=380 nm,G2=g2=320 nm). In all cases we tookW=80 nm,H=210 nm andd=30 nm. Scanning area is 20 μm in thex-direction and 15 μm in thez-direction. The white scale bar in the SEM image is 2 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1286_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7409", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Four examples of OV–DV states with the labelling convention used in the manuscript. The labels b and t refer to the bottom and top discs, respectively. CCW and CW denote counter-clockwise and clockwise vorticity, while the red/grey arrows display the core polarities.\nB: For a given OV combination, the different relative core polarities result in distinct gyration frequencies: parallel and antiparallel core orientations lead to different trajectory radii of the bottom vortex [(c.f. description ina)] Depending on the bottom vortex lateral position (r1orr2), the top vortex-effective potential will shift accordingly. In the case of antiparallel cores (orange curve), the potential minimum is located closer to the disc centre, resulting in a steeper potential slope at the position of the top vortex core (indicated by the blue arrow) compared with the case of parallel cores (c.f. the black potential curve). This increase in the potential slope increases the gyration frequency compared with the case of parallel cores, in agreement with the numerical results.\nC: Experimentally obtained frequencies measured around zero field. The modes were measured at a sample current of −10 mA. The frequencies obtained by micromagnetic simulations including the spin-transfer torque are shown inbfor values of the spin-polarizationPbetween 0.5 and 0.6, where the dashed lines are guides to the eye. The simulations reveal the displayed fine structure of frequencies, which are in one-to-one correspondence with the experimentally measured values. According to the simulations, the fine structure results from two distinct splittings. The first fine splitting is defined by the relative alignment between the top vortex and the Oersted field (HOe) vorticities. This is apparent froma, where the insets indicate the vorticities of the Oersted field and the top vortex for the respective branches of the fine structure. A further hyperfine splitting is due to the relative orientation of the vortex core polarities, which are illustrated by the red and grey arrows. Note, that throughoutaandb, data points referring to identical OV–DV combinations are represented by symbols of the same colour.\nD: Magnetoresistance measurement of an OV–DV state. As indicated by the red arrows along the magnetoresistance curve, the fieldBis swept from positive to negative values during the measurement of the resistanceR. At the starting point of the field sweep (region I) the magnetization in the bottom disc is in a vortex state while the top disc is still in a single-domain state. At about 50 mT, the sample switches into the OV–DV state. The inset to region II displays the vorticity combination resulting in this particular measurement. In region II, the blue circles indicate the presence of excitations simultaneously recorded during the magnetoresistance measurement, which arise from coupled gyrotropic motion of the vortices. At −180 mT, the vortex is expelled from the top disc (region III), while in region IV both discs are saturated. The inset diagram in region IV shows the direction of electron flow.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7409_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9667", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Au23core, which is constructed by one Au12unit and one Au13unit sharing two gold atoms.\nB: The Au38Qstructure.\nC: Ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared absorption spectral transformation at 50 °C in toluene (the isosbestic points are at 360 and 700 nm). Inset: thin-layer chromatography of Au38Tbefore and after the transformation.\nD: Anatomy of the Au23core, which consists of a Au12cap unit and Au13icosahedral unit.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9667_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9354", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Transmission electron microscopy image of two grains. Also shown are high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images of nanowires calcined at (candd) 600 °C and (e) 700 °C. The insets in panel (c) are the corresponding selected-area electron diffraction patterns.\nB: Schematic illustration of the partial order in the glass-like structure near the crystalline grain in the SAF and the possible influence of surface curvature. It is well established that the crystal surface can impose both partial layering and lateral order to the glass structure at the crystal-glass interface, where the partial order decays away from the interface28,35,36. Recent modelling37and experimental38studies suggest enhanced ionic conduction along the crystal-glass interfaces (in the partially ordered region) that can be greater than that in either the crystal or glass phases. We hypothesize that such partial order in the SAF region, which is known to exist28,35,36, leads to enhanced ionic conduction. This is further enhanced by hoop strains arising from the high surface curvature, in agreement with our experimental observation of the curvature-dependent surface ionic conductivity.\nC: Arrhenius plots of the conductivities of LMO nanowires with various radii (made primarily by changing the salt-to-polymer ratio in the precursor solutions), together with the measured conductivities for corresponding bulk LMO.\nD: XRD patterns taken at RT of LMO nanowires calcined at various temperatures and of corresponding bulk LMO powder.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9354_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The three drive waveforms used to obtain the data in panel (a). Dotted line: sine wave, dashed line: AWG1 and solid line: AWG 2. The overall amplitude of the waveforms is ~0.8 Vpp.\nB: Fractional deviation of pump current fromefin p.p.m., as a function of exit gate voltage, using sine wave drive at 400 MHz (circles), 630 MHz (squares) and 945 MHz (triangles). (b,c) Pump current as a function of offset exit gate voltage ΔVG2=VG2−VG2,H, whereVG2,His the high-voltage edge of then=1 plateau, at 630 MHz (panelb) and 945 MHz (panelc). Open (solid) points indicate sine wave (AWG pulse) drive.\nC: Schematic diagrams of the potential along the channel during four phases of the pump cycle: (1) loading, (2) back-tunneling, (3) trapping and (4) ejection. One cycle transports an electron from the left (source) to the right (drain) lead. (c,d) The two types of gate drive waveformsVRF(t) used in this study: sine waves (c) and shaped pulses (d). Numbered points approximately indicate the corresponding stages in the pump cycle shown in panel (b). In panel (d), the black line shows the pulse shape programmed into the AWG, and the red line shows the actual waveform measured with a fast sampling oscilloscope after passing through a coaxial line similar to the one in the cryogenic measurement probe. The dotted line shows a sine wave of frequencyf/5.\nD: Points: average number of pumped electronsn≡IP/efas a function of exit gate voltage for four combinations of magnetic field and pump frequency, using sine wave drive. Solid lines:nFITobtained by fitting the data to equation (1). Values of the fitting parameterδ2are (left–right) 12.2, 20.7, 9.1 and 4.6.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8446", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Iswextracted along lines B, C, D and E in plot (b). The dashed line indicates trace C offset by a backgroundIswtaken at a point where QD1 is OFF resonance in trace D. Arrows and percentages indicate the relative enhancement and suppression ofIswevaluated by the deviation of trace D from the dashed reference line. Lines D and E are taken to be near resonance with QD2 and show a larger relative enhancement compared with the both QD ON resonance condition (line A inc).\nB: Iswextracted along lines A, B and C in plot (b). The background indicated for trace A is taken as the value ofIswmeasured at point(Vsg1=−0.57 V) where QD1 is OFF resonance. Points(Vsg1=−1.32 V),(Vsg1=−0.824 V) and(Vsg1=−1.04 V) are discussed in the main text. The dashed line indicates trace C offset by the current at pointof trace A. Arrows and percentages indicate the approximate increase (decrease) inIswevaluated by the deviation of trace A from the dashed reference line.\nC: ExampleV(I) traces measured at the the points indicated ina. Arrows indicate the current sweep direction.\nD: dI/dVsdplotted as a function ofVsg1andVsg2withVbg=0 V andB=160 mT applied out-of-plane. Labelsoandeindicate even and odd electron occupation respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8446_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Gene expression of the co-cultured spheroids and quantified results of mRNA gene PCR based on 18s rRNA expressions.\nB: CYP3A4 enzymatic activity test. Theyaxis corresponds to the luminescence level.\nC: Urea secretion test. No significant differences were observed between the PDMS microwells and the hydrogel microwells.\nD: Endothelial cells were attached to both sides of the cuboidal patterned hydrogel matrix sidewalls. Red and blue indicate CD31 and DAPI, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11269_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6746", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Near focus aberration-corrected microscope image and (f) EWR-squared amplitude image of an amorphous sphere. All of the images were obtained on graphene oxide supports. The increased density of the stereocomplex sphere relative to the amorphous sphere can be seen in the stronger contrast in the squared amplitude image, this is shown quantitatively in panelscandg(for the stereocomplex micelle and amorphous micelle, respectively), which plots the radially averaged profile of the squared amplitude from the middle of each sphere to the GO support. Panelsdandhshow the surface plots of the EWR-squared amplitude images demonstrate the higher density of the stereocomplex micelle. Scale bars=5 nm.\nB: Stereocomplex spheres gave Bragg peaks at 2θvalues of 12°, 20.6°, 23.8°. All assemblies were run for 30 h before analysis. TEM samples were prepared by slow drying and negatively stained using phosphotungstic acid (PTA). Scale bars=500 nm.\nC: WAXD diffractograms showed that the Bragg peak for stereocomplex formation between 1 and 2 increased over time. Cylindrical micelles obtained from the homochiral diblock copolymers 1 or 2 were found to decrease in length during the self-assembly (c–g). TEM samples were prepared by slow drying and negatively stained using PTA. Scale bars=500 nm.\nD: FT-IR spectra of dried nanoparticles revealed that the wavenumber of carbonyl vibrational stretch of polylactide shifted from 1,758 to 1,750 cm−1over time. TEM images:", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6746_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3275", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Net-like structures were self-assembled from the red and blue cubes. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nB: Schematic for multiplexed self-assembly of 25 orthogonal pairs of dimers in five independent experiments.\nC: Aggregates assembled from red and blue hydrogel cubes carrying complementary giant DNA fell apart after 1 h Baseline-ZERO DNase treatment (left: before DNase treatment; right: after DNase treatment). Scale bar, 500 μm inc,d,eandf. (g–j) Aggregates were assembled from red and blue hydrogel cubes with various edge lengths:\nD: Schematic of hydrogel self-assembly at the liquid–liquid interface. Hydrogel cuboids were floated at the interface formed between upper aqueous PBS liquid and lower Fluorinert FC-40 liquid, and agitated with horizontal shaking.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3275_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12424", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Geometry when the mother droplet is pinned at the outer radius of the capillary. The shapes were extracted from video images. (b,c) Experimental daughter drop sizes.\nB: Geometry when the mother droplet is pinned at the inner radius of the capillary. (e,f) Experimental daughter drop sizes. The size of the symbol inbandeis proportional to the size of the daughter droplets, and the abscissa is given as dimensionless Ohnesorge number Oh=μ2[(ρ1+ρ2)σ12Rm]−½comparing viscous, inertial and interfacial forces. (c,f) The linear relationship betweenRdand (μ2Q/σ12)1/2. Crosses indicated dispensing under formation of several droplets of similar sizes (transition regime) whereRdis the average radius of the several droplets formed due to the break-up of the thin liquid filaments.\nC: Schematic representation of the experimental set-up.\nD: Merging of a dispensed droplet with the mother droplet.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12424_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Average period of oscillations as a function of water surface temperature. Markers indicate the average data values with error bars showing the s.d. calculated from three measurements.\nB: Picture of the oscillator connected to an electromagnetic generator. The inset photo of the LEDs is taken during the operation. (g,h) Voltage and power measured across a load resistor of 100 kΩ. Scale bar, 2 cm.\nC: Picture of HYDRAs assembled in parallel pulling onto load springs.\nD: Rotary motion can lead to cyclical changes of relative humidity experienced by the spores. The increased curvature on the dry side shifts the centre of mass of the entire structure away from the axis of rotation and creates torque.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8346_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15376", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Confocal scan of SiV centre array. Sites are separated by 2.14 μm. Overlaid are regular grid points from an aberration-corrected reference lattice.\nB: Cryogenic (4 K) photoluminescence excitation measurement of the narrowest observed single SiV transition with a linewidth of 126±13 MHz (FWHM, error estimation: 95% confidence interval) determined with a Lorentzian fit function. This linewidth of an implanted SiV is equal, within error, to the narrowest natural SiV linewidth measured to date.\nC: Illustration of targeted ion implantation. Si ions are precisely positioned into diamond nanostructures via a FIB. The zoom-in shows a scanning electron micrograph of a L3 photonic crystal cavity patterned into a diamond thin film. Scale bar, 500 nm; Si is silicon.\nD: Intensityx–yplot of SiV emission at 736.9 nm. By fitting a 2D Gaussian function to the intensity distribution, we determined the distance between the centre of the cavity and the SiV fluorescence, the effective positioning accuracy, to 48(21) nm, with error estimation of one s.d. Scale bar ind,e, 0.5 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15376_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4132", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Enlarged view of the part of theI–tcurve ineafter 10,000 loading–unloading cycles.\nB: Photograph showing the skin-attachable sensor directly above the artery of the wrist (scale bar, 3 cm). (b,c) Measurement of the physical force of a heartbeat under normal (66 beats per minute) and exercise conditions (88 beats per minute).\nC: pressing, (b) bending and (c) torsion.\nD: Schematic illustration of the fabrication of a flexible sensor.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4132_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10769", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The oscillations in conductance as a function of magnetic field after subtracting background.\nB: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of a typical nanowire indicates <112> growth direction with interplanar space∼0.73 nm. Scale bar, 5 nm.\nC: The conductance oscillations as a function ofBcosθ.\nD: Schematic representation of the measurement configuration. Theθis the angle between the orientation of the magnetic field and the longitudinal direction of the nanowire.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10769_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12216", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: However, when the TPM oil precursor is added to a suspension of haematite cubes, we observe the complete encapsulation of the seeds inside the oil phase. The inserts show SEM images of the polymerized hybrid particles. Scale bars, 800 nm. We explain this behaviour with the formation of a hydrophobic layer of silane molecules that condense and covalently bind to the haematite substrate. (c,d) Schematics showing the haematite surface chemistry before and after the formation of the hydrophobizing silane layer.\nB: Timelapse (fromSupplementary Movie 3) showing colloidal spheres arranged in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. In the centre of the lattice, a substitutional impurity consisting of a smaller shape-shifting particle is creating a visible strain in the lattice. The strain disappears when the substitutional particle reconfigures into its new morphology.\nC: A seed suspension of haematite colloids is used to nucleate liquid silsesquioxane micro-droplets that fully encapsulate the seeds.\nD: Shape-shifting particles are first assembled by depletion forces into a colloidal crystallite and then allowed to reconfigure under a light stimulus. The timelapse (fromSupplementary Movie 4) shows how the whole crystal gradually morphs into a new striped microstructure. All scale bars, 1 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12216_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14702", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Absorption spectra of 10 μmol ml−1DCNPs dispersed in hexane and 50 nmol ml−1NPTAT dispersed in water. It should be noted that the concentration of the DCNPs was determined from the Nd element content in the solvent.\nB: NIR bioimaging of mice at different times after orally gavaging BSA–NPTAT-loaded microcarriers under 730-nm or 808-nm excitation.\nC: Procedures of NIR-II fluorescent mesoporous microcarriers preparation, protein drugs loading and SSPI grafting.\nD: Microcarrier fate tracking and drug-release monitoring by the ACIE bioimaging system using an InGaAs CCD camera. After oral administration, the BSA–NPTAT-loaded microcarriers showed little protein drugs leakage in the GI tract (pH=1) but sustained release in the intestine (pH=8) due to the deprotonation of the SSPI on the outer surface of the microcarrier.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14702_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2584", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Expected energy spectrum for the first shell of electrons and holes including the spin-orbit interaction. (c,d) Magnetic field dependence of line cuts in gate space (white dashed lines ina) for the first two electrons, (c), and holes, (d). Coloured circles indicate positions on the corresponding bias triangles in (a), and the dashed lines indicate the observed magnetic field dependence of the ground states, in good agreement with the spin-orbit spectrum, (b). High magnetic field slopes for the ground state energies are indicated in the figures. We extract spin-orbit splittingsmeV for the first electron shell andmeV for the first hole shell. Excited states inside the bias triangles (colour scale data above dashed lines) exhibit a rich structure as a function magnetic field, which we discuss elsewhere33.\nB: μorbas a function of the shell number. For larger shells, electrons are confined in an electronic level with a larger value of. The correspondingly larger momentum along the nanotube axis decreases the velocity around the nanotube circumference, reducing the orbital magnetic moment11,32.\nC: ΔSOas a function ofμorb. The green dashed line shows the maximum spin-orbit coupling expected from theory withαandβfor a 3-nm nanotube (equation 1 together with the scaling ofαwith the magnetic moment). By scaling coefficientsαandβby a factor of 8 (blue line), we can reproduce the order of magnitude of the spin-orbit coupling in our device.\nD: Colour scale plots of the current at a source-drain biasVsd=5 mV andB=0. Black dashed lines indicate the baseline of the triple-point bias triangles. Movement of the tip of the bias triangles (coloured circles) in gate space along line cuts in gate space (white dashed lines) with magnetic field is used in (c,d) to track the ground state energies.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2584_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1337", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Possible modes of association of cargo (FD10) with the host DNA capsule. Also given are cartoons representing all the species used in the present study.\nB: Epifluorescence images showing internalization of IFD10inDrosophilahemocytes. Cells that are pulsed with IFD10for 5 min chased for 5 min and imaged, show distinct punctate structures containing IFD10. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Fluorescence lifetime measurements of free FD10 (grey squares) and IFD10complex (black squares) with the same quenchers. Mean values of two independent experiments are presented, along with their s.d. Inset: the lifetimes of free (grey bar) and encapsulated (black bar) FD10 in absence of any quencher. Error bars indicate s.d.\nD: DLS traces of free FD10 (grey squares), the standard sample of DNA icosahedra, I (open black circles) and purified IFD10complex (black squares).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1337_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7590", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: DSC trace, collected on heating, of hybrid nanoparticles. Phase transition region in which Lm/Iso structures coexist is between the dashed lines.\nB: Theoretically predicted imaginary (Im(εeff)) and real (Re(εeff)) parts of the dielectric function of Ag NP aggregates in the Iso and (b) Lm structure.\nC: Molecular structure of the promesogenic ligand L.\nD: Temperature-dependent SAXRD reflections evidencing regions of Lm, Lm/Iso and Iso structures’ existence (divided by the dashed lines), collected on heating with a 10-deg. step.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7590_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8637", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Temperature dependence of the resistance (black) and magnetoresistance (MR; coloured dots) at 0 and 5 kOe, showing aTcof 29 K. Scale bars, 20 and 6 nm inbandc, respectively.\nB: The phase diagram inBspace, whereBR=J/μBis the unit of magnetic field in the MC simulations.\nC: 55 nm;\nD: distorted conical phase or 3D modulations;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8637_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14179", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Brightfield (top) and confocal (bottom) micrographs of polymeric polystyrene (PS) particles conjugated to the surface of colon (COLO 205; left) and prostate (PC-3; right) tumour cell lines. The 500 nm diameter PS particles bound to tumour cells in brightfield micrographs. Brightfield micrographs show 500 nm diameter PS particles bound to tumour cells. The 200 nm diameter PS particles bound to tumour cells in confocal micrographs. Confocal micrographs shown 200 nm diameter PS particles bound to tumour cells. Green indicates polymeric PS particles and blue indicates nucleus. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Percentage of fluorescent PS particle+ tumour cells after functionalization with a PEG linker. Data are reported as the mean±s.e. Different treatment groups were compared for statistical significance using Student’s two-tailedt-test.N=5 per treatment. NHS,N-hydroxysuccinimide; NS, not significant; SA, streptavidin. ***P<0.001.\nC: Brightfield micrographs of particle-functionalized COLO 205 tumour cells after 30 min of exposure to various treatment conditions. TRAIL-treated samples incubated with 0.1 μg ml−1TRAIL for 30 min. Sheared samples were exposed to a fluid shear stress of 4.0 dyn cm−2. Tumour cells were treated with 240 PS (500 nm diameter) particles per tumour cell before exposure to TRAIL and fluid shear stress. Insets denote viable and apoptotic tumour cells after treatment conditions. Scale bar, 30 μm. (c,d) Viability of particle-functionalized COLO 205 (c) and PC-3 (d) tumour cells after treatment with TRAIL (0.1 μg ml−1) in the presence of fluid shear stress.N=4 per treatment.\nD: Schematic of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-targeted particle delivery to COLO 205 tumour cells in nude (nu/nu) micein vivo, followed by treatment with TRAIL. Mice were inoculated with COLO 205 tumour cells via tail vein injection (2 × 106cells), followed by injection of nontargeted and EpCAM-targeted PLGA particles (500 nm diameter;∼500 particles per tumour cell) 15 min post tumour cell injection. At 30 min post particle injection, mice were treated with TRAIL (0.1 μg ml−1plasma concentration). Tumour cells in blood were collected via submandibular bleed 90 min post TRAIL injection. Tumour cells were detectedin vivovia whole-body bioluminescent imaging (BLI) at 7 and 14 days post injection.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14179_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8662", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Emission lines from the single QD that stem from the exciton’s (X) and the biexciton’s (XX) recombination, measured at a temperature of 6 K.\nB: Upon dry etching the lens profile is transferred from the inverted PMMA into the semiconductor. The bottom DBR section is omitted for a better display format.\nC: The sample’s luminescence is mapped by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Along this, the resist is exposed to an electron dose around 10 mC cm−2and becomes soluble upon development.\nD: HOM histogram obtained for excitation pulses separated by 2 ns at saturation pump power. The fit corresponds to Lorentzian peaks and we extract a corrected (raw) two-photon interference visibility of (80±7)% ((76±4)%) from the data.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8662_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12074", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Restoration of RCA compatibility of an rD2C using an RCD.\nB: RCA reactions of rD2C1 in the presence ofE. coli(105cells ml−1) analyzed using 0.6% agarose gel electrophoresis. Note every reaction also contained PNK and dNTPs. L, DNA ladders ranging from 1 to 10 kbp; RP, RCA product.\nC: Cleavage of rD2C1 by EC1, anE. coli-responsive DNAzyme. Concentration ofE. coli: 105cells ml−1. Reaction mixtures were analyzed by 10% denaturing PAGE. EC1M: a mutant EC1 that cannot be activated byE. coli. Both rCDNAiiandCDNAiin rD2C1 were radioactively labelled with32P to facilitate DNA visualization on the gel. Clv%: per cent cleavage.\nD: Determination of detection sensitivity through analysis of RP using 0.6% agarose gel electrophoresis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12074_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2965", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Double-crossover DNA complexes (tiles) self-assemble into DNA nanotubes. Each tile possesses four single-stranded regions, known as ‘sticky ends’, each 5 nt long. Here, they are labeledA,A*,BandB*, withAbeing complementary toA* andBbeing complementary toB*. Owing to the intrinsic curvature at the positions where different tiles join, the tiles self-assemble into a one-dimensional DNA nanotube18,40. The nanotubes are typically observed to be between five to seven tiles wide (five-tile wide nanotubes are shown). Inset shows an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of DNA nanotubes formed through a thermal annealing process; tubes break open upon adsorption to the mica surface.\nB: Experimental results on method 3. Addition of the deprotector causes self-assembly of DNA nanotubes.\nC: Experimental results on method 1 using TIRF microscopy or AFM. In all experiments, the concentrations of all species were 200 nM and reactions were performed at room temperature (25 °C). For all TIRF experiments, a Cy3-modified version of the central tile strand was used. Both activators are needed for the reactive tile to form and for DNA nanotubes to self-assemble.\nD: A DNA catalyst expedites the release of multiple identical product oligonucleotides from a multi-stranded reactant complex. Inset shows a 25 °C fluorescence assay of the kinetics of product release at three different substrate-to-catalyst ratios, using a fluorescent reporter that stoichiometrically reacts with the productD(seeSupplementary Fig. S3for more details).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2965_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1656", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Corresponding fast-Fourier-transformation of interpolatedIsamplingas displayed in (a). Interpolating lines act as guide to the eye. The data offset level is indicated with dashed horizontal lines.\nB: τslowfor both samples as a function ofPlaserfor sample #1 (red) and sample #2 (black). Error bars reflect the estimated standard deviation of the fit coefficients.\nC: Corresponding fast-Fourier-transformation of interpolatedIsamplingas displayed in (a). The positionyrefers to the dotted line inFigure 1b. The data offset level is indicated with dashed lines.\nD: Sketch of the FDTD simulation geometry. Metal strips are indicated in yellow, the substrate in green and grey.FairandFwgindicate rectangular areas for calculating the passing field flux above and in the stripline circuit, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1656_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8249", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Enhanced-resolution map of the same area using the higher mode orders up tom+n=3. Scale bars, 10 μm\nB: Extinction measurement of a nanoparticle by transmission (left half) and linewidth (right half). Scale bar, 1 μm.\nC: Correlation between relative line splitting and extinction contrast. Measured values (green dots), calculated correlation assuming a fixed (red solid line) and variable (blue solid line) cavity mode orientation are shown.\nD: A cavity built from a laser-machined and mirror-coated optical fibre and a planar mirror serving as a sample holder. Transverse scanning of the sample mirror is used for spatial imaging, axial scanning of the fibre for resonance tuning.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8249_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic illustration of the process to fabricate organic FET with nanoscale channel length and channel width.\nB: Input–output voltage characteristic for complementary inverter circuit based on P3HT:PEO-blend NWs and N2200:PEO-blend NWs (inset: gain characteristics).\nC: Optical micrograph of well-aligned PVK NWs. The diameter of PVK NW is 290 nm (inset, scale bar, 200 nm).\nD: Scanning electron microscope images of P3HT:PEO-blend (70:30, w/w) NW and nano-sized electrode gap.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2755", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Thermal conductivity reduction with width for GNRs, all withL≈260 nm (Figs 1c,dand3c). Solid symbols are experimental data fromb, open symbols are interpolations for the listed temperature. Lines are fitted model from equation 2, revealing a scaling as ~W1.80.3in the edge-limited regime. The thermal conductivity of plasma-etched GNRs in this work appears slightly lower than that estimated for GNRs from unzipped nanotubes13at a given width, consistent with a stronger effect of edge disorder35. Also seeSupplementary Fig. S11.\nB: Thermal conductivity for the same samples as ina(also seeSupplementary Fig. S10).\nC: Thermal conductance per cross-sectional area (G/A) versus temperature for our GNRs (L≈260 nm,Was listed, seeFig. 3c), a ‘short’ unpatterned sample (L≈260 nm,W≈12 μm, seeFig. 3b) and a ‘large’ sample from Seolet al.6(L≈10 μm,W≈2.4 μm, seeFig. 3a). The short but wide graphene sample attains up to ~35% of the theoretical ballistic heat-flow limit22,23,24(also seeSupplementary Fig. S9).\nD: Thermal conductivity reduction with length for ‘wide’ samples (Wλ), compared with the ballistic limit (kball=GballL/A) at several temperatures. Symbols are data for our ‘short’ unpatterned graphene samples (Figs 1aand3b), and ‘large’ samples of Seolet al.6(Fig. 3a). Solid lines are model from equation 1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2755_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12396", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Plot of the measured mechanical resonator bath phonon occupation (nb,m) and effective temperature (Tm) as a function of the fridge temperature (Tf). Each data point corresponds to the average inferred occupancy for blue detuned driving (Δr,d=−ωm) at low cooperativity (C<<1). Error bars corresponding to the s.d. in the inferred occupancy over several temperature sweeps. Calibration in units of occupancy is performed using a fit to equation (3) as described in the main text andSupplementary Notes 6–8. The grey dashed lines show the expected Bose–Einstein distributionassuming perfect thermalization to the fridge.\nB: LPCVD of stoichiometric Si3N4on both sides of a 200 μm-thick silicon substrate, (ii) C4F8:SF6plasma etch through the nitride membrane defining the mechanical beam resonator and pull-in cuts on the top side and membrane windows on the bottom side, (iii) electron beam lithography, aluminum deposition and lift-off steps to pattern the microwave circuit and (iv) final release of the nitride membrane using a silicon-enriched tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution.\nC: Plot of the finite-element method (FEM)-simulated breathing mode profile. Mechanical motion is indicated by an exaggerated displacement of the beam structure and by colour, with red (blue) colour indicating regions of large (small) amplitude of the motion.\nD: Schematic of the two-tone electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectroscopy measurement.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12396_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11924", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: External photoconductive gain and responsivity of photoconductor devices. Incident wavelength: 500 nm. Bias: 10 V. Channel width and length are labelled in the figure, where the inverted triangle points represent the same device as that inb.\nB: External gain of four devices at small photon power, where the triangle and inverted triangle points are the same as that inc. The dashed line is drawn to guide the eye.\nC: Schematic of FET structure.\nD: Noise current versus bias of a photoconductor device (2 mm × 5 μm) at a frequency of 0.1 Hz under dark condition. Error bars represent the s.d. of several measurements. Dashed line represents the shot noise limit. The results on a smaller device (80 μm × 5 μm) are shown inSupplementary Fig. 9.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11924_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32148-9", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: -Overlay of the dynamic concentration changes of (i) DNAzyme T1/A, (ii) DNAzyme T2/B and (iii) DNAzyme T3/C, upon subjecting the three-layer modules to T1= 3.6 μM. (For half-life of the three-layer cascaded DNAzymes, see Supplementary Fig.35.) Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nB: -Transient rates corresponding to the formation of the fluorescent Zn(II)-PPIX/G-quadruplex wires (Derivative of square dots kinetic pattern shown inf).hCoupling of the three-layer cascade to the RCA process yielding the hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme wires catalyzing the H2O2-induced oxidation of Amplex Red to the fluorescent Resorufin.i,j, (i)-Time-dependent fluorescence intensities generated by the Resorofin associated with the hemin/G-quadruplex-catalyzed oxidation of Amplex Red by the hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme wires (square dots), and time-dependent concentration changes of the promoter P generated by the three-layer cascade (solid purple curve).\nC: DNAzyme T1/A; (ii) DNAzyme T2/B by re-adding the trigger T1= 1.2 μM. (For half-life of the transient DNAzyme T1/A, see Supplementary Fig.23.) Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nD: in the presence of trigger T1= 0.3 μM, (ii) in the presence of trigger T1= 0.2 μM, (iii) in the presence of trigger T1= 0.4 μM (For the half-life values of the transients, see Supplementary Fig.6.).cCyclic operation of the transient DNAzyme cycle (T1= 0.4 μM) shown ina. Arrows indicate the addition of the trigger T1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-022-32148-9_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12952", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Raman spectra of TiS3under increasing hydrostatic pressure up to 26.3 GPa; plots are offset for clarity.\nB: Optical image of TiS3loaded inside the DAC. Scale bar, 1 nm.\nC: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of TiS3whiskers, and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) image (inset). Scale bar, 1 nm.\nD: Corresponding Raman active optical modes ina.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12952_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15189", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Relaxation (, blue line) and excitation (, red line) rates of the fundamental mode of the resonator and the corresponding steady-state excitation probability(grey line) as functions of the QCR operation voltage,VQCR. The rates are calculated from theP(E) theory (Supplementary Note 3) using the experimentally realized parameter values for the active sample and the two-state approximation.Supplementary Fig. 3shows corresponding results for optimized parameters. The grey dashed line shows the excited-state population assuming that the resonator temperature equals that of the normal-metal electrons of the QCR.\nB: Experimentally measured changes in the electron temperatures of the QCR, ΔTQCR(purple circles) and of the probe resistor, ΔTprobe(red circles), as functions of the refrigerator operation voltageVQCR. The dashed lines show the theoretical ΔTprobewith (black) and without (green) photon-assisted tunnelling.\nC: Tunnelling diagram similar to that in Fig. 2a, but for a higher operation voltage corresponding to the region highlighted in yellow ina. Here only photon emission to the resonator is suppressed by the lack of thermal excitations.\nD: Schematic illustration of the active sample (not to scale) composed of a coplanar-waveguide resonator of lengthLwith an embedded QCR and probe resistor. The voltage (V, black dashed line) and current (I, red dashed dotted line) profiles of the fundamental resonator mode are shown together with the possibility to apply an external microwave drive,VRF, to the resonator through a coupling capacitorCc. The characteristic impedance of the microwave line isZ0=50 Ω.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15189_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9185", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: An example of a transmission electron microscopy image of PbSe QDs with a mean radius of 3.5 nm, scale bar is 10 nm.\nB: The pump-fluence dependence of fractions of single excitons (p1, blue circles) and biexcitons (p2, red squares) generated in a QD ensemble. The data can be accurately described assuming Poisson statistics of carrier distributions (lines).\nC: Comparison of the CM yields from the present TPC measurements (red solid circles) to those from previous transient absorption experiments on colloidal suspensions (open black circles; ref.48). Error bars shown for the TPC data points are s.d. derived from the non-linear least squares fits to the photocurrent transients used in the evaluation of CM yields. Inset: derivation of the CM yield from the low-pump-intensity limit of the measured multiplicities.\nD: Tail-normalized TPC traces with excitation above the CM threshold show the persistence of a fast Auger decay component in the limit of low pump fluences, indicating the presence of biexcitons generated via CM (same sample as inFig. 3; same bias); varies from 0.04 to 1.3 (from bottom to top). The inset shows that the low-fluence TPC trace measured with 3.1 eV photons can be reproduced using 1.5 eV excitation but with a much higher pump intensity.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9185_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15043", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Two-way capacityof the amplifier channel as a function of the gaingfor=1 thermal photon. It is contained in the shadowed specified by the bounds in equation (27). For small gains, we have. For=0 (quantum-limited amplifier) the shadowed region shrinks into a single line.\nB: The simulation LOCCcan be combined with the adaptive LOCC Λiinto a single ‘extended’ LOCC Δiwhile the resource stateσcan be stretched back in time and out of the adaptive operations. We may therefore write=Δi(⊗σ).\nC: The procedure is also valid for CV systems. If the inputais a bosonic mode, we need to consider finite-energy versions for the EPR state Φ and the Bell detection, that is, we use a TMSV state Φμand a corresponding quasi-projectiononto displaced TMSV states. At finite energyμ, the teleportation process fromatoA′ is imperfect with some output. However, for anyɛ>0 and input stateρa, there is a sufficiently large value ofμsuch that(refs25,26). Consider the transmitted state. Because the trace distance decreases under channels, we have. After the application of the correction unitary, we have the output statewhich satisfies. Taking the asymptotic limit of largeμ, we achieve→0 for any inputρa, therefore achieving the perfect asymptotic simulation of the channel. The asymptotic teleportation-LOCC is thereforewhere. The result is trivially extended to the presence of ancillas.\nD: Two-way capacityof the additive-noise Gaussian channel with added noiseξ. It is contained in the shadowed region specified by the bounds in equation (30). For small noise, we have. Our upper bound is much tighter than those of ref.18(dotted), ref.54(dashed) and ref.51(dot-dashed).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15043_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1584", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The suppression of each OH skyline is perfect with no detectable residual at the resolution of the spectrograph.\nB: the reflected spectrumR(λ) and (d) the transmitted spectrumT(λ) showing the unapodized (solid) and apodized (dashed) responses.\nC: Grating transmission in units of dB measured with an optical spectrum analyser.\nD: TheKnwavevector is made up of a transverse componentKTand a mode propagation constantβdefined in terms of the effective refractive index seen by the mode.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1584_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-47125-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=8\\)(type-III WNLS);\nB: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=24\\)(type-III WNLS). Here\\(d_B'=Q^TM/n^TMd_B\\), where\\(n^TM=8\\)and\\(d_B=2696\\)nm. The arrows show the rotation transitions between three types of WNLSs.\nC: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=4\\)(type-II WNLS);\nD: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=16\\)(type-I WNLS);", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-024-47125-7_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3679", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: 15 nm CuPc only; and (d) 20 nm of Tc only. The colour scale represents photoemission intensity (normalized). All spectra were recorded with hν1=2.43 eV and hν2=4.65 eV. The inset incshows TR-2PPE spectra for the 15-nm CuPc thin film excited at hν1=1.96 eV and probed at hν2=4.65 eV.\nB: 2 nm CuPc on 20 nm Tc;\nC: A 2nm CuPc on 2 nm Tc; and (b) 2 nm CuPc on 20 nm Tc. The colour scale is photoemission intensity (normalized).\nD: Photoemission intensities of the triplet states as a function of pump-probe delay times: 2 nm/2 nm (blue curve) and 2 nm/20 nm (red curve) CuPc/Tc interfaces; 20 nm Tc only (grey dots); 15 nm CuPc only excited at hν1=1.96 eV (green dots).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3679_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7611", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Simulated pulse profile in the case of wavefront rotation, leading to an increased pre/post-pulse contrast of 1:20.\nB: Corresponding calculated electric field.\nC: Spatial profile for three CEPs. The spectra are integrated from 200 to 400 eV.\nD: Comparison of photon yields on target. Chirped mirror reflection profile from24(b). Simulated pulse profile in the case without wavefront rotation, after transmission through a 400-nm Al filter, leading to a pre/post-pulse contrast of 1:5.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7611_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8565", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: In the presence of a delayed pump beam (330 fs delay between pump and signal), no change in the signal output is observed. This indicates that the modulation of index originates from the fast Kerr non-linearity rather than long-lived free carriers (FC) effect. A discussion regarding the FC role in this experiment is provided in theSupplementary Discussion 7. Several tests are performed to show repeatability of the process and exclude laser fluctuations (shown here as different coloured data points inb,c).\nB: AE analogue in optical waveguides. The outer waveguides become an effective two-mode coupler withand the middle waveguide is a ‘dark mode’. Importantly, the coupling between the two outer waveguides is now controllable through Δβ12.\nC: Schematic of the experimental apparatus. The ultrashort pulse (∼140 fs with central wavelength at 1,310 nm) is split into a strong truncated pump beam that is coupled to the middle waveguide and the weak signal beam that is coupled to one of the outer waveguide. On the pump path, a mechanical chopper is used to turn off and on the injection of the pump pulse to the middle waveguide. On the signal path, a delay line is used to synchronize the entrance of the pump and signal. A full description of the experimental procedure is provided in theSupplementary Method 2(b) Observed modulation as a result of varied coupling in the presence of a synchronized pump beam, showing a significant reduction of the signal intensity when the pump is present.\nD: When AE conditions are met, the light injected in waveguide 1 propagates only in the outer waveguides 1 and 3. The middle waveguide is effectively eliminated, as its energy build-up remains very low during the entire propagation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8565_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11809", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Overlap of the spectral irradiance of a blackbody half-space with natural optical resonances. The blackbody spectrum for increasing temperatures between 750 and 1,500 K shows the peak lying in the near-infrared region for high temperatures (1,500 K) which is the spectral range for contemporary low-bandgap photovoltaics (blue shaded area). Note, these temperatures are necessary for high-efficiency energy conversion but are beyond the reach of conventional plasmonic building blocks for metamaterials because of their low melting point. On the other hand, thermal engineering approaches based on optical phonons are restricted to the mid-infrared spectrum and are difficult to move to the near-infrared range. Metamaterial principles extend the spectral range of bulk optical material resonances throughout the infrared.\nB: SEM image of the fabricated refractory metamaterial. By choosing the thicknesses of the nano-structured refractory metal and oxidic dielectric layers, topological transitions can be tuned throughout the infrared.\nC: Schematic image of the refractory metamaterial design. The dashed box shows the metamaterial unit cell.\nD: Comparison of the theoretically designed, based on permittivity data provided by Roberts52, and ellipsometrically extracted relative permittivity parameters for the metamaterial structure (see methods). In all simulations the hafnium dioxide layers are assumed to be lossless and dispersionless with a relative permittivity ofɛ=3.88.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11809_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12588", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The emitted photon shape normalized to the single photon power. The red solid curve shows a fit to exp(−Γ1t). The inset demonstrates an emission peak (blue dots), when a π-pulse is applied at Δtπfitted by a red Lorentzian curve (Δω=Γ1).\nB: Rabi oscillations of the two-level atom coupled to the two half-spaces measured by VNA. The atom is excited by MW pulses of length Δtfrom the control line with repetition timeT=80 ns, and the coherent emission is detected from the emission line.\nC: Mechanism of the single-photon generation. The atom exited by aπ-pulse (blue) of the incident radiation relaxes with a photon emission into the right sub-space (denoted by red colour).\nD: The experimental setup for Hanbury–Brown–Twiss measurements with linear detectors in the microwave frequency domain.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12588_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8944", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic illustration of the electron recollision process.\nB: Typical electron microscopy images of the employed silica nanospheres. The indicated diameters (top) reflect typical sizes and are used as a reference throughout the manuscript. Measured mean diameters and their s.d. of representative samples studied in this work are indicated in boxes, respectively. The scale bar applies to all images and corresponds to a length of 500 nm.\nC: Maximum enhancement of the radial electric field in the propagation plane (z=0) predicted by Mie's solution ford=400 nm (Mie size parameterρas indicated). The incident laser fieldwith 4 fs (intensity full-width at half-maximum) Gaussian envelopef(t) at centre wavelengthλ=720 nm propagates along thexaxis.\nD: Same as (a) but as function of laser intensity for nanopsheres withd=400 nm. The experimental results were taken under comparable conditions. Note that only electrons with projected momenta above the thresholdwhere counted in the experiment. The horizontal error bar indicates the estimated ±15% uncertainty of the intensity; vertical error bars for the yield are defined as in (a). We checked via the M3C data that the differences between results using projected and full momenta are insignificant for this analysis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8944_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16097", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The input/output port realized as a pinhole at the centre of a mirror to couple thel=0 mode in and out.\nB: Control sequence for the phase imbalance in the auxiliary cavity and calculated output power normalized to the maximum intensity of the input pulse, assuming a Gaussian profile for the input pulse and no loss for all cavity modes except that due to the coupling to the input signal.withtp=2.5κ−1andγj=δj,04κ.\nC: The main (red) and auxiliary (brown) cavities are coupled by a pair of beam splitters (BSs), both cavities are degenerate. Two spatial light modulators (SLMs) are used to change photon’s OAM by ±M.\nD: Unconventional devices based on photon interference in synthetic photonic lattices formed by photon’s internal degrees of freedom. The dots (lattice sites) represent different internal states.andrepresent the optical fields in the four input/output channels.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms16097_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8410", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: FT-IR spectra of samples synthesized at different reaction times (90 °C, N2H4/Zn=8). Unindexable peaks are denoted as (+).\nB: Photocurrent density–voltage (J–V) curve measured by reverse scan with 10 mV voltage steps and 40 ms delay times under AM 1.5 G illumination.\nC: Schematic illustration of the formation mechanism of crystalline ZSO NPs via a low-temperature process below 100 °C.\nD: EQE spectrum of the ZSO-based flexible perovskite solar cell.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8410_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Ratios of the SHG and linearT−1diffraction intensities for right versus left incidence predicted from the model in comparison to the experimental results obtained fromFig. 5b.\nB: Similar images showing the optical field intensity distribution produced at the second harmonic frequency. The asymmetry in second harmonic generation is a straightforward consequence of the larger fundamental field intensity inathat occurs in the nonlinear layer for right versus left incidence.\nC: Quadratic dependence (denoted by the red line) of SH power on fundamental power that is typical of all samples studied. The error bars reflect s.d.’s calculated from multiple measurements on the same sample structure.\nD: Polarized EA spectra in the CT region (E<1.4 eV), where the p-polarized response again dominates due to the alignment of CT states normal to the pentacene/C60interface.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14269_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26927-z", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The long-lasting afterglow ofLaL1(TTA)3at 10 μM concentration in toluene is observable for up to 30 s after Nd3+:YAG laser irradiation at 77 K. The afterglow ofLaPhen(TTA)3(diminished after 2 to 3 s) and ofL1(just above 5 s) are shown for comparison. (L1= 2-(N,N-diethylanilin-4-yl)−4,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (dbpt);TTA= thenoyltrifluoroacetonate;Phen= 1, 10-phenanthroline).\nB: The ideal exponential luminescence decay of phosphorescence with lifetime 0.05 s.\nC: Schematic setup of Horiba kinetics module. Two different modes were used with (i) the luminescence was monitored while the irradiation remained and (ii) the slit for irradiation was closed and only the luminescence after excitation was monitored.\nD: The emission spectrum ofLaL1(TTA)3in toluene at different concentrations at 77 K.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-021-26927-z_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7407", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A schematic of the experimental set-up. Light and electron pulses at a variable time delay are spatially overlapped on an isolated Ag nanowire suspended on a TEM grid with a few-layer graphene support layer. Probing electrons are detected using a CCD camera after passing through an electron imaging filter.\nB: Selectively photoexciting only one of the SPP modes of this wire (herem=5) in a single-wavelength PINEM experiment instead (atω5,ϕ=0°) quantizes the energy exchange of its field distribution with the probing electrons, as shown in this conceptual PINEM energy-space map. The corresponding electron energy gain spectrum is depicted on the top. Electron counts in both the map and the spectrum are plotted on a linear scale. Though not shown here, a similar series of quantized features is present on the energy loss side of the ZLP in both the energy-space map and the spectrum.\nC: Conceptual representation of the energy-space-resolved PINEM methodology. Rather than recording an energy-filtered 2D spatial map of the transmitted electrons (images on the left), or dispersing the electrons only in energy (spectrum on top), this method retains the spatial electron distribution along the vertical axis, while also dispersing the electrons according to their energy along the horizontal axis. Combined with the PINEM effect, this results in the vertical spatial variation of the photoinduced SPP field being duplicated at equidistantly spaced energy quanta, with an intensity envelope and energy resolution determined by the PINEM interaction strength and the ZLP-width, respectively. The vertical spatial variation here (solid white trace) corresponds to a selected part (white shaded area) of the simulated photoinduced field (|Ez| in the plane 10 nm below the wire) of an isolated nanowire (black shaded rectangle, 4.6 μm length,≃61 nm radius, 800 nm excitation,ϕ= 0°,m=13), indicated on the right. Electron counts in both images are plotted on the same linear scale.\nD: Spatial variation of the interferometric SPP field along the axis of the nanowire imaged inb. Black data points depict the background-subtracted SPP field strength integrated along the transverse direction, with the average distance between antinodesdav.determined from a multi-Gaussian fit (solid line).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7407_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9204", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: NQD(f) on X0recorded with two lasers of frequenciesf1andf2and a frequency splittingf1−f2equal to the fine structure splitting for 〈δ〉=0 (blue) and 〈δ〉=Γ/2 (red). Inset shows the laser frequency detuning relative to the optical resonance.\nB: Energy levels of the charged exciton X1−in an Overhauser fieldBN, introducing an electron Zeeman splittingZe. (c,d) X0, X1−energy levels versusBNwith Δ=11.5 μeV and electron g-factorg=−0.5.\nC: NQD(f) on X1−for a series of Rabi couplings Ω taken atB=10.0 mT to enhance the sensitivity to spin noise (Supplementary Note 8). (c,d)BN,r.m.s.versus Ω for X0, X1−. For each Rabi coupling, the error bar increpresents an uncertainty of 10% on the determination ofBN,r.m.s.from the Monte Carlo fit; the error bar indrepresents the s.d. of several scans. r.m.s, root mean squared.\nD: Probe spectrum with Ω1=0.23 μeV, Ω2=0.80 μeV andδ2=0.0 μeV (points) with a two Lorentzian fit (solid line, energy separation 1.6 μeV, linewidths 0.8±0.3, 1.2±0.3 μeV).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9204_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15391", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Reflected intensity image corresponding toa.\nB: Normalized average intensity of the incident fields with three different slit widths of 321.65 μm (blue line), 504.20 μm (red line) and 738.70 μm (black line).\nC: Incident image consisting of the ZJU eagle logo and letters with amplitude modulation, where the inside and the outside of the letters and the eagle have different intensities.\nD: Incident image consisting of the Stanford tree logo and letters generated with phase modulation, where the inside and the outside of the letters and the logo have different phases but the same intensity.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15391_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6615", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Representative comparative spectral data for the 0.5 × , 1.0 × and 1.5 ×R0linear systems. Data were normalized to the direct Cy5.5 emission at the same excitation. Inset, decomposed individual component spectra for the 0.5 ×R0linear system. Representative spectra showing the FRET evolution of the (c) 1.5 ×R0, (d) 1.0 ×R0and (e) 0.5 ×R0systems as the number of arms for each was increased from one to eight. The insets in panelsc–eplots the increase in Cy5.5 sensitized emission as a function of the number of arms, all on the same scale. For comparison these data are all normalized to the direct Cy5.5 excitation component.\nB: Actual and ideal antenna gains as computed for the four-dye linear structures and dendrimers with 0.5 ×R0dye spacing. Note, the 0.5 ×R0linear photonic wire structure corresponds to the one-arm dendrimer.\nC: Representative spectra from linear, bifurcated, Holliday junction and eight-arm star Cy3–Cy5 constructs where donor–acceptor spacing was maintained at ~0.75 ×R0. Data were normalized to the Cy5 alone emission.\nD: [Cy3→Cy3.5→Cy5]n→Cy5.5 four-dye, three FRET step system with sequential donor–acceptor arrangements of Cy3 (blue), Cy3.5 (green), Cy5 (red) and Cy5.5 (pink) in photonic wire configurations. The number of [Cy3→Cy3.5→Cy5]nwires leading into each terminal Cy5.5 dye increases similarly from one to eight using linear, bifurcated, Holliday junction and eight-arm star constructs. The blue arrows show the directionality of the FRET cascade(s) along each wire in each structure as they converge on the terminal Cy5.5 acceptor. Donor–acceptor spacing varied as 0.5 × , 1.0 × and 1.5 ×R0. The 1.5 ×R0schematic shows the approximate dye positions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6615_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Optical micrograph of well-aligned PVK NWs. The diameter of PVK NW is 290 nm (inset, scale bar, 200 nm).\nB: Input–output voltage characteristic for complementary inverter circuit based on P3HT:PEO-blend NWs and N2200:PEO-blend NWs (inset: gain characteristics).\nC: Perpendicular pattern of PVK NWs with 50-μm spacing and (f) corresponding grid-structured pattern of gold nano-gap (inset: region of intersection, scale bar, 200 nm).\nD: Device appearance and nano-sized electrode gap of pentacene thin-film FET with nano-channel.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6001", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of electrical potential change for open-circuit conditions with Au electrode floating. The magnitude of the CPD is plotted in 3D to visualize changes on illumination within the perovskite capping layer. The colour overlay corresponds to the topography. Here, illumination was switched on and off two times and ΔCPD is indicated by an arrow.\nB: Based on both images, we were able to define the material interfaces of the perovskite solar cell (white lines).\nC: Energy level diagram of the device layer structure.\nD: SEM micrograph of a FIB polished area. The perovskite capping layer varies in thickness from 0 to 200 nm. Furthermore, perovskite crystals were observed on top of the mesoporous TiO2layer. The SEM image was recorded at a different position of the sample than KPFM to avoid SEM induced contaminations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6001_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15845", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: OCT B-scan of a fingertip. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Manual segmentation of the ear volume is possible owing to the removal of speckle noise, revealing the structure of hair follicles (Supplementary Movie 3). Cyan—epidermis, grey—auricular cartilage, magenta—lymph vessels, red—sebaceous glands, blue—follicle bulb, yellow—follicle shaft, green—unidentified part of the follicle.\nC: Implementation of SM-OCT on the high-resolution OCT system. DC, dispersion compensation; BS, beam splitter; L1, lens of the conventional OCT; L2, lenses added to create a 4fimaging system;f1, focal length of L1;f2, focal length of L2;n, refractive index of the diffuser;λ, the centre wavelength of the light source.\nD: Schematic of a phantom made by dispersing LGNRs and 3 μm diameter polystyrene beads in an agarose gel. (b,c) OCT and SM-OCT B-scans of the phantom. In the OCT image, many of the beads cannot be detected due to speckle noise. In the SM-OCT image, speckle noise is significantly reduced while preserving resolution, and the beads become visible, along with the random distribution of LGNRs in the phantom. Scale bar, 100 μm. (d–g) Close-up views of regions in the phantom showing superiority of SM-OCT over OCT in detecting the beads. In the SM-OCT image the beads are revealed as the number of averaged images (M) increases. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15845_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9420", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Change in occupation at the band edge ∂f(taken from the transient absorption kinetic at 1.58 eV) divided by the change in carrier temperature ∂Tc, plotted versus 1/Tc2. Here we present the same data asFig. 2b(before normalization), but with time plotted as an intrinsic variable. ∂f/∂Tcis obtained by taking the derivative of the transient absorption kinetic at 1.58 eV with respect to time −∂f/∂t, and dividing this by the change in the carrier temperatureTcwith respect to time −∂Tc/∂t. The data are well described by linear fits (solid lines), which indicates that ∂f/∂Tcis proportional to 1/Tc2.\nB: Photoinduced change in transmitted probe signal ΔT/Tof CH3NH3PbI3(black circles) taken at 4 ps time delay with 2.25 eV excitation energy, initial (t=0) excitation densityN=6.4 × 1018cm−3, incident probe angle=90°, probe polarization=54.7°. The black line is a fitted spectrum according to the model presented in the text (mr=0.14mo, Γ=0.013 eV,a=3, ΔEBGR=5 meV). The blue, red and green lines show the components of the modelled ΔT/Tfrom changes in absorption,Δα(blue line), changes in refractive index,Δn(red line), and free-carrier absorption (green line, and inset). The change in refractive index gives a significant contribution to the experimental TA spectrum while the free-carrier absorption shows a negligible contribution.\nC: Normalized photoinduced change in transmitted probe signal ΔT/T(open circles) for CH3NH3PbI3for a range of carrier densities, taken at 4 ps time delay with 2.25 eV excitation energy, incident probe angle=90° and probe polarization=54.7°. Global fits of the experimental data to the model shown inFig. 3band outlined in the text are shown as solid lines. The parameters for the model aremr=0.14mo, Γ=0.013 eV,a=3 andC=0.58 m−1s−1/2. The model captures the Burstein−Moss spectral broadening with increasing carrier density, which is controlled by the reduced effective mass.\nD: Carrier density dependence of the spectral maxima and minima of the photoinduced change in transmitted probe signal ΔT/T. Experimental maxima (red squares) and absolute value of spectral minima (green squares) are compared with the model shown inFig. 3band outlined in the text (dark red and dark green lines for maxima and minima, respectively). The model captures the saturation behaviour of the peak in transmitted probe signal ΔT/T.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9420_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9724", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Transient photocurrent of the photodetector as a function of incident light power (1.1, 2.2 and 3.8 μW for the blue, brown and red trace, respectively).\nB: IV characteristic of the MAPbBr3ISC perovskites showing an ohmic region followed by trap filling region starting atVTFL=0.3 V. From these data, we extract a conductivityσ=2 × 10−8(Ω cm)−1and a density of trap statesntrap=2 × 1011cm−3.\nC: Kinetics of ISC perovskite growth: after the initial nucleation, the crystals grow until they reach each other and merge to form a continuous solid. At the interface, the lattice continuity is lost, producing one or multiple dislocations.\nD: PL time decay trace atλ=560 nm, with bi-exponential fits showing a fast (7±1 ns) and a slow transient (189±10 ns).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9724_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4609", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Conductance and (d) electroluminescence referenced to a fully saturated state measured in different magnetic states of the ferromagnetic film vs set field strength (red curve). For comparison, the conductance and electroluminescence value measured while the set field is still on is also shown (blue curve). Grey dashed curves correspond to measured values of conductance (b) and electroluminescence (d) at the set field when the magnetic film is saturated (blue and purple curves inFig. 2).\nB: Theoretical calculation following text, using switching fields fromFig. 1e, to be compared withd. Grey dashed curve is calculation with fringe fields absent.\nC: MagnetizationMrelative to the saturation magnitizationMSof the ferromagnetic film as obtained by MOKE. All data are for room temperature.\nD: MC and MEL responses of the complete organic fringe-field device.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4609_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15340", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The optical setup for TOMOTRAP, consisting of optical diffraction tomography (green beam path) and holographic optical tweezers (red beam path). BS, beam splitter; GM, galvanomirror; CL, condenser lens; OL, objective lens; DM, dichroic mirror; SLM, spatial light modulator; SF, spatial filter.\nB: Single-beam optical tweezers, (b) holographic optical tweezers and (c) TOMOTRAP employing real-time 3D refractive index tomography and wavefront shaping. The 3D beam intensity generated by each of the optical tweezers is depicted on the top, and the phase component of the complex optical field of the trapping beam is shown on the bottom.\nC: The 3D Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm calculates the phase-only 3D Fourier spectra of the desired 3D beam intensity obtained inbby applying iterative Fourier and inverse Fourier transforms (FT and FT−1). The 2-D projection of the angular part of the 3D Fourier spectra yields a phase-only hologram to be displayed on a spatial light modulator used for holographic optical tweezers.\nD: Real-time optical diffraction tomography reconstructing the 3D refractive index (RI) distribution of the samples from measured multiple holograms. Multiple holograms of the samples from various illumination angles are recorded by Mach-Zehnder interferometry, from which complex optical fields consisting of amplitude and phase delay of the sample are retrieved via a field retrieval algorithm. The optical diffraction tomography algorithm reconstructs the 3D RI distribution of samples from retrieved complex optical fields. The desired 3D beam intensity distribution is generated by applying rotational, translational and/or folding transformations to the reconstructed tomogram. Scale bar indicates 5 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15340_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15331", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Red curve represents fits to the experimental data acquired via the BF-QEPAS technique, while the blue lines are fits to the peak value of the 2fsignal generated by the conventional QEPAS technique. Both conventional QEPAS and BF-QEPAS signals are symmetrical and centred on the resonance frequency of the QTF. However, their maximum positions differ. The conventional QEPAS signal shows a Lorentzian-like behaviour. As a result, its maximum position is located at the resonance frequency of the QTF. The BF-QEPAS signal curve presents a two winged shape so that two maximum positions appear on both sides of the resonance frequency.\nB: The ramp signal provided by FG2.\nC: The amplitude of the beat signal as a function of the modulation depth (MD) current. The variation trend of the beat signal with the modulation depth increasing shows a similar behaviour as the conventional wavelength modulation technique. The signal amplitude rises when the modulation depth current is <29 mA. After reaching the maximum, the signal amplitude starts to decrease.\nD: The BF signal generated after the piezoelectric signal was demodulated by a LIA.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15331_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9286", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Oscillation of the open-circuit potential on illumination during functionalization.\nB: Spectrum of the In 3d5/2core level after chemical etching of the capping layer, before (blue curve) and after (red curve) complete functionalization revealing a decrease of In content and composition (see text).\nC: Rh catalyst nanoparticles at the surface after the passage of −40 C cm−2under operation by scanning electron microscopy (backscattering image). Black areas show the underlying absorber and grey areas the catalyst nanoparticles; scale bar, 200 nm.\nD: Chemical and photoelectrochemical surface transformation of the AlInP window layer in an aqueous solution of RhCl.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9286_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15891", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: ΔVTTas a function of time and best fit (blue line) with the sum of two decaying exponential terms, each with its own time constant.\nB: Normalized resistanceR/R0of the graphene resistor as a function of the tunnelling triboelectric charge density.\nC: Optical image of the 4-wires graphene resistor (the yellow dashed box is rubbed by the Pt AFM tip).\nD: Schematic diagram (not to scale) and simplified, lumped elements equivalent circuit for the tunnelling triboelectrification process; the equivalent circuit comprises the small areas (Δx2) air-gap and SiO2capacitors (rubbed section) and the large area capacitors (rest of the graphene layer). Error bars are defined as s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15891_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1302", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Expression ofIK1yielded significant hyperpolarization of RMP (n=10–27). Representative recordings ofINaactivation (d), inactivation (e) and TTX block (f) in Kir2.1+Nav1.5 HEK-293 cells.\nB: A cocultured-3D tissue cord with peripheral NRVM regions connected by a 1.3-cm-long central Ex-293 bridge (superimposed composite images of phase contrast and mCherry fluorescence). Scale bar, 5 mm. The optical recording array was placed underneath the cord (bottom panel).\nC: In the absence of a central obstacle, rapid stimulation occasionally caused the formation of single (top panel, shown in an anisotropic monolayer) or multiple (bottom panel shown in an isotropic monolayer) freely drifting spiral waves. Drift trajectories (overlay lines) of individual spiral tips (labelled by numbers) were tracked using phase map analysis and shown over a period of∼400 ms. The colours in the phase map denote different phases of the AP, with red colour showing the AP wave front. Scale bar, 4 mm. Representative movies of spiral waves are compiled inSupplementary Movie 2.\nD: At the start of recording, confluent isotropic 2D networks (monolayers) of monoclonal Kir2.1+Nav1.5 cells usually exhibited high-frequency unorganized electrical activity caused by numerous, slowly moving, splitting and colliding waves. Shown is one instant of optically recorded transmembrane voltage. Colour bar indicates percent AP amplitude (% APA). Different sites in the monolayer (for example, 1 and 2) activated at different rates (bottom panel), demonstrating the lack of spatial synchrony in activation. Red stars denote the time at which the transmembrane voltage frame (top panel) was taken. Scale bars indicate 3 mm (top panel) and 250 ms (bottom panel).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1302_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13413", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: An illustration of the BP/ReS2heterojunction NDR device.\nB: Thicknesses of the BP (top) and the ReS2flakes (bottom) corresponding to the yellow lines marked inb.\nC: Three-dimensional KPFM mapping image of the BP/ReS2heterostructure (top) and histogram distributions of ΔVCPDextracted from the KPFM mapping image (bottom).\nD: Equivalent circuit configuration of the ternary inverter.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13413_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12699", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Adapted from ref.38with permission from Elsevier (b) adapted from ref.45, previously published under a CC-BY-NC-SA license, copyright Wondraczeket al., licensee Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2013 (c) reproduced from ref.56with permission from AIP Publishing.\nB: Schematic showing how light guiding elements can be used to increase the illuminated surface area to volume ratio inside of photobioreactors, reducing the irradiance seen by the culture below the saturation intensity.\nC: Estimation of global annual lipid productivity based on growth models typical ofNannochloropsis. Results are interpolated using data from 4,388 locations around the globe and account for the availability of resources, including light, for microalgal cultivation. (c–f) Examples of different photobioreactor configurations at the Algae Production and Research Center (AlgaePARC) in the Netherlands showing examples of pilot scale (c) raceway (volume=4,730 L), (d) horizontal tubular (volume=560 L), (e) vertical tubular (volume=1,060 L) and (f) flat plate (volume=390 L) photobioreactors.\nD: Graph showing the impact on growth of green algae of using spectral shifting dyes to convert green light to red light in a back-reflecting flat plate photobioreactor. The shaded region represents the initial incubation period after which the spectral converting layer was introduced. A net increase in biomass production of 36% was observed when the converter was used. Error bars represent a counting error of 25,000 cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12699_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-45670-9", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Unitless mathematic VMM operation.\nB: Realistic memristor crossbar representation considering the line resistance (RL) and the interline capacitances (see the inset showing a circuit schematic of a memristive cell in a CPA structure considering the associated wire parasitic resistance and capacitance). Aspects such as device variability are captured by the memristor model employed.\nC: Electrical circuit representation of the memristive crossbar-based analogue VMM operation.\nD: Mathematic VMM operation involving electrical magnitudes.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-024-45670-9_figure_21.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14494", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The cumulative forward distance travelled while upright without leg adhesion during a single walking cycle for the classic tripod (red) or for two optimized bipod-B (cyan) gaits. Red arrowheads indicate pauses between power strokes during tripod locomotion.\nB: A frontal view of the hexapod robot used. Each leg is labelled in white. A white arrowhead indicates the direction of heading.\nC: The robot’s position at four 4 s intervals during tripod (left) or bipod-B (right) locomotion. Black dashed lines connect the robot’s locations at corresponding time points. Black arrows indicate the direction of heading. Scale bar, 16 cm.\nD: Footfall diagram for a fly walking with polymer coating on each pretarsus. Contact with the ground during stance phase (black) and no ground contact during swing phase (white) are indicated for each leg over time. Blue blocks indicate periods of atypical bipod-like leg coordination. This animal exhibits atypical bipod-like leg coordination 40% of the time.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14494_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Rotation speed measured as a function of external relative humidity and at two different airflow speeds near the device. The rotary engine can drive a vehicle forward if its rotation is coupled to the wheels.\nB: Four stages of the oscillatory motion: (Stage I) When the shutters are closed, the relative humidity of the chamber increases, causing HYDRAs to expand. (Stage II) As HYDRAs expand towards the right, they force the buckled beam to switch its position. (Stage III) Opening of the shutters let the relative humidity of the chamber recede, causing HYDRAs to contract. The cycle is completed when contracting HYDRAs pull the buckled beam and force it to switch back to the left configuration (stage IV), which then closes the shutters and brings the system back to stage I.\nC: Photos and (c) measurements showing the horizontal shifts in the positions of plastic blocks attached to HYDRAs. Markers indicate the average data values with error bars showing the s.d. calculated from measurements on five samples.\nD: A shutter mechanism can create oscillations.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8346_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11650", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Response of the control amperometric sensor (without LOx enzyme) for subject #1.\nB: Schematic showing the LOx-based lactate biosensor along with the enzymatic and detection reactions.\nC: Location of the Chem–Phys patch for mounting on the human body—the fourth intercostal space of the chest.\nD: A photograph of Chem–Phys hybrid patch.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11650_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11513", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Tilted SEM image of a GME (scale bar, 1 μm).\nB: All electrons emitted from a GME are collected by a side electrode in the first regime of theIc−Vgcurves inFig. 1e, whereIcis completely suppressed byVg. Solid arrowed lines indicate electron trajectories.\nC: Emission current of a GME measured by the upper collector electrode (Ic, solid blue line) and the bottom gate electrode (Ig, solid olive line) and the corresponding applied Joule-heating power (dashed purple line) when ramping upVband fixingVc(100 V) andVg(15 V).\nD: Ic–Vbcurves of the GMEs with the width of 0.3 μm (blue line), 1.5 μm (olive line) and 2.6 μm (purple line) as shown inc.Ic−Vbcurves inbanddwere measured until the breakdown of GMEs due to excess electrical and thermal stress.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11513_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12398", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Device and measurement set-up schematic. An epitaxial SrTiO3layer (blue) is sandwiched between a Nb:SrTiO3bottom electrode (violet) and graphene top electrode (grey honeycomb lattice). The graphene electrode is contacted through a metal lead, which is electrically separated from the continuous bottom electrode, allowing for biasing inside PEEM instruments. At the same time, photoelectrons from the SrTiO3layer can easily escape through the graphene electrode, allowing simultaneous imaging, as depicted with the PEEM lens system.\nB: Normalized A/B2peak ratio for different Ti3+concentrations. Grey line is a linear fit to the data and serves as a calibration curve.\nC: Profiles of the energy of the conduction-band edgeWC(x) as a function of depth at zero bias for the LRS and the HRS.\nD: Forming step (blue line) and following reset-set (green line) operation for a device with a graphene top electrode.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12398_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Transient control of temperature of the hydrogel on the skin using the wireless heating element, and measured using an IR camera. The temporal behaviour during heating and cooling defines the phase of the hydrogel and the resulting delivery mode.\nB: Critical thickness as a function of filament width forθ=180° andR=200 μm.\nC: Schematic illustration of a wavy network with a 2nd order self-similar architecture consisting of horseshoe building blocks.\nD: Optical images and an exploded view schematic illustration (lower left inset) of a skin-like composite that consists of a lithographically defined wavy filamentary network of polyimide, analogous to a collagen/elastin structure, embedded in a soft breathable elastomer, analogous to a biological ground substance. The image shows this material wrapped onto the tip of the thumb.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7566_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12762", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Self-diffusion coefficient of water nanoconfined in MFI zeolites with various defect concentrations versus water–water-specific interaction energies (Eww, seeSupplementary Equation (1)). The effect of the water–zeolite-specific interaction energy (Ewz, seeSupplementary Equation (2)) onDis also shown. In the legend, (w) refers to ‘weak’ silanol defects (qH=0.45e;qO=−0.9e), whereas (s) to ‘strong’ ones (qH=0.65e;qO=−1.1e). According to the specific adsorption-infiltration isotherm (seeSupplementary Fig. 2), the considered pore hydration may involve either adsorption or infiltration regimes.\nB: Scanning electron microscopy analysis of a silicalite-1 crystal (scale bar, 10 μm).\nC: Detail of the water intrusion in a silicalite-1 pore.\nD: Periodic silicalite-1 crystal (red/yellow) infiltrated by water molecules (blue) for a studied MD setup.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12762_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19511-4", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: , (d) Inverse of AFM thickness (tPtMn) dependence of ΔRHallfor PtMn/Pt and PtMn/Ru, respectively. Solid lines in (c), (d) are guides to the eye.\nB: –(c) Schematic diagram of the sequence of applied write currents in Pt/PtMn(10).\nC: , (b) Dependence of the change in Hall resistance (ΔRHall) as a function of write current densitiesJPtandJPtMnfor PtMn(10 or 30)/Pt and PtMn(10 or 30)/Ru structures, respectively, for various pulse widthsτP= 50 µs, 100 ms and 500 ms.\nD: The stability of written states was investigated by measuringRHallfor several hours after writing. Red and blue shaded area corresponds to the writing of PtMn(10)/Pt by 10 write pulses along a direction indicated by the arrows in the schematics. The scale bar of the y-axis (RHall) is same as of (g).", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-19511-4_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12725", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Atomistic schematic for the TRAM heterostructure of the monolayer MoS2/multilayer h-BN/monolayer graphene (left side) and cross-sectional bright-field scanning transmission electron microscope image and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elemental mapping of the TRAM heterostructure with 10-nm h-BN (right side). Scale bar is 5 nm.\nB: I–Vcharacteristic of memory device fabricated on PET substrate.\nC: Endurance characteristics of the TRAM. Programme and erase were carried out by −6 V and +6 V with a pulse width of 0.1 s and a reading voltage of 0.1 V.\nD: Programme, (ii) Read, (iii) Erase and (iv) Read. Channel length and channel width of the device are 4 and 2 μm, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12725_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7126", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The experimental magnon lifetime of the FePd alloy film (solid squares) compared with the one of a two-atomic-layer-thick Fe film on W(110) (empty circles).\nB: Typical SPEELS spectra at the wave vector of 0.6 Å−1, recorded on a two-atomic-layer-thick FePd alloy film on Pd(001) atT=13 K. The red (I↓) and blue (I↑) spectra represent the intensity of the scattered electrons for the spin polarization of the incident beam parallel and antiparallel to macroscopic magnetization, respectively. To clearly see the magnon excitation peak,I↓,I↑and the difference spectra (I↓–I↑) in the region of positive energy loss are multiplied by a factor of 10 and are shown in the same graph. The difference spectrum (I↓–I↑) is represented by green solid circles. The peak at about 50 meV in the spectra is due to the magnon excitations.\nC: Partial density of states projected on Pd atoms in a two-atomic-layer-thick Fe50Pd50alloy film on Pd(001).\nD: A schematic representation of the scattering geometry in our SPEELS experiments.Mis the magnetization,Ei(Ef) is the energy of the incident (scattered) beam,ki(kf) is the wave vector of the incident (scattered) beam,θis the incident angle, andθ0=80° is the angle between the incident beam and the scattered beam.qis the wave vector of the excited magnon.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7126_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15330", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Energy band structure of the planar heterojunction cell.\nB: The stability of sealed cells in thermal ageing test at 85 °C in an atmosphere with relative humidity of about 50%.\nC: Its IPCE spectrum.\nD: SEM cross-section image of a NiMgLiO/Perovskite/N-doped graphene fullerene derivative phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (G-PCBM)/CQDs/Ag device, in which G-PCBM is graphene doped PCBM.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15330_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Relative contributions to the voltage rise with respect toV0induced by defects within and outside the EML (that is,QA+QBandQext, respectively) att=100 h. The separate contributions to the voltage rise, ΔVEML(t)/V0and ΔVext(t)/V0, along withV0are shown. Error bars represent one s.d. for at least three devices.\nB: External quantum efficiency (EQE)–current density characteristics of GRAD and selected managed PHOLEDs. Note that between GRAD and the managed PHOLEDs, the absolute difference of the operating voltages (V0) and EQE at an initial luminance ofL0=1,000 cd m−2for the lifetime test are <1.2 V and 1.0%, respectively.\nC: , Normalized electroluminescent (EL) spectra of the GRAD and managed PHOLEDs, M0, M3 and M5, measured at a current density ofJ0=5 mA cm−2. For comparison, the PL spectrum of the manager [mer-Ir(pmp)3] is also shown.\nD: (Top) Exciton density profile,N(x), of the PHOLED emission layer (EML) as a function of position,x, and operating voltages of the devices using delta-doped sensing layer atJ=5 mA cm−2(Supplementary Note 3). The origin of thex-axis is at the HTL/EML interface. The operating current density results in a luminance ofL0=1,000 cd m−2. (Bottom) Lifetimes (T90 and T80) of managed devices (M1–M5) as functions of the position of the managed EML zones. T90 and T80 of the managed devices are compared with those of the GRAD (dotted lines). Note that the variation in lifetime qualitatively follows the exciton density profile, suggesting that placing the manager at the point of highest exciton density results in the longest device lifetime. Error bars represent 1 s.d. for at least three devices.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15566_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14075", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: SEM image (scale bar, 1 μm) of FAPbI3film annealed at 170 °C for 5 min.\nB: J–Vcurves for the best FAPbI3cells made with hotplate (red line) and RTA (blue line), measured by reverse (open circuit → short circuit) scan.\nC: Reaction time versus inverse temperature fromaby fitting equation 1. The error bars are the maximum and minimum values.\nD: Stabilized photocurrent density and PCE at maximum power points for typical devices.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14075_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15113", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Surface energy per unit cell for a range of S-vacancy concentrations, without any adsorbates. The concentration of S-vacancies varies from 0 to 21.9% within the narrow range of −1.0 V to −1.1 V. In all cases, the surface energies are taken relative to a pristine basal plane (γ=0 eV).\nB: LSV of monolayer MoS2before and after desulfurization, respectively. The current density increment is defined as ΔJ/J0, whereJ0is the current density at −0.32 V versus RHE before desulfurization.\nC: TOF per surface Mo atom (TOFMo) as a function of applied potential for MoS2monolayers before and after desulfurization. The results from previous work where Ar plasma was employed for desulfurization are also shown for comparison (shaded area). All the current densities are defined based on the total electrode surface area.\nD: Hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH) onto a sulfur atom on the basal plane for each concentration of S-vacancies.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15113_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15390", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Absorption spectra for the amorphous and crystalline Cu(II/I) hole conductors.\nB: TheJ–Vcurves of a champion ssDSCs under standard AM1.5G radiation at 1,000 (royal blue), 500 (red) and 100 W m−2(olive).\nC: Incident light intensity (Pin)-dependentJscof solid-state DSCs with amorphous and crystalline hole conductors. The red lines are linear fits of the data.\nD: Schematic structures of the hole conductors based on [Cu(4,4′,6,6′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)2](bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)2([Cu(tmby)2](TFSI)2) and [Cu(4,4′,6,6′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)2](bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), ([Cu(tmby)2](TFSI)) and the dye molecule Y123.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15390_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15194", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In situXANES spectra of a whole charge/discharge cycle in a three-dimensional mode. A–H spectra correspond to the positions marked inFig. 2c.\nB: The reaction model of Co(OH)2and CoOOH phase transformation. Co(OH)2loses a hydrogen to becomes CoOOH during charge, and vice versa, a hydrogen is incorporated into CoOOH during discharge.\nC: A local selected area electron diffraction pattern of Co(OH)2afterin situXAS. The inset scale bar, 0.5 mm.\nD: In situXANES spectra of the discharge process.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15194_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12744", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Charging curve of SC by manually pressing two TENG-tubes.\nB: A temperature-humidity meter is driven by manually tapping five parallel TENG tubes.\nC: Circuit diagram of the self-charging power system integrated by the TENG and SC/LIB.\nD: SEM image of the triboelectric electrode surface. The inset shows the SEM image of the carbon black/CNTs mixture, which is the conductive ingredient of the inner and outer electrodes. Scale bars inb,fand the inset infare 1 cm, 5 μm and 500 nm, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12744_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14627", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: 2 μm;\nB: Side view of a Li2S6molecule on VN (200) surface, the binding energy between Li2S6and VN is calculated to be 3.75 eV.\nC: Ultraviolet/visible absorption spectra of a Li2S6solution before and after the addition of RGO and VN/G. Inset image shows a photograph of a Li2S6solution before and an 2 h after the addition of graphene and VN/G.\nD: 500 nm;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14627_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13065", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Voltage profiles at various current densities from 0.1 to 2 C and (g) prolonged cycle life and Coulombic efficiency at 0.2 and 0.5 C of the TiO@C-HS/S electrode.\nB: The conductive polar hollow structure inherits both advantages ofb,c.\nC: Conductive polar nanoparticles can chemically adsorb LiPSs near their surfaces. When the sulfur content of the composite exceeds the limit, the extra LiPSs would dissolve into the organic electrolyte.\nD: LiPSs can be chemically adsorbed only when they are close enough to the polar surface, LiPSs far from the polar surface cannot be effectively anchored during the cycling.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13065_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12806", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: short-circuit current density (JSC); and (f)FF.\nB: FTIR spectra, (b,c) SEM images and (d) X-ray diffraction patterns of the N-CLCS and CLCS films. (e,f) The contact angles of water on N-CLCS/perovskite film and on CLCS/perovskite film. N-CLCS, non-crosslinked C60-SAM; CLCS, crosslinked C60-SAM.\nC: Device structure of the perovskite planar heterojunction solar cells and schematic illustration for the crosslinking of C60-SAM with silane-coupling agent. ET, electron transfer.\nD: J–Vcurves of perovskite device fabricated with PCBM and MAI-doped PCBM with different doping levels.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12806_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12985", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic diagrams of the three-layer structured and two-layer structured triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The photograph of the nanogenerator is also shown. Scale bar, 1 cm.\nB: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the mesoporous polymer film on the top electrode. Top-view SEM images in left side and top-right corner, and cross-sectional view SEM image in bottom-right corner with scale bars of 1, 50 and 10 μm, respectively.\nC: Electroluminescence (EL) spectra for commercial green LEDs powered by two-layer and three-layer structured TENGs as a function of wavelength.\nD: Optical images of the infrared sensor and (b) the wireless sensor operated by the integrated wireless sensing system with a signal-processing circuit.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12985_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14083", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Visual images of the discharge process of a Mg/I2battery at different discharge stages.\nB: The controlled FT-IR spectra of I2, MgI2and Mg(I3)2in tetraglyme.\nC: Rate capability of Mg/I2battery with ACC/I2cathode. The rate capabilities of other cathode materials are also plotted for comparison.\nD: X-ray diffraction pattern of the ACC/I2cathode.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14083_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12537", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: from counting statistics,, wherecis the concentration of the element andNis the total number of ions. Minor uncertainties can occur from background levels and mass spectral peak overlaps. A detailed summary of the mass spectrum, mass spectral ranges and resulting compositions can be found inSupplementary Fig. 4andSupplementary Table 2.\nB: BF-TEM image of the FTO/CdTexSe1−xregion for the cell with a 100 nm-thick CdSe layer.\nC: TEM-SAD pattern acquired from the grain region outlined with a red dashed circle ina. The SAD pattern is indexed as [1100] for the CdSe wurtzite phase.\nD: A 1D line profile in thezdirection of the (d) APT 3D reconstructed data set for the 400 nm CdSe layer sample displaying the Te (green) and Se (purple) atoms, and a 24% Se isosurface. Proximity histograms for the 27.5% Te (e) and Se (f) isosurfaces for the 100 nm sample imaged inb.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12537_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Normalized (to maximum) depth profiles of CEI and active mass dissolution products fragments for electrodes of 8–10 and 18–20 μm after 3 and 100 cycles, respectively, with Cs+sputtering.\nB: Comparison of the amount of dissolution products generated per unit area for electrodes of different particle sizes and cycles, demonstrating the variation of acidic species attack during cycling. This is obtained by integrating the spectra of MnF3−,58NiF3−and CoF3−(ROI-1 applied, normalized by ROI coverage) over 750 s of Cs+sputtering (10 s sampling step), as shown inSupplementary Tables 6–8. The error bar is defined by the s.d. of integrated intensities for each fragment.\nC: Illustrative maps of F−and58NiO−before and after intensive Cs+sputtering, depicting the interphases on the composite electrode of secondary particles, additive carbon and polymeric binder (100 s shallow milling was applied in order to reduce possible contamination, such as adventitious chemisorbed carbon). Scale bar, 10 μm. (d,e) Comparative chemical mapping of several fragments, unraveling the complex interphases on the electrode.\nD: Normalized (to maximum) depth profiling of several secondary ion fragments of interest at the cycled LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2surface. Depth is calculated based on the calibrated Cs+sputtering rate of∼0.03 nm s−1for the active material (Supplementary Fig. 1). (c–e) TOF-SIMS chemical mapping (burst alignment mode) on cycled LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2electrodes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14589_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15682", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: [001].\nB: The definition of stored energy density and energy loss from the typical polarization-versus-electric field double hysteresis loop of antiferroelectrics. The arrows indicate the charging and discharging processes.EupandEdowndenote the critical field at the AFE–FE and FE–AFE transitions, respectively.ECis the electric field at which the FE and AFE phases have precisely the same energy.\nC: The antiferroelectric orthorhombicPnmaphase (AFE phase), characterized by the anti-polar distortions along the pseudo-cubic [110] direction, and oxygen octahedral tiltings (a−a−c+in Glazer notations14).\nD: TheP–Ehysteresis curves.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15682_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13907", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The calculated free-energy diagram of HER at the equilibrium potential (U=0 V) on the surface of a 2 × 2 × 1 O-terminated Ti3C2supercell at 1/2 H* coverage, and the referenced Pt (ref.21,22) MoS2(ref.23), and WS2(ref.23).\nB: The calculated free-energy diagram of HER at the equilibrium potential (U=0 V) on the surface of a 2 × 2 × 1 O-terminated Ti3C2supercell at different H* coverage (1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8 and 3/4) conditions (the side and top views of a 2 × 2 × 1 O-terminated Ti3C2supercell at 1/2 H* coverage are shown in the inset).\nC: The high-resolution TEM image near O3point ina. (d,e) A typical SEM image of CT2.5 and its corresponding EDX spectrum. (f–h) The high-resolution XPS spectra of Ti 2p, O 1sand F 1sfor CT2.5. Scale bars, 200 nm (a), 2 nm (c) and 500 nm (d).\nD: The charge separation and transfer in the CdS/Ti3C2system under visible-light irradiation. Red and blue spheres denote photo-induced electrons and holes, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13907_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15400", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The panoramic image of the region with Li/Li2O on the left. Scale bar, 500 nm. (c–m) Snapshots of the lithiation process from video, showing the three types of Li-transport pathways for three nanorods (I-III) in the boxed area inb. Scale bars, 20 nm.\nB: EDP taken from the area marked as β (right ina) showing the well-preserved tetragonal structure with crystal-grains aligned along thecaxis (longitudinal direction) of the nanorods. (e–g) EDPs from (e) RF area, (f) lithiated area (g, left in (a)), and (g) after extended lithiation (far left). Ag spots gradually evolve to diffusive rings due to their small size and structural distortion (see (c)), indicating increased Ag particle precipitation during lithiation. The Hollandite spots elongate into an arc, indicating that the single crystalline nanorod breaks to small grains with theircaxis rotating off the longitudinal axis (see the dash circles inc).\nC: Schematic illustration of the experiment setup. Electrochemical lithiation was initiated by applying a constant potential of −1.0 V to the nanorods with respect to the Li counter electrode.\nD: The same area of the right part ofa), marked by the vertical dashed line, after RF propagates through the region. Scale bar, 50 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15400_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7599", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: F0–F5 tornadoes;\nB: February;\nC: Winter; the predictions of the total number of tornado occurrence per 100km2·yr−1,Tlatent:\nD: Summer;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7599_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8669", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The erasure of a quantum systemSwith access to a quantum memoryMmust transfer the content ofSinto the systemEcontaining the discarded information, while preparingS′ in a pure state and mappingMtoM′ identically. The corresponding minimal work cost is; this can be achieved using the procedure of del Rioet al.25If the system is entangled with the memory, this quantity is negative and work may be extracted.\nB: Maxwell’s demon with a Szilard box, as proposed by Bennett5. A measurement detects on which side of the inserted separator the particle is, and extracts work with a piston in either case. The cylinder is left in its original state, apparently creating a perpetuum mobile with net work gain. However, the measurement outcome (represented by ‘L’ or ‘R’) had to be stored in a memory register, which was initially in some pure state (represented by ‘—’) and the work cost of resetting it to a pure state again compensates the work gain. The register could have been reset using the post-measurement state at no work cost, but the latter was consumed during work extraction.\nC: Work can be extracted if randomness is being produced: the discarded information is entangled with the output (orange wavy lines), and the conditional entropy on the right hand side of (1) is negative.\nD: An implementation of the logical processmapping a systemXto an outputX′ interacts with the thermal bath may discard information and in general costs work. The logical processmay be written as part of a global unitaryon an additional hypothetical systemE, which represents the discarded information (inset). Our main result states that the minimum work required in a physical implementation ofis the amount of discarded information, which the implementation has to dump into the environment.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8669_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12611", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Experimental data and exponential fittings describing STDP magnitude (relative change in device conductance ) as a function of initial memristor conductance. Red line: LTP fitting. Blue line: LTD fitting. Black dashed line: zero conductance change level. Same data as ind.\nB: one where the device is overall depressed (third block in run 2: Block 2.3) and (c) where it is potentiated (first block in run 2: Block 2.1).\nC: Evolution of neuron specializationsSito patterns 0110 and 1001 as weights change over successive events, illustrating the interplay between the two neurons.\nD: Computed membrane potentials of each neuron to both prototype patterns according to their weights at every trial illustrating the intrinsic pattern preferences of each neuron, that is independent of their interaction in the WTA network.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12611_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28518-y", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Closed-form backbone curve and forced response curve (FRC) predictions (ϵ> 0,ℓ= 1) bySSMLearnare compared with analytic FRC calculations performed bySSMTool36and with results from numerical integration of the forced-damped beam.\nB: Zoom of the prediction of the reduced order model for the test trajectory not used in learning\\(ℳ_0\\).\nC: The SSM,\\(ℳ_0\\), in the delay embedding space, shown along with the reconstructed test trajectory in extended normal form coordinates.\nD: System setup and the initial condition for the decaying training trajectory shown in (b) in terms of the midpoint displacement.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-28518-y_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7412", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Plot of diameter of crystal Si nanodots againstL. Error bars represent s.d.\nB: Plot of 1/Lagainst the serial number. The spherical droplet on the tip of the product is the starting point for the measurement ofLandr.(d) Plot of diameter of dots againstL. Error bars represent s.d.\nC: The photo image of the as-prepared sample. (b–f) TEM images of the sample at different temperature regions. The sample is transferred and dispersed in anhydrous alcohol before TEM checking.\nD: A TEM image of the SiO nanostructures prepared through VLS growth with In catalyst. The tips of the nanowire contain an In metal particle.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7412_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13928", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Average normalized NND, path length (L) and clustering coefficient (C) for 100 independent WS networks (N=103and average degree 10) versus the rewiring probabilityP(logarithmic scale). The highlighted networks illustrate the topology for the maximum and minimum NND value.\nB: Average results for 100 independent ER networks of sizesN=102, 103and 104versus the connection probabilityP(logarithmic scale).\nC: Multidimensional scaling map of the Power Grid network, and the bestDapproximation for the dk model and a fBm-derived network. The fBm (H=0.14) network through horizontal visibility graph (HVG) is closer to the Power Grid network, without using any information from the network.\nD: Histogram of the connection strengths between regions ‘Y’ and ‘nd’.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13928_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13890", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Energy contributionEprobe(or local chemical potential, see text) of a hydrogen test charge on aisosurface for various molecules from the GDB-9 dataset for a DTNN model withT=2.\nB: Extract from the calculated (black) and predicted (orange) molecular dynamics trajectory of toluene. The curve on the right shows the agreement of the predicted and calculated energy distributions.\nC: Molecules are encoded as input for the neural network by a vector of nuclear charges and an inter-atomic distance matrix. This description is complete and invariant to rotation and translation.\nD: Mean absolute errors of predictions for the GDB-9 dataset of 133,885 molecules as a function of the number of atoms. The employed neural network uses two interaction passes (T=2) and 50,000 reference calculation during training. The inset shows the error of an equivalent network trained on 5,000 GDB-9 molecules with 20 or more atoms, as small molecules with 15 or less atoms are added to the training set.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13890_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The time-distance plots of the AIA 94 Å images along the direction of four selected downflows (S3–S6 inFig. 1d). The dashed lines are the height-time measurements of the downflows.\nB: The temporal evolution of the CME velocity (blue), the flare emission intensity in the EUVI 304 Å passband (black, a proxy of the flare soft X-ray flux), mean temperature (red) and total EM (cyan). The error in the velocity (marked by the vertical symbol size) mainly comes from the uncertainty of the height, which is taken as the s.d. of 10 measurements.\nC: The DEM-weighted temperature map at three instants (02:14, 04:14 and 08:14 UT) showing the location of the region heated by the reconnection.\nD: A composite image of the AIA 171 Å (cyan) and 94 Å (red) passbands. Cyan (red) indicates coronal loops with a temperature of∼0.6 MK (∼7.0 MK). Six dashed lines denote six slices (S1–S6) that are used to trace the evolution of various reconnection features with time.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8598_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1344", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: By 2008, Kowalskiet al., combining many data sets, showed that systematic uncertainties are significant113.\nB: Quasi-bolometric (ultraviolet–optical–infrared) lightcurve for SN 2003du11. Orange points mark the dates of spectra shown in panelb.\nC: Expected constraints for the year 5 results of SNLS, assuming additional low-zSNe, and double the number ofz>1 SNe from HST, assuming there is no improvement in systematic uncertainties from the third-year result.\nD: Assumes the low-zdata are on the Sloan photometric system, and a factor of 2 improvement in measurements of fundamental flux standards. Judged by the area of the inner 68.3% contour, the improvement from the 1998 results is a factor of 3, 5, and 10, including systematics.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1344_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5040", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Al–Cu-bearing taenite (Al-Tae) associated with taenite (Tae) and olivine (Ol); scale bar, 50 nm. TEM-EDS data give Fe44Ni26Al18Cu12, Fe51Ni36Cu13and (Mg1.95Fe0.05)SiO4;\nB: Al-bearing iron sulphide with composition (Fe0.84Al0.04)S1.12(SEM-EDS data). Scale bar, 50 nm.\nC: An unnamed AlNiFe phase with composition Al0.38Ni0.32Fe0.30(WDS data), whose diffraction pattern (b) was indexed according to a bcc structure witha=3.02(±1) Å. Scale bar, 50 nm.\nD: khatyrkite (CuAl2) with wavy eutectic structure of nearly pure aluminium similar to that reported by Zimmermanet al.16Scale bars, 50 μm (a); and 5 μm (b–d).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5040_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3455", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Photograph showing detailed occurrence of claystone bed (NH52) at the Sakahogi section. The claystone bed is subdivided into six samples, NH52-R2 to R7 (see text for detail). Note that beds NH52-R4 and R6 contain radiolarians, siliceous sponge spicules and conodonts in a matrix of clay minerals and cryptocrystalline quartz. See bed numbers NH52-R2 to NH52-R7 ofFig. 4. Scale bar, 1 cm.\nB: Abundant radiolarians contained in NH52-R4. (e,f) Crudely laminated clay (NH52-R5) showing no sediment disturbance in the upper sublayer. Scale bars, 500 μm. Plane-polarized light.\nC: Thin intercalation of radiolarian-rich clay (NH52-R4) in the upper sublayer claystone.\nD: Microspherules from the lower sublayer claystone (NH52-R2).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3455_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8144", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Starvation of vegetative cells. The hexagons represent cells; grey—cells with common recognition cues, green—cells with rare, incompatible recognition cues.\nB: Tight aggregates.\nC: The onset of multicellularity. Rare incompatible cells are segregated from the majority and excluded to the periphery of the mound.\nD: Fruiting bodies. The white arrows indicate the position of the rare GFP cells. Scale bar, 200 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8144_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7278", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Ten strains from the library exhibit a feature common to all: although there are fluctuations due to experimental variation, cell yield is estimated consistently between strains across a range of maltotriose concentrations (error bars indicate mean±s.e.m.,n=3; black and grey dots represent two different yield estimation algorithms, the horizontal dashed line is mean wild-type yield).\nB: While the model correctly predicts the co-maintenance of three strains, this was not at the strain frequencies that were subsequently observed. Note, 62b has mean population size on day 18 of over one million cells (colony-forming units) despite a mean relative frequency of 2.4% (error bars indicate mean±s.e.m.,n=3).\nC: A theoretical three-strain co-culture model (N=3 in a seasonal extension of equation 3) containing a RATO but no RYTO predicts strain dynamics for 18 days when maltotriose is supplied each day at 300 μg ml−1. Maltotriose uptake rates, affinities and yields were estimated for each strain in monoculture and the inset shows estimated growth rate for every library strain: strains 9a, 19a and 62b are predicted to have fastest growth in different maltotriose concentration windows.\nD: AsS0increases to 125 μg ml−1,rbegins to saturate, whereaskcontinues to increase. Moreover, two theoretical Monod models (light and dark grey) assuming, respectively, fixed and variable yield are both compatible with this (k,r) data set. (binset) WhenS0ranges from 1 to 8 μg ml−1,randkappear linearly correlated, an observation consistent with published data9(error bars indicate mean±s.e.m., horizontal s.e.m. bars are present but cannot be seen, six replicates per maltotriose concentration).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7278_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2111", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Single frame, shot with an infrared ophthalmoscope video camera, showing a crow using an angled tool grip, and (b) its schematic interpretation. The retinal reflection shows that the visual field of the contralateral eye embraces the tool-projection angle and that vision is not obstructed by the bill. The figure also shows that, in this instance, the ipsilateral eye cannot see the tool tip, highlighting the trade-off between various eye positions; whereas our behavioural experiments (see main text) indicate that the ipsilateral eye may be used preferentially (perhaps due to optical quality gains), the contralateral eye is able to provide more consistent coverage. The tube has a 35-mm diameter, which is considerably larger than most natural hole apertures19, but small enough to prevent the entire head from entering the tube.\nB: Still image of a NC crow probing into a tube using a straight grip (note that the stick tool used in this pilot test was bent, whilst the tools used during experiments were straight), with both eyes rotated forward, clearly looking down the tool shaft.\nC: NC crows often hold tools using the tip of their bill, with the non-working end resting against the cheek, which presumably provides lateral stability9,10. This grip brings the tool into the NC crow's binocular sector where both eyes can see its working tip.\nD: Illustration of the main grip modes that crows could theoretically use for extractive tool use. Holding the tool perpendicular to the bill (position 3) brings the tool tip into the field of the ipsilateral eye (green lines). The straight grip (position 2) allows either or both eyes to look along the tool. An angled grip (position 1) brings the tool into the field of the contralateral eye (red lines), allowing the contralateral eye to see into far smaller apertures than the ipsilateral eye. Owing to these geometric constraints, the hole aperture required for a clear view when holding the tool perpendicular to the bill (position 3) is approximately five times greater than that required in the angled grip position (position 1).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2111_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9676", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: CT rendering of right jaw, occlusal view. (d–h) articulated skeleton of a juvenile individual in dorsal view, UFPI PV004.\nB: Right hemimandibular ramus of Captorhinus aguti, natural mould (UFPI PV014), anterior to the right.\nC: pelvic girdle and left limb.\nD: UFPI PV235, scales of a large sarcopterygian fish (Dipnoi). Both specimens found in Nazária, Piauí State. Scale bars represent 10 mm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9676_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2391", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Helicoplacoid-like form, gen. et sp. nov.; Tarhoucht Member, Level 7, Stage 4–5 boundary interval.\nB: Lepidocystid cf.Lepidocystissp.; Issafen Formation, Level 5, Stage 3.\nC: armoured stylophoran gen. et sp. nov.; Brèche à Micmacca Member, Level 6, Stage 4–5 boundary interval.\nD: Lichenoidid gen. et sp. nov.; Tarhoucht Member, Level 8, Stage 5.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2391_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2415", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: AM records (purple: Hulu-Dongge caves; dark purple: Sanbao cave)15,45and boreal summer (JJA) insolation at 30°N (ref.47).\nB: The AM δ18O record from Hulu cave15. The δ18O scale is reversed for the Hulu record (increasing down) as compared with Peruvian records (increasing up). The vertical bars depict H2 to H5. Numbers indicate Greenland interstadials. It is now evident that the SAM is precisely anti-phased with the AM in millennial variability, including YD, D/O H events.\nC: The stacked benthic δ18O record49. Numbers at the top indicate MISs. Arrows depict an increase of the AM and the SAM. The typical SAM record from southern Brazil follows ASI and thus displays a broad anti-phase relationship to the AM. In contrast, while the record from western Amazonia tracks ASI during relatively warm periods (MIS 1, 5 and 7) when sea level was higher, it shows an apparently anti-phase relationship to some extent to ASI during relatively cold periods (MIS 2–4 and 6) when sea level was lower (seeSupplementary Fig. S11for more details). To first order, the ENSO counterbalances and reinforces orbital SAM variations in western Amazonia and eastern Amazonia-northeastern-southern Brazil, respectively (seeSupplementary Figs S9 and S10for details).\nD: Western Amazon records (blue-the NAR record, green-the ELC record). Red curve shows ASI (DJF)47.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2415_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12114", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Experimental design.\nB: Clustering of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the F0H, F2T and F2H groups compared to the F0N groups. Hypermethylated and hypomethylated regions are represented by red and green colour, respectively (n=10).\nC: Chromosomal distribution of DMRs normalized to the F0N group. Red and blue bars indicate the numbers of hypermethylated regions and hypomethylated regions, respectively. Data are presented as the means±s.e.m. (*P<0.05, ***P<0.001;n=10).\nD: IPA integrates the transgenerational effects at the epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic levels, which are represented by oval, hexagonal and rectangular symbols, respectively. Black and white dots indicate hypermethylation and hypomethylation, respectively. Pink and green denote changes in the expression of genes or proteins, respectively. CP, canonical pathways.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12114_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5789", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Rib encrusted byN. nana. Fossil bones outlined by a white, dashed line. Sale bars, (a–c,e–g) 1 cm;\nB: Plan view of theOphthalmosaurusremains at the recovery site. Bones are highly disarticulated.\nC: Clotted micrite, pyrite and microbial peloids (arrows) filling the voids of cancellous bones.\nD: Detail of the peloidal crust, made by clotted micrite and loosely spaced micritic peloids (arrows).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5789_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6234", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Recovery time after a large perturbation (30% reduction of mussel density). Each panel compares four model versions, where the colours indicate the types of patterns.\nB: Rate of pattern formation, which was calculated as the time required to reach stable spatial patterns when starting from a random initial distribution.\nC: Size of the bistable domain with respect to algal concentration.\nD: Aerial view of a mussel bed on an intertidal flat, representing a width of ~200 metres.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6234_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6945", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The dissemination of cells within the swarm was quantified by plating cells taken from the centre or the border region of the swarm on selective medium. Mean values of three independent experiments are shown with s.d. (one-way analysis of variance; *P<0.05).\nB: IsoF displays swarming motility in ABC medium, whereas PL11 and PL2 are impaired in swarming, because they do not produce putisolvin.\nC: Surface tensions of PL2, PL11 and IsoF in medium containing 1% or no rhamnose were quantified along the growth curve using the Du Nouy ring method. Results are representative of three independent experiments.\nD: Swarming of the conditionalpsoAmutant PL2 was abolished on glucose plates, but was increasingly restored on plates supplemented with 0.5%, 1% or 2% rhamnose. Pictures were taken after 3 days of incubation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6945_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11252", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The relative frequency of the variable exon clusters ofsDscamβ1–6. Variable cassette 4 ofsDscamβ1was abundantly expressed in the cephalothorax (shown as the black arrow), but was barely detectable in other tissues.sDscamβ3variable cassette 11 was abundantly expressed in the poison gland (shown as the blue arrow), but was barely detectable in other tissues. The 25-nt fragmented RNA-seq data sets were mapped to calculate the relative expression level. These results based on 25-nucleotide (nt) mapping were consistent with those based on 50-nt mapping, except for some very lowly expressed tissues (Supplementary Fig. 7).\nB: Schematic diagram ofsDscamβ1isoform expression. Symbols used are the same as inFigs 1and4. The expression of the specific combination ofsDscamisoforms was achieved by alternative promoter activation, followed by alternative splicing. WhensDscamβ1was transcribed by a V5 promoter, both V5 and the downstream V6 cassette may have been spliced into the constant exon 5. The positions of the PCR primers are indicated.\nC: RT–PCR was used to detect alternative splice isoforms insDscamβ3.\nD: Organization of thesDscamαgene. ThesDscamαgene is composed of multiple tandemly arrayed regions (indicated by the coloured boxes) and common region exons (indicated by the black boxes). ‘()’ represents the number of tandem cassettes. The arrows indicate the transcription start sites. FNIII, fibronectin III domains; Ig, immunoglobulin domains. The N-terminal small boxes represent the leader peptides. The grey and black boxes represent the transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic domains, respectively. These cassettes are composed of two exons (indicated by the coloured boxes). Each variable cassette was transcribed by an alternative promoter followed by alternative splicing. ThesDscamαvariable cassette encoded the N-terminal Ig1 (blue), which corresponded to the variable Ig7 domain ofDrosophila Dscam1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11252_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6754", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Overview photomicrograph of transverse slab ofConotubusand surrounding matrix of laminated rock. Note pyrite or iron oxide rim (gold colour), outer carbonate cement (dark colour), inner carbonate cement (light colour) and central void. Scale bar, 10 mm.\nB: In situXRD patterns of host rock light- and dark-coloured laminae, outer carbonate cement within fossil and inner carbonate cement within fossil. Characteristic peak positions of calcite and dolomite are shown in orange and green vertical dashed lines, respectively. The strongest diffraction peaks from calcite and dolomite are labelled with C104and D104, respectively.\nC: Microdrill map of slab 1GH2-70A withConotubusspecimen. Scale bar, 10 mm.\nD: Specimen ofConotubuspreserved via complete kerogenization with diffuse pyrite. Scale bar, 5 mm. Diagram shows highest post-burial sedimentation rate and thinnest BSR zone, with limited pyritization, and earliest onset of kerogenization. Relative abundances of chemical species at right follows that of refs47,48after ref67. Fe–S complexes curve shows possible continued pyrite overgrowth from downward diffusion of HS–/Fe2+. Figures ina–dare reproduced with permission from Elsevier (modified from ref.1and ref.28).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6754_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14458", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Iberian non-relicts were separated into five equally sized groups based on their 10 kb outlier haplotype numbers. Shown is the relationship between outlier haplotype numbers, proportional relict ancestry from ADMIXTURE, andDstatistics testing gene flow between Iberian relicts and non-relicts (error bar: s.d. from jackknife resampling).\nB: ADMIXTURE withK=2 separates Iberian relicts and French non-relicts and shows the hybrid origin of Iberian non-relicts.\nC: Ancestral haplotypes show stronger pattern of isolation by distance (red dots) than derived haplotypes do (blue dots). The map was created with data from package ‘rworldmap’ of R.\nD: Estimate based on population polymorphism of the derived haplotypes. Blue dots represent populations. Colour scale represents Spearman’s rank correlation between population polymorphismsπand the geographic distances from all populations to each location.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14458_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15414", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Total peak areas as measured from floors of chambers with different number of ants (as averaged over 5 days of experiment). The solid line is a linear fit with a slopemant=2.3 × 103which indicates the mean amount of pheromone passively left by an individual ant. The dark and light gray areas respectively mark distances of one and two standard deviation from this fit. Marker size reflects the relative time the queen has stayed in each chamber. Inset shows the s.d. of the binned data versus the number of ants in the chamber. In a linear model, one would expect this fit to obeywhereNis the number of ants in the chamber andσantdenotes the s.d. in the amount of chemicals passively left by a single ant. Fitting this function to the measured points yields a value ofσant≈3mant.\nB: Dark blue—A histogram of individual ant (N=228 ants in 6 experiments) scores (quantifying the degree to which ants return to occupy the same floor segments as they had before the manipulation) calculated for the correct association between floor segments and their locations in the new nest (for example, a simple rotation by 90° in the experiment depicted ina–e). Light blue—individual ant score distribution calculated for random associations. A score of one indicates ants that spent an equal fraction of time on the same floors before and after the manipulation. A score of zero implies that an ant switched its floor preferences between the two stages of the experiment.\nC: Contour plots of the 2D histogram of the cumulative locations of ants who spent over 70% of their time in chamber 1 (15 ants) and chamber 3 (5 ants) before (green and red, correspondingly) and after (blue and orange rotated histograms) the manipulation.\nD: Total ‘heavy’ peak versus total ‘light’ peak area of 133 training samples from 19 experiments (circles) and 28 test samples from 4 experiments (stars). The data point of each chamber is coloured according to its classification as ina. The training samples were used to construct a predictor with four classification zones which are here represented by the differently coloured polygons. The statistical significance of the classification is discussed in the following section titled ‘Accuracy of chamber classification’ and quantified inFig. 3.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15414_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2749", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Relative taphonomic representation of global Pachycephalosauria specimens (Supplementary Table S6). Pie chart on left indicates total sample, charts on top are segregated by formation and those on the bottom are segregated by collection. Dark blue indicates cranial specimens (specifically the thickened cranial dome and peripheral elements), light blue indicates isolated postcranial elements and red indicates articulated or associated skeletons. In all cases, sample size (lower right of each circle) decreases to the right and the size of the circle is scaled relative to the sample size.\nB: transverse section at the junction of the posterior supraorbital and postorbital sutures;\nC: frontal section;\nD: Sagittal section;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2749_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1636", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Profiles of LSS and Eh indicating the neutrally buoyant and buoyant hydrothermal plume above the BVF.\nB: Peak of sulphide edifice at the VDVF, depth 2,300 m, covered by an aggregation of alvinocaridid shrimp.\nC: Microbathymetry of the VDVF (commemorating geochemist Karen Von Damm, 1955–2008), fromAutosub6000multibeam sonar data.\nD: Aggregation of dead mussel shells on the Mount Dent OCC.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1636_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11833", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Macroalgal species richness over time.Pvalues are from mixed effect models (Supplementary Table Data 1c). Data are means±s.e.m.\nB: Temperature effects on coral microbial variability, evenness and relative abundance of Proteobacteria or Cyanobacteria. Evenness and β-diversity data are means±s.e.m. Microbial and coral health data are averaged within each 1 °C interval on thexaxis. The vertical red line at 30 °C indicates the point nearest to the MMM +1 °C value for our site (30.26 °C); temperatures beyond this result in accumulation of degree heating weeks of coral thermal stress (Methods).\nC: Microbial community β-diversity for corals with or without tissue loss, split by temperature.Pvalues reflect non-parametrict-tests of distances.\nD: Seasonal distribution of coral mortality, coloured by treatment (a). Red line marks null expectation of equal mortality across seasons.Pvalue is from aχ2-test.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11833_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6168", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Body shape variation among individuals along PC1 and PC2 in both lakes withouta priorigrouping, where each dot represents an individual’s morphology as described by 18 homologous landmarks and ecomorphs are delimited by 90% probability ellipses (N=894). PC1 separates Limnetics (open circles: pink in Apoyo, light blue in Xiloá) and Benthics (closed circles: red in Apoyo, dark blue in Xiloá).\nB: Photograph of Apoyo and (c) Xiloá, showing the crater walls and lake landscape. Lake Apoyo was formed maximally 23 kya, >200 m deep at its maximum, with very clear water (~3.0 m secchi visibility). Lake Xiloa is 88.5 m deep at its maximum, clear watered (~2.5 m secchi visibility) and was formed maximally 6.1 kya (reviewed in ref.16).\nC: Comparison of shape difference between mean Benthics (dark line) and Limnetics (pale dashed line) based on discriminant function analysis (scale factor 2 for visualization). Black dots represent mean landmark location in Benthics and line termini the homologous mean location in Limnetics. Note that forbandd, the lines connecting the landmarks are only indicative of inter-landmark shape.\nD: LPJ shape variation among individuals along PC1 and PC2 in both lakes withouta priorigrouping, where each dot represents an individual’s LPJ morphological space as described by 24 landmarks and ecomorphs are delimited by 90% probability ellipses (N=297). PC1 separates Limnetics (open circle: pink in Apoyo, light blue in Xiloá) and Benthics (closed circle: red in Apoyo, dark blue in Xiloá).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6168_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4521", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Specialization of the venom duct is a key evolutionary innovation in cone snails (venom duct and the associated proximal venom bulb are illustrated). We propose that the distinct defence (D) and predation-evoked (P) venoms found in the specialized venom ducts of modern cone snails evolved from an ancestral primitive cone snail that used the same venom produced in an unspecialized duct to deter predators and catch prey. This defensive behaviour, initially evolved to deter threats including cephalopod (octopus) and fish, likely triggered shifts in cone snail predatory strategies to mollusk- and fish-hunting that allowed predators to become prey.\nB: Twelve venom gland sections were spotted on a MALDI plate together with predation- and defence-evoked venom (O, oesophagus; P, proboscis; RS, radular sac; SG, salivary gland).\nC: Branch-site Random Effects Likelihood of superfamily O1 indicates the episodic nature of conotoxin evolution, revealing independent trajectories for defensive (green) or predatory (blue) conotoxins.\nD: Remarkably, the predation- and defence-evoked venoms ofC. marmoreusare even more divergent compared with the venom ofC. geographus. Again, the defence-evoked venom contained vertebrate-active neurotoxins, including χ-MrIA, μO-MrVIA and μO-MrVIB. Examining the number of previously characterized toxins revealed a bias towards the discovery of defensive toxins in previous studies (d,h).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4521_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13653", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: dust concentration (particles per ml) from Greenland ice cores32(NGRIP; grey squares and line, five-point weighted average);\nB: As the temperature increases during the deglaciation, the permafrost conditions change (development of thermokarst lakes and river channelization), while deepening of the active layer (white arrow) releases material previously locked in frozen soils. This ultimately increases the sediment production (horizontal black arrow), which is illustrated by the darker colour of the river network. The destabilization of permafrost soils probably result in large CO2venting from freshly thawed PF-C (black vertical arrow). Another source of material includes the coastal erosion (black spiral) as the sea level rises.\nC: OC flux (red circles and line and (c) δ13C (green circles and line) from the sediment record collected in the Laptev Sea (PC23);\nD: Glacial conditions (for example, LGM) promote rapid accumulation of permafrost carbon3,4and result in a thin active layer45(dark brown soil colour), while the dominant feature in the watershed is a continuous permafrost (light brown soil colour) with the presence of ice-wedge polygons. Under these conditions, lateral carbon fluxes are small46.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13653_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7642", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: open water diatoms versusF. cylindrus; and (f) [HBI:2] versus Ti. Statistically significant periods are identified by the black circled red zones. Rightward pointed arrows indicate positively correlated signals while leftward pointed arrows indicate negatively correlated signals. Yrs, years.\nB: Standardized values of SAM index (5 years running mean; blue), computed in the 20CR reanalysis following ref.70and the total wind direction angle at 2 m (green; °) computed in the red box of the lower panel using the same reanalysis. The North direction indicates the 0° modulo 360° and the angle is counted positively clockwise.\nC: [HBI:2] versus open water diatoms;\nD: Three-month averaged SSM/I time series of daily SIC anomalies in CB (dark blue) and in the Mertz area (MGP—light blue), for the period 1978–2012 C.E. (Common Era) using 1978–2009 as the reference period (for the exact grid points locations, seeFig. 7). The red shading indicates the 2010 calving event.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7642_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11509", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Global sea-level curve (error bars are 1σ(ref.61)) and seabed uplift curve (extracted from ref.57).\nB: Methane migrates through fractures and porous media as a result of gas hydrate dissociation triggered by grounded ice sheet retreat 18–16 ka.\nC: U-Th ages (error bars are 2σ) on 14 studied carbonate crusts (up to 11 ages per crust) grouped by site (seeFig. 1for locations).\nD: Carbonate crust sampled at the seafloor.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11509_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2521", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Simulated zonal mean annual Atlantic SST anomalies (°C) between the mid-Pliocene and the pre-industrial experiment, compared with SST anomalies at ocean drilling sites between PRISM Pliocene SST reconstructed by Dowsettet al.3and 1870–1900 HadiSST34. The bold black line is the simulated zonal mean anomaly, and the blue area shows the maximum (max.) and minimum (min.) zonal anomalies.\nB: Overturning stream function (Sv) simulated in the pre-industrial experiment (grey contours) and the difference between the mid-Pliocene experiment and the pre-industrial experiment (shaded areas).\nC: Simulated annual mean SST anomalies, compared with reconstructed annual mean SST anomalies (circles) from available PRISM3 sites3in the North Atlantic. The reconstructed annual mean anomalies are the average of February and August PRISM3 values. PRISM3 includes reconstruction for 40 sites in the Atlantic. In these 40 sites, 32 sites have both February and August temperature estimates. Reconstructions without both February and August temperature estimates in the PRISM3 SST data set are not used here. Thus, in the North Atlantic map (b), ODP Sites 907, 909 and 911are not included.\nD: Atlantic ocean northward heat transport (PW) simulated in the mid-Pliocene (blue) and the pre-industrial experiment (red).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2521_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14203", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: TR163–23 benthic and planktonic Δ14C0and atmospheric records of Δ14C. The residual atmospheric Δ14C has been corrected for modelled cosmogenic14C production6. Benthic and planktonic Δ14C0remains relatively constant through deglaciation except for a rapid increase at the end of HS1 and at the end of the BA. The major axis of 1σerror ellipses is plotted for benthic and planktonic Δ14C0.\nB: Southern Ocean records include surface (dark-orange) and deep (3,770 m; dark purple) water depths from core MD07–3076 (ref.13) in the sub-Antarctic South Atlantic along with a Drake Passage coral compilation from Upper Circumpolar Deep Water12(dark green).\nC: An Antarctic ice core compilation of Atmospheric CO2(ref.65) indicates increasing CO2during the deglacial coeval with declining Atmospheric Δ14C (corrected for natural production)6,46.\nD: A cross-section of silicate concentrations along 88°W generated using the Ocean Data View software66; the location of TR163–23 is within the North Pacific Deep Water silicate maximum58,67.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14203_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4323", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Changes in the Pearson correlation between the combined solar and volcanic forcing and the two AMO reconstructions for data in 100-year sliding windows. The solid lines show the running correlation obtained with the solar reconstruction of Delaygue and Bard28and the volcanic record of Crowley30. The dots and thin vertical lines show the average running correlation obtained with the nine forcing combinations contained within the external forcing envelope and the associated 1σ s.d.\nB: Tree-ring-based AMO reconstruction4(black line and red/blue fill) and the North Atlantic SST anomaly calculated from instrumental data56(light blue line; scaled and subjected to an 11-year running mean).\nC: Comparison between the tree-ring4(black) and multiproxy24(magenta) AMO reconstructions (standardized units) and changes in the combined solar and volcanic forcing based on the solar reconstruction of Delaygue and Bard28and the volcanic reconstruction of Crowley30(dark green line).\nD: A multiproxy-based AMO reconstruction and associated uncertainties24.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4323_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9854", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: As forc, but for La Niña years.\nB: Time series of the mean precipitation relative to the base period (1979–1998) averaged over the EA, WIO and WP regions. Bold lines are 5-year running means, and dashed lines represent the mean values over the hiatus period (1999–2013). JJA: June, July, August.\nC: Dynamic effect (dDY), thermodynamic effect (dTH), horizontal advection (dHAD) and evaporation (dE) averaged over the WP region against for the net precipitation change (dP) based on 10-ensemble experiments.\nD: Observed SST anomalies for 1999–2013 minus 1979−1998. Regions of the Indian Ocean, the tropical Pacific Ocean and the tropical Atlantic Ocean bounded by thick lines correspond to the IO, TPO and ATL simulations, respectively (see Methods).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9854_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14196", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: North America;\nB: Mediterranean Basin;\nC: South America;\nD: Eastern Asia. (b–f) Future projected change in extent under RCP8.5 for 2070–2100, depicted as stable (grey), contracting (orange; no longer temperate dryland in 2070–2100), and expanding (blue; newly temperate dryland in 2070–2100) zones. Inset vertical histograms forb–fillustrate areal abundance in each category of GCM agreement about expansion or contraction of temperate drylands. Left (grey-orange) histogram depicts GCM agreement (that is, number of GCMs that agree in the direction of change) about the fate of current temperate drylands and shows the number of cells within each category ranging from pure grey (all 16 GCMs forecast stable temperate drylands) to pure orange (all GCMs forecast conversion from temperate dryland to non-temperate and/or non-dryland). Right (light blue—dark blue) histogram indicates GCM agreement of temperate dryland expansion into new areas and shows the number of cells within each category ranging from dark blue (all GCMs forecast conversion to temperate dryland) to light blue (one GCM forecasts conversion).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14196_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10266", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Yearly GrIS melt, refreezing and runoff. Despite negligible differences in melt, 58% of the meltwater refreezes in clear-sky conditions, whereas only 45% refreezes in all-sky conditions. Annual meltwater runoff is therefore about one-third higher in the presence of clouds, with a slightly higher contribution of liquid-bearing clouds. The whiskers indicate an inherent SNOWPACK uncertainty and the sensitivity to the amount of LWP/IWP in the SNOWPACK simulations.\nB: Cumulative meltwater runoff in snow water equivalent (SWE) is higher under cloudy conditions, due to limited meltwater refreezing and earlier bare-ice exposure.\nC: Downwelling SW (green) and LW (purple) radiative fluxes. In the presence of a cloud, SW cooling (solid curve below dashed curve) and LW warming (solid curve above dashed curve) occur simultaneously during daytime, whereas LW warming dominates nighttime.\nD: Surface albedo as simulated by SNOWPACK. Persistent warming by clouds enhances meltwater runoff, leading to an earlier exposure of bare ice and slush that have a much lower albedo than (fresh) snow (from 19 June onwards). At this point, the warming is amplified due to a much higher absorption of SW radiation in the all-sky simulation, as opposed to the clear-sky simulation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10266_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14199", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Sample altitude plotted against percentage of time exposed over the last 1 Myr for each sample.\nB: Plot of26Al/10Be ratio against10Be concentration for all samples used in the MCMC-based quantification of complex exposure histories. The upper black line marks the development of the ratio under constant exposure and the lower black line marks the end points of an infinite number of different steady-state erosion rate scenarios with constant exposure. Error bars are based on uncertainties of the26Al and10Be concentrations.\nC: The diatom productivity curve from Lake El’gygytgyn35, which is a temperature proxy based on limnic Arctic data, indicating very warm conditions during MIS 11.\nD: The stacked benthic marine δ18O record23is a proxy for global ice volume and is divided into numbered marine isotope stages (MIS). We determine the exposure history by applying a threshold to this global climate record.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14199_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4035", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cumulative total amounts of trapped Se, S and As (error bars indicate the s.d. of the triplicate boxes) in set A in 2012, with linear trend lines and correlation coefficients (R2) thereof.\nB: Geographical location of Gola di Lago, Southern Switzerland.\nC: Speciation of non-volatile Se, (c) S and (d) As of selected surface water samples (sets A and C, 2012 campaign), sampled at the indicated sampling times. Errors bars indicate the s.d. of the measurements of triplicate samples.\nD: Speciation of Se and (d), S in selected traps, with indicated sampling times (from sets A and C, 2012 campaign). The fraction of unidentified species (other species) was determined by the difference between the total elemental determination and the sum of all identified species. Error bars indicate the s.d. of the measurements of triplicate samples.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4035_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13382", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Comparison of the derived erosion rates with data from modern river loads26, cosmogenic nuclides27,28,29and thermochronology18. On each box, the central red mark is the median, the edges of the box are the 25th and 75th percentiles and the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values. Rivers and corresponding marginal lakes are indicated. L., Lake.\nB: Comparison of estimated and measured valley-fill thicknesses (see key in panel a for symbol details). SeeSupplementary Table 1for data sources.\nC: Steady-state ice geometry and location of trimline measurements32,33,34(orange circles).\nD: Map of postglacial erosion rates derived from the sediment distribution inaand an additional 10% of exported material (see text for details). Data from catchments 1 to 6 (highlighted with red boundaries) are provided ind. The eroded mass in catchments 7 and 8 was manually increased to smooth abrupt changes in erosion rates across the corresponding basin boundaries.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13382_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1811", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Phase lag between the south-shore coral and atmospheric Δ14C reconstructions.\nB: The absolute (Abs.) value of the difference between each sequential (Seq.) sample pair in the high-frequency (HF) record is plotted versus time for this study (solid dots) and Druffel11(shaded crosses). Propagated measurement error of ~3.5‰ (1σ) is shown by the solid dashed line and 2σ (~7.0‰) is shown by the shaded dashed line. Relatively few points show statistical independence (that is, above the measurement error) particularly for this study. The 5-year running mean of the instrumental record of the NAO index is shown in red10.\nC: Instrumental record of the NAO annually (shaded) and 5-year running mean (solid) from Hurrel10including the 0-index line (dashed).\nD: wintertime Sr/Ca (orange) and Hydrostation S SST (blue) versus time, (d) winter average Sr/Ca and Hydrostation S SST linearly regressed (r2=0.51,P=0.0004). Figure adapted from Goodkinet al.17", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1811_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14914", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Antarctica, the northern Antarctic Peninsula (AP), the Anvers Trough marine core GC047 sampling site and the South Shetland Islands (SSI), located between the mean modern-day (NSIDC 1981–2010 CE; 20% sea-ice coverage) Austral summer minimum (February or Feb.) and winter maximum (September or Sept.) sea-ice limits (solid white lines) in the Bransfield Strait area. The minimum (Feb.) sea-ice extent on the western side of the AP is located off-image further south of the December (Dec.) sea-ice extent (sea-ice data are fromhttps://nsidc.org/data/seaice_index/). This figure illustrates how King George Island becomes sea-ice-free before other parts of the SSI and AP, enabling earlier nearshore sea-ice-edge foraging during the Austral spring/summer; locations 1–13 refer to penguin sub-fossil data shown inFig. 5cand listed inSupplementary Data 5; other marine core locations used in tephra analysis are shown inSupplementary Fig. 20; BI=Beak Island, HB=Hope Bay, PD=Palmer Deep;\nB: Holocene relative sea level (RSL) changes for the South Shetland Islands (SSI)45in metres above present mean sea level (m a.p.s.l.).\nC: Legend.\nD: 4,200 to 1,300 years ago;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14914_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15329", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: FeOxmass and number concentrations. The error bars inarepresent the sample standard deviation (±1σ) of 1-min data.\nB: The log(Cs-be/Cs-oi) value of BC-containing particles for BC particle sizes in theDmdomain of 205 nm≤Dm≤220 nm. The error bars indrepresent the ±1σranges of single-particle data.\nC: The number fraction of dust-like FeOxfor FeOxparticle sizes in theDmdomain of 170 nm≤Dm≤270 nm. The error bars increpresent uncertainty estimated by assuming that the number of particles detected in each altitude range follows a Poisson distribution.\nD: bare BC, (b) bare FeOx, (c) coated BC, and (d) coated FeOx.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15329_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-31434-w", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: cloud radiative effect on shortwave radiation received at the ice surface;\nB: allwave radiative fluxes. Blocking days, which were provided by Ward et al.25, have a net positive (warming) effect on radiation receipt at the surface of the ablation zone.\nC: cloud radiative effect on longwave radiation received at the surface;\nD: downward longwave radiative fluxes;", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-31434-w_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6604", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Stage-I. Early stage of partial melting, finger-shaped leucosome starts to aggregate within the hinge of the isoclinal eclogite fold. Scale bar, 5 cm. Sketches or field photo pointed to the blue and red box represent enlarged area where the boxes are. Field photo connected to the red box by the black arrow shows the irregular boundary between leucosome and residue that supports a magmatic partial melting genesis, scale bar in this photo is 1 cm across.\nB: Concordia diagram and weighted average age of one residue sample with representative zircon CL image.\nC: YK12-3a, MS inclusion of Kfs+Qz within omphacite with radial fractures.\nD: Intergranular coesite with higher relief and surrounded by retrogressed quartz with lower relief. (b,c) Rounded interstitial pod composed of Kfs+Qz with fractures cross-cutting and filled with Kfs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6604_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9344", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Ol-websterite with equigranular texture (S06-10).\nB: Fault contact between websterite and marble breccia.\nC: Retrograde assemblages with symplectite between Cpx and Grt, is composed of Pl, Opx and Mt. A thin Opx rim is along the margin of the Cpx (HS12).\nD: U-Pb concordia diagram of meta-gabbros (HS11).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9344_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7960", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Buoyancy as a function of depth for a thermochemical plume containing 15% of eclogite with an initial excess temperature of 450 K in an adiabatic (black line) and subadiabatic (blue line) mantle. The vertical dashed line marks zero buoyancy and the horizontal dashed line marks the top of the thermochemical boundary layer in the lowermost mantle. (b–i). Evolution of a thermochemical plume in a subadiabatic mantle with an initial excess temperature of 450 K and an initial volume of 3.71 × 108km3, that is, best fit model for the Siberian LIP. Colours give the temperature anomaly (deviation from the adiabatic mantle temperature) and solid lines denote the composition. The lines almost merge at the margin of the plume indicating a high compositional gradient. The related surface uplift is shown above each model section.\nB: Difference between the densities of eclogite and peridotite as function of depth, based on experimental data19,20,21. (b–e) Evolution of a ‘primary’ thermochemical plume in an adiabatic mantle with an initial excess temperature of 550 K and a ‘small’ initial volume of 1.22 × 108km3. Colours give the temperature anomaly (deviation from adiabatic temperature of the ambient mantle) and solid lines denote the composition. The related surface uplift is shown above each model section. Because of the high excess temperature, the plume buoyancy is high enough to overcome the lower mantle buoyancy barrier (b,c) and the plume reaches the upper mantle, spreads below the lithosphere (d,e) and causes a premagmatic surface uplift of 400 m. However, the maximum excess temperature of more than 350 K seems to be higher than what is typically observed28. (f–j) Evolution of a ‘failing’ thermochemical plume in a subadiabatic mantle with an initial excess temperature of 450 K and a ‘small’ initial volume of 1.22 × 108km3, colour scale as in (b–e). Because of the subadiabatic mantle temperature, the plume buoyancy is high enough to overcome the lower mantle buoyancy barrier (f,g) and the plume reaches the upper mantle (h). However, due to its low-buoyancy flux, the plume cannot cross the upper mantle buoyancy barrier (i) and is ponding in a depth of 300–400 km (j).\nC: Time snapshot of a ‘large’ plume (initial volume of 3.71 × 108km3). The buoyancy flux is sufficiently large for the plume to directly advance to the base of the lithosphere (primary plume).\nD: Time snapshot of a ‘small’ plume (initial volume of 1.22 × 108km3). The plume takes almost 200 Myr to reach the upper mantle and is not able to cross the upper-mantle buoyancy barrier.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7960_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7132", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CCFs for all combinations of the stations indicated by orange triangles along Line A ina, which are aligned as a function of separation distance. Two solid lines in positive and negative lag times represent the reference velocities of 1.5 and 0.9 km s−1. Positive/negative lag time corresponds to northwards/southwards propagation. (d–f) Same ascexcept for Lines B, C and D at WD2. (g–j) Same asc–fexcept for the CCFs using yellow triangles at WD4.\nB: The synthetic CCFs using two stations with a separation distance of 5 km. Red and blue triangles represent signals that are consistent with our observation, and non-filled triangles indicate signals not observed (Methods).\nC: CCFs using records of two adjacent stations with bathymetry along Line A. Red and blue triangles indicate the extracted ACR waves. The signal that emerged in positive/negative lag time propagates northwards/southwards.\nD: Snapshot of vertical displacement wavefield associated with sub-seafloor sources applied within the box at the lapse time oft=30 s. Positive and negative amplitudes are displayed by red and blue colours. Red arrows represent the propagation directions of the ACR waves associated with the sources.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7132_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15736", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Sketch illustrating characteristic features of sub-grain tilt boundaries. Inverse pole figures (IPFs) of the olivine axes ([100], [010] and [001]) provide information on the lattice rotation axis induced by the slip of dislocations on a lattice-controlled slip plane and slip direction, that is, on a specific slip-system35,36.\nB: Studied area of a 5-m-thick mylonitic complex of spinel-bearing harzburgite (protolith) with top-to-the-SW kinematics (inset).\nC: Backscatter electron (BSE) image showing the mode-I cracks in spinel. See the methods section for analytical conditions.\nD: Detailed EBSD map highlighting tiny phases of orthopyroxene (enstatite) surrounded by quadruple junctions of olivine grain boundaries. The location of the EBSD map is shown inFig. 3a. Black area=pores; CPx=clinopyroxene; Ol=olivine; OPx=orthopyroxene; Par=pargasite; Spl=spinel.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15736_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19590-3", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Average pressure and permeability time histories of the stimulated regions for both cases, showing rapid permeability recovery for Northridge and negligible recovery for the Stepover.\nB: Comparison of 1739 measured hypocenters and the calculated fluid pressure field calculated at 200 days.\nC: Comparison of 1722 measured hypocenters and the calculated fluid pressure field calculated at 500 days.\nD: comparison of data (red) and the Omori fit (black) using the ZMAP algorithm for two different time periods.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-19590-3_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9028", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Mean power-law exponents for 20 rock uplift27bins from Westland (bin size=0.45 mm per year). Regression lines fitted separately to data with a rock uplift rate <6 mm per year (dashed line,y=−0.043 (±0.002)x+1.569(±0.011),R2=0.54, root-mean-squared error (r.m.s.e.)=0.06,P<0.01) and >6 mm per year (solid line,y=0.007 (±0.002)x+1.236(±0.014),R2=0.08, r.m.s.e.=0.04,P=0.4). Reference exponents: fluvial from Marlborough (1.28; solid grey line) and glacial from Fiordland (1.54; dashed grey line). Error bars indicate±1 s.e. SeeSupplementary DiscussionandSupplementary Fig. 1for further information on data distribution and statistics.\nB: Example cross-section (Y–Y’; solid line) and fitted power law (dashed line,b=0.97). Contour spacing incandeis 500 m, cyan lines show flow path cells for valley cross-section extraction.\nC: Mean power-law exponents of 20 rock uplift27bins from Westland plotted against relief turnover time. Turnover time is defined as relief/erosion rate and we assume rock uplift rates equal erosion rates. Power-law exponent increases with turnover time asy=0.001(±<0.001)x+1.251(±<0.001),R2=0.67, r.m.s.e.=0.05,P<0.01.\nD: Location of the main study area in Westland and the two reference study areas, Marlborough (fluvial) and Fiordland (glacial) on New Zealand’s South Island.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9028_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11189", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Theoretical fits forZ=0.15 using the SP (red) and EK (blue) models for ionization potential depression. Solid lines correspond to the total spectrum and dashed to the elastic and bound-free scattering contributions without free–free scattering. Both models result in best fit values for ionization ofZ=0.15.\nB: Cross section of the target reservoir across the thickness of the target. The target is sealed with aluminium on the front surface and a transparent quartz rear window to allow the VISAR beam to probe shock evolution.\nC: HYDRA simulations of mass density evolving as a function of space and time, with a lineout at the x-ray probe time of 20 ns. The compressed D2peak (ρShock=0.54 g cm−3) has traversed into the spectrometer field of view att=20 ns when we make the x-ray measurement. The high-density peak lagging the D2shock front is due to the aluminium pusher, but is shielded by the x-ray window.\nD: Dynamic electrical conductivity at the five experimental points for which the thermodynamic states along the principal Hugoniot curve are given in the legend. The dc limit (ω→0) is displayed in the inset.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11189_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2829", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Close-up image of armoured lapilli on bedding surface.\nB: Mm-cm-scale planar laminated, moderately sorted, subaerial pyroclastic surge beds.\nC: tephra cone emerges and lake level remains constant while volcano continues to grow, resulting in a horizontal PZ;\nD: edifice grows while lake level decreases producing a concave-down parabolic PZ surface; the gradient (negative) of the surface defines the relative rates of edifice to lake rise and fall;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2829_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1584", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The suppression of each OH skyline is perfect with no detectable residual at the resolution of the spectrograph.\nB: Comparison of the unsuppressed control spectrum (black) and the suppressed sky spectrum (red). The skylines are strongly suppressed in the region covered by the grating. The residual weak continuum is due to starlight in the 10° fibre input beam. The grating region below 1,465 nm is blocked by the infrared spectrograph. Zoomed details:\nC: Here we illustrate the function of a photonic lantern taper starting at the input bundle ofMSMFs (top). Initially the strongly guided radiation in each core is uncoupled; upon entering the adiabatic taper, the radiation is increasingly guided by the cladding. In a perfect system, this leads toMsupermodes that evolve to becomeMEM modes at the MMF output (bottom). This has a close analogy to what happens when we bring atoms close together in the Kronig–Penney model of QM. Initially, the electrons are confined but as the atoms are squeezed together, the electrons tunnel out and propagate freely in the bulk.\nD: Grating transmission in units of dB measured with an optical spectrum analyser.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1584_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15228", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Subglacial water conduits widen close to the grounding line due to diminishing closure rate forming an ice-shelf channel seawards.\nB: Shows the water velocity in the channel.\nC: Airborne radar profile EuA-EuA′ covering the grounded ice sheet. Internal reflection hyperbolas reaching hundreds of metres above the ice-bed interface are evident (reflectors A–C), and are aligned with ice-shelf channels located seawards (into page). Reflectors A and C are beneath surface ridges.\nD: Shows radius of the conduit (without advection the radius tends to infinity at the grounding line).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15228_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15541", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Spatial distributions from airborne EC method (solid circles) compared with MEGAN simulations (background colours);\nB: scatter plot of the EC and MEGAN estimates, and their mean values and linear correlation coefficient are shown in the figure..\nC: Terrain elevation from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map.\nD: Fractional coverage of broadleaf evergreen tropical trees from MODIS PFT land cover observation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15541_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42733-1", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Whangapoua estuary;\nB: Wharekawa estuary;\nC: Historical sediment accumulation rates. The orange arrows in (b–d) indicate riverine input. Mangrove coverage refers to the percentage of mangrove presence relative to the estuarine area. Mangrove coverage data in solid lines in (e) is derived from Jones114and data in dashed lines are estimated from recent Landsat data. The reduction in mangrove cover in the Whangamatā estuary is due to mangrove clearance, also see (d). Mangrove distributions in year 2004 and 2020 are based on Landsat data from Giri et al.115and datasets from Land Information New Zealand (https://data.linz.govt.nz/). Contains data sourced from the LINZ Data Service licensed for reuse under CC BY 4.0. Mangrove distribution in 1944 in (d) is based on historical archive data published in Lundquist et al.15. Mangrove clearance area is taken from datasets in Bulmer et al.55. Historical sediment accumulation rates (f) are based on datasets compiled by Hunt24.\nD: Observed changes in mangrove coverage at these three estuaries.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-42733-1_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-23391-7", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Value of statistical life (VSL) loss from fatal heart attacks;\nB: Per-fetus intelligence quotient (IQ) decrement;\nC: Fatal heart attack deaths;\nD: Economic loss from IQ decrease;", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-021-23391-7_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15329", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The log(Cs-be/Cs-oi) value of BC-containing particles for BC particle sizes in theDmdomain of 205 nm≤Dm≤220 nm. The error bars indrepresent the ±1σranges of single-particle data.\nB: The mean FeOx/BC concentration ratios for mass and number.\nC: The number fraction of dust-like FeOxfor FeOxparticle sizes in theDmdomain of 170 nm≤Dm≤270 nm. The error bars increpresent uncertainty estimated by assuming that the number of particles detected in each altitude range follows a Poisson distribution.\nD: number concentration ratio of supermicron-sized aerosols to submicron-sized aerosols and (d) number fraction of dust-like FeOxparticles. Inc,Npdenotes the number concentration of aerosols within a particular range of light-scattering equivalent diameterDp, which was observed using a cloud and aerosol spectrometer probe.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15329_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15333", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The dust–wind feedback over eastern China. The region boxed in (a) is used to represent eastern China (110–122.5° E, 20–45° N).\nB: Changes in dust column burden (unit: mg m−2) between weak wind and normal conditions due to the interannual variations in dust emissions, which are calculated by (VWeak, IRUN−VNormal, IRUN)−(VWeak, DRUN−VNormal, DRUN) based on simulations with (IRUN) and without (DRUN) interannual variations in dust emissions.\nC: Changes in wind fields (unit: mg m−2) between weak wind and normal conditions due to the interannual variations in dust emissions.\nD: Composite differences in dust column burden (unit: mg m−2) between weak wind and normal conditions in the IRUN simulation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15333_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39806-6", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: plant cuticle;\nB: freshwater algaePediastrumspp. Productivity:\nC: ratio of peridinioid to gonyaulacoid (P/G) dinocysts. Main negative isotope excursion at MGC is indicated as a shaded bar. Key: epoch – Pleistocene (Pl.); lithostratigraphic units – Forest Hill Formation (FH), Moodys Branch Formation (MB), Cockfield Formation (Cf). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nD: TEX86(filled markers represent samples with BIT index > 0.4). Main negative isotope excursion at MGC is indicated as shaded bar. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-39806-6_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4835", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: close-up of the internal side; (c,d) transversal-vertical views of the leaf showing the single epidermal layer (Ep) and the CaCO3deposits between the cells; (e,f) close-ups of the epidermal cell wall showing the abundant presence of aragonite crystals; and (g,h) view of the CaCO3deposits on the aerenquima cell walls (Aq).\nB: Detail of the different layers of the CaCO3deposits peeling off from the leaf surface.\nC: close-up of a small CaCO3deposit emerging from the cuticle (see microanalysis inSupplementary Fig. 1cconfirming the presence of CaCO3);\nD: Estimations of seagrass carbonate production (black circles) for 2009 for the seagrass meadow (number 5 inTable 1) located in the back reef of the lagoon. Values were calculated from the average of two consecutive determinations of leaf calcification rates (yellow circles) and the number of days elapsed between sampling periods. The October 2008 determination is also shown with a dark pink circle. The dashed black line represents the annual pattern of variation for seagrass calcification and the grey area identifies the negative values. Positive seasonal carbonate production is represented by the yellow shaded area. The solid black line describes the annual pattern of variation for gross carbonate production. Variation in water temperature (°C) and water motion (m s−1) was recorded by the Oceanographic and Meteorological Academic Service (SAMMO) of the UNAM Academic Unit in Puerto Morelos. Water temperature was recorded at 3.3 m depth in the middle of the reef lagoon, and water motion was registered with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (Argonaut-ADV, SonTek/YSI). Measurements were made at 2 cm from the sediment, using a 6 mm diameter × 9 mm high cylinder.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4835_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15972", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fe-bound lignin phenols calculated by equation (2). The shaded soil layer (30–40 cm) was submerged under water in both treatments, whereas the other layers were air-exposed in the water-table decline treatment. Error bars represent s.e.m. (n=4). Asterisk denotes significant difference between control and water-table decline treatments (P<0.05). Note that Fe(II), Fe(III), pH and enzyme activities were measured for bulk soils whereas other properties were measured for the fine soil fraction (<53 μm). Fe-bound SOC and lignin phenols were not measured at 0–4 cm due to the limited sample size.\nB: Picture of the mesocosm experiment with control and water-table decline treatments (n=4) at the Haibei Research Station, Qinghai Province, China. Picture of soil cores is shown on the upper right corner.\nC: Cartoon diagram of the experimental design and soil sampling at different depth (modified from Wanget al.36).\nD: specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm of WEOC (SUVA254);", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15972_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4035", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Total concentrations of Se, S and As in surface water of set A in 2012.\nB: Cumulative total amounts of trapped Se, S and As (error bars indicate the s.d. of the triplicate boxes) in set A in 2012, with linear trend lines and correlation coefficients (R2) thereof.\nC: Schematic map of the peat bog area20, with locations of trapping sets A, B and C.\nD: Cumulative total amounts of trapped Se and As (error bars indicate the s.d. of triplicate boxes) in sets A and B in 2010, with polynomial trend lines and correlation coefficients (R2) thereof.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4035_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6497", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Thin section of a dividing SM1 cell. An electron-dense zone is observed beneath the cytoplasmic membrane at the invagination. Bar: 200 nm.\nB: Fluorescence micrograph of a biofilm sample showing DNA in blue (DAPI) and FtsZ (labeled with FtsZ antibody) in green. FtsZ is located in the septum area of dividing cells. Bar: 10 μm.\nC: Electron micrograph of hamus filaments (negatively contrasted) as found in the biofilm. Bars: 100 nm. (b,c) Hamus anchoring structure as visualized after release of the hami by dissolving the membrane. Inc, the positions of the two membranes are indicated (white line).\nD: Single SM1 Euryarchaeon cell, labeled with anti-FtsZ (green) and anti-hamus (orange) antibodies showing that FtsZ is expressed in SM1 Euryarchaeon cells. Bar: 5 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6497_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14914", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Maxwell Bay (MB) percentage Total Organic Carbon (TOC) data (in grey) and 100-year interval negative exponential smoothed data (dark blue) used as sea-ice proxy52; data >6–0ka upper bound on the mean (95% confidence level) represents increased open water conditions (shaded dark blue).\nB: Scatterplots of selected element/aluminium ratios of Ardley Lake and Yanou Lake sediments (this study), ornithogenic soils49and local bedrock87.\nC: Legend and relative sea level (RSL) scenarios shown in (a)–(c) (seeFig. 5a). After deglaciation, during the Early Holocene Warm Optimum (EHO) (11.5–9.5 ka)56, the land area available on Ardley Island was c. 0.6 km2, c. 30–35% less than the present day. The eastern half of the island, where the current penguin colony is located, was bordered by steep cliffs forcing early to mid Holocene colonies to nest in the centre of Ardley Island. During the mid to late Holocene, relative sea level (RSL) fell, increasing the land area available. The amount of guano deposited in Ardley Lake declined after c. 1,300 cal a BP as some colonies relocated to the Lake Y2 and Lake G catchments43. The eastern side of the island became more easily accessible when RSL fell below 5 m above present sea level (m a.p.s.l.) after c. 1,300 years ago. Future colony population increases could be accommodated in the central area of Ardley Island. SeeSupplementary Fig. 1andSupplementary Data 6for modern-day penguin population data; seeSupplementary Fig. 22for an extended version of this figure. This figure includes material copyright of DigitalGlobe, Inc., All Rights Reserved, used with permission under a NERC-BAS educational license and not included in the Creative Commons license for the article.\nD: Holocene relative sea level (RSL) changes for the South Shetland Islands (SSI)45in metres above present mean sea level (m a.p.s.l.).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14914_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1049", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Stratigraphy of the Al Khlata Formation showing the relative age of the deposits containing the bitumen clast.\nB: Distal part of antennary endopod of canthocamptid copepod.\nC: Fragment of crustacean maxilla or maxilliped.\nD: Gas chromatogram of the solvent-soluble fraction of the bitumen clast. The chromatogram is unusual for a surface petroleum sample, as it contains a series of apparently unalteredn-alkanes in the range of nC7 to nC27. Biodegradation of surface oil seeps normally removes some or all of then-alkanes present60. The relatively high abundance of biomarker compounds eluting between 4,000 and 5,000 s is indicative of mixing of at least two oil charges from Huqf source rocks. Thermal maturity of the bitumen, estimated from molecular distributions of biomarker compounds and from bitumen reflectance analysis, suggests relatively low thermal maturity of the high-molecular-weight fraction (equivalent approximately 0.6% vitrinite reflectance).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1049_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13046", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Changmahe (CMH), Maqin County;\nB: Youyun (YY), Maqin County;\nC: Wenquan (WQ), Xinghai County; and (e) Kunlunshankou (KLSK), Geermu.\nD: Direct effects and (b) indirect effects of soil moisture (green bars), pH (purple bars), C recalcitrance (Carbon; yellow bars, first components from a PCA conducted with cutin-derived components, suberin-derived components, lignin cinnamyl units, C:N, fast C pool size and slow C pool size) and soil microbial community (MC; grey bars, first component from a PCA conducted with total PLFAs, fungal PLFAs, actinomycete PLFAs, and the fungi/bacteria ratio) on soil CO2–C release from SEM. The soil moisture data used in the SEM were the moisture in the field rather than that during incubation. The numbers adjacent to bar are the standardized coefficients in SEM.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13046_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9854", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: As forc, but for La Niña years.\nB: Regime differences between the periods 1999–2013 and 1979–1998 for precipitation. Areas with a confidence level of >95% are denoted by open circles. Thin solid contours denote climatological (1979–1998 mean) precipitation.\nC: Time series of the mean precipitation relative to the base period (1979–1998) averaged over the EA, WIO and WP regions. Bold lines are 5-year running means, and dashed lines represent the mean values over the hiatus period (1999–2013). JJA: June, July, August.\nD: Composite SST anomalies for La Niña years (1950, 1954, 1955, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1995 and 1998) relative to the base period (1950–1998).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9854_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2505", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Modelled average velocity through the Barents Sea Opening (BSO);\nB: 7-day filtered modelled volume transport along the northern slope of the BSO between 73° 30′N and 74°N in Sverdrup (1 Sv=106m3s−1);\nC: Depth-averaged daily (thin lines) and 7-day filtered (thick lines) eastward velocity components from the observations (red bullets and crosses mark start and end, respectively, of periods of major flow-reversal events) and (b) the model in cm s−1;\nD: velocity anomalies through the Arctic slope section during NBSS circulation anomaly events. Averages are based on all months in the period 1990–2008, with positive values toward the east. Anomalies are averages for all months when ‘h’ is >1.5 s.d. below its mean value. The seasonal signal is compensated for when calculating the anomalies by subtracting the long-term average for each month separately.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2505_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6076", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Red Sea RSL data (blue) for 0–150 kyr (ref.5) and 150–500 kyr (this study), superimposed on the 95% probability interval of the RSL dataset (light grey) and 95% probability interval for the probability maximum (dark grey).\nB: Probabilistic RSL record as ina, but with superimposed (red) benthic foraminiferal δ18O (ref.28).\nC: Rates of RSL change (dRSL, blue; ±2σ, grey) with marked points ofFig. 4dRSL data (yellow dots) and MWP-1a (green dot).\nD: Sanbao Cave speleothem δ18O.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6076_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10505", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Gridded observations based on Argo-profiling floats; the streamlines (acceleration potential, CI=0.5 m2s−2) are superimposed as black contours, and the winter MLD front (MLD=150 m contour) in thick magenta line.\nB: A randomly selected CMIP5 climate model (HadGEM2-CC), where eddies are parameterized.\nC: one AC in OFES and (l) 14 ACs in OFES. The slanted straight black lines ing,lare the positions of the transections inFigs 3and4.\nD: Trajectory of the target AC centre from 27 March to 10 September 2014 (thick red line). The star sign denotes where the 17 Argo floats are deployed. The black contours denote the mean dynamical topography (contour interval (CI)=10 cm) to illustrate the large-scale circulation, and the blue shading highlights the STMW-formation region with SST of 17–19 °C (18 °C in white contour) on 27 March.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10505_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12747", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental social sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Changes by species type.\nB: body mass, HDI, road density;\nC: Changes by location. Ina, grey shows all species, green shows all mammals and blue shows all birds. Inb, grey shows all sample populations, green shows sampled populations in Africa and blue shows sampled populations in Europe.\nD: Proportionally sized pie charts indicate the number of bird (red) and mammal (blue) time series in each PA.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12747_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15246", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: General view of the tsunami deposits at Teno Bajo (altitude 18 m a.s.l.) with a lava flow dated 178 ka outcropping on the lower right corner;\nB: Shaded relief view of Tenerife island, showing the Icod debris avalanche on the north flanks of the island;\nC: Location map of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean;\nD: Rip-up clasts of soil as evidence of substrate erosion at the base of tsunami unit B (Taco outcrop);", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15246_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16019", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Sediment thickness of the sand beds and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposit. The stratigraphic thickness is the average thickness across 29 vertical sections in Trench 1 Faces A and C (Supplementary Table 5).\nB: Topographic profile from the swash zone to the coastal cave.\nC: We use a custom Bayesian model for sand beds A–K that simultaneously calibrates all radiocarbon dates, incorporates the law of superposition and the constraints of limiting dates, which lie between or beyond the range of the directly dated tsunamis (Methods section). The model is fitted using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach55,63. Radiocarbon ages calibrated with Calib rev. 6.0.0 (ref.53), age ranges appear with 95.4% highest density region (HDR) (∼2 s.d.), where years ‘before present’ (BP) is years before A.D. 1950 (Table 1).\nD: Topographic map of the coastal cave site.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms16019_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13744", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Mass of sulfur erupted versus erupted voume (DRE; km3).\nB: Sulfur yield (Tg km-3) versus the total mass of sulfur emitted (Tg).\nC: Schematic diagram to show how sulfur partitions into the gas phase at depth, dependent on melt composition, pressure and oxygen fugacity. The gas phase causes the magma to be compressible15, which gives rise to muted ground deformation (in direction of arrows) in response to the evacuation of the magma reservoir during eruption. The magma reservoir contains regions of liquid (orange) and crystal-rich mush, and may be recharged by mafic magmas (red).\nD: An interferogram generated using a pair of synthetic aperture radar images for the main phase of the explosive eruption between 12 and 13 July 2008 (ref.45) and (b) an AIRS image to show the spatial extent and atmospheric concentrations of the SO2cloud generated by the explosive phase of the eruption69.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13744_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13844", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Fault creep across the SAF, represented by a sharp step in velocity across the fault.\nB: Global Strain Rate Model (v2.1) showing the second invariant of the strain rate tensor22. This model is based on measurements from over 22,000 GNSS sites around the world. However, distributed over such a wide area, the resulting strain rate map is of relatively low spatial resolution for most of the globe. Large cities are overlayed (green) and scaled by population size.\nC: InSAR interseismic crustal velocities along the San Andreas Fault Zone (SAF), California78, shown at the same spatial scale as panela. Velocities are shown in the satellite’s line of sight and are a mosaic of 13 overlapping ascending tracks from the ALOS-1 satellite. Lines A–A′ and B–B′ show the location of the profiles ind,ethrough the San Andreas Fault (SAF), San Jacinto Fault (SJF) and Elsinore Fault (ELF). Fault traces show structures assumed active since the Late Quaternary from the USGS (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults/). (d,e) Profiles of assumed fault-parallel motion where blue points are InSAR measurements and red bars are GNSS velocities with one sigma uncertainties, within 30 km of the profile lines. The black line shows the mean InSAR velocity and the grey vertical bars show the locations of major strike-slip faults.\nD: Population count on a half-degree by half-degree grid for 2005. Megacities with populations over 2.5 million are marked by black circles. Data are the UN-adjusted population count from the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO) and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) (http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13844_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6445", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: High-resolution TEM zoom in view onto the boxed region of (d) resolves the OPX/OCPX interface. Scale bar: 25 nm.\nB: Using a realistic model of the near-field probe-sample interaction, position-resolved IR absorption spectra were extracted from the nanoFTIR line scan across two forsterite crystals (regions labelled A, E) and three distinct glassy phases of plagioclase and mesostasis (B, C, D).\nC: Composite EDS map displaying relative atomic concentrations of aluminium (red), sodium (green), and silicon (blue). Silicon-rich forsterite crystals as well as the surrounding SiO2aerogel appear blue, whereas the groundmass reveals feldspar (white) and glass (red and pink). Scale bar: 5 microns.\nD: Infrared near-field amplitude image acquired atw=890 cm−1superimposed on simultaneously acquired AFM topography (range: 500 nm). Positions of the three (1–3) nanoFTIR line scans presented inFig. 4are shown by dashed lines. Scale bar: 5 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6445_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10231", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Retrieved temperature profiles;\nB: net radiative heating rate map with aerosol heating and cooling;\nC: globally averaged heating and cooling profiles with aerosol heating; and (f) globally averaged heating and cooling profiles with aerosol heating and cooling. The uncertainty ranges are shaded.\nD: Globally averaged heating rates. The gas-only calculations are shown in black. The dashed black lines show the possible gas heating rates due to the uncertainty of CH4profiles. The coloured lines represent different aerosol retrieval solutions. Cases H1–H5 correspond to the green, red, purple, blue and orange curves, respectively. SeeTable 1for detailed input information of the cases.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10231_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14879", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Sample site on Bømlo.\nB: Simplified log and transition from weathered basement to Åsgard Fm. in well core 16/1-15.\nC: Detailed view of leftmost part of the outcrop. Sample 2 was taken close to the fresh granodiorite to the left. Spatula is 200 mm long.\nD: Map of known saprolite locations and sample sites (Utsira High, Bømlo and Ivö). Remnants of clay rich (fuchsia circles) and grussy (green squares) saprolites in Scandinavia5,10,13,84are shown together with near coast Jurassic basins (blue hexagons)58. The black line shows the Weichselian last glacial maximum (LGM) position in formerly glaciated Scandinavia86. The fuchsia line stretching from the Shetland Platform, across Utsira High, Bømlo to south central Norway refers to the location of the profile inFig. 6.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14879_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21759-3", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Hydrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: West river (WR; 2.7% of watershed area disturbed);\nB: Ptarmigan stream (PT; 10.8% of watershed area disturbed). In geomorphologically undisturbed watersheds (a), the annual C flux is dominated by DOC; increasing mean annual DOC concentrations from these watersheds were likely the result of watershed greening. Thaw-induced geomorphological disturbance of terrestrial surfaces (a–b,d) decreased annual DOC concentrations at all watershed scales and led to a fundamental shift in the primary form of C export from a DOC- to a POC-dominated flux (p< 0.05), with the magnitude and persistence of impact increasing with areal extent of watershed disturbance.\nC: East river (ER; 1.2 % of watershed area disturbed);\nD: major ions;", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-21759-3_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-24747-9", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Hydrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: + (t) + (u). See Supplementary Fig. 9. s. Refs.5,51,53,54. t. AQUASTAT Database44. (Supplementary Table1.16).\nB: × Irrigation Application Efficiency (see Supplementary Fig.5). n. Calculated from production and water consumption data as described in Methods section. o.\nC: ×  0.80. Loss rate from Omar and Moussa, 201636. r.\nD: × 0.86. Loss rate from Omar and Moussa, 201636. q.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-021-24747-9_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13798", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: SDO/HMI intensity images showing the whole active region in the left panel. (e,f) Close-up views of the intensity images covering the region of the sunspot. The yellow curves refer to the 13,000 data number contour level on the intensity image, which approximately outlines the umbral–penumbral boundary of the southern part of the sunspot. The magenta ellipses represent the best-fit ellipses that are obtained by applying the fit ellipse.pro procedure on the contour line. The fit ellipse.pro procedure is written in IDL and provided in the Coyote IDL programming package. The major and minor axes of the ellipses are also coloured magenta.\nB: The GOES 1–8 Å light curve.\nC: The temporal profile of the change in the Lorentz torque exerted on region ‘P’. (d–f) The points denote the orientations of the nine ellipses, each of which is the best fit to one of the contour levels of data number varying between 13,000 and 17,000. Ind, the blue curve denotes the temporal profile of the average orientations of the nine ellipses. Ineandf, the magenta curve represents the best fit of Equation (13) and Equation (1) to the average orientations, respectively. (g,h) The temporal profiles of the mean vertical field (Bn) strength and the mean tangential field (Bt) strength within region ‘P’. (i,j) The temporal profiles of the mean of the azimuthal component (Bθ) and the radial component (Br) ofBtwithin region ‘P’. Inhandi, the magenta curves represent the best fit of Equation (13) to the data. In each panel, the vertical grey bar indicates the flare peak time and the error bars represent 1 s.d.\nD: Temporal profiles of helicity flux across the photosphere from spin term(magenta), spin term(grey) and the writhe term(black). Region outside ‘P’ and inside the FOV ofFig. 1gis defined as the region ‘O’.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13798_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8598", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The temporal evolution of the CME velocity (blue), the flare emission intensity in the EUVI 304 Å passband (black, a proxy of the flare soft X-ray flux), mean temperature (red) and total EM (cyan). The error in the velocity (marked by the vertical symbol size) mainly comes from the uncertainty of the height, which is taken as the s.d. of 10 measurements.\nB: A time-distance plot of the composite AIA 171 Å (cyan) and 94 Å (red) images along the direction of the inflows (denoted by S1 inFig. 1d) showing the approach of oppositely directed loops (two white arrows). The dashed lines with different colours (green to pink) denote the height-time measurements of the inflow at different locations.\nC: The positions of the Sun, Earth and STEREO-A/B satellites (SOHO is at L1 point and SDO is in the Earth orbit).\nD: The DEM-weighted temperature map at three instants (02:14, 04:14 and 08:14 UT) showing the location of the region heated by the reconnection.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8598_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8135", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: proton temperature (black, expected temperature40,63from the solar wind speed in blue) and (g) geomagnetic Dst index. The first vertical solid line from the left indicates the arrival of the shock, and the second vertical line delimits the end of the ICME sheath region, which does not seem to be followed by a magnetic ejecta.\nB: Location of coronal holes and post eruption arcade in SDO/AIA 193 Å.\nC: Heliospheric positions of various planets and spacecraft on 7 January 2014 at 19:00 UT. The shape of the CME shock given by ElEvo is plotted for different timesteps as indicated by colours. The model parameters (bottom left) are stated for the last timesteptMars=10 January 22:30 UT. For the same time, the ‘shape constraint’ gives a window for the heliocentric distance of the ellipse segment along the Sun–Earth line, making the ellipse shape consistent withtEarth. (b–g) Solar wind magnetic field and bulk proton parameters in near-Earth space (Wind SWE/MFI) for 9–11 January 2014.\nD: Fit of the Graduated Cylindrical Shell (GCS) model (blue grid) overlaid on multipoint coronagraph observations, from left to right: STEREO-B, SOHO, STEREO-A. Shown are results for 7 January 2014 at 18:25 UT ±1 min, when the GCS apex was at 4.2R⊙.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8135_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8703", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The ellipticity of the waves representing the polarization of the emissions. Values close to unity indicate circular polarization while those in the region of zero are indicative of linear polarization.\nB: Distributions of proton fluxes in velocity space at 18:54:33UT.\nC: Distribution of phase space density for quasi-perpendicular ions at 18:54:33UT. The white line denotes velocity contour of 1.57 × 106m−3while the blue line denotes a velocity contour of value equal to Alfven speed 1.487 × 106m−3.\nD: A plot of the ring distribution for the phase space density of protons gyrating near the equatorial plane (particles bouncing very near the equator). The blue line connecting the data points outlines the shape of the distribution.yaxis is the density in phase space, andxaxis is the velocity of particles.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8703_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11976", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: fluctuations calculated using the three different fits, with the same lines as indicated in the legend fora.\nB: Magnitude fluctuations after detrending (a) with a lowess fit. The maximum s.e.m. in each data set is shown as a single error bar on the far left.\nC: Lyman-alpha (ultraviolet) radiation at 121.5 nm.\nD: Neptune brightness (astronomical magnitude, where smaller values represent a greater signal) time series at 472 nm (blue squares) and 551 nm (green circles), from ref.3, each smoothed with a lowess fit (blue dashed line or green solid line).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11976_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13874", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification of bi- and multinucleation of the p120-iKD cell lines shown indover three consecutive passages in the absence or presence of dox. At least 200 control and dox-treated cells were analysed every passage.\nB: Tissue micro-array (TMA) cores of human breast cancer were stained and scored for p120. Shown are representative images of tumours neutral and heterozygous forCTNND1that were scored as positive (retained) or negative (lost) for p120 protein expression. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nC: IF of p120 and E-cadherin in dox-treated U2OS p120-iKD cells reconstituted with FL p120-1A or p120-1A K401M. Right panels show magnifications of representative areas denoted by the dotted squares. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: Quantification of p120 expression correlated toCTNND1copy number (CN) of TMA cores of human mammary carcinomas. Significance was determined using the Fisher’s exact test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13874_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12564", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Schematic shows sgRNA-mediated targeted expression of KRAB transcription repressor at the distal TRE1 and the proximal TRE2 regions in human α6-promoter. Effects of CRISPRi-based disruption of c-Fos/c-Jun-dependent promoter activation on stiff matrix-induced α6-expression were evaluated by immunoblot and flow cytometry analyses. Control (Ctrl) indicates cells transfected with empty vector.\nB: Detection of α6β1- and α6β4-complexes in IPF lung myofibroblasts by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot.\nC: Shown are representative images forex vivomid-lung transaxial μCT scans. The average percentages of aerated lung volumes of mice in four groups (n=5 per group) are shown in the bar graph.\nD: IPF lung myofibroblasts were cultured on PA hydrogels with increasing stiffness (1, 5, 11 and 20 kPa). Levels of α6-protein were determined by immunoblot and flow cytometry, respectively. In flow cytometry, non-immune rat IgG2a, κ was used as isotype IgG control.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12564_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6081", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In vivoubiquitylation assays of MBP-trichoplein-flag constructs in TetOn RPE1 cells cultured in normal medium (indicated by a plus sign) or subjected to serum starvation (indicated by a minus sign) in the presence of MG132.\nB: Tet-On RPE1 cells expressing MBP-trichoplein-flag (WT or K50/57R) were cultured in doxycycline (Dox)-free culture medium supplemented with (10% FBS) or without serum (starved) as shown in a scheme. Normalized MBP-trichoplein-flag intensities (bottom; mean±s.e.m. in triplicate samples) were evaluated by immunoblotting analysis of MBP-trichoplein-flag and GAPDH (top). (f–i) Dox-treated Tet-On RPE1 cells were subjected to 24 h serum starvation (0 h), and then cultured in Dox-free serum-starved medium for indicated times as shown inf. Immunoblotting analysis shows levels of MBP-trichoplein-flag, pAurora-A, KCTD17 and GAPDH (g,h). Graphs show percentages of ciliated cells (mean±s.e.m. from three independent experiment,n>200 each). Control or KCTD17 siRNAs were transfected 24 h before serum starvation (h,i).P**<0.01, 0.01Amutant versus the wt control. Mitochondrially encoded genes are highlighted in green.\nD: The relative abundance of RPF length in control and tRNA(Trp)5556G>Amutant cybrids.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3886_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10939", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Co-localization at the Golgi area among GLUT1, GM130 and Tf were analysed by calculation of Pearson's coefficient. Graphs express means±s.d. (30 cells per group).\nB: hTERT-RPE1 cells transfected with the indicated SNX27 or control (siCTL) siRNAs were immunostained for SNX27 (green) and GM130 (red). Insets are magnified views of the Golgi area. Merged images with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining (blue) are to the right.\nC: hTERT-RPE1 cells stably expressing empty vector or 3 × FLAG-tagged, siRNA-resistant SNX27 constructs were transfected with the indicated siRNAs and immunostained for FLAG epitope (green) and GLUT1 (red). Merged images with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining (blue) are to the right. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: HEK293T cells were transfected with 3 × FLAG-tagged-WASH complex proteins. Lysates were incubated with GST or GST-SNX27 proteins and precipitated with Glutathione Sepharose 4B beads. Precipitates were then immunoblotted as shown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10939_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9645", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Immunoblots of brain tissues probed with an α-syt-9 antibody reveal different expression levels across brain regions, with the highest level of expression in the pituitary gland.\nB: Immunoblots of whole brain, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary tissue extracts, from male and female rats. Blots were probed with antibodies against multiple syt isoforms, and with an α-VCP antibody to confirm equal loading. Quantification of expression patterns of multiple syt isoforms, in males (b) and females (c), normalized to VCP expression.N≥2 independent trials. Plotted values are mean±s.e.m.\nC: The degree of co-localization of syt-9 with each hormone, as well as the inverse, was quantified. Localization of FSH with syt-9 was significantly higher in female mice, as compared with males.N≥20 cells, two independent dissections for each condition. All scale bars, 5 μm. Plotted values are mean±s.e.m. Student’st-test, ****P≤0.001.\nD: A time course of protein-free liposomes turbidity was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 400 nm. On the addition of Ca2+, syt-9 mediated liposome aggregation, which was fully reversible by the subsequent addition of EGTA.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9645_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11248", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A cartoon of the ATX structure with bound TUDCA (orange carbons) in the tunnel and LPA (blue carbons) in the pocket, both shown as space filling models. (c,d) A zoom-in view showing the molecular surface of ATX at the TUDCA- and LPA-binding sites empty (c) and with bound TUDCA and LPA (d) as space filling models.\nB: Inhibition of lysoPLD activity is human serum supplemented by TUDCA, measured as released choline by LPC(18:1) hydrolysis. The error bars represent s.e.m. from three different samples.\nC: Quantification of LPA1internalization shows that TUDCA reduces the number of endosomes compared with untreated cells; error bars correspond to s.e.m. from 27 images in two independent experiments; ***P<0.001 according to Student’st-test.\nD: The model is rotated about 90° along the vertical display axis to show the same difference density map.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11248_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Mitotic index versus time for wild type (black curve),pkl1Δ(dark grey curve) andpkl1Δ cut7Δcells (light grey curve) following hydroxyurea arrest and release. Spindle length was measured using microtubule stain by ICC.\nB: Timelapse fluorescence microscopy of prophase spindle pole body separation in wild type andpkl1Δ cut7Δcells using spindle pole marker Pcp1-GFP. Timelapse fluorescence microscopy of mitosis from metaphase is shown for wild type in (e),pkl1Δin (f) andpkl1Δ cut7Δin (g). GFP-Atb2 marks microtubules (green) and DNA is stained with Hoechst (blue). Scale bar, 5 μm.\nC: Kymographs of a wild-type spindle (top; yellow arrow indicates spindle breakdown) and a persistent spindle (red arrow) shown from the time series for Type 3. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: Live cell fluorescence imaging reveals differences in spindle thickness between wild type (pkl1+ cut7+) andpkl1Δ cut7Δdouble mutant cells. Two stages of mitosis are shown with different markers. On the left, GFP-Atb2 marks microtubules (α-tubulin, green) and DNA is stained with Hoechst (blue). On the right, microtubules are marked by mCherry-Atb2 (red) and spindle pole bodies are marked by Pcp1-GFP (green).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6339_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12037", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structure of human Hsp90α N-domain bound to GB (PDB: 3TUH).\nB: FNIP1 and Aha1 compete for binding to Hsp90α. FNIP1-D–His6was attached to Ni-NTA agarose and then incubated with Hsp90α. Ni-NTA agarose was then washed and incubated with the indicated amounts of Aha1–FLAG.\nC: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), (b) Papillary type I, (c) Papillary type II, (d) Oncocytoma (Tumours, T) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal, N) were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Proteins were also extracted from these tumours and adjacent normal tissues and incubated with indicated amounts of biotinylated GB followed by streptavidin agarose beads. Hsp90 was detected by immunoblotting. Expression of FNIP1 and FNIP2 in these samples was also detected by immunoblotting.\nD: HEK293 cells were transiently co-transfected with Hsp90α–FLAG and HA–FNIP1 or HA–FNIP2. Hsp90α–FLAG was isolated and co-IP of co-chaperones examined by immunoblotting.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12037_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Distribution of genes expressed by MCF10A cells, including IR nGRE-containing, DEX-downregulated genes and Module B genes. The overlapping seven genes were obtained by using a hypergeometric test (P=1.28 × 10−6).\nB: Serum from WT mice was collected at ZT4 and ZT10 (‘day’), or ZT15 and ZT20 (‘night’), and assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TGFA and HBEGF.\nC: For each time point, we calculated the average fold changes in gene expression (EGF only versus DEX only) relative tot=240 min. The red lines indicate upregulated genes, whereas the green lines show the downregulated genes.\nD: Breast cancer patients were divided into three groups according to tumour stage, and patient survival was analysed relative to GR abundance.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6073_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9024", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Representative western blot images and protein quantification of p75NTRand Tubulin expression in total cell extracts. **P<0.01 versus NG or Cont (n=3).\nB: Expression of pri-miR-503and mature miR-503 was measured in ECs and pericytes cultured in HG; **P<0.01 versus control endothelial cells;#P<0.05 versus control pericytes (n=3).\nC: VEGFA quantification in the medium by ELISA.\nD: HUVECs were treated with HG (control: L-Glucose) or transduced withAd.p75(control:Ad.Null). Representative western blot images and protein quantification of NF-κB p65, Tubulin and Laminin in nuclear and cytoplasmatic cell extracts *P<0.05, **P<0.01 versus Cont (n=3).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9024_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13416", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Incubation ofActβ2V2Rphosbut notInactβ2V2Rphoswith bimane labelled βarr1 leads to a decrease in bimane fluorescence. Considering equivalent physical interaction ofActβ2V2RphosandInactβ2V2Rphos(as presented inFig. 1e,f), bimane fluorescence data suggests thatActβ2V2Rphosengages the core interaction while theInactβ2V2Rphosdoes not. These data suggest thatInactβ2V2Rphos+βarr1+Fab30 andActβ2V2Rphos+βarr1+Fab30 complexes represent ‘tail only’ and ‘fully’ (tail+core) engaged complexes, respectively.\nB: In-vitroassembly ofApoβ2V2Rphoscomplex with βarr1 in presence of Fab30 as measured by coimmunoprecipitation. Similar to ELISA approach, incubation of pre-formed complex with inverse agonist or agonist does not alter the complex assembly. This experiment was repeated three times with identical results and a representative image is shown.\nC: Carvedilol is a high-affinity βarr biased ligand of β2AR and it selectively promotes βarr binding and ERK activation in the absence of any detectable G protein coupling.\nD: Both ‘tail only’ engaged (Inactβ2V2Rphos+β-arr1+ScFv30) and ‘fully’ engaged (Actβ2V2Rphos+β-arr1+ScFv30) complexes interact with immobilized inactive (non-phosphorylated) ERK2.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13416_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4405", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: In vivoFRET analysis of RhoA activity performed on cortical slices electroporated with different constructs as indicated. Upper panels show the CFP signal from the FRET probe (scale bar, 50 μm); the RFP signal in insets marks electroporated cells (scale bar in insets, 50 μm). Lower panels show FRET efficiency in the indicated area (white rectangles indicate the bleached area).\nB: Rnd3 co-immunoprecipitates with Plexin B2. P19 cells were transfected withVSV-Plexin B2alone or in combination withFLAG-Rnd3as indicated. The lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-FLAG antibody and immunoblotted with anti-VSV or anti-FLAG antibodies. For full blots seeSupplementary Fig. 6.\nC: Distribution of Plexin B2 and Rnd3 proteins in cortical neurons dissociated at E14.5 and cultured for 4 days. Plexin B2 (in red) and Rnd3 (in green) co-localize at the plasma membrane, as shown by the intensity profile along the a–b line. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: Mean±s.e.m.; (n>11 cells for each condition, from three independent experiments;t-test: *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared with control).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4405_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7474", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: Quantification of acetylated tubulin labelling co-localized with the nucleus in nocodazole-treated cultures. Cenpjsilencing results in an increase of stable microtubules in the microtubule cage compared with shRNA control-treated cells (arrows). Analysis of three independent cultures; control shRNA,n=40 cells;CenpjshRNA,n=42. Student’st-test *P<0.05.\nB: Quantification of the distance between the centrosome and the nucleus in migrating cortical neurons. Negative values correspond to centrosomes located below the tip of the nucleus.Cenpj-depleted neurons present more negative centrosome–nucleus distances than control neurons. Three embryos analysed for each condition; control shRNA,n=47 cells;CenpjshRNA,n=60. Student’st-test *P<0.05.\nC: Quantification of leading process thickness. Three embryos analysed for each condition; control shRNA,n=177 cells;Ascl1shRNA,n=128 cells;Ascl1shRNA+pCMV-Cenpj,n=239 cells. Student’st-test **P<0.01. (i–k) Nocodazole treatment of cultured neurons 3 days after electroporation.Ascl1silencing preserved a higher level of acetylated tubulin labelling in the cell body and leading process than control shRNA, and overexpression ofCenpjrestored the acetylated tubulin-labelling intensity. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: Quantification of leading process thickness in GFP+ neurons. The leading process enlargement observed inCenpj-depleted neurons is rescued by co-expression ofCenpjshRNA withCenpjfull length andCenpj dTCPbut not byCenpj dPN.Three embryos analysed for each condition; control shRNA,n=177 cells;CenpjshRNA,n=200 cells;Cenpjsh+CenpjFL,n=157 cells;CenpjshRNA+Cenpj dPN2-3,n=274 cells;CenpjshRNA+CenpjdTCP,n=211 cells. Student’st-test ***P<0.001. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7474_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6238", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Top:western blot analysis of HeyA8-Vec or HeyA8-CD95L cells.Bottom:ALDH1 activity of the same cells. Gates are based on samples co-treated with DEAB-inactivating reagent. Two independent experiments were analysed.\nB: CD24/CD44 surface staining of TN1 primary breast cancer cells infected with the pTIG and pTIG-L3 viruses 7 days after Dox addition. Gates are based on isotype controls. Two independent experiments were performed.Pvalues were calculated by ANOVA. **P<0.001; ***P<0.0001.\nC: Quantification of surviving cells treated as ina, normalized to IgG controls. Dead cells were quantified using FACS (FSC/SSC gating). Histograms represent mean+s.d. Two independent experiments were performed.\nD: Left:percent of green-only and red/green cells in DsRedwtGFPmutMCF-7 cultures quantified under the indicated conditions.Right:red/green quantification of the MCF-7 spheres replated under adherence conditions for 1 or 2 weeks. Histograms represent mean+s.d. Two independent experiments were performed.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6238_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Weakened interaction between ARHGAP33 and TrkB in the SORT1 knockdown neuron. ARHGAP33-immunoprecipitates and total lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. Representative blots (left), quantification of co-immunoprecipitated TrkB (centre) and quantification of SORT1 expression (confirmation of SORT1 knockdown; right; eachn=8; TrkB,P=7.5 × 10−4, SORT1,P=7.7 × 10−4, Mann–WhitneyU-test). The averaged values of the control neurons were set to 100%. *P<0.05. Bars show median values. Western blots show representative results from eight independent experiments performed using neurons from different mice; cont., control; KD, knockdown. Note that the MISSION shRNA construct (TRCN0000034496) was used.\nB: Requirement of SORT1 in ARHGAP33-mediated TrkB trafficking. Biotinylated cell-surface proteins were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. Representative blots (left), quantification of surface TrkB expression (centre) and quantification of SORT1 expression (confirmation of SORT1 knockdown; right; eachn=10; surface TrkB, WT versusARHGAP33KO in control neurons, correctedP=6.0 × 10−4; WT versusARHGAP33KO in SORT1 knockdown neurons, correctedP>0.05;ARHGAP33KO versusARHGAP33KO plus SORT1 knockdown, correctedP>0.05, Mann–WhitneyU-test with the Ryan’s correction). Western blots show representative results from 10 independent experiments performed using neurons from different mice. The averaged values of WT mice in the control neurons were set to 100%. *P<0.05; cont., control; KD, knockdown; NS, not significant. Bars show median values. Note that the MISSION shRNA construct (TRCN0000034496) was used.\nC: The amount of TrkB, but not SORT1, in the Golgi membrane-enriched fraction was significantly increased inARHGAP33KO mice. Equal amount of the Golgi membrane fractions from WT andARHGAP33KO mice were probed with anti-TrkB, anti-SORT1, anti-GM130 and anti-ARHGAP33 antibodies.\nD: Strongly correlated expression ofSORT1andARHGAP33in immortalized lymphocytes from human blood (r=0.42,P<0.001, Spearman’s rank order correlation test). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis ofARHGAP33andSORT1expression in immortalized lymphocytes was performed. Then, the levels ofSORT1andARHGAP33expression in each sample were plotted.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Xenograft tumour weights from different treatment groups at the end of the experiment. Data were expressed as mean±s.d. (n=5 in each group).\nB: Colonies were formed in pcDNA3.0/ARRB1-GFPtransfected cells after G418 selection. (c–e) Cell growth curve after pcDNA3.0/ARRB1-GFPtransfection. (f–h) Quantitation of colony formation in pcDNA3.0/ARRB1-GFPtransfected cells after G418 selection. All values are the means±s.d. in three separate experiments and repeated three times.P<0.01 orP<0.05 using Student’st-test.\nC: DEN-induced inflammation upregulated expression of TNF-α, ARRB1, p-Akt and PCNA in mice liver, andARRB1knockout significantly inhibited the expression.\nD: GPCR relative gene expression in HCC tissue compared with normal liver tissue.P<0.05 by using Student’st-test.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8369_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6201", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Monolayers of HeLa cells, infected with CTL2 (MOI 0.5) for 24 h p.i., and treated with or without Nutlin3a or RITA for additional 24 h, were labelled with anti-Chlamydiaantibody and Hoechst and the number and size of inclusions as well as number of nuclei per well determined using ScanRsoftware. From parallel wells, the generation of infectious EBs was determined via infectivity assay. Results depicted as mean percentage±s.d. normalized to controls of two independent experiments; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, one-way analysis of variance with Bonferronipost-hoctest.\nB: The fraction of cells showing no pulse, 1 or 2 pulses or more than 3 pulses between 24 and 48 h p.i. was quantified following treatment with Nutlin3a or chloramphenicol (CAM). The frequency of p53 pulses from >60 infected or uninfected cells was quantified. Error bars present the standard error of the proportion.\nC: Representative time-lapse microscopy images of p53-Venus-expressing cells infected with CTL2 (MOI=0.5) from 24 to 40 h p.i. Nuclei from infected and uninfected cells are presented as montages as indicated.\nD: Western blotting showing decreased degradation of total p53 and non-cleavage of keratin 8 and vimentin in whole-cell lysates prepared from cells infected with CTL2 (MOI=1) for 48 h and treated with the proteasome inhibitors lactacystin or MG132 (150 μM) from 47 h p.i. Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) and β-actin served as infection and loading controls, respectively. Full blots foraandeare shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6201_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7318", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The viable all-iPSC mice that were derived from sequentially reprogrammed iPSC lines (20-iPSCs and 30-iPSCs) through tetraploid complementation (top) and the offspring (F1) of the all-iPSC mice (bottom).\nB: SSLP analysis for the genetic identification of the all-iPSC mice. (d,e) The all-iPSC mice derived from 40-iPSC, 50-iPSC (d) and SSLP analysis for the genetic identification of all-iPSC mice (e). (f,g) The all-iPSC mice derived from 60-iPSC (f) and SSLP analysis for the genetic identification of all-iPSC mice (g).\nC: PCR analysis of the gradually differentiated cells demonstrating that the validated CNA at chr14:75,825,104–75,831,195 became undetectable during thein vitrodifferentiation of iPSCs and ESCs (left image). The corresponding PCR results for the control are shown in the right image.\nD: A heat map of the dynamic frequencies representative of the type of accumulated SNVs on the trace of the sequential iPS procedures. Note: The DNA of the 30-APCs was extracted from three all-iPSC mice that were derived from the same iPSC line.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7318_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8018", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: MGDG/PG (60:40) liposome aggregation determined in the presence or absence of IM30 and increasing Ca2+and Mg2+(left) or Na+and K+(right) concentrations. Error bars: s.d. (N=4).\nB: Peripheral binding of IM30 to liposomes was additionally followed by monitoring changes in the Laurdan fluorescence emission after excitation at 350 nm. Normalized fluorescence emission spectra are shown in the absence (black) and presence of 2.5 μM IM30 (red). Decreased fluorescence emission at 490 nm, that is, increased lipid acyl chain order, indicates peripheral binding of IM30. The experiment was performed four times. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 2.\nC: The size distribution of MGDG/PG liposomes was determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis. The liposomes prepared by extrusion had a mean diameter of 130 nm (black). Addition of Mg2+and 1.3 μM IM30 immediately slightly increased the mean diameter (red, 0 min). With increasing incubation time (red curves), the liposome size distribution shifted to larger diameters. The experiment was repeated two times.\nD: Superposition of the extra density with the side-view of a 3D reconstructed IM30 ring being depicted in projection view (approximately 30 nm in diameter).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8018_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2794", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Diagram of various culture systems.\nB: The effect of 3-D ASCs on oestrogen-dependent transcription of pS2 in ZR75-1 is abrogated when stromal DDR1 is knocked down in ASCs. NS, not significant, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, Student’st-test. Data represent mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments.\nC: Decreasing amounts of crosslinked collagen result in more aromatase mRNA in the PA (400 Pa) system. The DIC images show that ASCs are attached to PA without crosslinked exogenous collagen. Scale bar, 50 μm. (b,c) Effect of integrin β1 (b) or DDR1 (c) knockdown on stress fibre formation in 2-D and aromatase transcription in 3-D. The immunoblots indicate the knockdown efficiency. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: Matrix compliance induces aromatase transcription. Stress fibres are detected by phalloidin staining (top). Scale bar, 50 μm. Aromatase mRNA expression is measured by RT–PCR.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2794_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Flag-WRNWT, Flag-WRNS1133A and Flag-WRNS1133D have comparable exonuclease activity on a forked DNA substrate. A unit of 0–10 nM Flag-WRNWT, Flag-WRNS1133A and Flag-WRNS1133D were incubated with forked DNA substrate as described in the Methods section. Quantitation ofa. Data represent the average of a minimum of three independent experiments.\nB: Cells were treated with CPT as indicated and analysed for the formation of pS4/8-RPA32 foci by IF. The graph shows the percentage of pS4/8-RPA32 foci-positive cells as obtained from three independent experiments (n=150, each biological replicate), data are presented as mean±s.e.m. The panel shows representative images from untreated and CPT-treated cells. Statistical analysis was performed by the analysis of variance test (****P<0.001; ***P<0.001; NS, not significant).\nC: Analysis of DSB repair efficiency. Cells were treated with 5 μM CPT for 1 h and allowed to recover for different time points as indicated. DSB repair was evaluated by the neutral Comet assay. In the graph, data are presented as mean tail moment±s.e.m. from three independent experiments (NS, not significant; ****P<0.0001; Mann–Whitney test;n=300). Representative images from the neutral Comet assay are shown in the panel.\nD: Cells were transfected with Ctrl or MRE11 siRNAs, and then analysed for the formation of WRN foci after CPT treatment, as indicated. The graph shows the quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity of WRN foci-positive cells from random fields. For each time point, at least 200 cells were analysed from three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m. (****P<0.0001; NS, not significant, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test;n=200).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12880_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7249", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Statistics of vesicle appearance (large, small or no deformation) for the three osmotic conditions.\nB: Plot showing tube force versus time during addition of clathrin.\nC: GUVs labelled with 1 mol% TMR-PIP2(red) incubated with AF488-clathrin alone (green) for 5 min.\nD: A high binding rigidity did not preclude binding of AP180.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7249_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10289", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Summary of EPSCaT amplitudes and time integrals for the stimulations inb. Left: average values across all trials (including failures). Right: average potencies (see Methods section).\nB: The combined block of L-, T- and R-type VSCCs inhibits induction of LTP (drug concentrations as ina–c,n=8). Drugs were bath-applied throughout the experiment. Panels depict the time course of the EPSC amplitude for test and control pathways, normalized to 5 min average before plasticity induction (arrows). Insets show 5 min average EPSC waveforms before (1) and 30–35 min after plasticity induction (2) in test and control pathways. Scale bars: 50 pA and 50 ms.\nC: YM298198 (1 μM) blocks the prolongation of EPSPs induced by DHPG (n=8). Bar graphs ina–dshow the average EPSP decay time constant normalized to the values recorded before drug application (control). Insets: example of peak-normalized EPSP traces. Scale bars ina–d, 2 mV and 0.1 s.\nD: MPEP (30 μM) does not affect EPSP prolongation induced by DHPG (n=8).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10289_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7619", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Representative images of the localization of F-actin during MTLn3-B1 chemotaxis to EGF (2.5–5.8 nM). Green colour (top panel) indicates expression of GFP. Red colour (bottom panel) displays Lifeact-RFP. Yellow arrows highlight localized enrichment of F-actin. (f,g) Visualization of (f) PI3K activity and (g) Rac activity in cells in collisions resulting in CIL (top panel), not resulting in CIL (middle panel), and in freely migrating cells (bottom panel). Collisions occur at timet=0. The first image in the top and middle series of images visualizes the collision, showing the tracked cell outlined in red and the cell it is colliding with in blue. These outlines are reproduced in the ratio image at timet=0. Pseudocolour images represent the ratio between mCH-Akt-PH and GFP in (f) and the FRET ratio (YFP FRET/CFP) in (g). (h,i) Quantification of the polarity ratio in cells in collisions with and without CIL and free moving cells for (h) PI3K and (i) Rac. Data represent the mean fromn>=11 cells per condition from three independent experiments with error bars representing s.e.m. Time is in minutes. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Representative images of MTLn3-B1 cells undergoing chemotaxis in different EGF gradients. Green colour visualizes expression of GFP. The gradient is visualized with a Dextran dye shown in blue here and in subsequent images. Red asterisks track cell positions from time=0. Images are rotated to aid in visualization. Times are in minutes. Scale bar, 20 μm. (c,d) Quantification of velocity and chemotaxis index of MTLn3-B1 cells under control (0 nM) and indicated EGF gradients from (b). Data are the mean from the number of indicated cells fromn>=3 independent experiments with error bars showing s.e.m.\nC: Quantification of MTLn3-B1 bead collision events during chemotaxis with different silica bead coatings. Number of total collisions analysed per condition is indicated fromn>=2 independent experiments per condition. Error bars are s.e.m. Statistical comparisons are assessed with a two-sided Student’st-test. *P<.05.\nD: MTLn3-B1 cells undergoing CIL during chemotaxis. Coloured asterisks track different cells. Yellow arrows highlight CIL events. Time is in minutes. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7619_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10549", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Frequency ofIgh/c-Mycchromosomal translocations derived from the indicated samples. The value of translocation frequency upon TOP1-KD is taken fromFig. 4c.\nB: Top: schematic illustration of experimental design for translocation assay in CH12F3-2A cells. Bottom: PCR amplification scheme to detectIgh/c-Mycchromosomal translocations. Triangles represent the positions of primers used to amplify the rearranged regions. The position of theMycprobe used in the Southern blot hybridization is shown as a horizontal black bar.\nC: Top: schematic representation of the human SMARCA4 protein showing the positions of the mutations in the analysed mutants. Bottom: schematic representation of GFP-fused WT- or mutated-SMARCA4 proteins.\nD: Analysis of SSRP1-ChIP following TOP1 KD in CH12F3-2A cells. ChIP data are normalized as inFig. 3h, and represent the mean of the three independent experiments with standard deviations. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences withP≤0.05, as determined by Student’st-test. The position of molecular weight markers is shown on the left of each western blot image.B2m:beta-2-microglobulin; b-TMP, biotin-trimethylpsoralen.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10549_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7135", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: U2OS cells expressing Lifeact–RFP (red) and GFP–ensconsin (green) to visualize actin and microtubules, respectively, were spread on stimulatory and inhibitory mAbs, and microtubule dynamics were tracked by live confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 10 μm. Sequences of images (right panels) correspond to areas highlighted in white dotted boxes (left panels) recorded over a period of 230 s (one image acquired every 10 s; seeSupplementary Movies 1and2). White dotted line in final image of each sequence indicates the cell periphery as defined by the actin channel.\nB: The distance between microtubule tips and the cell edge over the lifetime of each microtubule in the field of view (n=15 microtubules for both stimulatory and inhibitory). Microtubules within 2 μm of the cell periphery are shown in green. Inset graphs display traces from three individual microtubules.\nC: The length of time (t, s) each quantified microtubule remained within 2 μm of the cell periphery in cells plated on stimulatory and inhibitory mAbs was expressed as a percentage ofnmicrotubules (n=71 and 61 microtubules for stimulatory and inhibitory, respectively). Inhib., inhibitory; Stim., stimulatory.\nD: Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the morphology of HFF cells spread on stimulatory and inhibitory anti-β1 integrin mAbs compared with those spread on FN and PDL. Cells were stained for actin (red) and vinculin (green). Scale bar, 10 μm. Inset images correspond to areas highlighted in white dotted boxes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7135_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Growth ofE. coliUTmdfA::kanexpressing MdfA from a multicopy plasmid (or harboring empty vector) on solid media supplemented with the indicated drugs. Tenfold serial dilutions of cells were plated from left to right and grown overnight. The upper panels show controls of growth in the absence of drug or in the presence of previously known monocationic (TPP/ethidium bromide (EtBr)) or neutral (CAM) MdfA substrates. The experiments were repeated at least three times and the results shown are representative.\nB: Characterization of Dq accumulation byE. coliUTL2mdfA::kanoverexpressing MdfA or its inactive mutant MdfA(R112M), or cells harbouring an empty plasmid.\nC: Inhibition of [3H]-TPP binding to MdfA by increasing Dq concentrations. The results were analysed by non-linear regression fitting (line), yielding the indicatedKI. Error bars indicate s.d. of triplicate measurements.\nD: Quenching of 0.2 μM Dq fluorescence by increasing MdfA concentrations. The binding of Dq to MdfA was analysed by nonlinear regression fitting (line), yielding the indicatedKd.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5615_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8840", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Snf1p, Snf1p-A2, and Snf1p-A5 were immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-HA antibodies, and the bound proteins were immunoblotted for the presence of Arf3p.\nB: Active forms of Arf3p were precipitated by GST-Afi1N insnf1Δ cells expressingSNF1,SNF1-NorSNF1-C. Right panel, quantitative analysis of active Arf3p. Data are reported as the mean±s.d. of three experiments relative to vector (Vec) control. **P<0.01; Student’st-test.\nC: ARF3-GFPexpressed under the control of theADH1promoter (CENplasmid) was transformed into the indicated yeast cells. Transformants were grown to the exponential phase and inspected via microscopy. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: Arf3p-GTP forms were precipitated by GST-Afi1N insnf1Δ cells expressing Snf1p, Snf1p-A2 or Snf1p-A5. Below, quantitative analysis of active Arf3p. Data are reported as the mean±s.d. of three experiments relative to a vector (Vec) control. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01; Student’st-test. (c,d) [3H]GDP dissociation (c) from and [35S]GTPγS binding (d) to Arf3 in the presence of Snf1-C, Snf1-C-A2 or Snf1-C-A5 were monitored by measuring radioactivity. Data are reported as the means±s.d. of the percentages of dissociated [3H]GDP and of bound [35S]GTPγS (n=3).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8840_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4832", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Immunoblot analysis of shRNA-mediated downregulation of overexpressed TMEM129-FLAG. Percentages indicate expression levels compared with mock (shCtrl) depletion normalized against Actin levels. Similar results were obtained for additional TMEM129-targeting shRNAs (Supplementary Fig. 1b–d). Depletion of endogenous TMEM129 by the first shRNA is depicted inSupplementary Fig. 9c).\nB: CRISPR/Cas-mediated knockout of UBE2J2 and UBE2K induce potent rescue of HLA class I. Total (eGFP) expression of eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 were assessed by flow cytometry in U937 eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 US11 control cells (grey histogram) and cells knocked out for either UBE2J2 (black histograms, upper panels), UBE2K (black histograms; second panels), UBE2J1 (black histograms, third panels) or TMEM129 (black histograms, lower panels) using three individual CRISPR gRNAs.\nC: The TMEM129 RING domain is essential for US11-mediated HLA class I downregulation. Flow cytometry analysis of endogenous surface HLA-A3, and surface (Myc) and total (eGFP) eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 in U937 eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 cells expressing US11 and co-expressing either TMEM129 (T129), TMEM129ΔRING (ΔRING) or an empty vector (ctrl).\nD: C-terminally FLAG-tagged TMEM129 and HRD1 were immunoprecipitated using FLAG-M2-coupled beads from 1.0% digitonin lysates of US11-negative (lanes 1–3) and US11-positive (lanes 4–6) U937 eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 cells. Immunoprecipitated proteins were eluted using FLAG peptides, after which immunoblot analysis was performed for the proteins indicated.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4832_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9388", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Top: time-course scheme for cilia disassembly in hTERT-RPE1 cells transfected (Trx.) with siControl (siCTL) or siPTEN. Bottom: representative images of cells starved and after serum addition, stained for acetylated tubulin (cilia axoneme, green), pericentrin (centrioles, red), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, cell nuclei, blue); scale bar, 20 μm.\nB: Dephosphorylation of pS143-peptide (Fig. 4c) was analysed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-type assay, after 10 min incubation with varied concentrations of PTEN WT, purified using baculoviral system. The percentage of remaining phospho-serine-143 was quantified by normalizing to a condition containing the peptide without PTEN. Experiments were performed in triplicates. Results are plotted as the mean with error bars indicating s.d. (n=3).\nC: PTEN dephosphorylates DVL2 at serine 143. Immunoprecipitated 3Flag-DVL2 from HEK293T cells was incubated with PTEN variants for 1 h. Serine-143 phosphorylation was analysed by immunoblotting. Figure represents three independent experiments.\nD: 3D reconstruction of the apical surface of a multiciliated cell with white arrows pointing to examples of PTEN (red) localization in close proximity to basal bodies (labelled as Centrin-RFP, blue). Images are representative from three independent experiments. Scale bar, 7 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9388_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Quantification of R-Ag uptake ina. The fluorescence intensity of R-Ag per NRP1-positive HeLa cells inawere quantified and normalized to the average of WT NRP1-expressing samples as relative uptake (yaxis). As a comparison, PPC1 cells were treated with NS or GIPC1/synectin siRNA, and then incubated with R-Ag for 1 h before etching as described in Methods. The R-Ag signal per cell was quantified and normalized to the average of NS-treated samples as relative uptake (yaxis). *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nB: Cell-to-cell R-Ag transfer is stimulated by nutrient deprivation. PPC1 cells were incubated with R-Ag for 2 h internalization. After etching, cells were collected (donor cells) and mixed with PPC1-GFP cells (recipient cells) in PBS (pH=7.4). The cell mixture was then seeded as a monolayer in complete medium (complete, attached), or as spheroids in complete, AA-free or glucose-free medium. After 16 h, cells were collected, and the R-Ag transfer was quantified as described in Methods and normalized to that of ‘complete spheroids’, which was set as 1.\nC: Representative image of glucose uptake into 4T1 tumours after GLUT IV inhibitor treatment. Mice bearing 4T1 tumours were treated with intratumoral injections of vehicle only or GLUT IV inhibitor as described in Methods. IRDye 800CW 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in 10 nmol in 100 μl PBS was then injected intravenously into a tail vein and 24 h later, the fluorescence intensity of 2-DG was captured using Xenogen IVIS 200 imager (PerkinElmer Inc.). The experiment was conducted twice with at least three mice per group.\nD: Stimulation of R-NA uptake by nutrient deprivation. After the indicated treatments (xaxis), PPC1 cells were incubated with R-NA as described in Methods. The average intensity of internalized R-NA per cell was normalized to cells cultured in complete media as relative uptake (yaxis).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5904_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10869", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Representative reprogramming dishes fromdstained for TRA-1-60.\nB: Top 21 GO terms for the 335 mapped genes upregulated by BRD3R on day 3 of reprogramming (AFC≥1.7,P<0.05, negative binomial (NB) test). Mitotic GO terms are highlighted in red.\nC: Significant higher TRA-1-60+colonies in middle stage of reprogramming (day 15) (n=3; mean ± s.d.; ***P<0.001;t-test).\nD: Representative images of TRA-1-60 staining for the reprogramming dishes ind.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10869_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6372", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: H2O2accumulation at the site of lesion formation inSSN-RNAi cotyledons was visualized through DAB staining.\nB: RT–PCR analysis of marker genes associated with HR in transgenic seedling cotyledons grown for 2 days on MeJA (5 μM) media. The cottonUBQ7gene was amplified as a control.\nC: JA levels stood for 13-LOX (LOX2) pathway activation in cotyledon tissue from the same set of plants used ina.\nD: The lesion phenotype on stems and cotyledons ofSSN-RNAi T1 plants grown for 9 daysin vitro.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6372_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Phase contrast images of spheroid formation and growth. Small spheres are already visible 1 day after seeding and expand to reach a diameter of over 100 μm within 7 days. The same culture shows no apparent morphological differences after 2 weeks and after 10 monthsin vitro.\nB: Confocal microscopy image of a monoclonal organoid generated from a single fallopian tube stem cell after 2 months of 3D culture (P3), labelled for b-Cat (red) and tubulin, showing ciliated and non-ciliated cells.\nC: Addition of 25% Wnt3A conditioned medium to 25% RSPO1 conditioned medium increases expression of Olfactomedin4 and Notch1, compared with control organoids grown in RSPO1 conditioned medium alone, as shown using qPCR. Data are representative of two independent patient samples and represented as mean±s.d. of technical replicates.\nD: Phase contrast images of organoids 7 days post seeding in media supplemented with different Wnt pathway ligands. Pictures are representative of three independent patient samples. Notably, addition of Wnt3A on its own failed to improve sphere formation and growth, while RSPO1 greatly increased both number and size of spheres.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9989_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6421", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Superimposition of spectrin units fromBsEzrA22–562orSaEzrA24–214(coloured red, yellow, green and blue, as inFig. 1a) onto representative spectrin units coloured cyan from erythroid spectrin (top; PDB 3KBT), α-actinin (middle; PDB 1HCI) and brain spectrin (bottom; PDB 1U5P).\nB: The angle between spectrin repeats 1 and 2 inBsEzrA22–562is 37° and inSaEzrA24–214it is 34°; the angle is also 37° between erythrocytic β-spectrin repeats 14 and 15 (PDB 3EDU).\nC: The average GTP-induced increase in light scattering in the presence of theBsEzrA fragments. The results shown are the mean±s.d. from three independent measurements. TheBsEzrA22–217fragment, encompassing spectrin repeats 1–2, reduces FtsZ polymerization to undetectable levels.\nD: Binding ofBsEzrA22–217to immobilizedBsFtsZ was monitored by SPR. Solid black sensorgrams represent the titration of increasing amounts ofBsEzrA22–217over a chip on whichBsFtsZ was immobilized by amine coupling. The dashed cyan sensorgram represents an injection of 50 μM bovine serum albumin (BSA) over the same surface under the same conditions; the dashed red sensorgrams represent injections of 25, 50 and 100 μM of theBsEzrA131–217fragment.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6421_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8215", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Beclin 1–2KR mutant promotes the maturation of autophagosomes. 293T cells stably expressing Vector control, Beclin 1 WT or 2KR were transfected with mCherry-EGFP-LC3 in the absence or presence of rapamycin (2 μM). Scale bars, 5 μm.\nB: TSA and NAM increase the binding of Beclin 1 to Rubicon. Immunoprecipitation of indicated Beclin 1-binding partners with ectopically expressed Flag-Beclin 1 in HEK293T cells treated with TSA and NAM.\nC: Overexpression of CK1γ2 increases WT Beclin 1 acetylation but not 2KR mutant. Flag-tagged Beclin 1 (WT, 2KR) was co-transfected with Myc-CK1γ2 or vector into HEK293T cells.\nD: Identification of Beclin 1 K430 and K437 acetylation using mass spectrometry analysis. Flag-tagged Beclin 1 was transfected into HEK293T cells. At 24 h post transfection, TSA (1 μM) and NAM (5 mM) were added for another 6 h. Beclin 1 was purified by immunoprecipitation with an anti-Flag antibody and then analysed using mass spectrometry.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8215_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8926", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Western analyses of proteins co-purified with GFP-AMPKα2 (GFP-α2) by GFP-TRAP assays from H23 stable lines following treatment with (+) or without (−) CCCP (30 μM, 4 h). Mock assays were performed as controls in cells transfected with an empty mCherry (mCh) vector. Note that GFP only control was shown inSupplementary Fig. 3I. LE, long exposure; SE, short exposure. (e,f) Western analyses of protein levels in whole cell lysate (WCL) or mitochondrial extracts (mito) from wild-type (wt) or AMPKα−/− (α−/−) MEFs treated with or without CCCP (15 μM) for 3 h (e) and from wild-type and ATG5−/− MEFs (f). Cytosol and nuclear protein FOXO3A and mitochondrial proteins HSP60 and TOM20 were blotted as fractionation controls.\nB: Representative transmission electron microscopy micrographs of H23 cells treated with (+) or without (−) 2HMA (0.5 mM) for 24 h before brief exposure to CCCP (15 μM) in the presence of bafilomycin A (100 nM). Red arrows, autophagosomes; blue triangles, mitochondria; scale bar, 500 nM.\nC: Western analysis of proteins co-immunoprecipitated with AMPKα in MDA-MB231 cells. Control and mock precipitations were performed using either normal mouse IgG (IgG, lane 1) or the anti-AMPKα antibody only (no lysate, lane 4). * denotes heavy chain. The blots were probed sequentially in the order of ATG16, ATG12 and AMPKβ1/2. Note that only probing with ATG16 antibody (rabbit polyclonal) gives strong heavy chain signals, but not with ATG12 or the β1/2 antibodies (rabbit monoclonal) (Supplementary Fig. 3H).\nD: Relative AMPK−/− cell viability determined by MTT assays treated with (+) or without (−) CCCP (5 μM, 72 h) in the presence or absence ofN-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, 5 mM).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8926_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14867", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (k)?\nA: Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous Par3 and Sec8 from NMuMG cells. Sec8 was immunoprecipitated using anti-Sec8 (14/SEC8) antibody and immunoblotted using anti-Par3 and anti-Sec8 antibodies. Mouse IgG was used as control.\nB: Knockdown of Par3 in NMuMG cells induces Parp cleavage.\nC: Coomassie staining of purified GST and GST-human PAR3(967–1045) fromE. coli.\nD: Localization of PH-AKT-GFP in the presence of shLuc or shPar3. mApple was used as an internal marker for hairpin vector transduction. Scale bars, 20 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14867_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10789", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Immunoblot analysis of YY1 and Foxp3 from GFP+cells. (c,d) GFP+cells fromawere sorted, and total RNA was isolated. Relative amounts of theFoxp3andYy1(c) and Tregsignature genes (d) were measured by qRT–PCR.\nB: Body weights of the mice were presented as a percentage of the initial weight.\nC: Relative amounts ofYy1transcript in Tconvand Tregcells in axillary (aLN), cervical (cLN), inguinal (iLN) and mesenteric (mLN) lymph nodes and spleen (spl) were detected by qRT–PCR.\nD: Naïve CD4 T cells from WT mice were differentiated into Th0, Th1, Th2 and Tregcells for 5 days. Relative amount ofYy1transcript was measured by qRT–PCR.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10789_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13565", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structural view of C9-LDP fusions: ProC9-TM and C9-p35/p12 were fused with a C-terminal GGSGGSGCFNF. In control constructs, the GCFNF motif in the LDP was mutated (GCDNF), as indicated by an asterisk, or scrambled (FNGFC), as indicated by an orange/white radial colour scheme. (b,c) ΔPro-C9-p19/p12, ΔPro-C9-p19/p12 (LDP), ΔPro-C9-p19/p12 (LDP-F404D), ΔPro-C9-TM, ΔPro-C9-TM (LDP) or ΔPro-C9-TM (LDP-F404D) proteins (100 nM) were incubated±ammonium citrate (1 M) for 20 min at 37 °C with ProC3* (500 nM). Processing of ProC3* was determined by immunoblotting. (d–f) Apaf-1 apoptosome complexes were similarly reconstituted with C9-p35/p12, C9-p35/p12 (LDP), C9-p35/p12 (LDP-F404D), ProC9-TM, ProC9-TM (LDP), ProC9-TM (LDP-F404D) or ProC9-TM (LDP-Scrmbl) proteins (100 nM) and incubated for 10 min at 37 °C with ProC3* (500 nM). All experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results.\nB: T7-tagged ProC9 and Flag-tagged ProC9* were co-expressed in bacteria for 0–3 h, and bacterial lysates were immunoblotted using anti-T7 and Flag antibodies.\nC: Apoptosome complexes were reconstituted with Apaf-1 (1.5 μM) and ProC9-TM-F406DOPA (20 or 100 nM). The incorporatedL-DOPA was then oxidized with NaIO4, covalently linking ProC9-TM-ProC9-TM homodimers and/or ProC9-TM-Apaf-1 heterodimers.\nD: Model to explain why processing of ProC9 might lead to a reduction in the affinity of C9-p35/p12 for the apoptosome. In this model, ProC9 is first recruited to the apoptosome through what is initially a weak single-site interaction (yellow dot), involving an Apaf-1 CARD and a C9 prodomain (step 1); however, two bound ProC9 monomers interact with one another through dimer motifs in their small subunits, resulting in a network of three binding sites (red dots) that, collectively, are much stronger and stabilize the ProC9 homodimer (step 2); autocatalytic cleavage of ProC9 at Asp-315 (that is, activation of the ‘molecular timer’) untethers the intersubunit linker at one end, and the linker (crooked line), along with conformational changes associated with cleavage, destabilize the C9-p35/p12 homodimer and weaken the overall network of interactions (pink dots; step 3); the C9-p35/p12 homodimer dissociates, leaving only the weak Apaf-1 CARD:C9 prodomain interactions (step 4); and the processed C9–35/p12 monomers dissociate from the apoptosome (step 5).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13565_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7373", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Using the RaPID system, we can select artificial macrocycles fused to the respective mRNAs against a target: in this case, the human Met ectodomain. During the selection process, binding species are enriched from an initial library of 1012unique members of macrocycle–mRNA fusions. PCR amplification of cDNAs and cDNA transcription and translation can be repeated until the active species dominates (Supplementary Fig. 1).\nB: Phosphorylation of Met and downstream signalling proteins. Starved EHMES-1 cells were treated with hHGF (2 nM) or dimeric macrocycles (each at 100 nM) for 10 min and phosphorylation of the respective proteins was analysed by western blotting using their specific antibodies.\nC: Quantification of relative wound-closure areas. Error bars denote s.e.m. (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (unpaired Student’st-test) compared with Mock.\nD: Proliferation of various normal human cells stimulated by hHGF and aMD5-PEG11. HDMEC, normal human dermal microvascular endothelial cells; HUVEC, normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells; RPTEC, normal human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. The respective cells were cultured with or without 1.3 nM hHGF or 50 nM aMD5-PEG11. After 5 days, cell numbers were counted by means of an automated cell counter (mean±s.d.,n≥4). **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 (unpaired Student’st-test) compared with Mock.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7373_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11960", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Acetate increases H3K9, H3K27 and H3K56 acetylation levels in a time-dependent manner under hypoxia. HepG2 cells were treated with or without 5 mM acetate for 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h under hypoxia (1% O2), respectively. The global histone acetylation levels were determined by western blot. Total histone H3 served as a loading control.\nB: Acetate increases H3K9, H3K27 and H3K56 acetylation levels in a dose-dependent manner under hypoxia. HepG2 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of acetate for 4 h under hypoxia (1% O2). The histone acetylation levels were determined by western blot. Total H3 served as a loading control.\nC: FASN protein level is significantly upregulated in ACSS-high tumours (P=0.002). Statistical analyses were performed with a two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test (**P<0.01).\nD: Heatmap of protein expression (ACSS1, ACSS2 and FASN) and histone acetylation levels (H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K18ac, H3K23ac, H3K27ac and H3K56ac) in all 53 pairs of HCC. Data were presented asZ-score of relative protein expression or histone acetylation. Tumours with 1.5-fold higher expression of ACSS1 or ACSS2 or both than that of adjacent normal control tissue are grouped into ACSS-high tumours (tumour/normal ≥1.5,n=26), while ACSS-low tumours (tumor/normal<1.5,n=27) express both ACSS proteins at 1.5-fold lower than its normal control.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11960_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11949", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Strand-specific qPCR measurement ofPHO5orPHO89sense and antisense transcription. Fold-change in transcript levels in a mutant is shown relative to WT strain (WT) (set as 1). Error bars denote±s.e.m. from three independent experiments (n=3). Statistical significance calculated using the Student’st-test, *P-value ≤0.02, **P-value <0.001.\nB: Target genes co-activated by Set1 and Jhd2 are present in a poorly organized chromatin configuration, contain high levels of H3K4me2 and undergo high nucleosomal turnover over coding region. Set1 and Jhd2 activities via modulating H3K4 methylation levels impact nucleosomal turnover over coding regions, and proposed to remove +1 nucleosomes in front of RNA Pol2 and stabilize or retain nucleosomes behind the elongating RNA Pol2. Thus, Set1 and Jhd2 are proposed to co-regulate transcription elongation at these target genes.P, phosphorylated form of RNA Pol2 engaged in elongation.\nC: GO terms enriched in sense transcripts down regulated in bothset1Δandjhd2Δmutants.\nD: The average mean profile for histone H3 turnover across 800 bp region upstream (−) or downstream (+) of the TSSs (0) at all yeast genes inWT,set1Δandjhd2Δare shown.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11949_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3750", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: FBF1 localizes at the ciliary base, above the basal body.\nB: The DYF-11 N terminus interacts directly with DYF-19 in a GST pull-down assay.\nC: Schematic of the role of TF component DYF-19 in regulating the ciliary entry of assembled IFT particles through a direct interaction with the IFT component DYF-11. VN: N terminus of Venus yellow fluorescent protein (YFP); VC: C terminus of Venus YFP. Scale bars, 5 μm.\nD: Cartoon illustrating the TF localization of DYF-19 at the ciliary base.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3750_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: CGNs in culture expressed Emerald MAPT and RFP LIFEACT to label the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. Time-lapse imaging shows that Siah2-insensitive drebrin NxN rescues a Siah2 gain-of-function phenotype. Top row: Control CGNs have long neurites. Middle row:Siah2gain of function inhibits CGN neurite extension, induces a radial microtubule cytoskeleton and locks CGNs in a mesenchymal morphology. Bottom row: CGNs expressing drebrin NxN and Siah2 have neurites and microtubule cytoskeleton similar to controls. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Immunocytochemical examination of drebrin expression in CGN cultures treated with Shh-N-conditioned medium or LacZ-transfected control. Drebrin (red) expression is lower and Siah2 expression higher (green) in Shh-treated cultures, providing a physiological context for drebrin regulation during differentiation. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Representative time-lapse frames for each condition: the soma is oriented at the top of each frame, with the leading process oriented down. A circle shows the site of photoactivation, and an arrow highlights the centroid of the fiduciary mark in each frame. Scale bar, 5 μm (c). Whiskers on the box plot shows maximum and minimum data points, box borders show first and third quartiles and the line in the box show the median.\nD: Quantitation of imaging sequences shown ina(n≥337 cells analysed for each condition,P<0.01 by Student’st-test for differences between the Siah2 condition and the control or Siah2+drebrin NxN).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14484_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4528", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Immunoblotting of liver nuclear extracts using the indicated antibodies. Relative XBP1s levels were determined by densitometric quantification of the immunoblots, shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=3). *P<0.05, by one-way ANOVA.\nB: Analysis of liverXbp1mRNA splicing by quantitative real-time RT–PCR. Results were normalized to the value of the fed group and are shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=5). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 by one-way ANOVA.\nC: Age-matched male mice were engineered to express the Pα-Luc reporter in livers. Luciferase activities were monitoredin vivounder the indicated fed or fasted states.\nD: Primary hepatocytes from male C57BL/6 mice were infected for 2 days with adenoviruses expressing EGFP or Flag-tagged XBP1s protein. XBP1s protein was analysed by immunoblotting. Expression of the indicated genes was assessed by quantitative RT–PCR, and data are presented as the mean±s.e.m. (n=3 independent experiments). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 byt-test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4528_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9468", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: NADPH and (e) GSH levels in WT and S84V G6PD replacement A549 cells in the absence or presence of OGT overexpression under normoxic conditions (n=3 assays).\nB: Percentage of cell death induced by varying hydrogen peroxide concentrations in WT and S84V G6PD replacement A549 cells for 1 h under normoxic conditions (n=4 assays). Error bars denote mean±s.d. of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni comparison post-test inc, and Student’st-test in other experiments (*P<0.05).\nC: Cell proliferation rates under hypoxic conditions of WT and S84V G6PD replacement A549 cells. Rescue experiments were carried out by the addition of GSH (5 mM), Nuc (four ribonucleotides and four deoxyribonucleotides), or both in the culture medium. Control experiments were performed in G6PD depleted A549 cells (n=3 assays). Cell numbers were determined by trypan blue counting.\nD: Detection of O-GlcNAcylated G6PD levels from 293T cells overexpressing OGT using the chemo-enzymatic method.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9468_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12849", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Gene similarity map of PARP9/14, STAT, JAK and IRF genes based on analysis with all cells from all donors and conditions. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01, respectively, by Student’st-test. Error bars indicate s.d.\nB: LCM of the neointima followed by gene expression analysis (n=4).\nC: Representative images of PARP9 and PARP14 expression in atherosclerotic plaques from the aorta of anApoe−/−mouse (n=3) fed a high-fat diet and from the carotid artery of a human (n=5). Scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: Similarity map of cells from all donors/conditions reveals three subpopulations; IFNγ-stimulated cells (Cluster 1), unstimulated cells (Cluster 2) and mixed populations (Cluster 3). Cluster 1 inset—there are two further subpopulations within IFNγ-stimulated cells, such as Groups 1 and 2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12849_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6951", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic model for Tmod3 as a molecular link between Akt2 activation and actin remodelling in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 fusion with PM. See Discussion for details.\nB: Impaired glucose uptake in Tmod3-KD 3T3-L1 adipocytes. After 3-h serum starvation, the cells received mock or insulin treatment for 20 min for measurement of 2-DG uptake. Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. (n=4; analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). **P<0.01 versus Scr Insulin groups.\nC: Loss of Tm5NM1 binding with Tmod3-L29G/L134D (Tmod3-LL) mutant byin vitroGST-pull-down assay. GST-Tm5NM1 beads were incubated with lysates of HEK293T expressing HA-Tmod3-WT or HA-Tmod3-LL.\nD: Representative time-lapse images of actin remodelling in selected cells expressing Lifeact-tdTomato on shRNA KD and re-expression of Tmod3 mutants. Original movies for these images are inSupplementary Movies 1a,b and 2a–f. SeeSupplementary Fig. 4for time course analysis and details of measurement in Methods. Scale bars inb, 20 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6951_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10080", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic representation of the improved approach (protocol 2) employed to mature cPE cells into cPB cellsin vitro. The improved protocol 2 consists of two candidate factors, Vitamin C (Vc) and BayK-8644 (BayK), identified by our chemical screen in conjugation with recently published protocols7,8.\nB: QPCR analysis demonstrates the enrichment of transcripts forSOX17,FOXA2,HNF1A,HNF1B,HNF4A,HNF6,SOX9andPDX1, but notSOX1, BRY, OCT4andNANOGin p15 cPF cells. Mean values±s.e.m. are normalized toGAPDHrelative to control fibroblasts. (n=3 experiments). Statistical significance calculated using two-tailed Student’st-test, compared with fibroblast controls. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.\nC: Fed blood glucose levels of mice-bearing cPB grafts with circulating human C-peptide levels above 200 pM after glucose stimulation and control fibroblasts are shown. Mice were treated with the mouse-specific beta-cell toxin streptozotocine (STZ) to ablate endogenous beta cells. Uni-lateral nephrectomy of cPB graft-bearing mice 5 weeks after STZ treatment resulted in a rapid rise in blood glucose levels, directly demonstrating euglycemic control due to cPB grafts after STZ treatment in these mice.n=6 mice for cPB andn=6 mice for Fib.Pvalue was calculated using a two-tailed Student’st-test. *P<0.05.\nD: Flow cytometric analysis of PDX1 and NKX6.1 expression in p1 cPE cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10080_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8640", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Correlation between free N termini of soluble proteins and the RWC determined in leaves from 6-week-old wild-type plants after application of drought (N=3–5).\nB: Transpiration of leaves from 6-week-old wild-type and NatA-depleted plants. Data are represented as mean±s.d. (N=3).\nC: Quantification of free N termini in soluble protein fraction of 7-week-old-wild-type and NatA-depleted plants using the same method. Data are represented as mean±s.d. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P<0.05,N=3–4, Student’st-test).\nD: Quantification of free N termini in soluble proteins extracted from leaf discs of 6-week-old wild-type plants treated with 50 μM ABA for indicated time (N=4).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8640_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8947", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Sequence alignment for the Repeat12 domain from RyR1, RyR2 and RyR3. Secondary structure elements for the RyR1 Repeat12 structure are indicated above. Disease-associated mutations are highlighted in red.\nB: FRET efficiencies from each of the five AF488 donors covalently bound at the specified FKBP positions, to 3 μM Cy3NTA targeted to HEK-293T cells expressing WT RyR1 (black bars), or RyR1 containing a His10-tag insertion at position 655 in SPRY1 (His655, green). Values represent mean±s.e.m. forn=27–36 cells as indicated inSupplementary Fig. 13. (b,c) His655trilateration locus (red spheres) shown relative to atomic structures docked to the RyR1 cryo-EM map (EMDB 2807) viewed from the top (that is, from the t-tubule membranein vivo). Trilateration locus is only depicted relative to one of the four RyR1 subunits for clarity. Insertion sites of the His10-tags within the docked SPRY1 domain as well as the locations of the five AF488–FKBP FRET donors used for trilaterations (green spheres) are shown inc. The positions for the 655 loop and 675 loop in SPRY1 are indicated. Also shown is the SPRY1 location from two recent cryo-EM studies (blue chain, SPRY1alt), and the corresponding position of the 655 and 675 loops (model taken from Zalket al.16). Scale bars, 50 Å (panelb) and 10 Å (panelc).\nC: Time-course of AF568 F-FKBP dissociation after washing from HEK-293T cells expressing the indicated GFP-RyR1 fusion constructs. Curves represent single-exponential decay fits to the data. (c,d) Concentration dependence of AF568 F-FKBP binding and dissociation curves for GFP-fused RyR1 WT and mutant constructs containing the indicated scrambled sequence or double alanine substitution within the SPRY1 675 loop. For all panels, values represent mean±s.e.m. forn=16–41 cells as indicated inSupplementary Fig. 14.\nD: Similar as in A, for the MDFF result in the EMD-6107 map (4.8 Å). The interface buries 391 Å2. F674 is involved in both cases.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8947_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1551", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cis-activation potential of the region containing TBE10 or its mutant in response to β-catenin/BCL9L/TCF4 signalling was evaluated by luciferase enhancer assays. Values are shown as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.N=3 (a,b,e) orN=4 (f,h). Statistical tests were performed using unpaired two-tailed Student'st-test.\nB: qRT–PCR analysis of trophoblast marker gene expression in the placentas of 4–6 concepti at different embryonic stages. Bars representingGcm1expression levels at E8.5 (dotted box) are magnified and shown above. ND, not detectable.SynBwere not detectable in approximately half of the samples of wild-type andBcl9l+/−and all ofBcl9l−/−at E8.5. Values were normalized byGAPDHexpression level and indicated as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.005 (wild-type versusBcl9l−/−). Statistical tests were performed using the two-tailed Welch'st-test. Results without any indication are not statistically significant. Open bars represent wild-type, grey bars,Bcl9l+/−and black bars representBcl9l−/−. (b–f) Electron microscopic analysis of chorionic trophoblasts from E8.5 (b,c), E9.5 (d) and E10.5 (e,f) placentas. (b,f)Bcl9l−/−. (c–e)Bcl9l+/−. Note elongation and fusion of chorionic trophoblast cells inBcl9l+/−placenta at E9.5 (d), whereas basal chorionic trophoblast cells remain unfused and undifferentiated inBcl9l−/−placenta at E10.5 (f). Open arrowheads, nuclei of ST-II; B-CT, basal chorionic trophoblast; ec, fetal capillary endothelial cell; fc; fetal red blood cell; ms, maternal blood sinusoid; stgc, sinusoidal trophoblast giant cell; ST-P, ST precursor cells. Scale bars, (b–f) 5 μm.\nC: The effect of BCL9L, β-catenin or TCF4 knockdown on the extent of cell-cell fusion of BeWo cells after 48 h of FK treatment was analysed by immunostaining with anti-plakoglobin antibody (green) and TO-PRO-3 nuclear staining (red). Staining of plakoglobin is shown separately in top panels to clarify the inter-cellular boundaries. White arrows, syncytium with >4 nuclei; yellow arrow, syncytium with >10 nuclei. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nD: Distribution of syncytia as a function of the number (n) of nuclei per cell or syncytium. The number of nuclei per syncytium were quantified and plotted. In the right panel,y-axis is in a logarithmic scale.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1551_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5991", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Control-infected SCs (left panel) and DN-PKA-infected SCs were immunostained for phospho-LKB1 (red). Arrows illustrate the asymmetric localization of the phospho-LKB1 in the uninfected SCs (d) and control-infected SCs (e). Scale bar=10 μm. (f,g) SC-DRG cocultures transduced with the control (f) and DN-PKA (g) retrovirus (green) were induced to myelinate for 10 days and immunostained for MBP (red). Scale bar=50 μm. (h,i) High-magnification images of control and DN-PKA-infected SCs (green) immunostained for MBP. Scale bar=10 μm. Cell nuclei are identified with DAPI (blue). All experiments were performed in triplicate and representative images are displayed.\nB: Time course of sciatic nerve myelination in WT littermates and SC-specific LKB1 KOs at 7, 14 and 60 days postnatal with Luxol Fast Blue staining. Scale bar=10 μm.\nC: Conduction velocity of WT and SC-specific LKB1 knockout nerves (**P<0.01).\nD: A schematic illustration of the possible conservation and multifaceted roles for the Par polarity proteins during SC development and myelination.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5991_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4755", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Caspase-1 (Casp-1) activation in BMDCs left untreated (−) or pretreated with BAY61-3606 (BAY; 3 μM), bafilomycin A (bafilo; 100 nM), KN-62 (10 μM), Glibenclamide (Gliben; 25 μM), APDC (50 μM) or NAC (10 μM) and stimulated with ATP (5 mM) or TNBS (100 μg ml−1) for 8 h. After the stimulation, cells were incubated with FAM-YVAD-FMK and fluorescence intensity was analysed by flow cytometry gating on PI−live cells. Gray-filled histograms: unstimulated control cells.\nB: IL-1α and IL-1β secretion by BMDCs after stimulation with LPS (1 ng ml−1), LPS plus silica (100 μg ml−1), oxazolone (10 μg ml−1), dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB; 100 μg ml−1), FITC (5 μg ml−1), BA (10 μg ml−1), MS (10 μg ml−1) or SLS (5 μg ml−1) (means±s.d.,n=4 per group).\nC: Histology (H&E staining) inaafter challenge. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bars, 200 μm.\nD: CHS induction by TNP-modified BMDCs. WT,MyD88−/−orCARD9−/−mice were intracutaneously injected with 3 × 105of TNP-modified (TNP-DC) or unmodified (DC) WT,MyD88−/−orCARD9−/−BMDCs. Five days after the injection, ear swelling 24 h after TNCB challenge was measured (means±s.d.,n=5 per group,**P<0.01 by Student’st-test). (f,g) T cells from skin dLNs of the sensitized mice inewere stimulated with irradiated syngeneic spleen cells modified with TNP and the production of IFN-γ (f) and IL-17A (g) was measured by ELISA (means±s.d.,n=5 per group;**P<0.01 by Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4755_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2581", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (k)?\nA: Lipid transfer rate in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes co-expressing Plin1 and Fsp27 is significantly higher than that in cells expressing Fsp27 alone or Plin1 ΔAM and Fsp27.Nrepresents the number of lipid transfer events used for calculation (mean±s.d., one-way ANOVA Tukey test, ***P<0.001).\nB: Plin1 restores the activity of QQN-Fsp27 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in promoting large LD formation. Large LD is defined as the LD with a diameter ≥2.5 μm in (a). One-way ANOVA Tukey test, ***P<0.001 and NS (no significant difference) represents statistical analysis between QQN-Fsp27 alone and its co-expression with Plin1 or Plin1 truncations. (c,d) No neutral lipid diffusion among LD clusters in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes expressing QQN-Fsp27-GFP. Neutral lipid signal (red) in the white circle was bleached (c), scale bars, 2 μm.\nC: The diameters of the largest LDs were measured from at least 100 differentiated adipocytes inain each group and the log2 (maximal LD diameter) values were shown as box-and-whisker diagram (one-way ANOVA Tukey test; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; NS, no significant difference).\nD: Representative FRAP images showing that Plin1, but not Plin1ΔAM, accelerates Fsp27-mediated neutral lipid exchange. Scale bars, 2 μm. pEGFP-N1-Fsp27 was co-transfected with pCMV5-HA empty vector (upper panel), pCMV5-HA-Plin1 (middle panel) or pCMV5-HA-Plin1ΔAM (lower panel) into 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Cells were incubated with 200 μM OA and Bodipy 558/568 C12 fatty acid. Fluorescent lipid signal (red) in one LD was bleached (white circle). Blue box highlighted faster fluorescence recovery in the presence of HA-Plin1. (b–d) Fluorescence recovery curves corresponding to FRAP experiments ina. MOI in bleached regions (white circle ina) and unbleached regions (blue circle ina) were plotted as the percentage of the initial intensity. Fluorescent recovery curves are calculated from four independent FRAP experiments (mean±s.d.).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2581_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9357", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: A representative image of the kinase assay is shown. MAP4K2/4/6 phosphorylate the truncated form of recombinant LATS1 at its hydrophobic motif. l.e., long exposure of films.\nB: Kinase activity of MAP4K2/3 is required for YAP phosphorylation. DA, D–A mutation in the DFG motif of the MAP4K2/3.\nC: Quantification of percentage of the cells with more nuclear (N) or cytosolic YAP/TAZ (C) signals was performed in three randomly chosen fields for each treatment. Typically, each field contains 80–150 cells.\nD: Energy stress-induced LATS and YAP phosphorylation is slightly reduced in MAP4K4/6/7-tKO cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9357_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12175", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Absolute numbers in ear of total MHCIIhiCD11c+DCs; total CD4+CD3+and CD8+CD3+T cells, measured by flow cytometry. (c–e) dLN infiltration of cells. Absolute numbers in dLN of total MHCIIhiDCs; total CD4+CD3+and CD8+CD3+T cells; CD4+/CD8+T-cell ratio; IFNγ+CD4+CD3+and IFNγ+CD8+CD3+cells, measured by flow cytometry. (a–e) Bar represents mean value and each dot represents one ear or dLNs. Results from week 2 and week 6 are representative of two separate experiments. WT controln=3–4; WKO controln=4; WTL. major2 weeksn=6; WASp KOL. major2 weeksn=6; WTL. major6 weeksn=10; WASp KOL. major6 weeksn=7. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 as calculated by the unpaired Student’st-test. FMO, fluorescence minus one (negative control for MHC class II and CD103); WT, wild type; WKO, WASp KO.\nB: Rac1/2 activity. Quantification of active GTP-bound Rac1/2 and GTP-bound Rac2. Bars represent mean±s.d. of 3–6 mice.\nC: Expression of CD11c and CD8 on BM DCs at day 6 of culture and analysis of acidification using uptake of soluble pH rodo-ovalbumin and confocal microscopy. (b,e,h) DCs were incubated with pH rodo-ovalbumin-coated beads and gated for DCs that had taken up one bead and pH rodo intensity was analysed by flow cytometry. (c,f,i) DCs were incubated with 0.5 mg ml−1soluble ovalbumin and co-cultured with OT-I (Vβ5.1/5.2+) CD8+T cells, and proliferation was assessed as total number of OT-I CD8+T cells by flow cytometry.\nD: The mean number of total Langerin+(including Langerhans and dermal DCs, green), CD11c+EpCAM+(mature Langerhans cells, CD11c in red and EpCAM in blue) DCs and (d) CD4+CD3+(red and green, respectively) and CD8β+(blue) T cells per mm2is indicated. Examples of counted cells are magnified in the white boxes. (a–d) Bar represents mean value and each dot represents one mouse (a,b) or one picture (c,d). Results are a pool of two separate experiments. (a–d) WT unchallengedn=3–4; WKO unchallengedn=3–6; WT Der p 2n=3–9; WKO Der p 2n=4–10. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12175_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7946", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative metaphase II chromosome spreads of a control and aBubR1Δ/Δoocyte. Kinetochores were stained with Crest (green), chromosomes with Propidium iodide (red). Scale bar, 5 μm. The number of spreads analysed in three independent experiments is indicated. The graph illustrates that >80% ofBubR1Δ/Δoocytes are aneuploid after the first division.\nB: Whole-mount immunofluorescence staining to detect endogenous BubR1 in wild-type oocytes at GVBD+2 h 30 min (early prometaphase I) or GVBD+7 h (metaphase I). Where indicated, oocytes were treated from GVBD onwards with Mps1 inhibitor (reversine), Aurora B/C inhibitor (ZM447439), Plk1 inhibitor (BI2536) and Cdk inhibitor (flavopiridol), and fixed at GVBD+2 h 30 min. Oocytes were stained with BubR1 antibody (red) and Hoechst (to visualize chromosomes, blue). All stainings were repeated at least three times in independent experiments, and the number of oocytes analysed is indicated. Scale bar, 5 μm. Inserts show magnifications to better see the kinetochore signal. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nC: Time of PB extrusion in the indicated number of control andBubR1Δ/Δoocytes is adjusted to 100%, in three independent experiments. Nocodazole was added at GVBD+3 h, where indicated.\nD: Time of PB extrusion in minutes after GVBD in control, reversine (Mps1 inhibitor)-treated andBubR1Δ/Δoocytes. Where indicated, reversine was added at GVBD.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7946_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10846", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: SpliceTrap assessment of average proximal ACUAA RNA motif enrichment in 50 bp windows upstream and downstream of alternatively spliced cassette exons as compared with a background set of exons (grey circles). The relationship between the frequency of exon exclusion (blue triangles) or exon inclusion (red squares) and ACUAA RNA motif enrichment are depicted.\nB: Quantification of sh-Cont and sh-QKI THP-1 ‘monocyte’ adhesion to collagen matrix pretreated with platelet-rich plasma under flow, mimickingin-vivoendothelial denudation. Direction of flow is indicated below the photomicrographs (n=3). Data expressed as mean±s.e.m.; Student’st-test; *P<0.05. Scale bar, 100 μm. (Also seeSupplementary Movies 1and2).\nC: CDF (yaxis) for QKI target (QRE containing: blue line) and non-target (non-QRE containing: cyan line) mRNAs (xaxis: log2FC) in THP-1 ‘monocytes’ (left plot) and THP-1 ‘macrophages’ (right plot). Left shift indicates lower expression of QKI target genes in the sh-QKI samples, whereas a right shift is indicative of higher expression of QKI targets in the sh-QKI samples. Distributions were compared using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test.\nD: Genome-wide scatterplot of mRNA abundance (yaxis: Log10CPM) versus the log2FC (xaxis: Patient/sibling CPM) after an expression cutoff (Pat+Sib expression ≥1 CPM) in monocytes (left) and GM-CSF-stimulated macrophages (right). Blue dots indicate QRE-containing transcripts minimally ±1.5-fold differentially expressed. Grey dots do not fulfill these criteria.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10846_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7721", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: pH-dependence of formate uptake. The parasites were suspended at an extracellular pH of 6.1 (black symbols), 7.1 (white symbols) or 8.1 (grey symbols) 10 min before the addition of [14C]formate.\nB: 4–8 for [14C]formate (black bars) and 4 for [14C]lactate (white bars). Inb, the extracellular pH was 6.4 and the potential competing substrates (formate and lactate; 10 mM) and inhibitors (100 μM) were added to the oocytes at the same time as the [14C]formate or [14C]lactate. In both panels, uptake is expressed relative to that measured at pH 6.4 in the absence of competing substrate or inhibitors. The asterisks denote statistical significance of the apparent differences between [14C]formate or [14C]lactate uptake measured under each of the different conditions tested and that measured in the relevant controls: *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.\nC: Immunofluorescence images of oocytes injected with cRNA encoding C-terminal tagged HA-PfFNT show a clear band of fluorescence (corresponding to the plasma membrane) outside the pigment layer. The band is not seen in non-injected oocytes. Scale bar, 100 μm. In radiolabel uptake experiments, oocytes expressing the HA-tagged form of PfFNT accumulated [3H]formate to levels above those measured in non-injected oocytes, consistent with the tagged protein being functional.\nD: An image of parasitized erythrocytes expressing C-terminal HA-tagged PfFNT, showing immunofluorescence both at the surface of the intraerythrocytic parasite and in the region surrounding the hemozoin crystals. Similar results were obtained with N-terminal HA-tagged PfFNT (not shown).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7721_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5142", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: cis0.1 M/trans1 M KCl, diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine (diPhyPC), +120 mV;\nB: Proton transport experiments as determined in osmotic gradient assays and (inset) in non-osmotic gradient control assays.\nC: Transport of Cl−anions as determined in a pH gradient assay. Non-linear rise of the Cl−transport rate constant values,k, as a function ofTCTconcentration.\nD: Top and (c) side views in line and stick representation, respectively, of the T-channels; the water molecules are shown as (b) red dots and (c) the Van der Waals surface of the pore is shown as a blue surface. The latter was calculated by the HOLE programme, which was first applied to the Gramicidin pore9. Pore structures of (d) T-channel and (e) Gramicidine A (gA) at the same dimensional scale. The gA coordinates were taken from the literature2. Red ellipsoids (forTCT) or balls (for gA) designate oxygen atoms, blue for nitrogen, grey for carbon and white for hydrogen.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5142_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12239", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Time course of normalized peak current (top) and CDI (middle) in response to the addition of 50 μM forskolin (n=5 cells). Corresponding current waveforms are displayed below. (e,f) Overexpression of PKAc does not change binding between IQ-A1.2and ICDI1.2in HEK293 cells.\nB: PKA regulation of L-type Ca2+channel calmodulation. Left: ICDI module (red rectangle) on the DCT of the channel interacts with the IQ domain (pink circle) and dislodges CaM (green dumbbell). Without CaM, channels have lowPOand minimal CDI (idealized current underneath the cartoon). Right: PKA phosphorylation (orange lollipop) could weaken the IQ/ICDI interaction and allow CaM to rebind, thus increasing channelPOand CDI.\nC: Schematic of full-length CaV1.2 channel, PKA holoenzyme (R and C) and ICDI1.4peptide, along with β1btethered CaM and AKAP79.\nD: Cartoon (left) of the chimeric channel CaV1.3S/1.4DCTmade by attaching the DCT of CaV1.4 (including ICDI, red) to a truncated CaV1.3. Exemplar whole-cell current (middle) and population data (right) illustrates a lack of CDI.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12239_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Bar diagram showing the initial rates, which are directly related to the cooperativity of Vn with different concentrations of GO (0.25 and 1 unit). The reaction occurs only when all the components are present. Data represented as±s.e.m.,n=3, **P(t-test)<0.001.\nB: Schematic diagram of coupling GO with Vn nanozyme. The H2O2producedin situby GO was directly used by Vn for its GPx activity. This proves that the Vn shows cooperativity with other enzymes.\nC: SEM image of Vn showing the bunch of nanowires together. Scale bar, 200 nm.\nD: Michaelis–Menten plot for the variation of the concentration of GSH (0–6.0 mM) and in the presence of Vn (0.020 mg ml−1), NADPH (0.4 mM), GR (1.7 units), H2O2(240 μM) in phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4) at 25 °C.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6301_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9967", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: L5–L6 spinal cord sections were double-labelled with met-enkephalin (Green) and IB-4 (Red). Right panel insert shows higher magnification of lamina I and II within the dorsal horn.\nB: PenkmRNA expression was not altered in Nav1.8 KOs compared with littermates (female Nav1.8 KOs: light pink column,n=3; female littermates: dark pink column,n=3; male Nav1.8 KOs: light blue column,n=3; male littermates: dark blue column,n=3).\nC: Ceacam10 KO and heterozygous KO mice show clear thermal analgesia in the Hargreaves test and this is unaffected by naloxone administration (n=6 per genotype). Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 significance levels indicate differences between KOs and littermates using a Student’st-test and $P<0.05, $$P<0.01 and $$$P<0.001 indicate differences following naloxone administration using a pairedt-test.\nD: Monensin-mediated intracellular sodium rise decreasedPenkmRNA expression in DRG neurons.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9967_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8093", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic representation of hypothesized interactions between the transmembrane helices in the closed and open states. Red dots indicate the approximate location of the force peaks and the numbers of the corresponding a.a.\nB: Schematic representation of the unfolding sequence, with the expected Lc values and the relative a.a. length in parenthesis and single module of I27 (cyan triangle), CNB domain (green rectangle), C-linker (green oval), transmembrane domains (cyan rectangles) and mutation P366C (red dots).\nC: Superimposition of theF–Dcurves of CNGA1 (red), P366C-HisTag (cyan) and P366C-(I27)2-HisTag (black). TheF–Dcurves from the construct P366C-HisTag are shorter than those from CNGA1 and have a detachment event at 120–140 nm. Force peaks with Lc values at 96 and 116 nm are present in theF–Dcurves from the CNGA1, P366C-HisTag and P366C-(I27)2-HisTag constructs.\nD: Superimposition of the histograms of normalized counts/bin against Lc from theF–Dcurves ofb(blue) and 32F–Dcurves from the CNGA1-N2B-HisTag (green) constructs in the open state.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8093_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12037", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: FLAG–FNIP1 interacts with FLCN–His6in vitro. Bacterially expressed and purified FLCN–His6was bound to Ni-NTA agarose and then incubated with 10 ng pure FLAG–FNIP1. FLCN–His6pulldown and FLAG–FNIP1 co-pulldown were assessed by immunoblotting.\nB: FNIP1andFNIP2were silenced by siRNA in HEK293 cells. Lysates were incubated with ATP agarose. Hsp90 binding to ATP agarose was examined by immunoblotting. NT represents non-targeting siRNA control pools.\nC: cMyc–FNIP1, cMyc–FNIP2 or empty vector (EV) were transiently overexpressed in HEK293 cells. Lysates were incubated with indicated amounts of biotinylated GB followed by streptavidin agarose beads. Hsp90 was detected by immunoblotting.\nD: FLAG–FNIP1 interacts with Hsp90α–His6in vitro. Bacterially expressed and purified Hsp90α–His6was bound to Ni-NTA agarose and then incubated with 10 ng pure FLAG–FNIP1. Hsp90α–His6pulldown and FLAG–FNIP1 co-pulldown were assessed by immunoblotting.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12037_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10836", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Percentages of apoptotic (Annexin-V+7-AAD−)+dead (7-AAD+) cells in gated GFP−and GFP+population. Summary of the results of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 (pairedt-test).\nB: Two weeks after immunization. Left panel, WT mice; right panel,Eaf2−/−mice.\nC: Left, representative TUNEL staining (brown spots indicated by arrows are TUNEL+), Right, TUNEL+spot numbers per each GC. Brown TUNEL+spots in 7–10 GC of each mouse were counted. The results of two pairs of WT andEaf2−/−mice are shown. For bothaandb, original magnification: × 200. Bars, 50 μm.\nD: Five pairs of WT andEaf2−/−mice were immunized with 10 μg of NP–CGG in alum. Serum levels of NP-specific IgG1Ab were measured with NP25-BSA (upper) and NP2-BSA (lower) at the indicated time points as described in Methods section.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10836_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9512", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: When N2a cells were treated with MβCD (n=33), mechanosensitivity was significantly reduced at 4.2 μm displacement compared with cells without MβCD treatment (n=27) (two-way ANOVA withpost hocBonferroni’s test,P>0.05).\nB: Bright field (top) and fluorescence (bottom) images of filipin-labelled neurons treated without (left) or with MβCD (right). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Quantitative comparison of the peak amplitude of the RA currents recorded fromSTOML3−/−neurons treated without or with MβCD. The amplitude of RA current inSTOML3−/−neurons was not altered by MβCD treatment (unpairedt-test,P>0.05).\nD: MβCD treatment significantly reduced the potentiation effect of STOML3 on Piezo2-mediated mechanosensitive currents in HEK293 cells, while STOML3-P40S mutant failed to potentiate Piezo2 currents (two-way ANOVA withpost hocBonferroni’s test; STOML3 effect: Piezo2 versus Piezo2+STOML3,P<0.0001, black *; MβCD effect: Piezo2+STOML3 versus Piezo2+STOML3+MβCD,P<0.0001, pink *; STOML3-P40S effect: Piezo2 versus Piezo2+STOML3-P40S,P>0.05; Piezo2:n=9, Piezo2+STOML3:n=7, Piezo2+STOML3+MβCD:n=5, Piezo2+STOML3-P40S:n=7). **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001. Error bars indicate s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9512_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6726", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Orthogonal views of the ‘substrate-unwinding’ complex withPFAN1 as a yellow surface andAFAN1 as grey ribbons. The dimerization modules ofAFAN1 are highlighted with α7in light orange, α9in dark-orange and α5β1in cyan. The DNA is in grey with the flap-containing strand in magenta. The active site is marked by a black star. The TPR and VRR_NUC domains are marked by black ovals.\nB: Schematic for the unwinding-incision action of FAN1 (PFAN1 in light-green,AFAN1 in grey and the active site indicated by cyan scissors). The unwinding region is in red, the antisense strand in the duplex region is in magenta and the rest of DNA is in white.\nC: The overall and (g) the close-up views of the overlay of HJC resolvase domain (yellow, PDB 1GEF) and the FAN1 nuclease domain (violet). The side chain of active-site mutation D960A is highlighted as spheres in (f). The active site residues are labelled (HJC sequence in parenthesises) in (g).\nD: Ribbon representation of FAN1 under a semi-transparent surface with the secondary structure elements labelled.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6726_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: GAL1 secreted by stromal cells is bound to LacNAc epitopes presented by stromal cell integrins and receptors.\nB: 2D STD TOCSY spectrum of LNnT in the presence of GAL1 is represented on the left panel. The cross-peaks showing the highest intensity are circled and assignment is indicated. The circles are colour coded according to the monosaccharide they belong to: terminal galactose: magenta,N-acetylglucosamine: red, internal galactose: green, terminal glucose: blue. On the right panel, the significant relative STD signals observed are reported on the LNnT and are colour coded according to the colour scale shown above. The 100% STD signal corresponds to the resonance showing the highest intensity contribution in each experiment; all other STD signals are calculated accordingly.\nC: CSPs induced by LNnT binding mapped onto the GAL1 surface (PDB 1GZW). Monomer surface structure is represented. CSPs have been coloured from blue to iodine (CSP<0.05: blue, <0.1 marine, <0.125: greencyan, <0.15: green, <0.175: lemon, <0.2: yelloworange, <0.225: orange, <0.25: red, <0.275: iodine). White is used for unassigned residue resonances. Subsites C–E of the GAL1 CBS are delineated with pink and yellow dotted lines. The λ5-UR22-45peptide is represented as grey ribbon and its interacting surface on GAL1 is delineated with dotted lines.\nD: The molecular link established by GAL1 between relocalizing pre-BII cell integrins and pre-BCRs drives these latters at the contact zone between the two cells. Relocalization of the pre-BCRs leads to cell signalling necessary for pre-BII cell differenciation and proliferation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7194_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Ribbon and surface representations of the human RPTPσ Ig1-FN3 crystal structure.N-linked glycans in atom representation.\nB: Space-filled and tube representations of chicken RPTPσ Ig1–2:TrkC LRRIg1crystcrystal structure.N-linked glycans in atom representation. Disordered RPTPσ Lys-loop, blue dotted line; TrkC LRRIg1crystamino-acid residue 62–78 junction, asterisk. (c–e) Detailed view of bonding interactions at RPTPσ:TrkC interface for binding sites 1–3. Corresponding electron density is illustrated inSupplementary Fig. 7. Potential electrostatic and hydrogen bonds, black dashed lines; oxygen atoms, red; nitrogen atoms, bluewhite.\nC: Upon contact with target cells, to shift to the role of synaptic organizer, RPTPσ adopts elongated conformations to protrude from the presynaptic proteoglycan haze and bind postsynaptic ligands such as TrkC and NGL-3. Subsequent independent or coordinated interactions with additional synaptic ligands are shown. Red boxes (left hand panels) indicate growth cone (a) or synapse (b) regions that are illustrated in the right-hand cartoons.\nD: SPR analysis of human RPTPσ Ig1–3 binding to immobilized mouse TrkC LRRIg1 and TrkC LRRIg1 D240A+D242A. Measured binding values: TrkC LRRIg1,Kd=258 nM andBmax=540 RU; TrkC LRRIg1 D240A+D242A,KdandBmaxnot determined.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6209_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10025", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structure comparison of the highlighted regions ina, which corresponds to the helix–turn–helix oxidoreductase motif of YP_296737.1. Only one cysteine is preserved in Sesn-A (Cys125), and none are found in Sesn-C.\nB: Schematic representation of the molecular functions of hSesn2. hSesn2 is a Janus-faced molecule with two active sites in separate domains. The first site (the helix–turn–helix motif with redox-active cysteine (SH)) functions as an oxidoreductase for alkylhydroperoxide radicals, which damage critical biomolecules such as DNA. The second site (the DD motif) inhibits mTORC1 by binding to GATOR2, a recently discovered mTORC1 regulator. Inhibition of either ROS or mTORC1 can attenuate aging, and Sestrins do both.\nC: Purified NemRC106 onlyand hSesn2-WT were incubated with 1 mM DTT or 120 μM cumene hydroperoxides and then treated with dimedone, which specifically labels cysteine sulfenic acids, and analysed through anti-dimedone immunoblotting (IB). Ponceau S staining was used to visualize the total levels of hSesn2 proteins.\nD: WT, C125S, D406A and D407A mutants of Flag-tagged hSesn2 were purified from transiently transfected HEK293 cells. These proteins were incubatedin vitrowith HA–GATOR2 protein complex bound to anti-HA agarose beads. HA–GATOR2 complexes were then eluted from the beads. The pull-down eluates as well as inputs were analysed by immunoblotting of indicated proteins. Molecular weight markers are indicated in kDa.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10025_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8922", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Magnified view showing the detailed interaction around the phosphate group of the DLPA molecule. Residues responsible for DLPA recognition are shown as stick models. Broken lines designate possible hydrogen bonds.\nB: PA transfer activities of Ups1WT–Mdm35WT, Ups1N24C–Mdm35N25C, single-chain Ups1WT–Mdm35WT and single-chain Ups1N24C–Mdm35N25C were analysed as inFig. 5b. Traces show means±s.d. of three independent experiments.\nC: A ribbon diagram of the structure of the Ups1–Mdm35 complex. Ups1 and Mdm35 are coloured in light brown and pink, respectively, and Ω-loop of Ups1 in blue. The α-helices, β-strands, and Ω-loop are labelled.\nD: Superposition of the apo-form (red) and PA-bound form (light blue) of Ups1–Mdm35.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8922_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1007", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Response to pure-tone stimuli. Upper panel: Displacement response of the antennal receiver versus stimulus particle velocity. Lower panel: Mechanical sensitivity of the receiver plotted against particle velocity. Wild-type: grey, f02655 mutant: blue circles, f02655 excision control: green circles.\nB: The exon–intron structure of CG42247 showing the piggyBac (f02655) insertion into the intron between exons 4 and 5.\nC: Merge of panelsaandb. Arrowhead points toward the tubular body.\nD: Force step (lower trace)-evoked CAP responses (middle traces) are absent in the antennal nerves of f02655 DCX-EMAP mutants (blue), whereas robust CAP responses can be recorded from wild-type (grey) and f02655 excision controls (green). Upper panel: on step actuation, the movement of the antennal receivers of controls, but not mutants, displays the characteristic overshoot that associates with the opening of transduction channels.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1007_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7148", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: same as (b), with Mant-GDP concentration=7.5 μM, yieldingR≈0.20.\nB: Details of the GDP binding site with all residues located 4 Å around the GDP shown in stick. These residues come from both monomers of the dimer.\nC: Secondary structure ofEcFdhD with one monomer coloured from blue (N-Terminus) to red (C-Terminus) and the other monomer coloured in grey. The GDP moiety is represented in stick. On the ‘front view’ (left) one can notice the arm that originates from one monomer and that packs against the adjacent monomer at the rim of the dimer. On the ‘side view’ (right) one can easily distinguish the N-Terminal domain (NTD: from β1 to α1), the C-Terminal domain (CTD: from α3 to β12) and the connector between the NTD and the CTD (α2 and the loop from α2 to α3). This connector is partly disordered and shown as a dotted line. This disordered part of the loop contains the residues Cys121 and Cys124.\nD: Two molecules of GDP are bound on the same face of theEcFdhD dimer. The refined 2Fo-Fc electron density map is shown as a green mesh contoured at 1.5σ.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7148_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11655", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Model of the ATM/Tel1 monomer, colour-coded by domain assignment (top). The EM structure of ATM/Tel1 monomer is fitted with the C-terminal ATM/Tel1 homology modelling model (residues: 1,786–2,812) based on the crystal structure of mTOR catalytic core (PDB ID: 4JSV). Domain organization of ATM/Tel1 kinase (bottom). The number of residues of N-terminal helical solenoid and FAT domains are indicated.\nB: Three representative 2D class averages of ATM/Tel1 kinase. Scale bar, 100 Å.\nC: SDS–PAGE analysis of the intact ATM/Tel1 kinase endogenously purified from theS. pombe.\nD: Three interfaces of the C-pincer and N-spiral interacting with the FAT and kinase domains.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11655_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10883", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (k)?\nA: Schematic diagram shows domains inTcf7l2(upper) and Cre-mediated excision (lower) of the floxed exon 11, which encodes the DNA-binding HMG domain. NLS: Nuclear localization sequence.\nB: Quantification of the percentage newly myelinated axons in spinal lesions of 8-week-old control andTcf7l2ΔHMG mice at 14 dpl;n=3 animals for each genotype.\nC: Luciferase reporter activity driven by Tcf7l2-binding promoter/enhancer regions was assessed in 293T cells co-transfected with control and pcDNA3 expression vectors for Tcf7l2 or ΔHMG mutant Tcf7l2, or Srebf2;n=3 independent experiments.\nD: Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthetic genes in OPCs transfected with scrambled control siRNAs or siRNAs againstLss,Cyp51,Hsd17b7andDhcr24.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10883_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13993", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: NapA does not retain a notable amount of co-purified lipids.\nB: Lipid adducts retained by NhaA monomers could be identified as CDL in deconvoluted spectra (insert). All spectra were recorded at a collision voltage of 50 V.\nC: NHA2 appears largely as intact dimers after detergent release. The measured mass of the main dimer species corresponds to that of two lipid-free monomers. Green spheres indicate proteins, and red spheres bound lipid molecules.\nD: The region around the core–dimer interface exhibits the highest degree of membrane compression. Densities on the inner and outer leaflets are coloured red and green, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13993_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Species comparison of the S2P amino-acid sequence according to ClustalX. Residues shaded in green denote the NPDG motif required for enzymatic active site metal ion coordination.\nB: Immunoblots of lysates from control (C) and P1/II osteoblasts cultured in the absence or presence (+) of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation that induces ER stress and OASIS cleavage. Despite normal levels of CyPB/PPIB, proband cells have significantly decreased LH1/PLOD1 protein, consistent with decreased hydroxylation of collagen lysyl residues (K87) involved in crosslink formation in extracellular matrix.\nC: Left, Proband 1/II at age 20 years presenting with significant rhizomelia of upper and lower extremities. Centre, radiographs at birth showed bowed tibiae and fibulae (left leg shown). Right, radiographs revealed kyphoscoliosis with anterior vertebral wedging, and flat, biconcave vertebral bodies with significant osteoporosis at 13 years of age.\nD: Steady-state type I collagen analysis. The electrophoretic migration of collagen alpha chains synthesized by OI proband fibroblasts (FB) and osteoblasts (OB) was equivalent to normal control (C) fibroblast collagen. *P<0.05, **P<0.001 byt-test. Error bars, s.d.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11920_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Immunoblot of β5i-Flag or β5t-Flag MEFs cultured in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. Asterisks denote nonspecific bands. Notes that α4 is a subunit shared by all types of CPs.\nB: A plasmid encoding chicken OVA with C-terminal HA-tag was stably transfected into β5i−/−, β5i-Flag and β5t-Flag MEFs. Extracts of the cells treated with IFN-γ were analysed by immunoblot using the indicated antibodies.\nC: Cell surface expression of H-2Dband H-2Kbon β5i-Flag MEFs (open square) and β5t-Flag MEFs (closed diamond) cultured with IFN-γ and brefeldin A was measured using flow cytometry. MEFs cultured without brefeldin A were used as the control of maximum (100%). Data are presented as the mean percentage±s.e.m. (n=3). Statistical analyses were performed by Student’st-test.\nD: Activation of mature OT-I cells by OVAp variants. Splenocytes fromRag2−/−OT-I TCRtransgenic mice (n=3) were cultured in the presence of peptides at indicated concentrations for 5 h. Representative data from three (b) and four (c,d) independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8484_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4753", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Effects of IL-21 on the expression ofil6r,il21randil23r. (f–h) Synergistic effects of IL-21 and IL-23 on IL-22 (f) and IL-17 (g) cytokine andil21expression (h).\nB: qPCR analysis ofstat3expression. (c–f) Naïve WT and STAT3-deficient CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of IL-21 or IL-6 and TGFβ1.\nC: Effect of IL-21 on the expression ofil21.\nD: Induction ofstat3by IL-1β, IL-21, IL-23, IL-1β and IL-21 or IL-21 and IL-23. mRNA expression is shown relative togapdh. Results are representative of two to three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (one-way ANOVA and Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4753_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8953", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: MEF2B-V5 protein abundance was similar or greater in mutant compared with WT MEF2B-V5 cell lines, except for the Y69H MEF2B-V5 line. MEF2B-V5 was detected using V5 antibody. Plotted is the mean fold change compared with the WT line. Error bars represent the s.e.m. of three biological replicates.\nB: Gel-shift assays indicated that MEF2B-V5-His binds sequences similar to MEF2 motifs. Probes contained sequence located within 5 kb of the TSS of the indicated gene. The unlabelled competitor consisted of the same sequence as the labelled probe. Lysates were fromE. coliwith or without induction ofMEF2B-V5-Hisexpression.\nC: More peaks were identified in V5 ChIP-seq on WT MEF2B-V5 cells than in V5 ChIP-seq on K4E or D83V MEF2B-V5 cells. Only peaks identified in both replicates of the ChIP-seq on a cell type were counted. (c,d) Regions with peaks in both replicates of V5 ChIP-seq on WT MEF2B-V5 cells but neither replicate of V5 ChIP-seq on (c) K4E nor (d) D83V MEF2B-V5 cells were associated with genes using GREAT27. Shown are the numbers of the associated genes that were differentially expressed in mutant versus WT MEF2B-V5 cells (B–H adjusted eBayesPvalues <0.05). Forb–d, ChIP-seq peaks were identified over input control DNA at a MACS2 (ref.29) false discovery rate of 0.05.\nD: Expression of WT MEF2B-V5 tended to decrease DoHH2 cell chemotaxis towards fetal bovine serum (FBS) and CXCL12. Shown is the mean fold change in the proportion of cells crossing a Transwell membrane, compared with WT MEF2B-V5-expressing cells. Values are the mean of four (FBS) or five (CXCL12) biological replicates. For all panels, western blots show protein expression in cells at the time of the experiment. MEF2B-V5 was detected using V5 antibody. Black lines through western blots indicate removed lanes. Full blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 27. *P<0.05 in comparison with WT MEF2B-V5 cells (Student’s two-tailedt-test, unpaired). Error bars indicate the s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8953_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9045", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cells knocked down for Annexin A2 were subjected to transferrin recycling assay using flow cytometry. Data show transferrin-Alexa647 recycling represented as the percentage of previously endocytosed transferrin remaining in the cells over time. This is higher in the Annexin A2 knockdown cells, thus, Annexin A2 knockdown retards recycling. Data shown as mean ± s.e.m. (n=2 experiments performed in duplicate).\nB: HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 were starved in HBSS and treated with c-Jun peptide (40 μM) or JNK inhibitor X (100 μM) for two hours. Then cells were fixed and subjected to automatic counting of LC3 vesicles. Quantification of autophagosomes (GFP positive vesicles)/cell is shown. At least 2,000 cells were counted per experiment; Data are mean ± s.d. (n=3 experiments; *P<0.05; two tail one-samplet-test).\nC: Western blot analysis of tubulin, Annexin A2 and LC3-II in mouse brain. Mice were starved for different time points as indicated. Quantifications of Annexin A2/tubulin and LC3-II/tubulin ratios are shown under the blots.\nD: Colocalization between ATG9A, EEA1 and F-actin in HeLa cells treated with drugs affecting actin polymerization for 2 h; latrunculin A (0.5 μM), jasplakinolide (200 nM) and CK-666 (50 μM). Confocal pictures showing colocalization between ATG9A, EEA1 and F-actin (using Phalloidin staining) are presented with magnified areas. Colocalization between ATG9A and RAB5 (using mRFP-RAB5) in live cells is also shown (Supplementary Movies 2–4). Quantification of ATG9A with F-actin and ATG9A with EEA1 colocalization is shown on the right as Pearson’s coefficient. Data shown as mean ± s.e.m. (n≥20 cells; *P<0.05; two tailt-test). Scale bars, 5 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9045_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10172", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Pull-down results with Hb and control beads pulling down NgHpuA wild type and loop deletions.\nB: Stereo view of the interaction between KdHpuA loop-2 and loop-3, and Hb. Representations as inbwith hydrogen bonds are shown as black dashed lines.\nC: Multiple 2 μl injections of 1.3 mM Hb were titrated into 170 μM KdHpuA. Values given for the stoichiometry, affinity and thermodynamics of the interaction are means and s.d. of five independent experiments.\nD: Coomassie-stained gel showing pull-down results of Hb and control (−) beads with wild type (WT) and mutated KdHpuA protein including deletion mutants, single point mutants and mutation of the Cys–Cys motif (residues 119–120) to Ser–Ser (CC–SS).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10172_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4842", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Interactions connecting α1, α3 and α4 of the CC domain (pink cartoon). Leu and Ile residues involved in hydrophobic interactions are depicted as green sticks. Residues involved in salt links, and Tyr238, are drawn as pink capped sticks. The Ala-rich regions are coloured in magenta. The CHAP domain of the dimeric partner is represented as blue cartoon and the catalytic Cys292′ as yellow sticks.\nB: Muralytic activity of His-CHAPPcsB.Different amounts of purified His-CHAPPcsBand its C292A-mutated counterpart (3.75, 7.5 and 15 μg indicated on top) were separated in an SDS–PAGE gel containing RH14 cells as substrate. The light bands are clearing zones showing degradation of the PG of the RH14 cells incorporated in the SDS–PAGE gel.\nC: Electrostatic potential on the CHAPPcsBmolecular surface with the peptideL-Ala-D-isoGln-L-Lys-D-Ala docked in the active site. An acidic patch (coloured in red) stabilizesL-Lys.\nD: Rigid-body overlaying of theab initiodetermined SAXS envelope and the PcsB crystallographic monomer. The elongated CC domain (coloured in orange) fits into the envelope but not the linker or the CHAP domain (coloured in blue). In red, a model where the catalytic domain belongs to the dimeric partner, that perfectly fits the SAXS envelope.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4842_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Close-up view of the MPD-binding site. The bound MPD is shown as sticks. The Fo-Fc map (contoured at 1.5 σ) around the MPD is also shown.\nB: Peak wavelength of each spectrum (monomer: open circles, prepore: closed squares, pore: closed triangles).\nC: Overall structure, top view (left) and side view (right). LukF and LukS are shown in red and cyan, respectively.\nD: Fluorescence emission spectra of each mutant. Monomeric Hlg2 (solid line), prepore formed by incubation with LukF-WR mutant (dashed line) and pore prepared by incubation with LukF (dotted line) are shown. All spectra were corrected for background emission using the samples without BADAN-labelled protein. Each depicted net emission scan is the average obtained from three separate samples.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5897_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5169", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: One protomer is rainbow coloured and the other protomer (related by crystallographic symmetry) is in blue for cytoplasmic IPCT domain and grey for membrane DIPPS domain. Red arrows indicate the access to their active sites with a putative Mg2+drawn as a cyan sphere. Membrane surface position (grey) was calculated with PPM server49.\nB: Detailed view of conserved pocket 1. The strictly conserved residues Gly361, Ala364 and Gly374, belonging to the family consensus sequence, form the surface of the pocket.\nC: Putative ligand-binding pockets of DIPPS assigned with HOLLOW21(top view from the cytoplasm-facing side). The pockets are shown in pink (1), orange (2) and blue (3).\nD: Diagram of DIPPS activity as assessed in 30 min reactions to study the effect of point mutations; values are expressed as % relative to the wild type enzyme in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. Values are averages of duplicate experiments derived from independent growths.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5169_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9342", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Model for QA block of the closed and open MthK channel. The selectivity filter is non-conductive in the absence of Ca2+and the intracellular entryway (grey) is narrowed but still allows blocker/K+entry into vestibule (left). Channel activation opens the selectivity filter gate (purple K+inside blue filter) and increases blocker access rate into the pore (right).\nB: Fluorescence quench traces after closed-state incubation with 3 μM TPeA for 0.1 (black), 10 s (cyan) and no blocker control (green) (average of 4–7 repeats).\nC: Open MthK channels allow Tl+entry (red arrow) into the liposomes, quenching the fluorescence of the encapsulated ANTS dye.\nD: The radius of a hydrated K+is smaller than the extended structures in TPeA+, Br-bTBA+and bbTBA+, suggesting that K+can access the closed MthK intracellular entryway despite the constriction.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9342_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8223", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Representative (from four to seven experimental replicates) stretch-activated channel openings at −80 mV from cells transfected with mPiezo1 WT, E2133Q, E2133D and E2133K. Stimulation intensities are −15, −10, −20 and −50 mm Hg, respectively.\nB: RR concentration–inhibition curves on MA currents at −80 mV in cells transfected with specified constructs (n=2–10 per data point; mean±s.e.m.). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunn’s comparison with WT done separately for each RR concentration, **P<0.01, *P<0.05.\nC: Average block of MA currents at −80 mV by 30 μM RR in mPiezo2 WT and E2416K transfected cells (n=5 for each; mean±s.e.m.; Mann–Whitney test, **P<0.01). Experiments shown inb,canddwere performed in cell-attached configuration with Na+as the only permeating cation in the recording pipette.\nD: Average block of MA currents at −80 mV by 30 μM RR in cells transfected with mPiezo1 WT and specified mutants (n=2–6, mean±s.e.m.).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8223_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5129", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: A line graph shows the correlation between mitochondrial size and the number of preprotein import sites,n=12 mitochondria as seen inTable 2.\nB: A model of an ellipsoid was used to calculate the surface area of mitochondria based ona,bandcradii as depicted.\nC: Schematic of the STAMP (Specifically TArgeted Membrane nanoParticle) approach. In the first step, a small biotin label (yellow) is attached via a spacer arm (orange) to a mitochondrial model preprotein (red). Subsequently, the labelled preprotein is targeted to the mitochondrial import machinery and arrested by means of a tightly folded DHFR domain as a translocation intermediate spanning both TOM (blue) and TIM23 (cyan) complexes. In the third step, the DHFR-linked biotin is bound by streptavidin (purple)-conjugated QDs (black sphere with green spacer arms). The total distance from the QD to the outer mitochondrial membrane is ~10 nm.\nD: A slice through a tomogram reveals the location of QDs (green arrowheads); scale bar, 100 nm, inset=10 nm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5129_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: ARD1 inhibits apoptosis through Hsp70 acetylation. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 0.3 mM H2O2for 24 h, and the ratio of apoptotic cells was measured.\nB: Hsp70, but not Hsc70, is rapidly acetylated in response to stress. Endogenous Hsp70 and Hsc70 were precipitated from HEK293T cells treated with 1 mM H2O2, and their acetylation levels were assessed with an anti-Lys-Ac antibody.\nC: ARD1 inhibits the activation of caspase-3 and -9 through Hsp70 acetylation. After treatment with 0.3 mM H2O2for 24 h, the cleavage (Cl.) of caspase-3 and -9 was detected in SH-SY5Y cells co-expressing GFP-Hsp70 and FLAG-ARD1.\nD: The switch between Hsp70 acetylation/deacetylation is required to maintain protein homoeostasis after stress. Stress-induced protein aggregation was enhanced by both the K77R and K77Q mutations. HEK293T cells expressing the indicated Hsp70 plasmids were treated with 1 mM H2O2(24 h). Protein aggregation was analysed by protein aggregation detection dye. Error bars indicate s.d. (n=3). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.005,ttest. n.s.; not significant.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12882_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11534", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Schematic representation of α-dystroglycan fragments used in this study.\nB: CDP-ribitol levels in the skeletal muscle of mice treated (n=3) or not (n=4) with Sorbinil for 6 days (means±s.e.m., asterisk indicatingP<0.05 in Student’st-test). Note that the ‘CDP-ribitol’ peak also comprises some CDP-glucose, as shown in the MS analysis inFig. 2.\nC: CDP-ribitol levels in ISPD-overexpressing HEK293 cells incubated without or with 3 mMD-ribose or ribitol, without or with 100 μM Sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor.\nD: α-dystroglycan glycosylation in three different HAP1 cell line clones carrying CRISPR-Cas9 double-nickase-induced mutations in FGGY, as determined by flow cytometry using the IIH6 antibody.b,dshow means±s.d. (n=3), and asterisks indicateP<0.05 in Student’st-test. In all panels, the area of the CDP-ribitol peak was normalized to the total area of all peaks observed at 280 nm (a.u., arbitrary units).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11534_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14147", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: BAT isolated from above mice was subjected to immunoblotting using an antibody against UCP-1, β-tubulin as indicated. The right panel is the band intensity of UCP-1 relative to β-tubulin (n=6).\nB: Representative photos of male 4-week-old A-FABP KO mice and their WT littermates fed with either standard chow (STC) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks (n=12). (b,c) Oxygen consumption (VO2) of the mice fed with (b) STC or (c) HFD for 4 weeks (n=8).\nC: Whole-body energy expenditure and (c) mean value of cold-induced energy expenditure of mice mentioned above (n=6).\nD: The mRNA abundance ofLXRα, Dio2 and UCP-1in BAT of above mice (n=6). Circulating levels of (f) T4 and (g) T3 and (h) T3 level in BAT of mice mentioned above (n=6). Data are represented as mean±s.e.m.*P<0.05, **P<0.01 (one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.)", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14147_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7488", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Dependence of the scaledShA/B-C-PDZ2association rate constant (kamutant/kawild type ΔShB)) on chain length difference (ΔN). The solid line represents the best fit of the data to equation (1) (see text) describing a random flight ‘ball and chain’ mechanism for channel tail binding to PDZ2. The values for the wild-typeShA-CandShB-Ctails are indicated by grey symbols.\nB: Statistical analysis of PSD-95-mediated fold increase in potassium current level expression of theShaker AandBvariants (n=~50). Differences in current expression were found to be statistically significant based on a Student’st-test and considering Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparisons (based on aP-value lower than 1%).\nC: SPR sensograms describing the association of PDZ2with wild-type and length-modifiedShB-Ctails (m1 to m4 deletion mutants) and with theShaker Anatural splice variant. Solid curves correspond to the thread lines obtained by global fitting of the data to a modified Langmuir isotherm describing protein–protein association kinetics (Methods). Values forkaandkdrate constants, respectively, determined from the association and dissociation phases, and for the corresponding equilibrium constant (KD), are reported inTable 1.\nD: K+current expression levels of the full-lengthShaker AandBchannel variants and of theBchannel variant lacking the terminal PDZ-binding motif (ΔShB-C-ΔETDV) recorded from oocytes injected with mRNA encoding either variant with or without PSD-95 mRNA. K+currents were elicited by applying a +40 mV depolarizing pulse from a holding potential of −85 mV (Methods).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7488_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1418", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Overall structure of a free, catalytically active drICE. The two protomers are coloured cyan and orange. The four active site loops, L1 through L4, are largely disordered in the crystals and not shown here.\nB: Overall structure of the catalytically active drICE variant (Δ33–77) bound to the BIR1 domain (residues 31–145) of DIAP1. A drICE homo-dimer, with two protomers coloured green and magenta, is recognized by two molecules of DIAP1–BIR1 (shown in yellow and blue). Two perpendicular views, along with their surface representation, are shown to highlight the overall features of the hetero-tetrameric complex. Each BIR1 molecule interacts with both protomers of drICE. This colouring scheme is preserved in panelcandFigure 4.\nC: Structure of the DIAP1–BIR1 domain in an auto-inhibited conformation. The N-terminal fragment is coloured yellow, and the zinc ion is represented by a red sphere. The disordered residues are indicated by a dotted line.\nD: A close-up view of the protein–protein interface between BIR1 and drICE. This interface is mediated by Pro105 and Asn106 of DIAP1.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1418_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10971", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Representative traces of reconstituted membrane fusion reactions regulated by WT or linker mutant forms of syt (3 μM); the arrow indicates the addition of Ca2+(1 mM, free).\nB: Representative mEPSC traces recorded from WT, syt KO and syt KO neurons expressing WT or proline linker mutant forms of syt. The frequency (b) and amplitude (c) of mEPSCs are plotted as mean value±s.e.m. The 6Pro and 9Pro mutants were unable to clamp spontaneous fusion, whereas 7Pro and 8Pro had robust clamping activity. For each condition, data were collected from 21 to 28 cells from a total of six coverslips, where two coverslips were obtained from each of three independent litters of mice. Recording were made from 3 to 7 cells per coverslip. **P<0.001, ***P<0.001 versus WT, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The number of independent litters,N, and the number of cells,n, are indicated in the bar graph asN/n. One-way ANOVA results are provided inSupplementary Tables 5 and 6.\nC: Under resting conditions, C2A and C2B point to different directions to clamp fusion; when activated by Ca2+, C2A and C2B switch to a parallel configuration to trigger SV exocytosis.\nD: Reciprocal abilities of the syt linker mutants to clamp spontaneous release and to drive evoked synaptic transmission. The amplitude of evoked EPSCs and the frequency of mEPSC were used to evaluate the function each linker mutant. Data were normalized using values obtained from WT (100%) and syt KO neurons (0%). Again, the results were fitted with a sine wave function with a periodicity of three; an adjustedR2value was generated to assess the goodness of the fit. For completeness, the PET quenching data were normalized and overlaid onto this plot, to reveal the relative orientations that underlie the regulation of evoked versus spontaneous release.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10971_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12673", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: 15N relaxation (T1/T2) and1H-15N NOE measurements reveal β2/β3 loop dynamics that are diminished on CODD binding.\nB: View from the PHD2.CODD complex (PDB: 3HQR) showing locations of PHD2 clinical variants with altered ODD selectivities.\nC: Cα r.m.s.d. plots of PHD2 structures with/without CODD (brown) and NODD (blue) reveal similar PHD2 backbone conformations for the major and minor β-sheets of the DSBH and surrounding three α-helices (1–3), but clear differences especially in the β2/β3 loop (aa 237–250), βIV/βV loop (aa 348–353) and C-terminal helix α4 (393–401, CODD).\nD: Catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of PHD2 wt and the variants for hydroxylating CODD and NODD; values in the parentheses are CODD/NODD activity ratios; selected variants were tested in cells (d). Assays of the indicated PHD2 variants in TKO cells as described inFig. 2d.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12673_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Example pictures fromd.\nB: Blockade of NMDARs causes a reduction of cortical GSH contentin vivo. Cortical GSH levels measured in P6 rat pups 24 h after the first injection. *P=0.0495, one-tailedt-test (n=4). (b,c) Blockade of NMDARs reduces GCL enzyme activity andGclcexpressionin vivo. Rat pups treated as inFig. 4aand cortical GCL activity (b) and Gclc expression (c) were measured at 12 h and expressed relative to the mean of the control group.P=0.0006 (b), 0.0042 (c) (n=4).\nC: Synaptic activity induces Gclc protein expression in astrocyte-free cortical neuronal cultures, normalized to beta-actin. *P=0.022 (n=9).\nD: Synaptic activity inhibits oxidative stress-induced Puma mRNA expression in an NMDAR-dependent manner. Neurons were treated as indicated for 24 h, then with 100 μM H2O2for 8 h (*P<0.0001, <0.0001,n=3 (BiC+MK-801),n=7 (BiC)).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7761_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21278-1", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: PGL-1::SNAP localizes to granules around nuclei (n= 49).\nB: PGL-1(R123E)::SNAP is diffuse (n= 24). (g–p) Representative images showing localization of three P granule components in germ cells expressing either (g–k) PGL-1::SNAP (n= 20) or (l–p) PGL-1(K126E K129E)::SNAP (n= 14). (g,l) DNA (DAPI, cyan); (h,m) SNAP (PGL-1::SNAP or mutant, magenta); (i, n) V5 (PGL-3, green); (j,o) MYC (GLH-1, red); (k,p) Merge. Scale bar, 10 µm for all images, except 2.5-fold enlargements of nuclei in boxes placed outside main images.n= biologically independent animals examined over 2 independent experiments.\nC: PGL-1::SNAP, WAGO-1(null)::3xV5 (n= 29). DNA (DAPI, cyan); SNAP (PGL-1::SNAP or mutant, magenta); V5 (WAGO-1::3xV5 wild-type or null, yellow). Scale bar, 10 µm for all images, except 2.5-fold enlargements placed outside main images.n= biologically independent animals examined over 2 independent experiments.\nD: PGL-1(R123E)::SNAP, WAGO-1::3xV5 with WAGO-1 puncta (11 of 22 germlines).", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-21278-1_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11919", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification (left) and frequency distribution (right) of the number of filipin puncta in scramble (22±4 puncta per cell, ± indicates s.e.m.,n=33 cells, three experiments) and VPS35 siRNA cells (39±5 puncta per cell,n=32 cells, three experiments). *P<0.05 in Student’st-test and ***P<0.001 in χ2-test.\nB: Cholesterol levels measured by LC–MS were similar inArf6WT (19.1±0.7 molar % of total lipidome,±indicates s.e.m.,n=11) and KO cells (18.5±0.5 molar % of total lipidome,n=12). NS denotesP>0.05 in Student’st-test.\nC: Left, representative confocal images ofArf6KO cells expressing the K188A mutant (top) or the wild-type (bottom) GFP-PIPKIγi1 (green) labelled with filipin (blue). Scale bar, 5 μm. Center, quantification of the absolute number and relative distribution of filipin puncta inArf6KO cells expressing K188A GFP-PIPKIγi1 (31±4 puncta per cell,±indicates s.e.m.,n=24 cells, three experiments) or WT GFP-PIPKIγi1 (18±2 puncta per cell,n=38 cells, five experiments). **P<0.01 int-test with Welch’s correction. ***P<0.001 inχ2-test. Right, size of filipin puncta inArf6KO cells expressing K188A GFP-PIPKIγi1 (0.51±0.01 μm2,±indicates s.e.m., 742 puncta, 24 cells) or WT GFP-PIPKIγi1 (0.42±0.01 μm2, 671 puncta, 38 cells). ***P<0.001 in Mann–Whitney test.\nD: Maximum intensity projections of 3D SIM z-stacks ofArf6WT and KO cells immunostained for EEA1 (magenta) and Vps35 (green). Scale bar, 5 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11919_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10260", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: DNA synthesis was carried out by DNAP alone, DNAP with helicase or DNAP with the ΔCtmutant helicase. Sequencing gels show the kinetics of the leading-strand DNA synthesis on either an unmodified DNA fork template (denoted as ‘U’) or a DNA fork template containing a single CPD lesion (denoted as ‘CPD’).\nB: Schematic representation of ensemble studies of helicase/DNAP-coupled leading-strand replication on a DNA template containing a single CPD lesion. A CPD lesion (red star) is located at nucleotides 46–47 from 3′ of the template.\nC: Schematic representation of the single-molecule configuration. Two ssDNA arms were held at a constant force, while the motion of a T7 DNAP was monitored by the fork location. A single CPD lesion (red star) was located on the template strand.\nD: A denaturing PAGE analysis of primer extension by DNAP on either an unmodified template (no CPD lesion, denoted as ‘U’) or a CPD-containing DNA template (denoted as ‘CPD’).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10260_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: (PDB: 2AJF);\nB: ELISA was performed using purified 1A-S310-677aa and purified antibodies. The experiments were done in triplicate and the s.d.‘s (n=3) were shown as error bar. The experiments were performed twice and one representative is shown. Differentiated HTBE cells were incubated with 20 μM of 1A-310-677aa protein at 37 °C for 1 h. HKU1 viruses were diluted into the same amount of proteins and added onto HTBE cells for 4 h. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, cells were fixed and stained with polyclonal rabbit anti HKU1 S antibodies 1814 at a dilution at 1:100 (c), and released viruses at 24 h post inoculation from apical wash were analysed using real-time PCR (d). The amount of HKU1 viral RNA from BSA control was set as 100%. Scale bar, 50 μm. The experiments were done in triplicate and the s.d.‘s (n=3) were shown as error bar. The experiments were performed twice and one representative is shown.\nC: MHV CTD (PDB: 3JCL);\nD: Superimposition of 1A-S310-677aa onto the cryo-EM density of the HKU1 S protein. The crystal structure of 1A-S310-677aa is shown in blue and the cryo-EM density map is shown in orange. N-linked glycan moieties are shown in red stick.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15216_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4430", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Hierarchical clustering (heat) map demonstrating the clustering of proteins based on their expression intensities in HA-HACE1 MEF and control MSCV MEF HA-IP pull-down products. To the left of the heat map, selected annotations found to be enriched in the protein clusters are shown.n=5 for HA-HACE1 group andn=4 for control MSCV group.\nB: Mortality rate of WT andHace1−/−mice after sTAC is shown by Kaplan–Meier plots as the survival proportion of each cohort of mice. Survival incidence in mice over the indicated follow-up period is shown as the ratio of the number of mice survived/total mice analysed for each group. This represents 60% (12/20) forHace1−/−sTAC mice, 84% (16/19) forHace1+/+sTAC mice and 100% (12/12) for bothHace1−/−and Hace1+/+sham mice on day 4;Pvalue as indicated (log-rankχ2-test).\nC: LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) (mm) and (e) LV end-systolic dimension (LVESD) (mm) are shown.n=6–8 for each group.\nD: p62 (brown) and (c) GFP-LC3 (brown) in paraffin sections of heart revealing increased accumulation of p62, ubiquitinated protein and LC3 inHace1−/−sTAC hearts. Hearts from three mice in each group were analysed (scale bars, 10 μm). Representative immunoblot and quantification for (d,e) Ub-conjugated proteins, (d,f) p62 and (g,h) LC3 in heart extracts (n=3 per group), Gapdh were used as a loading control.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4430_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Relative fluorescent response of DPPE-PEG(5000)-SWCNT (5 mg l−1) sensor to fibrinogen (0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg ml−1) in serum. Error bars represent the s.d. between three replicate experiments.\nB: Frequency change (dashed blue curve) and layer thickness (solid orange curve) as measured by QCM-D, and calculated by the Voigt viscoelastic model, respectively, for a fibrinogen layer deposited on top of a DPPE-PEG(5000)-SWCNT layer, and for (j) fibrinogen layer deposited directly on top of the gold-coated quartz crystal.\nC: DPPE-PEG(5000), (ii) DMPE-PEG(5000), (iii) DSPE-PEG(5000), (iv) DSPE-PEG(2000), (v) DSPE-PEG(2000)-Cyanur, (vi) DSPE-PEG(2000)-carboxylic acid (CA), (vii) DSPE-PEG(2000)-Maleimide, (viii) DSPE-PEG(2000)-[3-(2-Pyridyldithio)-propionyl] (PDP), (ix) DSPE-PEG(2000)-Amine, (x) DSPE-PEG(2000)-Biotin, (xi) DSPE-PEG(350). The number in parentheses is the molecular weight of the PEG chain in Daltons.\nD: Sensor performance in a complex environment: relative fluorescent response of DPPE-PEG(5000)-SWCNT suspension following a two-step analyte addition. First, either albumin (columns 1–3), fibrinogen (columns 4–6), or an equal mixture of both (columns 7–9) was added to the solution to a final concentration of 20 μg ml−1and incubated for an hour. Then either PBS (columns 1, 4 and 7), albumin (columns 2, 5 and 8), or fibrinogen (columns 3, 6 and 9) was added to a final protein concentration of 40 μg ml−1. The fluorescent response was measured after an additional 1 h incubation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10241_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8569", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The histogram of ΔLc of (RD-GB1)nin the presence of 100 mM KSCN shows two distributions: one is centred at∼13 nm and the other one is at∼18 nm. Gaussian fits (solid lines) to the experimental data measure a ΔLc of 12.9±0.5 nm for rubredoxin and 18.0±0.5 nm for GB1.\nB: water substitution under acid catalysis;\nC: Representative length-time curves of (rubredoxin-GB1)nunder a constant force of 90 pN in the presence of 50 mM SCN−. Steps coloured in black correspond to the unfolding events of GB1, while those in red correspond to the unfolding event of rubredoxin.\nD: Typical force-extension curves of stretching polyprotein (RD-GB1)nin 100 mM KSCN (curve 1) and in the absence of KSCN (curve 2). Both curves show force peaks corresponding to the rupture of the FeS4centre, which are characterized by ΔLc of 13 nm and indicated by *, and unfolding of the fingerprotein domain GB1 (ΔLc of 18 nm). Scale bar for theyaxis is 100 pN.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8569_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10626", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: 4 and 4;\nB: 9, 8, 12 and 18;\nC: 5 and 8;\nD: 5 and 4;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10626_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9780", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Mean audiogram values (±s.e.m.) obtained fromKcnk5+/+(black,n=6),Kcnk5+/−(blue,n=19),Kcnk5−/−(magenta,n=18),Kcnk3−/−(light green,n=9),Kcnk9−/−(dark green,n=4) andKcnk3-9−/−(orange,n=12) mice.\nB: ABR waves recorded from oneKcnk5+/+(left panel) and oneKcnk5−/−(right panel) mice across postnatal days 14–21 as a function of tone-pip frequency (kHz) delivered at 80 dB SPL. Scale bars, 10 ms, 2 μV.\nC: Individual values of the endocochlear potential recorded from the basal cochlear turn fromKcnk5+/+(black,n=9),Kcnk5+/−(blue,n=13) andKcnk5−/−(magenta,n=20) mice at different ages from postnatal day 19 to 90.\nD: Superimposed auditory brainstem responses (ABR) waves ofKcnk5+/+(black,n=1),Kcnk5+/−(blue,n=1) andKcnk5−/−(magenta,n=1) mice to a 8-kHz tone pip delivered at three sound pressure levels (dB SPL).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9780_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7898", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: To target endogenous receptors with CLICR, an adapter domain with affinity for native receptors was used in place of the engineered LZa–LZb interaction used previously. The SH2 domain from PLCγ was used as a binding domain fused to the N terminus of mCh-Cry2 (SH2-N) to target endogenous receptor tyrosine kinases. Illuminated SH2-N expressed in 293Ts (b, top panels) localized to membrane-anchored foci. In 3T3 fibroblasts (c, top panels), illumination of SH2-N induced translocation to the membrane periphery and to structures resembling focal adhesions. In NSCs (d, top panels), illuminated SH2-N localized to immobilized membrane clusters both in the cell body and in neurites. In all three cell types, inhibition with an FGFR1/PDGFRβ/EGFR-specific inhibitor (RTKi) largely abrogated visible SH2-N translocation. (b–d, lower panels). In 293Ts, upon blue light illumination SH2-N colocalized (arrows) to exogenously expressed, full-length FGFR1 (e) and PDGFRβ (g) fused to GFP, and this colocalization was abrogated in the presence of inhibitors specific to these receptors (f,h). Scale bars, 20 μm. Light-stimulated association of SH2-N with either FGFR1-GFP or PDGFRβ-GFP was confirmed through co-immunoprecipitation of SH2-N with the receptors (i).\nB: Fibroblasts expressing F3-N show light-induced formation of puncta that move within the cell along defined linear trajectories (seeSupplementary Movie 9).\nC: CLICR allows clustering of cytoplasmic protein targets. On light activation, the Cry2-mCh-LZa (red) and LZb-GFP-LRP6c (green) components co-cluster (c), suggesting successful clustering of noncovalently bound proteins via homo-oligomerization of Cry2. (d,e) CLICR clustering also enables membrane translocation of the initially cytoplasmic Cry2-mCh-LZa. Scale bars, 20 μm.\nD: Time-lapse imaging of SH2-N-expressing fibroblasts shows lamellipodial extension and cell repolarization upon whole-field blue light exposure.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7898_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15123", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Fragments are detected to bind all over the surface of JMJD2D, revealing potential allosteric sites, including the peptide-binding groove (site A) and the large helix reordering (site B).\nB: Averaging over multiple ‘ground-state’ data sets further provides an accurate estimate of the ground-state density, leading tod. With pixel intensity representing electron density strength, (c) shows an identified location, at which the density is a superposition of changed-state (20%) and ground-state (80%) densities; the changed state is obscured by the superposed ground state.\nC: Final models for the unbound (yellow) and bound (magenta) conformations highlight the large conformational change.\nD: ‘Event maps’ (scaled for comparison), generated as in equation (1) for different values of BDC, reveal the minor state optimally for only one value of BDC (0.8, indicated in red). BDC=0.0 corresponds to the observed density, and BDC=1.0 to a Fo–Fomap.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15123_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1295", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Normalized current traces of the deactivation time courses of GluN2A and chimeric receptors following removal ofL-glutamate.\nB: Normalized current traces of GluN2A and chimeric receptors following the removal ofD-glutamate. The deactivation time course following removal ofD-glutamate did not significantly lengthen for any chimeric receptor.\nC: Structural comparison betweenL-glutamate bound to GluN2D (wheat and light grey) and GluN2A (PDB code:2A5S, green) in stereoview. The superposition shows the divergent region, the hinge loop (green arrow: GluN2A and grey arrow: GluN2D), proximal to helices-E and -F, and strands 15 and 16. The orientation of the structures is the same as that inb.\nD: The relationship between the experimentally determinedτSlowand the EC50value for the steady-state response is shown for linear ligands for whichτSlowcontributes >10% to the deactivation time course (L-glutamate,L-homocysteate,L-aspartate, NMLA, (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamate and (2S,4S)-4-methylglutamate). Superimposed on these data are simulated response properties from modified NMDA receptor-gating models for GluN1/GluN2A, GluN1/GluN2B and GluN1/GluN2C23,35,36adapted forL-glutamate-activated GluN1/GluN2D receptors by removal of the desensitized states (seeMethodsandSupplementary Fig. S1). We first determined association and dissociation rate constants that yielded a steady-state EC50and deactivation time constant similar to that measured forL-glutamate-activated GluN1/GluN2D. We subsequently simulated the responses of each adapted model using an association rate (b+) of 1.0×106M−1s−1. The dissociation rates (b−) were varied between 0.1 and 100 s−1, while holding the gating rates constant. The solid lines show the relationship between the EC50value and τ-deactivation for each adapted model.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1295_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2257", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: TIRF images of EGFP fluorescence from oocytes expressing the indicated constructs. Upper panel was a duplication ofFigure 3a. Scale bar, 2 μm.\nB: Gel filtration profile of MBP-tagged WT TRPP3 C-terminal fragment (TRPP3_CT) and TRPP3_CT_mut6. The right shift of the latter indicates a decrease in molecular mass.\nC: Bar graph comparing acid-induced currents in oocytes expressing the indicated subunit(s). HP=−80 mV. Results are shown as mean and s.d.n=number of oocytes.\nD: Whole-cell current induced by citric acid (pH 2.8, red bar) in oocytes expressing the indicated subunit(s). Holding potential (HP)=−60 mV.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2257_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9154", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Stably transfected U87 cells expressing wild-type CRAF (WT) or the CRAF kinase-dead, phospho-mimetic double mutant (S338D/K375M) were exposed to 6 Gy and immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. Data are representative of three independent experiments.\nB: Immunoblotting for pS338 CRAF following 6 Gy or 0.5 μM etoposide. Immunostaining for CRAF pS338 (green) with dose range of IR in HCT-116 cells. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 20 μm. Data shown are representative of five fields per group for two independent experiments.\nC: Immune-compromised nu/nu mice were implanted s.c. with tumour cells to each thigh, and only the right thigh received three fractions of 6 Gy on Days 5, 7 and 9. Graph shows mean tumour volume±s.e.m, *P=0.04 from two-sidedt-test comparing WT+IR (n=10) versus S338D+IR (n=9) at the endpoint on Day 15.\nD: HCT-116 cells treated with KG5 (1μm) overnight, irradiated (6 Gy) and whole cell lysates collected. Immunoblotting to indicate phospho CRAF and BRAF sites. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9154_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7186", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Chromatin interactions predicted by the IFC analysis anchored on theTBL1XR1gene promoter are represented by Bezier curves. Signal and peak files for ZNF143, SMC3, RAD21 and CTCF defined by ChIP-seq assays in HelaS3 are presented. Test (t1 and t2) regions (black boxes) and negative control (nc1–5) regions (grey boxes) are shown.\nB: Violin plots of the signal intensities from ChIP-seq assays against ZNF143, CTCF, SMC3 and POL2 at their respective binding sites and the distributions of these sites across chromatin states defined by epigenetic modifications. The violin plots are split to show the distribution of the top decile of each factor separately. Enh, Enhancer; Ins, Insulator; Pro, Promoter; Tx, Transcription.\nC: 3C assays anchored at the TBL1XR1 gene promoter reveal the interactions frequencies at a number of predicted chromatin interactions in HelaS3 cells transfected with the siRNA control (green bars). These interactions are diminished on silencing ZNF143 (grey bars).\nD: ZNF143-binding sites across the genome are enriched within the anchors of chromatin interactions reported in 5C assays. The normalized enrichment of ZNF143 and other transcription factors at both ends (anchors) of chromatin loops identified by 5C assays in GM12878 cells is shown. Box plots represent the normalized null distribution derived from the comparison between chromatin interactions and 1,000 RMBSs. Red dots indicate the observed per cent overlap of the transcription factor-binding sites within both 5C interaction anchors value relative to the generated null distribution represented aszscores.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7186_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12248", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Expression of HIV-1 pre-mRNAs in the WT and mutant reporters. Values are numbers of nucleoplasmic pre-RNAs per cell, as detected by smFISH, and are shown for two independent clones. Dark blue: the clones used for live-cell analysis.\nB: Bleaching of MCP-GFP. Graph shows normalized intensity of nucleoplasmic MCP-GFP as a function of the frame number (mean and s.d.). Intensities were averaged over the nucleoplasm and normalized to the first frame (five cells).\nC: Convoy parameters in HIV-1 WT and mutant promoters. Box-plots display the distribution of the parameters obtained by fitting isolated transcription cycles with the polymerase convoy model (N>100 for 1T2G and 4G;N>90 for WT). Data are from short movies.\nD: Fits of isolated transcription cycles with the polymerase convoy model. Black dots display experimental values of TS intensities (in number of full-length pre-mRNA molecules) as a function of time (in s). Red curves show best fit to the model.vel: estimated elongation rate;tsp: spacing. Underlined number: only a minimum value was estimated forvel.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12248_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9480", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Quantification of immunoblots for both β2AR (black,n=5 experiments) and opto-β2AR (blue,n=8 experiments) displayed over time. All data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. All light pulses are 473 nm, 1 W cm−2unless otherwise noted.\nB: Representative images show internalization of opto-β2AR–YFP in response to photostimulation (1-min pulse). Inset shows similar internalization of β2AR–YFP (colourized to black and white) in response to isoproterenol (1 μM) at: 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 min post-stimulation. Scale bar,10 μm. Arrowheads show examples of internalized punctate receptors.\nC: Power response curve of cAMP of opto-β2AR (blue) (EP50=0.9±0.1 W cm−2;n=4 experiments). Isoproterenol increase cAMP in β2AR (black) expressing cells (EC50=14±6 nM;n=6 experiments).\nD: Model of G-protein and arrestin / MAP kinase signaling10.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9480_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6960", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Conformations adopted by EIN in the open (state A) and closed (state B) structures.\nB: H189 replaced by Gln.\nC: X-ray structure of the closed, phosphorylated intermediate of EI11with PEP modelled in place of oxalate.\nD: Experimental structures of full-lengthE. coliEI10,11. The EIC domain is coloured pink. The α and α/β subdomains of EIN are coloured blue and light blue, respectively. HPr is shown in green. The active site histidines, H189 of EI and H15 of HPr, are shown as red and orange spheres, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6960_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11473", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Intersection plots representing screen results obtained for proof-of-concept assays. Each viral protein was screened against two extracellular human protein libraries, representing 1,555 genes. Each scatter plot represents two replicate microarray data sets (Array 1 and Array 2), where dots represent average scores for each protein in the library. The lower left square in each plot represents an empirically set cutoff of 5 and contains all non-hit proteins. The data analysis and scoring procedures are described in the ‘Methods’ section. M-CSF was identified as a hit for EBV BARF1 (left plot), whereas HSV glycoprotein C targeted the complement factor C3 (right plot).\nB: Expression of HAdV-D30 E3/49K identified receptors on the surface of HUVEC and CML-T1 cells. Grey-filled histograms represent unlabelled cells, dashed histograms show isotype antibody binding and blue histograms represent surface expression of the indicated molecules.\nC: PBMCs were stimulated as indicated and the activation of LILRB1 was analysed in receptor immunoprecipitates using an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. Blots were reblotted against LILRB1 to control for similar protein loading. Molecular sizes are indicated in kDa. Full immunoblot is shown inSupplementary Fig. 8f.\nD: Kinetic parameters calculated for the interaction between the E3 proteins and the SLAM receptors targeted. Binding affinities are shown asKD(nM) values. Theχ2, in parenthesis, followed by andRmaxvalues indicate the goodness of the experimental fitting. NB, no binding.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11473_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7198", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Far-ultraviolet CD spectra of the conformational states of ClyAwt accessible with ensemble methods (that is, excluding the protomer). The spectrum of the intermediate is calculated from a reconstructed spectrum obtained by stopped-flow measurements 40 s after mixing with DDM and spectra of monomer and pore using the relative concentrations of the species at the point of maximum intermediate population determined by single-molecule FRET (Fig. 2c). The dashed line indicates the wavelength of the kinetic measurement inb.\nB: Time series of transfer efficiency histograms measured for the monomer to protomer transition in 0.1% (w/v) DDM, combined from microfluidic and manual mixing experiments at short (<100 s) and long times (>40 s), respectively. Each histogram was normalized to an area of 1. The cartoons illustrate the monomer (M), intermediate (I) and protomer (P), and the coloured planes indicate the average transfer efficiencies of the peaks. R.e.f., relative event frequency.\nC: Dependence of pore formation kinetics on ClyA concentration. Plotted ist50%(time when 50% of the ClyA molecules are in an oligomeric state), versus the total concentration of ClyA subunits, according to the populations from the free fit (filled circles) and as predicted by the pore assembly model (d; solid line).\nD: Samples were cross-linked by photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP)22,52(see Methods) after incubation with DDM for different times and analysed by SDS–PAGE. The image shows the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel. Lane 1: molecular weight marker (molecular masses indicated on the left), lane 2: monomeric ClyA (no addition of DDM or crosslinker), lane 3: cross-linked monomeric ClyA in the absence of DDM (only cross-linker added), lane 4 to 15: cross-linked ClyA samples after incubation with DDM for the time intervals indicated on top of the respective lane. The rectangle indicates the region used for the analysis inb. The monomer band becomes a double band after cross-linking, which we attribute to internal cross-linking that leads to a more compact unfolded state. Owing to incomplete cross-linking, residual populations of small oligomers are still detected after denaturation in SDS.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7198_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12151", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: α-Diversity increased between 2011 and 2012 at most sites (ANOVA,P<0.05; detailed statistics inTable 1). Least-squares mean Chao1 richness is plotted for each year and each site; error bars represent 1 s.e.m.\nB: Microbiome composition changed moderately between 2011 and 2012 (ANOVA,P=0.055 in leaves,P<0.01 in roots; detailed statistics inTable 2). Least-squares mean PCo1 and PCo2 are plotted with s.e.m. to show effects of year while controlling for other sources of variation using LMMs.\nC: Each bar shows the total fraction of leaf (green) and root (grey) OTUs (binned at 99% sequence similarity) belonging to the ‘shared set’ of OTUs that were observed in both organs within one plant (N=237 plants).\nD: Root OTUs from across the relative abundance spectrum contributed to the bacterial leaf microbiome. All root OTUs are plotted in increasing order of their relative abundance in roots (black dots). For each OTU that was also observed in leaves, its relative abundance in the leaf microbiome is plotted above or below it (green dots).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12151_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15812", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: EMSA analysis of Zur binding on 33 bpzitBDNA probe in comparison with the complex on 25 bpzitBDNA. Increasing amounts of zinc (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μM) were included in the binding buffer with 90 nM Zur. The molecular weights of the retarded bands were estimated from electrophoretic mobility on native PAGE with different acrylamide percentages (Supplementary Fig. 9), and were marked as T (tetramer) or D (dimer).\nB: Analytical western blot analysis of Zur. Exponentially grownS. coelicolorM145 cells were either untreated or treated with varying concentrations of chelator TPEN (5.9, 5.7, 5.5 and 5.0 μM) or 100 μM ZnSO4for 1 h before cell harvest. Crude cell extracts were analysed by western analysis, in parallel with quantified amount of purified Zur (1, 2 and 4 ng), using polyclonal antibodies against Zur. The amount of Zur in each loaded sample was estimated in ng, taking the band intensity of 1 ng purified Zur as 1.0. Average values with s.d.’s from three independent experimental samples were presented.\nC: A schematic model for the change in the binding mode of Zur onzitBpromoter region as zinc level increases. The dimeric Zur with three high-affinity zinc-binding sites occupied by zinc at femtomolar range (Zn3Zur)2was indicated in red, whereas the oligomers of dimeric Zur with possibly more zinc binding at low-affinity site(s) were presented in purple.\nD: TheermEp::zitBconstruct on pSET162 plasmid (pZitB) was introduced into the chromosome of the wild-typeS. coelicolor. The pZitB containing strain showed defect in sporulation (white phenotype) and antibiotic production, whereas the wild-type strain with or without the empty vector (pSET) demonstrated grey spore formation and blue antibiotic production.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15812_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13376", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Most of the cloned BCR transcripts of the IsdB+ memory B cells collected at month 1, 3 and 15 are clonally related. BCR sequences from single-cell cloning of IsdB+ memory B cells were clustered based on heavy chain V-gene usage and CDR-H3 sequences. In total, we identified 31 unique clusters from donor D3 over the three collection time points. The Venn diagram shows that sibling clones within a cluster can be isolated at multiple time points.\nB: Analysis of the structure illustrates how a change from G to R (most frequent rotamer) at position 50 is expected to cause a steric clash in the binding to NEAT2.\nC: Crystal structure of an IGHV4-39-derived Fab (D4-10-N1) in complex with NEAT1. The two aromatic resides (Y52 and F53) in CDR-H2 interact with the α-helix1 of NEAT1 which is normally involved in binding haemoglobin. IGHV4-39 CDR-H2 F53 of Fab D4-10-N1 protrudes into a hydrophobic pocket of NEAT1, which is structurally homologous to the heme binding pocket of NEAT2. Crystallization was facilitated by the use of a sandwiching Fab from an antibody (D3–19) that binds NEAT1 at a non-overlapping epitope (bin H). For clarity, the sandwiching Fab is removed from the figure but is included in theSupplementary Data(Supplementary Fig. 10c).\nD: Mutational analysis confirms the structural data and demonstrates that all IGHV1-69-derived antibodies in this set bind NEAT2 with a similar mechanism. The KDfor all antibodies in this set and their respective F54A variants against IsdB NEAT2 were determined by SPR-based biosensor assays at 37 °C (KDrange,n≥2). Antibody binding to NEAT2 variants of V435R (heme-binding pocket) and D390A/K436A/T437A (β7-turn-β8 loop) was tested by ELISA (percentage binding relative to binding to wild type IsdB, one representative set of results out of three independent experiments is shown). Clones from each donor were reverted to VH germline sequence and tested for binding to NEAT2 by both ELISA and biosensor analysis, and ability to block haemoglobin binding. N.D. stands for not determined.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13376_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13876", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Pipeline of AP-MS for mapping IAV–host protein interactomes.\nB: HEK293 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting the 3’-UTR of PKP2 (duplex #1) and/or PKP2-FLAG resistant to PKP2 siRNA. After 48 h, the cells were infected with 0.1 MOI of PR8-Gluc for 16 h. The relative luciferase activity is shown. All experiments were biologically repeated three times. Data represent means ±s.d. of three independent experiments. ThePvalue was calculated (two-tailed Student’st-test) by comparison with the siRNA control. An asterisk indicatesP<0.05. Western blot demonstrates the knockdown efficiency. FLAG-tagged PKP2 and endogenous PKP2 (Endo-PKP2) are indicated.\nC: Full-length and various PKP2 deletion mutants were fused with FLAG epitope and co-transfected with PB1-HA into HEK293 cells. Lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-FLAG antibody and blotted with the indicated antibodies.\nD: HEK293 cells were transfected with pCMV3-tag-8 vector or PKP2-FLAG for 24 h, then infected with WSN/33 IAV for 16 h. Cell lysates were blotted using the indicated antibodies.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13876_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13689", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Reactions were performed with 1 μM PR at the indicated pHs.\nB: The presence of membrane (the grey sphere) limits the size of the cylinder. Membrane can also facilitate formation of pentamers resulting into the formation of cones.\nC: Effect of the capsid-destabilizing mutation K203A on CA association following Gag cleavage. Purified cores from PR-defective particles with wild-type (WT) or K203A mutant CA were treated and analysed as ina.\nD: During the assembly process, if the genome (ball) remains attached to a few subunits, a conical capsid forms. Otherwise, a cylindrical shell assembles with genome remaining outside, see the movie inSupplementary Material.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13689_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structure of theivrlocus inS. pneumoniaeR6 and (b) structure of thetvrlocus inS. pneumoniaeATCC 700669. In both cases, the CDSs encoding the methylases (hsdMgenes) and endonucleases (hsdRgenes) are coloured red, and the CDSs encoding the recombinases are coloured pink. The components of the specificity subunit CDSs are coloured differently: the 5′ TRD-encoding sequences are dark blue, the 3′ TRD-encoding sequences are light blue, and invariant regions are purple. TRD-encoding sequences are labelled as inFig. 4. Full-length specificity subunit genes, containing a representative of each component type, are boxed. The sets of repeats on which the recombinases may act are indicated by the orange and green boxes. In thetvrlocus ofS. pneumoniaeATCC 700669, the two grey CDSs representtvrAT, encoding a putative toxin–antitoxin system. This sequence is aligned with othertvrloci encoding functionalspnTVRhsdSgenes. Regions of sequence similarity between loci are indicated by red bands. The positions of primers are indicated with purple arrows.\nB: Variation in thetvrlocus. Eleven differentspnTVRhsdSTRD-encoding sequences were identified across the population. When the TRD-encoding sequence was present as part of a full-length CDS, the cell is coloured red, if the TRD was found in the 5′ half (these are labelled with uppercase Roman numerals), and orange, if found in the 3′ half (these are labelled with lowercase Roman numerals). Where the TRD-encoding sequence was present as a lone fragment, the corresponding cell in the grid is coloured blue. Empty cells indicate the TRD-encoding sequence was absent from the corresponding isolate.\nC: The distribution of pairwise cophenetic distances, calculated from a maximum likelihood core genome phylogeny19, represented as a histogram.\nD: The maximum likelihood phylogeny based on the core genome annotated according to the distribution of sequence clusters.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6471_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Domain organization of hMPVL, with at its C terminus the 46.5 kDa CR-VI+ domain (residues 1,599–2,005), comprising CR-VI (green), which contains the K-D-K-E motif typical for 2′O-MTases, and the +domain (red), carrying the K-K-G motif (blue). Boundaries of CR-I to -V are approximate. CR-III contains the G-D-N-Q signature motif for polymerase (RdRP) activity, and CR-V contains the HR motif for PRNTase activity.\nB: . The effect of point mutations on the MTase activities of CR-VI+, measured after a 16-h incubation period (by means of a filter-binding assay, as inFig. 2), usingGpppGGGACAAGU substrates that were methylated beforehand atN7 ofGor 2′Oof N1, to specifically monitor 2′OorN7-MTase activities, respectively. Mutants are listed against a yellow, green or red background, to indicate that the altered residue belongs to λ1650–1666, the rest of the CR-VI domain, or the +domain, respectively. They are also grouped according to whether they change the K-D-K-E tetrad,SAMP,SUBP orNSP. The results highlight the importance of essentialSUBP residues (such as the K-K-G lysines K1991, K1992and K1995and λ1650–1666residues H1659and R1662) for both 2′O- andN7-methylation. All tetrad residues are crucial for 2′O-methylation, while D1779in particular is important forN7-MTase activity. The bars and error bars correspond to the mean values from three independent measurements and their s.d.’s, respectively.\nC: Schematic representation of the secondary structure of a prototypical SAM-dependent MTase (top) and of the hMPV CR-VI domain (bottom). Helices are in green, strands in light purple and coils in blue, except forβ1λ,β2λ andβ4λ (orange) and λ1650–1666(yellow). CR-VI displays some deviations from the prototypical SAM-MTase fold, some of which it shares with other RNA-MTases, including the long N-terminal coil, a longer αD and an extra helix (αX) at the C terminus. αE is absent, whereas, atypical for viral MTases, αB is fully formed. CR-VI, moreover, has an unusual β-sheet; it lacks β3, but this is compensated for by the addition, at the other end of the sheet, of a new strand (β0), which glues the start of the N-terminal coil to the main structure. Also unusual is the fragmentation of αZ (resulting in the small z′-helix).\nD: . Substrate specificity was determined as above, but using various synthetic RNA substrates, and allowing the reactions to proceed for 16 h. Substrates were compared withGpppGGGACAAGU (red and blue panels) and pppGGGACAAGU (green panel), for which the degree of methylation was set at 100% (#, marked bars). The red-shaded panel compares the degree of methylation of nine-nucleotide-long hMPV start sequences with different 5′-ends and methylation states (the lighter bars represent uncapped RNAs). The results indicate efficient methylation of RNAs that already carried a (cold) methyl group, either at theirN7-guanine or 2′O-ribose position (confirming the occurrence of 2′O- andN7-methylation, respectively), and of uncapped RNAs (especially pppRNA). The pppRNA substrate is predominantly methylated at N1, as substrates that were methylated beforehand at this nucleotide do not undergo substantial additional methylation (green panel). CR-VI+ prefers the hMPV start sequence over the shortGpppACCCC sequence, and over RNA-start sequences of Dengue virus and SARS coronavirus, irrespective of their lengths (blue panel). A nine-nucleotide hMPV substrate, however, is much preferred over one with only five nucleotides, indicating that additional interactions take place between the protein and nucleotides 6–9. Consistently a 10-times lowerKD(dissociation constant) characterizes the interaction of CR-VI+ with the 9-mer, compared with that with the 5-mer. TheKDs, measured in triplicate using a dot-blot assay and listed at the right of the diagram (±s.d.’s), also show that capped and uncapped hMPV sequences are bound with comparable affinities, and that 2′O-methylated substrates are preferred over unmethylated ones.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9749_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14447", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Tumour diameter from MC38-bearing C57BL/6 mice (day −3) treated with (n=6) or without (n=7) 2 × 104PFU LCMV peritumourally.\nB: Tumour diameter and survival from FaDu-tumour-bearing NOD/SCID mice (day −10) treated with or without 2 × 106PFU LCMV i.t. (n=5 per group) (c) Immunofluorescence (day 10) of tumours from Sw480-tumour-bearing NOD/SCID mice (day −10) treated with or without 2 × 104PFU Candid#1 intratumoural (n=3 per group). Scale bar, 200 μm.\nC: Immunofluorescence of MOPC cells untreated or infected with LCMV (MOI 1) 72 h after infection (n=3/group). Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Total numbers of tumour-specific (OVA), antigen-exposed (CD44+) CD8+T cells (day 2) in tumours of B16-OVA-tumour-bearing C57BL/6 mice (day −13), which were vaccinated with ovalbumin (200 μg, day −3, i.v.) with or without CpG (20 μg, day −3, i.v.) and additionally treated with or without LCMV (5 × 105PFU, i.t.,n=8).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14447_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The population-level, Pavlovian-likeLearningsubfunction of the single simultaneous conditioning circuit. The fraction ofMemory-ON cells grew with the sessions of simultaneous conditioning; the ‘control training’ withRingonly, however, produced negligibleMemory-ON cells. The 2-hour induction pulse withFood+RingorRingonly in each session has been shaded in grey; the relaxation of cell populations was performed by washing away the inducer(s) and a 10-hour growth in fresh medium. The line segments in the top indicate the two sessions for fluorescence microscopy.\nB: CRD to wire outputs of RAG (conditioned response) andPSal-gfp(unconditioned response) together. Salicylate (Sal) evokes the GFP expression regardless of theMemorystate, while arabinose (Ara)-induced GFP expression isMemory-dependent. Inset: simplified diagram for the CRD. The inducers in (c) and (d) were arabinose (10−3, 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, 10−8and 10−9M) and salicylate (10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, 10−8, 10−9and 10−10M). Cells were assayed using flow cytometry in all the above experiments. Measurements are from three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d.\nC: The sequential-logic circuit design for the simultaneous conditioning according to the Karnaugh maps in (a) and (b). This circuit is composed of four modules:LearningAND gate, theMemorymodule,RecallingAND gate and output OR gate.\nD: The architecture of the GTS and its ability to maintain either of the two distinct stable states (Memory-ON andMemory-OFF) in the long term. Serial dilution was performed onMemory-ON andMemory-OFF cells: every 12 h, cell cultures were used to inoculate the next round and the bistable distribution of the cell population was recorded using flow cytometry. Measurements are from four independent experiments and the error bars represent the s.d. Inset: the toggle switch is composed of thecIandcI434repressors, which are mutually repressed; a positive feedback on promoterPRMwas designed to topologically reinforce the bistability.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4102_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6079", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Enzymatic oxidation is stopped by the addition of sulphuric acid and the signal at 450 nm is measured.\nB: Structure of PNA-RP25.\nC: aegPNA–RNA duplex.\nD: Linear correlation between NAT-PELA and PCR viral load over 100 to 1,500 copies of HIV per ml of plasma. Linear fit to the data (R2=0.93) with the shaded region representing a bootstrapped 95% confidence interval. There is a strong linear correlation of NAT-PELA signal with changes in HIV viral load (Pearson coefficientP<0.01).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6079_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12707", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: BACEBV-GFPwt and BNRF1D568A/D569A mutant was digested withEcoRI, fractionated on 0.8% agarose gel, and stained with ethidium bromide (EtBr) followed by Southern blots with32P-labelled probes specific for Wp or TR regions.\nB: Immunofluorescence analysis for EBNA1 (red) in BACEBV-GFPwt and BNRF1D568A/D569A HEK-293T virus production cell lines. GFP expression levels (green) were monitored and Dapi (blue) was shown in Merge image. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Primary B-lymphocytes were infected at a MOI of 10 with recombinant EBV virus generated by trans-complementation of the BNRF1 deletion mutant (ΔBNRF1) with either empty vector, FLAG-BNRF1 wt, Y390A, V546A/L548A or Y390A/K461A. EBNA1 and EBNA2 expression was assayed by quantitative real-time PCR at 1 week post infection. Data represent means±s.d from two independent experiments with triplicates. No RT controls shown in green.\nD: Virus production cells shown inbwere either mock transfected or co-transfected with expression vectors for HA-tagged Zta and BALF4 for 72 h. Viral reactivation was examined by WB with BALF2, VCA, EAD, HA or actin antibody, as indicated.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12707_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5891", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The graph shows the percentage of potassium remaining in a MscL null bacterial strain hosting the empty plasmid, pB10b, with no MscL insert (blue solid line). Cell viability after 20 or 40 min of incubation with 82 μM dihydrostreptomycin is also shown (blue dotted line). Values are expressed as a percentage of values from the untreated cells. Error bars reflect s.e.m. (n=4 independent experiments).\nB: The graph shows the percentage of potassium remaining in the a MscL null bacterial strain expressingE. coliMscLin trans(red solid line). Cell viability after 20 or 40 min of incubation with 82 μM dihydrostreptomycin is also shown (red dotted line). Values are expressed as a percentage of values from the untreated cells. Error bars reflect s.e.m. (n=4 independent experiments).\nC: The flux of glutamate fromE. colibacteria expressing an empty vector or MscL was measured as the percentage of glutamate remaining in the bacterial cells after 20 min of incubation with 82 μM dihydrostreptomycin. Error bars reflect s.e.m. (n=3 independent experiments).\nD: Growth inhibition of liquid cultures ofE. colibacteria hosting an empty vector (dark blue) or expressingE. coliMscL (red) were grown at different dihydrostreptomycin concentrations. The data are expressed as the reduction in growth, measured at OD (600), of the treated cultures compared with the untreated cultures. Error bars reflect s.e.m. (n=3–4 independent experiments).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5891_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12506", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Phosphorylation of the CD3-ζ chain of the TCR/CD3 complex at tyrosine 142 or ZAP-70 at tyrosine 319 was quantified by flow cytometry after T-cell clone D462-E4 was co-incubated with DCs infected withS. pyogenes or M.smegMOI=10, PHA (20 μg ml−1) or left untreated (unstimulated condition). Numbers on the overlay indicate the geometric mean fluorescence intensity of at least 30,000 clones.\nB: Positively selected CD8+T cells from PBMC were tested forex vivoIFN-γ responses toM. smegmatis-infected WT or MR1−/−A549 cell line. Events are gated on live CD3+CD4−cells. IFN-γ and TRAV1-2 expressions are shown on thexandyaxes, respectively. To the right is a summary of the TRAV1-2-negative response from each donor across experiments.\nC: Staining of TRAV1-2 and co-receptor CD8 on T-cell clone D462-E4.\nD: DCs were either blocked with 6-formyl pterin (50 μg ml−1) or 0.01 M NaOH vehicle control or nothing, and then loaded withS. pyogenes or M.smegsupernatant (15 μl) or PHA at 10 μg ml−1. The DCs were then used to stimulate T-cell clone D462-E4 and IFN-γ production was quantified by ELISPOT. Error bars represent the s.e.m. of at least duplicates. Assays were performed three times, with similar results. Representative results are shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12506_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10508", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The data inaplotted as relative fitness of MK compared with DS. The dotted line represents equal fitness. All error bars represent the s.d. of the mean from three independent colonies.\nB: Spreading fans emerge from a spotted mucoid M colony (top), comprising M and a genetic variant, D, exhibiting a dry colony morphology. The same phenotype emerges from D (middle), and is reproduced by mixing M and D (bottom). Scale bar, 5 mm.\nC: Epifluorescence images of mixed colonies of fluorescently tagged M (green, MG) or M* (green, M*G) and D (red, DR) on day 8.\nD: Genetic analysis suggests that the original D strain has a mutation that hybridizes the WspC and WspD proteins. Comparison of the colony morphology of the engineered strains to M and D on day 3. Only thewspC:Dhybrid mutant (that is, the same mutation found in D) exhibits the same dry morphology as D.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10508_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Differential fitness ofdosRmutants relative to WT at early hypoxia (H6), late hypoxia (H18) and post recovery (R6). Statistical treatments:n≥5; mean±s.e.m.; NS, not significant; significance atP<0.05,P<0.01 andP<0.001 are denoted as *, ** and ***, respectively, as determined by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests (versus Log) considering interactions between mutations and hypoxia. CI, confidence interval.\nB: Hierarchical clustering analysis of changes in the relative levels of BCG tRNA modification induced by hypoxia (H) on day 0 (Log), 4, 6, 9, 14 and 18, and re-aeration (R) on day 19 (R1), 21 (R3) and 24 (R6) (time course inSupplementary Fig. 1). Hierarchical clustering was performed on mean-centred data (n=6) and visualized as a heat map of log2fold-changes relative to Log cultures with colour intensities subjected to standardization by RNA modification:Relative quantification of tRNA modifications can be found inSupplementary Data 2. Modified ribonucleosides ho5U, mo5U, cmo5U and mcmo5U relevant to the discussion in the text are highlighted in blue.\nC: Representative targeted fragmentation of peak iv forde novosequencing. Mirror plot shows resolved isotope deconvoluted MS/MS spectra of the oligonucleotide CUCGCCUcmo5UGUm6t6A (top—red trace) and synthetic standard UCGCCUUGUA (bottom—black trace). The 159.05 Da mass shifts in w1, w2, y2and y3ions are consistent with m6t6A37. The 233.05 Da mass shifts in y4and w5ions are consistent with the sum of m6t6A37(Δ159.05 Da) and cmo5U34(Δ74.0 Da) modifications. The oligonucleotide sequence is denoted in standard ion fragmentation nomenclature on the top right. Deconvoluted masses for peaks i–v and validated fragment ions are available inSupplementary Data 3.\nD: Composite extracted ion chromatogram of 40 modified ribonucleosides in BCG tRNA. Full names, structures and LC-MS/MS parameters can be found inSupplementary Data 1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13302_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: DSF analysis ofMtb-HigA1 peptide binding toMtb-SecBTA. The thermal stability ofMtb-SecBTAwas monitored in the presence of each peptide.Tmvalues were deduced from the fluorescence curves recorded using a temperature gradient from 15 to 90 °C. Shifts in melting temperature are shown at molar ratios of 12.5:1.0 (dark blue bars) and 60:1.0 (light blue bars) of peptides:Mtb-SecBTAchaperone. The means and s.e.m.’s of three replicates are shown.\nB: Representative DSF curves (fluorescence versus temperature gradient) for a temperature gradient from 15 to 90 °C forMtb-SecBTAalone (red) or in the presence of C4 peptide at molar ratios of 12.5:1.0 (dark blue curve) and 60:1.0 (light blue curve) of peptides:Mtb-SecBTA.\nC: Effects ofMtb-SecBTAon the solubility ofEco-MqsA,Vcho-HigA2,Tde-HicB wild type or chimeras containing theMtb-ChAD region, namely,Eco-MqsA-Mtb-ChAD (MqsA-ChAD),Vcho-HigA2-Mtb-ChAD (HigA2-ChAD) andTde-HicB-Mtb-ChAD (HicB-ChAD), synthesized using a reconstituted cell-free translation system with or withoutMtb-SecBTAchaperone (8 μM) as performed inFig. 2a. Full phosphorimager images forbare shown inSupplementary Fig. 8.\nD: Suppression ofMtb-HigB1 toxicity byMtb-HigA1 and its triple and single alanine mutant derivatives with or withoutMtb-SecBTAchaperone. Plates were incubated at 37 °C overnight.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13339_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic representation of influenza NA vRNA segment in IAV-Luc. The gene-encodingGaussialuciferase was inserted into the C-terminal region of NA linked by a 2A autoproteolytic cleavage sequence.\nB: Correlation of viral load in the lungs to photon flux in the chests from day 2 to day 6 post infection. Each data point represents mean±s.e.m. (n=3) from mice infected with 106p.f.u. of IAV-Luc.\nC: Growth kinetics of parental PR8 and IAV-Luc in MDCK cells infected with virus at MOI of 1. The viral titres (Log10p.f.u. ml−1) and luciferase activities (Log10relative light units (RLU)) were determined at indicated time points after infection.\nD: Values for photon flux from 1 to 6 days post infection; each data point represents mean±s.e.m. (n=3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3369_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5713", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Similar toa, except that HEK293 cells were transfected with the expression plasmid indicated inside the panel. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry at 24 h post transfection.\nB: Δψmis dispensable for PB1-F2 translocation into mitochondria. HeLa cells transfected with either mitochondrial-targeted dihydrofolate reductase (mtDHFR) or PB1-F2 were treated with (+) or without (−) CCCP (40 μM), and their translocation into mitochondria was monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy (left images). Quantification is listed in the right score panel. In each transfection experiment, at least 100 cells were scored, and the green and red bars represent mitochondrial and cytosolic localization, respectively. All data represent the mean values±s.d. (n=3 experiments). Scale bar, 10 μm. N.D., not detected, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (by unpairedt-test).\nC: The kinetics of Δψmdisruption in A/PR8-infected J774A.1 macrophages. Cells infected with A/PR8 were collected at the indicated time points (0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 18 and 21 h), stained with JC-1 for 30 min, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of JC-1 reduction (yaxis) is presented. The immunoblot on the right represents a profile of PB1-F2 expression at each time point as well as the loading controls β-actin and OPA-1. Five bands (a–e) of OPA-1 isoforms were detected by immunoblotting with the antibody against OPA-1, and bands a and b are a mixture of L-OPA-1 isoforms.\nD: Immunofluorescence images of the subcellular localization of Su9-eGFP or PB1-F2 (PR8) in HeLa cells treated with eitherTOM22orTOM20siRNAs. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5713_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5131", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Membrane binding was quantified using co-sedimentation with MLVs and Coomassie staining (full gels are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7c). IP, input; PP, protein pellet; P, pellet; S, supernatant.\nB: Deletion of 50 but not 40 residues from the N terminus of UL31 reduces binding. The NEC185 binds worse than the NEC220 and combination of both truncations (NEC185-Δ50) lowers the binding affinity further. Experiments in c–e were done in triplicate, and the reported values represent averages of the results of three individual experiments. Error bars represent the s.e. of measurement. The statistical analysis used is the Student’st-test. One asterisk indicatesP-values smaller than 0.05 and two asterisks indicateP-values smaller than 0.005. The asterisks above each sample represent the significance compared with the background, whereas the asterisks above each line represent the significance between these two samples after subtracting the individual background levels.\nC: Representative cryoelectron micrographs of LUVs (400 and 800 nm) alone, in the presence of NEC220 or in the presence of NEC220-DN.\nD: At least 40% of acidic lipid is required for NEC220 binding. As an additional negative control, liposomes were incubated with a PreScission protease (Prsc) that does not bind membranes. The ~30% ‘background’ signal in the absence of liposomes is due to protein precipitation at the speed used in centrifugation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5131_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7660", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: 293A cells were transfected with vectors expressing a control GFP or GFP-Kif5B tail along with either FEZ1-Flag or FEZ1-S58A-Flag (S58A-Flag) constructs. Soluble cell extracts were prepared 48 h post transfection, precleared and GFP proteins were recovered by incubating samples with GFP-binding protein (GBP) covalently coupled to Sepharose. Input and bound proteins were then analysed by WB using anti-Flag and anti-GFP antibodies.\nB: Effects of kinesin-1 depletion on fusion of HIV-1 cores into the cytosol. NHDFs were treated with control, Kif5A or Kif5B siRNAs and then either mock infected (upper panels) or infected with HIV-1-VSV-luc containing BlaM-Vpr (lower panels). FACS analysis of cells showed ~14–18% shift from green (uncleaved CCF2) to blue (cleaved CCF2) cells in control and kinesin-1-depleted cultures. (j–l) Kinesin-1 regulates nuclear entry of HIV-1 DNA.\nC: Kinesin-1 knockdown does not inhibit VSV infection. NHDF cells treated with control, Kif5A or Kif5B siRNAs were infected 48 h post-transfection with VSV at multiplicity of infection 10. Eight hours after infection, cells were lysed and analysed by WB using anti-VSV-G or anti-VSV-N antibodies. eIF4E was used as loading control.\nD: Quantification of the percentage of virions within 2 μm of the nucleus in infected cells at the indicated time points.n≥15 cells and an average of 53–91 viral particles per cell. Results are representative of three or more independent experiments, and error bars represent standard deviation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7660_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2427", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Comparison of the assembled genome scaffold 17 with a fosmid cdsdaxa sequence. The sequence depth was calculated by mapping the Illumina Genome Analyser short reads with an insert size of 173 bp for the genome assembly10. The remaining unclosed gaps on the scaffolds are marked as white blocks.\nB: Venn diagram showing orthologs between and among the four sequenced Basidiomycete fungi. The values explain the counts of ortholog groups and the counts of genes in parentheses.\nC: Frequency distribution of GC content. Reads of library with an insert size of 173 bp were used for analysing. Reads were aligned to the assembly using Burrows–Wheeler Aligner42.\nD: Genes with signal peptides (red) and domain structures. CtaG-cox11 domain(blue), peptidase_S8 domain (green), inhibitor I9 domain (light purple) and glycosyltransferase GT family 2 domain (dark purple) are identified in the Pfam database.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2427_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4001", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Whole-cell extract was separated by electrophoresis, transferred to a PVDF membrane and exposed to a hyper sensitive film.\nB: Growth curve ofhipB+cells carrying HipA plasmid together with pGltX. The optical density was measured in a multiplate reader (Victor2, Perkin-Elmer) every 2.5 min. Statistical information is shown inSupplementary Fig. S5. (c,d) Cells fromaorb, respectively, were plated on LB 3 h after aTc addition. The appearance time of colonies was continuously monitored by the ScanLag system. The histograms show the fraction of CFUs detected at each time point.\nC: MS analysis of GltX with the induction of HipA. Red box marks the location of the peptide containing the phosphorylated serine.\nD: GltX+cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4001_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7050", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In vivoimaging of parasite luciferase expression in live mice (dorsal view, top; ventral view, bottom) of the indicated diet group on day 6 after infection. A naive mouse (N) is shown as a control. (b,c) Parasite luciferase activity measured in extracts of lung (b) and WAT (c) over a time course after infection from a representative experiment withn=4 mice per dietary group per time point. Asterisks indicate the significance of the difference on day 6 after infection according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05.\nB: Relative gene expression of chemokines, chemokine receptors and inflammatory markers as indicated in the brain on day 6 after infection of the indicated dietary group as measured by qPCR. Representative experiments with four mice per group are shown. Asterisks indicate the significance of the difference between AL and DR for a given gene according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05. (e–g) Numbers of total (e) and activated (f,g) CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes with representative dot plots from brains of mice (n=4 per group) of the indicated dietary groups on day 6 after infection following perfusion as determined by FACS. Asterisks indicate the significance of the difference between groups according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05. Values are means+s.e.m.\nC: Spleen weights of AL and DR mice (n=11–12 per group) on day 4 and day 6 after infection. Weights of spleens harvested from naive animals (N;n=6 per group) are shown as controls. Data are cumulative results of three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate the significance of the difference on the indicated day according to a Mann–Whitney test; **P=0.01. (e,f) Relative parasite 18S rRNA expression as determined by qPCR (e), and parasite luciferase activity (f) in spleens of AL and DR mice (n=5 per diet group) on day 6 after infection. Asterisks indicate the significance of the difference between groups according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05.\nD: Peripheral parasitemia and survival of mice in the indicated dietary groups (n=5 per group) infected on day 0 and treated with vehicle or recombinant leptin 10 μg twice daily on the indicated days. Log-rank scores indicated significant differences between DR and both DR/Leptin regimens (log-rank scoreP=0.029 d1–6;P=0.002 d1–3).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7050_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Close-up view of the MPD-binding site. The bound MPD is shown as sticks. The Fo-Fc map (contoured at 1.5 σ) around the MPD is also shown.\nB: Fluorescence emission spectra of each mutant. Monomeric Hlg2 (solid line), prepore formed by incubation with LukF-WR mutant (dashed line) and pore prepared by incubation with LukF (dotted line) are shown. All spectra were corrected for background emission using the samples without BADAN-labelled protein. Each depicted net emission scan is the average obtained from three separate samples.\nC: Overall structure, top view (left) and side view (centre). As a reference, the γ-HL pore is also shown in side view (right). LukF and Hlg2 are shown in red and blue, respectively. Arg198 and Trp177 are shown as orange and cyan ball models, respectively. The right figure was reproduced from (ref.21).\nD: Superposition of the octamer of γ-HL-WR (magenta) and wild-type pore reported previously (blue).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5897_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12853", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Total number of spacers targeting the plasmid (black) or chromosome (white).\nB: The protospacer locations of the spacers acquired in CRISPR1 were mapped on pTargeted(−):ACR using a sliding 150 nt binning window.\nC: Size distribution of new spacers.\nD: Mapping of the chromosomal targeting spacers obtained in the pNaive (upper, blue), pPriming(−) (middle, orange) and pPriming(+) (bottom, green) experiments using a 3,000 nt window sliding in 10 nt increments. Genes at the centre of protospacer ‘hot spots’ are indicated on top of the panel.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12853_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3865", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Representative traces of mitochondrial membrane potential of digitonin-permeabilized BSF trypanosomes grown in the presence (+Tet) or absence (−Tet) of tetracycline. The reactions were incubated as inFig. 3c. CaCl2(50 μM), EGTA (200 μM) and FCCP (10 μM) were added where indicated. (h,i) Changes in safranine fluorescence after addition of Ca2+(h, as ing, but 25, 50 and 100 μM CaCl2) or FCCP (i) to +Tetand −TetBSF trypanosomes (means±s.d.,n=3, **P<0.001, Student’st-test).\nB: Relative initial rate of Ca2+uptake by +Tetas compared with −Tettrypanosomes (means±s.d.,n=3, **P<0.001, Student’st-test).\nC: BSF trypanosomes (2 × 108cells) were added to the reaction buffer (2.45 ml) containing EGTA (20 μM), ATP (1 mM), sodium orthovanadate (500 μM) and 12.5 μM safranine. The reaction was started with digitonin (40 μM). CaCl2(50 μM), EGTA (200 μM) and FCCP (10 μM) were added where indicated. (d,e) Changes in safranine fluorescence after addition of Ca2+(d) or FCCP (e) to −Tetand +TetBSF trypanosomes (means±s.d.,n=3, **P<0.01, Student’st-test).\nD: Relative Ca2+uptake at 200 s as compared with that of control BSF trypanosomes grown in the absence of tetracycline considered as 1 (−Tet) (means±s.d.,n=3, *(+Tet±RR), **(−Tet±RR), ***(−Tet/+Tet) ,P<0.001, Student’st-test).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3865_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6945", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: IsoF displays swarming motility in ABC medium, whereas PL11 and PL2 are impaired in swarming, because they do not produce putisolvin.\nB: The dissemination of cells within the swarm was quantified by plating cells taken from the centre or the border region of the swarm on selective medium. Mean values of three independent experiments are shown with s.d. (one-way analysis of variance; *P<0.05).\nC: Focusing on early stages of biofilm formation (between 8 and 14 h post inoculation), quantitative analysis from eight independent frames revealed that the proportion of AHL-activated cells was significantly higher among free cells than among cells within colonies. This pattern remained consistent over time. Time 0 was defined as 30 min before the first appearance of induced cells (mean: 10.5±0.8 h post inoculation).\nD: Vertical sections through the biofilms after 3 days show a flat biofilm structure for IsoF and PL2 amended with rhamnose, whereas PL2 without rhamnose forms biofilms that are dominated by towering microcolonies.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6945_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1488", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Effect of external pH on FlgD secretion by the ΔfliHI flhB*and ΔfliHIJ flhB*mutant strains.\nB: Effect of a ΔfliH-fliIbypass mutation, FlhB(P28T), on the FlhA(Δ328–351) mutants. Motility of NH0004 (ΔflhAΔfliH-fliI flhB(P28T)) transformed with pTrc99A (V), pMM108 (FlhA) or pMM108-1 (FlhA(Δ328–351)) in soft agar plate. Plates were incubated at 30 °C for 23 h.\nC: Effect of potassium benzoate on the secretion level of FlgD (upper panel) and ΔpH change (closed circle) and the quantified secretion level of FlgD (open circle; lower panel) at an external pH of 7.0. Intracellular pH was measured with pHluorin. These data are the average of at least three independent measurements. The experimental errors are less than 10%.\nD: Interactions of FliJ with FliH and FliI. Pull-down assays by GST affinity chromatography. The mixture of the soluble fractions (L) prepared from a ΔflhDC-cheWmutant expressing GST (left), GST-FliJ (middle) or GST-FliJ(Δ13–24) (right) with those from the ΔflhDC-cheWmutant producing His-FliH or His-FliI were loaded onto a GST column. After extensive washing, proteins were eluted with a buffer containing 10 mM reduced glutathione.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1488_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13557", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: HABD-1, (c) HABD-2, (d) HABD-3, (e) Linker, (f) HABD-4 and (g) HABD-5. Structures were rendered using MacPyMol.\nB: Structural models of the EBV B-cell entry-triggering complex. A hybrid crystal structure generated by aligning the gp42 C-domain, observed in the crystal structure described here, with the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex (1KG0)25.\nC: Two gp42 histidines (gp42:H205 and gp42:H206, cyan sticks) in the HP form contacts with gH:E282 (orange). HP residues not directly in contact with gH are indicated by their Cα atom shown as spheres.\nD: A hypothetical model for the epithelial-cell entry complex, based on docking the gH ‘KGD’ motif onto the ‘RGD’ motif in the αvβ6 crystal structure with TGF-β (4UM9)49.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13557_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15710", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Competition assay performed over six passages with type II ME49 wild type (WT), MyoI-KO and MyoJ-KO using GFP-expressing parasites as an internal control. As in type I, type II MyoJ-KO parasites exhibit a fitness defect. The results are expressed as mean±s.d. (n=3).\nB: Subcellular localization of the myosin heavy chains endogenously tagged with 3xTy. The peripheral marker α-IMC1 and the cytoplasmic marker α-ACT were also used to visualize the parasites. In addition, TgCEN2 and TgMORN1 were endogenously tagged with YFP and Myc, respectively, in the MyoJ-3Ty and the MyoK-3Ty background. Scale bar, 2 μm. Dashed lines represent the parasite periphery.\nC: UNC-3Ty was detected in the cytosol of intracellular tachyzoites co-stained with the peripheral marker GAP45. Scale bar, 2 μm.\nD: The signal of the endogenously tagged TgCEN2 (arrowheads) is not detected at the basal pole of MyoJ-KO in contrast to the one of MyoI-KO. In addition, the staining of endogenously tagged MyoC-3Ty (arrowheads) appears wider than in control parasites (Fig. 2g). Scale bar, 2 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15710_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4759", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Histogram of the number of bundles per cell as seen from images like in (a) (n=68 bacteria).\nB: Correlation coefficientof the time intervals τ between retraction events as a function of the numberRof separating retraction events for the same data as (d). The error bars show s.e. values of the correlation function.\nC: Typical trace of a bacterium moving on a BSA-coated glass surface (scale bar, 5 μm).\nD: ForceFacting on the bead (turquoise) due to the deflection of the bead from the centre of the laser trap caused by pilus retraction and movements of the piezo stagexpiezo(red). The pilus pulls on the bead until the force feedback is triggered at the preset force of 2.5 pN. The data correspond to the time series shown in (b).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4759_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11379", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Structure of a cDNA clone encoding FLAG-core-HA under the ubiquitin promoter and GFP under the EMCV internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). When processing of the HCV core protein was inhibited by SPP, staining with anti-HA antibody revealed the immature core protein.\nB: WT (open circles), CoreTg (closed circles), SPP+/−(closed triangle) and SPP+/−CoreTg (open triangles) mice (13–16 weeks old,n=7 in each group) were fasted during the test period and intraperitoneally injected with human insulin (1.5 U kg−1). The plasma glucose levels were determined at the indicated time points after normalization to the baseline glucose concentration at the time of insulin administration (arrowhead). Significant reductions in the plasma glucose levels in SPP+/−CoreTg mice compared with those in CoreTg mice are indicated by asterisks (*P<0.05, **P<0.01).\nC: The amounts of TG, Tcho, PL and FC in the liver collected post administration (n=3 in each group) were determined. A significant reduction (**P<0.01) in the TG concentration was observed in CoreTg mice in response to treatment with LY-411575.\nD: Localization of the HCV core in SPPKO Huh7 cells. SPPKO Huh7 cells (bottom) and SPPKO Huh7 cells stably expressing SPP-HA (top) were transfected with pCAG OSF-HCV core and incubated for 48 h. To visualize the HCV core protein in SPPKO Huh7 cells, a proteasome inhibitor (ALLN) was administered for 10 h. The cells were fixed, and FLAG-HCV core (green), lipid droplets (red) and nuclei (blue) were stained with anti-FLAG antibody, HCS LipidTOX Red (Life Technologies) and DAPI, respectively. Scale bar, 30 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11379_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15743", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Immunohistochemical labelling of ZIKV particles in the epididymis. Arrows indicate cells positive for ZIKV antigen. Scale bars, 2 mm in (b), 200 μm in (d, top panel), 50 μm in (d, lower panel), 50 μm in (e, top panel), 10 μm in (e, lower panel). The data shown are from one experiment (n=6) that is representative of the same outcome in the two studies performed. Bars indicate mean values and error bars indicate s.d. Statistical differences are given (two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test). ***P=0.001.\nB: Weight of the testis (two per mouse) from mock-infected and ZIKV-infected mice at the indicated d.p.i.\nC: The proportion of fragmented sperm was assessed following staining with Diff-Quick solution. (d–f) Fertility parameters of caudal sperm were evaluated, including (d) concentration on day 21 after infection and (e) the percentage motility and (f) progressive motility at the indicated times post-infection. Scale bars, 2 μm inb. The data shown are from one experiment that is representative of the same outcome in the two studies performed. Bars indicate mean values and error bars indicate s.d. Statistical differences are given (a, two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test; (c,e,f) one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test;d, Mann–Whitney test). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.\nD: ZIKV RNA copies in the testis of mice measured by qRT-PCR (n=5 or greater). Results are expressed as genome equivalents per gram of tissue. The horizontal hatched line indicates the limit of detection (<100 copies per ml).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15743_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic diagram of HKU1 S protein, modified from Kirchdoerferet al18. NTD, N-terminal domain; CTD, C-terminal domain; SD-1, subdomain-1; SD-2, subdomain-2; RBD, receptor-binding domain; FP, fusion peptide; HR-N, N-terminal heptad repeat; HR-C, C-terminal heptad repeat; TMD, transmembrane domain; cleavage site, furin cleavage site between S1 and S2. The amino acid numbers are from the S protein of genotype A HKU1 virus.\nB: Schematic illustration of the topological graph of 1A- 310-677aa. β-strands are shown with brown arrows, α-helices are shown with bright blue cylinders.\nC: MERS-CoV RBD (PDB: 4L72);\nD: HKU1 CTD;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15216_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7777", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In vivolocalization of GFP-SpoIVA (left) or GFP-SpoIVAK30A(right, which is unable to bind ATP). Bottom: overlay of GFP fluorescence (green) and membranes visualized with FM4-64 (red) as described above.\nB: Adsorption of SpoIVAAF488in vitroonto SSLBs coated with SpoVM in the presence (left) or absence (right) of ATP. Scale bar, 3 μm.\nC: Retention of SpoIVAAF488on the surface of SSLBs, adsorbed either in the presence (●) or absence (■) of ATP at different time points after competition with exogenously added excess, unlabelled purified SpoIVA. Each data point represents at least 35 SSLB particles from three replicate experiments; error bars represent s.e.m.\nD: Schematic representation of sporulation inBacillus subtilis. Membranes are depicted in yellow; cell wall is depicted in grey. Top: asymmetric division results in the formation of two genetically identical, but differently sized, compartments termed the forespore (FS, which ultimately becomes the mature spore) and the mother cell (MC). Middle panels: the asymmetric septum curves as the mother cell engulfs the forespore. SpoVM molecules (magenta) are produced exclusively in the mother cell and preferentially bind to the positively curved membrane at the engulfing septum. SpoVM recruits SpoIVA (turquoise), also produced exclusively in the mother cell, which polymerizes to form the basement layer of the spore coat. Bottom: eventually, the forespore resides as a double membrane-bound organelle, encased in the basement layer of the spore coat. Additional coat proteins (not depicted) assemble atop the basement layer (b) Top:in vivolocalization of GFP-SpoIVA in sporulatingB. subtiliscells in the presence (left) or absence (right) ofspoVM. Bottom: overlay of GFP fluorescence (green) and membranes visualized with the fluorescent dye FM4-64 (red). (c,d) Concentration-dependent adsorption of AlexaFluor 488-labelled SpoIVA onto SSLBs in the presence (c) or absence (d) of SpoVM. Overlay of DIC (grey) and AlexaFluor 488 fluoresescence (green) for each panel is shown below. Arrow and arrowhead indicate an SSLB with high and low fluorescence, respectively. Scale bar, 3 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7777_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Oocysts formation is abrogated inzip1−parasites. Bars, 100 μm.\nB: Mosquito midguts were isolated at 10, 14, 18 and 25 (mfr4−only) days after the infectious blood meal. Shown are representative live micrographs of the highly expressed cytoplasmic GFP (left panels) and bright field images (right panels) recorded with 40 × (top panels) and 100 × (bottom panels) objectives. Note the elongated ookinete-like shape rather than a round and spherical appearance of themfr4−oocysts in the higher magnification. Scale bars, 20 μm.\nC: Aberrant liver-stage maturation ofmfs6−parasites. Shown are immunofluorescent micrographs of mature liver-stage-infected hepatoma cells. (UIS4, red; HSP70, green; Hoechst, blue). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: transcription percentiles ofP. bergheigametocytes (2 ×) andP. yoeliigametocytes (4 ×);", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10519_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13823", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Oxylipin-induced-microcolonies produce eDNA and EPS into the extracellular matrix. Microcolonies of RFP-expressing-PAO1, induced by 10-HOME at 0.2 mg ml−1(left panel), stained positive with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (blue) and concanavalin A-FITC conjugate (green), indicating the presence of both compounds in the matrix. Ina,bbacteria were added at 105per well and pictures were taken 3 h after the addition of bacteria. Bars represent 200 μm. The size/resolution for each panel was adjusted from 7.770 × 13.333 in/72 dpi of the originals to 2.125 × 1.550 in/600 dpi inaand 1.760 × 1.252/600 dpi inb. Pictures are representative of three independent experiments with three replicates each.\nB: Kaplan-Meier plots of a survival experiment ofdrosophilaflies inoculated with PAO1 or ΔDS showed a significant attenuation of ΔDS (Mantel-Cox test;P<0.0001, three independent experiments, each using 15 flies per condition: total 45 flies for each strain).\nC: Quantitation of the oleic acid effect on biofilm formation by the WT and ΔDS strains. Oleic acid induced a threefold increase in biofilm formation by WT compared to ΔDS.\nD: Kaplan-Meier plots of a survival experiment ofdrosophilaflies orally inoculated with PAO1 or ΔDS did not show significant differences in survival between both strains (Mantel-Cox test;P=0.9191). The graph corresponds to a single representative experiment of a total of four independent experiments done (each using 50 flies per condition).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13823_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11320", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Health status of each mouse with paralysis, estimated by measuring the area under the body weight curve.\nB: Experimental design of the intradermal infection of the young mouse model used for tivozanib. (d–f) Effect of daily tivozanib (tivo) treatment on C57BL/6 mouse survival, paralysis and body weight change in response to CHIKV C21 infection.\nC: Real-time cell toxicity assay performed on HeLa cells (n=3 for each point). Excepted forbanddwhere representative images are shown and forgwhere the mean±s.d. is shown for each point of a representative experiment, all data represent the means±s.e.m. of three independent experiments analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post test (*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001;NSP≥0.05). NS, not significant.\nD: Impact of FASN-, ACC- and ACLY-specific siRNAs on CHIKV replication (n=10 for each data set).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11320_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5686", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Disease symptoms of theArabidopsisWT andNahG-transformed plants. The disease grades are described in the Methods. The total number of infected plants is shown above each column (**P<0.01;t-test).\nB: PsIsc1 preferentially accumulates in haustoria.P. sojae-infected hyphae were observed using confocal microscopy at 10 hpi.P. sojaeexpressing Avr1b-mRFP showed specific haustorial accumulation (indicated by the arrow) of fluorescent Avr1b (red, upper panel), whereas PsIsc1-mRFP accumulated preferentially in haustoria (red, middle panel). P6497 expressing mRFP served as a control (lower panel). Scale bars, 20 μm. The arrow indicated haustoria were shown with tenfold magnification.\nC: The phenotypes of hypocotyls from soybean cultivars HARO13 (Rps1b) and Williams (rps). Photographs were taken 2 dpi.\nD: Lesion lengths of soybean-etiolated seedling hypocotyls inoculated with 100 zoospores (36 hpi).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5686_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14340", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Relative percentage of regulatory T cells in distant tumours.\nB: Growth of individual NDV-injected B16-F10 tumours.\nC: Replication of parental NDV (NDV-WT) and NDV-ICOSL in B16-F10 cells.\nD: Survival of CT26 tumour re-challenge at 90 days with no further treatment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001, NS, non-significant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14340_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7734", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Clinical score assessed on mice treated for 3 weeks before 6 days on DSS treatment with 100, 200 and 300 mM acetate or water (n=6 mice per group repeated twice).\nB: NLPR3 normalized expression with GAPDH was measured in HT29 cells incubated for 2 h with diluted faecal supernatant (FS) or with PBS by real-time PCR. Results are shown as mean±s.e.m. of duplicate of a representative experiment.\nC: Clinical scores assessed in irradiatedGpr43−/−mice reconstituted withGpr43−/−bone marrow (BM;Gpr43−/−BM intoGpr43−/−) fed on HF diet (n=6) or with WT BM (BL6BM intoGpr43−/−) fed on HF (n=5) or on ZF (n=5) diets, in irradiated WT mice reconstituted with WT BM cells (BL6BM into BL6) fed on HF diet (n=5) or in irradiated WT mice reconstituted withGpr43−/−BM (Gpr43−/−BM into BL6) fed on HF (n=10) or on ZF (n=10) diets. Mice were fed on diets for a week prior and during treatment with 2% DSS for 6 days.\nD: Pearson’s correlation used to identify the bacteria associated with severity of colitis induced by DSS and the production of the inflammasome-related cytokine IL-18. (e–g) Clinical score (e), colon length (f) and serum IL-18 (g) were determined in GF mice reconstituted with microbiota isolated from HF-fed mice (GF-HF) or from ZF-fed mice (GF-ZF) treated for 6 days on DSS 2 weeks after reconstitution. Mice were fed on normal chow throughout the whole experiment.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7734_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5643", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Box plots of relative abundance of each species for the replicates of different treatments. Note the 10 outliers in multispecies treatment for PP.\nB: Principal component analysis (PCA) plots for replacement experiment data. Each circle represents an ancestral community in which a species is replaced with an evolved isolate from the multispecies treatment. Circles are colour-coded based on the species that is replaced in the ancestral community. Big circles represent communities in which ancestral species are replaced with evolved isolates that were highlighted ina, driver isolates.\nC: Comparison of each cluster against ancestral community (n=9 for cluster 1,n=18 for cluster 2,n=22 for cluster 3,n=47 for cluster 4. Species that are significantly higher in frequency compared with their ancestral level are indicated with arrows.\nD: Stacked area plots of raw relative abundance data for ancestral, isolated and multispecies treatments. Data are clustered and ordered using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to aid with visualization of distinct community structures. Horizontal axes represent observations (ancestor: 96 samples, cluster #k=2; isolated: 92 samples,k=2; multispecies: 96 samples,k=4).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5643_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14130", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: VAMP2 (1–93) was incubated with X-LC. Samples were analysed by SDS–PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining. X-LC converted VAMP2 (1–93) into two smaller fragments. (c–e) VAMP2 (1–93) was incubated with X-LC. Samples were analysed by mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to determine the molecular weight of cleaved fragments. Eluted peptide peaks from the HPLC column are plotted over running time (RT,Xaxis). The mass spectrometry data for the two cleavage products are colour-coded, with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) noted. The molecular weight is deduced by multiplyingmwithz, followed by subtractingz. The protein sequences for the two cleavage products are colour-coded and listed inc.\nB: Schematic drawings of the disulfide bond in WT and three cysteine mutants of BoNT/X.\nC: Full-length inactive form of BoNT/X (BoNT/XRY) was purified as a His6-tagged recombinant protein inE. coli. Further purified BoNT/XRYis shown inSupplementary Fig. 8b. One of two (e) or three (c,d) independent experiments is shown.\nD: Sequence alignment of the linker between the LC and HC of the seven established BoNTs plus BoNT/X. The Lys-C cutting site was identified by mass spectrometry analysis (see Method andSupplementary Data 1).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14130_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9533", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: changes in serum CRP (μg ml−1) levels; and (e) changes in relative thoracic radiograph (CXR) scores, over the course of the vaccination and infection phases. CXRs were scored in a blinded manner by categorizing between zero and four based on increasing involvement in the granulomatous pathology. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons. Data are means±s.d. Samples from all seven animals in each group were used for analysis at each time point.\nB: Microarray-derived fold changes of gene expression of 12 Type I interferon genes in the BAL of BCG- and MtbΔsigH-vaccinated animals. For analysis involving BAL, samples from all seven animals in each group were used for analysis at each time point (a). For CFU analysisin vitro, the experiment was performed twice, with four biological replicates in each instance (b). Transcript and cytokine analyses were performed on biological replicates (c–f). ns, not significant.\nC: Total area (mm2) of iBALT follicles and (h) granulomatous pathology in unvaccinated (red), BCG-vaccinated (light blue) and MtbΔsigH-vaccinated (dark blue) animals. ****P<0.0001 using Student’st-test. Data are means±s.d. At least 10 sections from each slide derived from a lung block from multiple animals in each group were used for statistical analysis (g–h).\nD: Changes (Δ°F) in body temperature;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9533_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14321", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A graphical representation of these data. Cell numbers were quantified by Hoechst staining cell nuclei, and the percentage of infected (green) cells is shown as a percentage of the control. White bars indicate 50 μm scale. Means and error bars (showing s.d.) were generated from three independent experiments. Statistical analyses were carried out using a paired two-tailedt-test and ***P=0.001 were considered significant.\nB: Representative images of the virally infected cultures with or without F49A-FTP.\nC: Monocytes were isolated and experimentally infected with either HCMV Titan wild-type or HCMV Titan with a US28 deletion at an MOI of 5. Cultures were then either mock-treated with PBS or treated with F49A-FTP for 3 days and then reactivated by differentiation into mDCs as above. Using the UL32-GFP tag on these viral isolates, reactivated dendritic cells were then counted and compared with levels of reactivation of monocytes infected with Titan wild-type virus in the absence of drug that was set to 100%.\nD: Binding of125I-CX3CL1 to uninfected (white symbols) and sorted, GFP-positive (latent) HCMV-infected monocytes (black symbols). The data are normalized to maximal binding on infected cells. Error bars indicate s.e.m. for five independent biological replicates.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14321_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11062", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Transcription-regulatory neighbourhood of the sigma factor network. Each rectangle represents a gene and its protein product. Colours: grey, transcription factors; green, sigma factors; red, anti-sigma factors; yellow, anti-anti-sigma factors. Arrowheads indicate the direction of the regulatory links.\nB: Effect ofsigKdeletion on selected gene expression inM. tuberculosis. Mid-log-phase cultures ofM. tuberculosisH37Rv, asigKdeletion mutant, and a complemented strain were used for transcript enumeration.\nC: Schematic representation of thesigEpromoter region. The three promoters upstream ofsigE23are recognized by SigA, SigE and SigH, respectively (this work and ref.22). A search for consensus binding sites for SigA, SigE and SigH in the nucleotide sequences present in each promoter::lacZfusion found no matches for SigA and SigE; instead, a match for SigH was found at the appropriate location upstream of the P3 transcription start site.\nD: Effects ofsigEpromoter deletions onsigE::lacZexpression inM. tuberculosis. Mid-log-phase cultures of wild type andsigEdeletion mutant ofM. tuberculosisH37Rv containing asigE::lacZ-carrying plasmid and promoter-deletion derivatives were treated with 0.03% SDS for 60 min. In this and subsequent panels, cells were collected, RNA isolated, and transcripts enumerated and normalized to 16S rRNA. mRNA levels were normalized relative to unstressed controls. No promoter=empty vector control.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11062_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11567", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Cells were incubated with LPS and/or FYT21 for 30–60 min followed by processing and Au-labelling with antibodies against TLR4, LPS and FYT21: (I) monomeric TLR4, (II) LPS-induced dimerization of TLR4, (III) binding of FYT21 to the membrane, (IV) the interaction between FYT21, LPS and TLR4 when the cells were preincubated for 30 min with FYT21 or (V) LPS, or when added simultaneously (VI; scale bar, 200 nm).\nB: Cells were incubated with 10 μM FYT21 for 30 min, washed and the reduction in cell binding was followed for 5 h.\nC: Wound fluids from non-healing leg ulcers (numbers 1–5) were analysed by western blotting using an antibody recognizing the C-terminal part of thrombin; plasma (p) is shown in lane 2.\nD: Binding of a range of TAMRA-labelled FYT21 to THP1 cells after 30 min incubation at 37 °C or (c) binding of 10 μM FYT21 after various incubation times at 37 °C or (d) 4 °C.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11567_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2470", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Tet(O)-S12 contact sites. S12 is shown in dark green.\nB: Cryo-EM map, displayed as transparent mesh, with atomic model displayed as ribbons. The 16S rRNA is in yellow, proteins in the 30S subunit in green, 5S and 23S rRNA in blue, and proteins in the 50S subunit in pink. Tet(O) is in red, P-site tRNA in dark green.\nC: Alignment ofC. jejuniTet(O) (NCBI GI number 51209514),T. thermophilusEF-G (NCBI GI number 46199633) and consensus sequences of domain 4 from the Tet(O) and EF-G families. In the consensus sequences, a residue is capitalized if it present for more than 60% of the time in the full alignment; a lowercase letter shows 60% conservation within a common substitution group, and a dot shows a position that does not meet either of these thresholds. The secondary structure is indicated above the alignment with arrows for β-strands, with the functionally important loops at the tip of the domain labelled. The sites of point mutations in Tet(O) are indicated by underlining, and three amino-acid deletions by yellow highlighting.\nD: The 507-loop, 438-loop and a portion of the 30S subunit including nucleotides 966, 1196 and their surrounding nts form a structural corridor for a possible release of Tc.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2470_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1532", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification of GFAP-positive (GFAP+) cells.n=3. For both sectionseandf, error bars are s.d. of the mean. *P<0.005 (e), *P<0.1 (f) by Student'st-test. Approximately 4,000 cells were quantified for sectionsb,eandf, respectively.\nB: In uteroelectroporation of miR-137 decreased cell proliferation in the ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) of embryonic brains. The electroporated cells were RFP+. Proliferating cells were labelled by Ki67. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Quantification of the western blot results in panelc. The expression of each protein was normalized to the expression of GAPDH. miR stands for miR-137. *P<0.001 by Student'st-test.n=3.\nD: Schematic representations of the mutants with mutations (X) in the TLX-binding sites.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1532_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12140", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Same data asb, with paired comparison between the calculated PD, both before (red circles), and during (yellow circles) the stimulus presentation and compared with a set of bootstrap resampled maximum data points (green circles). Stars represent levels of statistical significance: *P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001.\nB: An example of the torsional rotation of the midband in response to the polarized LED stimulus (onset and offset of stimulus is denoted by black bar and dotted grey lines).\nC: left eye - 45°, 85°, 0°; right eye - 30°, 20°, 90°; and (d) left eye - 90°, 80°, 0°; right eye - 90°, 0°, 90°.\nD: Frame-grabs from each video camera at a single point in time showing the pair of tracking markers fixed to each eye-stalk.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12140_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10965", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Expression of the Dpi peptide promotes miR-219 processing. miR-219 processing was monitored using the miR-219-Glo reporter. Expressing the Dpi peptide decreased miR-219-Glo activity compared to expressing the empty vector (−) or a control peptide (C);n=3. ***P<0.001 by Student’st-test. (g–i) The levels of pre-miR-219 (h) and mature miR-219 (i), but not pri-miR-219 (g), were increased by expressing the Dpi peptide, as revealed by RT–PCR.n=4 (g);n=4 (h);n=3 (i). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 by Student’st-test in panels (h,i). ‘n’ represents experimental repeats in panels (f–i).\nB: Electroporation was performed as described in panel (a) and brain sections were stained for neuronal marker DCX. Migration of the electroporated cells was tracked by RFP fluorescence.\nC: A scheme for identifying TLX-interacting proteins using mass spectrometry (MS) analysis.\nD: Mapping p68 and Drosha-interacting domain in TLX. A schematic of TLX deletion mutants and the Drosha/p68-interacting domain (Dpi) is shown on the left. A summary of p68 and Drosha-binding results is shown on the right.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10965_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2980", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Robust VEP response to 5 (upper trace) and 10 Hz (lower trace) NIR stimulation in a WT rat.\nB: N1 latency in the same eVEP recordings did not vary with irradiance, and was very similar in the two animal groups.\nC: VEP of the WT animal in response to white light at various luminance levels provided by dome stimulator. With brighter stimuli, the VEP amplitude increases and latency decreases.\nD: VEP (green) elicited by visible (635 nm) light projected onto 1 mm spot away from the implant and eVEP (blue and red) were recorded in the same WT animal implanted with 280 μm pixels array. eVEP were recorded in response to 4 ms NIR stimuli at peak irradiances of 2.5 (blue) and 10 mW mm−2(red), repeated at 2 Hz. A short artifact caused by the photovoltaic current is indicated by *.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2980_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A 3D tissue cord made by casting a mixture of Ex-293 cells and fibrin hydrogel within a tubular mold. Scale bar, 1 cm.\nB: Stimulation of a proximal NRVM region (left panel) generated a wave of transmembrane voltage (Vm) that spread (as shown by white arrow) through the Ex-293 tissue bridge and into the distal NRVM region (top frames). NRVM (but not Ex-293) excitation also yielded generation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients (bottom frames). Frames show colour-codedVmor [Ca2+]ioptically recorded at times shown above (blue to red indicate baseline to peak signal, respectively). Scale bar, 3 mm. Additional proof-of-concept examples where remote NRVM regions in 2D cultures are seamlessly connected by active AP propagation through Ex-293 cells are shown inSupplementary Figure S7andSupplementary Movie 4.\nC: Monolayers with a single stable anchored spiral were exposed to BaCl2, TTX or PA to decreaseIK1,INaor gap junctional coupling, respectively. The application of each blocker slowed spiral rotation, with BaCl2also causing an increase in AP duration (as evidenced by an increase in spiral wave width). Higher doses of the three compounds eventually terminated the spiral activity. Frames inbandcshow colour-coded optically recorded transmembrane voltage (blue to red denote rest to peak of AP), whereas small circles within these frames denote optical recording sites.\nD: Kir2.1+Nav1.5 HEK-293 cells exhibited BaCl2-sensitiveIK1. Activation ofINaalso occurred at the end of severalIK1test pulses (insets).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1302_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4326", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: At each measured point along the intestine, the amplitude profile (degree of lightness) was taken and filtered to obtain the low-frequency component. The inset shows the low-frequency components of five consecutive positions along the intestine in between the red lines.\nB: Low-frequency component ofaobtained by band-pass filtering processing.\nC: Time–frequency contour plot of mean power shows the high frequency (~38 c.p.m.) signal amplitude without significant low-frequency signals throughout.\nD: The segmentation motor pattern as drawn by Cannon16. Reproduced with permission. From Cannon's original description: A length of mass of food (top line) is cut into a series of uniform segments (2nd line). A moment later each of these segments is divided into two particles (along dotted lines inaandb). Then neighbouring particles merge to form new segments (aandbform intoc).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4326_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1455", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Unilateral left (N=848 casts) and right (N=714) larvae do not show biases in the probability of head casting towards the left side (one-tailed one-samplet-test against chance,P=0.68 andP=0.63 for left and right, respectively). In addition, the performances of unilateral left and right are not significantly different (one-tailed two-samplet-test,P=0.53). Error bars indicate s.e.m.\nB: Schematic of the automated computer-vision tracking algorithm.\nC: Representative trajectories of the reconstructed concentration time course measured at the head.\nD: Turn-triggered averages of head and centroid speed (mean±s.e.m.). Grey bar shading in the turn-triggered plots indicate turning.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1455_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15098", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: PCR amplification of cDNA from sorted mutant (Lmnb1−/−) or control (Lmnb1+/−) Tomato positive cells. Thirty five cycles of PCR were performed to amplifyLmnb1exon 10/11, ribosomal protein S15 and immature neuron marker GAP43.\nB: Quantification of western blots showing relative protein levels in mosaic mutant and control olfactory mucosa. Steady-state, undamaged tissue; Post regeneration, 6–8 weeks after methimazole-induced damage. All values, except beta actin, were normalized to beta actin for the same sample. All values are plotted relative to control. Data are expressed as mean+s.e.m. Number of samples (n) is shown on each bar; each sample was taken from one animal.*P<0.05 unpaired Student'st-test, corrected for multiple comparisons using Holm-Sidak test.\nC: Histograms showing the distribution of activate promoter histone modification, H3K4me3, across the locus of two mature olfactory neuron genes (OmpandAdcy3(AC3)) in sorted mutant and control cells based on FARP-ChIP-seq.\nD: Representative responses of a control and a mutant neuron to a 1-s stimulation of 100 μM odorant mix.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15098_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Percentage of trials decoded as the correct task (grey) or the correct sample direction during the perceptual task (red) or memory task (blue), using only neurons inside or outside the described sub-region. Conventions as inFig. 4b.\nB: MRI-based three-dimensional reconstruction of cortical surface showing LPFC (purple). (b,c) Location of all recorded neurons with respect to the arcuate and principal sulci. Each neuron is depicted as a ring, and its corresponding direction discriminability during the perceptual delay (b) and memory delay (c) is represented by the ring’s diameter. Neurons with significant perceptual or mnemonic discriminability are labelled with red or blue, respectively. Multiple neurons were recorded from each location. Shaded areas show sub-regions with a cluster of high-discriminability neurons. Scale bar, 5 mm.\nC: Performance of each monkey in each recording session (circle) in the memory task (horizontal axis) and perceptual task (vertical axis). Unity line is shown in grey.\nD: Histogram showing the distribution of within-neuron CP differences between the memory and perceptual tasks, among all directional neurons. Dashed line, no CP difference.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15471_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Protein structure of a brain-enriched SNX protein, ARHGAP33. ARHGAP33 has an N-terminal PX domain, an SH3 domain and a RhoGAP domain. (b,c) Decreased cell-surface expression of TrkB inARHGAP33KO mice. Biotinylated cell-surface proteins (upper) and total lysates (lower) of WT andARHGAP33KO neurons (14 DIV) were immunoblotted with anti-TrkB, anti-TrkC, anti-SORT1, anti-GAPDH and anti-ARHGAP33 antibodies.\nB: ARHGAP33 was localized to the Golgi apparatus. Double immunostaining for ARHGAP33 and a Golgi marker, GM130, in dissociated hippocampal neurons. Scale bar, 5 μm. Asterisks indicate the nucleus of neurons. Note that ARHGAP33 immunoreactivity was not detected in the neurons fromARHGAP33KO mice (lower). The data are representative of three independent experiments.\nC: Requirement of SORT1 in ARHGAP33-mediated TrkB trafficking. Biotinylated cell-surface proteins were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. Representative blots (left), quantification of surface TrkB expression (centre) and quantification of SORT1 expression (confirmation of SORT1 knockdown; right; eachn=10; surface TrkB, WT versusARHGAP33KO in control neurons, correctedP=6.0 × 10−4; WT versusARHGAP33KO in SORT1 knockdown neurons, correctedP>0.05;ARHGAP33KO versusARHGAP33KO plus SORT1 knockdown, correctedP>0.05, Mann–WhitneyU-test with the Ryan’s correction). Western blots show representative results from 10 independent experiments performed using neurons from different mice. The averaged values of WT mice in the control neurons were set to 100%. *P<0.05; cont., control; KD, knockdown; NS, not significant. Bars show median values. Note that the MISSION shRNA construct (TRCN0000034496) was used.\nD: Linkage disequilibrium ofARHGAP33in the HapMap JPT. Each diamond represents the correlation (r2) between each pair of SNPs, with darker shades representing stronger linkage disequilibrium, as obtained from the HapMap JST samples.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4047", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Illustrates (head centred view when tilted 50° cw) the variables used to quantify the dependence of the RF shifts on the orientation/direction preferences of the neurons, presented in (e) and (f). The data presented in (e) and (f) are expressed in head-centred FOR. In (e) and (f) each data point represents data comparing responses of an individual neuron in the upright and a specific head tilt.\nB: RF positions in the visual field for upright (data from red and blue locations are shown inFig. 2).\nC: Shows the results for the direction selective neurons. In this case, the red and blue curves represent fits of the data based on a linear combination of a sine and a cosine function (A1+A2*cos(DDis)+A3*sin(DDis) to the data referring to the contralateral eye (n=27,r2=0.74, coefficients with 95% confidence bounds: A1=0.4(0.2,0.5), A2=0.3(0.2,0.4), A3=0.35(0.1,0.5),P>0.05 Wilcoxon signed rank test applied to the residuals distribution) or the ipsilateral eye (n=27,r2=0.71, coefficients with 95% confidence bounds: A1=0.49(0.3,0.7), A2=0.37(0.2,0.5), A3=0.45(0.17,0.7),P>0.05 Wilcoxon signed rank test applied to the residuals distribution). The black curve depicts the behaviour of a model assuming that RF coordinates are retina centred (when applied to the actual datar2=−2.02,P<0.05 Sign-rank test applied to the residuals distribution, for the contralateral eye;r2=−0.57,P<0.05 Wilcoxon signed rank test applied to the residuals distribution, for the ipsilateral eye). The shaded red and blue area corresponds to 90% confidence bounds.\nD: The blue and red curves depict fits of sinusoidal (A1+A2*sin(ODis) models to the data referring to the contralateral eye (n=60,r2=0.51, coefficients with 95% confidence bounds: A1=0.22(0.1,0.3), A2=0.57(0.4,0.7),P>0.05 Wilcoxon signed rank test applied to the residuals distribution) or the ipsilateral eye (n=60,r2=0.55, coefficients with 95% confidence bounds: A1=0.24(0.1,0.3), A2=0.72(0.55,0.9),P>0.05 Wilcoxon signed rank test applied to the residuals distribution). The black curve depicts the behaviour of a model assuming that RF coordinates are retina centred (when applied to the actual datar2=−3.16,P<0.05 Wilcoxon signed rank test applied to the residuals distribution, for the contralateral eye;r2=−1.0753,P<0.05 Wilcoxon signed rank test applied to the residuals distribution, for the ipsilateral eye).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4047_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14456", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Histograms showing the performances at the light–dark box test followed by HFSvSUB/CA1(purple) or SHAM manipulation (white) in anxiogenic situation.\nB: Percentage of amBNST neurons responding to the stimulation of the ILCx, vSUB/CA1 or both.\nC: Cartography of recording sites in the BNST. Neurons which have been tested for the ILCX are represented in green, those tested for the vSUB are in magenta and those tested for both inputs are in black. (c,d) Kinetic (c) and quantification (d) of the mean percentage change (±s.e.m.) in vSUB/CA1 (magenta) and ILCx (green) evoked spike probability, normalized to the baseline, after HFSvSUB/CA1. Rmag, excitatory response magnitude.\nD: Histological control. Scale bar, 1.0 mm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14456_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9096", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Learning task 2 × 2 factorial design with 4 different contexts: reward/partial, punishment/partial, reward/complete, and punishment/complete.PGain= probability of winning 0.5€;PLoss= probability of losing 0.5€. Note that the coloured frames are introduced in the figure for illustrative purposes, but were not present in the original task.\nB: Brain areas correlating positively and negatively with the difference between chosen and unchosen option value (QC-QU; left and central column), and correlating positively with the difference between chosen and unchosen prediction error (δC–δU; right column). Significant voxels are displayed on the glass brains (top) and superimposed to slices of the between-subjects averaged anatomical T1 (bottom). Coronal slices correspond to the blue lines on sagittal glass brains. Areas coloured in gray-to-black gradient on glass brains and in yellow on slices showed a significant effect (P<0.05, voxel level FWE corrected).Ycoordinates are given in the MNI space. The results are from the GLM using the ABSOLUTE model parametric modulators (GLM1a).\nC: Successive screens of typical trials in the reward partial (top) and complete (bottom) contexts. Durations are given in milliseconds.\nD: Correct choice rate during the learning test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9096_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13804", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: The average MUA response evoked by the onset of the target curve across the layers. Note the slight differences in the timing of the onset of the MUA response between layers.\nB: MUA evoked by the target (ordinate) and distractor curve (abscissa) during delay 2 (650–750 ms after stimulus onset).\nC: CSD difference between target and distractor curve. Upper panel, time course (inner product with the average laminar profile from 650 to 750 ms). Right panel, average from 650 to 750 ms. Black lines, s.e.m. (f,g) Correlation coefficients of the MUA (f) and CSD (g) across penetrations from 650 to 750 ms. WMM, consistency across penetrations of working memory modulation after the mask. WMM versus WM, correlation coefficient between WM modulation after the mask and when there was no mask. Error bars, s.e.m.\nD: Average CSD evoked by the appearance of the target curve. Warm colours indicate current sinks, cooler colours current sources. The appearance of the curve causes an early sink in layer 4C (arrow). (e,f) Adapted from ref.39.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13804_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Population response of model extrastriate units to a visual stimulus presented at a location highlighted by the white line (see Methods for details) in the absence of a memory signal (see Methods for details).\nB: RF of the same neuron measured while the monkey remembered a location inside of the RF, indicated by the arrow.\nC: Model architecture depicting extrastriate modulation as derived from pools of persistently active, delay neurons in the FEF (brown circles), which are organized topography across visual space (top row). Persistent activity is presumed to emerge from recurrent excitatory connections (white) within each pool34,70, as well as competitive inhibitory connections (black) between neighbouring pools. Persistent activity is sent via excitatory projections to extrastriate areas such as V4 and MT (bottom row), where neurons project feed-forward inputs to the FEF.\nD: RF sizes compared between fixation and delay periods for single neurons (left) and MUA (right).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15041_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12328", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Total and surface expression levels of SALM4 deletion variants. HEK293T cells expressing HA-SALM4 deletion variants were biotinylated, precipitated and immunoblotted. (c–e) Deletion variants of HA-SALM4 differently interact with SALM2/3/5 in heterologous cells. HEK293T cell lysates doubly transfected with HA-SALM4 (WT and deletion variants)+SALM2/3/5 (Myc-SALM2, SALM3-EGFP and SALM5-EGFP) were immunoprecipitated and immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.\nB: Salm3−/−;Salm4−/−CA1 pyramidal neurons display mEPSC frequencies comparable to those of WT neurons (P18–21), indicative of normalization in both inSalm4−/−andSalm3−/−neurons, although such effects are weaker inSalm3−/−neurons. Note that the double KO has no effect on mEPSC amplitudes.n=12 cells (four mice) for WT, 11 (three mice) forSalm3−/−, 12 (three mice) forSalm4−/−and 13 (four mice) forSalm3−/−;Salm4−/−, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns, not significant, ANOVA with Bonferroni’ multiple comparison test;#P<0.05, Student’st-test.\nC: Strategy used to generateSalm4−/−mice. LacZ, β-galactosidase gene. Arrows flanking the neomycin gene indicate loxP sites. Arrows at the start of Exon 2 indicate primer sites for PCR genotyping. Note that the lacZ and neo are two separate markers.\nD: Comparison of SALM3 and SALM4 protein expression patterns in sagittal brain sections by X-gal staining ofSalm3+/−andSalm4+/−single KO slices (5 weeks). Note that the hippocampal CA3 and CA1 signals are stronger than those in the dentate gyrus. Scale bar, 1 mm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12328_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10584", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: L4 FS interneurons showed little relationship between intrinsic excitability (rheobase) and total columnar input (R2=0.14), whereas this was more prominent in L5a FS cells (R2=0.62). (f–h) Connectivity matrices (%pA/pixel) for immature NFS interneurons recorded across the depth of S1BF;\nB: Total glutamatergic afferent input onto L4 FS cells through early development. Boxplot: cross, mean; horizontal line, median; box, s.d.; error bars, spread of the data; NS, no significant difference between age groups. (e,f) Breakdown of total input onto L4 FS cells by layer at early (P5–8) and late (P13–18) time points; format of the boxplot as ind.\nC: Distinctive ascending axon of a SST-expressing immature NFS interneuron. Approximate layer boundaries indicated by the dashed lines.\nD: Percentage of EGFP+ cells expressing parvalbumin (PV; sampled fromn=5 brains), somatostatin (SST;n=5), calretinin (CR;n=7) or both SST and CR (SST/CR;n=5) measured across the depth of an arbitrary 250 μm column in S1BF at P17.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10584_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12531", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Spinal LTP of C-fibre evoked EPSCs (eEPSCs) in lamina IIo neurons of spinal cord slices in WT and KO mice following low frequency dorsal root stimulation (LFS, 2 Hz). *P<0.05, WT versus KO, Two-way ANOVA,n=7 neurons per group. All data are expressed as mean±s.e.m.\nB: Arrb2mRNA expression in SDH 2 weeks after the LV injections. *P<0.05, versus naïve control and Control LV,n=5–6 mice per group. Following laminectomy, LV injections (2 × 0.4 μl≈105TU) were made into the L5-SDH via a glass pipette. Scale, 200 μm. (c,d) Prevention of mechanical allodynia after i.t. NMDA (1 nmol,c) and spinal nerve ligation (SNL,d) by intra-spinal pretreatment ofArrb2-LV, given 7 d before the NMDA injection or SNL. *P<0.05, Two-Way ANOVA.n=4–7 mice per group. Arrows indicate the injections.\nC: High magnification images of boxes in f showing co-localization of Arrb2 and CGRP in axonal terminals but not in cell bodies. Scale, 20 μm.\nD: 2nd mechanical allodynia following i.pl. capsaicin (5 μg), measured by frequency response to a 0.16 g filament. (d,e) Mechanical allodynia following i.t. TNF-α (20 ng,d) and i.t. bradykinin (1 μg,e).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12531_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2230", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: High resolution confocal microscopy of SMI-32 stained spinal cord sections shows engulfment of axonal fragments (red) by microglia (green). Boxed area is shown in x/y, x/z and y/z projections to confirm the intracellular localization of an axonal fragment within a microglial cell body. Scale bars, left: 10 μm; right: 2 μm.\nB: Number of clusters, fibrinogen immunoreactivity and demyelination in the spinal cord of healthy, EAE, and hirudin-treated mice. In healthy controls (n=5), microglial clusters, fibrin and demyelination were undetectable (UN). In pre-onset EAE (n=5), microglial clusters and fibrin were present, but there was no demyelination. At the peak of EAE, there was an increase in microglial clusters (n=9), fibrin deposition (n=7) and demyelination (n=8). At the peak of EAE in hirudin-treated mice (n=9), microglial clusters, fibrin deposition and demyelination were significantly reduced. Values are mean±s.e.m.**P<0.01,***P<0.001 (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)),*P<0.05 (Mann–Whitney test).\nC: Myelin staining with LFB (blue) counterstained with PAS (phagocytes, purple). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: 3D reconstruction of a representative spinal cord volume imagedin vivofrom the pial surface to 75 μm deep shows a pial vessel (red) in longitudinal orientation that turns perpendicularly and penetrates the spinal cord parenchyma (left). Overlay of the green channel shows the spatial relationship between GFP-positive cells and the vessel at the peak of EAE (middle). A full rotation showing the same volume of tissue from bottom to top shows increased accumulation of perivascular microglia around the parenchymal segment of the blood vessel (dotted line, right). The deepest point of the penetrating vessel is marked with white stars. Grid scale, 14 μm. See correspondingSupplementary Movie 2.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2230_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8246", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Histogram from MRI data showing ventricle enlargement in MAP6-KO mice.\nB: Immunolabelling of growth cones from subicular neurons using anti-phosphotyrosine antibody to Tyr1175 in VEGFR2 after 15 min of treatment with 10 nM of Sema3E. Histogram shows the mean pixel intensity of phospho-VEGFR2 staining relative to CTL conditions (number of growth cones≥20). Scale bar, 10 μm. Error bars, s.e.m. *P<0.05 Student’st-test.\nC: Immunolabelling, using anti-phospho-Akt antibodies, of subicular neurons treated 15 min with 10 nM of Sema3E. Histogram shows the relative immunofluorescence signal of phospho-Akt staining within axons and growth cones (number of neurons≥60). Error bars, s.e.m. ***P<0.001.\nD: Diagram showing in red, the projection stack of post-commissural fornix. The green line indicates the plane of the transverse sections (30°) shown in panels framed in green. Panoramic views of epifluorescence observed in WT/Thy1-eYFP-H (upper) and MAP6-KO/Thy1-eYFP-H brains (lower) are shown in green framed panels, scale bar, 1 mm. Orange, blue and yellow-framed panels represent confocal images corresponding to coloured squares drawn in the panoramic view. Images are the maximal projection stack of 10 confocal sections, separated by 0.95 μm. In yellow framed panels, arrows indicated the presence of some rare axonal projections reaching the mammillary body. Scale bars, 20 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8246_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Chow-fed mice were injected Ctrl-Lenti (Ctrl-L) or A1R-Lenti (A1R-L) virus into the PVN. The animals were allowed to recover from surgeries, and then spontaneous (Basal) and high K+(KCl) elicited Oxt release of PVN slices were examined.n=6 (Ctrl-L), 8 (A1R-L).\nB: The number of c-Fos+cells in the PVN, Arc and DMH nuclei of control or caffeine administered mice.n=7. (c–h) Chow-fed mice were injected Ctrl-Lenti (Ctrl-L) or A1R-Lenti (A1R-L) virus into the PVN (c,d), Arc (e,f) or DMH (g,h). Meanwhile, cannula directed to third ventricle were implanted. The mice were then i.c.v. injected control or caffeine (10 μg per mouse), and 24- h food intake (c,e,g) and body weight change (d,f,h) were analysed. Ctrl, control; Caf, caffeine. For PVN,n=7; Arc,n=7 (Ctrl-L, Control), 6 (Ctrl-L, Caffeine), 5 (A1R-L); DMH,n=6 (Ctrl-L), 7 (A1R-L).\nC: Peripheral caffeine treatment elicits neuronal activities in the PVN. Immunofluorescence staining of c-Fos (red) in the PVN of mice administered control saline or caffeine (60 mg kg−1) by using oral gavage. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. 3V, third ventricle. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: Distance travelled during the first hour by mice i.c.v. infused control or caffeine.n=6 (Ctrl), 5 (Caffeine).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15904_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3038", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Same region as ina5 min after a laser-mediated lesion with characteristic fluorescent mark (arrow).\nB: Tangential brain sectioning.\nC: Iba1 immunoreactive microglia (red) at 5 h, 1d and 3d post injury. White arrows in the right panels indicate the lesion site. The dotted lines represent the trajectory of the targeted axon before the lesion (left panels).\nD: Time course for repeated imaging pre- and post lesion. Scale bars, 100 μm ina, 10 μm inband 5 μm inc.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3038_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13605", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Performance of reward-size task of monkey #171. Error rate (mean±s.e.m.) as a function of reward size is plotted. Performance of pre-viral vector injection (Pre-vector, green), >15 days after viral injection (post vector, black), CNO treatment (3 mg kg−1, i.v., red), on the day after CNO treatment (post CNO, orange), and treatment with vehicle without CNO (blue). Dotted curves represent best fit of the inverse model,, whereEandRare error rate and reward size, andbandcare free parameters shown inb,cthat quantify the shift of inverse relation and the impact of reward size on error rates, respectively. R2>0.75.\nB: While monkeys performed reward-size task, CNO was administered intravenously to induce chemogenetic silencing in the rmCD.\nC: Muscimol injection sites and behaviour for monkey #182. (e,f) Comparison of treatment-induced changes in best-fit parameters ofbandc, respectively. DREADD indicates data obtained from monkeys #171, #184 (after second injection), and #190. Muscimol indicate the data obtained from monkeys #181 and #182. NC denotes data obtained from negative cases (n=6) that are shown inSupplementary Fig. 4. Points indicate values derived from individual subjects, while bars indicate average across subjects. Subscriptsiandcindicate best-fit parameters for inactivation and control condition, respectively.\nD: Occupancy of hM4Di receptor is plotted as a function of CNO dose. Red and blue represent data obtained from monkeys #157 and #171, respectively. Dotted curve is the best-fit Hill function to the data from #157. ED50andnindicate the CNO dose achieving 50% occupancy and Hill coefficient, respectively.R2>0.99.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13605_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14263", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Average normalized firing rate of the 26 SCi neurons during the saccade-free epoch (0–200 ms post-fixation). Error bars iniandlindicate ±1 s.e.m. *P<0.05, pairedt-test, one-tailed.\nB: Simplified schematic of the dominant inputs and outputs of the primate SC. SCs: superior colliculus superficial layers; SCi: superior colliculus intermediate layers.\nC: Conceptual framework of saliency model. Visual input is decomposed into several topographic feature maps for luminance contrast, colour opponency, oriented edges, flicker and motion. Spatial centre-surround competition for representation in each feature map highlights locations which stand out from their neighbours. All features are integrated into a single saliency map which encodes salience in a feature- and behaviour-agnostic manner and which, combined with top–down signals, gives rise to a priority signal that controls orienting behaviour. Abbreviations: Lum: luminance; R–G: red–green colour opponency; B–Y: blue–yellow colour opponency.\nD: Model-predicted pattern of activation across the SC map. The black regions inbrepresent the viewing area that extended beyond the monitor, and was blackened using non-reflective cloth (see Methods). The annulus inbandcrepresents the approximate point image corresponding to the RF ina.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14263_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6601", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: Quantification of the relative number of Ki67+ cells obtained through stereological counting from WT andMecp2S421A;S424A/ymice (n=6 in each group).\nB: Schematics of the design ofin vivoBrdU pulse/chase experiment to examine the differentiation profile of the adult-born hippocampal cells.\nC: Western blot analysis reveals endogenous interaction between MeCP2 and AURKB in aNPCs.\nD: Quantification of proportions of the cell fate choices made by the dividing aNPCs in the hippocampus of WT andMecp2S421A;S424A/ymice. Scale bars, 50 μm. The bar graph shows the mean±s.e.m *P<0.05 **P<0.01.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6601_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12190", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Power spectrum of the function used to model the fluorescence response evoked by a single spike (inset). Most of it falls into the frequencies between 0.1 and 3 Hz, which explains why noise in this frequency band has such a prominent effect on the algorithm’s performance and justifies our definition of the noise level.\nB: Four example spike reconstructions at high and low spiking rates and frame rates. Note how an accurate baseline level estimation (unknown, well below the signal) warrants good performances even at high spiking rates.\nC: First line shows performance quantification as mean ER using a spike-assignment time constant of 500 ms (an estimated spike was considered as correct if there was a yet unassigned recorded spike <500 ms away). Second line displays the mean ER as a function of correspondence window.\nD: Spike estimation delay (mean temporal error) obtained using the different algorithms. The rightmost graph plots the delay as a function of spike assignment time constant. Note that even for time constants down to∼50 ms the mean temporal error was much lower than the maximally allowed one. This difference obviously decreased for very small time constants and finally converged to the maximal allowed value of 10 ms for a 20 ms time window.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12190_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12743", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR to quantifyDamand, for comparison,Gad1andGad2RNA expression 2, 7 and 10 days after injection of HSV amplicon encoding TALEGad1Dam. Dam RNA, assayed with two independent primer pairs Dam.1 and Dam.2, expressed as fold change after normalization to 18S rRNA.N=4 per time point; data shown as mean±s.e.m. Notice highest Dam expression on day 2. *P=0.029, Mann–Whitney test (both Dam.1 and Dam.2).\nB: DamID–PCR and RNA from HSV TALEGad1Dam-injected TIME A and TIME B PFC, forPhf21aandKcna4sequences. DamID–PCR,N=3 mice per group. qRT–PCR N=6 per group *Two-tailedt-test:P=0.050Kcna4DamID–PCR,P=0.016Kcna4andP=0.027Phf21aRNA.\nC: Browser view atCacnb2,Myo3a/Gad2,Phf21aandKcna4chromosome2loci (positions marked ina), showing normalized Dam-seq profiles (top to bottom) forN=4 TIME A andN=4 TIME B HSV TALEGad1Dam-injected PFC,N=2 KCL-treated TALEGad1Dam primary neuronal culture. NeuH, untransfected/untreated neuronal culture. Cerebral cortex CTCF tracks built from published data set10.\nD: Chromosome 2 linear map marking the positions of the 29 sliding windows consistently GmATC-tagged in TIME A and Time B HSV TALEGad1Dam-injected PFC (Supplementary Data 1 and 2).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12743_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: TEM images of the indirect flight muscle of 40-day-old adult flies with the indicated genotypes and higher-magnification images of the boxed regions are shown. Scale bar=1 μm.\nB: dCHCHD2Rev/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4, UAS-PINK1 RNAi/+(PINK1RNAi; dCHCHD2Rev), dCHCHD2H43/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4, UAS-PINK1 RNAi/+(PINK1RNAi; dCHCHD2H43). dCHCHD2Rev/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;Da-GAL4, ParkinΔ21/Parkin1(Parkin−/−; dCHCHD2Rev), dCHCHD2H43/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;Da-GAL4, ParkinΔ21/Parkin1(Parkin−/−; dCHCHD2H43).\nC: Mutation or absence of CHCHD2 destabilizes Cyt c in the respiratory chain, which causes electron leakage and ROS generation.\nD: hCHCHD2 WT, but not PD mutants, suppresses 4E-BP expression. dCHCHD2 and hCHCHD2 were induced in adult flies with 2.0 μg ml−1RU486 for 3 days (Supplementary Fig. 9a).UAS-LacZcrossed withDa-GSserved as a negative control. 4E-BP levels (mean±s.e.m.,n=6) were quantified and normalized to actin levels. *P=0.038; LacZ versus dCHCHD2, *P=0.029; hCHCHD2 WT versus T61I, *P=0.013; hCHCHD2 WT versus R145Q. (b–h) 4E-BP rescuesdCHCHD2phenotypes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15500_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9381", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The Mira514–595 coiled-coil contains three potential target-binding regions, with region I interacting with Stau dsRBD5.\nB: Superimposition of Mira514–595/Stau dsRBD5 complex and human STAU1 SSM–dsRBD5 dimer structures showing that the β-sheet face mediated protein binding of dsRBD5 does not conflict with the dimerization through the α1–α2 interface. STAU1 SSM–dsRBD5 dimer is coloured in beige and green, Stau dsRBD5s are coloured in purple and pink, and Mira dimer is coloured in navy blue and cyan.\nC: L529EMiraor L557EMiramutation abolished or significantly impaired the interaction between Mira and Brat.\nD: SEC profiles of Trx-Mira514–595 (blue), Trx-Stau951-1,018 (red) and the Trx-Mira514–595/Trx-Stau951-1,018 complex (black), showing pronounced shift in elution volume for the complex compared with either of the two individual proteins. mAU, milliabsorbance units. The elution volumes of the peaks and the molecular mass standards are indicated at the top of the panel.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9381_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11195", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Correlation between MC-IC ERP onset on successful stop trials and SSRT inN=20. Dashed line denotes least squares fit (r=0.36,P=0.06).\nB: MS-IC single-trial GLM results from the WM task; group-average of the SURPRISE × WM interaction. Significant areas highlighted.\nC: Individual single-trial GLM results, specifically in the gamma band (significant areas atP<0.05 highlighted).\nD: ERP back projection into channel space at component’s centre of gravity. Inset: average topographical IC projection in channel space (rectified to show positive at FCz).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11195_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13233", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The glycolytic pay-off phase is functional on motile vesicles. The graph shows the basal level of luminescence of substrates of the pay-off phase and motile vesicles without substrates. ATP production from purified motile vesicles is observed after incubation with the different substrates of the pay-off phase of the glycolysis. Data are shown as mean and s.e.m. (F(6,14)=135.1,P=1.4 × 10−11,n=3).\nB: Vesicles expressing APP-mCherry (red channel) show co-localization with glycolytic enzymes (green channel).\nC: Axonal localization of synaptophysin-immunopositive vesicles (red channel) with glycolytic enzymes and SNAP25 (green channel).\nD: In the absence of ATP, motile vesicles were able to attach to MTs, but were not dynamic.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13233_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4611", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Change in baseline blood glucose concentrations (fold change) following 500 mg kg−1sodium acetate or saline injection inad libitumfed mice (treatment effectP=0.6 as determined by two-way ANOVA;n=9–10 per group).\nB: Body weight gain and (b) average weekly food intake of mice fed with either a HFD supplemented with the highly fermentable fibre inulin (HF-I) or a relatively non-fermentable fibre cellulose (HF-C). Body weight gain and average food intake significantly reduced in the HF-I group, **P<0.01, **P<0.05 based on two-sided, unpaired Student’st-test(n=12 per group).\nC: Increases in13C incorporation into the acetate C2, GABA C2, Glu C4, Gln C4 and Lac C3 carbons (mean+s.d.) in the hypothalamus and remaining brain biopsies, following 0, 15, 30 min i.p. [2-13C] acetate (n=18) or 180 min intragastric [U-13C] inulin administrations *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 (n=4).\nD: Representative13C (125.03 MHz) HR-MAS spectra (4 °C, 5 kHz) of the hypothalamus from a mouse fasted overnight, 15 min after i.p. [2-13C] acetate administration (500 mg kg−1). Inset: Representative13C HR-MAS spectra (28–38 p.p.m.) from the hypothalamus of an overnight-fasted mouse, 180 min after [U-13C] inulin administration (100 mg) by gavage.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4611_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9200", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Representative image of GFP–DHHC5 within masks made of spines (dashed white line) or dendritic shaft (dashed yellow line). High-magnification confocal images of GFP–DHHC5 and RFP–δ-catenin WT (e) or C960-1S (g; lower panels pseudocoloured as a heat map) within a single spine and region of dendrite shaft (traced with white and yellow dashed lines, respectively) before and after stimulation.\nB: Per cent GFP–DHHC5 co-localized with TfR-mCh in spines (P<0.001, F9,45=7.21).\nC: GFP–DHHC5 co-localized with RFP–δ-catenin WT decreases in spines (P<0.001, F9,6=91.14,n=7 cells) and increases in shafts (P<0.001, F9,6=58.24,n=7 cells) transiently following cLTP.\nD: Confocal image of 14 DIV neurons demonstrating co-localization of DHHC5 and PSD-95. (d,e) The IntDen of PSD-95 puncta is altered 40 min after treatment with cLTP and cLTD relative to control cells (ctrl), (P<0.001, F2,84=15.28,n=38, 35, 14), whereas the IntDen of gephyrin is not (P=0.354, F2,93=1.05,n=37, 39, 20). Confocal images of 14 DIV neurons (f,h) demonstrating increased co-localization of DHHC5 with PSD-95 (P<0.001, F2,84=22.98) (f,g), but no change in co-localization of DHHC5 and gephyrin (P=0.114, F2,93=2.21) (h,i) 40 min after cLTP. Co-localized puncta are denoted by white arrowheads.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9200_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2135", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Cell surface GluA1 was quantified from multiple immunoblots (n=3). Kruskal–Wallis, *P<0.05.\nB: Cellular localisation of Newport Green fluorescence (green) and PrPC(red) in SH-SY5Y cells expressing PrPCexposed to 32 μM Zn. Scale bars equal 5 μm.\nC: Zinc uptake measured using Newport Green in SH-SY5Y cells expressing PrPCexposed to 100 μM Zn2+(blue symbols) or to 100 μM Zn2+following knockdown of LRP1 expression with siRNA (green symbols). Kruskal–Wallis,P<0.05.\nD: Untransfected (Un) SH-SY5Y cells or SH-SY5Y cells expressing either wild-type PrPC, PrPΔOct or PrPΔN were exposed to 100 μM Zn2+and stained using 10 μM Zinpyr-1. Data shown as mean (±s.e.m.). Zinpyr-1 fluorescence corrected against DNA content (n=8). Insert shows expression of wild-type PrPC, PrPΔOct and PrPΔN with actin as a loading control. Molecular weight markers in kDa.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2135_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2318", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Top: Rasterplot showing the temporal recruitment of the neurons involved in a representative network burst (marked by an arrow in (a)). Orange area indicates the time of activation of EFN while white area indicates that of LFN. Arrow indicates the peak of maximum cell coactivation. Two examples of calcium fluorescence changes occurring in an EFN (red) and a LFN (blue) during that event are illustrated below. Scale bar:xaxis: 1 s,yaxis: 10% DF/F.\nB: Same as (e) with LFNs filled in blue. (g,h) Simultaneous calcium imaging and patch-clamp recording of EFNs (red,g) and LFNs (blue,h) in the CA3 region of a P7 mouse slice. Top rasterplots indicate the fraction of active cells as a function of time. In both cases, two network bursts were recorded. Arrows indicate the activation onsets of the EFN (red) and LFN (blue). Middle traces illustrate the calcium fluorescence changes in EFNs and LFNs and bottom traces show the simultaneous membrane potential changes recorded in current-clamp mode at resting membrane potential (I~0 pA) in the EFN (red) and LFN (blue).\nC: Colour coded spatial representation of the regions activated at the two successive time windows indicated by grey rectangles inb. Red indicates the most active regions while areas in blue are inactive.\nD: Pooled time correlation graph for all experiments in the absence of fast GABAergic transmission (n=12 movies). Dark green circles indicate EGNs while LGNs are marked in light green.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2318_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14219", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Preferential expression of COUPTFII inHtr3a-GFP+ INs located in cortical L1 is maintained at P21 (arrowheads).\nB: t-SNE analysis indicates that cells belonging toHtr3a-GFP+ interneuron types previously identified independently at P2 and P5 (colour-coded) cluster together. Cells are colour-coded according to cluster assignment obtained using cluster stability analysis.\nC: 100 μm for low-magnification image;\nD: Example trace of voltage clamp recording from the same cell, showing long-lasting excitation due to sEPSC in the presence of Gabazine.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14219_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11003", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Experiment 4 replaced No-Think trials with a difficult ‘Think-Harder’ task.\nB: No shadow was observed in experiment 4 (left subpanel), despite a significant difficulty disparity across types of surrounding retrieval epochs (right subpanel, pairedt-test). Error bars reflect within-participant s.e.m. *P<0.05; ***P<0.001.\nC: Direct suppression, not thought substitution, caused a shadow.\nD: Unlike the growing shadow apparent across immediate cued-recall studies (red line), thought substitution (experiment 3), Think-Harder (experiment 4) and baseline (experiment 5) studies showed no such growth with practice (purple line). Error bars reflect s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.01.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11003_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2303", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic illustration of the putative calpain cleavage sites in TDP-43 predicted by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis (red arrowheads). Cleavage sites of peptides corresponding to the mass peaks detected are mapped on the primary sequence of TDP-43 (orange bars; between amino acids 229 and 346). The details are also summarized inSupplementary Table S1.\nB: The three main calpain-cleaved sites of TDP-43 (red arrowheads) and the calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragment constructs tagged with GFP at the N terminus are illustrated.\nC: Cleavage of TDP-43 by calpain in the brain and spinal cord extracts of Tg (CAST Tg) or knockout (CAST KO) mice for CAST, the endogenous calpain inhibitor protein. Immunoblots show the effects of treatment of the mouse brain or spinal cord extracts with 5 mM Ca2+for the indicated period of time in the presence or absence of 20 mM MDL28170 (calpain inhibitor). The amount of full-length TDP-43 at each time point is expressed as the percentage of that at time 0. Means (symbols) and s.e.m. (bars) are indicated (n=3).\nD: Examples of cells 72 h after transfection with the GFP-TDP-43 fragment or with GFP-TDP-43. The numbers in the rows indicate the constructs indicated ina. The cells transfected with the constructs of larger calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragments (1–286, 1–324) exhibited large and extensive aggregates, whereas those transfected with the constructs of the full-length TDP-43 or the small calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragment (1–243) exhibited small aggregates with diffuse TDP-43 immunoreactivity. The nuclei were visualized with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2303_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: TEM showing many elongate spindle-shaped granules in the fossilA. bridgei(NSM PV22247).\nB: SEM of eumelanins between the rods (r) inRhinogobius.\nC: SEM of a small region ofbshowing many elongate spindle-shaped granules.\nD: TEM of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) melanosomes at the base of the eye in the extantRhinogobius.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6920_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1226", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Instantaneous waveform of the basilar membrane vibration. Blue and red colours ineandfshow the low and high magnitude of the basilar membrane vibration, respectively.\nB: Magnitude spatial pattern of basilar membrane response to a 40-dB SPL 16-kHz tone.\nC: Volume displacements of the basilar membrane (solid line) and stapes (dotted line) vibration as a function of the sound level.\nD: Phase show no significant change across the basilar membrane. Cartoon inset indicates the cross-section of the cochlear partition, with one inner hair cell (left) and three outer hair cells in red.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1226_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Raster plots showing 100 trials of four event onset times jittered with gamma distributions of increasing function half-widths (left to right). Orange line indicates the reference time point (no jitter). Scale bar, 1 ms.\nB: Comparison between the dynamic range of bilateral Inh on coincidence detection and the diversity of ITD functions observedin vivo. The dynamic range is calculated by taking the difference between the combinatorial bias of bilateral Inh under inhibitory timing conditions that are marked ina. Although the magnitude of intrinsic delays in the absence of Inh is not known, the range of bilateral inhibitory control of coincidence detection timing could modulate the preferred ITD of a neuron (best ITD) on an individual basis to an extent that exceeds 80% of the population distribution from previously measured ITD functionsin vivo42. Inh, Inhibition.\nC: Voltage traces of 16 pulse trains for an example recording of EPSPs (blue), IPSPs (red) and composite PSPs (black) at 333 (top), 500 (middle) and 800 (bottom) Hz. For each frequency, inhibitory timing that enforced an EPSP peak advance (Δtinh=0.1 ms, upper traces) and delay (Δtinh=−0.6 ms, lower traces) are shown. Dots and numerals above the traces indicate individual events that are further analysed inb. Scale bar, 5 mV, 5 ms. The entire train is shown on the left, and a time zoom of the first two events is shown on the right. ISI, inter-stimulus interval.\nD: Fluorescence micrograph of a P60 MSO neuron. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4790_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6689", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: n=30 for PV+ andn=79 for SOM+ neurons. NS not significant, unpairedt-test,P=0.12.\nB: Schematic of model connections.\nC: Population responses during full-field stimulation as a function of increasing drive for pyramidal (left), PV+ (middle) and SOM+ (right) neurons.\nD: Receptive fields of a neuron imaged during control condition (top) or PV+ activation (bottom).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6689_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3125", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Fluorescent micrograph of a section of embryonic day 14 cerebral cortex 24 h afterin uteroelectroporation with either control plasmid (left) or Trnp1-shRNA-GFP plasmid (right). Note the expanded DAPI-dense OSVZ-like region (indicated by the white line in the third panel) with many proliferating (PH3+) cells (indicated by white arrows).\nB: Subapical RGs after Trnp1 knockdown identified by PH3 (red) and bipolar morphology in M-phase (white arrows pointing to green, GFP-labelled processes).\nC: Scheme illustrating the different VZ progenitor types (APs and SAPs) present in the LGE. Scale bars, 100 μm (a), 10 μm (b), 20 μm (f–h).\nD: Scheme depicting the position of cells observed in mitosis at different positions (fapical,gsubapical,hbasal, red asterisks) by live imaging, with yellow arrowheads depicting processes (apical ing). Time is depicted in hours (h) and minutes (m).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3125_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2568", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Upper panels, confocal micrographs of axon terminals in striatal slices from WT and PICK1 KO mice, labelled for DAT. Lower panels, DAT labelling in WT and PICK1 KO midbrain slices. Dense DAT labelling is seen in striatum as well as midbrain of both genotypes.\nB: Amphetamine-induced hyperactivity after habituation. Locomotor activity is presented as total beam breaks during 2.5 h (means±s.e.m),#P<0.05 versus corresponding WT, Bonferronipost-hoc t-tests after significant two-way ANOVA,F(1,27)=11.12;P<0.01. ***P<0.001 versus own saline group, Student’st-test versus WT/saline,t(11)=5.88,nWT=6–7,nAAA=9.\nC: Four hours basal locomotion. Mice were placed in an activity box and locomotion was measured as total beam breaks in 30 min bins. Data are means±s.e.m., *P<0.05, ***P<0.001, Bonferronipost-hoc t-tests after significance in a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA),F(7,175)=7.5;P<0.001;nWT=14,nAAA=13.\nD: Axonal terminals in striatum labelled for DAT (green, Alexa-488) show dense DAT-ir in WT mice, while DAT-AAA mice display almost a complete loss of DAT-ir. Co-localization with TH (red, Alexa-568) demonstrates partial overlay in both WT and DAT-AAA mice. TH distribution demonstrates similar intensities in both genotypes with a typical punctate pattern.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2568_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3740", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Glial scars in T1KO mice covered a narrow area that surrounded the lesion centre; these areas were narrower than those in WT mice (2 weeks after SCI). Data are expressed as the mean±s.e.m. Scheffe’spost hoctests at each spinal segment showed significant differences between T1KO and WT mice at −5, −1 (caudal) and 1, 5, 6 (rostral) mm away from the lesion epicentre (*P<0.05).\nB: Reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR of genes encoding enzymes involved in GAG synthesis after SCI. The samples were collected from three sites in wild-type (WT) or T1KO mice: 2 mm rostral from the lesion centre (left), the lesion centre (centre) and 2 mm caudal from the lesion centre (right). The samples were analysed using RT–PCR. Notably, the rostral site was mainly composed of neurons, not of reactive astrocytes (the left-most cartoon). The average expression of each gene in intact WT or in intact T1KO mice was defined as 1.0. Expression of each gene (Csgalnact2 (T2), Ext1, Ext2orExtl2) in TIKO versus that inWT. *P<0.05 (n=6; Bonferroni’s comparison test).\nC: Footfall tests after SCI. (b,c) T1KO versus WT and ChABC.Post hocanalyses were conducted using the Bonferroni–Dunn test for repeated-measures ANOVA. Inbandc, data are expressed as the mean±s.e.m; *P<0.05; **P<0.01 (n=9; ANOVA).\nD: Summary of the results on SCI recovery. In WT (uppermost) mice, CS (dark pink) production was elevated in the reactive astrocytes (star-like form in blue), and thick scars (black)3, which inhibited axon regeneration, formed; consequently, very few regenerating axons could migrate to areas past the SCI lesion. In contrast, in T1KO mice (middle), CS production was reduced and the scars were smaller than those in WT mice. In addition, HS (green) expression was high in T1KO neurons, and the number of regrowing or sprouting axons was higher than that in WT. Although ChABC-treated mice (ChABC; lowermost) had less CS than did WT or T1KO, they had larger scars than T1KO mice, and they did not overproduce HS; therefore, axonal regeneration was reduced and restricted relative to that in T1KO. WT and ChABC-treated mice, unlike T1KO mice, experienced only baseline levels of HS synthesis after SCI; these baseline levels could not promote recovery from SCI.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3740_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7760", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: MCI survival based on the minimal Cox proportional hazards model (Table 2), the conversion is plotted for each quintile of ferritin (applying mean values for the cohort: ApoE=7.2 μg ml−1, tau/Aβ1–42=0.69 units). The numbers on the right side of the graphs indicate the quintile boundaries. This minimal model contained only the CSF biomarkers.\nB: CSF ferritin has a qualitatively different impact to (b) CSF tau/Aβ1–42and ApoE on cognitive performance over time in cognitively normal (dotted lines) and in subjects who develop AD (solid lines). Higher CSF ferritin levels are associated with poorer baseline cognitive status (for example, RAVLT) by [α] points, where [α]=Ln[ferritin (ng ml−1)]*1·77 (refer toTable 2). This effect is constant over time, such that [α]=[β,χ]. Consequently, ferritin causes a shift to the left in age of conversion to AD by [δ] months, where [δ]=ferritin (ng ml−1)*3 (refer toFig. 3b). Levels of tau/Aβ1–42or ApoE are associated with both baseline cognitive status [ɛ] and the rate of cognitive deterioration, such that [ɛ]<[φ,γ]. The effect causes a shift in age of diagnosis by [η] months where [η]=ApoE (μg ml−1)*8 or tau/Aβ1–42(units)*17 (refer toFig. 3b).\nC: Multiple regression of CSF ApoE. ApoE levels inAPOE ɛ4carriers and non-carriers (ANCOVA:P=2.50 × 10−9). Data are means+s.e. ‘n’ is represented in graph columns.\nD: CSF Ferritin levels inAPOE ɛ4carriers and non-carriers (ANCOVA:P-value=1.10 × 10−8).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7760_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14967", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Norepinephrine content of SubQ adipose tissue and BAT after 8 h of cold exposure (****P<0.00001,n=4 for Symp andn=6 for Control).\nB: Weight variation before and after HFD withdrawal (***P<0.0001,n=6).\nC: Time course of cell death after incubation with vehicle, DT and PEGyDT (***P<0.0001,n=3). Statistics were performed using one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey test. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m. (related toSupplementary Figs 1 and 2).\nD: Food intake on the first and last day of administration of 0.02 pmol g−1of body weight of PEGyDT (n=3). Statistics were performed using unpairedt-test. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m. NS, not significant.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14967_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2417", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Quantification of immunoblotting revealed that the expression levels of AR monomer were upregulated in the spinal cord, striatum and cerebellum of heterozygousHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 by unpairedt-test. More than 500 neurons from three brains were analysed in each group (b–e). Unpairedt-test (n=3) (h,i). Error bars indicate s.e.m. (b–e,h,i). Scale bars, 50 μm (a). NS, not significant.\nB: Immunohistochemistry for 1C2, Hsf-1 and Hsp72 in AR-97Q andHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice (13 weeks old). Pathogenic AR (yellow arrows) accumulated in the cerebral visual cortex of heterozygousHsf-1-knockout SBMA mice where the accumulation of pathogenic AR was not observed in the AR-97Q mice. (b–e) The change in the relationship between the expression levels of Hsf-1 and the frequency of 1C2-positive neurons in the spinal anterior horn (b), cerebral visual cortex (c), Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (d) and striatum (e).\nC: Immunoblotting for ChAT in the spinal cord of AR-97Q andHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice (13 weeks old).\nD: Muscle atrophy is enhanced in theHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice compared with the AR-97Q mice (10 weeks old).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2417_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13348", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: GFAP, a fibrillary astrocyte marker;\nB: Tissue sections of brain stems from WT and Stinggt/gtmice infected for 6 days with HSV-1 were stained with antibodies against viperin and HSV-1.n=5–6 mice per group. (c–e) Astrocytes, neurons and microglia from WT, cGas−/−and Stinggt/gtmice were culturedin vitroand infected with HSV-1 (MOI 1). Supernatants or total RNA were collected 24 and 6 h later, respectively. The supernatants were assayed for type I IFN bioactivity, and the RNA was analysed for IFN-β mRNA levels. (c,d) Data are representative of three repeats and are presented as individual measurements. (f,g) Total RNA from purified microglia, astrocytes, and neurons were analysed for expression of cGAS and STING. (h,i) Isolated astrocytes and microglia were mixed and infected with HSV-1. The cells were fixed 4 h later and stained with antibodies against GFAP and STING.\nC: Route of virus spread from the eye to the CNS. (f–i) Eye washes, trigeminal ganglia, brain stem and brains were isolated on the indicated time points post infection, and viral load was quantified using plaque assay.n=9 mice per group (a–i).\nD: Supernatants from WT and Stinggt/gtmicroglia cultures were transferred to WT astrocytes, which were stimulated with HSV-1 (MOI 1) for 6 h. Total RNA was isolated and levels of Ifn-β were measured.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13348_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10161", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The pattern of eye movements in unoperated contros. Panel illustrates pattern of eye movement where red indicates longer exploration time, blue indicates less; overlaid on example monkey face. All plots are averages per monkey (four amygdala lesions and four controls) across expressions.\nB: Pupil size, deviated from the baseline fixation period, for the lesion and control groups broken out in terms of the facial expression viewed by the monkeys, when vertical position of the stimulus was oriented so that the mouth appeared at central fixation.\nC: An example of a control monkey’s eye movements.\nD: The free-viewing task. Animals faced a computer monitor on which fixation targets was presented and monkeys initiated a trial by fixating a central fixation point for 1,000 ms. Following the initial fixation period a full picture of a conspecific face was shown for 1,500 ms. Faces appeared with either the mouth or a point mid-way between the eyes centred on the fixation point. This varied the initial position of the face relative to fixation. Monkeys were free to explore the face in front of them while an eye-tracking camera recorded their eye movements. At the end of the 1,500 ms presentation a juice reward was delivered, regardless of the gaze pattern of the subject. On the right are exemplars of the four different types of facial expressions shown (neutral, submissive, threat and affiliative).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10161_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Quantification of Xist induction from theXΔTsixX-chromosome in males. Aberrant Xist RNA coating is observed in mutant but not WT d6 differentiated TS cells.n=100 nuclei counted for each cell line per day of differentiation.\nB: Quantification of Xist RNA coating and X-linked gene expression in the XEN cells. Thexaxis of each graph represents average % nuclei in each class from 100 cells counted per cell line (n=3 cell lines per genotype). Diagrams along theyaxis depict all observed expression patterns. +, RNA expression detected from a single X-chromosome; + +, RNA expression detected from both X-chromosomes; −, absence of RNA detection. A subset of tetraploid XEN nuclei shows two Xist-coated inactive X-chromosomes and two active X-chromosomes, due to endoreduplication45. Gene expression patterns do not differ significantly between WT and Tsix-mutant XEN cells (Fisher’s exact test). Error bars, s.d.\nC: RT–PCR detection of Xist and control β-actin RNA in undifferentiated (d0) and d6 differentiated WT and Tsix-mutant TS cells. A single representative TS cell line from each genotype is shown. M, marker; NTC, no template control; +, RT; −, no RT control lane.\nD: RNA FISH detection of Xist, Tsix, and the X-linked gene Atrx in undifferentiated and 6-day (d6) differentiated TS cells. IF staining of the same cells detects CDX2, a marker of undifferentiated trohoectodermal cells. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5209_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Imaging workflow scheme.\nB: Spinach tagging does not alter the function of taggedGAL1transcript. Fivefold serial dilutions of strains grown on the indicated media.\nC: Co-localization of theSTL1gene and the osmotic stress-induced transcription factor Hot1. Cells were imaged from untreated (n=52) and 0.4 M NaCl-treated (n=105) cultures for Hot1–GFP and mCherry–LacI.\nD: STL1andGAL10gene positioning on activation in wt cells. The shift in position of the gene was calculated in 3D onn=95 cells forSTL1andn=42 forGAL10recorded as ina. A negative shift corresponds to the gene moving close to the nuclear periphery, whereas a positive shift describes movement towards the centre of the nucleus. Total % of cells presenting a shift ofSTL1orGAL10gene loci or % of cells presenting a shift above 100 nm ofSTL1orGAL10gene loci towards the periphery or the centre is indicated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9882_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14338", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Quantification of TFEB subcellular localization (C, cytoplasmic; N, nuclear) after 24 h of trehalose treatment (Tre) or in untreated cells (UT). Scale bars ina,bis 40 μm.\nB: Schematic diagram for Akt-dependent trehalose activation of TFEB. Data represent means±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.\nC: Co-localization assay of 14-3-3 proteins and TFEB-Flag or TFEB(S467A) in HeLa cells.\nD: Micrographs of HeLa cells showing increased number of autophagic vesicles (yellow arrows) in samples treated with trehalose or MK2206.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14338_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1766", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Scheme of GFP-tagged chimerical mTDP–yeast prion domain fusion construct.\nB: Examination of the alternative splicing ability of ALS-linked mutants of TDP-43, G348C and R361S (n=3).\nC: The truncated mTDP-43 variants containing PLD formed aggregates in 293T cells. A scheme of the TDP-43 construct, top, illustrates functional domains. NΔ, IIPLD and NPLD, but not PLDΔ, formed aggregates in the nucleus or cytosol. Amorphous mTDP-43-NPLD (the C terminus fused with the N terminus) proteins frequently formed doughnut-shaped aggregates. Scale bars represent 10 μm.\nD: A biochemical analysis of endogenous proteins with or without EGCG using anti-TDP-43 antibodies. Data are presented as means (n=2).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1766_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1982", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Histogram showing the distribution of genes with varying number of SNVs. Genes with at least one synonymous or nonsynonymous SNV are shown. Thexaxis was truncated at 20.\nB: For each of the four germ-line and the four somatic SNV data sets, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous SNVs was calculated, and was compared against the ratio from random SNVs in coding regions. We calculated log odds-ratios (yaxis), where positive and negative values would mean enrichment and depletion of nonsynonymous SNVs, respectively. The error bars indicate the 95% CI. In (b), we focussed on nonsense mutations that truncate more than half of the gene product by introducing premature stop codons.\nC: The log odds-ratios (yaxis) as a function of the number of SNVs per gene (xaxis).\nD: The fraction of genes with recurrent SNVs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1982_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5263", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Immunoblot analyses of the samples described above using antibodies against specific subunits of Integrator and Mediator. Actin was detected as a loading control. (c,d) Equal amounts of GST or GST-tagged subunits of DSIF and NELF were immobilized to glutathione Sepharose beads and then incubated with Integrator affinity-purified from HeLa cells expressing Flag-Ints10 (c) or recombinant Integrator subunits expressed individually in insect cells (d). Rpb1 and the Integrator subunits were detected using immunoblotting. The asterisk denotes a nonspecific signal. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 1. Uncropped blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 6.\nB: Cryptic polyadenylation sites of theRNU1gene. Untemplated poly(A) tails were detected in 3/48, 50/96 and 34/96 of the control, NELF-E knockdown and Ints9 knockdown clones, respectively. The polyadenylation sites of the positive clones were mapped on theRNU1locus. Clones containing short poly(A) tails (<10 nt) and those containing long poly(A) tails (⩾10 nt) are indicated by open and closed symbols, respectively. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 4.\nC: SDS–PAGE analyses of DSIF- and NELF-associated proteins affinity-purified from nuclear extracts of HeLa cells stably expressing Flag-Spt5 (left) or Flag-NELF-E (right). The extracts were also subjected to an LC-MS/MS analysis. See alsoSupplementary Table 1.\nD: TaqMan PCR analyses of poly(A)+ U1 transcripts and poly(A)+GAPDHtranscripts in control (Ctrl) HeLa cells and HeLa cells transfected with shRNAs to KD NELF-E or Ints9. The expression levels were normalized to the amount of 7SK RNA and to those of the control cells. Data are represented as the mean±s.e.m. ofn=5 independent experiments. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 (two-tailed Student’st-test).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5263_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15078", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Leader and follower cells were cultured in LCM or FCM and cell death events were graphed as a percentage of total cells in the field of view. A two-tailedχ2- analysis was used.n=1782. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.\nB: Representative still images of live cell imaging of H1299 spheroids taken every hour. Arrow denotes the leader cell, asterisk denotes the follower cell chain.\nC: Dot plot of the amount of time each cell spent from prophase to the beginning of anaphase.n=555 cells. A one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used. Bars represent the median and 95% confidence intervals from 40 randomly selected cells.\nD: Time lapse of H1299 spheroids acquired every 2 h. Arrow, follower cells in invasive chain; arrowhead, leader cell.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15078_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14329", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: RIP1KO L929 cells were infected with lentivirus encoding Flag-tagged WT, KK-AT or D138N RIP1, respectively, for 24 h, and then subjected to western blotting for examination of expression level of these proteins. Anti-RIP1 and anti-GAPDH antibodies were used.\nB: Flag-tagged RIP1 reconstitutedRIP1KO L929 cells were treated with mTNF+zVAD for 2 h with or without BHA/amytal followed by Flag immunoprecipitation and targeted MS analysis. Phosphopeptides containing S161 phosphorylation were detected and the MS2 intensities of the S161 phosphopeptide in each sample were extracted and the relative folds were calculated and shown. Data in (b–d) represented the mean±s.e.m. of three and two independent experiments, respectively. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ns: no significant difference. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 3.\nC: Flag-tagged WT, KK-AT or 3CS RIP1 was expressed inRIP1KO HEK293T cells and purified by M2 beads. These proteins were analysed by western blotting with anti-RIP1 antibody under reducing and non-reducing conditions.\nD: RIP1KO L929 cells were infected with lentivirus encoding Flag-tagged WT, 3CS or 3CS-S161E RIP1 for 24 h. Viabilities were determined at different time points after mTNF+zVAD treatment with or without BHA/amytal. The RIP1 expression were determined by western blotting with anti-RIP1 antibody.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14329_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8030", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to investigate the effect of infecting the BL41 cell line with the recombinant EBV virus 2089 (ref.32) in the absence (−) or presence of ectopically expressed vtRNA1-1 or vtRNA1-2. The data shown represent the mean and standard deviation of 11 independent experiments. The GFP-positive (pos.) Raji cells after EBV infection (infection efficiency typically 30%) served as positive infection control and were taken as 1.0.(c)The same cells as inbwere labelled with annexin V PE and apoptotic cells were recorded on FL-2.(d)BL41 cells without (−) or with vtRNA1-1, 1-2 or 1-3 expression were treated with staurosporine (Stau) or etoposide (Eto) and the amount of apoptotic cells was determined by FACS analysis after an annexin stain. The data originates from five independent experiments. The number of apoptotic cells in the untreated control was subtracted in each individual experiment from the staurosporine- or etoposide-treated ones. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the untreated controls were <12%.(e)BL41 cells without (−) or with vtRNA1-1 expression were treated with anti-Fas antibody and the amount of apoptotic cells determined. The mean and standard deviations of two independent experiments are shown. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the untreated controls were <10% and were subtracted from each experiment. Inb,c,dande, significant differences relative (rel.) to the untreated control cells (−) were determined using the two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test (***P<0.001, **P<0.01).\nB: Apoptotic cells after staurosporine (Stau) or etoposide (Eto) treatment in BL41 cells expressing vtRNA1-1 in addition to high or low levels of the MVP were assessed by annexin V staining and were recorded on FL2 on a FACS device. The data represent the mean and standard deviation of three independent experiments. The amount of apoptotic cells in the untreated controls were <8% and were always subtracted from the staurosporine or etoposide treated cells. Incandd, significant differences relative (rel.) to the EVC were determined using the two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test (***P<0.001, **P<0.01). pos., positive.\nC: In the presence of an NF-κB inhibitor (inh.), northern blot analysis showed no LMP1-dependent upregulation of vtRNA1-1. 5.8 S rRNA serves as internal loading control.(f) ChIP efficiencies using an NF-κB p65 antibody were monitored using qPCR on vtRNA1-1 and vtRNA1-2 promoter regions from BL2 cells carrying the empty vector (evc), expressing LMP1 (+LMP1), or from EBV-infected BL2 cells. Data shown are mean values and standard deviations from three individual assays. Significant differences relative to the mock control (no antibody) were determined using the two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test (***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.01). Inbandd, significant differences in fold induction relative to the untreated BL2 cells (−) were determined using the two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test (***P<0.001, **P<0.01).\nD: The effects of MVP knockdown on infection with EBV strain 2089 were monitored by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The data originates from four individual experiments.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8030_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9976", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Exemplary single-molecule trajectories from ligand-jump SiM-KARTS experiments composed of three time segments. Anti-SD probe binding to the same set of individualTtemRNA molecules is monitored first in the absence of preQ1(Minus), then in the presence of 16 μM preQ1(Plus) and again in the absence of preQ1(Minus′). Each axis break represents a 50-s dark period between segments during which buffer was exchanged.\nB: Cumulative distribution plots indicating the distribution of ISIs during burst (green) and non-burst (red) periods at varying preQ1concentrations, whereNis number of molecules included in the analysis.\nC: Representative trajectories as inFig. 2bfor two singleTtemRNA molecules in the absence of preQ1, annotated with bursts (green bars) and non-burst periods (red bars) detected through spike train analysis.\nD: Distribution of burst density rankings for each segment of an individual molecule’s trajectory, for all molecules in the ligand-jump SiM-KARTS experiment (N=97).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9976_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13610", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Boxplot showing the abundance of significant SRATs (log2 FPKM) in the WT (YBL) and H3K36A mutant. The total number of SRATs used in the analysis is denoted above the plot.\nB: . Boxplots showing the abundance of the different RNA species as indicated, produced in either the wild-type orSET2deletion yeast strain.\nC: Metagene plots denoting the distribution of H3K36 me3 mark over the promoters and gene bodies of SRATs (green), SUTs (orange) and a subset of SUTs (SUT_sub,n=48) that are upregulated upon loss of Set2 (blue).\nD: Boxplot showing the fold-change in sense gene expression (log2 FC mut/WT) of 92 genes with overlapping transcripts in theSET2deletion (set2) and H3K36A (K36A) mutants for each data set as indicated.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13610_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9898", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Conformational landscape (coloured surface) andEFRETdata (dots with connecting lines) of the riboswitch as a function of the concentrations of Mg2+and c-di-GMP, derived from a single experiment (Methods). The average standard deviation acrossEFRETmeasurements is 0.012 and seven individual data points were removed from the data set due to spurious fluorescence measurements (Methods). TheEFRETincreases in response to higher Mg2+or c-di-GMP concentrations to varying degrees under all conditions probed. Full multiplexed experimental landscapes were replicated three times. One replicate is plotted here.\nB: Tm3°landscape as a function of Mg2+and c-di-GMP. Additions of Mg2+or c-di-GMP both monotonically increase theTm3°.\nC: Comparison ofEFRETchanges at three Mg2+concentrations (low, 0.37 mM; high, 10 mM; and near physiological, 1 mM) in response to titrations of c-di-GMP (red circles, dashed line) or kanamycin B (blue triangles, solid line). The ligands induceEFRETresponses that are distinct in magnitude and sign from each other under all Mg2+concentrations tested.\nD: Data re-plotted as two-dimensional titrations of c-di-GMP at various Mg2+concentrations (from 0.167 mM, black, to 25 mM, purple). The lines represent fits to each c-di-GMP titration using a two-state binding model.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9898_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13856", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Piwi protein is present in the fat body. All piRNA argonautes are present in the ovary samples. Actin serves as a loading control.\nB: Survivorship curves for starvation ofpiwimutants and heterozygous controls.piwimutants are more sensitive to starvation than heterozygous controls. Log rank test compared with heterozygous controls;n≈50;P<0.0005.\nC: Survivorship curves for immune challenge ofpiwimutants and heterozygous controls.piwimutants are more sensitive to infection than heterozygous controls. Flies were either infected with a mock EtOH control (−) or a culture ofE. carotovora(+). Log rank test compared with heterozygous or mock EtOH control (−);n≈50;P<0.0005.\nD: Expression of primary and secondary piRNA pathway genes generated from total RNA-seq libraries of head, thorax, eviscerated abdomen and ovary. piRNA pathway genes are more highly expressed in the eviscerated abdomen than in the head or thorax. Data values for ovary libraries that exceed the range of the plot are shown above each relevant bar. RPKM, reads per kilobase per million. Error bars represent s.e.m.;n=3 replicate libraries. In comparing the eviscerated abdomen with head and thorax controls, 10 of 11 genes (excludingtj) are statistically significant (P<0.0001). SeeSupplementary Dataset 1for statistics.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13856_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic of this unwinding event:\nB: A kymogram of a translocating UvrD monomer, eventually blocked by the presence of duplex region created by a complementary oligonucleotide annealed to the tracking strand. At ~52 s, one of the two fluorophores on the complementary oligonucleotide photobleaches, but the remaining Cy3 fluorophore marks the location of duplex region until the end of the kymogram.\nC: Determination of the penetration depth of TIRF illumination. Fluorescence intensity is plotted against the height from the surface for selected translocation events at the same intensity of fluorescence excitation light (black). An exponential decay curve (red) is fit to the data to determine the penetration depth, 150 nm.\nD: A kymogram of this unwinding event. White dashed line designates the estimated location of the ssDNA/dsDNA junction. Although it looks like a stalling, the position trajectory obtained from 2D Gaussian fitting (light green) reveals a slow forward motion, as expected for unwinding. For the fluorescence intensity comparison, other UvrD molecules were included.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2882_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12235", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: U2OS cells stably expressing FLAG-H3wt, FLAG-H3K122E or FLAG-H3K122R were treated with or without IR at the indicated doses and then subjected to clonogenic survival assays. Data were represented as mean±s.d. for triplicate experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test).\nB: Control or SIRT7-depleted U2OS cells were exposed to 10 Gy of IR and collected at different time points. Cells were extracted in lysate buffer containing 1.0 M NaCl, salt-soluble proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE, and γH2AX, H2AX and H3 were detected by western bloting. Ponceau S staining indicated loading. (e,f) Overexpression of H3K122 mutants affected the repair efficiency of NHEJ and HR. EJ5-GFP-HEK293 (e) or DR-GFP-U2OS (f) cells stably expressing FLAG-H3wt, FLAG-H3K122E or FLAG-H3K122R were transfected with I-SceI for 48 h and analysed by FACS. Each bar represents the mean±s.d. for triplicate experiments. **P<0.01 (two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test). The efficiency of overexpression of FLAG-H3, H3 mutants or HA-I-SceI was monitored by western blotting.\nC: FLAG-SIRT5, FLAG-SIRT6, FLAG-SIRT7wt or FLAG-SIRT7H187Y was expressed in and purified with anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel from HEK293T cells and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue.\nD: Control or SIRT7-depleted MCF-7 cells were treated with 40 nM VP-16 or 1 μM CPT, and collected for annexin V and propidium iodide double staining. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Data were represented as mean±s.d. (b–e) Control or SIRT7-depleted MCF-7 (b), U2OS (c), HCT116 (d) or HepG2 (e) cells were treated with or without IR at the indicated doses and then subjected to clonogenic survival assays. The efficiency of SIRT7 KD in HCT116 (d) or HepG2 (e) cells was monitored by western blotting of whole-cell lysate, with corresponding antibodies.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12235_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Sequencing chromatograms across the critical splice junctions of the PCR products.\nB: Comparison for the above density between skipped cirexons and skipped mRNA exons with the corresponding statistical significances of Mann–WhitneyU-test. *P-value <0.05; **P-value <0.01; ***P-value <0.001.\nC: The workflow of cirexon and AS detection. BSJ, back-spliced junction; FSJ, forward-spliced junction.\nD: The two AS isoforms share the same back-splicing acceptor and donor but differ in their internal structure.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12060_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4064", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Co-IP of MYC-YY1 and MED18-HA. Co-IP experiments were conducted using protein extracts from transgenic plants stably expressing Myc-YY1 and MED18-HA.\nB: Co-IP of Myc-SUF4 and MED18-HA. Co-IP experiments were conducted using transgenic plants stably expressing Myc-SUF4 and MED18-HA. The co-IP experiments and the qRT–PCR were performed as described in the legend forFig. 2and in the Methods section. Leaf numbers were counted at bolting. The significance of the differences between mean values for the days to flowering, qRT–PCR data and number of rosette leaves was tested (P<0.01, Student’st-test). All experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results. Scale bars, 10 μm. The rosette leaf number (b) and days to flowering (c) data for wild type andmed18mutants are from at least 60 plants. The gene expression data (d) were determined by quantitative qPCR using theArabidopsis Actin2gene as a reference for normalization. The mean values followed by different letters are significantly different from each other (P<0.01, Student’st-test). Error bars indicate s.e. (n=3).\nC: Expression ofABI5, (d)ABI4and (e)At5g24080genes is MED18-dependent.\nD: BiFC assay showing the interaction between MED18 and YY1. Cells were examined under brightfield (left column), fluorescence (YFP) and as a merged image (right) showing either no interaction or interaction in the nucleus. The nucleus was stained with DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4064_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12580", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Superposition of Ub (red) modelled from a backside Ube2D3-binding structure, AtMUB1 alone in solution (purple blue) and the AtMUB3 (magenta):AtUBC8 (grey, surface) complex. LBLs in different states of the AtMUB1 NMR structure (asterisks) exhibit flexibility and various ‘open’ conformations, while LBL residues in the AtMUB3 structure (sticks) are coordinated by the E2 surface demonstrating a ‘closed’ conformation.\nB: Interacting surface of AtMUB3:AtUBC8 complex is presented in open-book configuration. The binding residues are coloured magenta in AtMUB3 (top panel), cyan in AtUBC8 (bottom panel).\nC: Thioester-formation assays of representative Group VI E2s (top panel IB), and non-Group VI E2s (bottom panel IB). See alsoSupplementary Figs 9, 10 and 11).\nD: Detailed view of the AtMUB3 LBL and AtUBC8 with interacting residues rendered with sticks. LBL (magenta) and AtUBC8 (grey) with residues coloured in cyan. Salt bridges are shown as dashed lines.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12580_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15637", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A lentiviral-based shRNA screening approach targeting the human kinome used for the assessment of autophagy identified AMPK and the AMPK-related protein kinases NUAK2 and BRSK2, along with CaMKKα, as autophagy regulators (for details see Methods section andSupplementary Fig. 8). Reported (red) and predicted (yellow) proteins interactions, and pathway interactions (blue) are indicated (GeneMANIA).\nB: Stable GFP-WIPI3 U2OS cells were immunostained with anti-mTOR/IgG-Alexa Fluor 546 and anti-LAMP2/IgG-Alexa Fluor 633 antibodies. Treatments: starved (S, 2 h), starved (2 h) and fed (1 h) (S→F). Co-localizations are indicated with arrows (g,h,k).Supplementary Materialis available:Supplementary Fig. 5. Statistics and source data:Supplementary Data 1. Mean±s.d.; heteroscedastict-testing;Pvalues: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Scale bars: 3 μm.\nC: Monoclonal U2OS cell lines stably expressing GFP-LC3 and shWIPI2 or shControl were assessed by quantitative RT–PCR (left panel). Automated high-throughput image acquisition (middle panel, upper row: dashed lines indicate cell boundaries; lower row: magnified sections) and analysis (right panel). The numbers of GFP-LC3 puncta in control (shRNA) or WIPI2-KD (shWIPI2) cells were calculated under fed (F) or starved (S) conditions with or without wortmannin (WM) or bafilomycin A1 (BafA1). The mean number of GFP-LC3 puncta per cell was calculated (up to 15,401 cells per condition,n=3). Scale bars: 20 μm.\nD: U2OS cells stably expressing GFP-WIPI3 were starved (S) for 2 h or starved and replenished with amino acids for 1 h (S→AAs). Subsequently, cells were immunostained with anti-FIP200/IgG-Alexa Fluor 546 and anti-LAMP2/IgG-Alexa Fluor 633 antibodies and visualized by confocal LSM. Image magnifications are presented (b,c,h) and co-localizations indicated with white arrows.Supplementary Materialis available:Supplementary Fig. 6. Statistics and source data can be found inSupplementary Data 1. Mean±s.d.; heteroscedastict-testing;Pvalues: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns: not significant. Scale bars: 3 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15637_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1826", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: mHoxa2promoter, (c)mHoxa4first exon, (d)mHoxa5first exon and (e)mHoxa7promoter. The diagrams show the distribution of 5mC (left in each panel) and 5hmC (right in each panel) at four regions of the mouseHoxacluster in three tissues (kidney, spleen and lung) in wt (black bars) andTet2−/−(grey bars). Enrichments were calculated relative to the unmethylatedmGapdhandmbeta-actincontrols. s.d.'s of three replicates are indicated by error bars.\nB: Brain, (c) kidney, (d) spleen and (e) lung. s.d.'s of three replicates are indicated by error bars.\nC: Bar diagram showing the association of all sites interrogated by the Infinium450K BeadChip (control), RA-induced hypomethylated sites (hypo.) and hypermethylated sites (hyper.) with CGIs, shelf and shore regions.\nD: Diagram showing the mouseHoxatranscription units on chromosome 6 (in dark blue), the CGIs within the cluster (green squares) and the four (h)MeDIP-amplicons (indicated as black lines) used for the analysis. Genomic features are viewed as custom tracks in the UCSC genome browser55. The following regions were analysed:", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1826_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13595", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Sequence of the SSV1 T6 promoter used in PIC formation. The BRE/TATA motif and the +1 position are highlighted in bold and the non-complementary −4 to −1 regions are shown in red.\nB: Single-molecule FRET histograms of RNAP (left)14and ORF145/RIP–RNAP complexes (right). The RNAP clamp exists in open and closed conformations represented as a low (E=0.40±0.03, fit with a Gaussian function shown in orange) and high (E=0.67±0.01, fit with a Gaussian shown in blue) FRET population, respectively. In contrast, the ORF145/RIP–RNAP complex exhibits a single FRET distribution with an intermediate conformation (E=0.58±0.01) that was fitted with a single Gaussian function. The mean FRET efficiencies (E) and the coefficient of determination (R2) are given with s.e.’s in the histograms.\nC: RNAPs were double-labelled with a FRET donor–acceptor dye pair (DyLight500-Dylight650) at amino-acid residues Rpo1′–E257 and Rpo2′′–Q373 indicated as green and red spheres, respectively (pdb 4B1O, the mobile clamp is shown in blue).\nD: SEC analysis of the recombinant RNAP clamp domain (red trace) and the ORF145/RIP–clamp complex (blue trace). Error bars represent standard deviation from three technical repeats.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13595_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11702", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (l)?\nA: H&E staining of mice liver sections 7 weeks after administration of LNA-antimiR-1246 or LNA-antimiR-1290 at 8 mg kg−1. Scale bar, 100 μm. All error bars represent±s.e.m. and statistical significance was calculated using Student’st-test; *P<0.05, **P<0.01.\nB: Images of xenograft tumours and quantitative analysis of tumour mass formed 19 days after administration of LNAs as shown in (e).n=4.\nC: qRT–PCR analysis of miR-1246 and miR-1290 levels by box plot in paired tumour and normal tissues in NSCLC. The median values for miR-1246 and miR-1290 levels in normal tissues were normalized as 1;n=11. Differences between groups were analysed using unpairedt-tests.\nD: Images of lung whole mounts on day 34 following tail-vein injection of 1 × 106TS bearing MT1G;n=5. Scale bar, 1 cm. (m,n) Limiting dilution analysis of sphere formation in NuLi-1 overexpressing MT1G, and treated with pre1246 or pre1290 (m) and in TS bearing shMT1G, and treated with zip1246 or zip1290 (n).n=3.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11702_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Comparison of sequence logos of 3′ss sensitive to SF3B1 status with canonical (AG) and alternative (AG’) sequences and 3′ss insensitive to SF3B1 status. One-hundred-nucleotide-long sequences surrounding the 3′ss were used to generate sequence logos with WebLogo. The height of each letter indicates the preference strength for that nucleotide at each position.\nB: Effect ofU2AF35hotspot mutations on the AG’/AG ratio ofDPH5in MDS tumours. Ratio of expression levels of alternative AG’ form to the expression level of canonical AG form (AG′/AG) ofDPH5was determined by quantitative RT–PCR in two MDS samples, each harbouring one of the twoU2AF35hotspot mutations, S34F and Q157P and compared with mutated and wild-typeSF3B1uveal melanoma (UM) samples.\nC: Base-pairing potential mutants ofTMEM14C. Mutant constructs (sequences shown inSupplementary Fig. 5) were expressed in MP41 (SF3B1WT) and Mel202 (SF3B1MUT) cells followed by RT–qPCR. The lower band corresponds to the variant generated by the usage of the canonical 3′ss (AG). The upper band corresponds to the variant generated by the usage of the alternative 3′ss (AG’). A schematic presentation of the strength of the resulting branchpoints as estimated by their SVM score is shown on the right panel. The ratio of AG’ usage as determined by capillary electrophoresis in MP41 and Mel202 cells is shown as a heat map.\nD: Analysis of alternative AG’ and canonical AG usage of the ExonTrap construct (ENOSF1) in cell lines by capillary electrophoresis of RT–PCR products. Representative GeneMarker electrophoregrams for fragment analysis ofENOSF1minigene cDNA expression are shown. Thexaxis represents molecular size (in nucleotides (nts)) of PCR products, and theyaxis indicates relative fluorescent units (RFUs). The peak of 203 nts refers to the internal splicing of the pET01 ExonTrap vector using its 3′ss and 5′ss. The peak of 303 nts corresponds to the usage of the canonical AG, whereas the peak of 319 nts corresponds to the usage of alternative AG’ WT.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10615_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14286", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Flow chart of procedures to identify xUba6- and xUba1-dependent ubiquitination substrates by tandem affinity purification and proteomic procedures.\nB: Same as (b) with the xUB-xUba6 pair.\nC: Formation of UB∼E1 and UB∼E2 thioester conjugates with xUB and xUba1. UBE2D2/UbcH5b was used as the E2. Cross-reactivity between xUB and wtUba1, and between wtUB and xUba1 was not detected.\nD: The average size of spheroids in each experimental group relative to the control group. The mean acinar structure area in each group was quantified using ImageJ software (seeSupplementary Fig. 7).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14286_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13892", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Transcription–translationin vitroassays assessing TPP binding to the U186A riboswitch mutant. Reactions were performed in absence (−) or presence of 25 μM TPP added either cotranscriptionally (Co) or post transcriptionally (Post) as indicated inFig. 2e. Ratios of ThiC expression are indicated below.\nB: Transcriptional pausing in thethiMriboswitch. A schematic representation of thethiMriboswitch is shown on the right and the pause site at residue 152 is indicated. The colour scheme is identical to the one used inb. The pause regions and riboswitch sequence are shown inSupplementary Fig. 12.\nC: β-Galactosidase assays of translational ThiC–lacZ (trL) and transcriptionalthiC–lacZ(trX) fusions for the wild type, ON, OFF and G31C mutants. Values were normalized to the activity obtained for the wild type in the absence of TPP. The average values of three independent experiments with s.d.’s are shown.\nD: In vitroRho-dependent transcription performed using thethiCriboswitch. Full-length (FL) and termination (T) products are indicated on the left. Termination efficiencies are indicated below for reactions done with Rho. Termination products are indicated on the right.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13892_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11268", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Schematic representation of the proposed signalling cascade between APLNR, CXCR4 and the respective ligands in the developing vasculature. *P<0.05, **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001,t-test. Error bars represent s.e.m.\nB: APLNRtranscript expression in response to shear stress alone or with concurrentKLF2,KLF4or combined knockdown via siRNA.\nC: CXCR4 mRNA expression in HUVECs in response to atorvastatin stimulation.n=3 experiments. (e,f) P5 retinal phenotype ofApln−/−pups in response to treatment with atorvastatin. Vascularized area, vascular branchpoints and radial expansion are shown. Scale bar, 200 μm.n≥4 retinas per genotype.\nD: Aplnrbexpression in the trunk and tail of zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf withsihor control morpholino (MO) injection. Asterisks mark absence ofaplnrbstaining in intersegmental vessels (ISVs). Staining in the posterior cardinal vein (PCV) is also reduced.In situhybridization with the pan-endothelial marker vascular endothelial cadherin (ve-cadherin) shows normal vascular morphology in all conditions. Arrows mark intersegmental blood vessels. Scale bar, 50 μm. **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001,t-test. Error bars represent s.e.m.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11268_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8049", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The levels of RPB3 (top) and the promoter-proximal Pol IIoser5form (bottom) across selected target genes are determined by ChIP–qPCR at the indicated positions with respect to TSS in control S2 cells treated with dsRNA against LacZ (black) and on depletion of dDsk2 (red), dUbp8/Nonstop (yellow) and both (blue). Results are presented as fold enrichment with respect to the control (dsLacZ) at the most proximal position to the TSS. The position of the TSS is indicated. Antibodies used were rabbit polyclonal αRPB3 and αIIoser5(N=3).\nB: As ina, but for ROW (top) and WOC (bottom) levels on depletion of dDsk2 (red), dUbp8/Nonstop (yellow) and both (blue;N=3). Error bars correspond to s.d.\nC: The distribution around TSS is presented for dHP1c, ROW, WOC and dDsk2. For each gene, the coverage profile was normalized dividing by the average coverage in that gene. The position of the TSS is indicated.\nD: As ina, but for H2Bub1 (top) and H3 (bottom) levels on depletion of dDsk2 (red), dUbp8/Nonstop (yellow) and both (blue;N=3).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8049_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: QQ plot for association tests between 545 edQTLs and additional editing sites that fell within 1 kb (red), between 1 kb and 10 kb (green), and between 10 kb and 50 kb (blue) from the original best-associated editing site. (d–g) Example of an RNA editing QTL in theCROLgene. Predicted local RNA secondary structure for the (d)Gand (e)Aalleles. Two editing sites influenced by the edQTL are shaded in red (numbered 1 and 2) and the edQTL is shaded in green. Relationship between editing levels and strain genotypes for the edQTL at the two associated editing sites (linear model), (f) chr2L:11796345 (site 1) and (g) chr2L:11796346 (site 2).\nB: Distances from the editing sites to 28 dsRNA stems around distal edQTLs.\nC: Fraction of edQTLs and control variants positioned at base-paired nucleotides. edQTLs are significantly more likely than control variants to be base-paired (Fisher’s exact test).\nD: The fraction of editing substrates that are base-paired at each position relative to the editing site (position 0, indicated in red), based on the predicted editing substrate structure. Negative positions are upstream (5′) of the editing site; positive positions are downstream (3′).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9194_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7752", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: ATF3 promoted USP7-induced increase in Tip60 expression. H1299 cells were transfected with 0.4 μg of Tip60, 1.6 μg of ATF3, 0.05 μg of GFP and increasing amounts of USP7 (+, 0.4 μg; ++, 0.8 μg) as indicated, and then lysed for western blotting.\nB: P5091 abolished the decrease in Tip60 expression caused by shATF3. U2OS cells expressing shLuc or shATF3 were treated with 30 μM of P5091, and then lysed for western blotting using indicated antibodies.\nC: ΔATF3 did not decrease the Tip60 ubiquitination level as shown by western blotting. The experiments were carried out as described inFig. 3e.\nD: GST–ATF3 pulled downin vitro-translated Tip60. One microgram of GST–ATF3 or GST immobilized on 30 μl of glutathione agarose was incubated with 5 μl ofin vitro-translated [35S]-methionine-labelled Tip60 for GST-pulldown assays.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7752_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14016", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The numbers of myofibers in soleus muscle of wild-type (WT;n=7) and knockout (KO) mice (n=9) were calculated based on laminin staining (left). Scale bars, 50 μm.\nB: Strategy for generation ofLinc-RAMknockout mice. LoxP sequences were inserted in the flanking of exon 2 of theLinc-RAMgene.\nC: Linc-RAM was overexpressed in C2C12 cells using a lentivirus system. The degree of Linc-RAM overexpression (fold increase) was determined by RT–qPCR.\nD: Expression of Baf60c and Brg1 in C2C12 cells with overexpression or knockdown (KD) of Linc-RAM analysed by RNA-Seq.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14016_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6506", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cartoon representation of chain A highlighting the putative DNA-binding loop, harbouring K363 (red stick). This lysine extends from the distorted helix (red) that also presents the key catalytic residue R381 (magenta stick) to the active site. All figures are generated using PyMOL57.\nB: Top-down view of the HerA hexamer. The HAS-barrel helical extensions embrace adjacent protomers.\nC: and (b) lateral and axial views, respectively, of the molecular envelope generated byab initioSAXS modelling, with crystallographic models of HerA (PDB code: 4D2I) and NurA (PDB code: 2YGK) manually docked in it. The axial view is clipped at the level of the ATPase domains of the HerA hexamer, to visualize the pore-like cavity present in the SAXS envelope, which defines the position of HerA within the map.\nD: Forty bp dsDNA modelled into the DNA-binding channel of the HerA hexamer, coloured as inFig. 1c. AMP-PNP molecules are shown as spacefill models. Left: top-down view of the HerA hexamer tilted slightly from the vertical position, with four adjacent protomers shown in surface representation and two shown as ribbons. Right: side-view of the HerA hexamer (HAS barrels at the top) with two front protomers omitted. Modelled dsDNA is threaded through the DNA-binding channel of HerA. Models are generated using PyMOL57.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6506_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5527", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The IC50for NU7026 in UM-SCC-1-pCMV6 (13 μM) and -TRIP13 (10 μM) cells were determined.\nB: UM-SCC-1-pCMV6 or -TRIP13 cells were seeded and 24 h later were treated with 10 μM NU7026 and subsequently cells were counted on 24, 48 and 72 h post NU7026 treatment. (Student’st-test with s.e.m.;P<0.0001).\nC: A malachite green ATPase activity assay was performed with TRIP13 mutant proteins as well as with wild-type TRIP13 and pCMV6 control. ATPase activity was measured and normalized for 1 μg of each protein and was finally expressed as percent of corresponding activity at 0-min time point and graphed. Student’st-test with s.e.m.;P<0.04.\nD: UM-SCC-22B cells were stably transfected with inducible-shTRIP13 or shControl, and lysates from doxycycline-induced and non-induced cells were immunoblotted with TRIP13 and actin antibodies. Signal intensity was quantified, normalized to actin and expressed as percent of induced-shControl.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5527_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16112", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative junction sequences accompanying templated insertions. Shown are the 5′-junction of clone #2 and the 3′-junctions of clones #3 and #9 (seeSupplementary Data 1). Inserted nucleotides are indicated in orange. It is noteworthy that the sequence surrounded by a square is identical to a nearby sequence surrounded by a dotted-line square or, as can been seen at the 3′- (right) junction of clone #9 (bottom), to a sequence present in the other (left) side of the junctions (seeSupplementary Data 1).\nB: Features and distribution of junctions obtained from wild-type,LIG4−/−andLIG4-complementedLIG4−/−POLQ−/−(#3) cells. The features were classified into four categories; microhomology (2–6 bp homology), templated insertion (≥6 bp direct or inverted repeats), undefined insertion (1–12 bp) and 0–1 bp homology. A Fisher’s exact test was used to determine statistical significance. (*P<0.00001). Although not indicated, the absence of templated insertion inPOLQ−/−cells is statistically significant (P=0.0052).\nC: Schematic representation of recombinants obtained from wild-type,LIG4−/−,LIG4−/−POLQ−/−,LIG4-complementedLIG4−/−POLQ−/−(#3) andPOLQ−/−cells.\nD: Junction sequence in a rare RI clone obtained fromLIG4−/−POLQ−/−cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms16112_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14013", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: IF of PTEN in CK2β-transduced GX, GP or GXP NS compared with EV-transduced GX, GP or GXP NS with or without DOX treatment (0.5 μM/5 h). Nuclei were visualized by DAPI staining. Scale bars, 20 μm. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 5.\nB: Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of serial sections of a representative primary GXP GBM exhibiting marked cellular pleomorphism, pseudopalisading necrosis (ii; magnified of black arrowhead box indicated in i) and multinucleated giant cell phenotypes (iii; black arrows; magnified of white arrowhead box indicated in i), compared with its adjacent normal brain tissue (iv). Scale bars, 200 μm (i) and 50 μm (ii–iv).\nC: IF of DOX-induced γH2AX foci with DAPI nuclear staining in EV, CK2β or PTEN4E-transduced WT or XP−/−MEF cells: DOX− or after 0.5, 1 or 5 h of DOX (0.5 μM) exposure, followed by 5 or 24 h of recovery time. Representative images are shown. Scale bars, 10 μm. (ci) IF of PTEN with DAPI nuclear staining in PTEN4E-transduced XP−/−MEF cells treated with Leptomycin B (LepB+;10 ng ml−1) 4 h before exposure to DOX. (cii) Immunoblot analysis of PTEN in LepB-treated-PTEN4E-transduced XP−/−MEF cells compared with untreated PTEN4E- or EV-transduced XP−/−MEF cells.\nD: Heatmap of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway genes generated from RNA-seq analysis highlighting downregulated expression level of PTEN and upregulated expression level of CSNK2B (CK2β) in 6 independent GXP GBMs compared with GXP NS.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14013_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8307", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The bone marrow was harvested from recipient mice 6 months post transfer. Transduced cells were identified based on expression of GFP and Thy1.1 reporters. Shown are percentages of BAP1, ASXL1(1–479) and doubly transduced cells in the bone marrows of recipient mice 6 months post transfer. Each dot represents one mouse.\nB: Cells were fixed 48 h post transfection, permeabilized and stained with anti-ASXL1 (red) or anti-FLAG (red) and anti-H2AK119Ub (green) antibodies. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Average input-corrected levels of H2AK119Ub, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks across non-expressed genes and top 10% of genes sorted by expression are represented in two formats, across gene body and ±5 kb around the gene (left) and ±5 kb around TSSs (right).\nD: 5-FU-treated bone marrow cells were harvested from WT and TET2-deficient donor mice as described in Methods. The donor cells were transduced as indicated 24 h post transduction; 1.2 × 106cells were transplanted into irradiated recipient mice by intravenous injection.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8307_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 3′ RACE ofIBM. Upper panel: Structure of theIBM1locus and polyadenylated mRNA variants detected by 3′ RACE. Exons and spliced introns confirmed by sequencing analysis are shown as black/red boxes and lines, respectively. Primers used for 3′ RACE are indicated by arrows. The T-DNA insertion site of theibm1-4allele is indicated by a white triangle. The white box in transcript 1 inibm1-4indicates fusion of the DNA sequence derived from the T-DNA to theIBM1transcript. Lower panel: Gel picture of DNA fragments amplified by 3′ RACE. DNA fragments indicated by arrowheads were cloned and sequenced, and the representative clones were shown in the upper panel.\nB: ChIP-qPCR analysis for Pol II at theIBM1locus. Target regions are indicated in (a). Data were from two independent biological replications for each genotype, normalized by the Pol II signal atACT7. Bars represent means of six independent IPs±s.d. (n=6). The value atIBM15′ in WT Col was set as 1.\nC: Top panel: Read coverage of theIBM1transcript in each genotype. Middle: Structure of theIBM1locus. Exons ofIBM1and insertion of the organelle genome are shown by black and grey boxes, respectively. The T-DNA insertion site of theibm1-4allele is shown with a white triangle. Bottom: Bisulphite analysis of the seventh intron ofIBM1in wild-type Columbia (Col).\nD: The percentage of methylated cytosines atBNSin the plants examined inf.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3301_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11645", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Salt concentration learning of wild-type,ptb-1(gk347274); asd-1(ok2299)anddaf-16(mgDf50); ptb-1(gk347274); asd-1(ok2299)worms expressing none (−) or DAF-2c only in ASER under thegcy-5promoter. Salt conditioning was performed under starvation conditions.n⩾4 assays (b,c).n⩾6 assays (d,e). Error bars represent s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.01, different from wild-type or control worms, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnettpost hoctest (b–d) or two-tailedt-test with Bonferroni correction (e).\nB: RT–PCR analysis of PTB-1 transcripts in synchronized L1 larvae of the wild-type andasd-1(yb978); fox-1(e2643),unc-75(yb1701)andptb-1 (gk347274)mutants. Note that the splicing pattern ofetr-1, encoding an ELAV-type RBP, is not affected in any of the mutants. (d–f) Expression patterns of Pptb-1a::mCherryand Pptb-1b::mWasabi. Maximum intensity projection images of the head (d) and tail (f) regions of L1/L2 larvae and the mid-body region of an adult (e) are shown. ADM, anal depressor muscle; ASM, anal sphincter muscle; PM, pharyngeal muscle; SIM, stomatointestinal muscle; VM, vulval muscle. (g,h) Expression patterns of Pptb-1a::Venusplus Pptb-1b::Venusin combination with that of the exon 11.5-inclusion (g) or -skipping (h) reporter driven by theH20promoter. Maximum intensity projection images of the head region of L1/L2 larvae are shown. Scale bars, 10 μm (d,f–h); 30 μm (e).\nC: Expression patterns of the wild-type (control) and mutant form (M1/M2) of the modified exon 11.5-inclusion reporter driven by thegpc-1promoter.\nD: RT–PCR analysis ofdaf-2exon 11.5 using total RNAs from whole worms (lanes 1 and 2) and neuron-type-specific poly(A)+RNAs (lanes 3 and 4), which were extracted from adult worms expressing FLAG-PAB-1 under thegpc-1promoter (lanes 1 and 3) or theglr-1promoter (lanes 2 and 4). Theyaxis represents molar ratio of exon 11.5(+) mRNA to the total. Error bars represent s.e.m. among experiments using three biological replicates, andPvalues were determined by two-tailedt-test (d–f). The utilized worm strains were JN1709 (b,d–f) and JN1710 (c,d–f), whose genotypes are shown inSupplementary Table 3.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11645_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1997", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative pictures of western blot analyses of histone PTMs 7 days after training in the 15 min-ITI group compared with the 5 min-ITI group.\nB: AcH3K14,t12=1.73,P≤ 0.05;\nC: Discrimination ratio in animals injected with the histone PTM inhibitor (Inh) cocktail (n=4) or vehicle (vehicle,n=8) 7 days after training on the object-recognition task. Remote memory is impaired when histone PTMs are blocked. Student'st-test,t10=1.75,P≤ 0.05.\nD: Schematic representation of the experimental setup used to elicit object memory in adult mice. Mice were habituated (HABIT.) to an empty arena for six sessions of 5 min with 5 min intertrial intervals (ITI) for 2 days. On day 3, they were trained on five sessions of 5 min with 5 min ITI and tested for short-term memory (SHORT-TERM) after 10 min. For recent memory (RECENT), they were tested after 24 h, and for remote memory (REMOTE), after 7 days.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1997_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12179", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Flag-SHP WT and mutants with Lys to Arg mutations were expressed with SUMO2 in HepG2 cells. The flag-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated and SUMOylated SHP was detected by IB with HA antibody.\nB: The levels of BAs in the liver, gall bladder or intestine were determined and values are expressed per gram tissue weight.\nC: WT-SHP or the K68R mutant was expressed in hepatocytes isolated from SHP-KO mice, and expression of indicated genes was measured by qRT-PCR.\nD: The mRNA levels of intestinalFgf15and TβMCA levels in the intestine.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12179_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7051", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: RT–qPCR for selected ETGs on lysed control, cKO and GSK503-treated RIM-1 tumours from (Fig. 6f). Data are represented as mean±s.e.m. ofn=3 (d,f–h,j), mean±s.e.m. ofn=4 (e), mean±s.e.m. ofn=3 (shCo),n=4 (shE, GSK503) (i).Pvalues calculated with analysis of variance and Fisher’s least significant difference test.\nB: Immunofluorescent staining on skin melanoma sections for Sox10 and Ki67 4 weeks after treatment start with vehicle or GSK503 to quantify a proliferation rate. White arrowheads, Sox10-positive/Ki67-positive cells.\nC: Breslow depths of melanoma specimens’ primary melanomas with respect toAMD1transcript levels based on TCGA.\nD: Mouse genotypes and strategy as in (Fig. 5f) used to analyze the effect of temporary GSK503 treatment on melanoma proliferation inTyr::N-RasQ61KInk4a−/−mice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7051_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8023", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: DNMT1 protein levels in HEK293T cells stably expressing USP7 shRNAs. The protein levels were determined by immunoblotting, and the messenger RNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The error bars represent ±s.d. from triplicate experiments. Uncropped blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nB: Negative correlation between DNMT1 and acetyl-DNMT1 in PANC-1 (low E-cadherin and high Vimentin) and Capan-1 (low Vimentin and high E-cad) pancreatic cancer cells. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nC: Ribbon representations of the overall structure of the DNMT1–USP7 complex with the two major interfaces shown in closed-up views. The N- and C-termini of both proteins are indicated, and disconnected regions are shown as dashed lines. Zinc cations are shown as grey balls. Critical residues for the interactions are shown in stick representation. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines, 3.4 Å was used as the cutoff for the hydrogen bonds in the paper.\nD: HDACi (TSA, MS-275 and NAM) treatment increases the protein levels of acetylation of KGDNMT1and E-cad, and decreases the protein level of DNMT1 and Vimentin in PANC-1 cells. Scale bar, 20 μm. (f,g) Negative correlation between DNMT1 (f) and acetyl-DNMT1 (g) in differentiated neuronal cells. Neuronal cells were stained with an anti-Tuj1 antibody, and DNA was visualized with DAPI staining. The representative staining is shown and the percentage of the cells (among 100 cells) with representative staining are indicated. Differentiated neuronal cells and non-neuronal cells are indicated in yellow circles and squares, respectively. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8023_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11081", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Real-time qPCR showing that the increased expression ofBdnfmRNAs II and VI observed 30 min after NMDA stimulation is impaired when CREB-CBP interaction is blocked by CCIIh. (g–k) ChIP-qPCR analysis show that treatment with CCIIh: blocked H3K27 acetylation at promoters II and VI (g), it does not block CREB binding toBdnfpromoters (h), it prevents CBP recruitment to promoters I, II, IV and VI (i) it prevents JMJD3 recruitment at promoters II, IV and VI (j) and H3K27Me3 demethylation at promoters IV and VI (k). Data are represented as mean±s.e.m. Statistical analysis by Kruskal–Wallis test and subsequent multiples comparisons by Mann–Whitney U-test with Bonferroni adjustment (the value inside the bars corresponds ton, number of cultures used in independent experiments; *P<0.05; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; for statistical analysis seeSupplementary Table 3).\nB: ChIP-qPCR studies confirm that H3K27Me3 demethylation observed atBdnfpromoters IV and VI is blocked by GSK-J4.\nC: Real-time qPCR analysis of the levels ofBdnfmRNAs transcribed from promoters I, II, IV and VI after NMDA stimulation (8–14 independent experiments).\nD: ChIP-qPCR analysis showing the changes in the levels of these proteins at theBdnfpromoters measured 10 min after NMDA stimulation. The phosphorylation of H3K27Me3 at Serine 28, which is reported to displace the repressor EZH2, is also analysed.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11081_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Significant reduction in Tera1 cell number was observed 72 h following transfection with the anti-miR-371-3 overexpression construct (lower inset), as compared with control cells transfected with an empty vector (upper inset); scale bar=200 μm. (f–g) Viability assays of Tera1 cells, as measured by methylene blue staining (mean±s.d.,n=4).\nB: Strand-specific RT–PCR of miR-371-3 and anti-miR-371-3 in different cell lines. Band sizes are designated in bp.\nC: Expression patterns of anti-miR-371-3 as measured by strand-specific RT-PCR in normal PSCs differentiated to neural progenitor cells and sorted for NCAM1-positive cells (Methods), normal fibroblasts and PSCs differentiated to trophectoderm-like cells by treatment with BMP4 for 7 days (Methods), Band sizes are designated in bp.\nD: Expression levels (mean±s.d., in two WT-PSC lines and three PgHiPSC lines) of all annotated miRs in the region in WT-HiPSCs and PgHiPSCs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3724_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2469", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Heatmap showing signals of Myc in interphase or mitosis at all the Myc site in the genome. The information indicates the existence of two groups of Myc sites in the genome, one is interphase-specific (Class I) and the second one is common to interphase and mitosis (Class II).\nB: Heatmaps showing the chromatin features at promoter and non-promoter Myc sites. Each panel represents 2 kb upstream and downstream of the Myc sites. The sites are ordered by signal of H3K4me1.\nC: Heatmaps showing the overlap of the listed protein at the two classes of Myc sites.\nD: Binding intensity at Myc sites during interphase or mitosis plotted from the information displayed in panela. The x axis represents distance from Myc sites and ‘0’ is the summit of Myc sites. Negative values indicate upstream and positive values indicate downstream of the Myc sites.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2469_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9909", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Current model clarifying the correlation between the genomic position of a G4 motif and the 3′-junction of the cognate G-quadruplex-induced deletion: 3′-deletion junctions (red triangle) are defined by the halted progression of nascent strand synthesis at a G-quadruplex fold (red line).\nB: Representative pictures of stochastic LacZ expression patterns ofdog-1-deficient animals transgenic for the G4 instability reporter. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.\nC: Quantification of the number of single animals that had two differently sized deletion (observed freq.), which was compared with the expected random double deletion frequency (white bars) based on frequency of deletions determined within the tested animal population (see Methods section for details). Asterisks indicate highly significant overrepresentation of the observed double deletion events within the tested population (*n=352 and **n=576) as determined by hypergeometric testing (*P<0.003 and **P<0.001).\nD: Quantification of LacZ patterns in synchronized populations ofdog-1-deficient animals transgenic for the G4 instability reporter (as illustrated ind). Average percentage of LacZ-positive animals of three independent experiments is depicted and error bars represent s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9909_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8243", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: RT–PCR analysis of total RNA from leaves of wild-type Col-0 and homozygousscl15-1andscl15-2plants with several primer pairs.\nB: Whole seedling.\nC: Primary root tip from a 3-day-oldSCL15pro::SCL15-sGFPseedling displaying GFP localization in protophloem sieve element (pSE).\nD: Ectopic expression of seed maturation genes inscl15mutant seedlings.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8243_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4802", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Tektin4 or α-tubulin was immunoprecipitated from mock, WT and Mut MDA-MB-468 cells using anti-tektin4 or anti-α-tubulin antibodies, and the immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with anti-tektin4, anti-α-tubulin or anti-β-tubulin antibodies. Whole-cell lysates were analysed by immunoblotting with anti-tektin4, anti-α-tubulin or anti-β-tubulin antibodies as input. Results are the mean±s.d. from three independent experiments. Full-length images of immunoblots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 8.\nB: The distribution of enrichedTEKTvariations during NCT in 60 breast cancers of four molecular subtypes. The majority of enriched variations (c.A541G and c.A547G) occur inTEKT4.\nC: Flow cytometric analyses of cell cycle distribution in WT and Mut MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The proportions of G2-M cells were calculated and compared (P1=0.030 andP2=0.022 in two-sided Student’st-test). Results are the mean±s.d. from three independent experiments.\nD: The colocalization of endogenous α-tubulin (red) and overexpressed tektin4 (green) in WT and Mut MDA-MB-468 cells. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4802_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Immunoblot analysis of parental HPDE cells expressing GFP or high levels ofKRASG12D(leftmost two lanes) and the indicated HPDE-inducible cell lines. Protein lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) with antibody against RAF as an indicator of Ras activation. (c,d) HPDE-iKRASG12Dxenograft growth (mean tumour volume, error bars denote s.d.) of biological replicates (N=7 bilaterally injected animals=14 tumours per group) in the presence of Dox (On Dox) and following removal of Dox (On>Off Dox) implanted subcutaneously (c) and orthotopically into the pancreas (d). Representative haematoxylin and eosine and CK-19 staining of the indicated tumours shown at bottom. Scale bars, 200 μm.\nB: Electrostatic potential plots comparison of wild type to I90F mutant (regions of negative potential are coloured red; regions of positive potential are coloured blue).\nC: HPDE cells expressing (left) GFP control and (middle) high levels ofKRASG12D. (Right) HPDE-iKRASG12Dcells treated with Dox. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: Kaplan–Meier survival plot for computationally informed screen cohorts as indicated ina.Pvalue calculated by log-rank test. (c,d) Barcode enrichment analysis of representative tumour (c) CT2 and (d) PT2. Data post normalization to total reads (sum of reads of barcodes+GFP) are shown as mean±s.d. of sequencing technical replicates (N=3 for each input and core).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10500_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the ovule (0–2 DPA) of the co-suppression line 5–8 and the WT. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nB: Mean fibre length at 0–4 DPA (mean±s.e.m.,n>100).\nC: Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis ofGhHOX3expression levels in35S::GhHOX3govule (O) and fibre (F), T2; DPA or D, DPA. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3).\nD: BiFc assay. GhHOX3 and GhHD1 were interchangeably fused to the carboxyl- and amino-terminal of firefly luciferase (LUC, LUCc and LUCn), transiently co-expressed, and LUCc or LUCn was co-expressed with each other or with each un-fused target protein as the control. Fluorescence signal intensities represent their binding activities. Top bar, heat map’s scale of the signal intensity. GhHOX3 interacted with GhHD1. Scale bar, 1 cm inb.(c) Coimmunoprecipition (CoIP) of transiently co-expressed cMyc-GhHOX3 and HA-GhHD1 in leaves ofNicotiana benthamiana. Soluble protein extracts before (input) and after (IP) immunoprecipitation with anti-cMyc antibody-conjugated beads were detected by immunoblot with anti-HA antibody.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6519_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8106", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Relation between the fraction and the number of TA’s in the ORF. Genes for which the orthologues are known to be essential inM. tbare omitted from the analysis.\nB: Coordinate-Seq sequence data processing for transposon insertion mutants.\nC: Visualization of theM. bovisBCG Pasteur reference genome. GC% (black) and Tn insertions that were identified and coordinate-determined in our 96 × 96-well mutant library (green bars). Duplicated regions of the genome are marked in red (DU1 and DU2).\nD: Layout and Cartesian Pooling of a 96 × 96-well library of sequence-tagged biological entities (for example,M. bovisBCG transposon insertion mutants). Each entity’s position in the library is characterized by three Cartesian coordinates (X,YandZ). To create theX–YPool Plate, a small culture volume of one specific well position (for example, A1) in all of the 96-well plates was transferred to and thus pooled in the same specific well (for example, A1) of the masterplate, thus keeping the respective positions within each primary plate (XandYcoordinates). Subsequently, theZpool plate was prepared by pooling all of the 96 wells of a primary plate in one single well of the masterplate (Z-coordinate). Next, each row and each column of both masterplates were pooled in column (n=12) and row (n=8) pools, giving a total of 40 samples that represent the 96 × 96 clone library.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8106_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15464", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic diagram of deleting several sites in a single gene locus using sequential or simultaneous sgRNA targeting. The targeted site is shown in purple and sgRNAs are indicated as cyan arrows.\nB: The percentage of short and large deletions obtained from mutant mice generated by simultaneous injection with more than one sgRNA.\nC: Diagram of single and multiple sgRNAs targeting specific sites. Targeted sites are shown in purple and sgRNAs are indicated as cyan arrows.\nD: Schematic diagram of symmetric and asymmetric deletions detected in mice targeted with a single sgRNA. Red triangle, Cas9-cutting site three base pairs upstream of the PAM sequence. Symmetric deletions were defined as those with an equal or less than 1.5-fold ratio between the upstream and downstream Cas9-cutting site. In asymmetric deletions, the difference at either site was more than 1.5-fold than at the other site.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15464_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11773", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Protein levels of glutamate receptor subunits GluN1 and GluN2B are reduced in the hippocampal PSD fractions from cKOs. Five micrograms of protein was loaded in each lane with β-actin as loading control and normalized to the Ctrl levels in the right panel. Data ine,fare representative of three independent experiments. Values represent mean±s.e.m. (*P<0.05; unpairedttest inb; others, one-way ANOVA with Tukeypost hoctest). Scale bar, 1 mV, 5 ms (a,c).\nB: CRMP2 is expressed in PSD fraction of Ctrls, but not present in the PSD fraction from cKO hippocampus as analysed by western blotting.\nC: Representative brain sections from control (Ctrl) and brain-specificCrmp2knockout (cKO) mice stained with CRMP2 antibody. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: with the same set of GFP+neurons analysed inc.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11773_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3650", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Real-time PCR. Numbers indicate days in suspension and ‘SS’ indicates serum-starved cells as inFig. 1.\nB: Western blottings showing the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the level of Akt isoforms. ‘C’ indicates a scrambled control siRNA. siAkt indicates a pan siRNA that targets all three isoforms. ‘ns’ indicates a nonspecific band.\nC: Immunostaining showing cytoplasmic retention of Foxo3a in Ras-TKO MEFs indafter 3 days in suspension.\nD: Western blottings showing the expression of mTor. Numbers indicate days in suspension culture. The left-hand two lanes have five times more protein added so that the relative level of mTor can be compared in wild-type and TKO mTor shRNA MEFs. MEF-mTor indicates MEFs where mTor is overexpressed.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3650_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2542", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The transcriptional repression activity assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts. (4X)-D1–3(4X), four upstream GAL4 DNA-binding sites in the promoter ofGUS; CaMV 35S, a promoter ofLUCreporter (the internal control). HOS15, a transcription suppressor, and ARF5M, an activator, were used as the controls.\nB: Effect of OsTB1 and OsTB1A159QWA162A163(OsTB1m) on transcriptional regulation ofD14via OsMADS57 in protoplasts.\nC: Localization of GFP- OsMADS57 in rice protoplasts. H33342, a nuclear staining dye. Scale bars, 10 μm.\nD: EMSA of OsMADS57 binding thecis-elements. The amount of protein loaded in each lane was equal.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2542_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4647", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Sequence chromatograms centred aroundMAOamino-acid 106, showing that Pachón, Tinaja and Los Sabinos share the exact same allele for leu106. Also note that SF, Molino and Subterraneo, as well as those individuals with a pro106allele in Tinaja and Los Sabinos, share the same proline codon.\nB: Semiquantitative RT–PCR assessment forα-actin(top) andMAO(bottom) mRNA expression levels. After calibration withα-actin, the bands corresponding toMAOamplification appear at the same PCR cycle in SF and CF samples.\nC: Binding assays to measure MAO protein concentrations, using the indicated ligands, in whole brains of SF (blue) and CF (red). tel, telencephalon; hyp, hypothalamus; rh, rhombencephalon; irf, internal reticular formation; e, eye; r, raphe nucleus; lc, locus coeruleus. Values are indicated as mean±s.e.m. Mann–Whitney statistical tests were used and performed with the Statview software. Significance was set atP<0.05.\nD: Effect of deprenyl (10 μM, dark blue and dark red bars) on amine and metabolite levels in brain extracts from SF and Pachón CF, measured by HPLC. Values are indicated as mean±s.e.m. Mann–Whitney statistical tests were used and performed with the Statview software. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. hyp, hypothalamus; irf, internal reticular formation; rh, rhombencephalon; tel, telencephalon.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4647_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11548", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The schematic diagram of an exon-skipping event. The exon-inclusion readsICkare the reads from the upstream splice junction, the alternative exon itself and the downstream splice junction. The exon-skipping readsSCkare the reads from the skipping splice junction that directly connects the upstream exon to the downstream exon.\nB: BCL2L11.\nC: The exon-inclusion levels of aMAP3K4alternative exon are positively correlated withHNRNPH1gene expression levels (robust correlation coefficientr=0.16, correlationP=2.6e−06).\nD: For each patientk, the patient’s hazard rateλk(t) is associated with the baseline hazard rateλ0(t) and this patient’s exon-inclusion levelψk. The association of exon-inclusion level with patient survival is estimated by the survival coefficientβ. The exon-inclusion levelψkis estimated from the read counts for the exon-inclusion isoformICkand the exon-skipping isoformSCk. The proportion of the inclusion and skipping reads is adjusted by a normalization functionfthat considers the lengths of the exon-inclusion and -skipping isoforms (see details in Results andSupplementary Methods).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11548_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6329", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Insertion of aptamer 5-1.17 downstream of theCaM5′UTR reduces its maximal FLuc expression about twofold. All data are expressed as the mean±s.d. of two to four independent experiments. An asterisk (*) denotes aP-value ≤0.002 determined by two-tailed unpairedt-test.\nB: Live fluorescence imaging of aptamer-regulated KAHRP-GFP fusion expressed from an episomal construct bearing theP. falciparumcentromere-derived elementpfCEN5–1.5.\nC: Verapamil (VP), which reverses resistance to dCQ through a direct interaction with PfCRT, is less effective when PfCRT expression is induced versus repressed. Clone E3 (control) has a wild-type PfCRT3D7locus and a constitutive GLucSDELreporter integrated at thecg6locus, and exhibits an aTc- and VP-independent IC50dCQ=20 nM (95% CI: 15–26 nM). Data were collected in biological triplicates. Mean values and error bars representing 95% confidence intervals are reported.\nD: Aptamer 5-1.17 regulates the sensitivity of clone H2 to dCQ, whereas the non-functional 5-1.17m2 does not modulate the sensitivity of clone C1 to dCQ.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6329_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13816", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Southern blot analyses of EcoRV-digested DNA from WT andPaxx+/Targeted ES cells, blotted with the 3′ probe.\nB: Immunostaining of E14.5 embryonic brain using antibodies against Cleaved (activated) Caspase3. Brown staining represents apoptotic cells. The scale bar indstands for 100 μm.\nC: The total body weight ofPaxx+/+andPaxx−/−littermates at∼50 days of age. The data represent the average and s.d. of more than four mice of each genotype.\nD: Diagram of PpoI-mediated cleavage in one mouse genomic DNA site on chromosome 1. H3=Hind III. The dark line indicates the position of the probe designed to detect DNA ends. Lower: Southern blot analyses for unrepaired ends from representative cells with HindIII-digested DNA.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13816_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Region on chromosome 12 containing a nonmethylated bacterial gene (ID 47160) surrounded by methylated TEs.\nB: Differential expression profiles of methylated genes. Boxplots show the ranges ofR-values for each category of methylated genes. Genes withR-values below 12 are considered to be constitutively expressed25. Of the 20 densely methylated genes, a total of six were defined as being differentially expressed (P-value of 0.029, Studentt-test). Another seven genes were expressed in normal growth conditions (shown by RNA-seq data) whereas the remaining sevenbona fidegenes were not expressed in any of the tested conditions. Medians of the data are shown as black horizontal line in the box. Outliers are shown as whiskers. Numbers above each column show the number of genes in each category.\nC: Region on chromosome 25 containing methylated TEs with a cluster of nonmethylated genes.\nD: Proportion of methylated sequences across size ranges of TEs and other repeats.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3091_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14826", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CF versus out-degree of the largest hub in a collection of SF-Binom networks binned according to their largest hub.\nB: Effect of adding a small number of outgoing hubs to a Binon-Binom ensemble. The out-degrees of the added hubs were chosen to mimic the SF-out ensemble ofFig. 2.\nC: CF as a function of network size for the same ensembles of (a) with matching colours.N=1,500,y=0,g0=10,D=10−3. Parameters for degree distributions: SF, (a=1,γ=2.4); Binom,; Exp, (β=3.5).\nD: Fraction of networks within an ensemble which relaxed to a fixed point under the nonlinear dynamics of equation (1), with fixed connections, no constraint and no feedback. Topological ensembles which exhibited higher success in exploratory adaptation inFig. 2b, relaxed to fixed points in a larger fraction of simulations.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14826_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4830", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Depletion ofZAKfrom gastric cancer cell lines inhibits cell growth. In cell lines where ZAK knockdown led to reduced viability, there was consistently high TV1 expression, while TV2 expression was marginal and variable (for example, IM-95m cell line, see for example, panela). Cell viability analysis was carried out 6 days after infection of gastric cancer cell lines with independentZAKshRNAs. Cell number is normalized to shNTC-infected cells. Immunoblot indicates the level of ZAK-TV1 depletion 4 days after infection. ZAK was detected with Bethyl α-ZAK antibody.\nB: Matrix showing the distribution of pathway aberrations per sample ordered from most frequently aberrant pathway (top) to least frequently aberrant pathway (bottom). Colours of the matrix indicate whether the pathway was affected by mutation (blue), copy number change (magenta) or both (orange). The colour bar on top shows MSI (green) or MSS (orange) status.\nC: ZAK isoform expression in six TCGA data sets where there are >10 normal samples. Normal samples are represented by blue dots and tumour samples by red dots. ZAK TV1 fraction is significantly higher (adjustedP-value <0.001 and fold change >2) in breast and bladder cancer data (marked by the green asterisks).\nD: Potential targeted therapies that can be applied to this patient population, based on the status of amplification, known activating mutations or loss-of-function mutations of key cancer genes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4830_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10770", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Caspase-3-positive cells at the site of electroporation (top) and the surrounding normal pancreatic tissue (bottom). Arrow heads indicate apoptotic cells. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nB: Scheme of experimental procedures to generate experimental (top) and control (bottom) cohorts. EP, electroporation. TSG, tumour suppressor gene.\nC: Scheme of experimental procedures.\nD: Examples and sequence context of CRISPR/Cas9-induced homozygous (homoz) mutations at target sites. Large deletions were also detectable by PCR, showing additional shortened products. PAM, protospacer adjacent motive; ex, exon and Co, control.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10770_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Sequence of P1/II genomic DNA shows theMBTPS2c.1515G>C mutation (p.L505F), which also occurs in heterozygous form in his mother, but is not present in the proband’s father.\nB: Extended pedigree of Family I. The pedigree contains 12 affected members (blackened symbols), with seven living and five deceased (diagonally crossed). Clinical assessments and blood samples were obtained from 18 individuals (short horizontal bars above symbols), including six affected. Dotted circles denote obligate carriers. Arrow indicates Proband P1/I.\nC: Linkage and segregation analysis. Thai pedigree shows linkage of mutation with X chromosome and cosegregation of the mutation with phenotype. X-chromosomal markers are shown from Xpter to Xcen (full list of markers inSupplementary Table 3). Linked markers in squares are shown in relation to the members’ status. TheMBTPS2c.1376A>G (p.N459S) mutation segregated with phenotype in all affected members. The mutation introduces aBsgI cleavage site, resulting in 375 and 305 bp bands. The normal allele generates the undigested 680 bp band. Marker =100 bp marker; −ve, negative control with no DNA added; an arrowhead indicates the 680 bp band.\nD: Mass spectrometric analysis of bacterial collagenase-digested peptides of control and P1/II bone type I collagen. Hydroxylation and consequent glycosylation of α1(I)K87 residues, involved in crosslink formation, is decreased in the proband sample by more than one-half, while hydroxylation of α1(I)K930 residues is normal, compared with normal control bone. K, lysine; K*, hydroxylysine; gal, galactosyl.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11920_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Differential expression levels for selected genes that are most differentially expressed between HES5+ and HES5− cells in a stage-specific manner. Selected gene members are indicated on the left, developmental stages are indicated on the bottom, and gene categories classified by stage are indicated on the right. Values plotted on the heatmap represent ratios of expression levels relative to ES cells.\nB: Relative GFAP expression levels based on qPCR data for the entire progression period. Relative expression levels are shown for HES5+ and HES5− samples during progenitor proliferation. Values were obtained from three technical replicates. Statistical analysis: mean±s.e.m. Compare the very low relative levels of GFAP during proliferation (day 80 HES5+ cells) to GFAP levels at the same progenitor type following astrocytic differentiation inFig. 3e.\nC: CombinedHES5::eGFPreporter expression and immunostainings of cortical layer specific neuronal markers: Early born neurons expressing TBR1, RELN and CTIP2 (top two panels), and late derived neurons expressing SATB2, POU3F2 and CUX1 (bottom two panels), are shown for NE, M-RG and L-RG progenitors that were subjected to neuronal differentiation. Insets for RELN/TBR1 and SATB2/POU3F2 show magnified areas within the image. Inset for CTIP/TUJ1 shows same magnification but a different view of neuronal axons. Images of HES5+ derived neurons are shown. Scale bars: 50 μm for images, 25 μm for Insets. Images of HES5− derived neurons and percentages of all cortical subtypes derived from both HES5+ and HES5− cells are presented inSupplementary Fig. 5.\nD: High-power magnification of E-RG and M-RG images shown inc. Dashed lines demarcate proposed VZ, SVZ and OSVZ regions, containing apical RG, INPs and basal RG, respectively. Scale bar: 25 μm (valid for all images ind).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7500_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6187", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Volcano plots of DNA methylation score differences for IUGR compared with control, LGA compared with control and IUGR compared with LGA, based on 993,514 loci throughout the genome. Differentially methylated loci withPvalue <0.05 and methylation difference >|20| are shown in black.\nB: Density plots of methylation scores for IUGR or LGA compared with controls. The distributions of DNA methylation scores are shown in red.\nC: A self-organizing heatmap of candidate differentially methylated loci showing clustering by sample.\nD: An example of theRXRAgene with a candidate differentially methylated locus is shown. The DNA methylation score differences between controls and IUGR (top), LGA (middle) and cases (bottom, IUGR and LGA combined) are depicted, with a site identified as being a candidate differentially methylated locus in the CpG island promoter region shown in grey. Blue, positive values represent decreased DNA methylation in the cases of extreme fetal growth; yellow, negative value increased methylation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6187_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6936", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: After 44 flows, a random ROI with 357 clusters was chosen and base calling was performed as described in the text. Of the 357 clusters, 336 clusters were successfully aligned, which accounts for 91% of the clusters. Of these 91% aligned reads, the error distributions are shown for the following minimum overlap lengths: 15 bp (blue bars), 20 bp (red bars) and 28 bp (green bars).\nB: The sequencing workflow for this sequencing chemistry. In Step 1, the DNA is clustered in a flow cell. In Step 2, nucleotides are introduced into the GA flow cell in a cyclic fashion (a) and the polymerase/DNA-binding kinetics is imaged in real time (b).\nC: Averaged time traces for flows 3, 9, 18, 27 and 44, which correspond to negative, G, C, A and T 1-mer flows, respectively.\nD: Raw images averaged from selected individual flows. Example images for each of the nucleotides from indicated flow numbers were averaged from the time lapsed frame numbers, 50 to 150, which corresponds to 10 s of data. These frame numbers capture the rise, peak and fall of sequencing chemistry.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6936_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: For most traits, such as hands, larger individuals have larger traits such that the width and length of an individual’s hand are correlated.\nB: In all four groups examined, facial traits have higher coefficients of variation than other body traits (P<0.03 for all comparison).\nC: Human populations show extensive variability in facial morphology that is used for individual recognition. Patterns of elevated variability are even maintained in more genetically homogeneous populations such as the Finnish, as demonstrated by the portraits of six male soldiers.\nD: In contrast to hands, the width and length of the nose are not correlated. Box plots show median and 25th and 75th percentiles (N=181 African American females; 457 African American males; 204 European American females; 1,168 European American males). TheP-values shown in the figure legend are from one-tailed Mamm-WhitenyUtests. The scatterplots show the trait values for European American male service members measured in the ANSUR II data set. Best-fit lines are shown for significant regressions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5800_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11280", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Egg deposition over 4 h period relative to control. Mean fold-change ±s.e. based on three replicated experiments, each containing >20 females.\nB: Density of cells at embryo mid-section immediately following the onset of cellularization. Mean number of cells per 100 μm±s.e.,n≥5 time courses. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nC: Effect of removal of gut bacteria in F1 on the survival of F2drm>neoGFPflies that were exposed to 400 μg ml−1of G418 in both generations. Note the strong reduction in the survival of F2 flies when G418 treatment was preceded by egg dechorionation in F1. Mean survival to adulthood relative to untreated control±s.e.,n=3, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nD: Removal of gut bacteria by dechorionation leads to tissue specific changes ofAldhexpression in the larval gut (F1 3rd instar) and in the next generation of embryos (F2, 2 h AED). Mean fold-change (qPCR-based)±s.e.n=3, ***P<0.001 (Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11280_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11229", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Structure of the GT domain active-site pocket. The −1 subsite in Taka-amylase A (grey for the carbon atoms) is superimposed for reference. Amino acid residue labels on the second lines are for Taka-amylase A. Catalytic residues are labelled in red. The B-1 residue of the bound oligosaccharide B in the maltopentaose complex structure and the −1 saccharide unit of acarbose in the Taka-amylase A structure are shown.\nB: Structure of the GC domain active-site pocket. Structure of theAspergillus awamoriglucoamylase is superimposed for reference (grey for the carbon atoms). Amino acid residue labels on the second lines are for glucoamylase. Catalytic residues are labelled in red. The +1 and −1 saccharide units of acarbose in the glucoamylase structure are shown. They mimic the +1 and −1 residues in its substrate, the glycosidic bond between which gets hydrolysed.\nC: Specific debranching activities of CgGDE mutants R1123G and Y1407F, and their combinations with mutants possessing only the GT or GC activities.\nD: Structure of the GC domain. Structure of theAspergillus awamoriglucoamylase catalytic domain (right, PDB 1GAH) is shown for reference. Catalytic residues are highlighted.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11229_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Difference in dsRNA free energies between the two alleles for edQTLs and control variants, calculated as the free energy of lower edited allele subtracted from the higher edited allele. The edQTLs have a significantly larger difference in free energy than the control variants, with the higher editing allele having lower (more stable) free energies (one-sided Mann–WhitneyU-test).\nB: Quantile–quantile (QQ) plot for association testingPvalues between 789 RNA editing sites and genetic variants in the same gene as each editing site.\nC: The fraction of editing substrates that are base-paired at each position relative to the editing site (position 0, indicated in red), based on the predicted editing substrate structure. Negative positions are upstream (5′) of the editing site; positive positions are downstream (3′).\nD: Frequency of RNA editing sites nearby 213 distal edQTLs and 4247 matched control variants. For each variant, we calculated the number of RNA editing sites within sequence windows centred on the variant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9194_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7601", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: miR-eQTLs for intragenic miRNAs miR-339-3p and miR-339-5p, with GWAS SNPs for TC and LDL;\nB: Venn diagram ofcis-miR-eQTLs identified in pedigree independent discovery (n=2,671) and replication sets (n=2,658). The number indicatedcis-miR-eQTLs identified in discovery, replication or both at FDR<0.1.\nC: miR-eQTLs for intergenic miRNAs miR-100-5p and miR-125b-5p, with GWAS SNPs for lipid traits, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The highlighted SNP, rs7115089, is associated with both HDL and total cholesterol at GWASP<5 × 10−8by linear regression tests50;\nD: Tvalues ofcis-miR-eQTLs between discovery and replication groups.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7601_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6680", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Comparison of the fraction of PKA activity (mean±s.e.m.) collected during the first two washes with buffer (n=4). *P<0.05 versus WT by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’spost-hoctest.\nB: Western blot analysis for Cα. Shown are three representative blots.\nC: Space-filling representation of Leu206, Val115 and Tyr228.\nD: Effect of increasing intracellular cAMP concentrations with forskolin (fsk, 10 μM) on the association between CFP-tagged RIIβ and either wild-type or mutant Cα subunits tagged with YFP. Data (mean±s.e.m.) are taken from 9 to 16 cells per condition measured in three independent experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6680_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4116", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Immunohistochemistry demonstrates the NTRK1 expression in melanocytes; stromal cells serve as internal negative controls. Scale bar, 500 μm. Scale bar magnification, 50 μm. The FISH inset confirms the gene rearrangements using breakpoint flanking FISH probes by the individual green and red signals. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Histological section of an atypical Spitz tumour with aDCTN1–ALKfusion excised from the upper arm of a 19-year-old male (haematoxylin and eosin stain). Scale bar, 500 μm. Scale bar magnification, 50 μm.\nC: Histological section of an atypical Spitz tumour with aPWWP2A–ROS1fusion from the gluteal region of a 55-year-old female (haematoxylin and eosin stain). Scale bar, 500 μm. Scale bar magnification, 50 μm.\nD: FISH demonstrates theALKgene rearrangement by the individual green and orange signals using breakpoint flanking probes. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4116_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6360", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Flow cytometry analysis of the expression of class-switch markers IgG and IgA at day 6 and 9 afterin vitrostimulation with CD40L and IL4.\nB: Capillary DNA sequencing of the regions adjacent to the nonsense mutation inMAP3K14in P2 and core family members. Chromatograms shown for a healthy sister of P2, the mother of P2 and P2. The mutated residue is indicated by a grey box.\nC: Functional response to PMA and ionomycin of NK cells from NIK-deficient patients and healthy donor. PBMCs from healthy donor (HD, left) or patient 1 (P1, right) were incubated with vehicle control (black) or PMA and ionomycin (white) then fixed, permeabilized and analysed by flow cytometry for intracellular expression of IFNγ, TNFα and CD107a. (a–c) Data represent one experiment.\nD: Immunoblot analysis of nuclear extracts of B-LCL stimulated with hBAFF in healthy donor, P1- and P2-derived B-LCL. RCC1 was used as nuclear sample processing control. (a,b) Blots are representative of two independent experiments. All uncropped blots can be seen inSupplementary Fig. 9.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6360_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9940", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Distribution of selected somatic SNVs with predicted pathogenic effects and indels across cancers. Note that only clonal copy-number losses and disruptive gains are shown here. Blue, disruptive gains (that is, one breakpoint within a gene); red, losses.\nB: SCNA mutational profiles of selected OS cell lines.\nC: Posterior cellular frequencies of somatic exome mutations. Main driver genes are in blue.\nD: Mutation profiles of selected OS driver genes, split by copy-number alterations and single-nucleotide changes/indels. The median variant allelic frequency (VAF) is plotted for each gene.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9940_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13719", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: CUX1 and PTEN in different PCa cell lines.\nB: mRNA levels and WB for CUX1 and ADAM17 in PC3 cells.\nC: WB showing the protein levels of ADAM17, NICD and PTEN in different PCa cell lines.\nD: Quantification of ADAM17 ofd.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13719_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1756", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Effect of oxonate on Abcg2-mediated urate transport (n=3). (c–e,g,h)In vivostudy usingAbcg2-knockout and wild-type mice.\nB: Serum uric acid (SUA) levels (n=19–20). ***P=8.8×10−6.\nC: Concentration-dependent urate transport via Abcg2 (n=3).\nD: Urinary excretion of urate (n=10–11). ***P=4.1×10−4(e) Time course of intestinal urate excretion (n=4). ***P<0.001; **P=0.0066; *P=0.021.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1756_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5617", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Quantitative reverse transcription–PCR time-course analysis ofAtARQ1expression in response to As(V). Col-0 (green) and Kas-1 (red) plants were exposed to 30 μM As(V) for the indicated time. Bars show mean±s.d. (n=3). *P<0.05 Student'st-test.\nB: Arsenic species analysis of extracts of Col-0 and At2g21045 T-DNA mutant plants exposed to 5 μM As(V; 24 h). Values are mean±s.d. (n=5). (g,h)In vitroAT2G21045 arsenate reductase activity.\nC: Atacr2T-DNA mutant (acr2-T-DNA) and ACR2-overexpressing lines (OXACR2) have an As(V) tolerance phenotype similar to that of Col-0. %RGR was determined at various As(V) concentrations. Bars show mean±s.d. (n=3).\nD: As(V) tolerance phenotype of Colgl-1(Col) and Kashmir (Kas-1) plants using the RGR assay. Dotted line indicates starting point of root growth in +Pi medium.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5617_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4444", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Timing of polar body extrusion in oocytes treated with either a vehicle control or reversine at 5 or 6 h after NEB. Black lines indicate means.\nB: Cyclin B1–GFP levels, normalized at the initiation of imaging after bisection, in nuclear (red) and anuclear (blue) daughter cells. Mean traces are in bold, with individual traces in pale colours.\nC: NDJ or PSSC rates in resulting eggs following vehicle or reversine addition during MI. (c–e) Numbers of oocytes are indicated in parenthesis; different letters indicate significant difference between groups (P<0.001);c, analysis of variance;d,e, Fisher’s exact test.\nD: Oocyte imaged with two non-biorientated bivalents (grey, blue boxes; enlarged below) in a 75-min period before anaphase. Maximal bivalent stretch, measured as the distance apart from the sister kinetochores pairs and regarded as a measure of biorientation, is achieved in one of these non-aligned bivalents (grey) but not in the other (blue).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4444_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: U2OS cells were transfected with either the wild-type or the mutant c-Myb-short-3′UTR (c-Mybs-wt or c-Mybs-mut) and the indicated plasmids. The luciferase signals were processed as in (c).\nB: MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with c-Mybswt- or c-Mybs34a-3′UTR reporter and the indicated miRNAs. For each condition, the relative luciferase activities were normalized to the non-targeting miRNA reactions (*P<0.05 and **P<0.005, two-tailed student'st-test,n=3).\nC: A model linking RBM38 function to miRNA blocking.\nD: Model for RBM38 function within the p53 pathway.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1519_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5768", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Geographical origin of rice landraces and cultivars used in this analysis.\nB: SA contents in KK34 and Kos following RSV infection. Mock, the 1-week-old rice plants were not infected with RSV. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. (n=3), **indicates significant difference between Kos and KK34 at same time point atP<0.01 by the Student’st-test.\nC: RT–PCR assay showing accumulation of the RSV coat protein mRNA in whole seedling plant without roots of Kos and KK34 following RSV infection. m, mock seedlings were sampled 3 d.p.i. with RSV-free SBPH. The mean±s.e.m. was obtained from three technical repeats and three biological repeats.\nD: KK34 has similar SBPH susceptibility to Kos. WYJ3 (Wuyujing 3) and RH (Rathu Heenati) were used as the SBHP-susceptible and -resistant control, respectively. Error bars indicate s.e.m. (n=3), different letters at the top of each column indicate significant differences atP<0.01 (n=3) by the Student’st-test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5768_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6299", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Network of interactions among iridophores (i), xanthophores (x) and melanophores (m). Interactions are positive (→) or negative (); long-range interactions are indicated by dashed lines. Csf1 and TH both promote xanthophore development; Csf1 is also supplied by iridophores to xanthophores (i→x)22. When xanthophores are highly abundant, these cells can repress iridophore development (1). Iridophores attract melanophores (i→m), but also directly or indirectly repress melanophore survival and localization, and terminate stripe development (2). Simplified interaction diagram at lower right, corresponding tob.\nB: In comparison withD. rerio, xanthophores ofD. albolineatusdeveloped precociously. Shown are mean±s.e.m. days post fertilization when pigment cells of each class first appeared (species difference across all classes,F2,18=158,P<0.001;n=5D. rerio;n=3D. albolineatus). Scale bars, 1 mm (aupper); 200 μm (alower); 60 μm (b).\nC: Development of ventral iridophores between 21 and 30 d.p.f. (stages PB+to SA). InD. rerio, iridophores (for example, inset, d21) were initially scattered among melanophores in the developing ventral primary melanophore stripe but subsequently formed aggregates (for example, arrowhead) at the site of the secondary ventral interstripe. Some melanophores initially in this region died; yellow and green dashed circles show initial positions for each of two melanophores and their absence on subsequent days. Other melanophores in this region translocated further dorsally or ventrally; dashed red arrow indicates one melanophore that moved ventrally). At day 30 (d30), inset shows first xanthophore to differentiate in the secondary interstripe and the vertical blue bar indicates overall interstripe width. InD. albolineatusat day 21 (d21), xanthophores are abundant (inset), but iridophores are scarce (for example, inset, middle panel) as are melanophores.\nD: Early in adult pigment pattern development inD. rerio(stage AR ref.42), xanthophores had not yet differentiated and only adult iridophores (blue arrowhead) and residual early larval melanophores were observed hypodermally. At the same stage inD. albolineatus, numerous xanthophores (green arrowheads) had differentiated hypodermally and extra-hypodermally. hm, horizontal myoseptum; v, vertebral column; da, dorsal aorta.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6299_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9258", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: BRAFmutation that was identified in pre-malignant AAH lesion was detected in DNA extracted from matched plasma and sputum species by ddPCR.\nB: Venn diagram was created to compare genes mutated in different stages of lung adenocarcinoma evolution (in red—mutations in the same position).\nC: Mutant circDNA has been detected byPrimePCR ddPCRassay in blood and (d) sputum samples isolated from patients with knownATM,NRASandIGF1Rmutations. Fractional abundance of these mutations in primary tumours was 35%, 20% and 2% respectively.\nD: Cytoscape bioinformatics toolset was used to create the network of protein–protein interactions of the mutated genes in each respective progression stage. Red nodes indicate the mutated genes, with node size dependent on number of mutations found in AAH, AIS and MIA patients.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9258_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6276", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Percent of cells expressing GFP when co-transfected with plasmid expressing GFP and siRNA-targeting ATG5 or control (n=3).\nB: Fluorescent microscopy of GFP-ORF1p and LC3.\nC: RT-qPCR analysis of the levels of LINE-1 ORF1 and ORF2 RNA in ovaries ofBecn1/Atg6+/−mice compared with wild-type controls (n=4 wild-type,Becn1/Atg6+/−mice).\nD: RT-qPCR analysis of pulse-labelled RNA recovered 0 and 4 h after pulse in cells transfected with siRNA-targeting ATG5 or control (10 nM,n=3, *P=0.01 both LINE-1 andAluYb8).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6276_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6744", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of the mouseSprtngene and the targeted alleles. An invertedNeocassette was inserted in the second intron with flanking FLP recognition target (FRT) sequences. LoxP sites were also inserted at the indicated positions. The floxed and KO alleles were created by crossing heterozygote mice withFLPandCre-transgenic mice, respectively. Positions of genotyping primers are indicated by arrows.\nB: PCR-based genotyping ofSprtn+/+,Sprtn+/HandSprtnH/Hmice at weaning.\nC: Cell cycle profiling ofSprtn-targeted MEFs. The indicated MEF lines were treated with MeOH or 4-OHT for 48 h. Two days later, cells were stained with PI and analysed by flow cytometry.\nD: Analyses of apoptosis inSprtn-targeted MEFs. Two days after the completion of 48 h treatment with MeOH or 4-OHT, cells were stained with Annexin V and PI and analysed by flow cytometry. Values are mean±s.d. of three independent experiments. NS, not significant; ***P<0.001 (two-tailed unpairedt-test).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6744_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: A motorized stage moves the sequencing plate and locates the target clone bead to the focusing spot of the pulse laser based on the real-world location information from our diffusion-like local mapping algorithm. Target clone beads were isolated into a PCR tube to directly utilize sequence-verified oligonucleotides on the bead surface.\nB: Retrieved beads were amplified and identified with the Sanger method, showing matched results for each of the reference sequences.\nC: Twenty-four beads were retrieved from eight evenly distributed regions to verify the local mapping algorithm. The left side of the figure describes the target well location on the stitched chip image and the right side of the figure shows the correct retrieval results.\nD: NGS-based massively parallel identification was followed by clone bead location targeting using a diffusion-like local mapping algorithm. NGS enables the isolation and amplification of single molecules from a complex pool to supply a huge amount of sequencing data (105) with accordant pixel information. Our diffusion-like local mapping algorithm overcomes the random and non-linear distortion of the sequencer’s imaging system and converts the pixel information into a real-world location of the target clone bead.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7073_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9806", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: There was no significant difference inROBO2expression between those with (n=8) and without (n=52)ROBO2mutations. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA’s HSD test. Error bars throughout represent the s.e.m.\nB: The patients with lowROBO1expression (n=60) displayed a shorter overall survival (OS) compared with than those with normal or highROBO1expression (n=108).\nC: The CNV and LOH between the patients with (n=14) and without (n=10)ROBOmutations were also compared. Those patients withROBOmutations harboured several differential genomic changes, including CN loss in 17p13.1 (35.7% versus 0%), CN gain in 14p11 (28.6% versus 0%) and 16q11.2 (28.6% versus 0%) and allelic imbalance of 5q14.3-q34 (35.7% versus 0%).\nD: CNV analysis in unstable MDS with a lower risk stage (before progression,n=14), unstable MDS at a higher risk stage (after progression,n=14) and stable MDS at a lower risk stage (n=10). All of the unstable patients were from the same 14 cases despite the different disease stages. The results of the CNV and LOH analysis showed that the frequency of CNV and LOH in theROBO1andROBO2locus increased from the lower to the higher risk stages in 14 paired MDS patients.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9806_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5723", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative images of TRF1 (green) and γH2AX (red) fluorescence and of the merged images. Co-localization events (arrowheads) indicate telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIF). Scale bar, 10 μm. (Graph) Percentage of cells with ≥2 or ≥3 TIFs/nuclei (mean±s.d.,n=number of nuclei; three independent transfections). Student’st-test was used for statistical analysis (*P<0.05 and **P<0.001).\nB: Diagram showing, from top bottom, genomic scale, annotated EST, position of promoter regions A2 and A3 and examples of transcription factor-binding sites from ChIP data from the Stanford/Yale/ENCODE Project. NS, not significant.\nC: Graphs show the read density corresponding to (left) the TERRA biotin pull-down sample or (right) to the sum of all sample in a 30-kb region adjacent to the telomere of each chromosome. Note that chromosome 4 and Y are not sequenced until the telomere.\nD: UCSC snapshot depicting, from top to bottom, putative promoter regions (A2, A3, B3, C2 and D), genomic scale, genomic position, primer position, ‘genome walking’ transcripts, annotated mouse EST and the sequences cloned upon 5′RACE and 3′RACE experiments (RACE: Rapid Amplification of CDNA Ends; red lines indicate mismatches with respect to the reference genome).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5723_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Dot plot of the concordant EMT score and PD-L1 mRNA expression levels from the samples in the LUAD TCGA. The Spearman correlation is 0.527,P<0.0001.\nB: Representative flow cytometric plot of CD8+TIL numbers from 393P tumour-bearing 129/Sv mice (n=5) treated with anti-CD8 or IgG control antibodies (200 μg, intraperitoneally; twice weekly for 2 weeks beginning on day 1 after a subcutaneous cancer cell injection).\nC: CD8+TIL frequency for primary tumours in 129/Sv mice (n=5) injected subcutaneously with 344SQ-shPD-L1 (shPD-L1) or 344SQ-scr control (Control) cancer cells and necropsied 2 weeks later. The analyses were independently repeated three times. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.t-test was used to analyze the data.Pvalues are shown in the graphs.\nD: Cell surface expression of PD-L1 on 344SQ PD-L1 knockdown (344SQ-shPD-L1) versus 344SQ scramble control (344SQ-scr) cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS; red line, isotype control staining; blue line, anti-PD-L1 staining). The measurement was independently repeated at least three times.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6241_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: In-frame gene fusions and out-of-frame gene fusions present in 50 B-other cases. The gene symbol for genes involved in more than two unique fusions or in recurrent fusions is indicated in bold.\nB: Gene fusions present in case 64. No SNP array data were available for this case.IKZF1-CDK2is an out-of-frame fusion, with no functional domains fromCDK2being included in the fusion protein.\nC: Structure of the subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat region on 4q in the hg19 reference genome. This reference representation has seven repeats, each containing aDUX4gene. Healthy individuals have 11–100 repeats. (c–i) Structure of theIGH-DUX4rearrangements in (c) case 35, (d) case 47, (e) case 53, (f) case 67, (g) case 124, (h) case 174 and (i) case 179.\nD: Structure of theERG-DUX4rearrangement in case 75. All genomic coordinates are based on the human reference genome hg19. Because it is impossible to determine whichDUX4repeat is involved in the rearrangement, the coordinates from the firstDUX4repeat are represented in the figures.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11790_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12680", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Extravasation of VEGF-null tumour cells at 24 h after tumour cell implantation in various off-drug groups. Arrowheads point to extravasated tumour cells. Scale bar in upper panel, 50 μm. Scale bar in lower panel, 25 μm. Quantification of extravasated GFP+tumour cells (n=8 fields per group). OFF, off-drug; ON, on-drug. (mean±s.e.m., Student’st-test).\nB: Schematic model of an orthotopic CRC metastasis model. CRC primary tumours were implanted in the caecum for subsequent liver metastasis. (b,c) Extravasation of CRC tumour cells at 24 h after drug cessation in various off-drug groups. Arrowheads point to extravasated tumour cells. Scale bar in upper panels, 100 μm. Scale bar in lower panels, 25 μm. Quantification of extravasated GFP+tumour cells (n=8 fields per group).\nC: Liver tissue hypoxia measured by CA9 expression in various groups. Scale bar, 100 μm. Data were quantified from nine random fields per group.\nD: Schematic model of MC38 tumour cell implantation in spleen and liver metastasis and treatment schemes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12680_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8103", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic representation of AS events detected in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma patients. Only introns are drawn to scale, intron 1=63 kbp.\nB: Vemurafenib-resistant C3 cells were treated with 100 ng ml−1SSA for 9 h. mRNA levels were assessed using qPCR. Indicated isoform values are normalized to total BRAF mRNA. Isoform levels in the control were set to 1.\nC: Parental M397 and resistant M397AR cells were treated with the indicated concentration of MAMB and cell viability was determined after 3 days. Values represent means of three independent experiments±s.d. (P<0.001, two-way analysis of variance).\nD: Immunoblotting was conducted with the indicated antibodies, (d) BRAF activity was determined by measuring pERK1/2 levels using a Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) technology. For SSA, MAMB experiment control cells were treated with either methanol or dimethylsulphoxide, the compound solvent. (a,bandd) Values represent means of three independent experiments ±s.d. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01,t-test). GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8103_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13701", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Analysis ofATMorRAS/BRAFmutant cell lines for response to drugs (n=20) in CCLE data set. Indicated is thePvalue for each drug.\nB: Relative cell viability of AALE cells stably infected with ATM shRNA or control viruses and treated with trametinib for 3 days. Data are normalized to vehicle (DMSO). Error bars indicate s.d.’s (n=3).\nC: As inbtreated daily with the MEK inhibitor pimasertib (80 mg kg−1p.o.). Shown is the mean and standard error.***P<0.001 (n=8, two-sidedt-test).\nD: Sensitivity of indicated 16 cell lines to trametinib. Shown is the area under curve (AUC) derived from dose–response experiments as ina. When applicable, the heterozygous (het) or homozygous (hom) mutational status of ATM is indicated above the bars and mutational status for selected genes is indicated below. Error bars indicate s.d.’s (n=3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13701_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Stable knockdown of either BAP1 or KLF5 inhibited HCC1806 cell growthin vitroas measured by the sulforhodamine B assay (n=4). **P<0.01,t-test. The cells stably transfected Luc, KLF5, BAP1#3 or BAP1#6 shRNAs were planted into 24 wells and cell viability was measured every day. Data points represent the mean±s.d. of three duplicates per group. Statistical significance was determined by at-test. Every experimental group (KLF5sh, BAP1#3sh and BAP1#6sh) was compared with the Lucsh group. **P<0.01,t-test.\nB: Exogenous KLF5 interacted with BAP1, HCF-1 and OGT. KLF5-3 × Flag and BAP1 were co-expressed in HEK293FT cells. When KLF5 was immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag-M2 beads, exogenous BAP1 and endogenous HCF-1 and OGT co-immunoprecipitated.\nC: Endogenous BAP1 and KLF5 proteins interact with one another in MCF10A cells. Endogenous BAP1 proteins were immunoprecipitated with the anti-BAP1 antibody. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G serves as the negative control. Endogenous KLF5 was detected by WB.\nD: Stable knockdown of BAP1 decreased KLF5 and FGF-BP and increased p27 protein levels in HCC1806 cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9471_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15080", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Immunoblot analyses of the expressions of PTPRZ1 and GSC markers (SOX2 and CD133) in FACS-sorted PTPRZ1+and PTPRZ1−glioma cells.\nB: Co-immunoprecipitation of PTPRZ1 with the Fyn-specific antibody from T387 and T0912 GSC cell lysates. Precipitation with normal rabbit IgG was used as a negative control. PTPRZ1 binds to Fyn in GSCs.\nC: Schematic diagram showing the treatment of GSCs and the GSC-derived xenografts with the anti-PTPRZ1 antibody. GSCs were incubated with the anti-PTPRZ1 antibody (5 μg ml−1) or the isotype control IgG for 72 h followed by orthotopic implantation. After GSC transplantation, mice were treated with the anti-PTPRZ1 antibody (intravenous (i.v.), 2 mg kg−1) or isotype IgG twice per week until moribund. (b,c) Representative bioluminescent images (b) and the quantification (c) of intracranial xenografts derived from T0912 GSCs treated with anti-PTPRZ1 antibody or IgG control at the indicated weeks after GSC transplantation. Data are shown as means±s.e.m.,n=5, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, Student’st-test. (d,e) Representative IHC images (d) and the quantification (e) of Ki67 in the xenografts treated with anti-PTPRZ1 antibody or IgG control. The anti-PTPRZ1 antibody treatment significantly inhibited GBM proliferation in the GSC-derived xenografts. Scale bar represents 25 μm. Data are shown as means±s.d.,n=5, **P<0.01, Student’st-test. (f,g) Representative IHC images (f) and quantification (g) of SOX2-positive cells in the T0912 xenografts treated with anti-PTPRZ1 antibody or IgG control. Scale bar represents 25 μm. Data are shown as means±s.d.,n=5, **P<0.01, Student’st-test.\nD: Kaplan–Meier survival curves of mice implanted with GSCs only or co-implanted with GSCs and shPTN MLCs or shNT MLCs.n=5,P<0.01, log-rank test. d, days.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15080_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Results of the high-content screening.\nB: MDA-MB-231 cells were grown at high confluence and treated with BM 1 μM for 24 h. Representative images are shown. Experiment repeated three times. Scale bars, 15 μm.\nC: Upper panel: schematic representation of the experiment. Cells were grown in 2-day culture and treated with indicated compounds for 5 days, then cells were cultured in mammosphere conditions. Lower panel: number of secondary mammospheres generated from the indicated breast cancer cell lines treated with vehicle (NT) or betamethasone 1 μM (BM) alone or in combination with RU486 1 μM. Error bars represent mean±s.d., fromn=3 biological replicates.\nD: MDA-MB-231, BT-549 and MII cells were transfected with control (siCTL) or glucocorticoid receptor (siGR) siRNA for 48 h. Representative blots are shown. Experiment repeated three times.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14073_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6944", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The expression of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative PCR with reverse transcription (qRT–PCR). Gene expression was repeated three times.\nB: : versus Ad-Ctrl+Veh;\nC: : versus Ad-Ctrl+TC;\nD: Liver samples were collected from the mice described inFig. 1. Total RNA was extracted and gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR with reverse transcription (qRT–PCR;n=4 to 5; *P<0.05; data are represented as mean±s.e.m.).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6944_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9866", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Dot plot of age at diagnosis in the older versus younger cohort. The horizontal line indicates median age.\nB: Bar chart comparing the mutation rate per MB genome-wide (total) and in coding regions in the entire cohort and in younger (n=13) versus older (n=17) patients. (f,g) Dot plot of average number of clonal and subclonal mutations total (f) and in coding regions (g) in younger versus older subgroups is shown. Error bars indicate ±s.e.m.,Pvalues were calculated using the Mann–WhitneyU-test. NS, not significant (i.e.P>0.05).\nC: Percentage contribution of each of the mutational signatures to the overall mutation spectrum across samples. (b–d) Dot plots showing total mutation counts associated with the indicated signatures in relation to age at diagnosis (younger versus older) andIGHVmutation status (mut versus unmut). Error bars indicate±s.e.m. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon's Rank Sum Test.\nD: Ratio of subclonal:clonal mutations among mutations associated with either c-AID or ageing, compared with total mutations, shown divided byIGHVstatus. Note thatpms>0.5 is shown here (P=0.001) sincepms>0.75 had a low overalln, but a similar trend was observed withpms>0.75,P=0.055. We only considered cases with at least five c-AID-associated mutations, resulting inN(IGHVmut)=17 andN(IGHVunmut)=8 forpms>0.5. NS, not significant. (i.e. P<0.05). Error bars indicate±s.e.m. P values were calculated using the Mann WhitneyUTest.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9866_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1727", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Copy-number variations (CNVs) called from whole-exome sequence data on two triads of gDNAs using ExomeCNV and chromosome 7 as visualized by Circos (outer ring, genomic coordinates (Mbp); centromere, red; inner ring, log ratio values between baseline and disease progression (DP) samples' average read depth per each capture interval; scale of axis for patient no. 5 –5 to 5 and for patient no. 8 –2.5 to 2.5). Two patients whose melanoma responded to and then progressed on vemurafenib. The genomic region coded orange (magnified views shown in the center of Circos maps) represents the location of B-RAF (chr7:140,424,943-140,524,564), which shows an average log ratio value of 1.14 (2.2-fold gain; patient no. 5) and 3.8 (12.8-fold gain; patient no. 8).\nB: Survival curves of B-RAFi-acquired resistant sublines, with indicated mechanisms of resistance, to 72 h of MEKi (AZD6244) treatments, showcasing differential responses at the micromolar drug range. Results are shown relative to DMSO-treated controls (mean±s.e.m.,n=5).\nC: B-RAFV600 mutant to WT ratio increases with disease progression or acquisition of B-RAFi resistance mediated by mutantB-RAFcopy-number gain. Chromatograms from Sanger sequencing for melanoma samples from patients who acquired B-RAFi resistance based on distinct molecular alterations:V600EB-RAFcopy-number gain,V600EB-RAFtruncation,N-RASmutation or RTK overexpression.\nD: Survival curves of cell lines (engineered by viral transduction of M229 P and M238 P to overexpressV600EB-RAF rendering these parental cells resistant to B-RAFi) to 72 h of MEKi (AZD6244) treatments, showcasing differential responses at the micromolar drug range. Pt55 R (doubleB-RAFandN-RASmutant) is a short-term melanoma culture derived from a tumour, which acquired PLX4032 (vemurafenib) resistance in a treated patient. Results are shown relative to DMSO-treated controls (mean±s.e.m.,n=5). (e,f) Indicated cell lines were treated with constant ratios of PLX4032 and AZD6244 and survival measured after 72 h. Relative synergies, expressed as log10of CI values, are shown.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1727_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2921", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: MelJuSo cells were treated with 9 μM Doxo or 60 μM Etop for 2 h before fixation and stained for γ-H2AX (top panel in red). Bottom panel in blue indicates DAPI staining of the nuclei of cells. C, untreated control. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Hearts of drug-treated mice were collected at indicated time points for fixation and staining with anti-γ-H2AX antibodies. Time of sampling and drug treatment is indicated. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Annotation of FAIRE-seq peak regions. The peak-region coverage was enriched in the coding exon and promoter regions compared with control cells, due to anthracycline treatments.P-values were calculated with Fisher’s exact test.\nD: Chemical structures of three TopoII inhibitors doxorubicin, its variant aclarubicin and the structure of etoposide.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2921_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6238", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Real-time PCR quantification of miR-200b, miR-200c and miR-221 in MDA-MB-231-pTIP-L3 cells 6 days after Dox addition, normalized to pTIP controls.Pvalues were calculated by ANOVA. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent measurements.\nB: Percent HeyA8-pTIP-L3 cells surviving 5 days after Dox addition, assessed with flow cytometry live/dead gating, normalized to pTIP controls and to Dox-free controls. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent cultures.\nC: CD24 and CD44 surface staining of MCF-7 cells infected with control or Zip200c virus. Gates are based on isotype controls. Three independent experiments were performed.\nD: CD24/CD44 surface staining of TN1 primary breast cancer cells infected with the pTIG and pTIG-L3 viruses 7 days after Dox addition. Gates are based on isotype controls. Two independent experiments were performed.Pvalues were calculated by ANOVA. **P<0.001; ***P<0.0001.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6238_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15004", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Body weights of 20-week-oldhCEA-Tg/ApcMin/+mice that were orally immunized with either PBS (n=8, including 4 male and 4 female mice) or VLP-hCEA (n=10, including 6 male and 4 female mice). Results are shown as mean±s.d. Student’st-test was performed to determine the statistical significance. Data are representative of three independent experiments. ***P<0.001.\nB: IL-1β levels from LPS-primed WT or AIM2/IFI204 deficient BMDMs that were transfected with DNA plasmids as indicated. Results are shown as mean±s.d. All data are representative of three independent experiments.\nC: The overall numbers of intestinal polyps fromhCEA-Tg/ApcMin/+mice (n=10–15, including 6–8 male and 4–7 female mice per group) that were immunized as described in (a). Results are shown as mean±s.d. Data are representative of two independent experiments.\nD: Representative haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of small intestines after PBS or VLP-hCEA oral immunization inhCEA-Tg/ApcMin/+mice. Scale bars, 200 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15004_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Levels of Bax were analysed by western blot in wild-type (WT), Bax−/−, Bak−/−or Bax/Bak double-knockout (DKO) MEF cells.\nB: Haematoxylin and eosin histology of various organs from mice after treatment with SMBA1. Scale bar, 50 μm. Ctrl, control; Hb, haemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell.\nC: A549 cells were metabolically labelled with [32P]orthophosphoric acid and treated with nicotine (1 μM) in the absence or presence of 5 μM of SMBA1, SMBA2 or SMBA3 for 60 min. Bax phosphorylation was determined by autoradiography (full blots can be found inSupplementary Fig. 6).\nD: A549 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of SMBA1, SMBA2 or SMBA3 for 24 h. Mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions were isolated. Levels of Cytcin these two fractions were analysed by western blot (full blots can be found inSupplementary Fig. 7).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: eIF4E3-driven 5′-UTR motif sequence #2, with motif location map illustrating the location of motif #2 (blue) and #1 (red) in the 5′-UTR region and RT-qPCR validation of target genes representing motif #2 target,DDX49. mRNA percentage was normalized to exogenous luciferase control mRNA level (eIF4E1 in blue and eIF4E3 in red). Values shown represent mean±s.e.m.,n=3, *P-value of studentt-test <0.05.\nB: eIF4E3-driven 5′-UTR motif sequence #1, with motif location map illustrating the location of motif #1 (red) and #2 (blue) in the 5′-UTR region and RT-qPCR validation of target genes representing motif #1 target,POLA2. mRNA percentage was normalized to exogenous luciferase control mRNA level (eIF4E1 in blue and eIF4E3 in red). Values shown represent mean±s.e.m.,n=3, *P-value of Student’st-test <0.05.\nC: Western blot showing eIF4E3 level in HLY-1 cells after 48 h treatment with 20 μM CGP57380 and/or 100 μg ml−1cycloheximide.\nD: Cartoon illustrating polysomal fractionation by sucrose density gradient separation used in RNA and protein isolation for translatome analysis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6413_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11111", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: no bottleneck but with clinical response (for example, #10);\nB: bottleneck in which many mutations are entirely new (blue) (for example, #27);\nC: bottleneck in which a few mutations post treatment are ‘new’ (green), many are lost (red) and yet others have unchanged frequency (for example, #6);\nD: bottleneck similar toain which there is no clinical response (for example, #11);", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11111_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Tissue-specific metabolic signatures in normal and cancer tissues are represented in a polar histogram. The external circle displays metabolic pathways found enriched upregulated (red) or downregulated (blue) in normal tissues, compared to average. The internal circle shows the enrichment of individual metabolic pathways in cancer compared to normal. Grey bars indicate no change in cancer compared to normal. The horizontal histogram indicates the proportion of metabolic pathways altered in cancer compared to pathways downregulated or upregulated in normal tissues.\nB: Volcano plot showing correlation coefficient (Spearman,xaxis) and correlationP-values (Spearman, −log10,yaxis) of mean expression of OXPHOS genes compared to mean expression of genes involved in EMT. Horizontal dashed line indicates FDR=5%.\nC: Metabolic pathways enriched in cancer tissue compared to normal, independent of tissue of origin. Metabolic pathways enriched in >20% of cancer types are shown.\nD: Gene expressioneffect plotof metabolic pathways enriched in more than 25% of cancers. Circles indicate metabolic pathways and dots in each circle represent individual metabolic genes. Gold and blue lines indicate upregulated and downregulated genes in cancers compared to normal tissues, respectively. Pie charts represent the most frequently up- or downregulated genes in the corresponding pathway; percentage values indicate frequency of up- or downregulation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13041_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6794", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia (Pre-T LBL) invading the adjacent pulmonary parenchyma with dense infiltrates of CD3-positive cells expanding the peribronchial/perivascular interstitium; CD3 immunohistochemistry, scale bar, 400 μm. PTLL exhibits systemic dissemination with dense infiltrates of CD3-positive cells expanding the centrilobular and portal areas and dissecting along the surrounding hepatic cords; CD3 immunohistochemistry, scale bar, 200 μm.\nB: From 5 months of age,R26-Zeb2tg/tgspontaneously develop thymus tumours (asterisk).\nC: Histopathological analysis of thymic mass displaying dense monomorphic sheets of neoplastic lymphoid cells; haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, scale bar, 100 μm. Neoplastic lymphoid cells are diffusely positive for the T-cell marker CD3; CD3 immunohistochemistry, scale bar, 80 μm. Neoplastic T cells also exhibit moderate degree of cKit expression; cKit immunohistochemistry, scale bar, 100 μm. IBA-1-positive histiocytes/macrophages are scattered among the neoplastic lymphoid sheets; IBA-1 immunohistochemistry, scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Heatmap showing expression levels of the miRNA-141/200c cluster in a published cohort of human T-ALL patients48.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6794_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11363", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: BI-2536/fasudil-mediated p21 activation was independent of p53 regulation. p21 and p53 were probed in isogenic HCT-116 (p53+/+) and HCT-116 (p53−/−) cells.\nB: A549 and H441 (KRAS MUT) cells were treated with BI-2536 (2 nmol l−1), fasudil (10 μmol l−1) or a combination of BI and Fas for 72 h, and the percentage of apoptotic cells (Annexin positive) was determined by Annexin-V and propidium iodide staining.\nC: p21 protein level in the lysates from the tumours in the primary tumour xenograft mice. Each number represents a tumour from an individual mouse. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 3.\nD: The levels of p21 protein and mRNA expression in isogenic T29Kt1/T29 cells. Cells were treated with DMSO (control), BI-2536 (4 nmol l−1), fasudil (20 μmol l−1) or BI-2536/fasudil. Equal amounts of proteins from cell lysates were subjected to western blotting analyses. The numbers underneath the blotting bands represent the normalized density quantified by densitometry using ImageJ 2 × software. The relative mRNA levels of p21WAF1/CIP1after normalization to β-actin expression were determined by quantitative PCR. The error bars correspond to the s.d.’s from three independent experiments.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11363_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15205", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: C57BL/6mice received pleural PANO2 cells stably expressing mutantKrasvectors (pΔKras2Aor pΔKras2B), were allowed 4 or 14 days, respectively, for pleural tumour development and were then randomized to intraperitoneal treatment with daily saline plus IgG2a antibody every three days (50 mg kg−1in 100 μl saline), daily deltarasin (15 mg kg−1in 100 μl saline), or anti-CCL2 antibody every three days (50 mg kg−1in 100 μl saline). Shown are data summaries of MPE volume (n27, 10, and 20 mice/group, respectively) and CD11b+Gr1+ cells (n=24, 8, and 14/group, respectively) at day 14 post-tumour cells. Data are presented as mean±s.d. ns, *, **, and ***:P>0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01, andP<0.001 for the indicated comparisons by Student’s t-test (a-d) or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests (e).\nB: Representative bioluminescent images of chimericC57BL/6mouse transplanted with bioluminescent bone marrow fromCAG.Luc.eGFPdonor before and after splenectomy performed at day 13 after intrapleural MC38 cells. Scale bars, 1 cm.\nC: Partial sequence ofHomo Sapiens KRASisoform b transcript showing start codon (green box) and missense mutations identified (grey boxes and callouts). Red and blue fonts indicate, respectively, known pathogenic mutations and mutations of unknown significance based on COSMIC20.\nD: Representative dotplots and gating strategy for the quantification of pleural CD11b+Gr1+ cells. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m.P, probability values for overall comparisons by one-way ANOVA. * and ***:P<0.05 andP<0.001 for the comparison between HEK293T cells and any other cell line (b) or for the comparison between anyKras-mutant and anyKras-wild-type cell line (c,e) by Bonferroni post-tests.WT, wild-type; LLC,C57BL/6Lewis lung carcinoma; MC38,C57BL/6colon adenocarcinoma; AE17,C57BL/6malignant pleural mesothelioma; B16F10,C57BL/6malignant skin melanoma; PANO2,C57BL/6pancreatic adenocarcinoma; FULA,FVBurethane-induced lung adenocarcinoma; CULA,C57BL/6urethane-induced lung adenocarcinoma; A549, human lung adenocarcinoma; LTP A549, long-term passaged A549 cells having lost the Y chromosome; SKMEL2, human malignant skin melanoma; HT-29, human colon adenocarcinoma; HEK293T, human embryonic kidney cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15205_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Increased ROCK activities in different tissues ofp53R172H/R172Hmice compared withp53−/−mice.\nB: GLUT1 knockdown by siRNA abolished the stimulating effect of R172H mutp53 on the Warburg effect in p53R172H/R172HMEFs.\nC: Enhanced glucose uptake, glycolytic rate and lactate production inp53R172H/R172HMEFs compared withp53−/−MEFs. 172:p53R172H/R172H.\nD: GLUT3 knockdown by shRNA did not clearly affect the stimulating effects of mutp53 on the Warburg effect in H1299 cells. Only GLUT3 was knocked down in H1299 cells, as GLUT2 expression was undetectable in H1299 (Fig. 3j).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In response to chronic stress, catecholamines are released from the sympathetic nervous system. Stress-related hormones bind and activate ADRB receptors on tumour cells, initiating a cascade of events that result in Src activation.\nB: HeyA8 cells were treated with 10 μM NA and probed for pSrcS17. *P<0.01; **P<0.001; two-tail Student’st-test. SYF-null cells transfected with either WT or mutant Src (S17A) were stimulated with 10 μM NA and immunoblotted for (b) pSrcS17or (c) pSrcY419. *P<0.01; **P<0.001; two-tail Student’st-test.\nC: When Src was exposed to an unphosphorylated peptide, no significant movement was observed and Y419 was not exposed. The SH3, SH2, N-lobe and alphaC domains are shown in red, grey, orange and pink, respectively. The C-lobe, A-loop, C-terminus and phosphopeptide are shown in green, yellow, purple and brown, respectively.\nD: After the phosphopeptide was exposed to Src for 36 ns, the kinase domain moved, completely exposing Y419.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2413_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10893", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Influence of sequence orientation (arrow to the left/right: sense/antisense orientation) and DNA CpG methylation (grey/black bars: unmethylated/methylated insert) on theDGKADMR gene enhancer activity in a luciferase reporter plasmid carrying a CpG-free EF1alpha minimal promoter (EF1a). Graphs (e,f) depict mean±s.e.m. of four independent replicates in HEK293T cells. Vector maps (e,f) indicate DMR inserts (blue), minimal promoter (red) and luciferase (grey), hatched boxes indicate lack of vector insert.\nB: DGKAmRNA expression in primary human dermal fibroblasts on exposure to increasing doses of gamma irradiation. Data depict mean±s.e.m. from duplicate experiments in three different normal human dermal fibroblast strains derived from healthy donors.\nC: Chromatin immunoprecipitation in differentially methylated patient-derived fibroblasts (n=8) and hypermethylated control cell lines (BJ, IMR90, HCT116) for enhancer histone marks (H3K4me1 and H3K27ac), as well as promoter marks (H3K4me3) at theDGKADMR. Data depict mean±s.e.m. of four independent immunoprecipitations (triplicates for mRNA and DNA methylation measurements) per fibroblast strain.\nD: DGKA inhibition by R59949 and changes in DAG levels in NHDF co-exposed to TGFB1 (4 ng ml−1) for 48 h. (g,h) LPA (g) and PA (h) levels in NHDF after inhibition of DGKA by R59949 (5.0 μM) and co-exposure to radiation. Scale bars indicate normalized relative DAG or PA/LPA levels in fibroblasts compared with untreated controls (decrease, blue; increase, red). Data depict mean from duplicate experiments in NHDF (n=3). siCon, non-targeting siRNA control; siDGKA, siRNA directed againstDGKA. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001, Student’st-test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10893_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4546", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: HPPH–lipid and pyro–lipid density (excluding water contribution) post 500 ns MD simulation.\nB: ESR of a PoP-liposome sample containing 1 mol. % 5-DSA as a spin label, recorded at 50 °C.\nC: Biodistribution of Dox± laser treatment. Nude mice bearing KB tumours were i.v. injected with Dox–PoP-liposomes (10 mg kg−1Dox) and 15 min later, the tumour was irradiated with a 658 nm laser at 200 mW cm−2fluence rate for 12.5 min (150 J cm−2). Mean±s.d. forn=7–8 mice per group. Comparing laser-treated mice to non-laser-treated mice with a two-tailed Student’s independent samplet-test, only the tumour-associated tissues had statistically significant differences in Dox accumulation (P<0.05).\nD: Temperature dependence of ESR spectra of 5-DSA containing PoP-liposomes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4546_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6218", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Knockdown of endogenous LIF in HCT116 p53+/+cells increased 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Cell viability (left panel) and apoptosis (right panel) were determined by the Vi-CELL cell counter and the levels of cleaved PARP, respectively. Forb–d,g, data are presented as mean±s.d. (n=3). *P<0.001 (Student’st-test).\nB: LIF decreased p53 protein half-life. HCT116 p53+/+-LIF, RKO p53+/+-LIF and their control cells were treated with cycloheximide (CHX, 10 μg ml−1) for the indicated time before being collected for western blot analysis. Forc,f,h, data are presented as mean±s.d. (n=3). *P<0.001 (Student’st-test).\nC: Cell viability was measured by Vi-CELL cell counter.\nD: Blocking proteasomal degradation by MG132 largely abolished the inhibitory effect of LIF on p53 protein levels in HCT116 p53+/+and RKO p53+/+cells. HCT116 p53+/+-LIF, RKO p53+/+-LIF and their control cells were treated with MG132 (30 μM) for 6 h.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6218_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7377", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: IHC staining for total EGFR on a representative pair of matched pre- and post-resistant samples from a patient whose resistantEGFRmutant cancer transformed from NSCLC to SCLC (Patient #3, left and middle) and a resistantEGFRmutant cancer that remained NSCLC (patient #18, right). The yellow circle indicates EGFR-positive endothelial cells in the resistantEGFRmutant SCLC.\nB: CGH array profiles of a resistant NSCLC tumour (left) and SCLC transformed tumour (right) from Patient #7 at the level of the whole genome (top), chromosome 13q12.12-q32.2 (middle) and the 0.8 Mb region flanking theRB1gene (bottom). TheRB1gene locus is depicted and regions of bi-allelic loss are circled.\nC: Patient-derived TKI-resistant cell lines from resistant SCLC (MGH131-1 and MGH131-2), and T790M-positive NSCLC (MGH121 and MGH134) were treated with indicated concentrations of ABT-263 for 72 h and cell viability was measured with the CellTiter-Glo assay. Each data point was repeated in quadruplicate and error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Bottom—IC50values for ABT-263 for each cell line.\nD: qPCR analysis ofRB1exons 3, 13 and 25 amplified from genomic DNA from the indicated autopsy specimens from Patient #7. Reactions were carried out in triplicate and error bars representing standard error of the mean are shown.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7377_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6384", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Enrichment score graphs showed a strong positive enrichment of Myc target gene expression in patients with CSN6-overexpressing pancreatic or breast cancer as described inc. Representative Myc target genes are shown on graphs. Black arrows indicated the position of the corresponding genes on the gene list.Pvalues calculated by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and false discovery rates (FDR) are shown below. Abbreviations of genes are given inSupplementary Information.\nB: CSN6 enhanced Fbxw7α ubiquitination through lysine 48 linkage. 293T cells were cotransfected with Flag-Fbxw7α with or without GFP-CSN6 plus His-ubiquitin wild type (wt), K63R mutant or K48R mutant. Cells were treated with 50 μg ml−1MG132 for 6 h before harvest. The ubiquitinated Fbxw7α proteins were pulled down using Ni-NTA-agarose beads and detected with anti-Flag antibody.\nC: CSN6 expression affected Myc turnover.35S–pulse-labelled HA-Myc protein was immunoprecipitated from indicated transfected 293T cell lysates. The mixture was separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and the gel was exposed to an X-ray film. The density of HA-Myc was measured and the integrated optical density (OD) was measured. The turnover of HA-Myc is indicated graphically.\nD: Csn6haplo-insufficiency impaired Myc-induced apoptosis in spleen-derived B cells. Flow cytometric analysis was used to measure Myc-induced apoptosis in splenic B220+ cells (n=3 per genotype). B220+ cells were isolated and stained with annexin V. Representative images of each group of mice are shown. Percentages of annexin V-positive cells are presented (mean±95% CI).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6384_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4545", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Quantification of Pearson's correlation coefficient between lysosomes–GFP and Cy3-labelled pDNA. The indicated time point indicates the elapsed time after the start of the movie acquisition.\nB: The major axis length of the packaged pDNA within the polyplex micelles was measured based on the TEM images. The results are expressed as means±s.e.m. (n=100). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (t-test).\nC: A scheme showingin vivotransfection. (b,c)Ex vivoCLSM images of the tumours (b) without photoirradiation and (c) with photoirradiation. A Hoechst 33342-stained nucleus and Venus fluorescence are shown in blue and green, respectively. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: Chemical structure of DPc.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4545_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11478", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: EMSA with biotin-labelled rs2238126 A or G probes and HCT116 nuclear extracts. Lanes 1 and 5 represent negative controls with probes only. The biotin-labelled rs2238126 A allele probe (lane 2) produced a much denser band of a specific DNA–protein complex (arrow) than the G allele probe (lane 6). The specific complex with rs2238126-labelled A probe can be partly competed by 300-fold unlabelled A probe (lane 3) or G probe (lane 4). The complex with the labelled G allele probe can be completely abolished by 300-fold unlabelled A probe (lane 8), but not G probe (lane 7).\nB: A putative enhancer region flanking rs2238126 (chr12:12,009,241-12,010,241) with A or G alleles was cloned upstream of theETV6promoter-luciferase reporter vector. HCT116 and SW480 cells were transiently transfected with each of these constructs and assayed for luciferase activity after 24 h. TheP-value was calculated with two-sidedt-test. *P<0.001.\nC: EEL analysis predicted the binding affinity of MAX to the rs2238126 alleles.\nD: Semiquantitative analysis of the immunohistochemical staining intensity of 67 cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11478_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4393", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Western blots of 3-month-old adult tissues of WT mice. The data are representative of two experiments.\nB: Quantitative RT–PCR analysis ofPTENin CD4+T lymphocytes from five healthy volunteers and ATLL cells from seven acute-type ATLL patients, along with four T-ALL cell lines and eight ATLL cell lines. The relative amounts of mRNA were normalized against β-actin mRNA and expressed relative to the mRNA abundance in healthy control sample 1. The mean±s.d. is shown; *P<0.05; NS, not significant (Mann–WhitneyU-test). The data are representative of two experiments.\nC: Genomic and gene expression analysis of chromosome 14q11. Results from the SNP array–based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis on chromosome 14 in ten samples from acute-type ATLL patients. Green bars represent loss of copy number and red bars represent gain of copy number. Out of the ten ATLL samples, eight had breakpoints on 14q11 clustered in a region of 0.9 Mb between genomic positions 21,201,800 and 22,113,700. A heatmap of the normalized gene expression measures for the 27 genes mapped to the recurrent breakpoint region in the CD4+T lymphocytes from five healthy volunteers and ATLL cells from seven acute-type ATLL patients is shown with the deletion map, in which columns represent samples and rows represent genes. A gradient of blue and red colours represent low- and high-relative fold changes of gene expression to the average expression in normal controls. Genes with average signal intensities less than 100 were eliminated.\nD: The subcellular localization of FOXO1/4 in HUT102 cells transfected with WT or mutant PTEN. The transfected cells were visualized using an antibody against FLAG. Scale bar, 10 μm. The data are representative of three experiments.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4393_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7910", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Tumorospheres number in untreated control, 5-AzaC, But and the combination (5-AzaC+But). Data represent mean±s.d. of three independent experiments. (d–g) Prophylactic treatment of 5-AzaC, But and combination (5-AzaC+But) in MMTV-Neu-Tg mice reduced tumour incidence and delayed tumour growth and lung metastasis with increased overall survival. Data represent mean±s.d. ofn=18 mice per group.\nB: CAL51-pCDH and CAL51-ISL1 expressing stable cells were subjected toin vitroscratch assay and images were captured using phase-contrast microscope at 12 h after incubation. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nC: RelativeISL1expression in wild-type andDNMT1-null mice after three- and two-dimensional culture. (n=3 mice). Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student’st-tests.\nD: Cluster analysis of top 100 hypermethylated and few hypomethylated genes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7910_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6433", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Under quiescent conditions, the steady-state level of p53 mRNA is controlled by hCdc73-eEF1Bγ.\nB: The RNA stability of premature (upper panel) and mature (middle panel) p53 mRNA was measured by quantitative RT–PCR. The knockdown efficiency of each sihCdc73 construct was measured by western blotting (bottom panel).\nC: RNA-IP of hCdc73 in the cytoplasmic lysate of transfected HEK293 cells, followed by quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR.\nD: Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA from siCtrl- or sihCdc73-transfected HEK293 cells were assayed to determine p53 mRNA stability (left). The cellular fractionation was confirmed by western blotting with antibodies against Spt16 (nucleus) and GAPDH (cytoplasm) (right).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6433_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A combination of temozolomide and celecoxib significantly impairs the growth of established human medulloblastoma xenografts in NMRI nu/nu mice. Mice were engrafted with 7 × 106D283 MED cells subcutaneously and randomized to receive either celecoxib (90 mg kg−1;n=12) through daily oral gastric feeding, temozolomide (7.5 mg kg−1;n=9; days 1–5), a combination of celecoxib and temozolomide (n=9) or no treatment (n=10), starting at the appearance of palpable tumours of approximately 0.10 ml (mean 0.13 ml). Celecoxib augments the inhibitory effect of temozolomide on medulloblastoma growthin vivo, as shown by the TVI (at day 12, celecoxib: TVI=6.2,P<0.0001; temozolomide: TVI=8.1, not significant; combination: TVI=4.4 versus 10.3 in untreated controls,P<0.0001, TVI, two-way ANOVA).\nB: Treatment with celecoxib 30 μM in SW480 regulates luciferase activity of TOPflash and p-3500/+24 ML (plasmid 3). Luciferase activities are expressed as mean±s.d. of triplicate, experiment was repeated twice.\nC: MGMT expression in medulloblastoma molecular subgroups (Wnt, Shh, Group 3 and Group 4 (ref.36). MGMT expression is significantly (P=1.2 × 10−6) higher in the Wnt molecular subgroup of medulloblastoma compared with other medulloblastoma subgroups and normal cerebellum but not foetal cerebellum.\nD: Western blot of protein extracts isolated from celecoxib- and vehicle-treated xenograft tumours. Celecoxib downregulated the expression of MGMTin vivo. Protein expression was assessed with densitometry (t-test,P=0.0266).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9904_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10346", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Representative microphotographs showing the expression of C1q, C1s, C4 and C3 in different malignant cancer histotypes. Streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex system with AEC (red) chromogen; scale bars, 100 μm.\nB: Representative microphotographs showing differential C1q expression in the stroma of cancer-involved and non-involved mucosa at lower magnification (left panel, scale bar, 200 μm) and higher magnification (middle and right panels, scale bars, 50 μm). C1q-expressing, tumour-infiltrating myeloid elements (arrow heads) and mesenchymal elements including vascular endothelial cells and spindle-shaped fibroblasts (arrows) are differently enriched in the two conditions. Streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex system with AEC (red) chromogen.\nC: Representative imagines showing staining for C1q (red) and CD68 (green) in tumour sections of BM transplanted mice at day 14; scale bars, 100 μm. Insets show details of cells (arrowheads) and vessels (arrows) stained for C1q; scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: C1q antigenic levels in reconstituted mice. Levels were measured by ELISA as described in the Methods section 2 months after BM transplant. Results are expressed in μg ml−1, referring to a standard curve derived from a known concentration of purified C1q.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10346_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4214", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Mapping of the USP11 domain involved in PML interaction. The domain organization of USP11 is shown on the top panel. Interaction of PML-I with indicated USP11 mutants in transfected 293T cells was analysed by coimmunoprecipitation (bottom panels).\nB: Sphere-forming assay of GBM9 cells stably expressing indicated constructs. Representative images of GIC neurospheres and their diameters (represented as mean±s.d. of 3 independent experiments, 30 neurospheres per group per experiment) are indicated on the bottom. Scale bars, 100 μm. Data in panelsaandcare mean±s.d. (***P<0.001 byt-test) of three independent experiments.\nC: Summary of the Hey1, USP11 and PML expression profiles in 95 grade II/III and 80 grade IV glioma patients.\nD: Neurosphere-forming abilities of GBM9 cells stably expressing indicated constructs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4214_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11012", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The evolutionary trajectory of the miR-122 target site in theTGFβ15′UTR in animals. The gain of the miR-122 target site occurs in the common ancestor of the manatee and humans as well as other primates (black arrow), while the loss of this site in the pig, dog, rat or mouse due to the insertion of a few of bases between the 11th and 12th bases (red arrow). The dot means the nucleotide is identical to the one in humans, and the red line means the insertion of one or a few of bases. For the predicted miR-122 target site in each species, the luciferase assay was performed. ‘+’ denotes the silence effect, and ‘−’ denotes no silence effect. Experimental data were shown inSupplementary Fig. 3d.\nB: Quantitative analysis of E-cadherin and vimentin levels in MCF-7 treated as indicated. HepG2 and HepG2-122 stands for the supernatant of HepG2 and HepG2-122 cells by western blot, respectively. Three independent repeats are performed in each experiment.\nC: Luciferase activity was measured after transfection of the indicated reporter constructs.TGFβ15′UTR was cloned into the promoter region of a pGL plasmid. Rhesus, Rhesus monkey. Six independent repeats are performed in each experiment.\nD: Western blot analysis of TGFβ1 and TGFβR1 in HepG2, Huh7 or Hepa1-6 cells when treated with an miR-122 expression plasmid (122), miR-122 sponge (122sp) or scramble sequence as an negative control (NC), respectively. Quantitative analysis is shown on the right, and three independent repeats are performed in each experiment. HepG2 and Huh7 are human liver cancer cells, while Hepa1-6 is mouse cell line.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11012_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11371", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Time-dependent internalization in HeLa cells of cell-surface proteome presented as % of total cell-surface biotinylation att=0, that is, without induction of endocytosis.\nB: Left panel: HeLa cells pre-treated at normoxia or hypoxia for 20 h were analysed for CAIX by immunoblotting with tubulin as loading control. Right panel: HeLa cells were pre-treated as above, followed by cell-surface protein biotinylation and visualization of biotinylated CAIX. Negative control (Ctrl) represents non-biotinylated cells.\nC: Quantification of caveolin-1 to tubulin ratio in hypoxic versus normoxic cells (set to 1). Data represent the average±s.d. from three independent experiments. *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nD: FACS quantification of the endocytosed proteome at 30 min from a similar experiment as in (g). Data are presented as % relative to Scr cells±s.d. (n=3).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11371_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14634", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Cell migration assay performed in Boyden chamber followed by Calcein-AM staining and fluorescence measurement.\nB: Quantification of apoptotic cell number in CP20 and OV90 cells upon cisplatin treatment (10 μM). Silencing MICU1 sensitized cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis and values are mean±s.d.\nC: Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted for the four groups of animals (n=5). Log-rank testPvalue was reported.\nD: In Flag-MICU1 expressing OSE cells, PDH activity was measured and values represent mean±s.d.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14634_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15110", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: immunoblot after transfection with siRNA targeting control (Ct) or BLM.\nB: Design of shRNA rearrangement screen. A549 cells harbouring a randomly integratedGFPorCD4reporter were transduced clonally with 1 of 966 shRNA, pooled and 2.5 × 107shRNA-expressing cells were infected withAAVS1ZFN adenovirus, and flow-sorted by transgene expression.\nC: Quantification of immunofluorescence (IF) for γH2AX at the indicated time points following treatment with 5 μM pyridostatin (PDS) in wild-type andPARP3−/−A549 cells. (b,c) Quantification of IF for γH2AX (b) and G4 DNA using the 1H6 antibody (c) at the indicated time points, and immunoblots (d) inPARP3−/−A549 cells infected with adenovirus-expressing PARP3 (ad PARP3) or β-galactosidase (ad β-gal).\nD: Flow cytometry-based assay for chromosomal rearrangements. Scissors,AAVS1zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). Dotted lines, targeted cutting atAAVS1recognition sequence upstream of eitherGFPorCD4.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15110_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7520", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Bar graph showing the fraction of induced p53RERs of all found putative enhancer regions (left) and of all LED-bound enhancer regions (right). The enrichment of induced p53RERs in the LED-bound fraction is significant withP=0.0011 (hypergeometric distribution).\nB: Schematic representation of p53 response element (p53 RE) in LED gene body. Chromatin immunoprecipitation performed in nutlin-3a-treated MCF-7 cells using IgG or p53 antibodies followed by qPCR in the p53 RE region. Values represent the percentage of input (n=3; *P<0.05, two-tailed Student’st-test).\nC: Relative mRNA levels of p21 upon transfection of a control or two independent LED siRNAs (LED-kd), measured by qRT–PCR in MCF-7 cells treated with Nutlin-3a for 12h (n=3; *P<0.05, two-tailed Student’st-test).\nD: Relative cell cycle variation (LED-kd minus control-kd) of MCF-7 cells transfected with a Ctrl or two independent LED siRNAs, treated with nutlin-3a for 12 h. To capture cycling cells in G2/M, cells were treated with nocodazole for 24 h, before flow cytometric analysis (n=3; **P<0.01, *P<0.05, two-tailed Student’st-test).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7520_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15440", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Real-time proliferation of Ma-Mel-36 cell populations in the presence/absence of IFNγ. Bold grey vertical lines indicate addition of IFNγ. Representative data fromn=3 independent experiments.\nB: HLA class I and CD54 surface expression on IFNγ-treated (48 h) Ma-Mel-61g and Ma-Mel-61h cells, measured by flow cytometry. Representative data fromn=3 independent experiments.\nC: SNP results given as allelic distribution of chromosome 9p shown for DNA obtained from Ma-Mel-54a, Ma-Mel-54b and autologous peripheral blood cells as normal control (germline). Loss of one chromosomal allele in region 9p24.3–p13.2 (Chr.9:203,861-37,578,327; hg19) present in both cell lines. Dashed line indicatesJAK2location at Chr.9p24.1.\nD: Melanoma cells analysed by western blot for expression of STAT1, pSTAT1, IRF1 and HLA class I heavy chains after IFNγ treatment (48 h); GAPDH, loading control. Representative data fromn=2 independent experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15440_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10798", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic illustration of crosstalk in representative signalling pathways between prostatic basal and luminal cells. Preferentially expressed genes in each lineage are indicated.\nB: Pre-rRNA expression determined by qRT–PCR of the internally transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the human 47S pre-rRNA in paired fresh basal and luminal cell populations purified from three benign prostate samples.\nC: Knocking down ofNGFRandNRG1by shRNA inhibits neurosphere formation in primary basal cells. Bars ineandfrepresent the mean±s.d.\nD: Effects of JQ1 on basal cell proliferation (left) and expression of indicated genes (right). Cells derived from HPCa204N and HPCa207N were used, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10798_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13589", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Protocol used for the tumour inoculation and hydrodynamic injection of the sST2-Fc-expressing plasmid (n=6 mice per group). The mice were killed and the tumours and lungs were removed on Day 28.\nB: F4/80+cells in the tumours. Cryostat sections of the indicated tumours were stained for F4/80. Scale bar: 50 μm.\nC: Tumour growth of SW480, SW620, SW480-shCont and SW480-shsST2 cells. The cells (1 × 106cells) were subcutaneously implanted with 50% Matrigel into BALB/c nude mice (n=7 mice per group).\nD: Spontaneous lung metastasis of the tumours formed by LuM1-VC and LuM1-sST2 cells (n=7 mice per group). Scale bar: 1 cm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13589_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1629", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The effect of DNA:PNA-D5on metastatic potential of B16F10 cells based on the tumour development in C57BL/6NCr mice. All mice were injected with 5×105B16F10 cells. Error bars represent 1 s.d. (n=8 mice).\nB: Step-by-step syntheses afford an accurate valency but are limited to low numbers of ligands.\nC: Three-dimensional representations of IC50data from the screen of the library (A/B represents results from either PNA A or B). Data for DNA:PNA-C/D13−15were not acquired because inhibitory activity was maximized at shorter lengths of ssDNA (seeSupplementary Fig. S2for error bars).\nD: Displacement of125I-Echistatin from integrin αVβ3on C32 cells by c(RGDfK) and DNA:PNA-D5.Kdc(RGDfK)=6.3×10−8M;KdDNA:PNA-D5=1.6×10−10M. Error bars represent 2 s.d. (n=3).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1629_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1421", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: U257 cells were transfected with either of 5 different shMITF constructs or control shRNA in triplicate. Error bars indicate Standard deviation (s.d.). MITF knockdown resulted in decreased WST-1 signal.\nB: U257 cell lysates, with or without pretreatment with MG132, were immunoprecipated with anti-USP13 antibody, then detected using anti-MITF antibody. Only ubMITF interacts with USP13.\nC: 293T cells were transfected with HA–MITF, USP13. Cells were collected and lysed. Immunoprecipation was done using anti-HA antibody, and detection of USP13 was done using anti-USP13 antibody. USP13 was only detected in the eluate from MG132 pretreated cell lysates.\nD: RNA was isolated from U257 melanoma cells that were infected with lentiviruses targeting USP13. The expression of the MITF target genes,trpm1andc-met, as well as non-MITF target genes,RARγandKLF4, were detected by real-time RT–PCR. The error bars (s.d.) represent experiments carried out in triplicate.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1421_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic illustration of the mechanism by which the two-step therapy overcomes resistance to BEZ235: elevating mTORC1 activity increases subsequent sensitivity to BEZ235. (b,c,e)n=2 replicates, 30 flies per replicate; error bars: s.e.m. *P<0.01 and **P<0.05 (Fisher’s exact test). Drug doses reflect concentrations in the food. Uncropped gels used to generate panels a and d can be found inSupplementary Fig. 8e,f.\nB: Quantification of dissemination inrasG12VandrasG12Vp53RiptenRiapcRianimals after two different treatment schedules of SC79/BEZ235 and each drug alone. (b,c)n=2 replicates, 30 flies per replicate; error bars: s.e.m. *P<0.01 and **P<0.05 (Fisher’s exact test).\nC: *Variable response; not all replicates show significant rescue. Drug doses reflect concentrations in the food. Uncropped gels used to generate panel a can be found inSupplementary Fig. 8d.\nD: Western blot analysis of PI3K pathway activity inrasG12Vp53RiptenRiapcRihindguts after 1 day feeding of bortezomib at indicated doses. Each data point represents the average response of two to five biological replicates with ten hindguts per replicate. Error bars: s.e.m.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13615_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9325", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: In vitroLRF and DNA-PK binding assay. FLAG-tagged LRF was purified by immunoprecipitation with Flag antibody affinity resin then washed with high salt buffer (500 mM NaCl). Purified DNA-PK components were added in the absence or presence of EtBr and the association of Ku70, Ku80 or DNA-PKcs with LRF was assessed by western blotting.\nB: YFP tagged DNA-PKcs was expressed in stable shCtrand shLRFU2OS cells. Association and dissociation kinetics of YFP-DNA-PKcs recruitment to DNA damage foci are shown. Average values of 20 cells are presented as mean values±s.d. Scale bar, 1 μm.\nC: GFP-LRF recruitment to DSB sites generated by a multiphoton laser system. LRF kinetics of recruitment to DSBs were evaluated in wild-type, DNA-PKcs−/−and Ku80−/−cells. Average values ofn=20 independent acquisitions are shown as mean values±s.d. Scale bar, 1 μm\nD: Clonogenic survival ofp53−/−Lrf+/+andp53−/−Lrf−/−MEF after different doses of γ-radiation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9325_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4295", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Animals were killed, and the tumours were excised and weighed (means±s.d.;P<0.05 (t-test)). Same animals as ind.\nB: Staining of sectioned HCT116 MCS for COX-1. Cells were exposed to 6 μM VLX600 for the times indicated, sectioned and stained. Scale bar, 250 μm.\nC: OCRs in HCT116 and immortalized hTERT-RPE1 cells in monolayer culture. OCR was determined in a Seahorse XF analyser and data represent means (± s.e.m.); **P<0.01 (t-test;n=3).\nD: LC3-II levels were quantified relative to β-actin (shorter exposure films were used for scanning). Treatments as ine. Shown are means±s.e.m. (n=3); (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001;t-test).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4295_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4231", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The heatmap showing the cancer-type-specific pattern of hub depletion. The colour of each cell represents the depletion score of prognostic mRNA genes of a cancer type (column) in hub genes of another cancer type (row); row-wise scaled −log10(P-value) is plotted with red indicating significant, white indicating not significant.P-values were calculated based on Fisher’s exact tests.\nB: The Venn diagram of module genes across the four cancer types.\nC: TheP-value distributions of the correlations of miRNA expression with overall survival based on the univariate Cox model in the four cancer types. Based on the signal-to-noise ratio, prognostic miRNA genes were identified.\nD: Plot showing a zoomed-in view of the 22 with cross-tumour modules conservation correspondence in (A).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4231_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7380", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: β-Catenin immunohistochemistry of WT or IEpC-iDKO colon tumours isolated 20 weeks post-AOM/DSS treatment; × 20 objective. Scale bar, 50 μM,n=11. (b–d) Lysates from isolated colon epithelia of adult WT and IEpC-iDKO mice analysed by western blotting for epsin 1 deletion and β-catenin protein accumulation (b,c) or by qRT–PCR forcMycandcyclin D1mRNA expression (d),n=9. (e,f) Primary WT and epsins 1 and 2 DKO CECs isolated and cultured from WT or IEpC-iDKO pups, respectively, and then stimulated with Wnt3a (100 ng ml−1) for 8 h were analysed by western blotting for β-catenin,n=8.\nB: Western blotting of epsin 1, Dvl2 and β-catenin in the colon epithelia from ApcMinand ApcMin/IEpC-DKO mice.\nC: Longitudinally cut colons and rectums of WT and IEpC-iDKO mice killed 20 weeks post-AOM/DSS treatment; arrows indicate tumours in the colon and rectal regions.\nD: H&E staining from representative WT and IEpC-iDKO colons frome,n=11; × 10 objective. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7380_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6715", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Glycosylation of Kit(D816V) and Kit(D817Y) performed as forFig. 2a. (e,f) Subcellular localization of Kit.\nB: RCM cells were stained with anti-Kit (green) and anti-GM130 (Golgi marker, blue). Magnified images of the boxed area are shown. Bars, 10 μm. The graph shows correlation coefficient (Pearson’s R) between Kit and GM130. Results are means±s.d. from 15 cells. ***P<0.001, Student’st-test.\nC: Localization of normal Kit and Kit(D814Y). RCM, R or pt18 cells were fixed with PFA and stained with anti-Kit. Phase contrast images are shown. Bars, 10 μm. NB: normal Kit accumulated at the PM; Kit(D814Y) at vesicular structures. (c–g) Localization of Kit(D814Y) to endolysosomes.\nD: RCM cells transfected with control siRNA or Kit siRNAs were cultured for 20 h, then immunoblotted.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6715_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15051", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Comparison of log-transformed plasma IgM concentrations shows a significantly reduced mean IgM concentration in patients at admission (up to 12 h after onset of stroke symptoms), 24 h and 5–7 days after stroke in comparison to paired controls. To control for circadian variation, stroke samples taken at admission and 24 h were compared to paired admission controls, and stroke samples taken at 5–7 days were compared to 09:00 hours paired controls (n=38).\nB: Absolute counts of splenic MZ and follicular B cells using flow cytometry show both are significantly reduced 2 days after MCAO in comparison to sham-operated controls (naïven=4, shamn=4, MCAOn=6).\nC: Quantitative analysis of the percentage of CD1d+labelling that co-localises with TUNEL, as a measure of apoptotic MZ B cells, show increased TUNEL+CD1d MZ B cells 1–5 days after MCAO in comparison to sham-operated controls.\nD: MZ macrophage-targeted antigen (green, Dextran FITC) is trapped by MARCO+MZ macrophages in the spleens from animals recovered from both MCAO and sham surgery and in naïve controls at 1 h post injection (Supplementary Fig. 4). Dextran-FITC remains associated with MZ macrophages (red, MARCO) 24 h post injection and has efficiently transported to the follicle where it co-localises with FDC networks (red, CD21/35) in all experimental groups.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15051_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5177", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Quantitative RT–PCR analysis of the expression ofHOXA9in CD34+cells of seven MDS–RCMD, seven MDS–RAEBI/II, five MDS/AML, fourde novoAML patients, fourMLL-AF9-positive AML cell lines (THP-1, NOMO-1, MOLM-13 and MONO-MAC1) and six healthy controls. Scale bars and asterisks show mean±s.d., **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 by Mann–WhitneyU-test. (b,c) Clonogenic capacity ofRx291/Ezh2Δ/Δcells overexpressingHoxa9. WT andRx291/Ezh2Δ/ΔHSCs were transduced with aHoxa9retrovirus and plated in methylcellulose media, then replated into the same medium every 14 days. The data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3) inb. Expression of exogenous Flag-tagged Hoxa9 protein in colony cells was detected by western blotting using an anti-Flag antibody inc. β-Actin was detected as a loading control.\nB: Levels of IL-6 protein in the PB serum from WT, Ezh2Δ/Δ, Rx291 and Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δmice (at pre-MDS stage) and from moribund Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δ-MDS mice (n=6–8). Expression levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing anti-IL-6 antibody and are shown as box and whisker plots, *P<0.05 by Mann–WhitneyU-test.\nC: Repopulation capacity of CD45.1+WT cells from Rx291 and Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δmice. Chimerism of CD45.1+Mac1+myeloid cells in PB (left panel) and LSK cells (right panel) in BM at 4 months post transplantation is depicted (n=3). Scale bars and asterisk show mean±s.d. and *P<0.05 by Student’st-test.\nD: Successful transductions of RUNX1S291fs protein and levels of H3K27me3 in Lin−c-Kit+cells detected by western blotting. α-Tubulin and histone H3 were detected as loading controls.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5177_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14401", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Protein differential expression onA. phagocytophiluminfection ofI. scapularisticks based on iTRAQ proteomics data deposited on the Dryad repository database.\nB: Structural docking model demonstrating the interaction betweenI. scapularisXIAP and the UbcH13 homologue, Bendless. (c,d) Native gel and ELISA analysis of a fixed amount of recombinant (0.2 μg) XIAP incubated with increasing amounts of recombinant Bendless. The analysis shown is one of two biological replicates.\nC: Reference structures for the three lipids used in stimulation studies: (1) POPG, (2) PODAG and (3) MPPC. (b,c) Triplicate samples of 1 × 106S2* cells were primed with 20-hydroxyecdysone (1 μM) and stimulated with 0.01–1 ng of indicated lipids,A. phagocytophilum(MOI 50) and positive controls for the Toll pathway (S. aureus) and the IMD pathway (E. colipeptidoglycan). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) quantifyingdiptericinandim1transcripts are shown.\nD: D. andersoniticks were mock- or lipid-injected (1 ng). Ticks were allowed to feed in individual group patches on a splenectomized, acute,A. marginale-infected calf for six days. Midguts from individual ticks were assessed forA. marginaleinfection levels by quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR. Bacterial burden was quantified and normalized against β-actin. Samples represent the mean of 15-20 individual ticks±s.e.m. ANOVA-Dunnet. *P<0.05. NS, not significant. (−), non-primed. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 6andSupplementary Tables 2 and 3.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14401_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: time course of IL-1β release of CD14+ monocytes after stimulation with LPS alone or with increased ex[Ca2+] (1.7 mM) plus LPS (n=3).\nB: Intracellular cAMP concentrations in response to ex[Ca2+] (1.7 mM) +LPS (n=3, mean±s.e.m.). Forskolin (Fsk) was used as positive control. All bars show mean±s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed Student’st-test, and differences are not statistically significant.\nC: IL-1β secretion of peritoneal macrophages from GPRC6A+/+(wt) and GPRC6A−/−(ko) mice in response to 0.9mM Al3+plus LPS (n=3).\nD: Influence of 7-BIO-induced monocyte necrosis on the Ca2+concentration in the supernatant (n=3).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2339_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Chromium-release assay using51Cr-labelled K562 cells co-cultured with untreated dNK cells (open squares) or dNK cells from the same preparation incubated for 24 h with IGF-1 (100 ng ml−1) in RPMI medium 1640 plus 10% fetal calf serum (filled squares) at various effector-to-target (E:T) ratios.\nB: Heatmap comparing various human lymphocyte subsets.\nC: Dual-luciferase assay of HEK293T cells transfected with luciferase constructs containing the two putative miR-483-3p-binding sites (binding site 1 or binding site 2) together with synthetic mature miR-483-3p (miR-483-3p) or a synthetic control miRNA with a scrambled sequence (miR-C).**P<0.01, relative to miR-C control (Student’st-test).\nD: RelativePRF1,GzmBandIFNGexpression levels in purified human uterine dNK cells cultured for 24 h with IGF-1 at the indicated concentrations, as quantified by qRT–PCR.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2484_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12623", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Characterization of LinnegLy6Gneg, recipient (CD45.1+) myeloid cells in BALB/c heart allografts on day 7 after transplantation. Cells were analysed by flow cytometry (top panels) and CD11c+and CD11cnegsubsets were sorted and tested for their ability to induce proliferation (centre panels) and IFN-γ production (bar graph) in naive, allogeneic T cells in the direct MLC. Proliferation was measured by CFSE dilution and IFN-γ by ELISA of culture supernatants on day 5 of MLC. One representative experiment out of two is shown.Pvalues were generated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Bar graphs are mean±s.d. (3 mice per group).\nB: Representative photomicrographs out of three allografts per group depicting graft tissue stained for CD11c (red) and recipient MHC-II (IAb) (green). Overlay (orange) demonstrates recipient origin of DCs in grafts removed from either WT or CCR2KOmice. Magnification × 200. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Representative, volume-rendered image of kidney allograft with inset showing an OT-I cell (red) in close contact with a DC (green). Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: BALB/c heart allografts were transplanted to B6 WT or CCR2KOmice. Grafts and recipient blood were collected on day 7. DC (CD11c+) and non-DC (CD11cneg) subsets were identified and enumerated in the graft (>95% at this time point are recipient-derived as shown inFig. 1a), and recipient classical (Ly6Chi) and non-classical (Ly6Clo) monocyte subsets were enumerated in the blood. As control, monocyte subsets in blood of untransplanted (naive) B6 mice were also analysed. Bars represent mean±s.d. (N=3 or 4 mice per group).Pvalues were generated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12623_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8068", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A model schematic of the Rel-NFκB dimer generation module. It depicts the dimerization of RelA and p50 NFκB polypeptides as inFig. 1a, with the addition of a prototypical inhibitor of NFκB (IκB).m1andm2are RelA and p50 synthesis rate constants,m−1andm−2are RelA and p50 degradation rate constants, respectively.d1, d2andd3are dimer association rate constants, whiled−1, d−2andd−3are A:A, A:p50 and p50:p50 dimer dissociation rate constants, respectively.dd−1,dd−2anddd−3are A:A, A:p50 and p50:p50 dimer degradation rate constants, respectively.i1is the IκB synthesis rate constant,i−1is the IκB degradation rate constant.di1and di2are the IκB–NFκB association rate constants.Di−1anddi−2are the IκB–NFκB dissociation rate constants.did1anddid2are the IκB–NFκB degradation rate constants of IκB to release NFκB.\nB: A schematic showing the linking of the Rel-NFκB dimer generation module and the IκB–NFκB signalling module20to simulate stimulus-induced activation of multiple NFκB dimers. IκBα, IκBβ and IκBɛ interact with A:A and A:50 dimers as described inFig. 5a. A detailed model schematic is shown inSupplementary Fig. 5a.\nC: Computational predictions of the basal abundances of the RelA:RelA homodimer in wild-type, IκBβ-deficient and IκBα-deficient MEFs using probable (red) and improbable (blue) affinities as inb.\nD: EMSAs (left panel) of DOC-treated cytoplasmic extracts of wild-type, IκBβ-deficient and IκBα/ɛ-deficient MEFs. Shown is a representative result of three independent experiments, and the right panel shows the corresponding quantitation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8068_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8838", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Knockdown ofRnf145was performed in RAW264.7 macrophages (as inFig. 2a), followed by stimulation with zymosan and western blot for the indicated proteins.\nB: Oxidative burst in bone marrow-derived macrophages from the indicated mouse strains.\nC: Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages were transduced with lentivirus encoding the indicated shRNAs. At the indicated time point after stimulation with IFN-γ and zymosan, macrophages were lysed and subjected to metabolomic profiling.\nD: RAW264.7 cells were transduced with lentivirus encoding constitutively active Notch1 ICD expressed from bicistronic IRES–GFP or IRES–GFP alone. Zymosan-induced oxidative burst was measured by luminol chemiluminescence as inFig. 2a–c. Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages were transduced with lentivirus encoding the indicated shRNAs. After 6 h of treatment with the indicated stimuli, macrophages were lysed and subjected to transcriptional profiling by Fluidigm (b) and qPCR (c). Data represent the mean of triplicates±s.d. *P≤0.05 as determined by Student’st-test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8838_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: DAPK deficiency increases the induction of HIF-1α protein in T cells. WT andDapk−/−T cells were activated with CD3/CD28 under normoxic conditions, and the levels of HIF-1α at the indicated time points were determined. Data are representative of three (a,c,e–i) or two (d) independent experiments.\nB: Deletion of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) region confers resistance of HIF-1α to DAPK-induced degradation. HEK293T cells were transfected with DAPK-FLAG and HIF-1α[ΔODD] and the levels of HIF-1α were determined 48 h after transfection.\nC: Comparable EAE generation by 2D2 WT Th1 cells and 2D2Dapk−/−Th1 cells inRag1−/−mice. 2D2 or 2D2Dapk−/−Th1 cells were transferred toRag1−/−mice, and clinical signs were monitored, as described inf. Values are mean±s.e.m. (f,g). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 for unpairedt-test. NS, not significant.\nD: DAPK deficiency decreases proline hydroxylation of HIF-1α in normal T cells. Naive WT andDapk−/−T cells were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 for 48 h in normoxic conditions, followed by treatment with MG132 (10 μM). The extents of Pro564 hydroxylation on HIF-1α were determined at the indicated time points.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11904_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12131", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: SIV Env-specific AGM mAbs were tested for ADCC activity against the autologous challenge virus SIVsab92018ivTF Env gp140- and gp120-coated cells. Data represent the maximum ADCC activity (% Granzyme B (GzB) activity) and the dashed line represents the positivity threshold (5% GzB activity) established using uncoated cells as targets. All gp120-specific mAbs mediated ADCC against SIV Env gp120-coated target cells, whereas all gp41 directed mAbs mediated ADCC against gp140-coated target cells.\nB: Phylogenetic comparison of AGM (n=47), RM (n=58) and AGM (n=58) VHfamilies.\nC: ADCC activity was observed for both SIV gp120- and gp41-specific mAbs with endpoint concentrations of∼0.1–0.01 μg ml−1.\nD: Summary of Env-binding distribution of mAbs isolated from SIV-infected AGMs, RMs and HIV-infected human subjects.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12131_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8796", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The direct (physical) and indirect (functional) association among the downregulated genes after MSK1 inhibition is achieved using the STRING 10.1 database, and finally the network is visualized using Cytoscape 3.1.0. Results are presented as mean±s.e.m. Number of technical replicates:\nB: (8–15), (c) (5–12), (e) (5–12) and (f) (5–12). Ina,cande, the data are from two independent biological experiments; and inf, the data are from one biological experiment. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; ND, not detectable; NS, not significant.\nC: GRdimand wild-type (WT) littermate mice were injected with vehicle (Co), LPS or LPS+Dex. After 24 h, EB was injected i.v. and 30 min later the mice were killed. EB accumulation in the lung was quantified as described ina.\nD: (3); number of biological replicates:", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8796_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10205", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Pore formation was assessed fluorometrically in real time by the uptake of propidium iodide (RFUs, relative fluorescence units). (b,d,e) IL-1β secretion in infected BMDMs was determined by ELISA. Data are expressed as the average±s.e.m. of triplicate wells and significance was calculated witht-test. *P<0.05.\nB: Quantification of FLICA-positive cells in (b).\nC: Immunoblot showing caspase-1 p20 and pro-caspase-1 in SN and CE of BMDMs primed with LPS (0.5 μg ml−1) and infected for 3 h.\nD: Immunoblot showing the expression of unprocessed isoforms of pro-caspase-11 (p43 and p38) in uninfected BL/6 and caspase-11-deficient BMDMs derived from 129 mouse strain were transduced with the pMSCV virus encoding GFP (pGFP) or pMSCV encoding full-length caspase-11 (pCasp-11). The expression of unprocessed isoforms of pro-caspase-11 (p43 and p38) is shown by western blot.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10205_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (j)?\nA: IB analysis of CD4+cells from spleen of the indicated mouse strains. (k,l) EAE disease score (k) and CD4+T-cell number of draining LN and CNS (l, day27) (l) of the indicated mouse strains, immunized for EAE induction (n=4).\nB: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of the indicated genes in freshly isolated naïve or memory CD4+T cells from WT andTbk1-TKO mice (n=4).\nC: IB analysis of whole-cell lysates of WT CD4+T cells transduced with pMIGR1 retroviruses encoding WT or mutant forms of AKT as well as the GFP marker.\nD: IB analysis of the indicated phosphorylated (P-) and total proteins in CD4+T cells isolated from day 18 EAE-induced WT orTbk1-TKO mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7074_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5713", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Subcellular localization of PB1-F2 variants. The indicated constructs (PR8, 88W, 58W and 12S) were expressed in HeLa cells, and immunofluorescence with PB1-F2 specific antibodies was used to detect expression (middle panels). Mitochondria in the same cells were identified by stable expression of mitochondrially targeted red fluorescent protein (Mito-RFP, left panels). The bottom four rows depict other organelle markers for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-green and anti-PDI) and peroxisomes (anti-catalase). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Cellular fractions from A/PR8 (16 HA U ml−1)-infected HEK293 cells were collected by differential centrifugation and analyzed by Western blotting using the indicated organelle markers. C, cytosolic fraction; H, heavy membrane fraction; L, light microsomal membrane fraction.\nC: Mitochondria isolated from A/PR8 (16 HA U ml−1)-infected HEK293 cells were diluted into either regular (−SW) or hypotonic swelling (+SW) buffer and maintained on ice for 30 min. After centrifugation, the supernatant (S) and pellets (P) were analyzed by Western blotting using the indicated sub-mitochondrial markers. HtrA2 was used as a positive control for an unanchored IMS protein. CoxIV and mtHsp70 are MIM and matrix proteins, respectively.\nD: Quantification of mitochondrial morphology ina. Cells were scored as one of the four morphological categories as depicted in the inset. In each infection experiment, at least 100 cells were scored.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5713_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14649", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Linear regression ofIl17aandFoxp3expression in ovarian cancer TALs (n=15, refer toTable 1bfor the details on patient data).R2=0.2927,P=0.0373.\nB: Heat map from hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes (n=3 per subset).\nC: The percentage of Foxp3+CD4+cells of CD3+cells in the tumour ascites and spleens were determined on day 35±2. Representative staining (left) and statistical analysis (right) of pooled data from two independent experiments withn=5 mice, respectively. The fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) gating strategy of live T cells is presented inSupplementary Fig. 8b. (b,c) Percentages of Helios+(b, left) and PD1+(c, right) and representative staining of Foxp3+CD4+cells in tumour ascites and spleens fromn=5 mice. Black line indicates the staining of CD4+Foxp3+cells from B6 mice and grey filled line CD4+Foxp3+cells from Rorγt−/−mice.\nD: Survival time was monitored in untreated and α-PD1 antibody (Ab)-treated Rorγt−/−(n=5) and B6 mice (n=10). Mice were treated with either PBS (200 μl i.p.) or RMP1–14 (α-PD1 Ab, 5 mg kg−1, BioXcell, 200 μl i.p.) on days 3, 6, 9 and 12. Spleens and ascites from untreated B6 and Rorγ−/−mice (n=5 per group) were collected at day 35±2 and cells purified. Survival curves were compared using log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. All data (a–c) are mean±s.d. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 by two-tailed Student’st-test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14649_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6213", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Driving a lymphocyte using the uropod as a steering wheel. Sequence of images at timest=720 s,t=1,200 s,t=2,380 s andt=3,000 s, of a single lymphocyte with a 12-μm diameter magnetic bead attached to its uropod and submitted alternatively to hydrodynamic force (blue arrow) pulling the bead to the left and to a magnetic force (red arrow) pulling the bead to the top. The cell is kept immobile in the field of view via a dynamic control of the microscope X-Y stage to maintain the distance between the bead and the magnetic tip constant. Dots indicate the successive relative positions of the cell every 2 s during hydrodynamic (blue dots) and magnetic (red dots) actuation. White arrows indicate cell polarization direction. The trajectory displays steps with blue horizontal segments and red vertical segments corresponding to the cycles of, respectively, hydrodynamic and magnetic actuation of 200 pN with 90° angle. Scale bar, 10 μm. NS, not significant.\nB: Three-dimensional confocal microscopy images of cells stained for the membrane (green) and the nucleus (blue) in the absence of flow with nocodazole 10 μM (left) and blebbistatin 100 μM (right). Red scale bars, 5 μm.\nC: Comparative self-steering model for a sailing boat and a lymphocyte.\nD: Index of directionalityversus axis of flow direction as a function of shear stress intensity (blackxaxis) for control lymphocytes (black bars) and lymphocytes with 12-μm diameter magnetic beads attached to cells uropods (grey bars). The force on the cell rear,Fr, exerted by the bead is indicated in orange onxaxis17. Data for each condition were calculated for >50 cells after four independent experiments. Error bars indicate±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 (two tailed unpairedt-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6213_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12040", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic representation of CSL linkers. The resulting trimers are termed uncleaved prefusion-optimized (UFO) trimers.\nB: Schematic representation of HR1 redesign.\nC: Crystal structures of HR1-redesigned trimers (1 and 9) determined as complexes with Fabs PGT128 and 8ANC195. For both trimers, an overall view of the structure is shown on the left with a zoomed-in view of the backbone for the redesigned HR1 loop on the right. The structures of the entire complexes are shown inSupplementary Fig. 3c.\nD: Schematic representation of a generic HR1 linker (HR1-G).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12040_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14642", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Atg2expression by qRT–PCR in S2R+cells overexpressingHA(control) orupd3. Normalized toRpl1.Values are statistically different (*P<0.05 by Mann–Whitney test,n=6).\nB: Number of LDs (stained with BODIPY 500/510) at a distance ≤1 μm from bacteria and measured per unit of bacterial volume. Cells were treated with dsRNA formdyorLucand infected with dsRedM. marinum. Values are statistically different (***P<0.001 by Mann–Whitney test,n=64 formdydsRNA,n=119 forLucdsRNA).\nC: The increase in intracellular viableM. bovisBCG in primary human macrophages treated with IL-6 (red; 80 ng ml−1for 24 h post infection) is blocked by pretreatment with the DGAT1 inhibitor T863 (as above). *P<0.05, **P<0.005 and ***P<0.001. Figures are representative of at least three independent experiments with at least three replicates per data point.\nD: Intracellular dsRed-expressingM. marinumin S2R+cells overexpressingHA(control) orAtg2. Picture is a representative; graph shows normalizedM. marinumfluorescence from 37 (Atg2O/E) or 45 (control) cells. Values are statistically different (*P<0.05 by Mann–Whitney test). Scale bar, 5 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14642_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-41519-9", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: : all < 0.0001;\nB: : 0.0305, < 0.0001, < 0.0001;\nC: : 0.0034;\nD: : 0.0114, 0.0226, 0.0129;", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-41519-9_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6472", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Further evidence for efficacy of minocycline in inhibiting microglial transformation via quantitative RT–PCR analysis on markers of microglial activation. Inaandc, *P<0.05 between the two groups at the indicated points; analysis of variance (ANOVA) of random measures followed bypost-hocFisher’s test;n=3 or 4 mice per group.\nB: Although examples of demyelination were diffusely observed from 16 days onwards in DTX-treated oDTR mice (Fig. 3i), quantitative analysis of unmyelinated axons in the spinothalamic tract showed no net significant change until 24 days in DTX-treated oDTR mice in comparison to DTX-treated control mice. Data were analysed via analysis of variance of random measures followed bypost-hocFisher’s test;n=3–8 mice per group (e) and 3–5 mice per group (f); *P<0.05. Scale bars represent 1 μm ina,canddand 500 nm inb.\nC: Analysis of immunoreactivity for Ki-67, a marker for proliferating cells in oDTR mice at various time points post DTX quantified over regions of interest of 22,500 μm2in the spinal dorsal horn and white matter.\nD: Quantitative analysis of degenerating axons in the spinothalamic tract of DTX-treated oDTR mice corresponding to images shown inb–d.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6472_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6377", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Viral titer on 7 d.p.i. and (e) recovery of naive andin vitro-primed Th1-polarized memory (primed) donor cells at 7 and 28 d.p.i. following isotype or anti-MHC-II Ab treatment from 4 to 6 d.p.i. (four mice per group; one of two experiments). All error bars represent the s.d. and significant differences determined with unpaired, two-tailed, Student’st-tests (α=0.05 and *P<0.05, **P<0.005).\nB: Donor cell CD27 MFI, (c) representative CD27 surface expression, (d) viral titre and (e) donor cell recovery at 7 d.p.i. with and without blockade on 1–7 d.p.i.\nC: Donor cell recovery on 28 d.p.i. with CD70 blockade on the indicated days.\nD: Recovery of donor cells in isotype and anti-CD70 blocking Ab-treated animals that were also treated with late IL-2C (four mice per group; one of two experiments). All error bars represent the s.d. and significant differences determined with unpaired, two-tailed, Student’st-tests (α=0.05 and *P<0.05, **P<0.005, ***P<0.001) on raw data.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6377_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Response plots showing antibody titres for HBsAg (hep. B), Diphtheria toxin (dip.), Tetanus toxin (tet.) and Cholera toxin (chol.) for the 174 study participants as a function of the vaccination status (x-axis: before and after vaccination). Red horizontal lines indicate standard titre thresholds and the percentage of participants above the protective thresholds are indicated above each plot (Protect. Ab.).\nB: Pathway enrichment analysis on the genes included in modules M1 and M16 using the IPA canonical pathway database. Fisher exact test was performed to assess statistical enrichment and gene sets with FDR-correctedPvalue≤0.05 are presented.\nC: Expression of the 2,285 age-related transcripts derived from SAFHS data set (n=1,240)19; all transcripts correlating with chronological age (moderatedt-test: adjustedP≤0.05) were clustered in 20 modules usingk-means clustering. In the heat map, transcripts (columns) were ordered by their membership to the 20 modules; the 1,240 samples/participants (row) were ordered by their BioAge score (signed average expression of the age-related transcripts). Transcript expression was transformed toz-score and is depicted in blue to white to red colour scale. The chronological age is given in the bar plot at the right.\nD: Box plots presenting the frequencies of the four FCM markers selected in the forward selection model in responders and poor-responders to the HBV vaccine on the EM131 training set (n=95).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10369_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7833", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A heatmap showing the diversity of expression patterns for hierarchically clustered gene probes (rows; BH-adjustedPvalue<0.05 and log fold change>2.0) versus patients (columns) from the fatal and recovery groups.\nB: Least square polynomial regression was used to calculate and model the absolute numbers for H7N9-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8+T cells, CD4+T cells, antibodies NAbs and NK cells. The mean data are shown for each group and ‘No virus control’ values were subtracted. For NK cells in R3, three data points fall outside the scale (d26: value of 9,044; d29: value of 5,375; d30: value of 8,161).\nC: Kinetics of plasma IL-8 during the disease course in individual patients, and the comparison of (m) viral load and (n) total serum cytokine with a disease outcome.\nD: Schematic representation of the immune cell sets important for the recovery from H7N9 across patient groups is shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7833_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9327", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: NFκB p65/RelA translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated byL-cystine treated human IL-33112–270WT or Cys→Ser mutants. Data points are mean±s.e.m. of duplicate determinations, representative of two independent experiments.\nB: Profile of IL-33 forms spontaneously released from human lung explants. Supernatants were pooled from 8 replicates per time point for a single donor and IL-33 levels measured (mean of duplicate ELISA replicates±s.e.m.). Data are representative of 2 individual donors.\nC: Concentration of IL-33 (mean±s.e.m.) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following intranasalAlternaria(ALT) challenge of BALB/c mice (n=3 per group), representative of 2 independent studies.\nD: Non-reduced SDS-PAGE of IL-33112–270either untreated (−) or post treatment with cell culture media (Iscoves Modified Dulbeccos Media) (+). Monomeric IL-33 was purified prior to analysis.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9327_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11314", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Gene expression ofTnf,Il1bandNos2after LPS-mediated polarization. Cells were treated with 10 ng ml−1LPS for 3 days before 24 h treatment with 100 nM hFc-FNDC4 or hFc control.N=4.\nB: Socs3gene expression after 4 h incubation with 100 nM hFc-FNDC4 or hFc control. Mean±s.e.m.,N=3. *P<0.05 (T-test).\nC: Spleen weight, standardized to body weight at 16 weeks of age,N=4.\nD: DAI (disease activity index). **P<0.001, Mann–Whitney rank test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11314_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8084", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Location ofSμ-Sγ1breaks duringin vitroIgG1CSR (6wtmice and 103’RR-deficient mice; same junctions and mice as in (a).\nB: B splenocytes ofwtand3′RR-deficient mice were isolated (upper panel) and stimulated with LPS+IL-4 for 3 days (lower panel). Cells were labelled with anti-B220-APC antibodies and anti-IgG1-FITC antibodies. Percentage of B220+IgG1+cells is reported in the gate. One representative experiment out of four (one mouse per experiment) is shown.\nC: Real-time PCR analysis ofIμ-CμandIγ1-Cγ1transcripts in 3 days LPS+IL4 cultured B cells. Values were normalized toGapdhtranscripts. Data are the mean±s.e.m. of 8 to 11 independent experiments with 1 mouse (Mann–WhitneyU-test for significance).\nD: ELISA analysis of IgG1in 12-week-old mice sera. Data are the mean±s.e.m. of 8 mice for each genotype (Mann–WhitneyU-test for significance).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8084_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10857", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Itk-deficient CD4+T cells were transduced with control (MIGR) or constitutively active STAT5-expressing retroviruses, differentiated under Th9 plus TL1A conditions and IL-9 production determined by intracellular staining after PMA and Ionomycin restimulation. Results ina-dare representative of one out of at least 3 experiments.\nB: Sorted naive WT CD4+T cells were differentiated under Th9 plus TL1A with 0.003 or 0.01 μg ml−1of anti-CD3, in absence or presence of blocking anti-IL-2 or blocking anti-IL-2 plus hIL-2, then restimulated with PMA and Ionomycin and IL-9 and IRF4 production were analysed by intracellular staining, MFI values for IRF4 are indicated. Data in figuresa-dare representative examples from one of at least three independent experiments.\nC: Sorted naive CD4+T cells were stained with CSFE, differentiated and stained as ina.\nD: IL-9 was determined by Luminex in supernatants from cells differentiated as ina, before restimulation. Mean±s.e.m of three independent experiments are shown, **P<0.01, using two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10857_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11406", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Skov3 and OVA3 cells were transfected with miR-424(322) or miR-Scr. mir-424(322) mRNA levels were determined via qRT-PCR assay.t-test, **P≤0.01. The results represent the mean±s.e.m. from three independent experiments. The expression levels of PD-L1 were analysed by western blotting. One representative experiment of three experiments is shown.\nB: Culture media were assayed for IL-10 using a cytokine ELISA assay.t-test, **P≤0.01. The results represent the mean±s.e.m. from three independent experiments. (b,c) T cells were subsequently co-cultured with mitomycin C-treated Skov3 (CP) cells for 24 h. T cells were sorted by FACS, stained with PE anti-PD-L1, Alexa Fluor 488 anti-annexin V and APC anti-CD8, and analysed by flow cytometry for T-cell apoptosis in the PD-L1+/CD8+ population.t-test, **P≤0.01. The results represent the mean±s.e.m. from three independent experiments, and the densitometric level of the apoptosis ratio is shown.\nC: ID8 cells with stable overexpression of miR-424(322) were treated with anti-PD-L1 or IgG control for 24–48 h. PD-L1 protein levels were determined by western blotting. (c–f) ID8 cells (5 × 106) with stable overexpression of miR-424(322) were injected into the syngeneic C57BL/7 mice followed by CD8+ blocking antibody (anti-CD8) treatment.\nD: The number of tumours was determined in different treatment groups.t-test, *P≤0.05. Bar graphs are shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=12 mice per group). (c–h) CD8+ T cells, Treg cells and MDSC from tumours of ID8 tumour-bearing mice were isolated and counted by FACS analysis. (c,d) Percentages of CD8+ TILs (CD45+) infiltration of total leucocytes. (e,f) Changes in percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg in TILs. (g,h) Representative of MDSCs gated on a CD45+ cell population are shown. Cisplatin treatment significantly increased the CD8+ T-cell population and decreased the MDSC and Treg-cell population in the C57BL/7 mice with miR-424(322)-overexpressing tumours.t-test, *P≤0.05, **P≤0.01. Bar graphs are shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=12 mice per group). (i,j) The ratios of CD8+ T cells to Treg cells or MDSC from tumour of ID8 tumour-bearing mice were determined by FACS analysis. Cisplatin treatment significantly increased the ratio of CD8+ T cells to Treg cells or MDSC in the C57BL/7 mice with miR-424(322)-overexpressing tumours.t-test, *P≤0.05. Bar graphs are shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=12 mice per group).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11406_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Line fluorescence intensity measurements, for line shown ina, for CellROX and MitoTracker probes demonstrating overlapping peak fluorescence intensities.\nB: Expression ofmyd88within the midbrain/hindbrain region, at 4 hpi, following infection (n=3 separate infection experiments, dorsal view, anterior to left). Arrows mark presumptivemyd88-expressing macrophages. Numbers represent frequencies of larvae with displayed phenotypes. Scale bars, 100 μm ina; 50 μm inb; 10 μm inc. A, anterior; P, posterior; D, dorsal; V, ventral.\nC: Kaplan–Meier survival graph demonstrating % survival of control MO-injected PBS-injected, Irg1l-depleted PBS-injected, control MO-injected infected and Irg1l-depleted infected larvae from 1 to 5 dpi. Significance of curve differences for control MO-infected and Irg1l-depleted infected groups calculated using Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test,n=3 separate infection experiments (95% c.i. represented by dashed lines). Scale bar, 200 μm ina. **P-value<0.01; ***P-value<0.001.\nD: 3D transverse view demonstratingirg1lexpression within epidermal cells of the midbrain/hindbrain region overlying injected GFP-expressingSalmonella, at 4 hpi. Numbers represent frequencies of larvae with displayed phenotypes. Scale bars, 100 μm inc; 50 μm ine. Statistical significance determined using a Student’st-test. *P-value <0.05; **P-value <0.01; ***P-value<0.001; ****P-value <0.0001; n.s., not significant; e, eye; A, anterior; P, posterior; D, dorsal; V, ventral.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4880_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7059", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: For oxidative stress, strains were exposed to 5 mM H2O2for 24 h.\nB: High-resolution scanning (2,400 dpi) of lung sections from infected guinea pigs was performed at 8 weeks post infection. The representative lung sections from guinea pigs infected with the wild-type and triple-mutant strains depict the presence of two large coalesced and two small granulomas, respectively. Scale bar, 1.5 mm.\nC: Total granuloma score in H&E-stained lung sections of animals infected with various strains at 8 weeks post infection. The data depicted in this panel are the mean±s.e for each group and each data point represents the granuloma score for an individual animal. Significant differences were observed for the indicated groups (paired (two-tailed)t-test, *P<0.05).\nD: Under normal physiological conditions, the TA complex binds and represses the transcription of its self-promoter.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7059_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Mass spectrometric analysis of monomer proteins of the particles. Pi, phosphate.\nB: Comparison of infection rates of T-lymphocyte (Jurkat) cells displaying DC-SIGN by EboGP pseudovirus in the presence of Qβ, Qβ-(Man3)180, Qβ-(Man9)180;\nC: Dynamic light scattering histograms showing the hydrodynamic radius of Qβ (radius 13.8 nm), Qβ-(Man3)180(radius 14.9) and Qβ-(Man9)180(radius 16.0).\nD: Nested symmetrical assembly of virus-like glycodendrinanoparticles using a tag-and-modify strategy. Glycodendrons are created through iterative multivalent assembly and then attached to multiple tags, each in a monomer protein.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2302_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12756", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Average cell number of CD69+DP and CD4+CD8intthymocytes from WT and PKD2/3ΔTmice was analysed by flow cytometry. *P<0.05.\nB: Comparison of the PKD consensus phosphorylation motif and phosphorylation sites identified ine. Data are representative of two independent experiments (a–e).\nC: In vitrosurvival of thymocytes. Total thymocytes from WT, PKD2ΔT, PKD3ΔTand PKD2/3ΔTmice were culturedin vitroand the live cell number of CD4 SP cells was analysed by staining with Annexin V and propidium iodide followed by flow cytometry analysis after the indicated numbers of days. **P<0.01.\nD: Average percentage of CD4+CD8intcells from recovery culture in two-step differentiation assay. **P<0.01.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12756_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15877", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CD1c+DCs were FACS-sorted from blood of healthy donors (HD,n=17) and RA patients with established disease (RA,n=15; cohort 1 described inSupplementary Table 1); andd,eCD1c+DCs were FACS-sorted from age-matched healthy donors (n=11) and RA patients with early and established disease (n=19, cohort 2 described inSupplementary Table 2).AXL(c–d) andIL-6(e) mRNAs were evaluated by qPCR. Data are presented as dot-plots with median lines. *P<0.05, Mann–WhitneyU-test.\nB: Representative experimental data for TNF production; mean±s.d. of 3 biological replicates from one donor.\nC: Schematic description of the adoptive transfer of OT-II OVA-specific T cells into WT (n=13) and miR-34a−/−(n=13) mice. (g,h) After adoptive transfer of OVA-specific T cells, miR-34a−/−mice showed reduced development of antigen-specific IL-17-producing cells compared to WT recipients. Representative dot-plot representation (g) and quantitative evaluation (h) of total antigen-specific cells and IL-17/IFNγ producing cells in WT and miR-34a−/−recipients are shown. *P<0.05, Mann–WhitneyU-test. Data are presented as median±IQR obtained in two independent experiments. ns, not significant.\nD: Summary of the relative production of TNF from all 7 donors tested; each normalised to the TNF production by DCs transfected with Control inhibitor (Ci) plus Control siRNA (C siRNA).P<0.05 Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. (c–e) CD1c+DCs in RA patients show decreased expression ofAXLmRNA and increase expression of IL-6.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15877_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14714", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Quantification of IFNγ, IL-17- and IL-4-positive T cells as shown inb; mean±s.e.m. from three independent experiments (TH1 and TH17) or two experiments (TH2). *P<0.05; **P<0.005; ***P<0.001 in (c) using unpaired Student’st-tests.\nB: Illustration how E106Q and/or L273D mutations affect formation and function of ORAI1:ORAI2 heteromeric channels.\nC: Serum concentration of IFNγ and TNFα in host mice 10 days after allogenic T cell transfer as described inaanalysed by ELISA; means±s.e.m. of four to five mice.\nD: Quantification of normalized FDG fluorescence intensity (MFIOrai2−MFIWT) in thymocytes and splenic T cell populations as shown ina; means±s.e.m. of three mice. DN: CD4−CD8−double negative; DP: CD4+CD8+double positive; CD4SP: CD4+single positive; CD8SP: CD8+single positive.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14714_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15632", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Ly5.1 mice (n=7) at EAE onset were transferred with F1andCcr2−/−γδT17 cells as in (i). Twenty-four hours later, ratios ofCcr2−/−:F1γδT17 cells in spleen, blood and CNS were normalized to input. Representative flow cytometry of CD45.2+γδT17 cells 24 h later or input. See alsoSupplementary Figs 3 and 4. Mean±s.e.m. (a,c,e,i) Representative of two experiments. (b,d,f,j) Pooled from two experiments. (b,c) Unpaired two-tailed Student’st-test, (d,f–g,j) one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test (paired inj)), (i) paired two-tailed Student’st-test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.\nB: Twenty-four hours prior toS. pneumoniaeinfection,Tcrd−/−hosts received PBS (n=8) or expanded and purified γδT17 cells from WT (n=9) orCcr2−/−(n=7) mice. c.f.u. recovered from NW 72 h post-infection. Mean±s.e.m. (a–d) Pooled from two experiments. (a,b) Mann–Whitney test, (c,d) unpaired two-tailed Student’st-test, (e) paired two-tailed Student’st-test, (f) Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.\nC: γδT17 cell numbers in central nervous system (CNS) at experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) onset in WT (n=7) andCcr6−/−mice (n=6).\nD: Representative flow cytometry of CD45+γδT17 cells from organs of naïveIl17aCre×Rosa26eYFPmice (n=3). mLN, mesenteric lymph node; PP, Peyer’s patches; siLPL, small intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15632_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2719", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CD8+OT-I cells were stimulated for 20 h with a range of N4 (10−7– 10−3μg ml−1) or V4 (5 × 10−6–2 μg ml−1) peptide concentrations in medium with or without 1 ng ml−1IL-7. Symbols and colours ofbandcas ina. Data are presented as means±s.e.m. of triplicate cultures.\nB: Total number of OT-I TCR-tg CD8+T cells recovered from pooled spleen and LN at 19 and 43 h post immunization. Geometric means of data points are shown with results of Tukey multiple comparison test from analysis of variance *0.0130 bacteria/cell) within that cell, and represented as the % of infected cells (left hand panels). The bacterial load in cells remaining PI-negative at 16 h was then scored (right hand panels). White arrows—intact infected cells, black arrows—PI-positive infected cells (red nuclei).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13292_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10363", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: siRNA led to a more than 80% knockdown of EMCN as determined by western blot in HUVECs.\nB: After adenovirus transduction at MOI 6 and TNF-α stimulation (10 ng ml−1, 24 h), HUVECs were dissociated for evaluation of pro-adhesive molecules, E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, by flow cytometry. Expression of pro-adhesive molecules was unaffected by overexpression of Ad-GFP and Ad-EMCN.\nC: Neutralizing antibody to LFA-1 reversed cell–cell interactions (including rolling and adherent cells) in siEMCN-treated HUVECs. Values for siRNA in (a) are expressed as mean±s.e.m., and results are representative of three independent experiments. Data in (c) represent one of the three independent experiments performed. In (b) and (d), results are representative of two to three human donors, and flow chamber experiments were performed in triplicate conditions, mean±s.e.m. Significance was determined for (a) using Student’st-test or (bandd) using one-way ANOVA followed by Newman–Keulspost hoctest. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; NS, nonsignificant. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: Ciliary bodies were collected from eyes 24 h after intravitreal injection of TNF-α (10 ng per 1 μl), saline or uninjected. Tissue lysates were processed for western blot, and analysed by ImageJ software. TNF-α led to a significant reduction of EMCN protein in ciliary bodies compared to saline-injected controls. Further, saline injections did not significantly change the levels of EMCN protein compared to uninjected controls. Each sample was pooled from two eyes and six samples were evaluated for each group. The box and whisker plot show the 25 and 75 percentiles (box), the median and the minimum and maximum data values (whiskers).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10363_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Appearance of NFATc1 (uppermost), NFATc1/α (mid) and IgM (below) in cytoplasmic (CP) and nuclear proteins (NU) derived from splenic B cells of mice treated with Aldara (+) or emollient cream (−) for 3 days. PR, ponceau red.\nB: Immunoblot showing the induction of NFATc1/αA by αIgM-mediated BCR—but not IMQ—signals in B cellsin vitro. Freshly prepared splenic B cells were left unstimulated (lanes 1 and 4), or stimulated by 10 μg ml−1αIgM for 6 or 24 h (lanes 2 and 3), or by 1 μg ml−1IMQ for 6, 24, 48 and 72 h (lanes 5–8), or by αIgM and IMQ for 24 or 48 h (lanes 9+10), respectively. NS, non-specific band.\nC: mPASI reflecting the intensity of skin inflammation. Two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test was performed for statistical analysis. Data are shown as means±s.e.m.\nD: Scheme of the murineIl10locus showing the binding sites 1, 2 and 3 for NFATc2/NFAT1 in and around theIl10gene in CD8+T cells27. Region 2 (encircled) within intron four containing a consensus site for NFAT binding (underlined) was amplified.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11724_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Quantification of localization patterns of mCh-NLS-COP1C340in U2OS cells co-expressing wild-type H2B-GFP-UVR8(2x) (WT), H2B-GFP (H2B) or the indicated H2B-GFP-UVR8(2x) mutants (W285A and W285F) before and after exposure to the indicated dose of ultraviolet-B. The bars indicate the means ± 1 s.e. obtained from five independent experiments.\nB: Ultraviolet-B-dependent interaction of H2B-GFP-UVR8(2x) and mCh-NLS-COP1C340in a subnuclear volume. Time-lapse images at the indicated times (in minutes) relative to the ultraviolet-B pulse are shown. The edges of the slit are indicated by the blue lines; the area between these lines was exposed to ultraviolet-B light. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nC: Schematic representation of the ultraviolet-B-induced interaction of H2B-GFP-UVR8(2x) with mCh-NLS-COP1C340. In the absence of ultraviolet-B, the two UVR8 domains of H2B-GFP-UVR8(2x) interact with each other. After exposure to ultraviolet-B, this interaction is disrupted, allowing interaction with two mCh-NLS-COP1C340molecules.\nD: U2OS cells expressing GFP-UVR8W285For GFP-UVR8W285Aand mCh-NLS-COP1C340before and after a ultraviolet-B pulse (25 J m−2). Timepoints in minutes, relative to the ultraviolet-B pulse are indicated. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2800_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8670", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: GalT–mCherry expressing HeLa cells fixed and stained for the GC and intermediate compartment marker β COP. The red puncta do not co-localize with the green β COP puncta. (c,d) HeLa cells co-expressing GalT–moxGFP and GalT–mCherry show co-localization in the GC structure, but GalT–moxGFP does not localize to red puncta.\nB: Distribution of the ER fluorescence intensity values (mean fluorescence intensities of regions of anti-GFP staining proximal to the GC).n≥80 cells collected from 11 to 13 fields per construct.\nC: Pretreatment with NH4Cl for 3 h leads to substantial co-localization of GalT–moxGFP with red puncta.\nD: Transiently transfected HeLa cells expressing GalT–moxNeonGreen, –oxGFP, –moxCerulean3, –moxBFP.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8670_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9575", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The ratio of high affinity to total NP-specific antibodies in the sera from (e,f) are shown as mean±s.e.m.\nB: Frequencies of gB-binding mIgG1-positive B cells in donor mice before transfer. Titres of gB-specific IgG1 (c) and IgG2c (d) in sera ofRag1-deficient recipient mice after challenge with VLPs. Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Data are representative of three independent experiments.\nC: Kinetics of mIgM-positive, NP-binding splenic B cells. (d,e) The numbers of antibody forming cells (AFCs) per 106splenocytes was determined by ELISPOT assays for IgG1 (d) and IgM (e). Numbers of analysed animals are as follows:a,b,candeshows mean values±s.e.m. of three independent experiments with three animals per genotype and time point (that is,n=9 per time point and genotype).dshows data of two independent experiments (that is,n=6 per time point and genotype). Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney test. **P<0.01.\nD: Representative wells of IgG1a-producing (upper photo) and IgG1b-producing (lower photo) cells from the same ITT-heterozygous animal are shown. Frequencies of AFCs per one million cells from bone marrow (BM;b) and spleens (c) are shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9575_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9843", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The earlier published structure of the fixed COPII cage at 12-Å resolution (EMD-5524)14and (d) the localized reconstruction of the native COPII vertex solved in this study to 14-Å resolution are both shown along the twofold axis of symmetry for comparison.\nB: The masked reconstruction is projected in the orientations of the particle images (top) to create a stack of masked particle projections (middle). These are then subtracted from the original particle images, to create a new stack of particle images (bottom) that contain density corresponding mainly to the subunits of interest.\nC: Icosahedral reconstruction of the polymerase complex particle at 4.8-Å resolution is shown along the icosahedral threefold axis of symmetry. The P1 monomers around fivefolds are coloured in blue and the P1 monomers around twofolds and threefolds in red.\nD: Four three-dimensional sub-particle class averages (pink, resolution 12 Å) of the densities under the threefolds and the P1 shell, averaged from all of the sub-particles to provide a frame of reference (blue, resolution 12 Å), are shown. The view is from the inside of the particle. Three classes revealed clear P2 density in the three possible orientations relative to the symmetry axis (0°, 120° and 240°). For another class no P2 density was evident (asterisk). Incorrectly averaged P2 density in the original threefold symmetrized reconstruction is indicated with an arrowhead.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9843_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13607", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Left, protease-dependent switching of 100 nM CGRP-based molecular imaging probe (5) induces contrast differences in MRI. Significant haemodynamic activation can be seen in the presence but not the absence of coadministered 1.15 ng μl−1CASP3. Right, bar graph showing peak signal change induced by uncleaved versus cleaved sensor (5). Error bars throughout this figure indicate s.e.m. values overn=4 animals.\nB: Correspondence of MRI signal change (left, colour scale as ind) measuredin vivoand mKate expression (right, red superimposed over a bright field image) visualized postmortem in a representative animal. The field of view corresponds to the rectangular box inc. Scale bar, 2 mm.\nC: Application of CGRP as a genetically encoded reporter would involve expressing prepro-CGRP in genetically modified cells or tissues. Subsequent processing of the construct should result in secreted CGRP, allowing the genetically modified cells to be tracked by haemodynamic imaging methods.\nD: Direct effects of superficially perfused CGRP on cerebral vasculature are assessed by optical reflectance imaging of exposed cortex.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13607_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8520", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: FUNCAT revealed that dGars co-overexpression does not rescue GARS_G240R induced protein synthesis defects in larval motor neurons; Mann–WhitneyU-test; **P<0.01 versus control; NS, not significant;N=9–10.\nB: Quantification of FUNCAT signal intensity revealed∼60% reduction of translation rates in motor neurons expressing GARS_G240R and GARS_G526R. Average±s.e.m. relative to GARS_WT (100%); Mann–WhitneyU-test; ***P<0.001; N=9–12.\nC: Expression of constitutively active d4E-BP in class IV multidendritic sensory neurons significantly reduces the percentage of dendritic coverage; Mann–WhitneyU-test; ***P<0.001 versus control;N=15. Error bars represent s.e.m.\nD: FUNCAT revealed reduced translation rates in sensory neurons expressing any of the three GARS mutant proteins. Averages±s.e.m. relative to GARS_WT (100%); Mann–WhitneyUtest; *P<0.05, ***P<0.005;N=10.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8520_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12420", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Values are ATG13 particles inc,dassociating with ATG9 particles in the first two frames from their emergence. From analysis of 75 montages. (c,d) Wide-field live-cell imaging of starved HEK293 cells stably expressing GFP-ATG13 and mRFP-ATG9. Representative montages of ATG13 particles forming in association with ATG9 (c) or not (d) are shown. Arrowheads point at the ATG13 particles in the first two frames from their emergence, the same that were used for the analysis inb.\nB: HEK293 cells were pre-treated with 3 μg ml−1BFA for 3 h (long BFA) or for 30 min (short BFA) and for 30 min with 100 μM FLI06, then starved for 1 h in the presence or absence of BFA and FLI06, immunolabelled for ATG13 and imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy.\nC: The area occupied by ATG13 and ATG16 (labelled with Alexa Fluor 647- or CF 568- conjugated secondary antibody), WIPI2 or GFP-DFCP1 in the reconstructed super-resolution images inbwas quantitated. Values are the ratios of ATG13–ATG16, WIPI2 and DFCP1 in each of the analysed particles. Significance levels were determined with one-samplet-test against a theoretical mean of 1 (if ATG13 and ATG16, WIPI2 or DFCP1 occupied the same area), with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. ****P=0.0001%.\nD: Resin blocks were trimmed down to a block face of 1 mm2and mounted on stub for imaging in an Auriga focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM, Carl Zeiss). Overview images before (left) and after milling (right) indicating the cell of interest with a red box.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12420_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11856", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative BL images of LLC/luc lung metastasis (left panel) and quantitative analysis of BL production (right panel) at peak time after intraperitoneal injection of 100 μl of 33 mM substrates.n=7, *P<0.05 (t-test).\nB: Typical bioluminescence (BL) images of lung metastasis developed after intravenous injection of LLC/luc cells. Three-dimensional BLI (right panels) showed metastasis developed in deep lung tissues. The images were acquired after intraperitoneal injection of AkaLumine-HCl (33 mM).\nC: Bioluminescence spectrum from subcutaneous tumours. Bioluminescence (BL) intensity was measured with 18 filters (500–840 nm) in IVIS Spectrum after injection ofD-luciferin (D-luci), CycLuc1 and AkaLumine-HCl (Aka-HCl) into mice bearing subcutaneous LLC/luc tumours. Date are representative of three independent experiments.\nD: Representative BL images of LLC/luc subcutaneous tumours and (d) quantitative analysis of BL production 15 min after intraperitoneal injection of 100 μl ofD-luciferin (D-luci) or AkaLumine-HCl (Aka-HCl) with indicated concentration.n=6, *P<0.05 (t-test). The substrates were injected to the same mouse in the order ofD-luci and Aka-HCl at a 4-h interval. Error bars indicate s.e.m.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11856_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12281", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Change in the composite score at the end of reconstruction for the maximum entropy method as a function of the Lagrangian multiplierλ.\nB: Progression of quality factorsRnoiseandRduring the CLEAN reconstruction of an N–CO plane containing weak signals at HN of 7.50 p.p.m.\nC: The reference spectrum containing the Fourier transform of a fully sampled 1-D spectrum.\nD: Change in theRnoisefactors at the end of reconstruction for the maximum entropy method as a function of the Lagrangian multiplierλ. The inset shows a magnification of the boxed region.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12281_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Timing diagram used for the gated acquisition of images. From top to bottom: TTL initialization trigger, lung airway pressure, TTL ventilator timing, acquisition time window at the end of the expiration, ECG, timing window showing the QRS complex, end-diastolic acquisition time with minimal left ventricular motion, TTL line scan data obtained from the microscope (relative to the image acquired), a section of the image from within the timing window corresponding to a specific portion of the ECG cycle as well as to a well-defined phase of the respiratory cycle.\nB: Frames S and T are taken at two different time-gating windows within the ECG. Images taken before (b) and after (c) perfusion. Changes in the vessel diameter are evident for the two phases. Fluorescent lectin staining of capillaries is depicted in green; fluorescent signal from the vascular pool agent Angiosense-680 is depicted in red. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nC: The red arrow indicates the imaging direction.\nD: Time-lapse (65 ms step) fluorescence imaging allowed tracking of cellsin vivoin the beating heart (green: Rhodamine 6G-stained leucocytes; red: vessels stained with Angiosense-680). Top row, the blue circle highlights a leucocyte rolling along the inner surface of the vessel, whereas the leucocyte in the green circle is in the lumen of the vessel and is therefore travelling faster. Bottom row shows a leucocyte initiating rolling. Shadows within the vessels represent red blood cells (also seeSupplementary Movies 2and3). Scale bars, 20 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2060_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9808", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Quantification of unique mtDNA mutations in compound heterozygous larvae. The homozygous exo−larvae had significantly more unique mtDNA mutations in comparison with compound heterozygous larvae. Both genotypes inherited mtDNA mutations maternally for one generation. Tukey's Multiple Comparison test. ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05. Error bars represent s.d.n=3.\nB: Comparison of body size between wild-type, heterozygous (KO/+) and homozygousDmPOLγAknockout (KO/KO) and homozygous rescue larvae. Re-introduction of the WT allele (rescue) to the genomically engineeredDmPOLγAlocus rescued the phenotypes of the knockout larvae. Scale bar, 5 mm.\nC: The relative amount of mtDNA deletions increases throughout the larval development in homozygous DmPOLγA D263A mutants. Total DNA was extracted from 3-day-, 4-day- and 5-day-old homozygous D263A exo−larvae and restricted with StyI. MtDNA deletions were detected using a COXI probe. Data represent two independent experiments.\nD: Quantification of mtDNA levels in genomically engineered DmPOLγA flies. Steady-state levels of mtDNA were determined by quantitative PCR in 5-day-old homozygous (white bar) and heterozygous (black bar) larvae. Data represent two to four independent experiments. Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunnett’spost hoctest. ***P<0.001. Error bars represent s.d.n=4–6.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9808_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8872", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Charge/discharge voltage profiles with the 1st, 250th and 500th cycling.\nB: Cyclability test at different charge/discharge rates.\nC: X-ray diffraction data of commercial nano aluminium powder and the as-obtained Al@TiO2with 4.5 h etching. The original Al2O3layer is completely eliminated after our experimental procedure and the final product consists of pure metallic aluminum and anatase.\nD: Cycling life and the corresponding Coulombic efficiency during 500 cycles. The charge/discharge rate was set at 1 C.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8872_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7952", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Mice were treated by intranasal infusion with nanoparticles. Nasal potential difference measurements were assessed before nanoparticle treatment, and subsequent to treatment. The response to a 0Cl+amiloride+forksolin perfusate after nanoparticle treatment was compared with the response before treatment. Each data point represents one mouse, with a line connecting pre- and post-treatment values. Mice treated with PLGA (left panel) or PLGA/PBAE/MPG nanoparticles (right panel) containing PNA/DNA are shown. Pre- and post-treatment changes in NPD were compared using pairedt-tests for each mouse. Treatment with PLGA nanoparticles demonstrated no difference in NPD; however, treatment with PLGA/PBAE/MPG nanoparticles demonstrated a significant change in NPD (P=0.004).\nB: Histology of treated and untreated mouse lungs, paraffin-embedded and stained with haematoxylin and eosin.\nC: Schematic of hCFPNA2 forming a PNA/DNA/PNA triplex. J represents pseudoisocytosine, a C analog for improved triplex formation at physiologic pH.\nD: Summary of the chloride efflux: cell-averaged AFU per min for untreated CFBE cells (n=138), blank-treated cells (n=168), modified clones (n=108 for clone 105,n=100 for clone 411) and wild-type 16HBE14o- cells (n=113). Error bars,s.e.m. Efflux rates of HBE cells (P<0.0001) and clone 105 (P=0.0061) and clone 411 (P<0.0001) were significantly different from that of untreated CF cells. There was no difference in the chloride efflux between untreated cells and those treated with blank particles. We used one-way analysis of variance with multiple comparisons to analyse the chloride efflux in untreated CF cells, blank particle-treated CF cells, clone 105, clone 411 and normal human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7952_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7753", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Strains expressing single genomic copies offrq–lucandvvd–lucreporter genes were exposed to a 1-min LP of the indicated intensity. Luciferase activity was determinedin vivo90 min after the LP (±s.e.m.;n=3). Maximalfrq–lucandvvd–luclevels were normalized to 100%.\nB: Temporal profiles of Pol II Ser5-P (left and middle panels) are shown for the highly refractory non-anchored cell wall protein-6 promoter and the (apparently) non-refractoryalbino 1promoter. Right panel: quantification of corresponding transcript levels by qRT–PCR. (±s.e.m.,n=4).\nC: Transient phosphorylation of WC1 in response to the LP. The phosphorylation state of the WC1 subunit in response to the 1 min LP was analysed after the indicated time periods by western blot.\nD: Quantification of the temporal profile of Pol II Ser5-P occupancy atfrq,up-frqandvvdpromoters. Pol II Ser5-P ChIP-seq reads 5 min after the low LP were set to 1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7753_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2040", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The synthesis route of the precursor2and the generation of the fluorescent hydrogelator3via an enzyme-catalysed dephosphorylation.\nB: Na2CO3, methanol, water, 50 °C, 2 h; (ii) ALP. (b,c) The dephosphorylation and hydrogelation process of the solution of2(pH 7.4, 0.6 wt%, 5.92 mM) after being mixed with ALP (20 U ml−1):\nC: 31P NMR to show enzymatic dephosphorylation (that is, decrease of the phosphorous ester peak and increase of phosphate peak) and (c) rheometry to show the progress of the hydrogelation of3that is converted from2(that is, at the gel state, storage modulus (G′) dominates loss modulus (G′′)).\nD: Time sequences of the HeLa cells treated with 500 μM of2without (−) or with (+) the PTP1B inhibitor (25 μM) (scale bar, 100 μm);", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2040_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12190", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Power spectrum of the function used to model the fluorescence response evoked by a single spike (inset). Most of it falls into the frequencies between 0.1 and 3 Hz, which explains why noise in this frequency band has such a prominent effect on the algorithm’s performance and justifies our definition of the noise level.\nB: Performance comparison (left, ER; right, mean temporal error) of MLspike run on both OGB- and GECI data (n=24 and 20, respectively), upon using different parameter choices: optimized, autocalibrated and a fix parameter obtained either by averaging the optimized values from our data, or by using literature value. In the GECI case, we could not use the literature value13because of a different normalization convention than ours (division of the background-subtracted signal by baseline—0.7 × background, rather than by the baseline alone), resulting in slightly larger values for parameterA. Points indicate average ER for each individual neuron (same colour code as in the other panels). Stars indicate statistical significance (one-sided Wilcoxon signed ranked test, *:P<0.05, **:P<0.01, ***:P<0.001, ****:P<1e−4). For more details on parameter estimations, noise level quantification and GCaMP model, seeSupplementary Figs 6,7 and 9.\nC: Examples of estimations with similar noise level but different noise types. Blue traces: sum of red (noise-free fluorescence signals) and grey (noise) traces. Mean spike rate: 2 sp s−1.\nD: Physiological model. Upon emission ofs(t)spikes, intracellular Ca2+concentrationC(t) is driven by an increaseA(the unitary calcium response) ×s(t), then decays to the resting value with time constantτ. The measured fluorescenceF(t)is the product of a drifting baseline fluorescenceB(t) with a nonlinear function ofC(t) accounting for dye saturation and GCaMP nonlinearities; a noise term is added. Note the similarity between the resulting trace (blue) and real fluorescence data (inset; numbers adjacent to spikes indicate their multiplicity).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12190_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1467", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Each row represents a trait, and each column corresponds to a genomic region containing multiple SNPs that are significantly associated with a trait. Significance is colour-coded based on thePvalue of the association.\nB: Histogram showing distribution of panicle length across the diversity panel and boxplot showing differences in panicle length among subpopulations. In boxplot, the box edges represent the upper and lower quantile with median value shown as bold line in the middle of the box. Whiskers represent 1.5 times the quantile of the data. Individuals outside of the range of the whiskers shown as open dots.\nC: Genome-wideP-values from the mixed model for panicle length for all 413 accessions in top panel (all), and fortropical japonica,temperate japonica,indicaandaussubpopulations individually in subsequent panels. Note: thearomaticsubpopulation was not included because of the small sample size.X-axis indicates the SNP location along the 12 chromosomes;yaxis is the −log10(Pvalue) from each method. Coloured dots indicate SNPs withP-values <1×10−4in the mixed model; SNPs within 200 kb range of known genes are in red; other significant SNPs are in blue. Candidate genes near peak SNP regions known to be previously associated with panicle, stem and internode elongation in rice are shown along the top.\nD: Boxplot showing the differences in plant height among subpopulations. Box edges represent the upper and lower quantile with median value shown as bold line in the middle of the box. Whiskers represent 1.5 times the quantile of the data. Individuals falling outside the range of the whiskers shown as open dots.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1467_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13132", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative AP traces with inset showing AP upstrokes in the three eGFP-sorted E-HDF groups. (d–f) Resting membrane potential (RMP,d), maximum AP upstroke velocity (e) and APD80(f) in the three eGFP-sorted E-HDF groups (n=14–18). (g,h) Representative isochrone maps of AP conduction in electrically stimulated anisotropic monolayers of E-HDFs (g) showing that cells with higher eGFP expression had faster CV (h;n=6–10). All E-HDFs were first sorted for high Cx43-mCherry level to ensure strong intercellular coupling. Pulse signs indicate location of stimulating electrode. Circles denote 504 recording sites.\nB: Representative isochrone map of AP conduction in an electrically stimulated anisotropic monolayer of E-HDFs stably co-expressing Kir2.1, NavSheP D60N and Cx43 (compare also withFig. 1j). *P<0.001 versus RosDm (i–k). All electrophysiological data obtained at 37 °C, unless otherwise specified. Error bars indicate s.e.m; statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’spost-hoctest to calculateP-values.\nC: CV in electrically stimulated monolayers of three mCherry-sorted E-HDF groups (left, middle and right bars denoting low, medium and high mCherry-expressing cells, respectively;n=5). #P<0.01 inf; *P<0.001 versus low eGFP group ine,hor versus low or medium mCherry group ini. All electrophysiological data obtained at 37 °C, unless otherwise specified. Error bars indicate s.e.m; statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’spost-hoctest to calculateP-values.\nD: NavSheP D60X expressions in anisotropic E-HDF monolayers yield faster CV than RosDm expression (n=5–10).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13132_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11212", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Proportion of residues in low complexity regions with colour code as inb. Asterisks inbandcindicatePvalues <10−3and<10−2, respectively.\nB: Comparison of the IC and serIC methods. Irradiation of living cells with ultraviolet (UV) light at 254 nm induces covalent crosslinks between proteins and nucleic acids. After cell lysis, RBP–poly(A)-RNA complexes are captured by hybridization to oligo(dT) magnetic beads and washed under denaturing conditions. In IC, purified material is eluted and proteins are identified by LC–MS/MS (top). In serIC, eluted material is enzymatically treated to remove contaminating DNA. Free RBP–poly(A)-RNA complexes are diluted in the presence of high salt and detergent to disrupt residual non-crosslinked interactions, recaptured by hybridization to oligo(dT) beads and analysed by LC–MS/MS.\nC: Domain composition of the nuclear RNA interactome. Proteins identified by IC in HeLa15and HEK293 (ref.14) were filtered for expression in K562 nuclei or cytoplasm. All nuclear, only highly abundant nuclear, and cytoplasmic IC-derived candidates are included in the comparison, respectively.\nD: Proportion of residues in disordered regions in all K562 nuclear proteins (blue), serIC-derived no-RBD proteins (red) and abundant IC-only nuclear no-RBD candidates (green).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11212_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1225", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Linear relationship between the peak amplitude of ensemble sodium channel activity in cell-attached patches and intracellular depolarization for the first current of each train. Data have been fit by linear regression (line).\nB: Linear relationship between the amplitude of ensemble HCN1 channel activity recorded in cell-attached patches (n=21) and as whole-cell current, under whole-cell voltage-clamp recording conditions (open symbols). Filled symbols illustrate the magnitude of ensemble HCN1 channel activity recorded from the same patches under whole-cell current-clamp conditions, and are plotted with reference to the value of whole-cell current recorded under voltage-clamp mode for each patch. Data have been fit by linear regression or with an exponential function (lines). (d,e) Pooled data show that the steady-state amplitude (d) and activation time constant (e) of ensemble HCN1 channel activity in cell-attached patches (v-c) are not significantly different (NSD) to those simultaneously recorded under whole-cell voltage-clamp (W-C v-c,n=21). In contrast, the amplitude of HCN1 channel activity recorded under whole-cell current-clamp (c-c,n=19) conditions is significantly depressed (d) and the activation time constant accelerated (e). Pooled data are presented as mean±s.e.m. and statistical significance determined with analysis of variance.\nC: Steady-state voltage–current relationship of ensemble HCN1 channel activity in cell-attached patches under whole-cell voltage- (black symbols) and current-clamp (open symbols) conditions. Grey symbols show the predicted voltage-current relationship when cell-attached currents recorded under whole-cell current-clamp are plotted as a function of the calculated transmembrane potential. Pooled data (n=9) are presented as mean±s.e.m.\nD: The time course of waveforms calculated by multiplying cell-attached leak-subtracted potassium currents by the pipette command voltage (VP) during simultaneous whole-cell (W-C) voltage-clamp (v-c) and current-clamp (c-c) recording from the soma of a thalamocortical neuron.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1225_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12568", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Example image of a single immobile UvrA-PAmCherry molecule imaged, localized and tracked at 15 ms exposures over five consecutive frames (top). Example consecutive images showing fast diffusing UvrB-PAmCherry molecule (bottom).\nB: Imaging of UvrA molecules and Syto-16-stained DNA in the same cells. To increase nucleoid-free regions, cells were treated with nucleoid-compacting antibiotic chloramphenicol. For analysis of >100 unperturbed cells, and cells after UV exposure, seeSupplementary Fig. 1e. Scale bar, 1 μm.\nC: Fraction of immobile UvrB molecules extracted by fitting a three species model to the distributions ofD*values for WT cells and cells overexpressing unlabelled UvrA. Errors represent s.e.m. from fits to three experimental repeats.\nD: Cartoon of the UvrA dimer showing the ATPase mutations used.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12568_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2059", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative barrier kinase hits. Oct4-GFP+ colony numbers were dramatically increased following treatment with some of the inhibitors. GFP+ colonies were quantified and images were taken on day 14 post-4F transduction. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nB: Inhibitor-treated iPSCs are Nanog+ and SSEA1+. iPSCs were seeded on irradiated MEF plates and cultured for 3 days, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained for Nanog and SSEA1 expression (seeSupplementary Methods). Scale bar, 100 μm.\nC: Genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of derived iPSCs. B6-, B8- and B10-treated iPSC clones show expression profiles resembling that of control mESCs (CCE;R2>0.95).\nD: Representative hits of essential kinases. Essential hits were identified by loss of AP staining in the absence of cell death. Scale bar, 200 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2059_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3848", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Scatter plot representing the log2ratio of a QTIP experiment with cells depleted for TRF2 versus uninduced control cells (wild type, wt). The significances of variations are indicated (top right).\nB: POT1 messenger RNA depletion analysis by qPCR after 4 days of induction. Error bars correspond to s.d. of three independent experiments.\nC: Validation of Thoc1 as a novel telomeric protein. ChIP against endogenous Thoc1 in HeLa cells with short telomeres. Thoc1 ChIP in HeLa cells upon shRNA-mediated Thoc1 knockdown was performed as a specificity control for the antibody. ChIPed DNA was probed with a telomere-specific probe (Telo) and a probe against Alu-repeat DNA (Alu).\nD: Intensities versus log2(ratio long/short) of a TRF2 QTIP experiment are depicted.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3848_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2119", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The RNA motifs selected to bindHL-2. In the RNA identifiers, 'B' indicates a bulge, whereas 'HP' indicates a hairpin. Each experiment was completed in triplicate, and the error bars are the standard deviations.\nB: The RNA motifs that bind to each arrayed ligand are identified by microarray-based selection20,21. Briefly, ligands identified that bind RNA from the dye-displacement assay are conjugated to microarray surfaces and hybridized with RNA motif libraries under highly stringent conditions. Bound RNAs are collected from the array by manual excision and sequenced.\nC: Solution-based screen identifies small molecules that bind1–3. Top, the structures of the top eight ligands identified. Bottom, data for screening the entire library for binding1. A '% Fluorescence' of 100% indicates that the compound does not displace TO-PRO-1, whereas '% Fluorescence' below 100% indicates that the small molecule binds the RNA and displaces TO-PRO-1.\nD: Image of a microarray displaying the eight hit compounds after hybridization with radioactively labeled1–3and unlabeled4–8(Fig. 2)20,21,48, and a plot of the corresponding data. OnlyPL-1,HL-1,HL-2andDL-1bind to1–3under these highly stringent conditions and were subjected to microarray-based selections.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2119_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1742", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Maximum voltage responses to pulses with the indicated energies.N=3 per measurement. Error bars are ±s.e.m.\nB: Maximum changes in equivalent capacitance at each pulse energy (N=5).\nC: Simplified equivalent circuit diagram and current equation for a passive membrane. The membrane current (Im(t)) depends on the membrane voltage (Vm), the Thevenin conductance (gT) and potential (VT), bilayer surface charges (represented byVs) and the temperature-dependent membrane capacitance (Cm(T(t))), highlighted in red.\nD: Q–V curves acquired in H2O-based SOS solution (H2O), D2O-based SOS solution (D2O), SOS solution in which NaCl has been replaced by KCl (KCl), SOS solution in which NaCl has been replaced byN-methyl-D-glucamine–methanesulphonate (NMG–MS), and SOS solution supplemented with 1 mM amiloride and 1 mM oubain (Am+Ou), 250 μM ruthenium red (RuR) or 1 mM GdCl3(Gd3+).N=5 for each measurement. Where they are not visible, error bars (s.e.m.) are smaller than the corresponding symbols. Linear fits are shown for the H2O, D2O and Gd3+data to aid in their comparison.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1742_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15760", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: DNA fragmentation measured by the neutral comet assay. Boxes represent the mean of medians from four replicates (two biological replicates in duplicate), each consisting of 60 comet measurements. NS: not significant (t-test,P>0.05).\nB: DNA content distributions of γH2AX nano-foci before and during DDR. Only in IR-exposed cells, we found nano-foci larger than 1 Mbp (dashed boxes), and their frequency never exceeded 1% (0.14%, 0.28%, 0.95% for 0.5 h, 3 h and 24 h, respectively). Kruskal–Wallisχ2=18,503, df=3,P<2.2 × 10−16. Statistics (in kb) are shown next to each distribution. All boxes and whiskers are as inFig. 1.n: total number of measured nano-foci from all imaged cells in two independent experiments, for 3D-SIM (a,c) or STED (b).\nC: Schematics of γH2AX 3D-clusters analysis. All centroids (red dots) within a sphere defined by a given cutoff radius (500 nm in further analysis) are included in a cluster. For all nano-foci belonging to each given cluster, the sum of the volume of single nano-foci (integrated cluster volume), the volume delimited by the centroids (inter-focal volume), the shortest path connecting all centroids as well as the mean distance between centroids (mean inter-centroid distance) are computed (Supplementary Fig. 6C–F).\nD: Chromocentres decondensation after major satellite-targeted Cas9, assessed as mean chromocentre circularity in transfected (n=9) and untransfected (n=10) cells. For each cell, the circularity of chromocentres (>100 px2) within the nucleus was determined as described in the ‘Methods’ section, yielding shape information for 165 (transfected cells) and 148 (untransfected cells) chromocentres. Statistics: Wilcoxon rank sum test (***P<10−3). Scale bar, 2 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15760_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1629", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The effect of DNA:PNA-D5on metastatic potential of B16F10 cells based on the tumour development in C57BL/6NCr mice. All mice were injected with 5×105B16F10 cells. Error bars represent 1 s.d. (n=8 mice).\nB: Shotgun methods provide high valencies but an error (ɛ) is associated with the number of ligands.\nC: Generation of the multivalent library by complexing each PNA in the first box with every DNA in the second box. PNA-A is anaegPNA oligomer with a c(RGDfK) bound to the N terminus. PNA-B, PNA-C and PNA-D have 1, 2 or 3 c(RGDfK) units, respectively, conjugated through γ-sidechains of internalLKγ-PNA residues. DNA is numbered according to how many complementary sequences each contains and represents the number of PNAs that would be complexed. Inhibition of C32 cell adhesion to vitronectin was examined with DNA:PNA complexes.\nD: Three-dimensional representations of IC50data from the screen of the library (A/B represents results from either PNA A or B). Data for DNA:PNA-C/D13−15were not acquired because inhibitory activity was maximized at shorter lengths of ssDNA (seeSupplementary Fig. S2for error bars).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1629_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12139", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Top 20 differentially expressed genes between spinal MNs and mDA neurons (adjustedP<0.05, Wald test, DESeq2, sorted by fold change and adjustedP, mean±s.e.m.).\nB: Mean number of genes detected in the distinct groups of different cell numbers; bulk (179.7±30.8 cells), 10, 5 and 1 MN (displayed as mean±s.e.m.).\nC: Gene expression correlation for bulk, 10, 5 and 1 cell samples (Spearman’s correlation; genes expressed at⩾1 RPKM in at least one sample were used).\nD: Gene expression correlation was high for 120, 50, 30 and 10 cell samples, while 5, 2 and 1 cell samples showed the heterogeneity among spinal MNs (Spearman’s correlation, genes expressed⩾1 RPKM in at least one sample were used).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12139_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6871", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Venn diagrams showing the proportion of clones that demonstrated symmetrical (non-overlapping parts of the circle), and asymmetrical growth patterns (overlap between two circles) in replicate tumours derived from parental M3, M4 and S3 tumours. Different colours are used to identify each of the five clonal growth patterns detected as follows: constant (red), increasing (yellow), diminishing (blue), fluctuating (first appearing in secondary tumours, grey) and delayed (first appearing in tertiary tumours, black), and the size of each circle reflects the relative abundance of clones displaying the growth pattern it represents. The numbers shown are the absolute numbers of clones whose replicate derivatives displayed symmetrical or asymmetrical growth patterns.\nB: Relative proportions of the different clonal growth patterns exhibited by T2-111 and T2-1121 cells. Colours in each sector correspond to the colour-coded clonal patterns described ina, except for clones that increased in size between passages that are shown in yellow.\nC: Comparison of the distributions of the 52 overlapping clones identified in panel c (upper panel) and for the 816 and 140 clones detected simultaneously at the injection site (black) and liver (brown), respectively (lower panel). Thex-axis represents the size of clones binned in log2-increments.\nD: An inverse linear relationship is seen between the numbers of cells transplanted and the number of clones detected, for both cell lines tested (Δ SUM-149 cells;○MDA-MB-231 cells). Values shown are the geometric mean±s.e.m. of the frequency of CICs calculated for each of the tumours identified inFig. 1.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6871_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1114", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Bu3SnAll, AIBN, dry toluene, N2, 100 °C, 8 h (57%);\nB: N8–6complex with an open 150-loop (6in CPK format).\nC: Superimposition of N8–inhibitor complexes of 3-(p-tolyl)allyl-Neu5Ac2en (6, cyan) and Neu5Ac2en (4, magenta; 2htr).\nD: Grubbs' catalyst second generation, 4-methylstyrene, dry DCM, N2, 40 °C, 24 h (69%; 77% based on recovered starting material).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1114_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic ofin vivooptical/electrical recording. The graphene sensor is in close proximity to the small intestine, within the titanium ring of the surgical implant.\nB: Mouse with integrated graphene sensor and abdominal window, several days after abdominal window implantation surgery.\nC: Schematic ofin vivomultiphoton microscopy. (b–e) Days 2, 5, 8 and 11 after abdominal surgery, respectively, ofin vivomultiphoton imaging in Wnt1-cre:tdTomato mice. The ENS is labelled with tdTomato (red), and the vasculature is labelled with FITC-dextran (green). Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Mechanistic schematic for 470 nm inhibition in Nos1-creERT2:Chr2 mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11800_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10161", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Reaction time (ms) for each group (amygdala lesion and control) as a function of face feature (eyes, nose and mouth) for intact stimuli, collapsed across emotions.\nB: The pattern of eye movements in unoperated contros. Panel illustrates pattern of eye movement where red indicates longer exploration time, blue indicates less; overlaid on example monkey face. All plots are averages per monkey (four amygdala lesions and four controls) across expressions.\nC: The same asabut when the vertical position of the stimulus was oriented so that the eyes appeared at central fixation.\nD: The attentional capture task. Animals faced a computer monitor on which fixation targets and social and nonsocial distractors were shown. After holding central fixation for 500 ms, a visual distractor image centred on the fixation point was simultaneously presented with a peripheral saccade target either to the left or right of center. When the animal correctly made a saccade to the peripheral target and held it for 500 ms, it received a juice reward. The visual stimuli presented at central fixation were either social (intact portion of a monkey face) or nonsocial (scrambled part of a face) images of a specific facial feature (eyes, nose or mouth) showing a particular facial expression (neutral, submissive, threat and affiliative). On the right are exemplars of the two different types of distractors shown; social and nonsocial.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10161_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1518", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Neurites extend through the microchannels (325 μm long and 10 μm wide) and form a dense network in cmpt 2. Cmpt 2 is covered by a layer of 80-μm thick PDMS membrane containing 30-μm diameter through-holes (see inset in (a)). The membrane is held 3 μm above the substrate via dispersed 10-μm diameter posts (see inset in (a)).\nB: A representative βIII-tubulin fluorescence image of neurites in traditionally dissociated neuron culture.\nC: Fluorescence intensities for HA–NLG1 or HA–AChE showing NLG1 expression levels in HEK293 cells under each condition examined. For panels (a,b), error bars indicate s.e.m. from four independent experiments. For each experiment, 200 microwells were analysed for each condition, and the fluorescence intensities were normalized to the control using AChE-transfected HEK293 cells.\nD: Histogram showing the distribution of synapsin fluorescence intensity in microwells (n=248). In panels (k) and (n), light grey-covered columns indicate the proportion of regions with substantially low synapsin fluorescence. One standard deviation from the mean values (solid lines) is indicated by the dashed lines.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1518_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: When the number of repetitions ( rep) is fixed, the computational time efficiency increases as a cubic function ofp.\nB: Computational time efficiency versus the MSE for four values of the node sampling probabilityp. Whenp=0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4, the number of repetitions was set to 125k, 25k, 5kand 2k(1≤k≤8), respectively.\nC: MSE decreases as the number of repetitions increases.\nD: changes withnandρwhenp=0.1,r−=0.85 andr+=0.00001.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3241_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6695", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Upper panels, from left to right: a fictitious genome comprising three chromosomes is processed into a genomic Hi-C library and then paired-end-sequenced. The fictitious genome is not fully assembled, but remains split into eight contigs or scaffolds. To resolve the genome structure, the reads from the Hi-C library are mapped on these contigs, allowing the construction of an initial contact matrix. Lower panels, from right to left: the presence of off-diagonal blocks in this initial contact matrix reflects the imperfections in the original assembly. GRAAL iteratively modifies the set of contigs in order to remove progressively these features and to increase the likelihood of the genome structure given the Hi–C data. In the final steps, the off-diagonal blocks disappear and genome structures that better reflect the 3D contact data are recovered.\nB: Comparison of the order of the bins from chromosome 14 as assembled by GRAAL with the order expected from the reference sequence.\nC: rapid increase in likelihood (iterations 500–502);\nD: Saccharomyces cerevisiaecontact matrix obtained by mapping 3C-seq reads on the reference genome.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6695_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6490", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Profiles of the MYC and PRC class co-occupancies, histone marks, DNase I hypersensitivity signal and Pol II occupancy within±5 kb from the TSSs of CGI+ and CGI− genes. All protein-coding genes are sorted by their expression values (left panel, blue lines) and ChIP-seq profiles are shown as heatmaps.\nB: Box plots showing the effect of tissue-specific enhancer-binding master regulators on their CGI+ (black boxes) or CGI− (red) targets. Specific cell types and tissue-specific master regulators are indicated. Target genes were assigned within±5 kb from the centre of the binding sites. FPKM, fragments per kilobase per million. *ρ<2.2e−16 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).\nC: The expression value of each gene in ES cells is plotted using a moving average (window size: 64, bin size: 1; genes are in chromosomal order as inFig. 1a) across CGI+ and CGI− genes. Expression levels are shown in log10(RPKM+1) scale. RPKM, reads per kilobase per million.\nD: A dot plot showing the correlation between the combinatorial occupancy of PRC (xaxis) and MYC (yaxis) class DBPs and corresponding CGI+ gene expression. Each dot indicates an individual gene. Total 11,738 genes were shown (see Methods section for detail).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6490_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12832", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fluorescence micrographs of non-permeabilized COS-7 cells expressing WT and mutant opsin as indicated. Cell surface opsin (green) was detected with the Ret-P1 antibody that recognizes an N-terminal (extracellular) epitope; nuclei (red) were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Scale bar, 20 μm.\nB: Transducin fluorescence measurement as inb, conducted before and after light activation of rhodopsin (arrow hν). After adding GTPγS att=60 s, the intrinsic fluorescence of transducin did not change due to lack of active rhodopsin. Att=200 s, the sample was illuminated (arrow) to activate rhodopsin and initiate GDP–GTP exchange.\nC: G protein activation assay. The traces show the time course of intrinsic fluorescence of the G protein transducin. Fluorescence increases on GDP–GTP exchange in the Gα subunit, corresponding to its activation. The sample containing transducin and a catalytic amount of rhodopsin was illuminated for 60 s, starting att=0 s. Nucleotide exchange was initiated by addition of GTPγS (arrrow). Att=400 s, an excess amount of light-activated WT rhodopsin was added to test for the completeness of transducin activation.\nD: Molar mass (M) of the functionally reconstituted scramblase (mean±s.e., corresponding toSupplementary Table 2) derived from fits of thep(≥1) scramblase versus PPR* data for WT opsin, Ops* and the RP-associated mutants. Dashed lines indicate the molecular weights of opsin monomer and dimer.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12832_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12477", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Superposition of active (1F4V—beige) and inactive (3CHY—pink) conformations. The residues found inaform a pathway between the allosteric site and the ligand-binding surface.\nB: The propensities most increased in the active X-ray structure (1F4V) as compared with the inactive X-ray structure (3CHY), as identified by Cook’s distance, are coloured red and labelled.\nC: High quantile score bonds (pb≥0.99) are shown on the structure. Bonds between R286:E390, R240:D336, R286:N337, A284:S332 and S332:S339 have large quantile scores and form contiguous pathways between the active and allosteric sites. The active-site ligand is shown in green and the allosteric ligand is shown as yellow spheres.\nD: The propensities of all residues ΠRare plotted against their distance from the active site. The lines correspond to the quantile regression estimates for thep-th quantilesQp, withp=0.1,0.2,…,0.8,0.9. The dashed red line indicates theQ0.90cutoff used for identifying important residues.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12477_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13666", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Sub-network of SGOC genes contributing to DNA methylation in multiple cancer types (at least four and three cancers based on Elastic Net and Random Forests models, respectively). Red and white nodes represent genes and metabolite, respectively. Solid edges denote direct biochemical links and dashed edges denote indirect biochemical links through enzymatic reactions not shown. Node sizes for the gene nodes correspond to the number of cancer types wherein each enzyme contributed significantly to cancer gene methylation. (Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH)=6, MAT (MAT2B and MAT2A)=5, glycine amidinotransferase (GATM)=5, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and SHMT2)=4, sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH)=4, alanyl aminopeptidase (ANPEP)=4,L-amino acid oxidase (IL4I1)=4 and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH)=4.)\nB: Assessment of the relationship between met cycle correlation and absolute methylation. Theyaxis shows the Spearman rho for correlation of 2,000 randomly selected probes with the expression of AHCY in colon cancer. Thexaxis shows the average methylation level of the same probes across the colon cancer samples in the study (see Methods). (c–f) Pathway enrichment analyses of genes overlapping peaks. Results are depicted by functional annotation of genes located within peaks of correlation between met cycle and DNA methylation (see Methods for description of gene sets and enrichment scores; seeSupplementary Fig. 7for additional cancer types).\nC: Schematic describing the algorithm used for finding genomic regions where DNA methylation might be regulated by the met cycle (see Methods).\nD: Diagram summarizing the steps taken towards calculating overall contribution of each of the met cycle variables relative to other variables in explaining variability in local DNA methylations.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13666_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7847", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Table showing the classification of the 82 interaction profiles in 10 groups called interaction modes. Each interaction mode contains a subset of interaction profiles that share a biological interpretation and satisfy common mathematical rules. The number of interaction profiles contained in each mode is shown as well as one representative interaction profile. Neg, negative; Pos, positive.\nB: Number of regulated genes, interaction genes and the proportion of interaction genes with different stimuli combinations after 6 and 24 h of stimulation.\nC: Evolution of interaction genes classification over time.\nD: The background distribution of the interaction strength (ΔeiX+Y−ΔeiX+ΔeiY) for all expressed genes, modelled by a Gaussian distribution (continuous line). Each vertical bar corresponds to a gene whose colour code represents its classification in one interaction mode. Additive genes are in dark.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7847_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-37991-y", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Example of the same colon tissue from MIDI and FLASH scanners (scanners specified in detail in Methods). Both images have the same scale.\nB: Assumed model for data structure—tabular data with patients in rows and different data types in columns, demonstrating that different data sets can be linked by a WSI.\nC: Example of the consecutive slides. Both images have the same scale.\nD: Illustration of the probe ground truth functionG, which defines which probes belong to which patients according to the “ground truth” (not known to the attacker):G(h1) = {ia,ib,ic} andG(h2) = {id}.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-37991-y_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14362", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The developmental trajectories were indicated from the high entropy progenitor (HEP) cellular state toward the committed cellular states of endothelium, blood and endocardium. The most likely progenitor cellular state and committed cellular states were determined by a RWR algorithms on a metagene–metacell heterogeneous graph. The developmental trajectories between the progenitor and committed cellular states were determined as the shortest paths (between the progenitor and the committed/differentiated cell) on the metacell landscape. P1, P2 and P3 represented the predicted developmental trajectories toward committed endothelial, committed haematopoietic and committed endocardial lineages.\nB: The scatter plot showed the relationship between the expression levels of Emcn, Gata1 and Tbx20 and the metagene coefficients of MG1 (endothelium), MG2 (blood) and MG3 (endocardium). The Pearson’s correlation coefficients in the parenthesis were computed between the expression levels and the metagene coefficients.\nC: FACS quantification indicates that sonic hedgehog agonist (SAG) (or cyclopamine) significantly promotes (or suppresses) endothelial and haematopoietic progenitors (EYFP+/CD41+/Tie2+), compared with dimethyl sulfoxide control (*Student’st-testPvalue <0.05.\nD: The cells from E7.25 had significantly higher metagene entropy than the cells from E7.75, and the metagene entropy of E7.75 cells was significantly higher than E8.25 cells (Wilcoxon rank-sum test,Pvalue=1.2E-10 andPvalue=0.00075).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14362_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12990", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Matrix representing the performance of each SWLR model and the detectability of each mutant under other models. Coloured dots represent cases where the specific tested population (rows) scored with an average phenotypic probability above 0.5 under the tested model (columns). The size of the dot, as well as its colour, represents the average probability resulting from each model. Grey dots represent an average probability below 0.5. Dots plotted on the diagonal line show that each model is able to identify its own population with a probability >0.5 (except for two very subtle mutants), while the probabilities for wild type are all below 0.5 (no highlighting). Rows highlighted in green are severe mutant populations. Columns highlighted in purple are models for severe mutants.\nB: SWLR model fora178distinguishes onlya178populations, and barely populationa163. Bar plots represent the averagea178average phenotypic probability of each population.\nC: Images for mutanta220, which shows no obvious phenotype but is quantitatively distinguishable from wild type, and for wild type. Scale bar, 10 μm. Sample sizes, statistical analysis for model creation and feature selection are listed inSupplementary Information.\nD: The two features with means most different from wild type forcdka-1(top) andlin-44(bottom); even descriptors with significant differences exhibit data overlap between wild type and mutant.N=443 (wild type), 124 (cdka-1(tm648)), 225(lin-44(n1792)), 239 (syd-2(wy5)), 126 (sad-1(ky330)) and 152 (jnk-1(gk7)). **P<0.001 ***P<0.0001.Pvalues in plots for number and domain length are for comparisons of all groups versus wild type.Pvalues obtained from a multiple comparison test (Kruskal–Wallis), with a 99% confidence level and Bonferroni correction. Statistical values displayed only for comparisons versus wild type.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12990_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9554", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The predictedcis-effect loss-of-function mutations across 12 tumour types (P(D)≥0.8 in at least one tumour type).\nB: Heatmap shows the expression of genes connected toRUNX1: red represents high expression and blue represents low expression. Here columns represent patients and rows represent genes. For the patients withoutRUNX1mutations, we ‘assume’ the mutations still exist and estimate the probabilities of individual mutationsP(F). The mutation type ‘complex’ of a gene in a patient represents the gene harbouring multiple types of mutations in the patient.\nC: The loss-of-function mutations inSTAG2typically correlate with lower expression, except for a splice donor site mutation GT→GC mutation (both GT and GC are used by the splicing machinery). MuSiC SMG, significantly mutated genes predicted by MuSiC; TF, transcription factor; TSG probability, tumour suppressor gene probability.\nD: The mutation sites, mutation types andP(F) (filled colours) ofCTNNB1mutations (d) andRB1mutations in UCEC. MSI, microsatellite instability; MSS microsatellite stable; MSI-H, MSI-high; MSI-L, MSI-low; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9554_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15873", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative TIRF images illustrating the localization of iRFP-SNX9, endogenously tagged clathrin light chain (CLC)-mRFP and dynamin 2 (Dnm2)-eGFP in SK-MEL-2 cells depleted of endogenous SNX9/18. Scale bar, 2 μm.\nB: Lifetime distribution of CCPs binned in categories of 60 s. Data represent mean±s.e.m. (n=10 cells from two independent experiments and a total of >500 CCPs analysed per condition. (d,e) Ultrastructural analysis of CCPs in control or SNX9/18-depleted cells. Morphological groups were shallow, non-constricted U-shaped, constricted Ω-shaped pits, or structures containing complete clathrin coats.\nC: Snapshots of neck constriction and Snx9 recruitment simulations. SNX9 tip-to-tip interactions induce oligomer formation.\nD: Impaired CME of transferrin in Cos7 cells depleted of endogenous SNX9 and its close paralogue SNX18 is rescued by re-expression of wild-type (wt) eGFP–SNX9 but not of SNX9 mutants lacking the SH3 domain (dSH3), the ability to bind to PI(3,4)P2/PI(4,5)P2via their PX domain (RYK and K267N, K327N; refs29,41), or carrying mutations within the amphipathic helix (F208A, F211A), or the BAR domain (K522A, K528A)62. Bar diagrams represent the ratio of internalized (10 min, 37 °C) to surface transferrin (45 min, 4 °C) (mean±s.e.m;n=3–5 experiments).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15873_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12144", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Sensitivity analysis of the eSNP-Karyotyping method. Reads from the sample described in the upper panel ofFig. 1bwere mixed, in different ratios, with diploid sample from the same study, and analysed with eSNP-Karyotyping. Only the relevant genomic regions are shown.\nB: Assessment of the number of reads needed for significant detection of chromosomal duplications. Different numbers of reads from the sample shown inFig. 1dwere randomly selected and tested with eSNP-Karyotyping.\nC: e-Karyotyping analysis of samples from RNA-Seq studies. Shown are moving average plots of representative examples of chromosomal aneuploidies in pluripotent and pluripotent-derived cells. The grey background represents statistically significant aneuploidy as recognized by the piecewise constant fit algorithm.\nD: eSNP-Karyotyping for the red sample analysed inc.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12144_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19542-x", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: UMAP plots obtained with ChromSCape colored according to cluster and sample of origin. Adjusted Random Indexes (ARI) are indicated above the plot.\nB: Assignment scores for each sample/cluster pair for the analysis with all samples. (c,d) As in (a) and (b) for the analysis with only AML, LSC, monocyte, LMPP & HL60 cells (n= 347 cells).\nC: UMAP plots colored according to cluster and sample of origin with other single-cell epigenomic analysis methods:Cusanovich2018, SnapATAC, CisTopic, and EpiScanpy. Adjusted Random Indexes (ARI) are indicated above the plots.\nD: t-SNE representations after correlation filtering (n= 1309 cells), points are colored according to sample of origin (left) or ChromSCape-determined clusters (k= 5) (right). The GM12878 and K562 samples contained respectively 4 and 6 replicates.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-19542-x_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3464", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: the prostate cancer AVS, (d) the colorectal cancer AVS and (e) the bone mineal density AVS. Box plots in each panel show the normalized null distributions (box: 1st–3rd quartiles; bars: extremes). Black diamonds show the corresponding VSE scores. Red diamonds highlight mapping tallies that satisfy a Bonferroni-corrected threshold for significance (P<1e-4).P-values are based on null distributions from 1,000 MRVSs. Binary matrices show clusters of risk-associated and linked SNPs with at least one SNP mapping to the genomic annotations and validated by cis-eQTL analysis. The bottom row of numbers indicates the number of linked SNPs in each SNP cluster. The mapping tally shows the number of clusters per annotation. Rows highlighted in dark grey show statistically significant enrichment. The cis-eQTL analysis extends the original VSE method by conditioning the mapping tallies to functional links. Non-disjoint AVSs with risk-associated SNPs in LD were merged in order to avoid inflated mapping tallies.\nB: VSE plots for the breast cancer AVS and the FOXA1 and ESR1 cistromes in E2-treated MCF-7 cells.\nC: Venn diagram depicting the overlap between the genes deregulated after FGFR2 signalling in the experimental systems Exp1–3. Each list of FGFR2-regulated genes was derived as a contrast between the FGFR2 stimulus with estradiol versus estradiol only treatment to obtain the FGFR2-specific response. Limma analytical contrasts to derive the expression signatures were Exp1: E2.FGF10 versus E2, Exp2: E2.AP20187 versus E2 and Exp3: TET.E2.FGF10 versus TET.E2. (c–e) Confirmation of gene expression microarray response by RT–PCR and protein expression:\nD: The MRs enriched for FGFR2 signatures in breast cancer in both cohorts. Enrichment was calculated using the three expression signatures (Exp1–3) on networks derived from breast cancer cohort I and II, normal breast or T-ALL, that were filtered by DPI using either a 0 (black circle) or 0.05 threshold (grey circles).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3464_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12388", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A scheme of cell lineages in the cornea simulation model. The conjunctiva (Cj) forms an impenetrable perimeter. LESCs can divide either symmetrically, to produce two LESCs, or asymmetrically, to produce a LESC that is retained within the limbus and a TAC that occupies a space in the cornea immediately adjacent to the limbus. When a LESC dies, the two neighbouring LESCs are stimulated to replicate to fill the void, only one of them being able to occupy the space. TACs can divide either asymmetrically, to produce a suprabasal terminally differentiating cell (TDC) and another TAC in the basal layer, or symmetrically, to produce two TACs in the basal layer. TACs can undergo a limited number of symmetrical cell divisions, TAC(max), which is variable but typically set at 3, after which they die. The number of symmetric replications remaining for a TAC is shown in parentheses.\nB: The generation maps of three corneas, representative of 0, 5 and 10% stem cell leakage att=250 andt=1,000, showing the accumulation of a small number of CESCs near the central cornea.\nC: Reducing the replicative potential of TACs increases cell migration. The mean radial cell migration rates in corneas in which TAC(max) was 2, 3 and 4 were calculated for each zone. The mean and s.d. of 25 simulations are shown. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.\nD: A fluorescence micrograph of a cornea from a K14CreERT2-Confetti mouse, injected with tamoxifen when 6 weeks old and killed 16 weeks later. The circular haze in the centre of the cornea is autofluorescence from the underlying lens. Scale bar, 500 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12388_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14614", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The four-fold symmetric βαβα repeat unit holds the minimal independently folding unit, the βαβ module, highlighted in orange, wheat, and orange, respectively. The even helix shaded in grey does not contribute significantly to stability of the four-fold unit. Within the βαβ module, a canonical βα hairpin clamp formed between a main chain amide H-bond donor in +1 position of the odd β-strand and the side chain acceptor at the −1 position in the following even αβ-loop is highlighted in blue.\nB: By construction, the first principal component (PC1) of the EMPIRIC PCA is linearly related to average fitness (R=0.996, 'open circle' odd numbered libraries, 'filled circle' even numbered libraries).\nC: Experimentally derived fitness landscapes mapped from point mutations represent single steps from WT sequence. Despite significant divergence of WT in sequence space, the fitness landscapes of IGPS orthologues remain correlated (dashed lines). Rather than traditional two-dimensional heatmaps, fitness values are displayed on a three-dimensional pinwheel, highlighting the wide range of possible fitness effects of a single sequence step. The profiles of the pinwheels are similar, indicating the correlation of fitness landscapes, even if WT sequences (centers of the wheels) are only∼40% identical and widely separated. PCA demonstrates a correlation between experimental fitness landscapes and amino-acid preferences in evolved sequences.\nD: Ribbon diagrams of structurally aligned SsIGPS (PDB: 2C3Z), TmIGPS (PDB: 1I4N), and TtIGPS (PDB: 1VC4). EMPIRIC mutagenesis library positions are highlighted in orange. The parallel β-strands vary in length from 4–6 residues and the β-barrel structure forms four layers of side chains from alternating β-strands that protrude into the protein core (Supplementary Fig. 1). Preceding the N terminus of the β-strands, short αβ-loops, generally 3–4 residues in length, are proposed to play a role in stability74. At the C-terminus of the β-strands, long-βα loops, between 5 and 13 residues, link the C termini of the β-strands to the N termini of the subsequent α-helices and invariably form the active site of the enzyme.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14614_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14306", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Comparison of the levels of intraspecific variation among the four species using the alpha diversity and bubble distance. The distribution of bubble distance is illustrated by box plot and the alpha diversity is shown by bar plot.\nB: Phylogenetic tree of 75 assembled kelp bacterial genomes belonging to five phyla. Genomes assigned to seven major families are highlighted in colour, whereas the remaining genomes cannot be assigned to the family level based on the taxonomic classification of PhyloPhlAn. The estimated completeness of each genome is represented by pie plot and the N50 length is illustrated by heat map. (b–e) Validation of the assembled kelp bacterial genomes using long PacBio reads. PacBio reads are mapped to the assembled genomes using BLASR. After the mapped reads are filtered by nucleotide identity and alignment length, the remaining reads are divided into four categories according to the number of hits (b). The percent of aligned bases in the PacBio reads that are uniquely mapped to one scaffold (c). Regarding the 4% multiple mapped reads, the average mapped length is short (d) and these reads tend to be found in multiple genomes (e).\nC: Sensitivity and specificity of target contig recovery in the three key steps of MGA. ‘I’, ‘d’ and ‘c’ represents the increase, decrease and connections step, respectively.\nD: Comparison of the KEGG pathways of the assembled kelp bacterial genomes with the ocean and human gut microbiomes. Heat map shows the enrichment score between kelp and gut (left), kelp and ocean (right).P<1 × 1−10, Fisher’s exact test and Bonferroni corrected. Red colour represents enriched functions in the assembled kelp bacterial genomes and blue colour shows enriched functions in the gut or ocean microbiomes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14306_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1510", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Detection of anAt-hhstripe in a tracked cell clone. An embryo having a cell clone labelled by FITC–dextran (green) more than two cells away from the rim of the germ disc (white dots) at early stage 5 (left panel) was fixed at early stage 7 and stained forAt-hhtranscripts (purple) and FITC–dextran (pink) (middle and right panels). The middle panel is a magnified view of the boxed region in the right panel. White dots show the anterior margin. Arrowheads indicate theAt-hhstripe (c–e). Scale bars, 100 μm ina, 50 μm inc–e. A, anterior; Ce, cephalic lobe; Ch, chelicera; Ex, extraembryonic tissue; L, leg; P, posterior; Pp, pedipalp.\nB: Detection ofAt-opatranscripts in embryos microinjected with controlgfpdsRNA (upper panels) andAt-opaFdsRNA (lower panels). Each embryo was photographed before (left) and after (right) staining for the lineage tracer FITC–dextran (pink). Arrowheads indicate areas where the lineage tracer and, presumably, the dsRNAs were introduced.\nC: At-otdeRNAi embryos in which the labelled clone (pink) was slightly removed from the anterior margin (white dots). The right embryo was slightly older than the left one. Arrowheads in the right panel indicate the adjacentAt-hhstripes that each exhibited a characteristic splitting pattern with sizes adjusted to the fields.\nD: Time-lapse observation of a cell clone expressing NLS-tdEosFP in the presumptive head ectoderm. The tdEosFP was photoconverted from the green (shown in green) to the red state (shown in purple) in a part of the cell clone just before time-lapse observation was performed, which started at late stage 5. A series of 10 optical sections (7.76 μm thickness) was collected every 10 min, and shown are projections of the optical sections collected at the times indicated (h:min). Arrowheads indicate two cells that were undergoing rearrangement to become adjacent to each other. Fluorescence intensity profiles along the orange and blue lines are shown below the photos to assist cell counting.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1510_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11306", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Rounded quantile distribution of OM values. COMETs are called using the dynamic OMg threshold which is defined by significant deviations in the OM distribution, representing roughly 8% of the OM values for the methylomes included here.\nB: Quantile distribution of OM values. Most oscillations are around 0, significant oscillations represent a deviation from the co-methylation and are used to call the successive COMET boundaries.\nC: Patterns of oscillations as estimated by OM. Values were scaled to 0–1.\nD: Example DMC (boxed red) showing methylation level (tracks 1–2), COMETs (tracks 3–5), DMPs (tracks 6–7), and DMRs (tracks 8–9) for M1 at maximum and 30X coverage, as well as M3. DMP calls are shown as adjusted p values for differential methylation between M1–2 and M7–10. DMR values representing differential methylation between M1–2 and M7–10 correspond to areaStat, a parameter of compound t-statistics for the included DMPs. COMET values correspond to the average value inside each block.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11306_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13197", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Transfection with ASOs complementary toLINC00942led to reduced expression ofGCLC, required for glutathione synthesis.\nB: Validation of coding mRNAs fromafound to be associated with mutations inNFE2L2in at least two cancers (n=65) or four cancers (n=10), by comparison with expression changes observed upon siRNA silencing ofNFE2L2in A549 cells 24 h post transfection44(y-axis). Thex-axis shows expression ratios inNFE2L2mutated compared with wild type tumours for cancer types with associationP-value less than 0.001 (vertical bars indicate, for each gene, the mean log2ratio across the relevant cancer types, while coloured dots show the individual cancers). Bars indicate the mean and error bars indicate s.e.m.\nC: Induction ofLINC00942,RP11-284F21.7andRP11-345L23.1inNFE2L2mutated compared with wild type tumours (cancers withP<0.05 are shown, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Genomic contexts are shown; blue, lncRNAs; green, coding genes. *P<0.05;**P<0.001;***P<1e-4.\nD: Expression of the β-catenin targetNKD1and its intronic antisense transcriptRP11-401P9.6inCTNNB1mutated compared with wild type tumours (cancers withP<0.05 are shown, Wilcoxon rank sum test; colour codes froma). TheNKD1genomic context is shown, with annotated lncRNAs in blue. *P<0.05;**P<0.001;***P<1e-4.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13197_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13229", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Population-averaged normalized mutual information for regular (blue,N=22) and irregular (red,N=35) afferents (P=1.6 × 10−5).\nB: Spike timing precision as a function of variability and sensitivity for our model. White circle, star and line: same as ingandh.\nC: Performance as a function of the timescale as well as stimulus duration.\nD: Confusion matrices showing the conditional probability of assigning a response caused by stimulusias actually caused by stimulusjcomputed from metric-space analysis using Victor–Purpura measure with timescales (1/q) of 1 ms (left), 6 ms (middle) and 100 ms (right). Also shown (top) are the discrimination performance values.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13229_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Protein domain structure of the novel ZNF gene as determined using NCBI Conserved Domain Search.\nB: Overview of methods used for SV detection, genotyping and phasing within the GoNL project.\nC: Schematic picture indicating anAluYa5 insertion in the promoter region ofLCLAT1.\nD: Neighbor-joining tree built from alignment of protein sequences homologous to the novel ZNF gene. Values at the nodes indicate bootstrap support of each group. Distances indicate protein sequence divergence on amino acid level.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12989_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14061", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Length distributions of SVs, log10scale. Deletions were smallest (2.8–52 kb), duplications larger (2.6–510 kb) and inversions often even larger, spanning large portions of chromosomes (0.1 kb–5,374 kb, seed). Horizontal dotted lines show the size of chromosome regions that contain an average of 1, 10 and 100 genes in this yeast. Box plots indicate the first quartile, the median and the third quartile; whiskers extend to the most extreme data point, which is no more than 1.5 × the interquartile range from the box.\nB: The contributions of SNPs (grey), CNVs (red) and rearrangements (black) to heritability varied considerably between traits. Coloured bars along thexaxis indicate the trait types. heritability estimates are inSupplementary Table 5. The panel below bars indicates trait types as in the legend for part (a). (c, top) For some traits, SVs explained more of the trait variation than SNPs. Boxes are coloured as legend ina. (c, lower) Analysis of simulated data generated with assumption that only SNPs cause traits indicates that the contribution of SVs to trait variance is unlikely to be due to linkage. Traits from left are; with red inset at top, free amino acid concentrations (glutamine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline and tyrosine), with green inset liquid media growth traits (maximum mass in minimal media, time to maximum slope, most rapid slope and highest cell density in rich media), in with magenta inset colony growth on solid media (with Brefeldin, CuSO4, H2O2, hydroxyurea, 0.0025% MMS, 0.005% MMS, with proline and 0.001% SDS), wine traits with Burgundy inset (malic acid accumulation and glucose+fructose ultilisation), with grey inset liquid media conditions (caffeine lag, rate and efficiency, CsCl12efficiency, diamide growth rate, EMS growth rate, ethanol efficiency, ethanol growth rate, galactose growth rate, growth rate at 40°C, HqCl2lag, KCl efficiency, MgCl2efficiency, MMS lag, NiCl lag, unstressed lag and rate, SrCl efficiency, tunicamycin lag and rate), and with yellow insets mating traits (the proportion of free spores, mating figures observed and total spore counts).\nC: Gene expression increases for most genes within duplicated regions. For each tested strain pair, we show the relative gene expression (strains with duplication/strains without duplication) for all genes outside the duplication (as boxplot) and for all genes within the duplication (red strip chart). In all but one case (array 4), the genes within the duplication tend to be more highly expressed than the genes outside of the duplication (all Wilcoxon rank sum testPvalues <1.5 × 10−3). Box plots indicate the first quartile, the median and the third quartile; whiskers extend to the most extreme data point, which is no more than 1.5 × the interquartile range from the box.\nD: Histogram of the standard deviation of each CNV within a near-clonal cluster (see alsoFig. 2a), relative to its standard deviation across strains not in the near-clonal cluster. Standard deviation is highly correlated with CNV-based branch length (Spearman rank correlationρ=0.90,P<0.001) (Supplementary Fig. 4b). The highlighted CNVs have unusually high rates of variation within this cluster compared with other clusters.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14061_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5342", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Instant 3D measurement of the gene expression of two bundles of body wall muscle cells, without computational segmentation of cells. For the profile of each curve ofc1andc2, the top is the gene expression of channel 1 (red) and bottom is that for channel 2 (green). Red: Punc54::H1::cherry. Green: Pmyo3::eGFP.\nB: Speed of 3D curve generation using different methods (mean±s.d.). c-time, computing time for CDA; t-time, total time (including human-machine interaction and c-time) for CDA. Image data are the same inc.\nC: Improvement of the reconstruction precision for tenDrosophilaneurons, each with two independent trials of reconstructions. Manual reconstructions here were produced using Neurolucida.\nD: The actual 3D rendering time to visualize the image contents in each computed ROI, bench tested for the same data sets inband various operating systems.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5342_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6330", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Results of CD in induced denaturing of designed Dv_1ubq compared with native ubiquitin. (d,e) Same as ina,b, but for comparisons between D_1cy5_M2 and 1cy5.\nB: Sequence identities between native proteins, proteins designed with SEF, proteins designed with SEF_v and proteins obtained with Rosetta fixed backbone design (Ros_fb). Results are averages over 40 target proteins.\nC: Antibiotic resistance associated with various proteins.\nD: Sequence and structure of Dv_1ubq compared with those of 1ubq. The distribution of identical residues is indicated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6330_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14665", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 3D models of theM. pneumoniaegenome conformation.\nB: Normalized HpaII Hi-C contact map ofM. pneumoniae,in stationary phase at a 10 kb resolution. The frequency of interactions between a given pair of bins is found at the intersection of the row and column corresponding to those bins. The colour of the contact map, from blue to red, indicates the log2 contact frequency. The bar underneath indicates position along the genome, with Ori being located at a genome coordinate of 0 and midpoint located at∼400 kb.\nC: Model of theB. subtilisgenome adapted from ref.52.\nD: Ori-midpoint, N1-midpoint, right-midpoint, N2-midpoint, N3-midpoint and left-midpoint estimated distances from chromosome models in thexaxis and experimental FISH imaging in theyaxis. Black lines indicate the variability within the estimated distribution.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14665_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4814", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Cell lysates were prepared as ina, and then subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-HDM2 and anti-HDMX antibody followed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies.\nB: Overall structure of p53LZ2 homodimer at 1.2 Å (left). Three key hydrophobic residues, F14, W18 and L21, are indicated. Twofold axis of the coiled-coil is shown by dotted line. A 2Fo−Fcmap contoured at 1.0σis superimposed with p53LZ2 (right).\nC: For cell cycle analysis, five cancer cell lines were treated with TAT-p53LZ2, TAT-GCN4LZ or Nutlin-3 for 24 h. Cells were incubated with 10 μM of EdU followed by Alexa fluor 488 labelling and nuclear DNA staining with Hoechst 33342. Cell cycle distribution was calculated from the image analysis and expressed as the percentage of the total population rounded to the full percentage value.\nD: Cell viability of four wild-type p53, SJSA-1, HCT 116, MCF7 and A549, and two mutant p53, A-431 and MDA-MB-231, cancer cell lines was measured by the CellTiter-Glo (CTG) assay after 5-d incubation with TAT-p53LZ2. Data represent the mean±s.d. of three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4814_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2035", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Elevated plus maze (EPM). Time spent in open arm (TOA), entries in open arm (EOA) and locomotion as motility control was analysed.\nB: Calibration curve using recombinant purified TN-XXL dilutions (mean±s.d,n=4).\nC: ECG parameters at a heart rate of 500 b.p.m. Letters on theXaxis refer to the different phases in the ECG as indicated in panel A. Throughout, error bars represent SEM; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001;n=6 mice per group. Significance was tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunett test.\nD: Fluorescence image of a day 8.5 embryonic heart (left). Dotted circles refer to the regions of interest (ROIs) plotted in (f) (A, atria; V, ventricles). The phase plot in the right picture illustrates the progression of the calcium signal over one heartbeat cycle. The colour code indicates the time at which the maximum ΔR/Rwas observed at a given pixel (Scale bar, 150 μm).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2035_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10848", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Calculated free energy along the opening of AdK bound to AP5A (red), AP4A (purple) and AP6A (green) obtained from free-energy simulations without load (dashed lines) and with a subsequently added bias corresponding to an external load of 15 pN (solid lines). The free-energy curves are projections of free-energy landscapes (Supplementary Fig. 11) obtained from 2D H-REMD-US simulations in which the arrangements of AMP lid and ATP lid were controlled independently.\nB: Opening rate of AdK as a function of force for different AP4A (purple) and AP6A (green) concentrations. Solid lines are fits to the closing rates extrapolated to zero force (asterisks). For comparison, a fit to the rates obtained at the corresponding AP5A concentrations is shown as a red dashed line.\nC: Comparison of two binding and closing models for AdK and AP5A adapted from Okazaki and Takada45. Binding and unbinding of the inhibitor is represented as the jump between a ligand-free and ligand-bound energy landscape. Exemplary routes from open ligand-free to closed ligand-bound form are shown for the conformational selection (blue) and induced-fit model (red). For the ligand-bound energy landscape, distances from open and closed state to the transition state from optical trap experiments are shown.\nD: Sample traces of the closing and opening fluctuations of AdK at different Mg-AP5A concentrations and force biases. The grey and black dashed lines indicate the position of the closed (contracted) and open (extended) state, respectively (see alsoSupplementary Fig. 2).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10848_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5841", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Event histogram of the dwell times in level 2 (step 2→3) for Trx V5-C109-oligo(dC)30at +140 mV (ref.11). The fit is to a single exponential function and yields a rate constant k2→3=70 s−1.\nB: Event histogram of the dwell times in level 3 (step 3→4) for Trx oligo(dC)30-S1C-V5 at +140 mV. The fit is to a double exponential function and yields rate constants k3a→4=0.47 s−1and k3b→4=0.0087, s−1. The dashed line is the deconvolution into single exponentials.\nC: Free energy profile of the unfolding steps (2→3 and 3→4) for N terminus-first translocation at +140 mV. A pre-exponential factor of 10−8s−1, and ΔG(N→U)=−90 kJ mol−1, ΔG(N→Ia)=−45 kJ mol−1and ΔG(N→Ib)=−50 kJ mol−1were assumed, where:IaandIbare the two unfolding intermediates. Data for C terminus first are from ref.11. Data were collected on six different pores in the case of C terminus first and on 17 different pores in the case of N terminus first.\nD: Event histogram ofIRES%at +140 mV observed during the co-translocational unfolding of Trx oligo(dC)30-S1C-V5 (ref.11). In the case of C terminus pulling, 93% of the observed blockades were of the four-step form. In the case of N-terminal pulling, 91% of the events showed four steps.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5841_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15090", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Outline of the RT11-i, TMab4-i, and/or cetuximab treatment regimen.\nB: Tumour growth was analysed by measuring the tumour volume during treatment with vehicle, cetuximab (Ctx), Ctx plus TMab4-i or Ctx plus RT11-i in Lovo xenograft mice. Error bars,±s.d. (n=8 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls post-test. ***P<0.001 versus Ctx alone.\nC: Generation of integrin αvβ3/αvβ5-targeting RT11-i by genetic fusion of RGD10 peptide, using a (G4S)2linker, to the N-terminus of the LC of RT11. (b,c) RT11-i and TMab4-i bind to cell surface-expressed integrin ανβ3 and ανβ5. Inb, flow cytometric analysis of the cell surface expression levels of integrin ανβ3 and ανβ5 on WT K562, integrin ανβ3-transformed K562, and human tumour cells, analysed by PE-conjugated anti-human integrin ανβ3 and ανβ5 antibodies. Inc, flow cytometric analysis of cell surface binding levels of the indicated antibodies, co-incubated at 100 nM with 300 IU ml−1heparin for 1 h at 4 °C with the indicated cells before analysis.\nD: IP of endogenous KRasG12Vwith RT11 or RT11-i, but not TMab4 and TMab4-i, from endosome-depleted cell lysates of SW480 cells. Images are representative of two independent experiments. Ind,e, the cells were treated with 1 μM of antibodies for 12 h before analysis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15090_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11438", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Number of human inter- and intragenic miRNAs across the vertebrate lineage. Numbers of miRNAs per million years (Myr ago) were calculated by the ratio of inter- or intragenic miRNAs emerged in each branch to the time elapsed from the previous branch. For example, the gain rate of intergenic miRNAs in branch 2 (chicken) is given byNinter/Db12−b1−Db12−b2, whereNinteris the number of intergenic miRNAs emerged in branch 2;Db12−b1is the divergence time between branches 12 (human) and 1 (fish) andDb12−b2is the divergence time between branches 12 and 2. Divergence times were obtained from timetree.org.\nB: MiRNA distribution along the vertebrate phylogenetic tree. Numbers in grey indicate the amount of miRNAs (miRBase 20) emerged in each phylogenetic branch (1–12).\nC: Box plots of expression breadth calculated using the tissue specificity index (τ). Higherτindicates more tissue specificity. First box represents the expression breadth of old (blue) and young (purple) host genes. The subsequent boxes correspond to the expression breadth of intergenic miRNAs (red), intragenic miRNAs within old hosts (blue) and intragenic miRNAs within young hosts (purple), according to miRNAs’ age classes (1: vertebrates, 2–4: amniotes, 5–6: placental mammals and 7–12: primates). Significant differences inτwere assessed by Mann–Whitney tests (+P=0.07; *P<0.05; **P<0.001).\nD: miRNA target analysis. Box plots for the distributions of the number of target genes per miRNA predicted using TargetScan 7.0 algorithm. Significant differences were assessed by Mann–Whitney tests (*P<0.05).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11438_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9692", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Intravital imaging of subcutaneous HT1080–53BP1-mApple tumours 24 h post injection with TNP (payload shown in yellow). TAMs (white) were labelled by dextran-coated nanoparticles injected 24 h prior. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Example images of 53BP1 puncta, 24 h post treatment with 1 mg kg−1TNP, scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Single-cell suspensions of the bulk tumour mass were immunostained and gated into various cell-populations, quantified here as fractions of the total number of cells analysed.\nD: Histological analysis of F4/80+host phagocytes, 24 h post injection with TNP vehicle. Immunohistochemistry (left) shows tumours stained with haematoxylin and F4/80 (brown; scale bar, 100 μm), and corresponds with immunofluorescence (right) showing F4/80+host phagocytes, EpCAM+KP tumour cells, and local accumulation of TNP vehicle (scale bar, 25 μm). F4/80 labels a subset of GFP+cells inCx3cr1GFP/+reporter mice38(namely, macrophages).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9692_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5496", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Average of the results inawith systolic, diastolic, pulse and augmentation pressure levels indicated. Photograph of two sensors placed on (c) the carotid artery of neck and lateral epicondyle vessel of the arm (Case I);\nB: Variation in ΔIDS,pressureas a function of applied pressure for the sensor with different bending radii under different bending direction; Inward (In) and Outward (Out).\nC: IDS–time plot for the sensor while reading pressure on the wrist before, during and after application of pressure on the arm using a commercial pneumatic cuff.\nD: Distance from the NMP to the mid-plane of the PZT island (h) as a function of the thickness of top layer of PI (tPI). WhentPI=3.59 μm,h=0 mm and the effects of bending on the sensor response are minimal.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5496_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5945", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A higher magnification of the Ag nanoparticles organized on A3-BIND nanofilaments is shown. All scale bars are 0.5 μm.\nB: Magnification of the boxed area inbof a false-coloured FE-SEM showing MBD-BIND cells adhered to the 304L surface. Scale bar is 10 μm.\nC: Magnification of the boxed area incof a false-coloured FE-SEM showing a zoomed-in view of the cell bodies. Because of the vigorous washing process, some of the cell bodies appear damaged. Scale bar is 2 μm.\nD: A library of CsgA fusion mutants in which the MBD peptide insert (purple) was placed at the N- or C-terminus of the curlin repeat domains (red) and flanked by a six-residue linker, two-residue linker or no linker (green).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5945_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13173", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Human CD45+cell engraftment levels in PB of individual adult NSG mice receiving LV-transduced CD34+cells from human apheresis (HPC-A) donors.\nB: Graphs depict haematopoietic recovery by ANCs (open black circles○) and platelet counts (closed black circles●) on the primaryyaxis, engraftment of gene-modified PB granulocytes (closed green squares) and lymphocytes (open green squares) and measured tacrolimus levels in serum (closed orange circles) on the secondaryyaxis as a function of time after transplantation (xaxis).\nC: Percent of gene-modified (eGFP+) lymphocytes expressing CD3, and the percentage of eGFP+/CD3+cells expressing CD4 and/or CD8 observed in PB (yaxis) over time after transplant (xaxis).\nD: Highly polyclonal engraftment of LV gene-modified NHP CD34+haematopoietic cells following point-of-care production and transplant. Bar graphs represent the clonal diversity of LV gene-modified PB leukocytes collected at day +40 after transplant into autologous recipients as determined by genomic locus of integration. Clonal integration site sequences constituting ≥1% of all sequences captured are indicated by boxes in ascending order of frequency. Coloured boxes indicate clones identified across time points. Total number of clones identified is listed atop each bar.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13173_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5414", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A lipidaceous phase (orange) that surrounds the proteinaceous core (blue) of the adhesive plaque is the result, and is even present at the adhesive interface.\nB: A schematic of the anterior section of a barnacle cypris larva, with particular focus on the cementation apparatus: c.g., cement gland; m.s., muscular sac; c.d., cement duct; a.d., adhesive disc; o., oil bodies; c.e., compound eye; IV, fourth antennular segment, as per Walker17.\nC: Isosurface rendered view of the lipidaceous granule-containing cells superimposed onto the volume projection of the gland.\nD: XY view from a TPEFM volume projection of an adhesive plaque stained for phosphoproteins shows that the bulk of cement plaque is phosphoproteinaceous and with much higher RFU as compared withg. (k,l) Isosurface renderings of phosphoprotein-stained plaque fromj, viewed from above (k) and beneath the plaque (l), shows that the bulk of the plaque is proteinaceous (blue) with bacterial growth (green) separated from the proteinaceous phase. (m–o) Pseudocoloured BCARS chemical image (m) with 500 nm lateral resolution taken at 30 ms per pixel acquisition times at 5 μm from coverslip surface. RGB image chemical contrast comes from total C-H stretch at 2,920 cm−1(red channel), the ratio of C-H to Amide III of 2,920:1,262 cm−1(green channel), and the ratio of C-H to nucleotide bases of 2,920:1,486 cm−1(blue channel). Bright-field image (n) from identical location as chemical image as well as spectra (o) obtained from individual pixels within BCARS chemical image to clarify distinct spectral differences between outer lipidaceous and inner regions of the adhesive plaque that are pointed to by arrows in chemical image. Scale bars (μm), 5 (a–c), ~2 (d), ~5 (e,f), ~20 (g,j), ~10 (h,i,k,l,) and 20 (m,n).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5414_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15544", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Side view of DBATG38R/F301Vwith DT, showing Arg38. The increased hydrophilic properties of Arg38compared to that of Gly38favors the entry of both DT and 10-DAB substrates and leads to an elevated catalytic efficiency in the G38R mutant.\nB: Opposite side view of DBAT with DT, showing Phe301.\nC: The specific activities of the six recombinant DBATs against 10-DAB.\nD: Time–concentration curves of Taxol with DT as the substrate and catalysed by different concentrations of DBATG38R/F301V.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15544_figure_10.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cross-sectional TEM image with T and P regions. Four areas labelled as P1, P2, T1 and T2 were used to obtain the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns shown inb.\nB: Dorsal-viewed SEM image showing the pyramidally shaped shell. 3D reconstructions of the shell in (c) ventral and (d) dorsal views based on X-ray micro-computed tomography data.\nC: SEM image showing the absence of radial cracks when the indentation corner is aligned with the axial direction of the fibrous building blocks (arrow).\nD: Mapping dimensional parameters (dtotal,λandn) along the entire shell cross-section (total number of measurements: 204).n, number of periods. From top to bottom, cross-sectional SEM image,dtotal,λandn. The histograms on the right show the statistical distribution of each parameter. N, normal; A, apical; C, circumferential.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7216_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: 5hmC modification scheme: oxidation28of 5hmC to 5fC followed by oxidative condensation with 1,2-phenylenediamine to afford 5C–Bzim. The R group is DNA.\nB: Typical ionic current signal recorded when DNA1 (final concentration 1.0 μM) was added to thecisside of a SWCNT nanopore (GCNT=8.97 nS). The capture rate is∼2,300 events per h. Data were acquired in the buffer of 1 M KCl and 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, with the transmembrane potential held at +30 mV.\nC: New type of current signature caused by the translocation of DNA5–Bzim, which contains double 5hmC sites. The mean duration of 110 double-spike events is 536±161 μs. All the data were acquired in the buffer of 1 M KCl and 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, with the transmembrane potential held at +40 mV.\nD: Conductance distribution of SWCNT nanopores categorized in three groups 1–3. The SWCNTs that passed ssDNA molecules are marked in red (the unmarked tubes in group2were not tested for DNA translocation). The SWCNTs that showed nonlinearI–Vcurves are marked in turquoise.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3989_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The isothermal annealing of P1 and P4 from 8 M urea (u) or 70% formamide (f) in 1 × TAE/Mg2+. Samples were folded quickly (Q) with rapid dilution to 10 × of the initial volume or slowly (S) via dialysis against the 1 × TAE/Mg2+supplemented with 0.8 M urea (or 7% formamide), to ensure equivalent end conditions. Experiments were repeated at least twice with comparable results.\nB: Annealing curves of the P1–P4 designs obtained by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm (annealing rate: −0.2 °C min−1).\nC: Based on distinct topological relations, pairing between the initial connections can lead to the formation of knots (X), two independent hairpins (S) and hairpins with internal loops (P). Unstructured terminal segments (T) are depicted in red; hairpin loops (H) and internal loops (L) are depicted in blue; an internal unstructured segment (I) is depicted in cyan. (d–f) Favoured versus unfavoured connections following the initial connections are depicted for situations, when the initial connections are in a cross (d), series (e) or parallel relation (f).\nD: The linear arrangement of orthogonal, pairwise-interacting modules defines the polyhedral structure of the target fold. Colour-coded pairs of complementary modules (arrows) bind to form connections that make up the double-helical edges of the pyramid.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10803_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7649", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: During tensile test, 13 stress-strain data points (black dots) were recorded at 5 s intervals; four stages were identified.\nB: High magnification ofa, collagen fibrils (~50 nm diameter) comprising each fibre (~1–10 μm diameter; SEM). (c,d) Collagen fibrils in section plane parallel to skin surface including detail of sectioned fibrils (inset inc) and wavy structure (TEM).\nC: Corresponding schematic of bone (transverse orientation) with a notch under loading; the crack (white line) often propagates in a zig-zag pattern with multiple crack deflections. (g–j) The deformation of a central notch in skin loaded in tension. Distortion of a central notch as specimen of rabbit skin is extended uniaxially. There is no increase in the initial length of the cut. (k,l) The notch root radius increases with axial extension of the specimen, with a consequent decrease in stress concentration. This is enabled by local straightening and stretching of fibres and by interfibrillar sliding. Scale bar in (a–d), (g–j) is 10 mm.\nD: Steel wire before and after stretching. The wire curvature (shown in schematic drawing) is defined by the central angleθ0(~30° to 130°), which determines the maximum strain. Experimental and mathematical predictions indicate good agreement reflecting the characteristic response of skin.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7649_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6486", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Schematic representation ofNvFP-7R, theNvFP-7R::eGFP–MHC-mCherryselection cassette with homology arms (bold lines), and the expected product of TALEN-mediated homologous recombination.\nB: Schematic representation of the oral pole of a control polyp and a F0 polyp showing the expected mosaic substitution ofNvFP-7Rby theeGFPfusion cassette withMHC-mCherry.\nC: Workflow for homologous recombination-mediated transgenesis inNematostellabased on the conversion of the endogenous red fluorescence into eGFP. The ease of visual screening allows efficient isolation of precise genomic integration of a transgene (TG,grey).\nD: Confocal image of a representative eGFP/mCherry-positive animal co-injected with TALENs and theNvFP-7R::eGFP–MHC-mCherrydonor plasmid. Notice that the large clone of mCherry-positive cells (white arrowhead) also exhibits a replacement ofNvFP-7RbyeGFP(yellow arrowhead). Only one domain displaying normal expression ofNvFP-7Ris maintained in this polyp (white arrow). Asterisk indicates the position of the mouth. Dotted lines indicate the outline of the oral pole. Scale bar, 500 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6486_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3509", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The substrate used to select for functional variants; proper recombination would place the ampicillin resistance gene (ampR) under the lac promoter (Plac) conferring resistance. TheccdBgene is crossed out to indicate that it’s out of frame with respect to the ampR start codon.\nB: 303GVSdup duplicated the loop shown in orange. One of the monomers is shown as a space-filling model. The catalytic site residues (R173, H289, R292, W315 and Y324) are shown as stick figures. The crystallographic data was obtained from PDB 3C29.\nC: Linear fragments withloxPon one end and the indicated sites on the other were treated with Cre and the products were quantified on an agarose gel. All new bands were counted towards the recombination efficiency. No recombination was observed for any of the sites in the absence of Cre. Bolded positions correspond to differences fromloxP. Sites are listed in order of similarity withloxP. Asterisks mark sequences generated randomly; all others were obtained from a selection for functional pseudo-loxPsites. The box indicatesloxBait.\nD: The names and sequences of recombination sites used in this study. Positions that are different fromloxPare shown in bold. Error bars correspond to 95% CI (n=two to three experimental replicates).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3509_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-35807-7", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Lengths (x-y plane) of minimum squares of volumetrically printed 2.5% SS and 2.5% SF arrays of cubes. SS: silk sericin. SF: silk fibroin. Ru: ruthenium (II) hexahydrate. CAD: computer-aided design.\nB: Fiber diameter of volumetrically printed 5% SS and 5% SF hollow mesh tubes. (h(i)and(ii)) CAD image of the radially arranged array of cubes. (h(iii)and(iv)) Microscopic images of the printed arrays of cubes of (iii) 2.5% SS and (iv) 2.5% SF. The printing parameters were 0.5-mM Ru/5-mM SPS for SS, 0.25-mM Ru/2.5-mM SPS for SF, light intensity: 3 mW cm−2.\nC: Microscopic image of the same screw after evaporating the ethanol solution. Scale bar: 500 μm. (o-t) SEM images of cross-sections of the volumetrically printed SF screws with a single, photocrosslinked network or a double-crosslinked network (treated with 70% ethanol for 24 h followed by 72 h of air-drying) at different SF concentrations. (uandv) Water-uptake profiles of the volumetrically printed SF screws with a single, photocrosslinked network and a double-crosslinked network (treated with 70% ethanol for 24 h followed by 72 h of air-drying) (u) over 72 h and (v) over 6 h. SS: silk sericin. SF: silk fibroin.b,cStatistical significances are expressed as *adjustedp< 0.0347, ***adjustedp= 0.0001, ****adjustedp< 0.0001. Two-way ANOVA. Data are presented as mean values ± SDs.n= 3 independent experiments.u,vStatistical significances are expressed as *adjustedp= 0.0185, ** adjustedp= 0.016, **** adjustedp< 0.0001. Two-way ANOVA. Data are presented as mean values ± SDs. In figures (u and v) all groups were compared to the 5% double-crosslinked group.\nD: n= 3 independent experiments.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-35807-7_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1120", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: COS cells were transiently transfected with a MultiLabel plasmid encoding mCitrine-Rab5, mTFP1-Rab4 and mCherry-Rab7. Cells were stimulated with EGF-Alexa647 and monitored for 45 min. As expected, EGF was found in Rab5-positive vesicles shortly after addition (T=8/T=16, arrows). Later, it was also found in Rab7-positive vesicles (arrowheads). Scale bars, 50 μm (a,b); 5 μm (c).\nB: HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with a mixture of five plasmids, each containing an expression cassette for a single fluorescent protein or (b) a single MultiLabel plasmid containing five expression cassettes for fluorescent proteins. See alsoSupplementary Figure S7for examples with 2, 3 and 4 expression cassettes, as well as quantification of expression levels.\nC: One to four donor vectors are fused to one acceptor vector in a single step or in an iterative process.\nD: Plasmids are then used to transfect mammalian cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1120_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7006", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Fundus photos from a treated and an untreated eye ofPde6brd1/rd1-F3 mouse and a normal eye of a WT-F3 control. Note that retinal vessels (arrowheads) are clearly visible in the treated (bottom)Pde6brd1/rd1-F3 mouse and WT-F3 mouse (top), whereas vessels in the untreated eye are not very visible (middle). Instead, areas of pigmentation (asterisks) are visible in the untreated eye ofPde6brd1/rd1-F3 mouse.\nB: Relatively stable scotopic a-wave and b-wave ERG responses 4 months after treatment (1.9 log cd s−1m−2;n=6). Data points and error bars in the plotsc,danderepresent mean±s.e.m.\nC: Three different ERG phenotypes observed in F2 backcross ofPde6brd1/rd1-C3H and C57BL6. Note that in addition to mice with normal ERGs (left traces), those with no detectable responses (middle traces) and those lacking b-wave in the presence of a-wave were observed. The ‘no b-wave’ ERGs were similar to the ERG waveform observed inPde6brd1/rd1-C3H mice treated with rAAV2/9.hRHO.hPDE6B.\nD: Visually cued fear conditioning paradigm. On the day of training, each mouse was placed in a conditioning chamber and received six presentations of a 5-s flickering light stimulus paired with a co-terminating 2-s foot shock (left panel). Recall of light-cued memory was tested 24 h post training by measuring the baseline and light-cued freezing levels in a novel environment (left panel, see methods). Rescue of visually cued behaviour in PDE6B treated mice (right panel). Bar graph represents mean average of the percentage of time spent freezing during a baseline period without light stimulation (outlined bars) and during presentation of the light cue (filled bars). Light-cued memory was assessed for three different experiment groups;Pde6brd1/rd1-F3 treated (red bars,n=6),Pde6brd1/rd1-F3 untreated (blue bars,n=5) and untreated wild-type-F3 (black bars,n=4). The experiment was conducted at 10 weeks after treatment.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7006_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1817", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Normalized mRNA levels of CGE genes and (d)Dlxgene expression indicating that Activin induces the expression of these genes.\nB: Quantification of the proportion of neural precursors and neurons indicates that inhibition of RAR but not RXR blocks the neural differentiation induced by Activin. Nestin+/β-III-tubulin+cells: +VitA=67±4.69/26±2.34%; −VitA=68±5.73/28±1.39%; −VitA+Actv=62±6.71/33±2.2%; +VitA+Actv=28±2.54/63±3.9%; +VitA+Actv+RAR inhibitor=51±3.57/45±3.51% (**P<0.005 for the comparison between +VitA+Act and +VitA+Act+RAR inhibitor); +VitA+Actv+RXR inhibitor=34±3.43/61±6.21%.\nC: Relative expression levels ofGli1andPtch1during the first 5 days of Activin or control treatment.\nD: Representative examples of the four different types of responses of neurons to depolarizing pulses.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1817_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5394", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The paratopes exhibit twofold symmetry viewed down the IgG’s Fc axes (yellow asterisk). The paratopes intrinsic orientation with respect to the Fab arm represents an additional degree of freedom (projection on thex–yaxes; white arrows). Stress-free bivalent binding can be accomplished by binding to an epitope pair schematized by red arrows (orientations of white and red arrows match). In contrast, the epitope pair schematized as black arrows requires adjustment via rotation which might result in tension.\nB: 22 2-fold related epitope pairs can be found within the accessible area, only differing in distance and intrinsic epitope orientation (cf. Methods).\nC: Accessible epitope pairs on S-layer. Scale bar, 10 nm.\nD: Averaged AFM image (n=5) of the cytoplasmic face of Sendai PM. Scale bar, 10 nm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5394_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5047", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Higher magnification of a typical 3D RC with an NR epithelium continuous with the adjacent RPE bundled at the tip (arrowheads). (e,f) The pseudostratified neural epithelium within the RC showed the typical polarity, with mitosis (Phospho-Histone H3 (PH3)-positive) occurring at the apical side and postmitotic neuronal precursors (HU C/D-positive) accumulating at the basal side. (g–i) NR cells proliferated actively (EdU-positive,g) and co-expressed transcription factors characteristic of neural retina progenitor cells (h,i). (j–k) Retinal progenitors within the NR epithelium underwent interkinetic nuclear migration.\nB: Diagram of rod phototransduction pathwayin vivo.\nC: Müller cells expressing CRALBP were first seen by W17. Scale bars, 200 μm (d); 50 μm (a–candf–j).\nD: Time-lapse imaging of retinal progenitors expressing nuclear green fluorescent protein (GFP).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5047_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2184", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Comparison of current threshold for DRG neurons expressing F1449V mutant channel with the treatment of DMSO (153.5±17.9 pA,n=29) or 30 μM CBZ (165.5±19.7 pA,n=28). No significant difference was found (P>0.05, Student’st-test). Results are presented as mean±s.e.m.\nB: Voltage dependence of activation curves of NaV1.7 WT, V400M, F1449V and V400M/F1449V (VM/FV) double mutant channels. (c–h) Representative traces of current families recorded from HEK293 cells expressing WT (c), V400M (d), S241T (e), F1449V (f), VM/ST double mutant (g) and VM/FV double mutant (h) channels.\nC: Representative DRG neuron expressing NaV1.7-S241T mutant channel showed sub-threshold response to 55 pA current injection and subsequent action potential evoked by injection of 60 pA.\nD: The averaged voltage dependence of activation of S241T mutant channel treated with DMSO or CBZ (30 μM) was plotted and fitted with Boltzmann equation. A depolarizing shift of activation of 7.1 mV was observed when S241T mutant channel was treated with CBZ (P<0.01, Student’st-test).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2184_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1450", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: (x,y) Fluctuations of the bead as a function of magnet position. The position of the cylindrical magnet was scanned at a constant height of 3 mm across the flow cell surface in steps of 250 μm inxandy. Position of the bead relative to the magnet is indicated on the outer plot axes. At each magnet position, fluctuations of the same DNA-tethered bead were recorded and are plotted in the small square coordinate systems (scale bar is 2 μm). A systematic variation of the (x,y)-fluctuation pattern with magnet position resembling a cyclone or vortex is apparent. For a well-centered magnet, the bead's (x,y) fluctuations trace out a circular trajectory, plotted in the centre of the plot. This trace was recorded in a separate experiment after aligning the magnets in smaller steps about the centre and is shown for illustration in this plot.\nB: Histogram of the fluctuations in the radial coordinate for the data from (a). The red line is a Gaussian fit with s.d. ofσ=0.0542 μm.\nC: The preferred magnetization axism0of the bead aligns with the field along thezaxis. In this geometry, the bead can freely rotate about thezaxis, tracing out a circle of radiusRcircle.\nD: Power spectrum of the rotational fluctuations. The red line is a Lorentzian fit with the corner frequencyfc=0.024 Hz, in excellent agreement with the value expected from the temporal autocorrelation using the relationshipfc=1/(2πτc).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1450_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11130", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Surface biotinylation analysis of F11 cells transiently expressing either 1D4-tagged TRPV2 WT or TRPV2 Δ564–589. Proteins were visualized by western blot analysis using the indicated antibodies.\nB: F11 cells were co-transfected with plasma membrane-GFP (GFP-labelled palmitoylation sequence from GAP43; green) and either 1D4-tagged TRPV2 WT or TRPV2 Δ564–589. Cells were fixed and immunostained using anti-1D4 antibody (red). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: The TRPV2 atomic model is superimposed onto two subunits of the tetrameric full-length TRPV2 cryo-EM map.\nD: Schematic depiction of full-length rat TRPV2 shown as a dimer with its ankyrin repeat domain (ARD), S1–S4 helices, S5–P–S6 pore domain and C terminus. Missing densities in the corresponding full-length TRPV2 cryo-EM map are depicted in grey.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11130_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4356", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The percentage ofNexo–endoat 30 s after depol1s(compared with the peakNexo–endo) plotted versus the corresponding undecayed Cm percentage at 30 s after stimulation from four groups described ind(left to right, group 1–4). A line (red) with a slope of 1 is also plotted. Error bars are s.e.m. The spot number and cell number are described ind.\nB: The accumulated number of A647 spots (ΣNspot, upper) plotted versus the time at which the spots occurred in 60 cells subjected to depol1s(arrow). The corresponding mean Cm change is also plotted (lower).\nC: Re-plottinga(solid symbols), but including data similar to those shown inb(open symbols), where 1 s depolarization to +50 mV induced the smallest ICa as compared with the mean ICa induced by depol1sto +10 mV in groups 1–4.\nD: FSTED(STED fluorescence intensity),WH, and sampled images (average of 2) at times indicated are plotted versus time for a spot at the STED/cell-bottom setting (60 μM A488 in bath). Images were collected every 26 ms.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4356_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3137", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Distribution of current histograms from raw records depicted in (a) illustrating the rise in the number of subconducting states with increasing pipette voltage to a maximum of 8 conducting states. C, closed; FO, fully open; SC, subconducting state.\nB: Representative traces of MscS activity reconstituted in azolectin liposomes at +70 mV pipette potential in inside-out patches under symmetrical solutions containing: KCl 200 mM, LiCl 200 mM, BaCl2100 mM and CaCl2100 mM supplemented with HEPES 5 mM pH 7.4. The hydrated ionic radius of each permeant ion is shown for comparison. The pressure recordings applied manually are shown beneath for each trace. The pressure threshold of activation for MscS was not statistically different in these recording solutions (that is, KCl: 45.5±3.6 mm Hg, LiCl: 42.5±1.5 mm Hg, BaCl2: 48.4±5.3 mm Hg, CaCl2: 51.21±12.7 mm Hg).\nC: Current-voltage plot for MscS reconstituted in azolectin liposomes in the presence of symmetrical KCl 200 mM, CaCl2100 mM, BaCl2100 mM and BaCl2200 mM, HEPES 5 mM, pH 7.4. Current-voltage plot generated from amplitudes of fully open channels. There is a larger degree of rectification at negative pipette potentials in the presence of Ba2+and Ca2+than when K+is the major permeant cation. Applied pressures were between 40 and 60 mm Hg.\nD: Distribution of current histograms from raw records depicted in (a) illustrating the rise in the number of subconducting state with increasing pipette voltage to a maximum of 8 conducting states as seen with BaCl2. C, closed; FO, fully open; SC, subconducting state.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3137_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4319", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Graph of actin polymerization dynamics after cAMP stimulation measured at 12 °C using the phalloidin assay. Graph represents a mean of 15 measurements and error bars represent standard error of the mean (s.e.m.).\nB: Protein H/L ratios distribution of 616 detected proteins. H/L ratio 4 indicates a 80% labelling efficiency, H/L ratio 9 indicates 90% labelling efficiency and H/L ratio 19 indicates 95% labelling efficiency etc.\nC: Distribution of Gene Ontology (GO) term annotations in the filtered data set of detected proteins showing reproducible temporal enrichment profiles. Values indicate number of proteins in each GO component annotation group and percentage of the total number of proteins in the filtered data set.\nD: cAMP-dependent actin polymerization response measured in wild-type (Ax2) cells (red),docAKO cells (green),docBKO cells (blue) anddocA/docBdouble KO cells (purple). Graph shows quantification of actin bands in the cytoskeletal fractions separated by SDS–PAGE and stained with fluorescent protein dye—Krypton. Plots represent means and s.e. of four separate experiments normalized to the pre-stimulation time point.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4319_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4750", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Time course of current (black) and fluorescence (red) in response to +80 mV pulse for 5 s.\nB: Time course of fluorescence in response to a +60-mV pulse for 5 s before (red) and during (wine red) application of UCL 2077. (Inset) Cartoon consistent with the effect of UCL 2077 on KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel gating. Once the channel opens, the open-channel blocker UCL 2077 ref.20access its binding site in the pore. UCL 2077 promotes gate closing by binding to the S6 gate. The first fluorescence component is not affected by UCL 2077 binding (dashed square), but the second S4 movement and channel opening are inhibited.\nC: Model simulation of gating currents in KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels using the indicated voltage protocol (top) and same parameters as inb.\nD: A six-state allosteric gating scheme for KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels. Horizontal transitions represent independent S4 movements that increase the fluorescence to an intermediate level. The vertical transition represents concerted channel opening with a concomitant additional fluorescence increase. Cartoon shows KCNQ1 channel labelled with a fluorophore on S3–S4 with all four voltage sensors in the resting state (C0), with one (C1), or four (C4) voltage sensor activated without channel opening (top) that is followed by a concerted conformational change of all four S4s associated with channel opening (O4; bottom).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4750_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Gene expression for cells on the 200- and 600-μm diameter circle patterns, normalized to the 400-μm diameter patterns, before and after CHIR treatment.\nB: Microchamber generated from WTC hiPSCs on a 600-μm circular pattern after exposure to Thalidomide during the cardiac differentiation. Panels above and to the right of the main panel represent thezaxis projection images at their respectivexandycross-sections.\nC: Schematic of the fabrication process for PEG-patterned substrates confirmed by ToF-SIMS imaging to show the (b,c) PEG-related peak and TCPS-related peak. Scale bar, 50 μm .\nD: More EdU+ cells were located near the pattern perimeter compared with the centre. Data represent as the means with error bars s.d. withn=20 individual patterns. Statistical comparison was made between the centre and perimeter using two-sided Student’st-test. *P<0.05.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8413_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Modes 1 and 2 of the NMA on the open structure (top, orange arrow), and modes 3 and 4 of the NMA on the closed structure (bottom, yellow arrow) based on representative open state (confopen) and closed state (confclosed) structures (Fig. 3). The vectors representing both the amplitudes and directions of residues during the conformational changes are mapped on the ECD.\nB: The probability map of the MD snapshots withθandφas coordinates. The probability of the most abundant conformation is set to 1 and the relative probabilities of other conformations with respect to this conformation are shown. There are two states with higher probabilities (withθandφin areas circled by dotted lines): the open state (marine, represented by confopen) that can be stabilized by glucagon (semitransparent green cartoon) and the closed state (red, represented by confclosed). (c–e) Time dependences ofθ,φanddin the MD simulations on apo-GCGR and glucagon-GCGR and indication of confopenand confclosedMD snapshots.\nC: Schematic interpretation of the domains in the EM map, rotated into an orientation convenient for comparison.\nD: Representative snapshots of glucagon-bound GCGR (confopen, blue) and apo-GCGR (confclosed, red) in the MD simulations (defined inFig. 3). Regions investigated in HDX studies (seeFig. 2andTable 1) are coloured dark (red/blue) and shown in more detail in (b) the top region of the stalk;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8859_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8271", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Plot of mode unfolding forces (three independent experiments were performed for each pulling speed; seeSupplementary Fig. 6andTable 2for details) against retraction velocity for SasG domains (E shown in blue and G5 in red) and I27 (shown in green; data taken from Bestet al.70). Error bars represent s.d. E, G5 and I27 show a similar dependence of unfolding force on pulling speed, but SasG domains are mechanically more stable than I27.\nB: Equilibrium unfolding (closed circles) and refolding (open circles) data for wild-type G51(green), G51-E (orange), G52(red), E-G52(blue) and G51-E-G52(purple), as well as E-G52-T501CA488-E613CA594(magenta) and E-G52-E500W-E532CIAEDANS(cyan). Data for the wild-type proteins were collected by monitoring the change in intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence, whereas the FRET signal was measured as the change in acceptor fluorescence (Alexa Fluor 594 and 1,5-IAEDANS). All data were fit to a two-state model of unfolding (seeTable 1for thermodynamic parameters).\nC: SHRImP-TIRFM experimental method: Fluorophores were attached to the N- and C-termini of G51–G57via engineered cysteine residues. Fluorescently labelled protein was immobilized on a quartz slide surface using poly-D-lysine and visualized by prism-coupled TIRFM. By stepwise fluorophore photobleaching, individual point spread functions (PSFs) were analysed and interfluorophore distances calculated.\nD: fiveab initiobead models and their filtered average (grey);", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8271_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5913", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Histogram of pause durations (tpause) for: (Upper) WT orbiting motility mode (grey bars) and roaming motility mode (red hatched bars). (Norbiting=9,466 andNroaming=391); (Middle) ΔmshAmutants (N=1,521); (Lower) WT incubated in 200 mM dMann (NdMann=5,068).\nB: Histogram of the instantaneousθfor roaming (hatched) and orbiting (filled) over one cycle.\nC: Number of surface-adhered cells as a function of time for WT (○) and ΔmshA(Δ) with same initial cell number density.\nD: Model derived average radius of curvature (Rcurv) as a function of the friction coefficientγ. The arrows indicate two differentγvalues used to model roaming and orbiting phenotypes:γ=0.002 and 0.1, respectively. (inset, left) modelled roaming trajectory for 10 cycles; here,Rcurv=38 μm. (inset, right) Modelled orbiting trajectory for 20 cycles; hereRcurv=7 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5913_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9400", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cortical OE distributionin vivoof the factors fluorescently labelled. The images are OAI sum projections (12 frames every 10 s).\nB: Comparison of the canonical expansion profile (left) and the predicted expansion from the simulations (right). The areal expansion profiles (colour map) and expansion anisotropy (ellipses) are predicted precisely by the model.\nC: Measured wall element displacements at OEs using fluorescent Qdots. Top left: temporal projection of a Qdot-labelled cell during growth.\nD: Diagrammatic representation of the function of 11 key factors involved at different levels of the polarized growth cascade (black, polarity factors; green, exocytosis; blue, glucan synthesis).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9400_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12940", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Probability of sodium binding to Thr132 (blue), Asp164 (magenta) and THr132/Asp163/Ap164 (cyan) as a function of pH.\nB: A zoomed-in view of the cytoplasmic gate and core residues Asp163 and Asp164.\nC: Difference in the active site between the previous (yellow)6and new crystal structures (cyan, pdb 4AU5, resolution 3.7 Å).\nD: The first (previous) atomic-resolution crystal structure of NhaA (pdb 1ZCD, resolution 3.45 Å)6with residues in the pH sensor (entrance of the cytoplasmic funnel) and active site highlighted. The cytoplasmic funnel involves TMs IX, I, II and loops of TMs VIII and IX. The pH sensor contains Asp11 (TM I), Glu78, Arg81 and Glu82 (TM II), His243 (loop between TM VIII and IX), Lys249, Arg250, Glu252, His253 and His256 (TM IX). The active site contains Asp133 (between TMs IVc and IVp), Asp163 (TM V), Asp164 (TM V) and Lys300 (TM X). Acidic (Asp and Glu) and basic residues (Lys, Arg and His) are shown in red and blue, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12940_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1668", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Evolution of the mean average spatial density of the nucleus as a function of the CSI.\nB: Superimposed nuclear outlines show clearly the increase in the long-to-short axis ratio, whereas the nuclear projected area decreases.\nC: The long-to-short axis ratio (a/b, black curve) and the projected area (green curve), corresponding to the green dashed area in the cartoon presented ina, were plotted as a function of the CSI for SA=1,600 μm2. Data are given as mean±s.d. with 8≤n≤12.\nD: Evolution of the NSI of ECs plated on 1,600 μm2elongated micropatterns (CSI=0.26) in response to various pharmacological agents. NSI for control cells is presented in black. Data are given as mean±s.d. (12≤n≤15).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1668_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6849", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A schematic representation of the free energy profile of the Rad4/XPC-induced DNA-opening process is shown: free Rad4/XPC is indicated in cyan, Rad4/XPC in the ‘search’ mode in pink and in the ‘open’ recognition complex in orange. The free energy surface for opening damaged DNA sites is in red and that for undamaged sites is in blue. ΔGd‡and ΔG‡uddenote the free energy barriers to open damaged and undamaged sites in the complex, respectively.\nB: 2AP (X in the schematic representation of DNA substrates) was placed within 3-bp mismatch DNA (AN3) and matched DNA (AN4;Supplementary Table 1). The 2AP fluorescence emission spectra were measured for DNA alone (black) and Rad4–DNA complexes (red) with excitation at 314 nm at 25 °C (left: AN3;right: AN4). The 2AP fluorescence emission intensities increase 4.0 (±0.7)-fold and 1.4 (±0.1)-fold on Rad4 binding to mismatch and matched DNA, respectively. All measurements were done with untethered Rad4. Protein and DNA concentrations were 10 μM each.\nC: Relaxation kinetic traces measured in response to a ~7 °C T-jump show (left) single-exponential kinetics, with relaxation time 5.1±0.5 ms (at final temperature 26 °C) for Rad4–mismatch DNA, and (right) much slower kinetics, with relaxation time 190±42 ms (at final temperature 29 °C) for Rad4–matched DNA. The uncertainties in the relaxation times are sample s.d. from two sets of measurements. Note that theKdvalues of Rad4 bound to mismatch or matched DNA are in nanomolar range (Supplementary Fig. 1), well below the 60 μM concentrations used in the T-jump experiments.\nD: Rad4-bound DNA conformations are nearly identical between the damaged- and the undamaged-bound conformations. Cytidines are represented in yellow boxes, thymidines in blue, guanosines in green and adenosines in red. The figure is generated by 3DNA44.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6849_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: ΔZFV1/2values plotted against the number of fluorines for Phe and fluorinated Phe derivatives incorporated at position 481 on the background of Lys380Cys, Arg387Gln, Lys390Gln, Arg394Gln and Arg377Lys. Lines indicate linear fits obtained withf=y0+a*x, withy0=0 (mutants in black, WT in red). All data=mean±s.e.m.\nB: Model highlighting the proximity of Glu395 to Phe481 (based on a refined model of the Kv1.2 open channel crystal structure42); (c,d) GVs of Phe and fluorinated Phe derivatives incorporated at position 481 on the background of Glu395Gln (c) and Glu395Asn (d) (n=3–6 each; see alsoSupplementary Table S1);\nC: Bar diagram comparing the free energy difference between Phe and F3-Phe incorporated at position 481 on the WT (empty bar) or LT double-mutant background (black bar). All experimental data=mean±s.e.m.\nD: Experimentally observed deactivation rates for Phe and F3-Phe (open and blue circles, respectively; reproduced fromFig. 2f) compared with the simulated deactivation rates for Phe and F3-Phe based on kinetic modelling using the ZHA model (red lines);", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2761_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2507", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: kdissas a function of the cRafRBDconcentration.kblinkingfrom the experiment inFig. 1jis shown as a comparison. Error bars denote s.e. (n>180). (c–e) Real-time traces of HRas–cRafRBDinteraction. Note that the background fluorescence increases with the surface HRas density. We used the same prey concentration of [cRafRBD]=10 nM.\nB: Schematic of single-molecule western blot analysis. Competition between cellular and probe Ras for binding to the primary antibody reduces the number of probe Ras specifically bound to the surface, which consequently reduces the number of fluorescent spots. Note that as each primary antibody binds to two Ras proteins, one fluorescent spot disappears when both of two light-chain arms are occupied by cellular Ras.\nC: Schematic of the real-time single-molecule co-IP.\nD: A second negative control experiment with surface-immobilized FLAG-eGFP.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2507_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10260", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A denaturing PAGE analysis of primer extension by DNAP on either an unmodified template (no CPD lesion, denoted as ‘U’) or a CPD-containing DNA template (denoted as ‘CPD’).\nB: Schematic representation of the single-molecule configuration. Two ssDNA arms were held at a constant force, while the motion of a T7 DNAP was monitored by the fork location. A single CPD lesion (red star) was located on the template strand.\nC: Schematic representation of primer extension on a DNA template containing a single CPD lesion in ensemble studies. A 25-mer primer labelled with 5′ fluorescein was annealed to a 71-mer template containing a single CPD lesion at nucleotides 46 and 47.\nD: Representative traces showing the number of replicated base pairs versus time in the presence of 1-mM dNTP (each) under 12, 8 and 6 pN. For clarity, traces have been shifted along the time axis. The dotted lines indicate the lesion position. Note that at 6 pN, DNAP excised DNA from the 3′ end.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10260_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6937", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Immunoblot analysis of MDCK transfected or not with different amounts (0.5, 1 and 2 μg) of Myc-tagged-p110δ cDNA (Myc 2-p110δ) and revealed with p110δ (sc7176) and myc tag antibodies. Actin was used as a loading control.\nB: Total RNA from cells inewere analysed by qRT–PCR for p110δ expression and normalized to GAPDH. Values from three independent experiments are expressed as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.001 (Student’st-test).\nC: The distribution of p110δ signal was analysed by ImageJ software in an individual cell from a cyst. A circle was defined at the periphery of each cell and the plugin produces a profile plot of normalized integrated intensities around concentric circles as a function of distance from a point in the image, considered here as the centre of the cell. The circle was divided in three bands (1, 2, 3) with equal radius.\nD: MDCK transfected as inawith si3 or ctrl cells were grown in Matrigel for 96 h to form cysts and then stained for p110δ (green) using p110δ-specific antibody (ab32401), PCX (red) and Hoechst (blue). Single confocal section through the middle of the cyst is shown. Scale bar, 10 μm. 3D reconstruction from allxzsections is presented in the right column in grey background.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6937_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of theex vivoculture experiment. The excised caudal region of pupae (a-1) was cleaned of internal tissues by pipetting with S2 medium (a-2), then placed into a culture tray with S2 medium. Time-lapse images were captured by a microscope.\nB: Frequency of cell boundaries with an angleθof −90° to 0° or of 0° to 90° to the AP axis in controls,myoID,DE-Cadknockdown andsqhknockdown flies at 23 and 29 h APF.\nC: PCC was observedin silico. Frequency of cell boundaries with angleθin the range −90° to 0° or 0° to 90° with respect to the AP axisin silico(demonstrated inc). Number of trials,N; number of cell boundaries,n(d,e).\nD: Rose diagrams representing the percentage of cell intercalation axes at 30° intervals of angleθin the virtual cellsin silico(illustrated inc).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10074_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8277", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic of experimental setup showing microfluidic flow cell and microscope objective lens for TIRF-M.\nB: Co-crystal structure of the PthXo1 TALE bound to its specific DNA target22, with only the CRD region and a portion of the NTR shown for display66.\nC: Distribution of bound times for NTR truncation mutant on DNA templates, which is described by a single-exponential decay. The number of events recorded,n, is equal to 80.\nD: Single-molecule trajectory at 90 mM KCl over long timescales (>5 s) shows periods of rapid diffusion interspersed with periods of diminished diffusion.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8277_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7481", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Secondary structure representation of the NOX-D20 Spiegelmer reflecting the presence of two strongly interconnected structural domains. The ribose-phosphate backbone is indicated by a single plain line. Watson–Crick and non-Watson–Crick base pairs in the stem domain are indicated by double (A-U) or triple (G-C) plain and double dotted lines, respectively. The topology of the G-quadruplex is indicated in the insert above the scheme.\nB: Schematic representation of the selection principle to generate mC5a-binding Spiegelmers.\nC: Direct SPR measurement of the binding affinities of NOX-D20 for relevant mC5a mutants compared with WT mC5a using immobilized mC5a and increasing NOX-D20 concentrations. The weak interaction with mC5a S697A is shown in the magnified inset.\nD: NOX-D20 binding of mC5a WT and mutants analysed by competitive SPR measurement with immobilized mC5a on the sensor chip surface, a fixed NOX-D20 concentration and increasing competitor concentrations.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7481_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9167", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: X-ray structures of 3BC176 and 3BC315 are shown in cartoon rendering. The Fab heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) are shown in dark and light grey, respectively. The CDR loops are coloured and labelled.\nB: M535 in gp41 is surrounded by aromatic residues from CDRH3 (purple) and CDRL1 (pink).\nC: Model of the interplay between distant epitopes on the Env trimer. When the CD4bs is readily accessible (red patch), perhaps in early Env populations, the 3BC315 epitope is occluded (left). Occlusion of the CD4bs, potentially as a mechanism to escape CD4bs antibodies, then leads to Env variants in which the 3BC315 epitope (red patch) on gp41 (right) becomes exposed, perhaps via glycan reconfiguration.\nD: On the basis of the docking of crystal structures into the EM reconstruction (white surface), 3BC315 Fab (white cartoon) interacts with gp41 (gp41-1, light green) and gp120 (gp120, pink) within a single gp140 protomer, as well as with the adjacent gp41 (gp41-2, dark green) of the neighbouring protomer. A close up view of this region is shown in the inset.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9167_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14132", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: FPP in space-filling representation. The surface of the binding pocket is also represented.\nB: GPP binding in absence (left panels) and presence (right panels) of Mg2+.\nC: Superimposition of open (FPP bound, cyan) and closed (substrate bound, green) states. DMAPP was modelled in based on the structures of FPPS in complex with substrate analogues (PDB IDs 1RQI and 4H5E). Yellow spheres are Mg2+ions coordinated to the Asp-rich motifs of the enzyme.\nD: FPP binding in absence of Mg2+. The raw thermogram is shown in the upper panel, and the binding isotherm with the fitted curve in the lower panel.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14132_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5068", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: AF2299 is a dimer of two subunits each with six TM helices and an N-terminal domain of the cytidyltransferase fold. The protein is depicted with one subunit in grey and the other in rainbow coloured ribbon representation, from blue (N terminus) to red (C terminus), viewed (on the left) in the plane of the membrane, and (on the right) from the extracellular side of the membrane down the dimer interface.\nB: TM 2 and 3 (blue cylinders) form a groove, backed by TM1, lined by the residues of the signature motif (solid red line; the non-conserved segment between the two helices is indicated by a dashed red line).\nC: The putative catalytic aspartate, D239, lies approximately equidistant between the bound CMP and a bound sulphate ion, located between two arginine residues, R240 and R304.\nD: An alignment of AF2299 with DIPP synthases shows several highly conserved regions outside the signature motif; notably, the two arginines that coordinate the bound sulfate, R240 and R304 (indicated in red), are absolutely conserved.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5068_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Superposition of 20 calculated RIAM-N/talin-F3 complex structures with lowest energies, showing a well-defined structure.\nB: Effects of integrin activation by talin in the presence of RIAM and talin-binding-defective RIAM M11E/F12E/L15E/L16E mutant (RIAM-4E). NS, not significant, * significant withP<0.05. The comparison clearly suggests that RIAM significantly enhanced the activation of full-length talin (talinFL+RIAM versus talinFL) but not talin-H (P>0.79, Talin-H+RIAM versus Talin-H), suggesting the role of RIAM in unmasking autoinhibited talin. The 4E mutation impairs the RIAM binding to talin and substantially reduces its activation capacity (talinFL+RIAM-4E versus talinFL+RIAM).\nC: Talin: N-terminal talin head is composed of F0, F1, F2 and F3 subdomains whereas C-terminal talin-R is composed of 13 helical bundles (R1-R13) followed by a dimerization domain (DD).\nD: The structure of talin-F3 (blue) bound to RIAM-N (red) was superimposed onto the talin-F2F3 (green) bound to talin-R9 (cyan), showing that RIAM-N sterically interferes with the autoinhibitory interface.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6880_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1237", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Electrostatic representation of the CFP1 CXXC domain in complex with a CpG DNA. The DNA is coloured in salmon. The secondary structure of the CFP1 CXXC domain is overlaid with the surface representation to assist in orientation.\nB: Schematic representation of the CFP1 CXXC domain and the CpG–DNA complex. Hydrogen bonds, including those mediated by water, are marked by red arrows.\nC: Structure-based sequence alignment of CXXC domain of CXXC family members. The alignment was created with Espript (http://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/ESPript/). CFP1 (accession number: NP_055408): CFP1 CXXC domain; MLL1 (accession number: NP_005924): MLL1 CXXC domain; KDM2A (accession number: NP_036440): KDM2A CXXC domain; KDM2B (accession number: NP_115979): KDM2B CXXC domain; MBD1_CXXC3 (accession number: NP_056671): the third CXXC domain of MBD1; CXXC4 (accession number: NP_079488): CXXC4 CXXC domain; CXXC5 (accession number: NP_057547): CXXC5 CXXC domain; TET1 (accession number: NP_085128): TET1 CXXC domain; DNMT1 (accession number: NP_001370): DNMT1 CXXC domain; MBD1_CXXC1 (accession number: NP_056671): the first CXXC domain of MBD1; MBD1_CXXC2 (accession number: NP_056671): the second CXXC domain of MBD1. The eight conserved cysteines are coloured in yellow. Residues involved in recognition of CpG and the basepair following CpG are marked by stars and dots, respectively.\nD: Stereo view of the interactions of the CFP1 CXXC domain with nucleotides outside the CpG motif. The DNA molecule and protein are coloured in salmon and grey cartoon representations, respectively. Residues or nucleotides involved in interactions are coloured in cyan sticks (CFP1) and salmon sticks (DNA).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1237_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4622", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Overall structure of the rPres TMD as derived from the MD simulation seen from the side (upper panel) and from the extracellular space (lower panel). Colours indicate the two inverted repeats (repeat TM1–TM7 in green, repeat TM8–TM14 in magenta).\nB: TM segments defining the central cavity. A uracil molecule is deliberately positioned corresponding to its location in the UraA crystal structure.\nC: Working model for alternating access transport mechanism consistent with the dual accessibility of position S404 in cPres. Alternate accessibility of the substrate-binding site may result from rotational movement between gate and core domains as hypothesized for UraA27. Shading of outward-facing conformation (Eo) symbolizes lack of extracellular accessibility of homologous position S398 in rPres, suggesting that outward-out conformation may not be reached.\nD: rPresΔCys(R236C) as an example for an amino-acid position accessible from the extracellular side. NLC was measured in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration while MTSES or MTSET (1 mM) were applied to the extracellular side via an application capillary (left panel). Changes inV1/2during the application (middle panel) indicate covalent modification of cysteine 236. Representative NLC traces before (black) and after application of MTSES (red) or MTSET (blue) are shown in the right panels.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4622_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9843", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The masked reconstruction is projected in the orientations of the particle images (top) to create a stack of masked particle projections (middle). These are then subtracted from the original particle images, to create a new stack of particle images (bottom) that contain density corresponding mainly to the subunits of interest.\nB: Icosahedral reconstruction of the polymerase complex particle at 4.8-Å resolution is shown along the icosahedral threefold axis of symmetry. The P1 monomers around fivefolds are coloured in blue and the P1 monomers around twofolds and threefolds in red.\nC: Localized reconstructions of the VP4 spike are shown before (∼260,000; left) and after (∼113,000; right) classification and selection of the best sub-particles. Both of the maps have been low-pass filtered to 7.7-Å resolution and rendered at the same isosurface threshold. Most importantly, classification of the sub-particles before reconstruction improved the density for the tip of the spike (rectangle).\nD: A comparison of the three classes (coloured in different shades of red, 1 being the darkest, 2 being medium and 3 being the lightest) is shown as cross-sections of the vertices. The difference between the heights of the vertex in classes 1 and 3 is 15 Å (top row) and the angular difference is two degrees (bottom row).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9843_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14932", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Superposition ofC. elegansiPGM-o (cyan),C. elegansiPGM-m (tan) andC. elegansiPGM·Ce-2d(aquamarine). TheCe-2dpeptide is represented as cylinders.\nB: Ce-2van der Waals radii shown using a CPK model. The Cys14 sulfhydryl is shown in yellow.\nC: Phylogenetic tree constructed for amino-acid sequence alignments of seven species orthologues and isozymes of PGM. Percentage bootstrap values based on 1,000 replicates are indicated at branch nodes.\nD: Cavity formed fromC. elegansiPGM residues (light blue chain under transparent spheres) within 5 Å of theCe-2dmacrocycle shown as a worm α-chain (gold) representation scaled by B-factor with select side chains (Tyr3, Pro4, thioether linkage, and C-terminal Tyr11 amide) shown. The iPGM Ala334 residue is shown as a CPK space fill. Electrostatic surface of theCe-2dbinding cavity is also shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14932_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: . Alignment of α+6-helices from MononegaviralesLproteins. K-K-G motif residues are highlighted in red; the arginine replacing the second lysine of the motif inFiloviridaeandRhabdoviridaeis highlighted in magenta. Red letters indicate other (less strictly) conserved residues, except for the G that replaces the first lysine of the K-K-G motif in mostRhabdoviridae(blue).\nB: Cartoon representation of the CR-VI+ crystal structure, from amino (N) to carboxy (C) terminus (no structure could be assigned to the first∼18 residues). The +domain is shown in red, with K1991and K1995of the K-K-G motif in stick format. The CR-VI (MTase) domain is coloured purple (β-strands) and green (helices and loops), except forβ1λ,β2λ andβ4λ (the loop regions C terminal of β-strands 1, 2 and 4 that formSAMP; orange), and λ1650–1666(which disengages itself from the main CR-VI-fold to interact with the +domain; yellow). Nomenclature of helices and strands follows that used for other MTases (c). The pale-blue sticks show the K-D-K-E motif. A Zn-ion (silver sphere) is co-ordinated by H1766, H1798, C1802and C1805.\nC: . Substrate specificity was determined as above, but using various synthetic RNA substrates, and allowing the reactions to proceed for 16 h. Substrates were compared withGpppGGGACAAGU (red and blue panels) and pppGGGACAAGU (green panel), for which the degree of methylation was set at 100% (#, marked bars). The red-shaded panel compares the degree of methylation of nine-nucleotide-long hMPV start sequences with different 5′-ends and methylation states (the lighter bars represent uncapped RNAs). The results indicate efficient methylation of RNAs that already carried a (cold) methyl group, either at theirN7-guanine or 2′O-ribose position (confirming the occurrence of 2′O- andN7-methylation, respectively), and of uncapped RNAs (especially pppRNA). The pppRNA substrate is predominantly methylated at N1, as substrates that were methylated beforehand at this nucleotide do not undergo substantial additional methylation (green panel). CR-VI+ prefers the hMPV start sequence over the shortGpppACCCC sequence, and over RNA-start sequences of Dengue virus and SARS coronavirus, irrespective of their lengths (blue panel). A nine-nucleotide hMPV substrate, however, is much preferred over one with only five nucleotides, indicating that additional interactions take place between the protein and nucleotides 6–9. Consistently a 10-times lowerKD(dissociation constant) characterizes the interaction of CR-VI+ with the 9-mer, compared with that with the 5-mer. TheKDs, measured in triplicate using a dot-blot assay and listed at the right of the diagram (±s.d.’s), also show that capped and uncapped hMPV sequences are bound with comparable affinities, and that 2′O-methylated substrates are preferred over unmethylated ones.\nD: The relative positions of the pockets in the protein.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9749_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Graphical representation of interactions between each enhancer with the differentIrxpromoters, as determined by 3C in two tissues: midbrain/hindbrain (black bars) and limbs (grey bars). The background interaction was calculated as the average of the interactions observed between each fixed position and two regions flanking the promoters. Graphs show means of at least three independent experiments for each enhancer. Asterisks indicate enhancer–promoter interactions that differ significantly from enhancer–control interactions: *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; Student'st-test. Error bars indicate s.e.m. ExactP-values are listed as follows: 2,260 versusIrx1(brain),P=0.0003; 2,260 versusIrx2(brain),P=0.020; 3,240 versusIrx1(limb),P=0.043; 3,240 versusIrx1(brain),P=0.001; 3,240 versusIrx2(limb),P=0.047; 3,240 versusIrx2(brain),P=0.003; 3,565 versusIrx1(limb),P=0.002; 3,565 versusIrx1(brain),P=0.014; 3,565 versusIrx4(brain),P=0.049; 2,165 versusIrx1(brain),P=0.024; 2,165 versusIrx2(brain),P=0.002.\nB: Expression patterns of the enhancers tested in mouse and their respective positions on human chromosome 5. Arrows mark primer positions used for 3C studies; fixed positions are coloured in red and variable positions in black.\nC: Distribution of CTCF binding within theIrxclusters as determined by ChIP-seq in different cell types in the ENCODE project. In most cell types, CTCF is bound to theIrxpromoters (coloured boxes). Note that the first two genes of each complex (orange boxes) are bound by CTCF in more cell types than the promoter of the third gene (grey boxes).\nD: An equivalent interaction betweenIrx3andIrx5promoters was observed in mouse andXenopusembryos. In these experiments, the fixed primers are situated at theIrx3promoters. Background interaction was calculated, for each species, as the average of the interactions between each fixed position and two flanking regions at a distance of 30 kbp from theIrx5promoters. Graphs show means from at least three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate enhancer–promoter interactions that differ significantly from enhancer–control interactions: *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; Student'st-test. Error bars indicate s.e.m. ExactP-values are listed as follows:mIrx1versus 3,565 (brain),P=0.023; mouseIrx1versusIrx2(brain),P=0.001; mouseIrx1versusIrx2(limb),P=3.9×10−6; mouseIrx3versusIrx5(brain),P=0.004; mouseIrx3versusIrx5(limb),P=9.2×10−6;Xenopus Irx3versusIrx5,P=2.4×10−4.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1301_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5244", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A cartoon model illustrating the functional role of the membrane-embedded Cds enzyme in phospholipid biosynthesis. PA, phosphatidic acid; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; PS, phosphatidylserine; PI, phosphatidylinositol.\nB: Structure of a TmCdsA monomer with each individual domain coloured in blue, green or red. CTD, C-terminal domain; MD, middle domain;NTD, N-terminal domain .\nC: Topological organization of the transmembrane helices within TmCdsA. The green ‘S’ characters labelled by * symbol indicate the location of S200, S223 and S258 residues, which are mutated into cysteine residues for crystallization purpose in this study.\nD: The effect of increasing monovalent cation (K+, Rb+, NH4+, Na+, Li+or Cs+) concentration on the activity of TmCdsA. The lowest dark curve is measured with variable K+concentration and in the absence of Mg2+ion, whereas the other curves are measured in the presence of 2 mM Mg2+and variable concentrations of different monovalent cations.n=3 for the following data points measured with 2 mM Mg2+: [K+]=50, 200 mM; [Na+]=200 mM; [NH4+]=0 mM; [Li+]=0, 200 mM; [Cs+]=0, 25, 50 mM; [Rb+]=0, 50 mM.n=4 for the others.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5244_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15744", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Representative traces (Cy3 as donor in green, Cy5 as acceptor in red, and FRET in blue) from the assay on MxAMO2-AS in the nucleotide-free condition.\nB: Possible mechanism for the release of BSEs from the neighbouring stalks. The MxA/dynamin helical polymer are shown in an intersection view. Constriction leads to decreased number of molecules in a helical rung and increased angular separation between the neighbouring building block dimers, which causes detachment of BSEs and stalks. GDs are omitted for clarity.\nC: Structural comparison between MxAMO1(upper) and MxAFL(lower, PDB accession number 3SZR). For MxAMO1, GD, BSE, stalk and hinge 1 are coloured orange, red, green and cyan, respectively. Secondary structure elements surrounding hinge 1 are indicated. MxAFLis coloured grey.\nD: Schematic representation showing the proposed process of axial force generation. Detachment of BSEs from neighbouring stalks release the conformational flexibility of the BSE-stalk region. As stalks are still associated together, movement of BSEs will generate mechanic forces that may include an axial fraction. More GTP turnover cycles can boost the axial force output that eventually pushes the neighbouring rungs away from each other. In this case, the helical MxA/dynamin polymer exhibits a ‘poppase’ feature43. Helical polymers are depicted as green spirals around brown substrates. Part of the GDs and BSEs are omitted for clarity.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15744_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3465", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Model of the open pore channel, adapted from McCuskeret al.9showing the locations of the spin-labelled amino acids. The outward displacement of the end of transmembrane helix S6 in this open form is due to a kink at T209 in the middle of S6. Only two of the four monomers are shown for clarity. The black arrows indicate the positions of the truncations (Δ223 and Δ239) used in the electrophysiology experiments.\nB: Compatibility of the DEER-derived CTD structure with the crystal structure/packing. Electron density map (in blue) overlaid by the structure (in ribbon representation) of the pore domain, with the DEER-defined CTD structure fit into the ‘disordered’ region between ordered tetramers in the crystal lattice. For clarity, one tetramer is depicted with its pore domain in red and its CTD in yellow; the others are in cream.\nC: Distance distributions obtained by: Tikhonov regularization (different coloured lines for each mutant spectrum), except for the A221C–D250C double mutant (bottom panel) where two Rice distributions were used; MMM predictions based on the first static model structure are represented as orange lines and those based on the first dynamic model are thick grey lines; MMM predictions based on the final dynamic model are in black dotted lines. All plots are normalized by amplitude.\nD: Alignment of the CTDs of bacterial sodium channels starting at the end of transmembrane helix S6 (red bar above alignment). GenBank nucleotide accession codes: NavMs, YP_864725; NaChBac, NP_242367; chimeric NaK-NavSulP, with NaK, AB617622 and (italicised) NavSulP, NAS-14.1, AALZ01000002. The coiled-coil region predicted for NavMs is indicated by a yellow bar above the sequence alignment. The residues in NaChBac, which form the helical region5and the region of the NaK-NavSulP chimera, which forms a coiled-coil14are underlined. Residues that were mutated to cysteines and spin labelled are in coloured boxes. The same colouring scheme for each mutant is used in all figures: transmembrane residue A221 is pink, linker region residues A223 and A232 are lilac and purple, respectively; residues I241, D250, A260 and R268 in the predicted coiled-coil region are shades of blue and the final residue K273 is green. The EEE residues changed in the QQQ mutant used for electrophysiology are in bold.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3465_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Induced synapsin clustering in rat hippocampal neurons by TrkC TM (WT), TrkC TM_D240A+D242A and TrkC TM2Qexpressing COS-7 cells. Analysis of variance,P<0.0001; **P<0.001 compared with TrkC TM bypost hocBonferroni’s multiple comparison test,n=26 cells from two experiments. Scale bar, 10 μM. Relative cell surface expression levels are shown inSupplementary Fig. 9.\nB: Space-filled and tube representations of chicken RPTPσ Ig1–2:TrkC LRRIg1crystcrystal structure.N-linked glycans in atom representation. Disordered RPTPσ Lys-loop, blue dotted line; TrkC LRRIg1crystamino-acid residue 62–78 junction, asterisk. (c–e) Detailed view of bonding interactions at RPTPσ:TrkC interface for binding sites 1–3. Corresponding electron density is illustrated inSupplementary Fig. 7. Potential electrostatic and hydrogen bonds, black dashed lines; oxygen atoms, red; nitrogen atoms, bluewhite.\nC: SPR analysis of human RPTPσ Ig1–3 binding to immobilized mouse TrkC LRRIg1 and TrkC LRRIg1 D240A+D242A. Measured binding values: TrkC LRRIg1,Kd=258 nM andBmax=540 RU; TrkC LRRIg1 D240A+D242A,KdandBmaxnot determined.\nD: Additional features observed in complex 1 from the RPTPσ Ig1–3:TrkC LRRIg12Qcrystal structure. Residues within the 63–77 loop that were not present in the P2 crystal structure are coloured blue and the remaining missing residues are indicated by dotted lines. View rotated relative tobas indicated. TrkC LRR, magenta; RPTPσ, cyan.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6209_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7655", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Inhibition of the yHsp90 ATPase activity by Sti1 and Sti1 linker deletion determined by an ATP-regenerative ATPase assay at 30 °C. Concentrations of 2 μM Hsp90, 2 μM Sti1 variant and 2 mM ATP were used. Means of three independent measurements are shown. Error bars indicate s.e. values (c) Binding affinities of wild-type Sti1, Sti1 Δlinker and Δlinker N39A with yHsp90 and yHsp70 determined by SPR. The binding affinities are normalized to Sti1 wild-type levels. Error bars indicate s.e. of the fit using titration data.\nB: Scheme of Sti1 and Sti1 deletion variants investigated in this study.\nC: Relative GR activity of ΔSti1 yeast cells expressing wild-type Sti1, Sti1 TPR2A-TPR2B-DP2, Sti1 Δlinker or Sti1 Δlinker N39A. GR activity of Sti1 wild-type expressing cells was set to 100%. Means of three independent experiments are shown. Error bars indicate s.e. values.\nD: The secondary structure of the different domains of Sti1. The residues mutated to a cysteine are shown in red (grey: not resolved in the structure).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7655_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3965", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CRD mutants with compromised signalling activity have altered subcellular localization. Cl8 cells expressing wild type or the indicated Myc-Smo-mutant protein, in the presence of Hh (+) or empty vector control, were examined by indirect immunofluorescence. Wild-type Smo translocates to the plasma membrane in response to Hh, whereas Smo CRD cysteine to alanine-mutant C90A that was required for maximal Hh reporter gene induction was largely retained in the ER. Smo was detected using anti-Myc (red), Calreticulin-GFP-KDEL marks the ER (green) and DAPI (blue) marks the nucleus. Scale bar, 10 μM.\nB: Surface representation of the residues that interact with Bud are shown in yellow and the positively charged H135 is shown in blue.\nC: Smo has more than one binding site. We propose that molecules like Bud bind to the Smo CRD (left, red rectangle) to alter its conformation and attenuate its signalling activity. Cyclopamine and vismodegib are known to bind near the orthosteric-binding site located in the cavity of the Smo 7TM domains (right, pink inverted triangle). We speculate that there is the possibility of a class of molecules (middle, yellow star), which would bind to the CRD and cause a conformational change of the Smo extracellular structures to bring it closer to the 7TM domains. This in turn might change the conformation of the transmembrane domains to regulate signalling.\nD: The aromatic side chains of the Bud contacting Smo CRD residues are shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3965_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2126", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The number of eIF3η stress granules present in sodium arsenate-treated SY5Y (n=64), WT (n=62), C39W (n=78) or K40I (n=83). Data pooled from two experiments (*P<0.05): at 0.5 mM sodium arsenate SY5Y (n=51), WT (n=48), C39W (n=45), K40I (n=53) and at 1.0 mM sodium arsenate SY5Y (n=64), WT (n=62), C39W (n=78) and K40I (n=83). Analysis of variance with Tukey'spost hocanalysis). Error bars±s.e.m.\nB: Immunostaining for cleaved caspase 3 in SY5Y clones both undifferentiated and differentiated on PA6 (with retinoic acid and dibutyryl-cAMP).\nC: Immunostaining for TDP-43, GE-1/HEDLS (processing bodies) and eIF3η (stress granules). SY5Y and SY5Y mAng1HA WT, C39W or K40I were treated with sodium arsenate for 2.5 h at the concentrations indicated. Open arrow indicates adjacent granules positive for all three markers, whereas closed arrow indicates single TDP-43 granules. Scale bar, 25 μm.\nD: High-resolution structure of native hANG. The active site residues (orange) and the nuclear localization sequence (cyan) are shown. Labelled in black are the positions of hANG-ALS variants in the ANG structure. The disulphide bridges are shown as red sticks. Labelled in purple are the secondary structure elements of hANG. Figure was created using the programme PyMOL (http://www.delanoscientific.com).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2126_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1717", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: WT (light grey), S1904L (grey) and H6-C S1904L (black) traces shown at low gain and high gain to show similarly increased late current in both S1904L and H6-C S1904L. Introduction of H6-C (Q1918H) does not affect the SL mutant phenotype. Zero shown as broken line. Vertical scale bars represent 10% peak current for low-gain and 2% peak current for high-gain insets. Horizontal scale bars represent 25 ms for low-gain and 32 ms for high-gain insets.\nB: Interactions between side chains of residues on the N terminal end of H6 (H1900, V1903, S1904, V1907L denoted by yellow side chains) and side chains of residues on the H1–H2 linker (F1808, denoted by cyan side chain) and the H2–H3 linker (V1843 and S1844, also in cyan) as predicted by the model.\nC: Model of the NaV1.5 structured C-T as shown inFigure 4. The locus of the LQT3 mutation (S1904) is represented as a cyan space-filling side chain on H6.\nD: Fluorescence quenching of NaV1.5 CT WT (black) and H4 di-HIS (magenta) in the presence of Ni2+. Curves are averaged-normalized fits with a modified Hill equation (seemethods). Points are averaged-normalized individual data points±s.d.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1717_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5439", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Proposed model for FALDH membrane interaction. FALDH dimer is anchored into lipid bilayers via two transmenbrane domains. Hydrophobic patches (including the gatekeeper helix) around the substrate funnel reach into the membrane and allow efficient substrate (shown in yellow) turnover in the active site (AS). Positively charged residues around these patches increase membrane interaction (seeSupplementary Fig. 6a,b). NAD-binding pockets are directed away from the membrane and fully accessible.\nB: The FALDH secondary structure (blue, β-sheets; red, α-helices): a central plane of beta sheets (β1–5 of each dimer) and two staggered, spiral-like alignment (β 6–14) that are enveloped by alpha helices (α 1–15). α16+17 are arranged around the substrate entry funnel of the respective other momomer.\nC: Reaction schemes for the oxidation of long-chain fatty aldehydes by FALDH. (1) Cys-241 is activated by a general base (possible active residues are (a) Glu-207 or (b) Glu-331), and then initiates a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde. Correct positioning of the polar aldehyde head group is supported by Asn-112. (2) The formed oxyanion collapses, eliminating a hydride ion, which is transferred to NAD. (3) A proton is abstracted from a water molecule, which initiates a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the covalently bound substrate. (4) A recurrent oxyanion collapse terminates the thiohemiacetal bond and releases the fatty acid product.\nD: FALDH is a symmetrical homodimer with a large dimerization interface. One subunit is shown in cartoon representations (green), the other as surface model (grey). Each dimer exhibits two active sites (catalytic side chains are shown in red).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5439_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Summary of W55A mutational effects on ACh affinity. In both the simulations and experiments, the energy change was partial for αγC4δand αδC4γbut nearly complete for αɛC4γ.\nB: Distributions of binding energies from WT AChR simulations. Arrows mark the correspondingin vitroaffinities estimated from electrophysiology experiments.\nC: Affinity estimates from simulations and electrophysiology experiments are correlated. Circles, ACh (alanine mutations of core aromatics except where marked); squares, TMA (WT only). In both simulations and electrophysiology experiments, there is a large loss in binding energy with γW55A and a small gain with δW57A (arrows).\nD: Relative dynamics of the β-sheet backbone. LA is associated with a smaller RMSF (light blue) in the β5′ linker and loop E, and a greater RMSF (green) at the bottom half of the hairpin and regions surrounding W55. αC of the C4 amino acids, light blue spheres; structural water oxygen, red sphere; H-bonds, dashed lines; numbers are after γ-subunit. PDB accession number 3WIP; seeFig. 8andSupplementary Table 2for quantitative analyses.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11352_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13557", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: gp42:L85 (sticks) contacts gH:G189 in the188KGD190motif, while gp42:E171 (cyan) is positioned to form charge–charge interactions with gH:K188. The shortest distance (10.4 Å) between the minimal inhibitory peptide of gp42 peptide ending at gp42:W81 (ref.17) with the gH188KGD190motif is highlighted. Structures were rendered using MacPyMol.\nB: Schematic for the gp42:gH interaction. The gp42 N-domain (43–85) and C-domain (86–221) are shown above and below gH domains, positioning them adjacent to gH domains with which they interact. Residues in gH interacting with the gp42 N-domain27are boxed and labelled as HABDs 1–5. The most important gp42 N-domain residues are in coloured red and in bold type. Underlined residue gp42:N64 is potentially N-linked glycosylated. gH:R350 lies underneath the gp42 linker (residues 62–66) and is shown as a hexagon. The putative integrin binding motif in gH (‘KGD’ motif) is shown in light blue. (b–g) Each of the primary high-affinity binding subsites (HABDs) of gH for the gp42 N-domain peptide is shown separately, highlighting the interacting residues.\nC: Cell–cell fusion assays with gL mutants. The gH vector in the absence of gL was used as a negative control (denoted as neg. ctrl). Surface expression of the mutants was monitored using HA-tagged gL (grey bars). Fusion activity is expressed as a percentage of wt activity levels for epithelial-cell fusion (maroon coloured bars) and B-cell fusion (blue coloured bars). They-axis represents a shared scale for both surface expression levels (%) and fusion activity (%). Multiplet-tests, one per each row (seeSupplementary Table 3), was performed with statistical significance determined by the Holm–Sidak method withα=0.05. Each row is analysed individually, without assuming a consistent s.d.Pvalue style: <0.05 (*), <0.01 (**), <0.001 (***), <0.0001 (****). Error bars are±s.d.\nD: Schematic of the host-cell tropism mediated by gHgL complexes converging on the activation of gB-mediated membrane fusion.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13557_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7895", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Proposed catalytic mechanism of the thioester formation of AMP-GP with Cys9 of HcgF.\nB: Biosynthesis and light decomposition of the FeGP cofactor. The FeGP cofactor can be extracted with methanol in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and decomposed by light exposure to Fe2+, CO and GP, in which the acyl-group is hydrolysed to a carboxy group34. GP appears to be a natural intermediate in the FeGP cofactor biosynthesis pathway of the cells19. An acyl-iron bond (red) is only found in the FeGP cofactor.\nC: Transition state-like arrangement of GP and ATP. The carboxy group of GP points to the α-phosphate of ATP. The distance between the oxygen atom of the carboxy group of GP and the phosphorus atom of the α-phosphate group of ATP is shown as a red dashed line.\nD: Mechanism proposed for the HcgE-catalysed adenylylation of GP with ATP.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7895_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12837", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A section through a surface representation of CD36 showing the central core cavity occupied by two palmitic acids (pink). Insets show two putative entrances to this central cavity.\nB: The structure of the complex of CD36 (blue) with the CIDRα2.8 domain of the MCvar1 PfEMP1 protein (pink).N-linked glycans are shown in green. The inset shows a surface representation of the CIDRα domain with CD36 as a blue cartoon and F153 of CD36 in orange.\nC: Conservation in the CD36-binding CIDRα domain is plotted onto the structure of the MCvar1 CIDRα2.8 domain. Absolutely conserved residues are shown as red sticks. Residues with property entropy score of less than 0.1 (but not totally conserved) are orange and those with scores of 0.1–0.3 are yellow. The inset shows a surface representation in the same orientation and colours, showing that conserved residues cluster predominantly in core of the domain, stabilizing its structure.\nD: Demonstration by surface plasmon resonance that the F153A mutation blocks the binding of oxLDL to CD36.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12837_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10457", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Base-pairing interactions with guanosine of a possible zwitterionic form of mnm5s2U.\nB: The invariant A1913 in Helix 69 of 23S rRNA of the large ribosomal subunit (thick magenta line) constrains position of the t6A37 ribose by conserved hydrogen bond interactions; van der Waals surfaces show that A1913 also defines conformation of the anticodon loop from the 3′-side of t6A37 at position 38.\nC: Theoretically predicted base pair with guanosine of zwitterionic form of mnm5s2U carrying negative charge on sulfur atom. (d,e) Two alternative pairing interactions with guanosine and enol tautomeric forms of mnm5s2U.\nD: The near-cognate duplex composed of the tRNALysSUUanticodon and the ochre stop codon is significantly weakened compared with the cognate version on the AAA codon with the full set of canonical Watson–Crick interactions. The described weakening of the near-cognate duplex would imply dissociation of tRNALysSUUfrom the ribosome or, in other terms, rejection.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10457_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9346", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Structural overlay of P[11] BRV VP8*(pink)/LNnT complex with P[11] HRV VP8*(grey)/LNT complex.\nB: The J-K loop of P[11] HRV VP8* shows the hydrogen bond interactions between the amino acids leading the loop projecting the strand H.\nC: Binding of GST-tagged VP8*s to the PAA-conjugated and biotinylated glycans containing Galβ1,3GlcNAc or Galβ1,4GlcNAc motifs. As a control, VP8* of P[14] HRV HAL1166 that specifically binds to A-type HBGA trisaccharide was included. Each condition was tested with three replicates, and the entire experiment was reproduced. Each bar represents the mean A450 absorbance value. The error bars represent the standard deviation.\nD: Structural superimposition of the P[11] HRV VP8*(grey)/LNnT and P[11] HRV VP8* (tan)/LNT. The interacting residues is presented in stick model, and the glycan residues are labelled as inaandb.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9346_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3963", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Cartoon view of the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure. α1 Helix (α1); loop 1 (L1); α2 helix (α2). Comprehensive structural validation was performed (Supplementary Figs S2c–e, S3 and S4).\nB: Central pivot point of the apo α2:α2′ interface. The intermolecular Y362-OH (green sticks) distance (broken black line) is shown.\nC: Summary graph of maximal inward currents. Green bars represent spontaneous maximally activated currents and red bars indicate significantly attenuated maximal currents. The Orange bar represents I383R, which showed spontaneous inward currents slightly above background. Data are means±s.e.m. forn, number of cells and asterisks denote *P<0.05 by two-tailed Student’st-test. Curve colours match the residues inSupplementary Fig. S9a,b. SeeSupplementary Table S3forin vitro(Supplementary Figs S10 and S11) and live-cell data summary.\nD: Docking of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 onto hexamericD. melanogasterOrai. The Orai1 C272–292helices within the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 complex were structurally aligned through sequentially similar regions in eachD. melanogasterOrai dimer. CC3 locations are inferred from the position of the α2 C-termini. The Orai dimer unit is indicated (broken black box).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3963_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5801", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Stabilization of Meta II by the high-affinity peptide GtαCT-HA and (d) ArrFL-1 peptide.\nB: Binding of ArrFL-1 (purple) within the cytoplasmic crevice of R* (orange). Main interactions include hydrogen bonding from Arg1353.50to the reverse turn like structure and Lys3118.48to the GL sequence of ArrFL-1.\nC: Side view and (c) top view of the binding crevice of Ops*. Major hydrogen bonding interactions of Ops* with ArrFL-1 are shown between Leu77 and Lys3118.48from the NPxxY(x)5,6F motif (green), and Met75 and Arg1353.50from the E(D)RY motif (blue).\nD: The active receptor Ops* (orange) and the ArrFL-1 peptide (purple) are shown in ribbon representation, and the ArrFL-1 side chains are shown as sticks. Oligosaccharides at Asn15NT(pink) and a palmitoyl chain at Cys3238.60(black) are presented as sticks. The detergent molecule, β-D-octylglucopyranoside (blue), is shown within the ligand-binding pocket as sticks.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5801_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A topography image of P1 particles deposited on mica. Scale bar, 100 nm.\nB: Rapid temperature quenching of P1 and P4 with liquid nitrogen (LN2), ice or by transfer to RT. Contrary to P4, the folding of P1 is independent of the annealing protocol.\nC: DNA square pyramid designs were constructed either by rearranging the modules within a prescribed linear topology (black box) or by a circular permutation of the polynucleotide sequence of P1 (red-shaded area). Each line segment depicts one module and is identified with a letter below. Line thickness graphically reflects the stability of complementary module pairs, the order of which was estimated based on the hPin melting curves (Supplementary Fig. 2). The stabilities are depicted on a scale from 1 to 10 and were calculated according to equation (2). Designed folding pathways (a series of connection-forming steps) are depicted for each 4 Py. Connections drawn in red correspond to topologically or kinetically frustrated steps violating the ‘free-end’ rule.\nD: The isothermal annealing of P1 and P4 from 8 M urea (u) or 70% formamide (f) in 1 × TAE/Mg2+. Samples were folded quickly (Q) with rapid dilution to 10 × of the initial volume or slowly (S) via dialysis against the 1 × TAE/Mg2+supplemented with 0.8 M urea (or 7% formamide), to ensure equivalent end conditions. Experiments were repeated at least twice with comparable results.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10803_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6423", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Close-up view of the crystallographic packing interactions shown in the orange box (left) and light blue box (right) ina. The key binding residues mediated by crystal packing are presented. (c,d) Representative images (c) and summary bar graphs (d) for the results of our cell-adhesion assays. One group of L cells co-expressing EGFP and PTPσ Ig1–3 was mixed with a second group of L cells co-expressing DsRed and the indicated Slitrk1 variants. Dark grey bars are significantly different from the control. Scale bar, 100 μm. ‘n’ denotes the total number of cell aggregates from at least three independent experiments (300–1,500 aggregates from 5 to 9 cells); statistical significance indwas assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s test (3*P<0.001).\nB: Representative images from our cell-adhesion assays. One group of L cells co-expressing DsRed and the indicated PTPσ variants was mixed with a second group of L cells co-expressing EGFP and Slitrk1 (Slitrk1) or TrkC (TrkC). Scale bar, 100 μm (applies to all images). TrkC bound to all splice variants of PTPσ, whereas Slitrk1 specifically interacted with PTPσ variants containing the splicing insert, MeB. (d–f) Bar graphs representing quantitative real-time RT–PCR results obtained from hippocampal neurons at the indicated time points, measuring relative mRNA levels of total PTPσ (d), the relative mRNA levels of PTPσ variants containing MeB (e) and the proportion of PTPσ variants containing MeB (f). The data were normalized with respect to the values obtained at DIV5 (defined as 1.0). Results are expressed as means±s.d. (error bars) of three (n) independent experiments; statistical significance (d–f) was assessed using analysis of variance with Tukey’s test. Black bars are significantly different compared with DIV5 groups (3*P<0.001).\nC: Confocal time-lapse images of PTPσ clustering in COS-7 cells induced by addition of Slitrk1 WT-Fc, but not by Slitrk1 F72E/F74E/R143E-Fc (lateral-interaction mutant). Arrowheads indicate the representative clustering events. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Representative cell surface binding assays. HEK293T cells expressing pDis-PTPs Ig1–3 were incubated with the indicated Slitrk1 LRR1-Fc variants and analysed by immunofluorescence imaging for Slitrk1 LRR1-Fc variants (red) and HA-tagged PTPσ−Ig1–3 (green). Scale bar ,20 μm. Representative images (f,h) and quantification (g,i) of the results from heterologous synapse-formation assays. HEK293T cells transfected with EGFP alone (Control) or the indicated pDis-HA-Slitrk1 mutants (f,g) or pDis-Slitrk1 LRR1 mutants (h,i) were cocultured with hippocampal cultured neurons and immunostained using antibodies against GFP/HA (green) and synapsin (red). ‘n’ in panelsgandidenotes the total number of HEK293T cells analysed. Ing: Control,n=19; WT,n=18; D152R,n=18, R72E/F74E,n=15; and R72E/F74E/R143E,n=19. Ini: Control,n=11; WT,n=14; D152R,n=15, R72E/F74E,n=14; and R72E/F74E/R143E,n=16. Statistical significance (g,i) was assessed using ANOVA with Tukey’s test (3*P<0.001). Scale bar, 30 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6423_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4106", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Superimposed density maps of cAMP-bound (mesh, blue) and cAMP-free (solid, yellow) forms of MloK1. The membrane region as well as the intra- and extracellular sides (labels in and out) are indicated. The channel without ligand is ~3 Å longer than its cAMP-bound counterpart. An equivalent isocontour level was used for both structures.\nB: Time-lapse AFM of MloK1 channels undergoing the conformational change from cAMP-bound to -unbound state. MloK1 channels were imaged in the presence of 50 μM cAMP (t=0) after which the AFM fluid cell was extensively rinsed with cAMP-free buffer. After incubation time of 90 min, first single MloK1 channels lost their characteristic fourfold symmetric windmill structure and changed into a shapeless protrusion of increased height, and their number increased with time. The asterisks in the four image panels indicate the same membrane position.\nC: Side view of the CNBD region. Upon ligand binding, CNBDs interacts with the N-terminal region of its own monomer’s S1 helix and the S3 helix of its neighbour.\nD: The protein–protein contacts between adjacent, oppositely oriented, cAMP-bound MloK1 tetramers in the 2D crystals are established via the S2 and S3 helices of the VSDs. The model of cAMP-bound MloK1 (brown) is overlapped on the cryo-EM map, which is displayed as raw data without the resolution limitation to 7 × 7 × 12 Å.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4106_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15368", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Superposition of the PDAC domain (blue) with the ΨDAC domain (green). Selected secondary structure elements are labelled: helix ηA2 is purple; helices αF, αG and the loop connecting helices αH1 and αH2 mediate domain–domain interactions; helices αB2 and αB3, as well as loops L1–L5, comprise and flank the active site of PDAC but are absent in ΨDAC (for clarity, only loops L2, L3 and L5 are labelled). Zn2+is a blue sphere.\nB: Ratio of catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) for PDAC activity measured withN8-acetylspermidine and HDAC activity measured with RGK(ac)-AMC. APAH, hHDAC10 and zHDAC10 exhibit a clear catalytic preference for PDAC activity. The E274L mutation converts zHDAC10 from a PDAC into an HDAC and the zHDAC10 ΔηA2 mutant is a bifunctional PDAC-HDAC. APAH, acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase; hHDAC6 CD12, human HDAC6 construct containing both CDs; hHDAC10, human HDAC10; zHDAC10, zebrafish HDAC10; zHDAC10Δ, proteolytically nicked zHDAC10 used for the crystal structure determination; zHDAC6 CD1 or CD2, zebrafish HDAC6 CD1 or CD2. Data represent mean±s.d. (n=3).\nC: APAO,N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase; ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; PAT,N8-spermidine acetyltransferase; PDAC,N8-acetylspermidine deacetylase; SMS, spermine synthetase; SRM, spermidine synthase; SSAT, spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase.\nD: A negatively charged protein surface surrounding the active site tunnel is a conserved feature of HDAC10 PDAC orthologues based on the conservation of aspartate and glutamate residues (Supplementary Fig. 1). Colour coding is as follows: -5kT–5kT, red–blue.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15368_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7402", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Extra hydrophobic pocket occupied by BN (orange). Interacting residues are shown as sticks.\nB: Zoom-in view of BN localization in the conserved catalytic core of ThrRS. The classical motifs 2 and 3 in class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are coloured in orange and green, respectively. BN and interacting residues are shown as sticks.\nC: Section view of BN (orange) occupying the catalytic site cavity of ThrRS.\nD: 10–250 nM ATP was tested with or without 10 nM BN.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7402_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8108", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Upper panel: EM image of negatively stained INO80-C, showing particles in extended (black circles) and compact (white circles) conformations. Scale bar, 100 nm. Lower panels: Selected class averages of INO80-C showing the complex in extended (upper panels) and compact conformations (lower panels). The numbers are percentages of each conformation in the entire population (10,128 particles; seeSupplementary Fig. 2for all averages). Side length of individual panels is 57.3 nm.\nB: Upper panel: EM image of negatively stained SWR-C. Scale bar, 100 nm. Lower panels: Selected class averages of SWR-C showing the complex in extended (upper panels) and compact conformations (lower panels). The numbers are percentages of each conformation in the entire population (20,412 particles; seeSupplementary Fig. 2for all averages). Side length of individual panels is 57.3 nm.\nC: Nucleosome-stimulated ATPase activity of the INO80-Carp8subcomplex.\nD: Nucleosome-stimulated ATPase activity of the INO80-Cies6subcomplex.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8108_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15959", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CA arranges into a fullerenic cone, consisting of pentamers (green) and hexamers (tan). The fully solvated HIV-1 capsid model without genome, including neutralizing ions and 150 mM NaCl, contains a total of 64,423,983 atoms5.\nB: Electrostatics of the N-terminal domain of CA. The cypA binding loop and α-helix 4 (Fig. 1a) show a significant potential difference to the inner core of the capsid ind.\nC: Binding of sodium and chloride to CA hexamers. The free energies were calculated over a total sampling time of 74.4 μs.\nD: Cumulative contribution to variance from all the principal components. Inset: cumulative contribution to variance from the first 100 principal components.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15959_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3455", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Abundant radiolarians contained in NH52-R4. (e,f) Crudely laminated clay (NH52-R5) showing no sediment disturbance in the upper sublayer. Scale bars, 500 μm. Plane-polarized light.\nB: Microspherules from the lower sublayer claystone (NH52-R2).\nC: Homogeneous upper claystone (NH52-R3) having no microspherules just above the lower subylayer.\nD: Thin intercalation of radiolarian-rich clay (NH52-R4) in the upper sublayer claystone.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3455_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6133", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: low meiofauna+macrofauna;\nB: unmanipulated sediment cores. Error bars represent s.d. (n=6 per treatment).\nC: Average rates of denitrification (vertical bars) and contribution of denitrification from water column nitrate (Dw) to total denitrification (open circles) and (b) average rates of DNRA in the different treatments determined from intact-cores amended with15N-nitrate. CTRL, unmanipulated sediment cores; HM, high meiofauna; HMM, high meiofauna+macrofauna; LM, low meiofauna; LMM, low meiofauna+macrofauna. Error bars represent s.e.m. (n=7 per treatment).\nD: high meiofauna;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6133_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8368", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Net calcification rate (one way ANOVA,n=12, F3,44=4.11,P<0.05).\nB: Aragonite crystal morphology imaged by scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar, 5 μm. pH treatment indicated above each image.\nC: Representative longitudinal sections;\nD: Image of corallite calyxes in the skeleton ofS. pistillata.Dotted line shows the extent of cross-sectional area of a representative corallite calyx. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8368_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9767", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Magnitude of LD (squared correlation of allele frequencies) between SNP pairs in relation to their distance on a chromosome, shown for the lake (dotted black line), BOH (solid light grey line), NID (solid dark grey line) and GRA (solid black line) population. The main panel uses a minimal MAF threshold of 0.05. The insert panels display LD separately for low-MAF (0.05–0.275) and high-MAF (0.275–0.5) SNPs in the lake and GRA population.\nB: Genetic differentiation between the lake and each stream population, and (c) allelic diversity at SNPs within each of the four populations, around the three inversions.\nC: Frequency of the three diploid genotype classes at each inversion in the four populations from the Lake Constance basin, and in the lake–stream pair from the Lake Geneva basin. The colour coding followsb.\nD: Genetic differentiation (FST) between completely and low-plated stream stickleback reveals a peak on chromosome IV, with the highestFSTvalue immediately downstream of theEdacoding region (grey vertical bar).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9767_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15172", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: L. villosafemales transmitBurkholderiato soybean plants (control plantsN=9,L. villosa-exposed plantsN=13; Mann–WhitneyU-test,P<0.01).\nB: Organization of biosynthetic gene clusters inB. gladioliLv-StA underlying the production of (1) toxoflavin (tox), (2) caryoynencin (cay) and (3) lagriene (lag).\nC: LC-HRESI-MS profiles (extracted mass traces) of toxoflavin (green,m/z=194.0669–194.0677), sinapigladioside (black,m/z=468.1314–468.1352) and lagriene (blue,m/z=779.5265–779.5343) produced byB. gladioliLv-StAin vitro(top) andin vivo, that is, onL. villosaeggs reinfected withB. gladioliLv-StA (bottom). Peak intensity represents relative abundance within each chromatogram, but is not comparable among the green, black and blue profiles. In the egg extracts, toxoflavin was detected in one of the three replicates, whereas lagriene and sinapigladioside were detected in all three replicates. Production of the compounds was independent of the exposure toP. lilacinum, and was not detected in the aposymbiotic controls in any of the replicates.\nD: Picture of a representative symbiotic and aposymbiotic egg after 4 days of exposure toP. lilacinumspores. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15172_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9438", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Non-marine biodiversity within continental regions for a subsampling quorum level of 0.4, and palaeotemperature (δ18O) curve for the last∼70 Myr ago17(with weighted means (yellow circles)).\nB: Early Neogene (Ng1) log10-transformed subsampling curves.\nC: Paleogene subsampled biodiversity versus palaeolatitudinal centroid.\nD: Palaeolatitudinal spread of all non-marine pseudosuchian (red circles) and all non-marine tetrapod (black circles) occurrences through time. (b–d) Global palaeocontinental reconstructions from Fossilworks showing the distribution of all pseudosuchian occurrences in the (b) Cretaceous (145–66 Myr ago), (c) Eocene (56–33.9 Myr ago) and (d) Miocene (23–5.3 Myr ago).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9438_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12468", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Recording showing the relationship between asymmetric SWS (ASWS) and acceleration along the sway axis; during ASWS with greater EEG slow wave activity (SWA; 0.75–4.5 Hz power) in the left hemisphere (ASWS-L) the sway axis showed high values corresponding to circling to the left, and when SWA was greater in the right hemisphere (ASWS-R), the sway axis showed low values corresponding to circling to the right. Same bird as inFig. 2.\nB: Great frigatebird with a head-mounted data logger for recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) from both cerebral hemispheres and head acceleration in three dimensions. A back-mounted GPS logger recorded position and altitude. Photo: B.V.\nC: Time spent awake and in SWS and REM sleep in flight and on land.\nD: Altitude, ground speed and airspeed (computed from the GPS data in (d)), tangential and centripetal (radial) low-pass filtered acceleration, and the absolute value of total acceleration (measured by an accelerometer) for the flight in (d).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12468_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2415", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Western Amazon records (blue-the NAR record, green-the ELC record). Red curve shows ASI (DJF)47.\nB: The AM δ18O record from Hulu cave15. The δ18O scale is reversed for the Hulu record (increasing down) as compared with Peruvian records (increasing up). The vertical bars depict H2 to H5. Numbers indicate Greenland interstadials. It is now evident that the SAM is precisely anti-phased with the AM in millennial variability, including YD, D/O H events.\nC: AM records (Hulu-Dongge)15,45and boreal summer (JJA) insolation47.\nD: Rio Grande do Norte record, northeastern Brazil (brown)21and the typical LGM, mid Holocene and modern δ18O values (red squares) obtained from Paraíso cave, eastern Amazonia. Red curve is ASI (DJF)47.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2415_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4835", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Close-up of the aragonite crystals within the external carbonate coat.\nB: Mean (±s.e.) variation of leaf calcification rates (n=9–10 leaf determinations per sampling) ofThalassia testudinumis represented with yellow circles. Dark pink circle represents the mean (±s.e.) for calcification rate ofT. testudinumperformed in October 2008. The grey shaded area indicates negative values for seagrass calcification, interpreted as decalcification. The dashed black line describe the annual pattern of variation in seagrass calcification.\nC: close-up of this deposit allowing imaging of aragonite needles and its thickness (leaf cuticle is hardly seen deep into the holes). (e,f) Images of intermediate leaf fragments showing minimal presence of crystals on the external surface, but significant presence in the internal side (the images show the seagrass leaf cuticle turned up at the edge and placing the internal side(Int)on the top of the external side(Ex).\nD: Mean±s.e. (n=9–12) of the percentage of leaf CaCO3content (% dry weight, DW) estimated for leaves of the seagrassThalassia testudinumcollected in the reef lagoon of Puerto Morelos (Mexican Caribbean) in May 1995 and in September 2013. Grey background shows values determined for the second youngest leaf collected in 1995, in the back reef, either in the seagrass bed or adjacent to massive coral colonies (shoots next to corals) and in a meadow adjacent to the UNAM pier. Comparisons between values of the CaCO3content variation between the second and third leaves of shoots collected in 2013 (#3 is the oldest leaf of the shoot) are also shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4835_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6436", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: population growth for founding population of 400 individuals, as used in model presented in paper, at annual growth rates as shown. Short dash vertical line, extinction of eastern lowland moa populations; long dash vertical line; extinction of moa in South Island.\nB: 1.3%;\nC: 2.2%;\nD: 1.4%;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6436_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12860", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The cellular milieu was fractionated into extracellular (secreted), membrane-bound, and intracellular components. For each fraction, alginate lyase activity was measured using a bulk enzymatic activity assay (Methods). Among isolates assayed, those with longer lag phases displayed reduced broadcasted alginate lyase activity, despite similar levels of intracellular- and membrane-bound alginate lyase activity. Bar diagrams represent averaged technical replicates (n=3). Error bars represent standard deviations of the mean. One unit of activity defines an increase of 1.0 in absorbance at 235 nm per min.\nB: Aly domain PL7. Acquisition represents an independent entry of a subfamily into a clade within our collection. Solid and dashed lines on the phylogenetic tree indicate clades represented in our collection or obtained from Genbank, respectively. Numbers within symbols indicate multiple independent occurrences of the represented event. Within-population HGT and duplication are not depicted. Lowercase Roman numeral i indicates the crown group consisting of seven closely related populations.\nC: Relative timed maximum-likelihood phylogeny ofVibrionaceaepopulations co-occurring in the same water samples. Species names are assigned if a previously described type strain falls within the population; otherwise, the designationVibriosp. is given.\nD: Oal domains PL15 and PL17, and Aly domain PL6;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12860_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6239", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Acoustic transect (red solid line ina) with the corresponding acoustic echogram, lower oxycline and seabird dive profiles, zooplankton biovolume (in) and fish biomass (in log(NASC+1)). A submesoscale structure of 2.6 km long was observed, which we related to a coherent eddy. Two smaller structures (1,000 and 360 m long) were embedded within it, presumably nonlinear IW. Seabird-diving patterns coincide remarkably well with the shape of the submesoscale feature as well as with the depth of the lower oxycline. Horizontally, the diameter of the largest ARS matching the spatial position of the physical structure was 1.7 km. Smaller ARS were embedded within this larger ARS with sizes varying between 320 m and 1.4 km that mirror lower oxycline displacements at similar scales.\nB: Daytime density function (normalized) of the cumulative DS (black), zooplankton biovolume (red solid line) and fish biomass (blue) of the space-scale structures (grain scale: 40 m) and density function of the ARS sizes of Peruvian booby (green) and guanay cormorant (pink). Inset plot focuses on structures larger than 1.5 km. Leftyaxis corresponds to DS, the first rightyaxis corresponds to zooplankton and fish, while the second rightyaxis corresponds to seabirds.\nC: Expansion fromdshowing a section of the lower oxycline (black solid line) and significant extracted space-scale structures (red lines) and their corresponding downward DS (yellow areas). The plots depict daytime data recorded during austral spring of 2010.\nD: Standardized cumulative downward DS (black), and zooplankton (red) and fish (blue) biomass embedded in the corresponding space-scale structures during the day (cdepicts nighttime data); grain scale: 40 m.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6239_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2071", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A model ofE. coli/C. elegansinteraction mediated byE. colincRNAs. The Student'st-test was used to calculate thePvalues. *Pvalue <0.05; **Pvalue <0.01. All data are from three repeat experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m.\nB: rde-2(pk1657)worms showed an increase lifespan compared with N2 when fed with DsrA mutant (NM6003) versus K12E. coli.N=45 worms for each group ina,b.\nC: Structure of DsrA; boxed sequence is similar toF42G9.6mRNA (up). Identical sequence in DsrA andF42G9.6mRNA (bottom); nucleotide ofF42G9.6mRNA is numbered from the start codon.\nD: Levels ofF42G9.6mRNA inalg-2,rrf-3,sid-1andsid-2worms fed with K12 and NM6003 (DsrA deletion strain) food.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2071_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Relative taphonomic representation of global Pachycephalosauria specimens (Supplementary Table S6). Pie chart on left indicates total sample, charts on top are segregated by formation and those on the bottom are segregated by collection. Dark blue indicates cranial specimens (specifically the thickened cranial dome and peripheral elements), light blue indicates isolated postcranial elements and red indicates articulated or associated skeletons. In all cases, sample size (lower right of each circle) decreases to the right and the size of the circle is scaled relative to the sample size.\nB: Global diversity (number of species) of major Late Cretaceous ornithischian clades in the Santonian (blue), Campanian (red) and Maastrichtian (green) (Supplementary Table S7). Clades comprising small-bodied taxa are on the left (Leptoceratopsidae and Thescelosauridae), show a similar, low diversity compared with clades comprised predominantly of large taxa on the right (Hadrosauridae and Ceratopsidae). When tallied on the basis of taxa known from any postcranial material, pachycephalosaurs exhibit low diversity comparable to that of other small-bodied groups (center left). The relatively high diversity of pachycephalosaurs compared with other contemporaneous small-bodied dinosaur groups is driven by isolated cranial dome elements (centre right).\nC: transverse section at the frontoparietal suture. Note the low-void (vascular) space, the high density (light colour) and the lack of frontal–frontal or frontoparietal sutures.\nD: transverse section at the junction of the posterior supraorbital and postorbital sutures;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2749_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1124", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Seismic structure across two of the AVRs shown ina(marked c) that document the unusually thin ocean crust (∼4 km) and the boundary between the different oceanic layers within the crust (data from ref.28).\nB: Bathymetry of the AVR and surrounding terrain viewed obliquely from the south. The map shows that the vent field is located next to a rift that runs along the crest of the ridge, where normal faults appears to represent the main channel way for the hydrothermal fluids.\nC: Siboglinid tubeworms (S. contortum) associated with low-temperature diffuse venting at the flank of the hydrothermal mound. White microbial mats and small barite chimneys in the back.\nD: Amphipods (Melitidae sp. nov.) on a chimney wall.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1124_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16094", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of a typical SE Australian wetland with mudflat-mangrove-saltmarsh sequence illustrating the vegetated tidal flat under a semidiurnal 1-m tidal range signal used for model comparison (vegetation not to scale). Depth hydrographs obtained from the hydrodynamic model at the pneumatophore level at 0, 130 and 260 m from the creek show attenuation of the peak and a longer tail close to the creek (130 m) when the full effects of vegetation attenuation are considered. (b,c) Changes inDand hydroperiod obtained from bathtub and hydrodynamic modelling, showing the attenuation effects of a vegetative flow resistance for a range of Manning’snvalues from 0.2 to 0.6 (bounds of shaded areas) with a mean of 0.4 (solid red lines), and also the results using a variablenvalue specific for each substrate (0.035, 0.5 and 0.15 for mudflat, mangrove and saltmarsh, respectively) updated based on the full attenuation vegetation distribution ind(solid blue line). Changes in hydroperiod are computed at the pneumatophore level, initially set at 14 cm from the ground.\nB: Tidal flow in the study site is restricted by high embankments over most of its perimeter with two inlets from the Hunter River and a number of internal channels and culverts. Topographic elevations range from −1 to 3.5 mAHD, but most of the tidal flats are within 0–1 mAHD (c) The 2004 survey of the site show mangrove establishment in the lower wetland and saltmarsh at higher elevations, with considerable areas of mudflat and tidal pools. (d,e) When no flow attenuation is considered the annual values of hydroperiod andDduring spring tides are only governed by the tidal cycle and the topography.\nC: Map of the Hunter estuary showing, in yellow, the location of the wetland used in this study.\nD: Mangrove establishment, on the other hand, is limited by its pneumatophores being able to access oxygen at least half of the time, which is given by a hydroperiodHsmaller than 0.5 at the pneumatophore heighthpneumat. MHT stands for Mean High Tide.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms16094_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6495", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Calculated ratios (BR/JP) for exon CpG o/e values in LDRs (blue) and TE islands (orange). F-test,nLDR=16,379;nTE=1,159. (***P<0.0001, boxplots show the median, interquartile ranges (IQR) and 1.5 IQR.).\nB: Rates of non-synonymous substitutions (calculated as dN/(dN+dS)) in LDR (blue) and TE island genes (orange).U-test,nLDR=6,806;nTE=423.\nC: Deviations from the median coverage ratio calculated for 1 kb windows in LDRs (blue) and TE islands (orange).U-test,nLDR=157,296;nTE=12,165.\nD: Log2-scaled density plots of the coverage for all homozygous (solid black lines) and heterozygous SNV (dotted red lines) calls divided by the median coverage (orange, calls within TE islands; blue, calls in LDRs). Coverage at homozygous calls is not different from the median overall coverage, neither in TE islands nor in LDRs. The shift for heterozygous SNV calls within TE islands shows that most calls result from diverging duplicated loci. The bimodal distribution for heterozygous calls in other genomic regions suggests two distinct populations of SNV calls, that is, true heterozygous loci (first peak) and diverging sequence in duplicated loci (second peak).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6495_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15125", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Quantification of nuclear DNA contents for wild-type andE2f1-mutant clone cells. A total of 80 GFP+nuclei from 10 control midguts or 20E2f1mutant midguts were scored. Loss ofE2f1blocked endoreplication, giving lower DNA contents/nucleus.\nB: Quantification of clone areas (yellow dashed line). A total of 80 GFP+nuclei from 10 (control) or 25 (TORmutant) midguts were counted for each genotype.TOR-mutant cells arrested as diploids in normal culture (right panel (g)), butP.e.infection induced these mutant cells to proliferate and generate normally polyploid ECs (right panel (h)). Error bars represent s.d. Student’st-test was used to determine statistical significance (*P=0.0108, ****P<0.0001, NSP>0.05). All experiments were repeated three times.\nC: Midguts were labelled with DAPI to visualize DNA (blue) and incorporated EdU (red) to identify endocycling cells. Allesg+ cells and their daughters produced during the experiment expressed GFP (green).\nD: Quantification of EdU incorporation for 15 guts. Thus, 95% of EdU+cells were GFP+, while∼5% of EdU+cells did not express GFP. ****Pvalue from Student’st-test (P<0.0001);n=10. All experiments were repeated twice.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15125_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5697", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Flow cytometry analysis of cell population staining with KLF4 and CD44 under different combinations of drug treatment.\nB: ChIP experiments were performed using an IgG or anti-NICD antibody to detect their binding to two regions in theKLF4gene promoter. The cell clones of OECM1 control (cont.), OECM1-Twist1 and OECM1-Twist1 with Jagged1 knockdown were used. qChIP results of NICD binding to theKLF4promoter regions were also shown. The OECM1 control clone was selected as a control. TheHes1promoter was used as a positive control for NICD binding (Supplementary Fig. 28c). Data shown in panelsb,care mean±s.d. of three independent experiments. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance (P<0.05 by Student’st-test) between experimental and control transfections (b) or control clones (c).\nC: Expression ofEFNB2, NRP1andEPHB4in Twist1-overexpressing OECM1 cells with knockdown of Jagged1.\nD: Binding of KLF4 to the promoters ofCD31, CD144, vWF, CD105, ICAM1, EFNB2andEPHB4genes by qChIP analysis. The promoter regions upstream relative to the transcription start site of each gene that bound KLF4 are:CD31(−1,218 to −1,036 bp);CD144(−218 to −35 bp);EFNB2(+258 to +387 bp);EPHB4(−2,176 to −2,011 bp);vWF(−1,795 to −1,552 bp);CD105(−2,357 to −2,242 bp);ICAM1(−1,187 to −938 bp). The OECM1 control clone was selected as the control group. Data shown in panelsaandcare mean±s.d. of three independent experiments. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance (P<0.05 by Student’st-test) between experimental and control clones.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5697_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11288", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: lpp1(variants X1 and X2) andlpp3are expressed in the somites and developing vessels. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 3.\nB: Cell crowding prolongs the time required for moving away from the barrier (45 versus 14 min; Mann–WhitneyU-test, **P≤0.01).\nC: Generation of mosaic embryos lacking Sox32 function in all cells whose endoderm is restored by providing Sox17 function to a group of cells (Scheme). The Sox32-deficient PGC clusters (green) are separated by the gut tissue at 28 hpf (red in lower panel, arrow;N=13), while in control embryos lacking endodermal tissues fused PGC clusters are observed (upper panel;N=24). Anterior is up.\nD: PGCs exhibiting dynamic movements within separated clusters (control, upper), while in embryos lacking the gut (lower panels) PGCs migrate over the midline to form one cluster (Supplementary Movie 4). Time point 0 corresponds to 24.5 hpf Scale bars, 100 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11288_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3829", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: The GFP signal in truck somite was also restored in embryos injected with EGFP-WTsars-3′UTR plussars-TP-MO.\nB: Statistical analyses of the average relative intensity (ari) of SARS and VegfAa proteins from each group were presented. Data are calculated from three independent experiments and presented as mean±s.d. (n=3). Student'st-test was used to determine significant differences between each group (**P<0.01, ***P<0.005).\nC: The statistical analyses of the average relative intensities of SARS and VegfAa performed on densitometry from WT, control-MO-injected andsars-TP-MO-injected embryos after three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean±s.d. (n=3). Student'st-test was used to determine significant differences between each construct and control within each group (***P<0.005). GAPDH served as an internal control. (j–q) Embryos derived from lineTg(fli1:EGFP) were injected with materials as indicated, and ISV patterns were observed at 28 and 48 hpf. Scale bar: (b–g) 300 μM; (j–q) 100 μM.\nD: The reduced GFP caused by EGFP-sars-3′UTR could be restored by coinjection ofmiR-1-MO1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3829_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8476", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Foxi1candSix1expression domains are rescued in LPGDS-MO-injected embryos by co-injection of either WT or C65A mouseLPGDSmRNA. Frontal views, dorsal to top; injected side is indicated by the lineage tracer (Red-Gal).\nB: Animal explants dissected from embryos injected in one blastomere at the two-cell stage with Zic1GR and GFP mRNAs were cultured for 8 h in dexamethasone and analysed byin situhybridization (ISH).\nC: Animal explants dissected from embryos injected in one blastomere at the two-cell stage with Zic1GR mRNA and cultured for 8 h in dexamethasone, with or without the pharmacological inhibitors disulfiram (100 μM), citral (100 μM) or AGN193109 (10 μM).\nD: RT–PCR analysis ofSix1andEya1expression in Zic1GR-injected animal explants treated with the pan-RAR antagonist, AGN193109. Controls are uninjected (Uninj), GR mRNA-injected (GR) and Zic1GR mRNA-injected treated with dimethylsulphoxide (+DMSO) animal explants. Similar results were obtained in six independent experiments. The position of markers of known size is indicated (bp).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8476_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7315", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The methylation profiles of thesix3apromoter and neighbouring dsDMR enhancers (blue and red lines, leftyaxis) and the expression profile of thesix3agene (green line, rightyaxis).\nB: The gene set view of seven genomic regions (chr13:6556250-6559250, chr13:6658232-6661232, chr13:29912750-29915750, chr13:29935250-29940750, chr13:29993060-29996060, chr13:30062750-30065750 and chr13:30077750-30080750) from the Epigenome browser69,70. The displays ofpitx3(left),six3b(middle) andlhx5(right) promoters and their nearby dsDMR enhancers were as inc.\nC: The putative gene regulatory network of the eye development derived from dsDMR analysis. The blue ovals were TFs, whose motifs were enriched in dsDMRs. The genes in the grey boxes were the target genes identified in GREAT analysis. Arrows indicates that the TFs had their binding motifs in neighbouring dsDMRs of the target genes. The genes coloured in red were knownsox2target genes identified from ChEA68.\nD: Averaged vertebrate PhastCons scores of 10 kb regions centred on dsDMRs were plotted.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7315_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10660", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Frequency of replication forks isolated from ESCs and differentiating ESCs (ESC-d) with the indicated number of ssDNA gaps.\nB: Frequency of reversed replication forks isolated from ESC and ESC-d. The number of replication intermediates analysed is indicated in parentheses. Similar results were obtained in an independent experiment.\nC: IF staining for γH2AX, RPA32 and RAD51 of E3.5 blastocysts. Number of embryos analysed per staining was 12, 11 and 9, respectively. Representative images are shown (see alsoSupplementary Figs 2 and 3). Scale bar, 25 μm.\nD: Cell cycle distribution, assessed by FACS-based DNA content (DAPI), of the samples ina. The total population is displayed in grey and the subpopulation of Oct4+γH2AX−in red. Where present, Oct4+γH2AX−cells are invariably detected in G1. (d–f) Representative images and graphical distribution of untreated (UNT) and aphidicolin (APH)-treated MEFs and ESCs displaying different mitotic defects (d, chromatin bridges;e, micronuclei;f, ultrafine bridges). Scale bars, 10 μm. The histograms indicate mean and standard deviations from three independent experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10660_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1424", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: A schematic representation of the analysed stages: MII: unfertilized eggs in metaphase of the second meiotic division. Stage 1: 2PB is formed and FC first appears. Stage 2: FC is fully formed. Stage 3: FC regresses and pronuclei are formed.\nB: Mathematical model fitted to the data in (a), showing linear and quadratic correlation between mean basal speeds and number of cells in the 4-day-old embryos with an adjustment for different values of the mean interpeak intervals.\nC: Mean cytoplasmic speed in representative zygotes treated with nocodazole (blue line), cytochalasin D (red line) and ML-7 (green line).\nD: Change in the FC diameter (measured as a difference between FC diameter immediately before the speed peak and at the timepoint when the speed peak reaches its maximum) correlates with the amplitude of the accompanying speed peak. The Pearson correlation coefficient calculated for these measurements is 0.595 and is statistically significant (P<0.0001).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1424_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1232", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: HaCaT cells were treated with or without 50 ng ml−1FGF7 or 50 ng ml−1HB-EGF in the presence or absence of the Src kinase inhibitor Dasatinib (10 μM), the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μM) or the EGFR-kinase inhibitor AG1478 (1 μM). A cell-free area was introduced with a pipette tip, and migration was evaluated after 12 h. One representative example of cells at 0 and 12 h from three independent experiments is shown. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Quantification of the results of three separatein vitroscratch wound assays. Asterisks (*) indicate a significant decrease compared with FGF7-treated samples. Western blot analysis of the effect of MM and Cetuximab on the FGF7 stimulated EGFR phosphorylation in HaCaT cells (c) and densitometric quantification (d). Cells were pre-incubated for 15 min with MM (5 μM) or Cetuximab (10 μg ml−1) and then stimulated with FGF7 or FGF7/HB-EGF. (e,f) Representative immunoblot of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in FGF7-stimulated HaCaT cells in the presence or absence of MM or Cetuximab (e), and quantification of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (f). Western blot of lysates of FGF7-stimulated HaCaT cells show that neither MM nor Cetuximab significantly affect the stimulation of the FGFR2b target FRS2 (g) and densitometric quantification (h). White bars: no stimulation, black bars: stimulation with FGF7. An asterisk indicates a significant decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the stimulated sample in the presence of various inhibitors compared with the absence of inhibitors.n=3 for all densitometric quantifications; ±s.e.m; Student'st-test *P≤0.05.\nC: HaCaT cells were treated with or without FGF7 (50 ng ml−1) or HB-EGF (50 ng ml−1) in the presence or absence of MM (5 μM), Cetuximab (10 μg ml−1), CRM197 (10 μg ml−1), siRNA against ADAM17 or control siRNA (50 nM). A cell-free area was introduced with a pipette tip, and micrographs were taken at 0 and 12 h after scratch wounding. One representative of three independent experiments is shown. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Shedding of HB-EGF fromAdam17−/−cells expressing FGFR2b and inactive ADAM17E>A (white bar), wild-type ADAM17 (dark grey bar), ADAM17Δ-cyto lacking its cytoplasmic domain (black bar) or ADAM17-CD62L with the transmembrane domain of CD62L30(light grey bar), treated with or without FGF7. The western blots show controls for expression of FGFR2b, and of ADAM17E>A and ADAM17wt, detected with anti-cytoplasmic domain antibodies47and wild-type ADAM17, ADAM17Δ-cyto and ADAM17-CD62L, detected by western blot for an HA tag at the carboxy-terminus of these constructs. Please note that expression of ADAM17Δ-cyto is usually weaker than ADAM17wt, even though it can fully rescueAdam17−/−mEFs27,30,49.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1232_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4661", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CNE2 cells were treated with increasing doses (0, 10, 20 and 30 μM) of RA for 48 h and subjected to western blot (up panel) and RT-PCR analysis (lower panel). (b,c) CNE2 cells were incubated with RA (30 μM) for 48 h and subjected to CHIP (n=3), **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests (b), dual-luciferase reporter assays (n=3), **P<0.01, two-tailed Student’st-tests (c). (d–f) CNE2 cells expressing pCDNA3.1-EZH2 (WT or T487A) or vector (pCDNA3.1) were cultured with RA (30 μM) or control (DMSO) for 48 h and subjected to western blot analysis (d), phase contrast imaging (e), colony formation assay (n=3), **P<0.01, two-tailed Student’st-tests (f). Error bars represent mean±s.d. Scale bars, 50 μm (e).\nB: Human primary NPC and non-cancer nasopharyngeal specimens (n=96) were analysed by immunohistochemical staining with IKKα and EZH2 antibodies. Consecutive sections from three representative cases are shown. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nC: Morphology of RA treated (30 μM–48 h) or control (DMSO) CNE2 cells are shown by phase contrast photomicrographs. (c,d) CNE2 cells were treated with RA (30 μM) or control (DMSO) and subjected to immunofluorescence staining for Ki67 (n=3), *P<0.05, two-tailed Student’st-tests (c), SA-β-Gal staining (n=3), **P<0.01, two-tailed Student’st-tests (d).\nD: Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis with indicated antibodies in control (vector) and IKKα-overexpressed CNE2 cells. (c–f) IKKα-overexpressed and control (vector) CNE2 cells were subjected to determining the number of cells (n=3), ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests (c), colony formation (n=3), ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests (d), immunofluorescence staining of Ki67 (n=3), *P<0.05, two-tailed Student’st-tests (e) and SA-β-Gal staining (n=5), ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests (f).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4661_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7404", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative ChIP-Seq signal tracks for H3K27ac and CHD8 from hNSCs at the high-confidence ASD genePOGZ. CHD8 peak calls from hNSCs and midfetal human brain are indicated by horizontal bars. CHD8 binding is coincident with strong H3K27ac signal surrounding the transcription start site in hNSCs.\nB: Reproducible CHD8-binding sites identified in two biological replicates of hNSC, midfetal human brain and embryonic day 17.5 mouse cortex. The number of reproducible sites in each tissue and the subset identified in both tissues are indicated in each section of the Venn diagram. The number of ASD risk genes from Liuet al. bound by CHD8 in each subset is noted in parentheses.\nC: Top, Schematic depicting functional domains within CHD8. Sites in CHD8 that are targeted by knockdown shRNA constructs C and G are indicated by vertical grey bars.Bottom, Representative western blot of hNSC protein lysates demonstrating depletion of CHD8 protein levels due to transfection of each shRNA construct compared with a non-targeting transfection control (shCTL). QPCR and western blots were performed for each knockdown experiment.\nD: Histogram showing the results of ASD risk gene label permutations (n=10,000, green bars) assessing enrichment of ASD risk genes reported by Liuet al. within conserved CHD8 target genes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7404_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10288", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: HeterozygousKitW-v/+mice on anNf1+/+background exhibit a large ventral belly spot due to a failure of complete melanoblast colonization of the developing epidermis.\nB: Amplitude spectrum from a DFFT of the clonal signal (shown inb).\nC: Plot ofDagainst density forKit+/+;Nf1+/+(n=20),KitW-v/+;Nf1+/+(n=12),Kit+/+;Nf1+/−(n=7) andKit+/+;Nf1−/−(n=14) embryos. Pearson’s product-moment correlation indicates a significant negative association (r=−0.62, df=51,P<0.0001).\nD: The axial profile of the agent intensity for the simulation depicted inareflecting the axial change in the dominant subtype (Methods).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10288_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1240", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Paternal to maternal pronuclear 5hmC signal ratios.\nB: Dynamic appearance of 5hmC during early preimplantation development. Shown are representative images of embryos stained with DNA (blue mouse monoclonal from Millipore) and 5hmC (red rabbit polyclonal from Active Motif) antibodies.\nC: Representative images of 5mC (green mouse monoclonal, gift from Dirk Schübeler) and 5hmC (red rabbit polyclonal from Active Motif) immunostainings on G2-stage zygotes derived from Tet1-3 siRNA injected oocytes fertilized by ICSI. As control IVF-derived zygotes and zygotes derived from scrambled siRNA injected and ICSI fertilized oocytes are shown. Red arrows indicate the diminished loss of 5mC signal in paternal pronuclei of Tet KD-derived zygotes. Note the decreased 5hmC signal in Tet1–3 and Tet3 KDs.\nD: Quantification of 5hmC signal normalized against DNA antibody signal. A total of 12–18 precisely staged embryos per pronuclear stage from 3 to 5in vitrofertilization (IVF) experiments were analysed.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1240_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7188", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Nanog-GFP-positive conversion rates obtained when pre-iPSCs were exposed to AA and individual components of 2i—Meki and Gski. Error bars represent standard deviation of three biological replicates.\nB: Quantification of 5hmC levels normalized to DMSO control (top panel) of the dot blot of 5hmC levels (bottom panel) under DMSO, AA, 2i or AA+2i conditions for 2 days, compared with untreated ESC level. Error bars represent standard deviation of four biological replicates. Asterisk indicates significance *P<0.05, **P<0.01 assessed byt-test.\nC: Quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT–PCR) data for expression of Nanog and Kdm3b following 2 days of exposure to AA combined with siRNA targeted against luciferase (si Ctrl) or Kdm3b. Error bars are standard deviation of three biological replicates. Asterisk indicates significance *P<0.05, byt-test.\nD: Bar graph of downregulated nodes shared by 2i (blue) and AA+2i (green). The number of edges for each node is indicated on theyaxis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7188_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10328", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Pregnant dams were treated with the NAC through intraperitoneal injection at E8.5. After 1 h, endogenous oxidation was visualized by NBT staining. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Relative increase of G2/M phase cells after 3 Gy irradiation was quantified by FACS analysis. Data are mean±s.e. from seven independent experiments. Statistical differences were assessed with Student’st-test, andPvalues were shown.\nC: BRCA1 foci formation in wild-type (WT) andTcof1+/−MEF cells upon DNA damage (+) was analysed by immunofluorescence using P-ATM and Brca1 antibodies. Non-treated MEF cells were used as control (−). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: DNA damage-induced foci formation inTcof1knockdown cells was analysed by immunofluorescence using indicated antibodies. The percentage shown in each figure was calculated by counting the number of cells having more than 10 DNA damage-induced foci in 1,000 cells. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10328_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3916", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The level of knockdown ofdUTXwas quantificated by qPCR and normalized against ribosomal proteinrp49. Relative dUTX expression levels following knockdown using the two independent dsRNA are shown (n=3) with error bars representing s.d. *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nB: Cell count and viability assay using Muse (Millipore, USA). Data are mean from three independent experiments, with error bars representing s.d. *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nC: The abundance of H3K27me3 on the promoters of apoptosis and autophagy genes detected by ChIP. SL2 cells knocked down fordUTXwere chromatin-immunoprecipitated with anti-H3K27me3 and anti-GFP (IgG control) antibodies following ecdysone treatment. Results are shown as the fold enrichment of % input compared with RNAi control.\nD: Histological analysis of paraffin sections at 14 h and 24 h RPF shows intact salivary glands present indUTX1compared with control at 24 h RPF. Ovals indicate the position of salivary glands and fragments. Scale bar represent 50 μm. Quantification of the salivary gland phenotypic data was at 24 h RPF. (b,c) Caspase staining and activity are reduced indUTX1salivary glands at 14 h RPF.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3916_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Immunoblot analysis of mECs and HUVECs plated for 24 h in vehicle or Dll4-coated plates using the indicated antibodies (n=3). Molecular weight marker (kDa) is indicated. (c,e) Quantification ofin vitroproliferation by Ki67 immunofluorescence of control and PTENiΔEC/iΔEC(c) and WT and PTENTGmEC (e) plated for 24 h in vehicle or Dll4-coated plates. Overall 100 cells per condition were counted (n=4).\nB: Quantification of Edu-positive cells per unit area assessed in WT and PTENTGP7 retinas (n=4).\nC: Quantification of EC nuclei per unit area assessed by Erg positivity (n≥4).\nD: Vascular branch points per unit area (n=11).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5058", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Relative fluorescence of growth cones from the different genotypes was measured. Results were normalized relative to average fluorescence of E11.5 wild-type growth cones with DMSO, which was set to 1;n(number of growth cones quantified) >1,200 for each condition. Results for each condition were collected from 3 to 7 separate experiments.\nB: Flag-tagged Nrp1 and five Myc-tagged ADAMs, or an empty vector as control, were co-transfected into HEK293T cells. Supernatants and cell lysates were analysed by western blot with antibodies against the Flag epitope, the Myc epitope and actin, as indicated. The constitutive (ADAM10) cleavage product is indicated by an arrow. ADAM17 cleavage product is marked by an arrowhead. In the anti-Myc (ADAMs) immunoblot, where two bands appear in a single lane, the upper band represents the ADAM pro-protein, while the lower indicates the mature and active MP.\nC: Spinal cord penetration index. All cryo sections were divided into categories according to the termination site of the longest TrkC+fibre: no entry—blue; 1st third of the spinal cord (dorsal)—red; 2nd third (mid)—pale yellow; 3rd third (ventral)—pale blue. Results for all genotypes/ developmental stages are summarized in a 100% stacked column;n=number of sections used for the quantifications (number in parentheses indicates number of dissected embryos). Bars, 100 μM. Dorsal is up.\nD: Mean P/D ratios±s.e.m for aggregates overexpressing wild-type and mutant Nrp1s;n=number of neuronal aggregates measured.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5058_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6042", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Immunofluorescence analysis of Gata6 in the indicated lines. Monolayer cultures were treated with RA (0.1 μM) for 4 days and counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: ESCs (200 cells per cm2in 12-well plates) were cultured for 5 days with LIF and cell numbers were counted.\nC: Control (Empty) or Dax1 OE ESCs were passaged every 4 days without LIF and stained for AP. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Morphology of colonies formed by the indicated lines. Cells were grown with LIF for three passages after zeocin selection. Scale bar, 100 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6042_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7048", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Muscle mass and (c) myofibre CSA in sham or denervated muscles treated with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA or rAAV6:YAP shRNA (mean±s.e.m.,n=6 except rAAV6:YAP shRNA denervated group wheren=5, * indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA sham muscle, # indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:LacZ-shRNA-treated denervated muscle, $ indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:YAP shRNA-treated sham muscle,P<0.05; two-way ANOVA with Bonferronipost hoctest. (d,e) Representative images of muscles administered rAAV6:LacZ shRNA and rAAV6:YAP shRNA before denervation. Scale bar, 50 μm.n=6 except rAAV6:YAP shRNA denervated group wheren=5.\nB: Muscle mass of TA muscles treated with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA or rAAV6:YAP shRNA for 2 weeks. (mean±s.e.m.,n=5,P=0.003, pairedt-test, * indicates significance between groups).\nC: YapmRNA expression in sham and denervated C57BL/6 adult male mouse TA muscles after 7 days (mean±s.e.m.,n=4,P=0.007; pairedt-test, * indicates significance between groups).\nD: Representative western blots showing YAP, HA-dnTEAD2 and GAPDH levels in muscles treated with either rAAV6:MCS in the LTA and rAAV6:YAP in the RTA or rAAV6:MCS in the LTA and rAAV6:YAP plus rAAV6:dnTEAD2 in the RTA with quantification shown below. (mean±s.e.m.,n=5,P=0.02 and <0.0001 respectively; pairedt-test, * indicates significance between groups). rAAV6:YAP and rAAV6:dnTEAD2 were both administered at a concentration of 1 × 109vector genomes for 4 weeks.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7048_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3879", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Additional depletion of p53 prevents apoptosis in Cdh1-deficient embryonic brain, as revealed by active caspase 3 immunostaining. Scale bar, 50 μm (left panel), 7 μm (right panel). Field: 0.25 mm2. *P<0.05 versus Cdh1−/−p53+/+(Student’st-test;n=4 mice). Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m.\nB: Fluorescent photomicrographs of both E14.5 Cdh1+/+and Cdh1−/−cerebral cortex after immunostaining for neural progenitor marker, nestin. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: The overall length of the cortex was shorter and unstructured in Cdh1−/−mice when compared with that of Cdh1+/+mice. The length of the intermediate zone (IZ) was smaller, but the ventricular (VZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones were larger in the Cdh1−/−mice when compared with the Cdh1+/+controls. Scale bar, 100 μm. *P<0.05 versus Cdh1+/+(Student’st-test;n=6 mice). Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m.\nD: Double labelling revealed that neural precursor cells (Sox2+/Nestin+cells) underwent apoptotic cell death. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3879_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1242", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA. Genomic DNA isolated from ES cell clones was digested withEcoRI and was then hybridized with the 3′ probe. Wild-type and mutant alleles were detected as 7.1 kb and 5.8 kb fragments, respectively.\nB: EMSA using nuclear protein from C3H10T1/2 cells that were co-transfected with Flag-taggedSox9, myc-taggedWwp2and HA-taggedMed25. The 48-bpCol2a1enhancer oligonucleotide probe was used. Nuc-protein, nuclear protein.\nC: The structure of the genomicSox9locus, targeting vector and targeted allele for Sox9-3′ EGFP knock-in mouse is indicated. Exons are depicted as closed boxes and intronic sequences are shown as solid lines. DNA fragments detected by Southern blot analysis are indicated by double arrows, with the restriction enzymes and the probe. TheIRES-EGFP-pA/loxP-flanked PGK-neo-bpAcassette is depicted as open boxes. B,BamHI; P,Pst1; E,EcoRI; X,XbaI; Bg,BglII; H,HpaI.\nD: Southern blot analysis of the neo-deleted Sox9 EGFP/EGFP-neo clones.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1242_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4973", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Elliptical Jl18.\nB: Leaf-like Kl8.\nC: Elliptical Jr18.\nD: Double-hit print Ar4.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4973_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5222", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Morphology of tumorous (tumour), normal (control) and oogenesis-induced (female) polyps ofH. oligactisandP. robusta. Abnormal tumorous tissue (T), developing female gonad at oogenesis stage 3–4 (♀) and mature egg (E) are indicated.\nB: A model of theHydratumour growth. In healthy polyps (control), ISCs cycle and produce cells of somatic differentiation. They enter gamete differentiation only in the presence of environmental trigger, and give rise to a single oocyte and numerous nurse cells, which undergo apoptosis. In tumour tissue, ISCs become committed to germline differentiation independently of environment, their maturation is arrested and the cells are not eliminated by apoptosis.\nC: Tumour grafts transplanted into healthy hosts (experiment outline, top) induce new tumours in the recipient polyps and in their clonal progeny. All clonal progeny (n=24) derived from seven recipient clonal lines demonstrate tumorous phenotype.\nD: ISC are accumulated in the ectodermal tissue layer (EC) in tumorous polyps and in females undergoing oogenesis. Scale bar, 15 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5222_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12233", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Synteny loss mapped onto the phylogeny of all ants with sequenced genomes, comparing each node with the earliest common ancestor (vertical axis) and with polygons shaded according to rate of loss per branch.\nB: Substrate-specific changes in the number of cultivar CAZyme genes for the two major plant cell wall-degrading enzyme classes (hemi) celluloses and lignins. TheC. costatuscultivar gene numbers (‘Lower attines’) are transcriptome-based to be comparable to those of the higher attine and leaf-cutting ant cultivars.\nC: The positively selected attine ant (n=7) chitinase and β-hexosaminidase proteins have significantly higher isoelectric points than the orthologous proteins in other myrmicine ants (n=5, phylogenetic ANOVA, bothP<0.03).\nD: Percentage of all annotated genes in the main CAZy classes: AA, auxiliary activities; CBM, carbohydrate-binding modules; CE, carbohydrate esterases; GH, glycoside hydrolases; GT, glycosyltransferases; PL, polysaccharide lyases. Background colours as inFig. 1; free-living fungi grey.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12233_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1819", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cryosection through an eyecup of a juvenile three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) where the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) occurs as dark, brownish tissue (mirror image of original photograph). The rectangle indicates the area shown in (b). Scale bar: 100 μm.\nB: Close-up of the RPE inG.aculeatus. Note that elongate melanosomes primarily occur in the distal parts of the RPE, whereas the proximal parts chiefly contain sub-spherical to oblate melanosomes. Degradation and ultimate collapse of the RPE during the process of fossilization would result in a mixture of melanosome morphologies located on top of each other, as in the eye of FUM-N-2050. Scale bar: 10 μm.\nC: Negative ToF-SIMS spectra representing the eye of FUM-N-2050 and a natural melanin standard (fromSepia officinalis). The fossil fish eye spectrum was reconstructed from a ~4 μm2area in a measurement at 50×50 μm2acquired at high spatial resolution (mass resolutionm/Δm~300) to allow for analysis of ToF-SIMS data specifically from within the selected area marked in (d), whereas the melanin standard spectrum was recorded at high mass resolution (m/Δm~5000). The close agreement between the two spectra (both with regard to their peak positions and relative intensity distributions) provides compelling evidence for a high melanin content in the eye of FUM-N-2050. Filled circles indicate peaks used to produce the ion image in (d), whereas crosses indicate peaks from inorganic ions that are not part of the melanin structure (and not present in the synthetic melanin standard spectrum;Supplementary Fig. S3).\nD: 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and (b) 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) (modified from ref.33).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1819_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The optimal competence distribution for the Voting GPMM: a highly skewed function with a fat tail.\nB: The ‘Friendship graph’, a real-world social network reflecting the amity relations in a high school among 204 students28.\nC: An enlarged portion of the network showing the influential relations from the viewpoint of the node coloured yellow.\nD: The same asb, but here the axiszdepicts the density of points. The uninformed individuals (low competence, high pliancy) strongly outnumber the ones who are competent.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3484_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Number of methylated sequences and methylation coverage for different types of TEs (only for TE annotations above 300 bp). Percentage of methylated TEs in each class is shown for each of the four classes.\nB: Example of highly methylated gene cluster. Region on chromosome 8, isolated from methylated TEs, containing a cluster of methylated genes. Note that gene 12452, encoding a P-type ATPase, is also targeted by small RNAs (data from Huanget al.42).\nC: Proportion of methylated sequences across size ranges of TEs and other repeats.\nD: Differential expression profiles of methylated genes. Boxplots show the ranges ofR-values for each category of methylated genes. Genes withR-values below 12 are considered to be constitutively expressed25. Of the 20 densely methylated genes, a total of six were defined as being differentially expressed (P-value of 0.029, Studentt-test). Another seven genes were expressed in normal growth conditions (shown by RNA-seq data) whereas the remaining sevenbona fidegenes were not expressed in any of the tested conditions. Medians of the data are shown as black horizontal line in the box. Outliers are shown as whiskers. Numbers above each column show the number of genes in each category.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3091_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4584", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic representation of genomic distance calculations between contemporary human populations and Neanderthals. The genomes of out-of-Africa individuals were compared with the genomes of individuals of purely African ancestry (YRI). Single nucleotide differences from the Neanderthal genotype in an African genome were referred to as ‘ABBA’, while sites with the Neanderthal genotype in an out-of-Africa genome were referred to as ‘BABA’.\nB: The distribution of gene expression divergence estimates measured between chimpanzees and human populations for LCP genes directly linked to seven metabolic categories shown in panelb(red,n=6 expressed genes) and other LCP genes (grey,n=26 expressed genes). Normalization procedure and significance estimation were conducted the same way as for metabolite data presented in panelb.\nC: Genomic distances between 11 contemporary human populations and Neanderthals; blue, genome wide; red, LCP genes. The maximal bar length corresponds to a NLS frequency of 30%. Placement of ASW and CEU individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and Western Europe, respectively, reflects their approximate historical geographical origins rather than their present location.\nD: Relative concentration levels of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine, in three contemporary human populations and in chimpanzees (CH). The boxplots represent the median and the variation of normalized,z-transformed metabolite concentrations in each sample group calculated by 1,000 bootstraps over individuals within populations (n=11 mass spectrometric peaks). The *** indicates significance of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine concentration difference between European (n=5) and chimpanzee (n=14) individuals (P<0.001) estimated by the bootstrapping procedure.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4584_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14444", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The cartoon depicts the structure the Dynactin complex. Components shown in red were identified as CM-associated.\nB: Alignment of α-1 segment in members of the Saccharomycotina (black),N. irregularis(blue), and members of the Pezizomycotina (orange). Numbers indicate the position of the last amino acid in the corresponding sequences. Red and blue background indicates residues with negatively and positively charged side chains, respectively. Different shades of green background indicate residue hydrophobicity88.\nC: Graphical representation of the PEX-19 multiple sequence alignment. Amphipathic segments mediating PEX-3 binding (α-a) and chaperone activity (α-1) are indicated.\nD: Substitution rate analysis of dynein regulators. For the indicated proteins, the degree of sequence divergence compared with the Pezizomycotina is determined by substitution rate and indicated by the greyscale. A lighter shade indicates greater divergence from the Pezizomycotina. Red text indicates proteins identified by our search for CM-associated sequences. This figure is complemented bySupplementary Fig. 5, which shows substitution rate analysis of dynein complex components.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14444_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1045", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Summary of keyHoxgenes expressed in neuronal (top) and mesodermal (bottom) compartments along the anterior–posterior axis in fish and tetrapods43,46,47,49,51.\nB: Hindbrain–spinal cord boundary (yellow hatching) demarcated in the zebrafishhoxb4aenhancer trap line.\nC: Rhombomere (r) 7–8 YFP expression inhoxb4aenhancer trap line.\nD: Transiently expressed kaede protein was photoconverted from green to red at the level of somites 4–5. Yellow dashed line in (a) marks the area of photoconversion using a laser of 405 nm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1045_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1593", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: shape associated to positive PC1 scores;\nB: , (d), (f) and (h)H. sapiens. Note that differences are mainly recognizable in the top (a,b), lateral (c,d) and inferior (g,h) views showing lateral expansion at the ACF at the antero–lateral prefrontal cortex, significantly stronger vertical and lateral increase and forwards projection of the MCF-temporal lobe poles and enlarged cribriform plate and olfactory bulb (TPS-grid in white) in modern humans, causing a backwards retraction of the pre-sphenoid andsella turcica(gcompared withh).\nC: shape associated to positive PC2 scores;\nD: Inferior view of undeformed earlyHomomean.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1593_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14614", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Mutations that ‘transform’ one IGPS orthologue into another primarily have neutral or beneficial effects (pink histogram) compared to all mutations (grey). Epistatic interactions are responsible for the existence of transformative detrimental mutations (minor peak on the pink histogram arounds=−1). The distribution of selection coefficients for the transformative mutations is significantly different that than of the null distribution (**P<0.02).\nB: By construction, the first principal component (PC1) of the EMPIRIC PCA is linearly related to average fitness (R=0.996, 'open circle' odd numbered libraries, 'filled circle' even numbered libraries).\nC: A linear relationship between EMPIRIC PC1 and IGPS conservation of varying strength was observed for each orthologue. A linear correlation ofR=0.408 was observed if all three orthologues were considered together.\nD: Experimentally derived fitness landscapes mapped from point mutations represent single steps from WT sequence. Despite significant divergence of WT in sequence space, the fitness landscapes of IGPS orthologues remain correlated (dashed lines). Rather than traditional two-dimensional heatmaps, fitness values are displayed on a three-dimensional pinwheel, highlighting the wide range of possible fitness effects of a single sequence step. The profiles of the pinwheels are similar, indicating the correlation of fitness landscapes, even if WT sequences (centers of the wheels) are only∼40% identical and widely separated. PCA demonstrates a correlation between experimental fitness landscapes and amino-acid preferences in evolved sequences.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14614_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6029", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative western blotting showing total accumulation of the NC99-like NA proteins (NAGA/17and NAGA/20 (H275Y)) with the indicated single substitutions; the variant NAs were expressed by equal quantities (0.5 μg) of the respective plasmids. Black and grey indicate wt and H275Y-mutant NA proteins, respectively.\nB: Virus titres in DC ferret nasal wash samples at day 1 post contact. Each dot represents an individual ferret. *P<0.05, two-tailedt-test, versus MEM/13.\nC: Km values of the NA proteins. The dotted and dashed lines indicate the value of lineage-representative NAGA/17and NABR/59, respectively. All graphs show mean±s.e.m. from three to five times independent experiments. *P<0.05, two-tailedt-test, versus NABR/59;†P<0.05, two-tailedt-test, versus its counterpart wt NA at left side.\nD: Plaque size of viruses carrying ten different NA amino acid substitutions, in the absence (white) or presence (grey) of the H275Y mutation. The ten amino acid residues were replaced with the corresponding NC99-like consensus residues. (N45H+E78K were substituted together, as both reside in the stalk region.) Data represent mean±s.e.m. diameter of ~10 randomly selected plaques. Dashed line indicates mean plaque diameter of wild-type NABR/59.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6029_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Ages of Southeast African Middle Stone Age events7,8,10(error bars indicate 2-sigma ranges), coinciding with Heinrich events 4–6 and cold Greenland stadials 19 and 20.\nB: Fe/K ratio of CD154-17-17K on the initial age model.\nC: As inabut for Fe/Ca.\nD: Age control points for CD154-17-17K, including radiocarbon dates (black), tuning of the foraminiferalδ18O record.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2897_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1687", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: The role of basal expression in the direct and feedback circuits. Cells containing different combinations of these rtTA circuits were induced with 5 μM doxycycline (dox) for 6 h, in glycerol medium. The black bar in a box indicates the median of the ON cell percentage; the margins of a box indicate the first and third quartiles; whiskers indicate the data range. *P=0.015 for Mann–Whitney test for the median,n=7. (c,d) The distribution of GFP fluorescence signal when rtTA was driven by the basal expression of PGAL1(orange lines, kurtosis=7.04) or PGAL2(blue dashed lines, kurtosis=2.84). One representative experiment frombis shown. The black lines denote the cellular autofluorescence.\nB: The minimal and maximal expression levels ofGALgenes were measured in wild-type (WT) cells grown for 5 h in raffinose medium with or without 0.5% galactose (filled symbols). To assess the dynamic range of gene expression in the presence of glucose (empty symbols), the minimal expression was measured in WT cells in 2% glucose; the maximal expression was measured in Δgal80, PGAL4-with-MutatedMig1pBS–GAL4cells. In these cells, the Gal4p maximally activates its target promoters, but glucose can directly reduce the expression of theGALgenes. Error bars indicate standard deviation,n=3.\nC: The RNA production rate is reduced to a baseline level att=0 min. The resulting RNA decay curves with transiently and constantly elevated decay rates are very similar.\nD: The cells containing a one-copy PGAL3–rtTA direct regulatory circuit were grown in raffinose medium (green) or in raffinose medium with 0.32% glucose (red) for both the overnight preculturing and the subsequent 6-h growth period, following which RNA was isolated. Error bars indicate standard deviation,n=3.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1687_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4163", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: PC analysis of 310,883 SNPs in 481 sub-Saharan Africans. PC1 and PC2 are presented with the proportion of variance explained.\nB: Geographic locations of African populations studied here, including the RHG and AGR populations of this study and a selection of populations (in italics) retrieved from previous studies26,29.\nC: Demographic scenarios best-fitting observed LD decay in Baka RHG and Nzime/Nzebi AGR. A bottleneck model starting 16,000 YBP with 75% intensity best fitted LD decay in RHG, while an expansion starting 10,000 YBP with 20-times intensity was obtained for AGR.\nD: Recombination-based estimates of the effective population size of Baka RHG and Nzime/Nzebi AGR.Neestimates were obtained from the comparison of the inferred population-based and deCODE pedigree-based recombination maps. Each point represents an autosome. The horizontal bar represents the mean ofNefor the 22 autosomes, and a cross represents the X chromosome. Blue circles and right axis represent the ratio ofNeof RHG and AGR.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4163_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Correlation between chemogenomic profile similarity and overlap in the set of accumulated mutations during laboratory evolution (Spearman’sρ=0.67,P<10−5,N=36).\nB: Predicting antibiotic resistance phenotypes from genome sequences. Prediction performance for each antibiotic based on the set of accumulated mutations was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). This gives an overall measure of accuracy by taking into account both true positive and false positive rates across all possible cutoffs of the prediction score. Random prediction gives an AUC of 0.5. Variation in resistance among evolved strains can be predicted with 55–88% (76% average) accuracy, depending on the antibiotic studied. Special care was taken to avoid circularity in the predictions.\nC: Weak association between chemical structural similarity between antibiotic pairs and cross-resistance frequency (Spearman’sρ=0.40,P<10−3,N=66), which disappears when aminoglycosides are excluded (ρ=0.21,P=0.18,N=45). Structural similarity between antibiotics was estimated by the Tanimoto similarity of their molecular fingerprints.\nD: Mutational profiles of the 12 antibiotic selection regimes. Only those genes are shown that mutated in two or more of the 61 sequenced non-mutator laboratory-evolved lines. Mutations in promoters of multi-genic operons were associated with all genes encoded by the operon. The colour code indicates the number of cases when the same gene was independently mutated in different lines evolved under the same antibiotic pressure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5352_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14994", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fraction of the autosomal genome with female recombination rate higher than the male rate (red) and male rate higher than female (blue).\nB: Continuous wavelet transformation of recombination rates along a 2 Mb region of chromosome 10. Line plots represent the original signal to which the wavelet transform was applied, namely the female (red) and male (blue) log-transformed recombination rates, and the difference between the two (green). Scalograms represent the continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) coefficients for scales from 2 kb up to 512 kb. Colours indicate the magnitude of wavelet coefficients (blue=negative, yellow=positive) at each scale and location, with each level normalized to have equal variance.\nC: Genome-wide power spectrum of the female and male recombination rates at scales from 2 to 16,384 kb.\nD: Squared Pearson correlation as a function of scale between the sex-averaged maps and the HapMap map.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14994_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: shaking-static;\nB: SM-like-WS initially dominant. Data (CFU ml−1) were log10(x+1)-transformed. Values are mean+s.e.m. (n=6).\nC: continuously shaking;\nD: Fitness of each phenotype in the shaking and static microcosms. Values are mean+s.e.m. (n=6). Asterisks indicate treatments where the values are different from zero according to one samplet-test (P<0.05). Note that the fitness of small-WS under shaking was not significantly different from zero, whereas fitness in other treatments all differed from zero.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3102_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8243", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Expression of seed maturation genes in siliques at the embryo morphogenesis stage (left), the mature (middle) and post-mature stages of embryo development (right). RNA levels are relative to the wild type (onefold). Results represent the mean (±s.d.) of three biological replicates (Student’st-test, *P<0.05; **P<0.01).\nB: Longitudinal section of a shoot apex showing GUS activity in developing leaf primordia and vascular tissues of older leaf primordia. C, cortex; En, endodermis; Ep, epidermis; Lf, leaf; Lp, leaf primordia; Ph, phloem; Pp, phloem-pole pericycle; SAM, shoot apical meristem; V, vascular tissue; X, xylem; Xp, xylem-pole pericycle. Scale bars, 2 nm ina–c, 200 μm indandf, 100 μm ine,gandq, 50 μm inh,i,k,landn, 150 μm injandm, 20 μm inoandp.\nC: Wild-type,scl15mutants and complementedSCL15pro::SCL15-GFPlines at 32 days of growth. Scale bar, 5 cm.\nD: The chalazal seed coat region boxed ingis magnified.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8243_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8395", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Co-immunoprecipitation analysis of the interaction of LRT2 with OsIAA11 and OsIAA13 in wild-type (Nipponbare or NPB, Kasalath and Taichung 65 or TC65),lrt2,osiaa11andosiaa13seedlings.\nB: Approximate two-state exchange process of the OsIAA11 peptdide. The exchange rate is indicated by the thickness of the double-arrow lines. * indicates the mix populations of the T105T106+T105C106and C105T106+C105C106obtained from the integration of the Hɛ1signals of W104 in the 1D1H spectrum, respectively, with T105T106and C105T106as major conformers.\nC: Analysis of the interaction of LRT2 with OsIAA11 and OsIAA13 transiently expressed in tobacco leaves by the luciferase complementation imaging assay.\nD: Quantitative analysis of the percentage of lateral rooted plants in 10-day-old seedlings with the indicated genotypes (n≥30 for each genotype). Note that, knocking down theOsIAA11expression in the wild-type background has no detectable effect on lateral root development.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8395_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5636", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Identification ofORE1as a common target of PIFs, bZIPs and EIN3. Among the literature-curated senescence-promoting genes3, DEGs (FDR<0.05) were identified from the microarray data for PIF-induced genes (this study), ABF2/3/4-induced genes67and EIN3-induced genes (GSE21762).\nB: Heat map showing the expression ofEIN3,EIL1and group A bZIPs in the microarray analysis from this study (WT/pifQ) and two independent sets of DIS microarray data from previous studies39,69. Black circles indicate the PIF4/PIF5-direct target genes according to previous ChIP-seq analyses34,40. The scale bar (bottom) indicates fold changes as log2values. TheABF2probe is absent in the DIS microarray (Affymetrix).\nC: Significant overlap between DEGs (twofold, FDR<0.05) of PIF-induced genes (WT/pifQ, this study) and DIS genes (previous microarray data39). Light-grown 7-day-old WT andpifQseedlings were transferred to darkness for 2 days (WT versuspifQ), and 4-week-old adult WT plants were transferred to darkness for 0 and 2 days (2 DDI versus 0 DDI). The number in parentheses indicates the PIF4/PIF5-direct target genes retrieved from the previous ChIP-seq database34,40.\nD: Repression ofPIF4/PIF5transcription by ELF3. The 7-day-old WT (black bars),elf3mutants (red bars) andELF3-OX plants (blue bars) were transferred to darkness for 2 days.PIF4/PIF5expression was normalized toGAPDHexpression. (g,h)PIF4/PIF5are epistatic toELF3. Three-week-old plants grown in long days were transferred to darkness for 7 days (g) and total Chl levels were measured (h). DDI indicates day(s) of dark incubation. Data are means±s.d. of at least four biological replicates. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5636_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7450", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Summary of cell division condition and orientation according to cell position.\nB: Cells in the outermost three layers are forced to divide longitudinally.\nC: Polarity of cell division orientation in transverse sections. In total, 254 metaphase cells from a total of 2,022 transverse sections prepared from 67 leaf primordia between 40 and 560 μm in height were measured. Division angles are illustrated as a violin plot. White circles indicate the median. Thick and thin lines cover ±1 and ±1.5 interquantile ranges, respectively. The vertical curve is an estimator of the density. Values close to 0° indicate periclinal division, whereas those close to 90° indicate longitudinal division. Cell division polarity in the hollow (green) and ridge (pink) regions was compared by the Mann–WhitneyU-test. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: Example of classification of cell positions, which are distinguished by colours corresponding to those ina. Cells in squares are examples of L1, L2/L3 and inner cells, which are illustrated ine,fandg, respectively. Distribution of morphogensv(c) andw(d), with the darker shade representing a higher concentration. L1 cells divide longitudinally (blue line) in coordination with inner cell proliferation (e), L2/L3 cells divide longitudinally (blue line) or periclinally (magenta line) in response to the presence of a morphogen (green) (f) and more inner cells divide perpendicular to their long axisL0(blue line) (g).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7450_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12699", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: gross primary production data adapted from ref.1, irradiance data retrieved from Meteonorm Global Meteorological Database (http://meteonorm.com/), (b) adapted with permission from ref.21. (c–f) Reproduced from ref.22with permission from Elsevier (g) reproduced from ref.24with permission from Springer.\nB: Schematic showing how plasmonic backscattering can be used to direct photosynthetically useful light (red arrows) towards microalgae cultures while allowing other wavelengths (green arrows) to be transmitted for other applications. This approach uses the wavelength specific nature of plasmonic resonances to selectively scatter light. The resonant wavelength can be tuned by controlling the geometry, distribution, and material of the plasmonic nanoparticles, substrate, and surrounding media.\nC: Adapted from ref.38with permission from Elsevier (b) adapted from ref.45, previously published under a CC-BY-NC-SA license, copyright Wondraczeket al., licensee Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2013 (c) reproduced from ref.56with permission from AIP Publishing.\nD: Schematic of micro-scaled light delivery through waveguides to attached biofilms. Light from an LED is coupled into a slab waveguide and undergoes total internal reflection. Where cells are present on the waveguide surface, light can be scattered out or coupled directly into the photosynthetic apparatus, driving photosynthesis. The inset below shows experimental growth patterns achieved using this design.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12699_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1482", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Row of vertical bilobates with rounded to slightly concave ends (Zizaniasp). (i,j) Row of vertical bilobates-crosses with deeply concave (scooped) ends;Leersia hexandra(i),Oryza sativa(j). Scale bar, 5 μm.\nB: Row of horizontally oriented oblong bilobates (Ehrhartasp.).\nC: Row of horizontal bilobates (Potamophilasp.). (f,g) Vertical bilobates with rounded ends arranged randomly in the leaf tissue;Zizaniopsissp.\nD: Row of bilobates grading into polylobate or crenate short cells (Pseudosasa usawai).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1482_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1926", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Ion leakage after inoculation was measured at the indicated time points in leaves of wild-type (WT; black line) andcas-1knockout (red line) plants. Data are the means±s.e.m. of six discs from three replicates.\nB: Expression of flg22-induced genes was analysed at indicated time points by qRT–PCR to confirm microarray experiments.ACT7was used as an internal standard. Data are mean±s.e.m. of three experiments. WT, wild type.\nC: HR lesions on the left side of leaves at 14 h.\nD: Flg22-induced gene expression was analysed at indicated time points by qRT–PCR.ACT7was used as an internal standard. Data are mean±s.e.m. of three experiments.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1926_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5518", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Microconidia and macroconidia were examined for the presence of mitochondria (marked with arrows) by TEM. Scale bar, 500 nm.\nB: Microconidia (MI) and macroconidia (MA) of strain 70-15 were examined by DIC (differential interference contrast) microscopy.\nC: Necrotic zones were observed at the wounding sites on barley leaves drop-inoculated with macroconidia (MA) or microconidia (MI) of strain GFP70 at 7 d.p.i.\nD: Seedlings of rice cultivar Nipponbare were sprayed with macroconidia (MA) or microconidia (MI) of strain 70-15, or with 0.25% gelatin (control). Typical leaves were photographed 7 d.p.i.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5518_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13018", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: RNA-seq data collected fromFig. 3ginENAP1oxor wild-type (Col-0) plants treated with air or 4 h ethylene was analyzed for the up- and down-regulated gene numbers.\nB: Total histone extractions from 3-day-old etiolated seedlings of Col-0 andENAP1oxseedlings were subjected to the immunoblotting with antibodies indicated. Immunoblotting with anti-histone H3 antibody served as a loading control.\nC: ChIP-qPCR to quantify H3K14Ac and H3K23Ac enrichment in Col-0,ENAP1oxandamiR-ENAP1/enap2plants treated with air or 4 h ethylene gas in indicated EIN3-R genes and EIN3-NR genes. Precipitation with IgG pre-immune serum served as a control. Data represent the relative fold change. Each experiment has three biology replicates with similar result.\nD: Quantitative PCR detection of EIN3 target gene expression in Col-0,ENAP1ox, andENAP1ox/ein2-5seedlings grown in air or 4 h ethylene gas (three biological replicates). EIN3-R, represents ethylene-regulated EIN3 targets; EIN3-NR represents non-ethylene-regulated EIN3 targets. Different letters were used to indicate statistically significance difference (P≦0.05, Student’st-test=3) within the same genes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13018_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10654", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: C5-SDwas silenced by virus induced gene silencing. Changes in sterols content for silencedC5-SDgene are shown with arrows next to each compound name (red: increase, blue: decrease). Dashed arrows represent multiple biosynthetic reactions whereas solid arrows represent a single step.\nB: Using RNA-Seq transcriptome data from potato and tomato, we found thatGAME9was co-expressed with most of the SGA biosynthetic genes. A total of 1,260 and 168 genes were co-expressed withGAME9in tomato and potato, respectively. Out of them, thirty seven were shared homologs co-expressed in both potato and tomato (seeSupplementary Data 1andSupplementary Table 1).C5-SD:Δ(7)-STEROL-C5(6)-DESATURASE,SMO1:METHYLSTEROL MONOOXYGENASE 2-2-LIKE,OXR: 3-β HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE,CAS:CYCLOARTENOL SYNTHASE.\nC: Level ofα-tomatine in leaves and green fruits ofC5-SD-silenced plants compared to control.\nD: Transactivation ofC5-SDpromoter with deletions (d) and/or mutations (m). The -, (+) and+symbols point to activation of the promoter by GAME9/SlMYC2:—no activation (LUC activity below 1.5); (+) limited activation (LUC between 1.5 and 2-fold);+strong promoter activation (LUC activity larger than 2-fold).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10654_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4274", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Distribution of EGFP-AtABCG14 fluorescence in rosette leaf epidermal cells (left), PI staining (middle) and merged image (right). Scale bar, 5 μm.\nB: roots after feeding C14-tZ to their roots;\nC: Radioactivity in shoots of wild-type,atabcg14and seedlings harbouringAtABCG14::EGFP-AtABCG14cassette after feeding C14-tZ to their roots;\nD: Immunoblot analysis of membrane fractions from EGFP-AtABCG14 expressing seedlings by probing with antibodies against GFP,Arabidopsisplasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM-H+-ATPase) and vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase, tonoplast marker).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4274_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2479", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Following MG132 treatment, ubiquitinated proteins were purified using the TUBEs resin. Agarose resin was used to detect non-specific protein binding. Western blot with anti-Ub and anti-TAP antibodies detects ubiquitinated proteins and TAP-tagged MYB30, respectively. Ponceau S staining confirms equal loading. Molecular mass markers in kilodaltons are indicated on the right.\nB: Fluorimetric GUS assays in leaf discs 36 hpi of the following constructs: (1)KCS1p:GUS reporter alone or with (2) MYB30-FLAG; (3)MYB30-FLAG+MIEL1-HA; (4) MYB30-FLAG+MIEL1m-HA; and (5) MYB30-FLAG+RINGc-HA. Statistical significance according to a Student’st-testP-value <10−5is indicated by letters. MU, methylumbelliferone.\nC: Expression analysis of the MYB30 target genesKCS1andFDHin the indicated Arabidopsis lines after inoculation withPst AvrRpm1(5 × 107cfu ml−1). Expression values of the individual genes were normalized usingSANDfamily andβ-tubulin4as internal standards. Statistical differences according to a Student’st-testP-value <0.05 are indicated by letters. 0 and 1 indicate hours postinoculation.\nD: Symptoms developed by the indicated Arabidopsis lines 64 hpi withPst AvrRpm1(2 × 106cfu ml−1). Pictures are representative of three independent experiments in which five plants of each line were infiltrated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2479_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7914", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The scatter plot of genetic position against physical position of UABTs. Thexandyaxes are maize chromosomes.\nB: The distribution of distance between genetic position and physical position (alignment position) of UABTs. Positions are transformed with an equation of pos=chromosome × 1E9+pos.\nC: The graph of the pan-genome. The rectangles represent genomic sequence. Red rectangles are sequences from the core genome, in which sequences are present in all individuals. Blue rectangles are sequences from the variable distributed genome, which show structural variations. Individual genomes are represented by these rectangles connected with arrows.\nD: Scaffold/chromosome assembly on the basis of contigs.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7914_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Schematic of the two-transition model of the cell cycle based on two sequential CDK activities. The cell grows with a relative growth rateg. The G1/S transition is regulated by the accumulation of CDKSactivity at the rate pCDKSto a thresholdTG1/S. The G/M transition is regulated by the accumulation of CDKMactivity at a rate pCDKMto a thresholdTG2/M. Once the G2/M transition is passed cell division is triggered and the cell divides with a division ratiod. Simulations were initiated with a population of 100 asynchronous cells and observed variation inganddwere included.\nB: Distribution of mean G1 length in WT (Col-0) andcdkb1;1/1;2plants. Data represent mean values from 13 and 11 plants respectively. (t-test,t=4.6858, df=19.854,P=0.0001) (d) Distribution of mean S-G2-M length in WT (Col-0) andcdkb1;1/1;2plants. Data represent mean values from 13 and 11 plants respectively. (t-test,t=−4.6858, df=19.854,P=0.0001) (e,f) Surface projections of WT (Col-0) (e) andcycd3;1-3triple mutant plants (f) expressingH4::DB-VENUS. VENUS signal is shown in yellow. Cell membranes are shown in magenta. Scale bars represent 50 μm.\nC: Model with cell size control at G1/S only. A small (1.2 fold) reduction in pCDKM(blue) does not affect the ability of the population to maintain a constant mean cell size over time. A larger (3 fold) reduction in pCDKM, (red) leads to loss of cell size control.\nD: Distribution of mean G1 length in WT (Col-0) andcycd3;1-3plants. Data represent mean values from 9 and 7 plants respectively. (t-test,t=2.6144, df=9.129,P=0.02775) (h) Distribution of mean S-G2-M length in WT (Col-0) andcycd3;1-3plants. Data represent mean values from 9 and 7 plants respectively. (t-test,t=−2.6144, df=9.129,P=0.02775) *, **, *** indicate a significance at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels respectively. Error bars show total range.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15060_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Comparative expression analysis ofGlycineNST1andGlycineSHAT1-5in the Fcc of F2homozygotic plants withGmSHAT1-5 and GsSHAT1-5allele. Note:GmSHAT1-5expressed at ~13.34-fold the level ofGsSHAT1-5whileGmNST1~1.72-fold ofGsNST1in the FCC of F2segregants,GlycineNST1andGlycineSHAT1-5denote the two gene loci, respectively. Error bars in (c,d) indicate s.d. of four biological replicates. Scale bars in (a–c), 70 μm.\nB: Magnified views of (d), showing the secondary walls of FCC were heavily thickened with more secondary deposition in the upper part than lower part in HEINONG44.\nC: , 500 mm;\nD: Transient expression analysis of GARP-binding site inArabidopsisprotoplast. Error bars in (c) indicate s.d. of three biological replicates.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4352_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1801", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: The genetic model explains the phenotypes of the pea meristem identity mutants. The absence ofDETin thedetmutant allows expression ofVEG1in the SAM, which gets converted into an I2. The absence ofPIMallows the expression ofVEG1in the floral meristem, which gets converted into a proliferative I2. In absence ofVEG1,DETis expressed in all the meristems in the apex, and they get converted into I1s.\nB: veg1-like phenotype of aPsFULc-VIGS plant. In thePsFULc-silenced plant, the I2s appear in later nodes than in the control plant, and branches (arrowheads) develop in the nodes where I2s (arrowheads) appear in the control plant.\nC: SEM image showing the different meristem types in a wild-type inflorescence. The SAM is a primary inflorescence (I1) meristem that has produced secondary inflorescence (I2) meristems, one of which has produced a floral meristem (F).\nD: SEM image of apiminflorescence apex, showing I2s that, rather than flowers, produce new I2s (I2*). One of the proliferative I2s is producing a floral primordium (F*).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1801_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12317", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Lactate:pyruvate ratio in PBMCs at baseline, after rotenone CI inhibition and after treatment with NV189,n=4. * indicates significant difference using Friedmans non-parametric paired test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test of all groups against control. For three data points, pyruvate was below detection limit and the estimated lower-quantification limit was used for calculating the ratio.\nB: TCA cycle intermediates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 20 min incubation with or without rotenone and NV189 quantified using capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry,n=4. Data presented as mean and s.d.\nC: Cell membrane-permeable prodrugs of succinate access the intracellular space and release succinate, enabling increased electron transport, respiration and ATP production through complex II, thus bypassing the deficiency in mitochondrial complex I.\nD: Respiration in platelets with FCCP-induced uncoupling.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12317_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-33367-w", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (o)?\nA: Cumulative food intake;\nB: average food intake per 12-h phase;\nC: cumulative locomotor activity;\nD: average locomotor activity per 12-hour phase. Dark phases are shaded in grey.q–tRandom fed blood glucose (n= 8 and 11 animals) (q), blood glucose during an ipGTT (n= 8 and 11 animals) (r), blood glucose during an ipITT (n= 6 and 9 animals) (s), and plasma insulin during an ipGTT (n= 6 animals) (t) in chow-fed femalemir-7fl/flandSim1-cre;mir-7fl/flmice.u–xRandom fed blood glucose (n= 18 and 13 animals) (u), blood glucose during an ipGTT (n= 16 and 12 animals) (v), blood glucose during an ipITT (n= 16 and 12 animals) (w), and plasma insulin during an ipGTT (n= 7 animals) (x) in HFD-fed femalemir-7fl/flandSim1-cre;mir-7fl/flmice. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; ***P< 0.001, ****P< 0.0001; no asterisk indicatesP> 0.05; 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (b,c,d,e,g,h,l,n,p,r,s,t,v,w,x), two-tailedttesti, j, or 2-way repeated measures ANOVA (k,m,o,q,u). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-33367-w_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1043", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Representative confocal image of kidney stained withWt1(red) and E-cadherin (green) antibodies to identify newly formed glomeruli and ureteric branches.\nB: Histogram of the number of waves per cell during the observation period of 26 min.\nC: Embryonic kidneys labelled with BrdU (5-bromodeoxyuridine, green) and DAPI (blue) to detect proliferating cells and cell nuclei, respectively.\nD: Ouabain dose–response. Cells were treated with different concentrations of ouabain. Graph shows the normalized 340/380 nm ratio, which increases as more sodium is accumulated in cells because of inhibition of Na,K-ATPase. Trace is an average from 15 cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1043_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Whole-cell voltage-gated K+currents recorded in voltage-clamp in a young (black traces) and an old (blue traces) LV myocyte. Scale bars, 3 s, 10 pA pF−1. Voltage-clamp protocol is reported in the lower traces.\nB: Quantitative data for the expression of genes related to channels mediatingIto(Kcna4,Kcnip2) andIK,slow1(Kcna5) in myocytes from mice at 3–4 months (Young,n=5–8) and 27–33 months (Old,n=5–8) are shown as mean±s.e.m. and scatter plots. RQ, relative quantity with respect to β-2-microglobulin; *P<0.05 versus Young (Student’st-test and Mann–Whitney rank sum test); NP, non-parametric analysis.\nC: Cell shortening of young (black traces) and old (blue traces) myocytes. Scale bars, 1 s, 1 μm. Superimposed traces are reported in the inset. Scale bars, 250 ms, 1 μm (d) Quantitative data for cell shortening properties obtained in myocytes from mice at 3 months (Young) and 29–30 months (Old) (Young,n=129 cells from 8 hearts; Old,n=117 cells from 7 hearts); data are shown as mean±s.e.m. and scatter plots. *P<0.05 versus Young (Mann–Whitney rank sum test).\nD: Quantitative data for myocytes from male mice at 3–6 months (Young,n=120 cells from 4 hearts) and 27 months (Old,n=131 cells from 5 hearts) are shown as mean±s.e.m. and scatter plots. Caff, caffeine. *P<0.001 versus Paced (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test); †P<0.01 versus Young (Mann–Whitney rank sum Test).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9803_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10764", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Isolation of the PK M2-HMGB1 complex: ultrafiltration of a solution containing 2 μM human PK M2 and 2 μM human HMGB1. The filtrated PK M2-HMGB1 complex was exposed to western blotting.\nB: Survival of cells after treatment with oligomycin (10 ng ml−1) and HMGB1 (80 nM; both 72 h,n=3, **P<0.0001,t-test).\nC: HPLC-purified HMGB1 (80 nM, 24 h,n=3) from the supernatant of Nkp30-stimulated blood donor NK cells was diluted in the IgG1 control supernatant and shows substantial cytotoxicity.\nD: The calculations was performed as outlined ina, here in the presence of FBP (left) or with Tyr 105 phosphorylated (centre) or in the absence of FBP and with unphosphorylated Tyr 105 (right).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10764_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12180", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: C57BL/6mice were infected with Ad-G6Pase-luc and either Ad-MOCK or Ad-SREBP1c.G6Pasepromoter activity was measured by opticalin vivoimaging and photon density. (c,d)C57BL/6mice were infected with Ad-MOCK or Ad-SREBP1c and performed pyruvate tolerance test (c). All mice were fasted at ZT 10 and performed PTT at ZT 3. Results were converted to area-under-the curve (AUC) (d). Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=5 for each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test). (e,f) Pyruvate tolerance test (e) was performed inSREBP1c−/−andSREBP1c+/+mice. All mice were fasted at ZT 10 and performed PTT at ZT 3. Results were converted to AUC (f). Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=5 for each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nB: ChIP assay, performed as described in Methods section, showingCRY1promoter occupancy by SREBP1 in H4IIE cells.\nC: CRY1gene expression was measured in mouse primary hepatocytes following 12 h of insulin exposure using qRT-PCR. The level of theTBPmRNA was used for the qRT-PCR normalization. Data are represented as mean±s.d.,N=3 for each group. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 (Student’st-test). SeeSupplementary Fig. 13for original full immunoblot.\nD: HEK293T cells were transfected with GFP-CRY1 and/or FOXO1-MYC expression vectors. Co-immunoprecipitation with an anti-MYC antibody and western blotting were performed with the indicated antibodies. IP, immunoprecipitation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12180_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative images of DHE and quantification of immunoreactive NOX2 and DHE in aortic root lesions of 8-week and 17-week WD-fedLdlr−/−mice given vehicle control (Veh) or RvD1 for weeks 12–17 (Fig. 3). Scale bar, 100 μm. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m., one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test, ***P<0.001 early lesions versus other groups. ^^P<0.01 Veh versus RvD1 groups,n=8 for early lesions,n=11 for advanced lesions,n=10 for advanced lesions/RvD1 group.\nB: Representative images and quantification of collagen of 17-week WD-fedLdlr−/−mice given vehicle control (Veh) or RvD1 for weeks 12–17 (Fig. 3). Scale bar, 100 μm. (b,c) Representative images and quantification of collagenase and MMP9. Scale bar, 100 μm. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.,t-test, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001,n=11 for Veh group andn=10 for RvD1 group.\nC: Representative images and quantification of lesional necrosis in the two cohorts of mice. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Representative images and quantification of lesional efferocytosis, quantified as the ratio of TUNEL+apoptotic cells (red) associated with lesional macrophages (green) versus apoptotic cells not associated with macrophages (‘free’). Yellow indicates red/green overlap, and blue indicates DAPI-stained nuclei. Scale bar, 5 μm. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m.,t-test, *P<0.05, **P<0.01,n=11 for Veh group andn=10 for RvD1 group.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12859_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10492", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Changes inHDAC1mRNA levels. mRNA content was determined with quantitative real-time RT–PCR. Each sample was measured in duplicate and counted as one case (n=3 from one set).\nB: MDM2siRNA blunted Pi-induced VC in A10 cells (n=9 from three sets). EitherMDM2siRNA or scramble was transfected with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX.\nC: Apicidin, a class-I-selective HDACi, potentiated the Pi-induced VC in a dose-dependent manner. VC was induced either by inorganic phosphate (Pi) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (RVSMCs) or by vitamin D3(VD3) in mouse. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Ad-HDAC1 reducedRunx2mRNA amount. Each sample was measured in duplicate and counted as one case (n=4 from two sets).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10492_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7643", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Sketch of 35S pre-RNA processing into 20S and 27SA2pre-rRNA. The graphs show the quantification of primary 35S rRNA levels measured by RT–qPCR (5′ETS probe 4) or by northern blot analysis (+1-A0probe) of cDNA or total RNA, respectively.6myc-rio1TEVcdc15-2cells carrying pPGAL10(blue) or pPGAL10-TEV Protease(red) were released from a metaphase arrest (nocodazole) underPGAL10-inducing conditions (37 °C). Error bars, s.d.’s.n=2. The northern blot with the +1-A0probe is shown underneath the graph.\nB: PhosTag western blot of Rpa43-3HA (anti-HA) in6myc-rio1TEVpPGAL10(blue) and6myc-rio1TEVpPGAL10-TEV Protease(red) cells. Cells were collected beforePGAL10induction (B.I.), after 1 h of induction during the G1 arrest (G1), and 3 h after the release from G1 (anaphase, A).\nC: Left: northern blot analysis with an A2-A3probe of total RNA isolated from6myc-rio1TEVcdc14-3cells carrying pPGAL10(blue) or pPGAL10-TEV Protease(red). The cells were arrested in anaphase after release from a metaphase arrest (nocodazole, 23 °C) underPGAL10-inducing conditions (37 °C). Right: quantified northern blot signals, and 35S and 32S pre-rRNA levels relative to those of 27SA2pre-rRNA.\nD: In vitrokinase activity analysis of full-length or truncated 6myc-Rio1TEVisolated from yeast lacking or expressing TEV Protease, respectively. The reaction contained [γ-32P]ATP and dephosphorylated casein, as the substrate. Left; top: [γ-32P]-phosphorylated casein visualized radiographically; bottom: western blots (anti-myc) of full-length or truncated 6myc-Rio1TEV. The indicated times (min) are relative to the release from G1. Right: 6myc-Rio1TEVkinase activity normalized to the activity measured 1 h beforePGAL10induction.n=3. Error bars, s.d.’s.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7643_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5993", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: qRT–PCR analysis of transcriptsLkb1and myelinating genes in the premyelinating (P2) and myelinating sciatic nerve. One pair of nerves from each of 3–6 animals was pooled to prepare RNA.\nB: Western blot analysis showing levels of OXPHOS proteins in proliferating and differentiatingLkb1-mutant SCs that were infected with control virus (empty vector) or pBABE-CS retrovirus. A high exposure of the OXPHOS blots shows that OXPHOS proteins are expressed inLkb1-mutant (empty vector) cells, but in very low amounts and that the majority of them are not upregulated during differentiation. (i–k) MBP immunocytochemistry showingin vitromyelination and its quantitation (l; *P=0.02) in SC-DRG co-cultures from control andLkb1-mutant mice. Control SCs were infected with control retrovirus (empty vector) in co-cultures. Mutant SCs were infected with control virus or pBABE-CS. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Data are representative of two independent experiments containing five control and three mutant animals; quadruplicates for each condition were examined from each experiment. Student’st-test was used to calculate statistical significance. Scale bar, 02 μM (a–f); 2 μM (i–k).\nC: CS activity in HEK 293T cells transfected with empty vector or FLAG-tagged humanLkb1(*P≤0.002).\nD: CS activity inLkb1-mutant SCs infected with empty vector (control virus) or pBABE-puro-CS (*P=0.001). CS activities ina–fwere normalized to protein content of cell lysates and are expressed as nmol min−1per μg protein. Data are representative of two to three independent experiments. Error bars show s.d. Student’st-test was used to calculate statistical significance. Cont, control.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5993_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15652", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: The connectivitykinof each gene is displayed against thervalue for the Pearson correlation between the gene expression trait and T2D status. Grey dots denote genes in the T2D-associated module and red dots denote genes with islet-selective open chromatin. Data are from human islets from 64 donors.\nB: Representative electron micrographs of human islets from T2D donors with high or lowSOX5expression (5–9 cells analysed from each of 6 donors with T2D). Mitochondria (M), plasma membrane (PM), insulin granules (G), nucleus (N) and α- and β-cells are indicated. Granules were defined as docked (indicated by arrows) when located within 150 nm from the PM. Scale bar, 2 μm in the lower and 0.5 μm in the larger magnification (corresponding to the marked area). Data are mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 using Student’st-test.\nC: CDF plots of log2-transformed gene expression fold-change for the T2D-associated module in islets from 4-week-old db/db mice (n=3) versus db/+ littermates (n=5) and from phlorizin-treated db/db mice (n=3) versus untreated db/db mice (n=5). Phlorizin was administered at 400 mg kg−1daily for 10 days. (c–f) As in (b) but for 10-week-old db/db mice treated with phlorizin (400 mg kg−1daily) for 7 days (n=7 untreated db/db andn=3 phlorizin-treated db/db) (c), for 14-month-old C57BL/6 mice (n=6) versus 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice (n=5) (d), for 6 or 13-week-old ob/ob mice versus ob/+ littermates (n=5 in each group) (e), and for human islets incubated at 20 mM glucose for 72 h versus islets incubated at 5.6 mM glucose (n=6) (f).\nD: Current–voltage relationship for the peak Ca2+current in the absence or presence of 2 μM isradipine (isr) inSox5-kd and control cells (n=8–15 cells). The isradipine-sensitive component was obtained by subtracting currents recorded in the presence of isradipine from currents observed in the absence of the blocker.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15652_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic of the SacI adenoviral construct (SacI AdV) and its activation by DOX.\nB: Quantification of cleaved caspase-3 from three images pern, where AdV, 1 mo, 2 mo post DSBn=4, 24 h V+Dn=2 and oldn=3.Pvalues were calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test to AdV samples followed by apost hocDunn’s test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Mo, months.\nC: Upregulated or (e) downregulated transcript overlaps of old, 1 mo post DSB and 2 mo post DSB as compared with their respective controls. (f,g) Significantly differentially expressed transcripts were subjected to GO analysis for biological process using DAVID.\nD: Dual-colour interphase FISH was performed on liver sections. Ploidy for chromosome 1 (red) and chromosome 18 (green) was determined for 100 hepatocytes pernwheren=3 for all cohorts. The ploidy of each chromosome was plotted as mean±s.d. Representative images are shown for cells with balanced chromosome ploidy for 2, 4 and 8 N and unbalanced cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7790_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Surface expression of L-selectin and Mac-1 on PB neutrophils from irradiated WT or FT DKO mice reconstituted with donor BM from LysM-GFP or N138G/LysM-GFP mice.\nB: Body temperatures of mice before and 4 h after intraperitoneal injection ofE. coli. Data inaandbare mean±s.e.m. of four experiments with three mice per group. Data inc–eare mean±s.e.m. of ten mice per group. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 (two-tailed Student’sttest).\nC: ROS generated by neutrophils in heparinized blood after incubation withE. colifor 10 or 30 min.\nD: Representative haematoxylin/eosin-stained ear sections 6 h or 16 h after topical application of vehicle or croton oil. Bar, 200 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15196_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8433", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Respiratory exchange ratio of wild-type (open symbols,n=6) and transgenic mice (filled symbols,n=7) living on high-fat diet at thermoneutrality for 5–6 months was analysed with indirect calorimetry at 30 °C as described in Methods. Food was removed at 2000 hours and given back the next day at 1100 hours (as indicated). Thin lines indicate s.e.m.\nB: Lipolytic response of wild-type (open symbols,n=3) and transgenic mice (filled symbols,n=4) to CL316,243 injection (1 mg per kg body weight, i.p). Mice were living at thermoneutrality (on chow diet) for 2 months. Blood free fatty acids (FFA; top panel) and glycerol levels (lower panel) following CL316,243 injection.\nC: Metabolic efficiency. Values represent percentage of consumed energy incorporated into fat (calculated as (fat weight gained (kJ)/energy intake (kJ)) × 100); based ond,e. Values shown in all panels are means±s.e.m. *Significant difference between genotypes; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 by Student’st-test.#Significant difference between diets;###P<0.001 by Student’st-test.\nD: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin (HOMA-IR).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8433_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1153", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Interaction of CATSPER1, CATSPERβ and CATSPERδ inwttestes (wt). CATSPERδ is associated with CATSPERβ regardless of CATSPER1 expression (1−/−). α-Tubulin; input control.\nB: Epididymal sperm count (mean±s.e.m.) from littermates at ages of 2–3 or 7–8 months of age (six pairs each).Het(open) versusnull(filled): *P<0.05, paired two-tailedt-test.\nC: Predicted mouse CATSPERδ protein sequences. Predicted signal peptide (SP) and transmembrane (TM) domain are boxed. The two peptides identified by mass spectrometry are in bold (amino acids 436–450 and 781–787). Two peptide epitopes used to generate antibodies are underlined (amino acids 446–470 and 786–805). The first methionines of two potential TMEM146 isoforms are shadowed in grey.\nD: Absence of expression of CATSPER3 and CATSPER4 subunits in the sperm cells ofCatSperδhomozygous null mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1153_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: [TBPH] and [Mn(TPP)Cl] were 2 × 10−2and 6.7 × 10−6M, respectively. [ArIO] was 2.5 × 10−4, 5 × 10−4, 7.5 × 10−4, 1 × 10−3and 1.5 × 10−3M, respectively.\nB: Relationship between the observed species. Red: 422 nm, blue: 460 nm, dark yellow: 477 nm.\nC: Structure of substrates and catalysts used in this work.\nD: ArI was added to the intermediate.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2196_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5981", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Calibration curve of extracellular pH as a function of relative fluorescence intensity (RFI). TheRFIwas generated as the ratio of the fluorescence intensity between peri-pHin and peri-HdeA-72-DMN (with benzoate) at each pH point.\nB: Immunoblotting analysis showing the localization of peri-HdeA and cyto-HdeA.\nC: Fluorescence of PI-stainedE. colicells after being treated with Cu(I) ligands for 1 h. Blank,E. colicells without Cu(I) treatment. Error bars, s.d. from three independent experiments.\nD: Detection of intracellular generation of ROS fromE. colicells using DCFH-DA as the reporter. Blank,E. colicells without Cu(I) treatment. Error bars, s.d. from three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5981_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1097", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Binding isotherm for the interaction of IscU with IscS. In the upper panel, peaks indicate the heat released after each addition of IscU into the protein solution. In the lower panel, the data were best fit using a single binding constant to calculate the thermodynamic parameters (continuous line).\nB: Plot of the interferometry response obtained by immobilizing IscS as a function of increasing concentrations of cluster-free (circle) and cluster-loaded (diamond) IscU_D39A mutant.\nC: Binding isotherm for the interaction of CyaY with IscS. In the upper panel, peaks indicate the heat released after each addition of CyaY into the protein solution. In the lower panel, the data were fit using a single binding constant.\nD: Superposition of the hetero single quantum coherence spectra of15N uniformly labelled CyaY (light blue) with the final point of a titration with unlabelled IscS (1:1 molar ratio, black).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1097_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14043", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Synthesis of quinolones3: 1,6-enynes1(0.1 M),III(0.5 mol%) and DCM, 0 °C to rt, overnight.\nB: 14qand14rdisplace BODIPY-cyclopamine from Smo. HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with Smo expressing plasmid or empty vector. Forty-eight hours later cells were treated with BODIPY-cyclopamine (5 nM, green) followed by addition of 10 μM of14qor14ror vismodegib (5 μM) and DMSO as controls. Cells were incubated for 1 h before fixation and staining with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) to visualize the nuclei (blue). Scale bar, 20 μm.\nC: Dose-dependent inhibition of the Wnt pathway as determined by means of Wnt reporter gene. HEK293 cells stably transfected with the human Frizzled-1 receptor and a TOPFLASH-driven luciferase reporter gene were treated with different concentrations of3jfor 6 h. Expression of the firefly luciferase as a reporter gene was the determined by means of luminescence as readout. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed using a four parameter fit. Data are mean values of three independent experiments (n=3)±s.d.\nD: Synthesis ofdf-oxindoles4: 1,6-enynes1(0.1 M), MeOH (10 eq),II(0.5 mol%), DCE and rt to 60 °C, overnight. Bn, benzyl; DCE, dichloroethane; eq, equivalent; LDS, ligand-directed divergent synthesis; PMB,p-phenoxy benzyl; rt, room temperature.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14043_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Coupled-enzyme assay in which AMSDH (200 nM) oxidizes 2-AMS, producedin situas shown inbin 50 s, to 2-AM (λmax325 nm).\nB: Single-crystal electronic absorption spectrum ofd. Protein backbone and residues are shown as light blue cartoons and sticks, respectively. The substrates and intermediate are shown as yellow sticks, and NAD+and NADH are shown as green sticks. The omit map for ligands is contoured to 2.0σand shown as a grey mesh.\nC: Solution electronic absorption spectra of a titration of 2-HMS with E268A.\nD: Representative assay showing the activity of AMSDH (200 nM) on 2-HMS (λmax375 nm) in 50 s. The inset is a Michaelis–Menten plot.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6935_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3802", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: A low-energy conformation of Ac–(Leu–Ox)–Arg (6, cyan carbons; Ox, oxazole) aligned well with Ac–Leu–Ala–Arg (3, green carbons) modelled in a type IIβ turn conformation (φi+1−60°,ψi+1120°,φi+280°,ψi+20°), showing the typical (i,i+3) H-bond Ac–CO…HN–Arg (Arg side chains omitted for clarity).\nB: Schild plot (slope=0.95) of data fromFig. 4d, indicating competitive inhibition of17by SB290157.\nC: Linear correlation between C3aR-binding affinity (−LogIC50) and calculated H-bond interaction energy (kJ mol−1) predicted for water binding to different heterocyclic compounds7and11–15.\nD: C3a or17(0.3 μM, 30 min) induce expression of inflammatory genes in HMDMs, monitored by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. Relative gene expression data are duplicates normalized to housekeeping gene18S. Fold changes were calculated against untreated control. Error bars represent mean±s.e.m. of at least three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.005. (b,c) Expression in HMDMs of inflammatory genesIL1βandTNFinduced by C3a or17(0.3 μM, 30 min) alone or after preincubating cells with C3aR antagonist (10 μM SB290157, 30 min), Gαi inhibitor (200 ng ml−1pertussis toxin (PTX), overnight) or PLCβ inhibitor (10 μM U73122, 30 min). (d,e) β-Hexosaminidase release mediated by C3a (pEC508.0±0.3) and17(pEC507.8±0.6) in the absence or presence of SB290157 in LAD2 human mast cells. Cells were pre-sensitized with IgE (100 ng ml−1, overnight) before adding C3a (1 μM at 1.5 log dilutions) or17(10 μM at 1.5 dilutions) for 30 min. In the antagonist assay, cells sensitized overnight with IgE were incubated with SB290157 (100 μM at 1.5 log dilutions, 30 min) before adding C3a or17(1 μM) for 30 min. Release of β-hexosaminidase in cell supernatant and lysate was detected by adding p-nitrophenylN-acetyl-β-D-glucosamide (PNAG) and reading absorbance at 405 nm. % β-Hexosaminidase release was calculated against response for 1 μM agonist. Error bars represent mean±s.e.m. of (n=4) independent experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3802_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7122", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Diagram of a 5 dpf zebrafish cross-section, dorsal is up (D), ventral is down (V). In this image, the spinal cord is in orange and includes neuronal cell bodies (blue) and myelinated axons (green). Ventral region used for quantification is boxed in green, dorsal region used for quantification boxed in magenta. Muscle in purple. (c–k) Representative TEM images from the ventral spinal cord of WT (c–e,N=6),gpr56stl13/stl13mutant larvae (f–h,N=5), andgpr56stl14/stl14mutant larvae (i–k,N=4) at 5 dpf. Higher magnifications ofc,f,iare shown ind–e,g–h,j–k, respectively. (c,d,f,g,i,j) Myelinated axons are shaded green, unmyelinated large caliber axons (≥ 500 nm) are shaded orange. (e,h,k) Images from panelsd,g,jwithout pseudocolour.\nB: Quantification of the number of proliferating OPCs ingpr56stl13/stl13mutants compared with controls (P<0.0004). (k–m) Quantification of dying cells (acridine orange +, one technical replicate per time point) ingpr56stl13/stl13mutants and controls (WT andgpr56stl13/+) at 32 hpf (control:N=13, gpr56stl13/stl13:N=20), 2 dpf (control:N=21, gpr56stl13/stl13:N=12) and 3 dpf (control:N=19, gpr56stl13/stl13:N=20). (a,b,h,i) Scale bar, 50 μm. (d,e) Scale bar, 1 μm.\nC: Quantification of the number of pro-OL associated axons over time ingpr56mutants compared with controls at 30 hpf (P<0.039), 38 hpf (P<0.28) and 46 hpf (P=0.004). (d–f) Representative TEM images of the ventral spinal cord of a WT (d,N=3) andgpr56stl13/stl13(e,f,N=4) embryo at 3 dpf (two technical replicates performed).\nD: Representative image ofgpr56expression assessed by RT–PCR from fertilization through larval development (three technical replicates). From left to right: Mat (maternal expression), 8 h (8 h post-fertilization), 1 d (days post-fertilization) to 5 d, RT (-) control and H20 control. (b,c) Whole-mountin situhybridization (WISH) of zebrafish larvae at (b) 1 and (c) 2 dpf shows robustgpr56expression within the central nervous system (black arrows inb) during larval development (lateral views shown, anterior to the left, dorsal is up, two technical replicates performed).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7122_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5521", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: When Asp27 is protonated, the interactions between Asp27 and Arg133 are broken. At neutral pH, E206 is protonated and neutral while R133 is protonated (proton not shown) and positively charged in all of our simulations based on the H++ pKa prediction. (c,d) Distances from Asp27 to Arg133 (O–N atoms) (black and red lines) and Asp27 to Glu206 (O–O atoms) (green line) during the course of MD simulation. When Asp27 deprotonated, ~3 Å interactions are maintained throughoutc. When Asp27 is protonated, these interactions are broken as the distances between these atoms increase to 4–6 Å (d). Distance between each atom pair is colour coded as shown in the inset inc.\nB: A corresponding plot of deviation of the Cα positions in the N-domain between the inward- and outward-facing conformations. The N-domain does not appear to undergo a significant conformational change between the two structures.\nC: The starting outward partially occluded conformation withD-xylose bound, (b) the occluded intermediate, (c) the target inward open conformation and (d) the final sugar release conformation of XylE embedded in the membrane system in the MD simulation box. XylE (van der Waals surface) is embedded in the lipid molecules (yellow and orange lines) surrounded by water molecules (light-blue spheres) and Cl−ions (magenta spheres).D-xylose molecule is shown as white and red large spheres.\nD: The Cα backbone of the C-domain from residues 270–462 (yellow) of XylE in the inward-facing conformation looking from the interface between the N- and C-domains. TheσA-weighted 2Fo–Fcelectron density map is shown here also at 1.3σ.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5521_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13042", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: In-gel fluorescence analysis of PF-7802-labelled ARPE-19 cells. Live ARPE-19 cells were incubated with PF-7802 in the presence or absence of excess PF-9283, followed by ultraviolet irradiation, cell lysis,in vitroclick chemistry with TAMRA-azide, and SDS–PAGE. SeeSupplementary Fig. 2for scheme. Concentration-dependent labelling of a∼30 kDa band, which was competed by a 20-fold excess of PF-9283, was observed.\nB: Representative western blot of brain homogenates prepared from mice dosed daily for 30 days with PF-9283 (80 mg kg−1) showed increased levels of CatD heavy and light chains, but not the CatD single chain, compared with a vehicle control. Data are presented as mean (normalized to actin)±s.e.m.;n=5 (PF-9283) andn=6 (veh) per group.\nC: SILAC mass spectrometry ratios for proteins identified from live ARPE-19 cells pretreated with DMSO or 2 μM PF-9283 and photolabelled with 100 nM PF-7802, followed by click chemistry with biotin-azide, enrichment with streptavidin, and on-bead trypsin digest. Light (n=3) or heavy (n=1) cells were pretreated with PF-9283 and the corresponding control cells were treated with DMSO. SILAC ratios are the median of at least five peptides per protein identification for four independent experiments.\nD: Live ARPE-19 cells pretreated with lysosome-neutralizing agent NH4Cl (10 mM, 2 h) or V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1, 400 nM, 4 h) showed a reduction in PF-7802 labelling of CatD (top, representative in-gel fluorescence scan). PF-7802 labelling was normalized to CatD heavy chain protein level (bottom, CatD western blot); significant changes from non-pretreated samples for each PF-7802 concentration are indicated: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 using two-tailedt-test. For full gel ofFig. 3e, seeSupplementary Fig. 12. For assay results with other BACE1 inhibitors and a summary of aspartyl protease activities of selected inhibitors seeSupplementary Fig. 10andSupplementary Table 4, respectively. Forb,dande, data are presented as mean±s.e.m. for three independent experiments.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13042_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2822", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Binding model comparison of m6A overlay with m3T.\nB: The initial product matches the elution time and MS/MS fragmentation pattern of hm6A.\nC: Binding model comparison of hm6A overlay with m3T. Positions of the targeting methyl in m6A and hm6A are highlighted in dashed blue and red circles, respectively; the targeting methyl in m3T is highlighted in dashed magenta circles. Protein structure is shown in cartoon and active-site residues in sticks. Left panels use the m3T coordinate as in the FTO crystal structure (PDB ID: 3LFM) to prepare the initial location of the base in the FTO simulation through the following steps: fix the sugar ring position in 3LFM and mutate m3T to m3C, m6A, and hm6A, respectively. Right panels use the base coordinates from aligned AlkB crystal structures (PDB ID: 3O1P for εA, and 3O1O for m3T): align FTO and AlkB, take the aligned positions of m3T and εA as the starting point and mutate εA to m6A and hm6A, respectively.\nD: HPLC analysis of nuclease P1-digested 5′m6A-9mer RNA oligo (5 μM) after treating with FTO. m6A was converted to hm6A and f6A after the treatment with 2.5 μM of FTO for 2 min at room temperature; substantial conversion of hm6A to f6A can be observed in 20 min. These newly formed peaks coelute with hm6A and f6A standards, respectively. The last peak in hm6A standard isN6-methyleneadenosine, a dehydration product that coexists with hm6A. (c,d) Comparison of MS/MS profile of m6A-oxidation products with hm6A and f6A standards.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2822_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9076", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Upper traces show light-evoked NMDAR currents recorded in CA1 pyramidal neurons while bath applying 200 μMATG, in response to a 500 ms 375 nm laser pulse immediately followed by various durations of 405 nm laser pulses. Lower traces show smaller currents evoked by 405 nm pulses alone. Inset: confocal image of dendrite stimulated in these recordings. Purple dot indicates targeted point ofATGstimulation. Scale bar 3 μm (c) Normalized population averages of NMDAR currents evoked by 375 nm laser pulse (100 ms) alone (red;n=9 cells), or 375nm followed by 405 nm laser pulse (50 ms; magenta;n=9 cells) when locally applyingATG(100 μM) with a patch pipette. Blue trace represents uncaging-evoked NMDAR responses when locally applying MNI-glutamate (100 μM;n=5 cells). Dotted line on the magenta trace in the inset indicates the double exponential decay function.\nB: Changes in fluorescence (ΔF/F) at different time points of the calcium transient; prior to light stimulation, immediately after illumination and after returning to basal calcium levels.\nC: Action spectrum ofATGrecorded in layer 2/3 cortical neurons in an acute slice preparation in presence of 200 μMATGin ACSF. Current amplitude was measured after 5 s light stimulation with the respective wavelength and normalized to the maximal current amplitude at 360 nm.\nD: As in (a), but with 50 ms intervals.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9076_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Cleavage of rD2C1 by EC1, anE. coli-responsive DNAzyme. Concentration ofE. coli: 105cells ml−1. Reaction mixtures were analyzed by 10% denaturing PAGE. EC1M: a mutant EC1 that cannot be activated byE. coli. Both rCDNAiiandCDNAiin rD2C1 were radioactively labelled with32P to facilitate DNA visualization on the gel. Clv%: per cent cleavage.\nB: Restoration of RCA compatibility of an rD2C using an RCD.\nC: Real-time monitoring of HRCA reactions at variousE. coliconcentrations (cells ml−1).\nD: Determination of detection sensitivity through analysis of RP using 0.6% agarose gel electrophoresis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12074_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14633", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Implementation of an orthogonal gene activation module using ASO-responsive iSBH-sgRNAs. iSBH(0B)ASOβ-CTS1 and iSBH(0B)ASOα-CTS2 containing distinct sensing loop were supplemented 24 h post transfection with a decoy ASO, ASOβ, ASOα or a combination of ASOβ+ASOα.\nB: Sequence and secondary structure of prototype SBH designed to silence sgRNAs with spacer targeting CTS1 (left) and CTS2 (right). Superscript annotation ((0)) denotes the number of free spacer nucleotides. +G1(U6) refers to the G nucleotide required for U6 transcription.\nC: Orthogonal activation of two target genes using protein-responsive iSBH-sgRNAs (orthogonal module). Csy4- and Cas6A-responsive iSBH(0B)Csy4(nano)CTS1 and iSBH(0B)Cas6A(medium)CTS2, respectively, were co-transfected in the absence of any inducer, the presence of each individual inducer or a combination of the two.\nD: iSBH(0B)SAM-ASOλ-HBG1 and iSBH(0B)SAM-ASOτ-IL1B containing different ASO-sensing loops were supplemented with decoy ASO, ASOλ, ASOτ or a combination of ASOλ+ASOτ. Orthogonal regulation ofHBG1andIL1Btranscription was observed in the presence of matching ASOs compared with a control nv-SCR sgRNA. For (b,d)n=3 biological replicates for each condition (mean±s.d.). Quantification of cell fractions expressing EYFP, ECFP or both EYFP and ECFP relevant to conditions inb,dis displayed inSupplementary Fig. 8. For (c,e)n=3 biological replicates (× 3 technical replicates) (mean±s.d.).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14633_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3767", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: (−)-iridomyrmecin is used as a defensive compound by females ofL. heterotomaandL. boulardi.\nB: Males ofL. heterotomause (−)-iridomyrmecin as a semiochemical cue to locate females. At this ancestral stage, males are not yet able to discriminate between the species based on the chemical cue.\nC: Frequency of decision for sample or control of naïveL. heterotomamales in a y-tube experiment when choosing between the control (brown bar) and the extract of virginL. boulardifemales (blue bar). TheP-value (rounded to third decimal) is given for the two-sided binomial test;n=30.\nD: Box-and-whisker plots showing median (horizontal line), interquartile range (box) and maximum/minimum range (whiskers) of the amount (ng) of iridomyrmecins released by virgin and mated females ofL. heterotoma. TheP-value (rounded to third decimal) is given for the Mann–WhitneyU-test;n=13.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3767_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7481", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Introduction of DNA nucleotides at positions 28 and 30 stabilizes the stacking of mC5a Arg708 against the dU28 ribose ring, whereas removal of the 2′-OH group in G26 would destabilize the water network around this interface.\nB: Titration of KCl.\nC: Footprint of NOX-D20 on mC5a based on the NOX-D20:mC5a structure. The mC5a residues directly involved in NOX-D20 binding are highlighted in green and the surface of mC5a covered by the Spiegelmer is indicated by an ellipse.\nD: Zoom-in on the detailed interactions of mC5a helix H2 with NOX-D20 at the bottom of the Spiegelmer’s binding cavity.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7481_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1114", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Superimposition of N8–inhibitor complexes of 3-(p-tolyl)allyl-Neu5Ac2en (6, cyan) and Neu5Ac2en (4, magenta; 2htr).\nB: NBS, DMSO/H2O (2.5:1), −30 °C, 2 h (38% di-equatorial bromohydrin8, 28% di-axial bromohydrin);\nC: Superimposition of N8–inhibitor complexes of 3-allyl-Neu5Ac2en (5, green) and Neu5Ac2en (4, magenta; 2htr).\nD: N8–6complex with an open 150-loop (6in CPK format).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1114_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2900", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Comparison of C-loop opening in AChBP- nicotine (cyan), AChBP-PnIA (red), AChBP-IMI (green) and AChBP-VUF9432 (yellow) complex. Position assumed by the C-loop after VUF9432 binding resembles that in conotoxins.\nB: Side view of Ac-AChBP-VUF9432 complex structure, showing two VUF9432 molecules (yellow sticks) in the binding site formed by subunit B (sand) and C (cyan).\nC: Comparison of binding modes of Imidacloprid (magenta) and VUF9432 (yellow) to AChBP showing the two ligands establishing similar interactions with the ligand-binding site. Repositioning of the C-loop provides the space for either one, two or three flat aromatic moieties.\nD: Electron density map displaying VUF9432 molecules in the ligand-binding site formed by subunit B and C (experimental density contoured at 1 σ).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2900_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13419", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The qPCR quantification of sulfate reducing bacteria in control and CD patient microbiota as a function of disease severity. Dissimilatory sulfide reductase gene (DSR);n=16, 9, 9 and 8 for control, mild, moderate and severe CD, respectively). (a,e,f) Statistical comparison by Kruskal–Wallis test using Dunn’spost hoctest and followed by a Bonferroni correction for the significance level; *P<0.05; **P<0.01. Crosses indicate the mean while horizontal lines indicate the median.\nB: Representative histological sections of the cecum and colon ofIl10−/−mice under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions that were either associated with (+) or without (−)A. parvulum.\nC: Blinded histological score of inflammation (n=6 to 7 per group; crosses indicate the mean while horizontal lines indicate the median; comparison by Mann–Whitney two-tailed test; *P<0.05).\nD: The qPCR quantification of butyrate producing bacteria in control and CD microbiota. Butyryl-CoA: acetyl-CoA transferase gene (BCoAT);n=20 and 34 for control and CD, respectively; statistical comparison by Mann–Whitney two-tailed test; **P<0.01).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13419_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6223", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structure of the HLA-A2-bound WT1 peptide (RMFPNAPYL)(PDB: 3HPJ)68, cyan.\nB: The RD1-MART1HIGHclone, isolated by affinity maturation of the RD1-MART1 clone, was stained with various concentrations of Tax/HLA-A2 monomers (left panel) or MART1/HLA-A2 monomer (right panel) at the indicated concentrations. Data are representative of four experiments with similar results.\nC: The RD1-Tax-1 clone isolated from Tax selections (top panels), which was identical in amino acid sequence to A6-X15, and the RD1-MART1 clone isolated from MART1 selections (bottom panels) were stained with various concentrations of the Tax/HLA-A2-Ig dimer (left panels) or MART1/HLA-A2-Ig dimer (right panels) at the indicated concentrations. Grey filled histograms were yeast cells stained with secondary antibody only.\nD: Insertion of tryptophan W101α of RD1-MART1 into the interface between MART1 and HLA-A2 in the 3QDG/DMF5 orientation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6223_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13858", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Complex logic function for the 3-input system showing the concentration-dependent correlation between inducers (Ara, IPTG, 3OC6-HSL) and output signals. The maximum GFP output is achieved by IPTG only (cI5C6Aactivates GFP expression) and the minimum GFP output by arabinose only (cI represses GFP expression). In an analogous manner, the maximum mCherry output is obtained by 3OC6-HSL (cI5G6G,Pactivates mCherry expression) and the minimum mCherry output is with Ara only (cI represses mCherry expression). As expected, combinations of the inducers resulted in intermediate GFP and mCherry expression levels, in an inducer-dependent manner. The three inducer concentrations used for the on state (1) were 0.1% Ara, 0.01 mM IPTG and 1.0 μM 3OC6-HSL. All data represent the average of four replicates and error bars correspond to 1 s.d. between the measurements.\nB: Fold-activation of engineered λPMpromoters by selected cI variants. Stronger activation domain mutants are denoted by a ‘P’ (for example cI5C6A,P).\nC: Enrichment assays of λ cIoptfrom mixed phage populations, diluted 1:103or 1:106with excess of RFP-expressing phagemid. Enrichment of cIoptwas analysed by calculating the ratio of white (cIopt) to red (RFP) colonies on agar plates. In all experiments, phage encoding cIoptwere fully enriched after the selection process. Error bars are 1 s.d.\nD: Scheme of the phage-assisted selection system.E. colicells containing the modified M13 helper phage (HP; contains all phage genes except genes III and VI) and an accessory plasmid (AP; containing a conditional gene VI expression circuit, dependent on variant cI activity) are infected with selection phages encoding a combinatorial cI library member on phagemids (PM; contain the variable cI genes and gene III). After infection, a protein with desired characteristics leads to an upregulated gene VI expression and therefore increased phage production. In this way, a protein with desired properties can be selected after several rounds of reinfection.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13858_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The sequential-logic circuit design for the simultaneous conditioning according to the Karnaugh maps in (a) and (b). This circuit is composed of four modules:LearningAND gate, theMemorymodule,RecallingAND gate and output OR gate.\nB: Memoryreading-out performed by the sub-circuit comprising GTS and RAG. Arabinose (Ara) triggers GFP expression if and only ifMemoryis ON; on the other hand, salicylate (Sal) cannot evoke output regardless of theMemorystate. Inset: simplified diagram for theMemoryreading-out sub-circuit.\nC: The population-level, Pavlovian-likeLearningsubfunction of the single simultaneous conditioning circuit. The fraction ofMemory-ON cells grew with the sessions of simultaneous conditioning; the ‘control training’ withRingonly, however, produced negligibleMemory-ON cells. The 2-hour induction pulse withFood+RingorRingonly in each session has been shaded in grey; the relaxation of cell populations was performed by washing away the inducer(s) and a 10-hour growth in fresh medium. The line segments in the top indicate the two sessions for fluorescence microscopy.\nD: The Karnaugh map for the input/output function of single simultaneous conditioning, visualizing the equationOutput=Food |(Ring&Memory).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4102_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2939", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic diagram of the network. The generators (theN=10 dynamical nodes in the network) are highlighted in blue, and the non-generator nodes appear in grey. The simulated fault is on the line connecting nodes 16 and 17 (red). It consists of short-circuiting the end 16 of the line with the ground for the period 1.0–1.6 s and subsequently removing the affected line from the network. (b–d) Dynamics of the generators, characterized by the phasesδi(upper panels) and angular frequenciesωi(lower panels):\nB: Examples of transitions between memorized patterns induced by compensatory perturbations. Taking an initial statecorresponding to a letter in the word ‘NETWORK’, we attempt to find a perturbation(downward arrows) that then causes the network to spontaneously transition to the next letter under time evolution (diagonal arrows). Each oscillator is colour-coded based on its angular distance from oscillator 1 (a,upper left), while the errors between the final state that is actually reached and the state that was targeted are indicated in grey. In each of the six cases, the control procedure successfully brings the system to the target or to a visually similar stable state with few such errors.\nC: Wiring diagram of a network ofN=64 oscillators storing patterns representing the seven letters in the word ‘NETWORK’, where red (blue) lines denote connections of positive (negative) weight.\nD: without any control perturbation, (c) with a naive intervention based on resetting the generators' frequencies to the frequency of the target state, and (d) with a compensatory perturbation identified by our control procedure. The fault induces a desynchronization (b), which is not remediated by the naive intervention (c), but the iterative control procedure identifies a configuration of generator frequencies that maintains bounded swings in the short term (d, left), and ultimately causes the system to evolve to the new synchronous (target) state (d, right). This simplified example was chosen to have very large frequency deviations and transient period to facilitate visualization. In a realistic setting, the interventions can be implemented by tuning the damping of the generators.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2939_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3503", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: pALG3 in five differentE. colistrain backgrounds (b) Integration of ALG3.4 into different loci withinE. coliATCC8739’s genome. Data points represent averages from at least three biological replicates. All standard deviations were less than 5% of the average, and error bars have been omitted for visual clarity.\nB: Relationship between integration efficiency and cassette length. Efficiency is represented as the percent of kanamycin-resistant colonies that also exhibited sensitivity to chloramphenicol by either plasmid delivery (red squares) or phage delivery (blue diamonds). Error bars represent s.d. from at least three replicate platings.\nC: Ethanol production profiles—Matching colours represent strains with identical alginate lyase and alginate pathway configurations with either a single integrated copy (solid line) or two integrated copies (dashed line) of the ethanol pathway.\nD: Growth of five integration clones on 2% degraded alginate medium. BAL 1075 was used as a negative control for these growth assays. Clones 1–3 were derived through the plasmid delivery method, and clones 4–5 were obtained through phage delivery.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3503_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15028", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Fluorescence images ofC.elegansshow the localization of (i) wild-type Nissle expressing mRFP1; (ii)P. aeruginosa(PA) expressing GFP. m=mouth. The scale bars represent 100 μm.\nB: (i) Mice were infected withP. aeruginosa, and gut colonization was studied for 7 days. The mice were then given EcN, andP. aeruginosain faeces was quantified and compared with the infection control group. (ii) Colonization ofP. aeruginosawas assessed by faecal counting of bacteria for two different numbers of cells given by oral gavage. (iii) Colon tissue was homogenized and plated for viability testing to confirm GI infection byP. aeruginosa(1010cfu) over time.\nC: Anti-biofilm activity was measured by quantifying biofilm mass (by crystal violet staining) and viable biofilm cells (by cell viability counting) after treating mature biofilm with engineered EcN cells for 6 h. The results are shown relative to theP. aeruginosacontrol groups. The mean and s.e.m. (error bars) from three experiments are shown. * indicates statistical significance at an alpha value of <0.05 by one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple comparisons test.\nD: (i) The bacterial count relative to averageP. aeruginosainfection at day 0 was tracked over 6 days post-treatment with EcN cells. All EcN expressing E7 are shown for comparison with the lysis controls. Other non-lysis EcN controls (EcN wild-type and Sensor mutant) are shown inSupplementary Fig. 6. (ii–iii) Total viableP. aeruginosacell counts from faecal (ii) and (iii) colon samples at day 6 post-treatment. The data from two independent experiments are shown (n=8–10). *P<0.01 (Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn correction). Data are presented in box plots with median as centre line, 10 and 90% confidence limits, and minimum and maximum values.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15028_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1687", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The role of basal expression in the direct and feedback circuits. Cells containing different combinations of these rtTA circuits were induced with 5 μM doxycycline (dox) for 6 h, in glycerol medium. The black bar in a box indicates the median of the ON cell percentage; the margins of a box indicate the first and third quartiles; whiskers indicate the data range. *P=0.015 for Mann–Whitney test for the median,n=7. (c,d) The distribution of GFP fluorescence signal when rtTA was driven by the basal expression of PGAL1(orange lines, kurtosis=7.04) or PGAL2(blue dashed lines, kurtosis=2.84). One representative experiment frombis shown. The black lines denote the cellular autofluorescence.\nB: Cells containing either the direct regulatory circuit PGAL3–rtTA (left panel) or the feedback circuit with P[tetO]3-in-GAL1–rtTA activated by PGAL3–rtTA (right panel) were grown overnight in raffinose medium with 0.32% glucose. Subsequently, the cells were induced by 5 μM doxycycline for 6 h in the same medium (dark red dashed lines) and GFP fluorescence was measured. The black lines denote the cellular autofluorescence. The kurtosis for the background distribution is 0.56 and for the direct regulatory circuit is −0.07.\nC: Positive and negative feedback loops mediated by Gal4p are denoted by red and blue arrows. TheGAL1andGAL3paralogues are denoted by empty rectangles.\nD: RNA levels measured after adding 2% glucose to Δgal80, PGAL4-with-MutatedMig1pBS–GAL4cells att=0 min. The cells were precultured in raffinose medium. Symbols of the genes are indicated as inb.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1687_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4612", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Western blot analyses of TetR and GFP in HeLa cells transfected with pTO_GFP and pTetR (encoding TetR, TetR-ODC, TetR-CL1) or with pTO_GFP and pTetR−and cultured with or without tetracycline for 30 h. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (e,f) Relative mRNA expression level of TetR (e) and GFP (f) in HeLa cells transfected as described ind. mRNA expression levels were evaluated by quantitative RT–PCR and normalized to those of the transfection control eqFP650. Data are reported as mean±s.d. (n=3).\nB: Relative GFP output of theeDeg-On system as a function of tTA half-life and assuming exposure to 0.3, 0.1 and 0.05 μg ml−1tetracycline.\nC: Relative GFP output of theeDeg-On system as a function of tetracycline concentration and tTA half-life.\nD: Relative GFP output of the Deg-On system as a function of tetracycline concentration assuming TetR half-life of 1, 3 and 5 h.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4612_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14240", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Concentration-responses of parental parasites (black), wild-type allelic replacement (blue), L357P allelic replacement (green) or active-site S179T allelic replacement (orange) to PHE. EC50values were measured with a flow cytometry-based assay. Inhibition data (parent, wild-type) were fit to a sigmoidal concentration-response curve. Error bars show s.d. ± indicates standard errors calculated for the biological triplicates of the experiment shown.N=2.\nB: Structure and MS fragmentation key of pepstatin or pepstatin ester. Blue lines and letters mark N-terminal fragments present in the free acid or ester of pepstatin. Red lines and numbers show C-terminal fragments which have an additional 56 amu in the pepstatin ester. (Note that there is loss of a proton on pepstatin upon the addition of the C4H9ester).\nC: Concentration responses of blood-stage 3D7 parasites (all in 0.1% DMSO) with pepstatin (black) or two syntheses of pepstatin n-butyl ester (PBE) (red, blue) measured using a flow cytometry-based assay. PBE inhibition data were fit to a sigmoidal growth inhibition curve. Error bars show s.d.±indicates standard errors calculated for the biological triplicates of the experiment shown.N=4.\nD: Separation of older, potent pepstatin by C18 reverse phase chromatography. The prominent peak eluting at 4.5 min has a mass of 686.47 and does not kill malaria cultures at 40 μM. The minor peak eluting at 6.4 min has a mass of 742.53 and is highly potent. (b,c) MS/MS fragmentation of the 686.47 mass peak (b) and the 742.53 mass peak (c). Mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of selected fragments are indicated in black numbers. The blue letters and red numbers match fragments of the structure key in (d).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14240_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4739", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Dose-response curves for the six compounds (n=3, replicated 4 times).\nB: Dose-response curves for the six compounds (n=3, replicated four times). UGT1A4, P450 Mix and All Mix were expressed in THLE-2 cells on the chip by exposing Ad-UGT1A4 (15 MOI), Ad-P450 Mix (3 MOI each) and Ad-All Mix (3 MOI each). Adenovirus carrying CMV promoter alone (Ad-Null, no drug-metabolizing enzyme expressed) was used as a parent compound-alone control.\nC: Controlled expression of three drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and UGT1A4) by co-transfecting different ratios of Ad-CYP3A4, Ad-CYP2C9 and Ad-UGT1A4: (top left) western blot analysis of THLE-2 cell monolayers co-expressing CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and UGT1A4 and (bottom left) In-cell immunofluorescence assay of THLE-2 cells co-expressing CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and UGT1A4 on the chip. Three combinations of MOIs of the three recombinant adenoviruses at a total MOI of 15 (sets B, C and D) were used to compare the co-expression levels of the three drug-metabolizing enzymes expressed in THLE-2 cells on the TeamChip with those obtained from THLE-2 cell monolayers in six-well plates. The bar graphs represent the co-expression levels of the three drug-metabolizing enzymes expressed in THLE-2 cell monolayers (top) and THLE-2 cells on the chip (bottom).\nD: Micropillar/microwell chip components in relation to a standard glass microscope slide.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4739_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: SGBS and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated to adipocytes. Then, cells were preincubated with the indicated concentrations of Atglistatin for 2 h. Thereafter, the medium was replaced by DMEM containing 2% BSA, 10 μM Forskolin and the indicated concentrations of Atglistatin for 1 h. The release of FA in the medium was determined and calculated per mg cell protein. (f–k) Mice were fed a HFD for 50 days, followed by HFD-feeding in the presence or absence of Atglistatin for another 50 days.\nB: mRNA expression of PPARγ-target genes was measured in gonadal WAT of re-fed mice (n=5 per group). Data represent mean±s.d. Statistical significance between control and ATGLi was determined by two-tailed Student’st-test; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.\nC: TG hydrolase activity was assessed in COS-7 lysates of cells overexpressing human and murine ATGL and CGI-58, respectively, in the presence and absence of the indicated concentrations of Atglistatin.\nD: Left ventricular mass and (f) ejection fraction of hearts from control and ATGLi animals was assessed by MRI after 5 weeks of diet intervention (n=5 per group).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14859_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15398", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Alexa488-N8CRL4ACRBNtitrated to biotinylated wild-type ZFP91 at 100 nM in the presence of lenalidomide or DMSO as a control in presence of tracer Tb-streptavidin at 2 nM. Data are presented as means±s.d. (n=3).\nB: Titration of thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide toAlexa488-N8CRL4ACRBNat 0.2 μM, biotin-ZFP91 at 0.1 μM and Tb-streptavidin at 2 nM. EC50 values are shown and indicate preference for pomalidomidein vitro. Data are presented as individual data points for one representative experiment out of four replicates.\nC: as in (b) using parental HEK293T (lane 1–3) or two independent pools of HEK293T cells with genetic inactivation of CRBN by CRISPR/Cas9 (shown is one representative experiment out of two replicates).\nD: Plots depicting the logarithmic H/L protein ratios over time are shown for the two validated targets CSNK1A1 and ZFP91 as well as for control proteins GAPDH, UBA1, DDB1 and CopS5. Differential turnover for CSNK1A1 and ZFP91 is observed, while stable conditions are found for controls. Data in this figure are presented as individual data points and separater2values for the linear regression are provided for lenalidomide and DMSO samples.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15398_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6736", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Exemestane (EXE), letrozole (LTZ) and anastrozole (ANA) (all 100 μM) increase the CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) outflow from slices of rat dorsal spinal cord. This effect is prevented by HC-030031 (HC; 30 μM) or after exposure to capsaicin (10 μM, 20 min; CPS-des).\nB: In C57BL/6 mice intraplantar (i.pl.) injection (20 μl) of EXE (10 nmol), LTZ (20 nmol) or allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; 10 nmol) induces paw oedema, which peaks at 60 min and fades 120 min after injection (c, upper insets), and is attenuated by pretreatment with HC (100 mg kg−1intraperitoneal, i.p.) or the combination of the selective antagonists of the neurokinin-1 receptor, (NK1-RA), L-733,060, and of the CGRP receptor (CGRP-RA), CGRP8-37, (both, 2 μmol kg−1, intravenous).\nC: Representative traces and (e) pooled data of the calcium response evoked by EXE, LTZ, ANA (all 100 μM) or AITC (30 μM), in neurons isolated fromTrpa1+/+mice. Neurons isolated fromTrpa1−/−mice do not respond to AITC, EXE, LTZ and ANA, whereas they do respond normally to CPS (0.1 μM). In DRG neurons isolated from bothTrpa1+/+andTrpa1−/−mice, calcium response is evaluated only in capsaicin responding neurons.§P<0.05 versus Veh, *P<0.05 versus EXE, LTZ, ANA or AITC-Trpa1+/+, ANOVA and Bonferronipost hoctest. Veh is the vehicle of AIs; dash (-) indicates the combination of the vehicles of HC and CPZ. Each point or column represents the mean±s.e.m. of at least 25 neurons obtained from 3 to 7 independent experiments.\nD: Concentration-response curves of EXE, LTZ and ANA, yielded EC50(95% confidence interval) of 82 (61–108) μM, 78 (39–152) μM, and 135 (78–231) μM, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6736_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Initial non-covalent binding of fragment.\nB: Binding modes of14; EV-B93 3C amino-acid residues in close proximity to14are labelled in the S1 and S1’ sub-pockets. The arrows represent the H-bonds between14, water molecules crucial for inhibitor binding and the protein.\nC: The active site of an enterovirus 3C protease with a bound peptide substrate containing a glutamine residue (Gln, Q) in P1 position occupying the S1 pocket of the enzyme.\nD: Close-up of the substrate-binding site with bound14and AG-7404 (carbon atoms in green); sub-pockets S1’, S1, S2 and S4 are annotated. Water molecules are represented as red spheres.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12761_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15482", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Comparison of the ligand-binding pockets ofCaBdf1 BD1 and BD2 with that of Brd4 BD1. JQ1 was superimposed on theCaBdf1 BDs via a structural alignment with Brd4 BD1. The diamond and asterisk indicate the ZA channel and surface groove which in Brd4 BD1 interact with the thieno andp-chlorophenyl groups of JQ1, respectively, and the corresponding positions in theCaBdf1 BDs. The view in the upper panels is that of (b) rotated 50° counter-clockwise.\nB: Binding intensities for H3 and H4 peptides. Peptides are shown as blue (H3) and cyan (H4) rectangles, with acetylation marks indicated by black boxes.\nC: Dose–response experiments showing the effect of3on Bdf1 mutant strains. Met/Cys or doxycyline were added to repress expression from thepMET(top) orpTetO(bottom) promoter, respectively. Data represent mean and s.d. values from three independent experiments.\nD: Chemical structure of1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15482_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: A schematic procedure for differentiating Olig2-GFP hESCs to NPCs. Insets: left, bright field and GFP channel demonstrating that GFP fluorescence is undetectable at day 7 in the absence of RA and Pur. Right, bright field and GFP channel showing that at day 14, the EBs become flat after plating and neural rosettes were observed, but GFP fluorescence is undetectable. These neural rosettes are ready to be manually picked up and further cultured in suspension. Scale bars represent 300 μm. (bandc) Representative and quantification of Pax6, nestin, and Olig2/GFP-expressing cells among the cells disaggregated from neurospheres at D20 (n=3). Noticeably, very few cells are Olig2+/GFP+. (dande) Representative and quantification of GFAP-, S100β-, and A2B5-expressing cells when the NPCs are induced to astroglia by BMP4 or FBS (n=3). (fandg) Representatives and quantification of CD44- and vimentin-expressing cells when cultured with medium containing BMP4 (n=3).\nB: Quantification of HOXB4-, OTX2- and NKX2.1-expressing cells in Olig2-Astros and NPC-Astros (n=4).\nC: Scatter plot showing the similarity of the NPC-Astro and Olig2PC-Astro populations.\nD: Statistical results demonstrating that the amplitude is significantly increased by adding ACM from both Olig2PC-Astros and NPC-Astros, but the frequency is not changed. Each column represents the averaged value from seven neurons (n=7).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3196_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1499", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A typical EPR spectrum of etoposide phenoxyl radicals (left panel). Assessments of peroxidase activity of cytc/TOCL by H2O2-induced oxidation of etoposide using EPR spectroscopy (right panel).\nB: A typical low-temperature EPR spectrum of protein-immobilized (tyrosine) radicals (left panel). Assessments of protein-immobilized (tyrosine) radicals by low-temperature (77 K) EPR spectroscopy (right panel).\nC: 12-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-(Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid (IOA);\nD: Assessments of peroxidase activity of cytc/TOCL by H2O2-induced oxidation of Amplex Red to resorufin. Data are means±s.d.,n=4, *P<0.01 (Student'st-test) versus control (TOCL/cytc/H2O2with noISAorIOAorIEOAorTPP-IOAorTPP-ISAadded).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1499_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8140", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Semi-quantitative RT–PCR analysis of different Mdm4 splicing isoforms in MuSC ofPrmt5sKOmice and control littermates. RT–PCR using primers in the 3′untranslated region of Mdm4 detecting both Mdm4fl and Mdm4s was used as loading control. RT–PCR-mediated detection of m36B4 served as an additional loading control. Control (Ctrl):Pax7CreERT2+/−/Prmt5+/loxP;Prm5sKO:Pax7CreERT2+/−/Prmt5loxP/loxP. NS, not significant; WT, wild type.\nB: EdU incorporation in isolated MuSCs reveals a partial rescue of MuSC proliferation inPrmt5sKO/p21−/−compared withPrmt5sKOmice (n=3, each). Error bars represent s.d.’s of the mean (t-test: ****P<0.0001; **P<0.01; NS,P>0.05).\nC: Western blot analysis of Prmt5 and p53 protein levels in isolated MuSC ofPrmt5sKOand control littermates afterin vitro4-OH TAM treatment (n=2). (b,c) Immunofluorescence staining for MyoG (b) and MF20 (c) of control andPrmt5sKOMuSC, which werein vitroamplified and subsequently treated with 4-OH-TAM, 2 days after induction of differentiation. Scale bars, 20 μm. The percentage of MyoG+and MF20+cells is shown on the right. Error bars represent s.d.’s of the mean. (t-test: ***P<0.001; NS,P>0.05,n=3).\nD: RT–qPCR analysis of p53 mRNA levels in MuSC ofPrmt5sKOmice and control littermates (n=3, each). Error bars represent s.d.’s of the mean (t-test: NS,P>0.05).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8140_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7170", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Expression of SOX2 and NANOG in proliferative versus dormant HEp3 sublines. Cells were grown in complete medium and RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA. SOX2 and NANOG mRNA levels were measured by QPCR. ***P<0.0005, *P<0.05, **P<0.005, unpairedt-test. Lung: a line derived from HEp3 lung DTCs (proliferative). BM: a line derived from HEp3 BM DTCs (dormant).\nB: NR2F1 function in D-HEp3 cell dormancy. Left panel: Control, NR2F1- or p38α-depleted D-HEp3 cells were inoculated into CAMs, and 4 days later the total tumour cells were counted. Right panel: IHC for Ki67 in siControl or siNR2F1 tumour sections.n=5 tumours per group.\nC: NR2F1 inhibits MMTV-Myc tumour sphere formation capacity. MMTV-myc cells stably expressing an empty vector control or murine NR2F1 cDNA were inoculated orthotopically in syngeneic FvB mouse (1,000 cells per mouse). Tumour size was measured daily and the final tumour size is shown. In all panels, experiments were performed a minimum of two times. V, vector, *P<0.05, unpairedt-test.N=6 per condition,y=tumour volume.\nD: H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 levels in T- and D-HEp3 cells. D-HEp3 and T-HEp3 cells grown on coverslips were fixed with 4% PFA and stained with anti-H3K27me3 and -H3K9me3 antibodies (left panels); representative images are shown. Quantification (right panel) was performed after setting up fixed arbitrary units of immunoflourescence intensity. High mean intensity (MIF) fluorescence was scored using Metamorph for each group. ***P<0.0005, unpairedt-test. Scale bars, 40 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7170_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10774", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Graphical representation illustrating differentiation efficiencies of ISL1+CVP into various cardiac lineages. Flow cytometric analyses for EC (CD31+), SM (SMMHC+) and CM (CTNT+) differentiation were performed on two progenitor clones (clones 1 and 2). Bars, s.d. ofn=3 experiments. *P<0.05 and **P<0.001, evaluated by Student’st-test. (c–e) Quantitative PCR confirming the expression ofCD31andVWF(EC markers);SM22andSMMHC(SM markers); andNKX2.5,GATA4,MEF2C,TBX5,CX43andTNNT2(CM markers) when ISL1+CVP clones were differentiated into the various cardiac lineages. Gene expressions were normalized to the respective undifferentiated ISL1+CVP clones.n=3 experiments. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01, evaluated by Student’st-test.\nB: ISL1+CVP clone transfected with siRNAs targetingEDN1,EDNRAorEDNRBshowed∼≥60% decrease in the number of ISL1+/CD24−/Pan-Neuronal−cells compared with control RNAi, where a non-targeting siRNA was transfected. The CVP cells were transfected on alternate days with a final concentration of 60 nM of respective siRNAs. Cells were collected for flow cytometric analysis on day 10. Bars, s.d.;n=3 experiments. *P=0.0002 and **P=0.0001, evaluated by Student’st-test.\nC: Immunofluorescence on week 11 human fetal heart shows strong expression of EDN1 (stained red) at both OFT and right ventricle (RV). Enlarged images (indicated by yellow boxes) show small clusters of ISL1+CVPs in the walls of OFT.n=3 experiments. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: Immunocytochemistry demonstrating the presence of endothelial cell (EC; CD31+), smooth muscle cell (SM; SMMHC+) and cardiomyocyte (CM; CTNT+) on differentiation with various differentiation media. EC was stained with mouse anti-CD31 primary antibody while SM and CM were stained with mouse anti-SMMHC and mouse anti-CTNT, respectively, at 1:100 dilutions. Cell nuclei (blue) were stained with 4,6-diamindino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Scale bar, 100 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10774_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10924", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Cell cycle analysis shows the percentage of cells in G0 status is increasing (left) and the percentage of Ki67 positive cells is decreasing in R882 mutant-transduced HSCs (gated by GFP+LSK) (right) compared with EV- and WT-transduced ones. (EV and R882H:N=5; WT:N=4; and R882C:N=3 mice).Pvalues were calculated using two-tailed unpairedt-test.\nB: Design of CFU assay and liquid culture assay with HOXA9 and EV-, WT- or R882H-transduced c-kit+Bmi1+/+orBmi1+/−murine BM cells.\nC: Endogenous DNMT3A proteins extracted from ME-1 (DNMT3A WT) and OCI-AML3 (R882C) were immunoprecipitated, followed by immunoblotting with anti-CBX7 antibody. Normal rabbit IgG was used as a negative control.\nD: Representative surface-marker profile ofBmi1+/+murine immortalized cells transduced with HOXA9 and R882H.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10924_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13096", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Histogram showing number of crypts mm−1in jejunal sections ofCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice. IrradiatedCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice receiving WT BMMΦ CM showed less crypt loss compared with mice receivingPorcn-null BMMΦ CM or αMEM growth medium (*P<6.86E−09 and *P<6.74E−08 unpairedt-test, two-tailed).\nB: Body weight of mice at post irradiation time points (11.4 Gy and 12.4 Gy WBI).\nC: HE-stained representative transverse sections of duodenum, jejunum and ileum fromCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice (n=3 per group). Note, restitution on crypt villus structure in irradiatedCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice receiving WT BMMΦ CM. However, treatment withPorcn-null BMMΦ CM or αMEM growth medium showed significant loss of crypts along with villi denudation.\nD: Histograms demonstrating the effect of Cre±CM treatment on crypt organoid growth following irradiation. Treatment groups: 4 Gy versus 4 Gy+Cre−CM (*P<0.013), 6 Gy versus 6 Gy+Cre−CM (*P<0.001), 8 Gy versus 8 Gy+Cre−CM (*P<0.004; unpairedt-test, two-tailed).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13096_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7188", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Scheme of experiment (left panel) indicating the number of days of 2i exposure alone followed by switch to medium containing AA alone and corresponding Nanog-GFP-positive conversion rates obtained (right panel). Error bars represent standard deviation of four replicates.\nB: Model for action of AA and 2i during reprogramming. Treatment with AA functions through Kdm3b early and Tet-mediated 5hmC increases late in the reprogramming process. In parallel, AA and 2i activate separate key pluripotency genes. 2i also suppresses signalling effectors like Egfr, which in combination with AA can directly regulate a unique cohort of pluripotency genes such as Esrrb. This results in the complete activation of the pluripotency network (dotted line).\nC: Top panel—Scheme of the experiment: siRNA transfections targeting genes identified as key downregulated nodes or control (anti-luciferase) were performed on days +1, +4 and +7. Cells were treated with AA between day 0 and day 2 before switching to DMSO containing media until day 10. Bottom panel—Quantification of Nanog-GFP-positive cells obtained on day 10. Dotted line represents Nanog-GFP-positive levels obtained in control treatment (AA switched to 2i). Error bars represent standard deviation from three to five biological replicates. Asterisk indicates significance *P<0.05 assessed byt-test.\nD: Top panel—Scheme of the experiment: siRNA transfections targeting both Tet1 and Tet2 or control (anti-luciferase) were performed early (days −1 and +1), late (days +1, +4 and +7) or throughout (days −1, +1, +4 and +7). Day of exposure to media containing AA alone was day 0. On day 2, media were switched to that containing 2i alone. Bottom panel—Quantification of Nanog-GFP-positive cells obtained on day 10 of the experiment. Error bars represent standard deviation from three biological replicates. Asterisk indicates significance *P<0.05, **P<0.01 assessed byt-test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7188_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (m)?\nA: IF analysis of sections from the PWD-14 wound showed the presence of F4/80+macrophages in the wound, which largely co-localized with TNF-α. Scale bar, 50 μm. (k,l) WIHN analysis in WT,TNFA−/−and Tg-TNF-α mice at PWD-30 (k), and the number of neogenic HFs in wounds was quantified (l).n=6 for both wild-type andTNFA−/−mice;n=12 for Tg-TNF-α mice. Scale bars, 2 mm. Data are expressed as the mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.005, unpairedt-test, two-tailed.\nB: Flow cytometry analysis of wound tissue single cell suspensions showed the extensive depletion of F4/80+/CD11b+macrophages after clodronate liposome (Clo) treatment. Mice receiving clodronate,n=7; control mice,n=12.\nC: Differentially expressed cytokine genes from microarray analysis were further validated by real-time PCR analysis. (For all real-time PCR analyses, gene expression was normalized to GAPDH with 40 cycles, data are represented as the mean±s.d., andn=3.) (c,d) WIH-A analysis in WT and deficient forIL6(IL6-KO) orTNFA(TNFα-KO) gene mice, and the number of anagen HFs in different mice was quantified (d).IL6-knockout mice,n=5;TNFA-knockout mice,n=6; WT mice,n=6.\nD: Lgr5+progeny cells (mT−/mG+) migrated from the HF toward the wound area at PWD-7.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14091_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14126", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Average expression of 16 pluripotency/differentiation markers in each condition.\nB: PCA analysis on filtered and normalized data showing individual cells colour coded by condition. The PCA analysis separates cells according to their condition.\nC: Volcano plots showing expression fold change of mean across cells in each condition onxaxis and -log10(FDR) onyaxis. Individual cells within a condition were treated as repeats for differential expression analysis. Significantly differentially expressed miRNA targets (FDR <10%) for miR-294 and let-7c identified in previous population-based array experiments are highlighted as black triangles andP-values for the enrichment analysis is shown in upper left corner. miR-294 and let-7c targets are similarly highlighted in Dgcr8−/−versus WT mESC comparison. Conversely to let-7c, miR-294 is broadly expressed in mESC and its targets are significantly upregulated in miRNA-deficient Dgcr8−/−cells versus WT mESC.\nD: Differential RMI among 36 cell cycle-regulated transcripts (Supplementary Dataset 7) in miRNAs transfected versus Dgcr8−/−cells show an increase of cell-cycle-dependent transcription in let-7c transfected cells. Genes are grouped by cell cycle phases and their RMI value was compared in miRNA transfected cells versus Dgcr8−/−cells. The number of genes used for each cell cycle phase is reported in the upper part of the plot. Significant changes of RMI determined by permutation test are indicated with asterisks (let-7c G1/SP=0.026, G2P=0.04, G2/MP=3e−3; miR-294 G2/MP=0.016).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14126_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11164", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Per cent total p21 positive nuclei in the mesenchyme ofM. musculusandA. cahirinus(n=3 for all time points).\nB: Ear-hole area following 4-mm ear-hole punch assay inM. musculus(blue) andA. cahirinus(red). Data represent box and whisker plots from male and female individuals re-plotted fromFig. 1a. Adjacent images of representative ears at D85 forM. musculus(top) andA. cahirinus(bottom). Blue and red circles indicate initial wound. Regenerated hair follicles are present inA. cahirinus.\nC: Immunostaining for p27 shows positive nuclear staining inM. musculusmesenchymal cells (i). Cells in the blastemal region ofA. cahirinusare negative for nuclear p27.\nD: Per cent pHH3+ cells increase inA. cahirinusduring regeneration, while pHH3+ cells decline inM. musculuswith few detected at D20 (n=3 for all time points except D20,M. musculus n=2). Data represented as mean and s.e.m., NS (not significant) and # denoteP>0.05 orP<0.05, respectively, for one-way ANOVA for species effect;P>0.05 for all comparisons for effect of day (a–d). (e,f) Nuclear localization of p21 is coincident with lack of cell cycle progression.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11164_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative images of cardiomyocytes stained with alpha sarcomeric actin (green) co-cultured with Control MP1, Control MP2, CMMPs or CSCs (red). Scale bar, 200 μm.\nB: Higher NRCM contractility was seen in those cultured with CMMPs (green bar) and CSCs (blue bar) compared with those cultured with Control MP1(red bar).n=5 for each group.\nC: Representative images showing arterioles stained with alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA, red) in control PBS-, Control MP1- or CMMP-treated hearts at 4 weeks. The numbers of αSMA positive vasculatures were quantified.n=3 animals per group. Scale Bar, 50 μm. * indicatesP<0.05 when compared with CMMP group. All data are mean±s.d. Comparisons among more than two groups were performed using one-way ANOVA followed bypost hocBonferroni test.\nD: Representative images showing lectin-labelled blood vessels (green) in control PBS- and Control MP1- or CMMP-treated hearts at 4 weeks. The lectin fluorescent intensities were quantified.n=3 animals per group. Scale Bar, 100 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13724_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8107", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Average number of proliferative zone nuclei in D12fog-2(−)andrde-1(−), fog-2(−); Is[Pfos-1a::rde-1(+)]animals treated with control anddaf-16RNAi. Error bar indicates s.e.m.; *P<0.05; **P<0.01 by two-tailed Student’st-test. Alleles used are as follows:fog-2(oz40),daf-16(mu86)andrde-1(ne219). SeeSupplementary Table 3for complete genotypes and data.\nB: Average number of proliferative zone nuclei in D12 wild-type,daf-16(−),fog-2(−)anddaf-16(−); fog-2(−)animals.\nC: links between germ cell flux and IIS (the effects of germ cell flux that are DAF-16/FOXO dependent may occur through DAF-2/IIR, as indicated by dotted arrow); (ii) relevant DAF-16/FOXO targets in the proximal somatic gonad that signal to the distal stem/progenitor cell pool; and (iii) mechanism by which germ cell flux influences germline progenitors that is independent of proximal somatic gonad DAF-16/FOXO activity. DIC, differential interference contrast.\nD: Time course of germline progenitor depletion in wild-type anddaf-2(rf)animals. Note thatdaf-2(rf)mutants start with fewer germline progenitor cells than wild type on adult day 1 (D1) (see text for details). Error bar indicates s.e.m.; ****P<0.0001 by two-tailed Student’st-test; also, pairwise comparisons within genotypes for each time pointP<0.0001 by Student’st-test. Allele used:daf-2(e1370). SeeSupplementary Table 3for complete data. DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8107_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Across the western hemisphere, abundance ratios of coral snakes to their colubrid mimics suggest that mimetic snakes are far more numerically abundant than their co-occurring models.\nB: Ancestral state reconstructions show that RBB colouration has evolved independently at least 26 times across snakes, including six times outside of New World (NW) colubrids and Elapid coral snakes. Numbers denote phylogenetic placement of corresponding snake images. Species 3 and 6 have sympatric colour polymorphism.\nC: Spatial distribution of venomous coral snakes (Elapidae;n=78 species).\nD: Spatial distribution of harmless mimetic snakes (Colubridae;n=133 species).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11484_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10247", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Percentage of aggressive trials recorded as a function of the odours blown inside the arena. ‘Controls’ include TEC (solvent), IAA (alarm pheromone) and None (no odour). ‘Odourants alone’ shows that when the compounds were not associated with IAA, none of them had an impact on aggression. In the ‘IAA+Odourants’ section of the graph, the same compounds are presented alongside the alarm pheromone. PhE and Lol significantly decrease the response to IAA and Lavender to a lesser extent. GLM; NS, not significant;P>0.1, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001,n=128 pairs of bees in the TEC and IAA groups, andn=32 pairs in all the other groups.\nB: The appetitive value of each floral compound correlates with the extent to which it affected the response to IAA during the aggression assays. Pearson’srtests, aggressive bees:r=−0.99,P<0.001; naive bees:r=−0.86,P=0.027.\nC: Top view of the arena showing the location of the odourant and honeybee entry points, as well as the rotating dummy.\nD: Percentage of aggressive trials recorded as a function of the odours blown inside the arena. ‘Controls’ include TEC (solvent), IAA (main component of the alarm pheromone) and SAP (sting alarm pheromone). The floral compounds have similar effects when presented alongside SAP (‘SAP+Odourants’) than when they were presented alongside IAA. GLM; NS, not significant;P>0.1, #P=0.067, *P<0.05, **P<0.01,n=48 pairs of bees in each group.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10247_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11034", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Start time for all recorded chases at local time (n=1,119).\nB: Top stride speed recorded in each chase (n=1,119).\nC: Histogram of hunt distance covered from end of a chase to end of next chase by the same individual (the distance of 1,870 m used in the energetic calculation is the mean of the individual dog median values,n=1,119).\nD: Total daily hunting time based on number of kills required; based on kill rate and time between hunts (22.58 min), red line indicated 3 h daily hunting boundary.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11034_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1510", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Detection of anAt-hhstripe in a tracked cell clone. An embryo having a cell clone labelled by FITC–dextran (green) more than two cells away from the rim of the germ disc (white dots) at early stage 5 (left panel) was fixed at early stage 7 and stained forAt-hhtranscripts (purple) and FITC–dextran (pink) (middle and right panels). The middle panel is a magnified view of the boxed region in the right panel. White dots show the anterior margin. Arrowheads indicate theAt-hhstripe (c–e). Scale bars, 100 μm ina, 50 μm inc–e. A, anterior; Ce, cephalic lobe; Ch, chelicera; Ex, extraembryonic tissue; L, leg; P, posterior; Pp, pedipalp.\nB: Control (gfp) (left) andAt-opa(right) pRNAi embryos at germ band-forming stages stained forAt-hh(purple) andAt-Dfd(red) transcripts. The boxed areas in the upper panels are magnified in the lower panels; the right ones are fluorescence images of DNA staining. The right embryo is∼6 holder than the left embryo (seeMethods). Note that the number ofAt-hhstripes for the L4 (black dots) and more posterior segments is an alternative indicator of developmental stage.\nC: Control (gfp) (left) andAt-hh(right) pRNAi embryos at late stage 5 stained forAt-opatranscripts.\nD: At-otdeRNAi embryos in which the labelled clone (pink) was slightly removed from the anterior margin (white dots). The right embryo was slightly older than the left one. Arrowheads in the right panel indicate the adjacentAt-hhstripes that each exhibited a characteristic splitting pattern with sizes adjusted to the fields.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1510_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13698", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The average vertical distance between the body centre and distal end of legs (ls) across the leg rotation cycle.\nB: The wetted length of the leglw.\nC: The average time derivative of the angle of legs with respect to the horizontal plane (). The dashed line indicates the time average of the measured values ofthrough the whole cycle and the solid line refers to the corresponding angular speed of leg rotationωused in the model calculations oflsandνsina,b.\nD: Schematic representation of three modes of jump: pre-takeoff closing, post-takeoff closing and meniscus breaking jumps. (b,c) Enlarged images of the leg and dimple in a post-takeoff closing jump (hm=2.5 mm) and a meniscus breaking jump (hm>3.9 mm):", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13698_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12327", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A whole-brain contrast lastRR−avgRR time-locked to the LSD revealed three areas in which a more positive reward rate trend led to more activity: dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), right frontal operculum (FO) and right ventral striatum. (Family-wise error cluster-corrected,z>2.3,P<0.05).\nB: Equations used in RL-avgRR.\nC: Analysis of BOLD response to the model-based evidence for staying in a patch (PEexpected) and the ensuing choice along an axis of post-dACC (red, fromFig. 5a), a more anterior dACC region (yellow, lastRR−avgRR contrast fromFig. 4a) and vmPFC (blue, fromFig. 5b). Anterior dACC signals encode both PEexpectedand the ensuing choice to commit to or leave the patch. Contrarily, post-dACC and vmPFC show only a significant effect of PEexpectedand the categorical choice, respectively. Note that the anterior dACC ROI was identified using a leave-one-out procedure. Significance of PEexpectedin post-dACC and choice in vmPFC was assessed in the previous whole-brain analysis (Fig. 5a,b). (*P<0.05, one-samplet-test; error bars are s.e.m. between subjects).\nD: Summed Bayesian information criterion (BIC) scores for RL-avgRR were lower than RL-simple and RL-simple+lastPE, indicating better model fit. (c–f) Comparison of past outcome and PE weights used by a standard value estimate and PEexpectedat the time of choice (samex-axis in all plots). Grey bars indicate the weights of influence that past outcomes (c,e, same data) and past PEs (d,f, same data) had on subjects’ decision to stay in a patch. The lines indicate the amount of influence past events had on the calculation of a simple value estimate (from RL-simple; green line) and PEexpected(from RL-avgRR; orange line). Note that the empirically determined weights correspond qualitatively to the weights used by RL-avgRR, but not to RL-simple. While simple value estimates are a recency-weighted sum of past outcomes (c), expected PEs are highest when encountering high rewards after initially poor outcomes (negative than positive weighting,e). The same information as inc,ecan be presented as a function of PEs for RL-simple (d) and RL-avgRR (f). Again, the influence of past PEs on subjects’ choices are qualitatively similar to the way PEexpectedis calculated from past PEs. (g–j) Analyses fromFig. 2were repeated for RL-avgRR. Unlike RL-simple (Fig. 2), RL-avgRR made choice predictions (orange) that were similar to subjects’ actual choices (blue). Note, in particular, how the weights in 3 g mimic the theoretical weights shown ineand that RL-avgRR is able to represent past rewards negatively. SeeFig. 2for legends.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12327_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13098", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Participants reported the presence of coherent motion in a display of randomly moving dots with a left- or right-hand button-press. In each trial, the mapping from choice to response hand was newly assigned with a colour cue after the stimulus (choice-response cue). Successive trials were separated by a variable length ITI (median ITI: 1,290 ms).\nB: Beta power (12–30 Hz) immediately before left minus right button-presses (4.5–5.5 s). Beta power suppression is focused on motor cortex. White dashed lines mark the central sulcus.\nC: Each participant’s tendency to alternate response hands expressed as Pearson’srbetween opposite hands for consecutive trials. Note that dots are scattered horizontally to avoid overlap. Shaded area denotes SEM.\nD: Time-course of response-predictive beta activity, that is, of the difference in beta power between hemispheres contra- and ipsilateral to the button-press. The black bar marks significant response-predictive activity in control trials (2.3–6.1 s,P=0.002, two-tailed one-sample cluster permutation test,n=20). Data from main task re-plotted fromFig. 2cfor comparison.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13098_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13526", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Contra- minus ipsi-lateral difference waveforms, again after RT-sorting into 4 bins. Contra-lateral dominance prior to response execution decreases with slower RTs under deadline.\nB: Observed and fitted RT distributions (histograms and lines, respectively), pooled across subjects.\nC: The non-linear transfer function relating a unit’s input to its corresponding output. The global gain parametergdetermines the slope of this function.\nD: Activation of the losing accumulator at decision commitment plotted as a function of commitment time for each speed regime.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13526_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2774", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Immunofluorescence micrographs showing tight junction structure by ZO1 staining and nuclei by DAPI staining in L-HMVE cells on gels of different elasticity coated with fibronectin (FN) (bar, 5 μm).\nB: Graph showing lung stiffness measured by the tensile loading assay in the mice treated with BAPN, control DNA (con DNA, vector only) or LOX DNA (n=10, *,P<0.05, unpairedT-test).\nC: ECM structure in the control versus BAPN or LOX DNA-treated mouse lungs.top, light (Haematoxylin and eosin-stained) micrographs showing ECM structure of decellularized lung treated with BAPN or LOX DNA (bar, 3 μm).2nd, Immunofluorescence micrographs showing Collagen VI distribution in the control versus BAPN or LOX DNA-treated decellularized lung (bar, 4 μm).3rd, birefringence (Picrosirius Red-stained) micrographs showing collagen structure of decellularized lung treated with BAPN or LOX DNA (bar, 3 μm).Bottom, TEM images showing endothelial cell–cell junctional integrity in the lung treated with BAPN or LOX DNA (bar, 500 nm). Arrowheads show the region of cell–cell junctions.\nD: Graph showing the whole lung stiffness of LPS-treated lungs (n=8, *,P<0.05, unpairedT-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2774_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2950", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Expressions ofTgand endogenousEpomRNA were detected separately by semi-quantitative RT–PCR analysis. E12.5 fetal livers from line-458 littermate embryos were analysed.HPRTwas used as an internal control.\nB: Structure ofEpo-Cretransgene (upper) and scheme of reporter system for Cre-mediate recombination inRosa26-STOP-tdTomatomouse (R26T, lower).CrecDNA was integrated into the mouse genomic BAC clone (Epo-60 K/BAC) containing 60-kb upstream and 120-kb downstream regions ofEpogene. The start codon in the exon I was mutated (asterisk) to use the start codon ofCrecDNA in theEpo-Cretransgene. After the Cre-mediated excision of theSTOPsequence betweenloxP sites in theR26Tallele, the cell initiates constitutive tdTomato expression driven by theCAGpromoter.\nC: Percentages and counts of reticulocytes on day 6 and 12 as ing. Data from saline-injected ISAM on day 12 were used as a control. Data are the means±s.d. (n=4). *P<0.05, **P<0.005 compared with control samples by Student’st-test (c,e–h).\nD: Representative data of flow cytometry of CD71 and Ter119 expressions in bone marrow (BM) and spleen (Sp) from ISAM and control mice at 12 weeks of age.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2950_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2032", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: aSynL:total transcript ratios in cortical tissue samples from unaffected non-PD individuals (n=365) are presented as a function of rs356168 PD-associated risk allele load. Individuals harbour 0 PD-risk alleles ('CC', left), 1 PD-risk allele ('CT', middle) or 2 PD risk alleles ('TT', right). Association between the allelic load of the T causative variant and the aSynL:total ratio was evaluated by linear regression.\nB: Schematic of aSynL network rewiring in PD. aSyn transcripts recognized by the aSynL probeset (aSynL) are presented in green.\nC: Transcript co-expression correlation tables for unaffected control (left) and PD brain tissue (right) cohorts. An aSynL probeset specific for longer isoforms (3′UTR1/204467_s_at;Supplementary Fig. S1) is highlighted in green. A second aSyn probeset that targets the aSyn coding sequences regardless of 3′UTR structure (CDS1/211546_x_at) is adjacent. High correlations (r=1) are denoted in red, high anti-correlation (r=−1) in blue and weak correlation in white (r=0).n=10 for unaffected,n=15 for PD. (d–f) A loss of correlation in expression levels of aSynL with other aSyn transcript isoforms is specifically associated with PD. Correlation tables of aSyn isoform expression are presented in laser-microdissected SN DA neurons from PD patient tissue or unaffected controls (d;n=10 and 18 per group) or in striatum samples from PD (e, upper panel,n=19 and 16 per group) or Huntington's disease patients (e, lower panel,n=32 and 38 per group) along with corresponding unaffected controls. High correlation (r=1) is depicted in red, weak correlation (r=0) in yellow. In PD samples, longer aSynL transcripts (as detected by probeset 3′UTR1) are relatively unwired from shorter transcripts (as detected by CDS1, CDS2 [207827_x_at] or 3′UTR2 [204466_s_at]; the latter probeset recognizes the most proximal region of the aSyn 3′UTR; seeSupplementary Fig. S1).\nD: l-Dopa treatment (20 mg kg−1IP daily for 5 days) of 2-month-old aSyn PAC transgenic mice led to significantly increased aSyn protein in midbrain tissue.n>5 mice per group.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2032_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8360", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: ELISA of murine IL-1β and immunoblot analysis of murine caspase-1 p20 in supernatant of LPS-primed murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with the indicated NLRP3 inflammasome activators for 3 h. Immunoblot analysis of murine IL-1β p17, caspase-1 p20 in supernatants, pro-IL-1β, pro-caspase-1 and ASC in cell lysates (h), and ELISA of murine IL-1β in supernatants (i) of LPS-primed murine peritoneal macrophages that were pretreated with LFM-A13 and then stimulated with alum or poly(dA:dT) for 3 h. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean±s.d. (triplicate). **P<0.01; ***P<0.003. Two-sided Student’st-test.\nB: Relative fluorescence intensities of active caspase-1 in the cells of the infarct area on day 1 after stroke onset (n=15). Data are representative of three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. Two-sided Student’st-test.\nC: Immunoblot analysis of ASC in BS3-treated or -untreated cell lysates of LPS-primed murine peritoneal macrophages that were pretreated with LFM-A13 and then stimulated with nigericin for 30 min.\nD: In-situproximity-ligation assay of BTK–NLRP3 complexes in LPS-primed murine peritoneal macrophages pretreated with LFM-A13 and then stimulated with nigericin for 30 min. BTK–NLRP3 complexes, red; nuclei, blue. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bars, 10 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8360_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7532", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Isolated pockets of these CD3+ areas were considered ‘lesion’ areas and quantified.\nB: Quantification of cells positive for ASPA, a mature oligodendrocyte marker, in ‘lesion’ areas.\nC: Quantification of cells positive for CD3, a T cell marker.\nD: Haematoxylin and eosine (H&E) staining. Note only the vehicle-treated EAE sample displays cellular infiltrates (arrowhead).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7532_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4828", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Colocalization expressed as M1, as inb. A representative experiment of two independent experiments is shown, in which at least 24 cells were analysed per condition. Error bars indicate s.e.m., and ***P<0.001 by 2-tailed Student’st-test. Scale bars in (a,c), 10 μm. Inb,d, colocalization was measured for the entire area of the cell slice in each image. In order to ensure that results were not confounded by diffuse nuclear staining often observed in the LC3 channel, the analyses were repeated with the nuclei excluded, and all of the results remained statistically significant.\nB: Quantification of the representative experiment in triplicate shown ina, of two independent experiments. *P=0.02 (DMSO) and 0.08 (Baf) by 2-tailed Student’st-test.\nC: HeLa cells were transfected with ATG9A-GFP for 24 h, and subsequently fixed, immunostained for endogenous WASH1 and subjected to confocal microscopy.\nD: Colocalization between TGN and ATG9A is expressed in terms of the Pearson’s coefficient. Number of cells analysed: 38 (control basal), 46 (knockdown basal), 36 (control starved), 53 (knockdown starved). Error bars represent s.e.m. and ***P=0.0005 (basal) andP=0.0004 (starved) by 2-tailed Student’st-test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4828_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3359", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Flow cytometric analysis of MHC class I (W6/32 labelling) expression in 5-FU or DMSO control-treated HCT116 (p53+/+) (red) and HCT116 (p53−/−) (blue) cells at 48 h post treatment. Data are representative of three independent experiments and error bars represent s.d. of technical replicates (mean±s.d.),n=3, ina,e.\nB: Flow cytometric analysis of MHC class I (W6/32 staining) expression in control siRNA (si-Ctrl) or p53 siRNA (si-p53-1, si-p53-2) treated HCT116 (p53+/+) (red) cells at 48 h post treatment. Cells incubated with fluorescence-labelled secondary antibodies alone served as background controls (Grey). Dotted line marked the MFI (mean fluorescence intensity, calculated by FlowJo) of W6/32 signal observed for si-Ctrl-treated cells.\nC: Real-time qPCR validation of fold change in ERAP1 mRNA expression in HCT116 (p53−/−) cells transfected with wild-type p53 (p53WT) or one of 6 p53 mutants, compared with cells transfected with the pcDNA3.1 control.\nD: Flow cytometric analysis of MHC class I (HLA-ABC, W6/32 labelling) and MHC class II (HLA-DR, L243 labelling) expression on HCT116 (p53+/+) (red) and HCT116 (p53−/−) (blue) cells. Cells incubated with fluorescence-labelled secondary antibodies alone served as background controls (Grey).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3359_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7717", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Bayesian skyline plot showing changes over time in effective population size,Ne(in black) since 396 CE, with 95% confidence intervals in grey.\nB: The four panels show the average base frequencies at positions within individual reads (grey box) flanked by all calls from reads in neighbouring sequences.\nC: Maximum clade credibility tree with nodes (boxes) labelled according to the hierarchical nomenclature of Collet al.15, with two additional nodes 4.a and 4.b.Supplementary Table 2summarizes the dating estimates for nodes. Short branches corresponding to four historical genotypes are labelled by name and highlighted by asterisks. Coloured boxes show broad spoligotype groupings for modern isolates, illustrating the paraphyletic nature of these groups (details inSupplementary Fig. 3).\nD: Genotypes from sub-lineage 4.a.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7717_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11256", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (k)?\nA: . Genes implicated in suppressing GCRs in more than one GCR assay. The boxes indicate the assays (d=dGCR, s=sGCR, ty=tyGCR, u=uGCR) in which the listed gene suppresses (grey) or does not suppress (white) GCRs. Note that uGCR assays are GCR assays lacking repetitive sequences in the GCR breakpoint region that have been utilized in previous studies6,8. Many genes unique to the uGCR assay are primarily genes in which mutations cause small but significant increases in GCR rates, which were identified using fluctuation assays but are difficult to identify by the semi-quantitative patch score method used here.\nB: . Histogram of the frequency of mutations in the top 20 most-altered GIS genes in colorectal cancer. Data forMSH2,MSH6andMLH1were excluded as defects in these genes predominantly cause increased rates of accumulation of point mutations. Predicted deleterious missense mutations are those that scored as deleterious in 5 or 6 out of 6 functional prediction tests.\nC: . Analysis of physical interaction data for the casein kinase II complex is shown (left) with reported physical interactions in BioGrid (lines) between complex components (circles). Components with known GCR interactions are in red; untested components (CKA2) or those tested with only four query mutations (CKA1) are in grey. Display of the genetic interactions between theckb1Δandckb2Δbait mutations and the 43 query mutations (right). Bar heights indicate the strain score for the double mutant, and bar colours correspond to the presence (red) or absence (blue) of an increased level of genome instability in the double mutant as observed in patch tests relative to the respective single mutant with the highest level of increased genome instability; the horizontal dashed line corresponds to the GCR strain score of the higher of the two single mutations. Missing bars and query names in grey correspond to double-mutant strains that were not generated in the crosses performed.\nD: . The query mutations were primarily selected from the previously described gene clusters 3, 4, 32, 55, and 60 that were generated by clustering the candidate GCR-suppression genes by genetic interactions29. Clusters 3, 4, and 32 had the greatest number of GCR-suppressing genes. Triangles indicate the relative size of the cluster in terms of the number of genes, and the darker triangles are the clusters from which query mutations were selected.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11256_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4885", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: TheWdr62deficient cortex shows a decreased radial thickness in all regions. All data represent mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments (two embryos per group per experiment; *P<0.05, Student’st-test).\nB: Confocal microscope images of coronal sections from P2 wild-type (WT) and mutant cortex stained with antibodies against Ctip2 (green), Tbr1 (red) and Cux1 (red). Hoechst stains nuclei (blue). Right panels are enlargements of the regions outlined by white dotted boxes. White brackets highlight the layer V–VI labelled by Ctip2 and Tbr1, respectively. Red brackets highlight layer II–IV labelled by Cux. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nC: TheWdr62deficient cortex shows a decreased radial thickness in all regions at E17.5. All data represent mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments (two embryos per group per experiment; *P<0.05, Student’st-test).\nD: Endogenous Wdr62 protein was immunoprecipitated with anti-Wdr62 antibodies from 293T cells arrested in M phase. Coimmunoprecipitated proteins were analysed by western blot with indicated antibodies. (b,c) Direct interaction between Wdr62 and Aurora A or Tpx2 was assessed by Flag pull-down using purified Flag-Wdr62 protein and recombinant GST-Aurora A protein (b) or HA-Tpx2 protein (c).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4885_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Interactions between ARHGAP33 and Rab11 or Rab27 were not detected in the hippocampal lysates. ARHGAP33-immunoprecipitates (right) and hippocampal total lysates (left) were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.\nB: Strongly correlated expression ofSORT1andARHGAP33in immortalized lymphocytes from human blood (r=0.42,P<0.001, Spearman’s rank order correlation test). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis ofARHGAP33andSORT1expression in immortalized lymphocytes was performed. Then, the levels ofSORT1andARHGAP33expression in each sample were plotted.\nC: ARHGAP33 was localized to the Golgi apparatus. Double immunostaining for ARHGAP33 and a Golgi marker, GM130, in dissociated hippocampal neurons. Scale bar, 5 μm. Asterisks indicate the nucleus of neurons. Note that ARHGAP33 immunoreactivity was not detected in the neurons fromARHGAP33KO mice (lower). The data are representative of three independent experiments.\nD: Impaired spontaneous alternations ofARHGAP33KO mice during the Y-maze test (WT,n=14, KO,n=13, F1,25=5.18,P=0.031, one-way ANOVA). *P<0.05. Bars show mean values.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5715", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Graphical summary. pc-Jun-pATF-2 binary complexes and unphosphorylated Stat3 are present in n-LECs but there is no CCL5/VEGF expression. IL6 induces Stat3 phosphorylation and activates formation of the pStat3-pc-Jun-pATF-2 ternary complex, which is essential for CCL5 expression. pStat3 promotes HIF-1α expression and separately induces VEGF expression. On Stattic treatment, pStat3 and the ternary complex disappear, resulting in no expression of CCL5 and VEGF; the pc-Jun-pATF-2 binary complex that remains on Stattic treatment does not induce either CCL5 or VEGF expression. SP600125 dissociates both ternary and binary complexes, but pStat3 separately induces HIF-1α and VEGF expression. Data (a,d) are reported as mean±s.e.m. Original gel images of data (b,c,f) are presented inSupplementary Fig. 25. NS, nonsignificant.\nB: Phosphorylation of Stat3 was completely blocked by Stattic (5, 20 μM) in LECs. GAPDH was used as a loading control.\nC: ChIP assays, real-time PCR analysis of recruitment of pATF-2, pc-Jun and pStat3 to the CRE region (site 2) of CCL5 promoter with IL6 (10 ng ml−1) treatment (*P<0.05,n=3).\nD: Immunohistochemistry with anti-cytokeratin antibodies on the lungs and LNs (cortex and medulla). Metastatic colonies are delineated with red-dotted curves. Scale bar, 500 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5715_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9554", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The graphical model representation of xseq with the plate notation. Circles represent random variables and arrows denote dependencies between variables. Boxes are plates that represent replicates. For example, the graph represents a gene mutated inMpatients (we assume that a gene is mutated only once in a patient), and the gene is connected toNgenes.\nB: The inputs to the xseq model: a mutation matrix typically from next-generation sequencing, a gene interaction network and a gene expression matrix. xseq models the expression of a gene across all the patients by mixture distributions. The three mixture components represent downregulation, neutral and upregulation, respectively.\nC: The loss-of-function mutations in the 65cis-effect genes (all-cis), 30 novel predictions (novelcis), 23cis-effect tumour suppressor genes (TSG-cis), 108 non-cis-effect TSGs (TSG-other) and 30 negative control genes (negative controls) segregated based on copy number status.\nD: The histograms of posterior marginals of mutations and genes across tumour types.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9554_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14262", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Hierarchical clustering representing the correlation of drug sensitivity patterns in PDOs based on the log10(IC50) values.\nB: Same as in (c) but taking as validation cohort 164 samples merged from OT, EPO, NV and KF.\nC: Distribution of the predicted responders and resistant patient tumours (tumour purity ≥40%) in the three molecular groups (ECM/EMT, ASCL2/MYC, Entero/Goblets).\nD: Fraction of damaging and expressed somatic SNVs/Indels found discordant between original patient tumours and matched models, comparing 56 patient samples (tumour purity ≥40%) and their correspondingex vivomodels (37 PDX and 37 PDO), as well as five PDX-PDO siblings without matching patient samples. Dot colours indicate the following: patient versus PDX (blue), patient versus PDO (yellow) or PDX versus PDO (red). Samples described inFig. 3bare marked in bold. MSI and hypermutated samples are marked with an asterisk. Panels from left to right: patients with an established PDX only; patients with an established PDO only; patients with established PDX and PDO; PDX/PDO siblings without a corresponding sequenced patient tumour. In the cases of tumours 278 and 302, the suffix ‘X’ represents patient-derived PDX and ‘CX’ represents PDO-derived PDX.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14262_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11303", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: WT E11–Myl4 is in close proximity to K358 of actin and is predicted to form a stable electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged oxygen of E11 and positively charged nitrogen of actin K358 (b).\nB: In the presence of WT E11, a type II β-turn is predicted with the formation of a stable hydrogen bond between E11 and K14.\nC: Electron microscopy of E17K transgenic atrium shows preserved H-zones but absent Z-disks (arrows). H, H-zone. Z, Z-disk.\nD: Kindred structure. Affected members with AF are denoted by black filled symbols; subject III.5 is half-filled, reflecting a partial phenotype. Family members with unknown phenotype are filled grey. Protein alterations encoded at the MYL4 locus are indicated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11303_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14570", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: TRAP staining of osteoclasts in co-culture, Scale bar, 0.5 mm.\nB: Statistical analysis of TRAP-positive cell numbers in the co-culture shown ing.\nC: Bone nodule mineralization of hMSCs determined by Von Kossa staining. The bar graph displays the quantification of Von Kossa-positive mineralized nodules. (e,f) Analysis of ALP expression and Von Kossa staining of primary osteoblasts cultured in osteoblast differentiation medium for 7 and 21 days. Scale bar, 0.1 cm.\nD: Co-immunoprecipitation of HA-VDR and Flag SMAD3 in 293T cells with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or 10 nM 1,25D treatment for 24 h.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14570_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3883", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Development of BW of miR-33+/+and miR-33−/−mice fed or not fed HFD. *P<0.05 versus HFD-fed miR-33+/+mice, #P<0.05 versus NC-fed miR-33+/+mice. Statistical comparisons were made by one-way analysis of valiance test.\nB: Development of BW of miR-33+/+and miR-33−/−male mice fed NC. *P<0.05 versus NC-fed miR-33+/+mice. Statistical comparisons were made by Student’st-test.\nC: Serum leptin levels in miR-33+/+and miR-33−/−mice fed HFD (n=10 for each, ***P<0.001 in Student’st-test). (j,k) Serial changes in glucose levels (j) and AUC of glucose levels (k) after intraperitoneal injection of glucose in miR-33+/+and miR-33−/−mice fed NC at the age of 50 weeks (n=6 each, *P<0.05 in Student’st-test). (l,m) Serial changes in glucose levels (l) and AUC of glucose levels (m) after intraperitoneal injection of insulin in miR-33+/+and miR-33−/−mice fed NC at the age of 50 weeks (n=6 each, *P<0.05 in Student’st-test). Values are the means±s.e.m.\nD: AUC of glucose levels in glucose tolerance tests in miR-33+/+Srebf1+/+, miR-33+/+Srebf1+/−, miR-33−/−Srebf1+/+and miR-33−/−Srebf1+/−mice (n=11–12 each). **P<0.01 versus miR-33−/−Srebf1+/−mice in one-way analysis of valiance test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3883_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-16230-8", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: d4p= 0.0011, d6p= 0.037;\nB: 30 minp< 0.0001, 60 minp= 0.0004; AUCp= 0.00467;\nC: p= 0.327;\nD: p= 0.0428;", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-16230-8_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4475", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Comparison of ClC-2, GialCAM and MLC1 protein levels in cerebellum and (d) remainder of the brain of WT,Glialcam−/−,Glialcamdn/dn,Mlc1−/−andClcn2−/−mice by western blots of membrane fractions from 10-week-old mice. (c,d) Western blots representative for three independent experiments. Actin served as a loading control. All full size blots can be found inSupplementary Fig. 2.\nB: Individual membrane capacitance values of BG from different genotypes. Horizontal and vertical bars represent mean and s.e.m., respectively.Pvalues between WT and the various mouse models using the Mann–Whitney test: *P≤0.05, ***P≤0.001, ****P≤0.0001. (l,m) Current densities (amplitudes normalized to capacitance) as a function of voltage measured in isotonic bath conditions at 0.25 s (l) or 1.5 s (m) after the beginning of the voltage pulse. Plotted values are mean±s.e.m. The total number of cells in (l,m) is given in panel (l). Legend symbols in (l) apply also to symbols in (m).\nC: Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of ClC-2, GlialCAM and MLC1 in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Co-staining for the astrocytic cytoskeletal protein GFAP (red) visualizes BG processes. Somata of BG are located in the Purkinje cell layer (pcl). Arrows with filled heads point to staining along BG processes, arrows with open heads point to labelled BG somata. Staining respective knockout (KO) sections controls the specificity of antibodies. Note that ClC-2 staining in the Purkinje cell layer ofClcn2−/−mice results from non-specific nuclear staining by the ClC-2 antibody. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: Haematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining of sagittal paraffin sections of the cerebellum of 8, 16 and 52-week-old mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4475_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3685", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: ANOVA,P=0,031, Tukey’s *P<0.05, Student’st-tests#P<0.05. (n=6, error bars, s.e.m.).\nB: ANOVA,P=0.002, Tukey’s **P<0.01, *P<0.05;\nC: K–W (M-W) test,P=0,009, Dunn’s **P<0.01. (Contr.n=14, ANn=12 and obesen=14, error bars, s.e.m.).\nD: Two-way repeated measurements ANOVAP=0.24; (b,c,e,i,m,n) Student’st-tests *P<0.05,**P<0.01; (d,g,h,k,l) ANOVAP<0.0001, Tukey’s post tests **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, Student’st-tests#P<0.05. (n=6, error bars, s.e.m.).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3685_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7706", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cell cycle distribution analysis. Forty-eight hours (top) and two weeks (bottom) after treatment, cells were subjected to FACS analysis, and the DNA contents of each sample were analysed and depicted following the manufacturer's instructions.\nB: WST assay. Human colon cancer cells expressing wild-type KRAS, including HT29 and Caco-2 or human colon cancer cells harbouringKRAScodon 12 mutations, including SW1643, SW480, SW620 and LS180, were incubated with the indicated concentrations of KR12. Forty-eight hours after treatment, the percent viable cells were examined by WST assay and depicted in a line graph. Error bars indicate the s.d. of the data from triplicate experiments.\nC: SA-β-gal staining. LS180 cells were exposed to DMSO, KR12 or #6 (at a final concentration of 50 nM). Forty-eight hours after treatment, phase-contrast microphotographs were taken (top panels) and the cells were washed in PBS, fixed in 2% formaldehyde plus 0.05% glutaraldehyde and incubated with SA-β-gal staining solution containing X-gal for 24 h at 37 °C (bottom panels).\nD: Schematic drawing of thermal-induced cleavage at the sites ofKRAScodon 12 mutations. The upper and lower panels represent the G12V;GTT and G12D;GAT mutations. Closed circles represent imidazole moieties and arrows indicate the positions of KR12-dependent alkylation and cleavage. An increased level of specific cleavage products was seen with increasing doses of KR12 (from bottom to top,b).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7706_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13781", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Silencing of YAP1 in RAF1-proficient and -deficient Hep3B cells (left panel, representative immunoblot analysis) downregulates the expression of the YAP1 target gene CTGF (middle panel, qPCR analysis) and reduces proliferation (right panel).\nB: GP130 silencing decreases STAT3 phosphorylation but does not affect YAP1 expression or phosphorylation. Proliferation was assessed 48 h after siRNA transfection (with the exception ofc, in which P6 was added 24 h after transfection and proliferation was measured after additional 48 h), gene expression after 24 h, and for immunoblotting cells were lysed after 1 h inhibitor treatment. In (f) DIH were treated for 30 min with the indicated concentration of IL6. Experiments were performed in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Hep3B cells) or in DIH medium supplemented with 5% FBS (DIH). The immunoblots are representative of two independent experiments; TUBA was used as loading control. The plots represent the mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments. *P≤0.05, **P<0.01 according to Student’sttest.\nC: siRNA-mediated RAF1 silencing promotes the proliferation of Hep3B (n=6), HuH-7 (n=5) and HepG2 (n=4) cells and increases the expression of YAP1 and GP130 as well as STAT3 phosphorylation. siRAF1#1 targets the region around nucleotide 721, while siRAF1#2 is a mixture of siRNAs targeting the region from nucleotide 692 to 1,093 in the RAF1 mRNA.\nD: Chemokine levels in the serum of F/F and Δhep mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13781_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15932", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The gene-based scoring, based on the proportion of active PTGS-related genes, was evaluated similarly.\nB: Biological and toxicological complexity of the PTGS components defined as the proportion of results (above a set statistical threshold) in each analysis category ascribed to the component gene set. Numbers above bars denote the numbers of genes in each component. Details of the data are found inSupplementary Data 3–7.\nC: The probabilistic component modelling leading to the PTGS scoring concept utilized latent Dirichlet allocation. This unsupervised method uncovers common themes that describe collections of profiles, seeking associations between compound treatments (‘instances’) and differential expression of gene sets, leading to data reduction and discovery of components that can be used to quantitatively classify new gene expression profiles.\nD: Frequency plot of the upstream regulator enrichments for the PTGS components depicting multiple transcriptional regulators associated with stress responses, inflammation and with cell division. For data and further related analyses, seeSupplementary Fig. 6bandSupplementary Data 5.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15932_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4147", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Chromatin from the pool of fetal liver macrophages (WT,n=6) with or without agonist treatment (T1317 and 9cRA) was precipitated with anti-MafB, anti-AcH4 and IgG and then analyzed by qPCR to amplify the MARE sequences in theAIMpromoter region. The s.d. was representative of the variation in the technical triplicates of samples. Data are from one experiment representative of two independent experiments.\nB: The qRT–PCR showed the expression ofAIMandABCA1mRNA in the atherosclerotic lesions ofMafb+/+→LDLR−/−andMafb−/−→LDLR−/−recipient mice after 5 weeks of a high-cholesterol diet (Mafb+/+,n=8;Mafb−/−,n=8). Data are presented as the mean+s.e.m. **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nC: WT andLXRDKO peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with GW3965 (1 μM) and LG268 (100 μM) (alone or in combination) for 18 h. Each condition is a pool of three wells from independent experiments. Then, the expression ofMafbmRNA was analyzed by qRT–PCR. Data were normalized to36B4mRNA. The s.d. was representative of the variation in the technical duplicates of the cDNA samples from WT and LXR KO.\nD: The 5′-flanking region of theAIMgene was analyzed with the UCSC Genome Browser to identify MafB-binding sites (Maf Recognition Element; MARE). The MARE site in theAIMpromoter (mouse: −54/−41, bold) is highly conserved among mammalian species.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4147_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14656", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Cardiac function of BMT chimeric mice at day 14 after MI. EF, ejection fraction. Data represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05 as indicated (unpaired two-tailedt-test);n=8–11.\nB: Genotyping ofEp3F/F;LysMCremice. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) was used as quality control for extracted DNA from mouse tail biopsy.\nC: Effect of SB525334 on hS3′–hS5′ fragment-mediated transcription activity in THP-1 cells. *P<0.05 as indicated,n=5.\nD: mRNA expression levels ofVEGF, FGF, HGF, PDGFbbandCX3CR1in Mos/Mps sorted from hearts from BMT chimeric mice at day 14 post MI. Data represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05 as indicated (unpaired two-tailedt-test);n=4.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14656_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11387", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Representative fit of VP0 atomic model to electron density (mesh).\nB: A zoomed-in view of the capsid model showing the positions of VP0 (yellow), VP1 (red) and VP3 (green) in aT=1 (pseudoT=3) arrangement. The symmetry axes are marked in blue (fivefold pentagon, threefold triangle, twofold ellipse). The capsid is made from 12 pentamers of VP0, VP1 and VP3. Some of the proteins in neighbouring pentamers are marked (VP0, C1-C16; VP1, A1-A16; VP3, B1-B16).\nC: The inner surface of a pentamer of the HPeV3 model shown as an electrostatic potential surface with the conserved RNA motif (magenta) shown in ribbon. The scale for the charge distribution is also shown. The RNA interaction with the capsid protein does not appear to be driven by electrostatics as the interacting region on the capsid proteins appear to be a mix of positive (blue), negative (red) and neutral charges (white).\nD: A stabilizing network of VP0 N-terminal arms traverses the inner side of the capsid. The path of one N terminus is highlighted in yellow (C1) from pentamer 1 (pink) travelling via VP3 (gold) of pentamer 2 (gold) to interact with the N terminus of C16 from pentamer 3. These VP0 N termini obstruct the pore at the twofold symmetry axis between pentamer 2 and pentamer 4.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11387_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5934", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Tissue lysates were prepared from the liver of fastedAtg7+/+andAtg7+/−mice 4 h after leupeptin administration, and immunoblotting was done. Fold changes of the immunoblot band intensities are shown (right). *P<0.05; Student’st-test,n=3.\nB: One hour after intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg kg−1leupeptin to C57BL/6 mice, 25 mg kg−1of imatinib (Ima) was injected intraperitoneally. Three hours later, tissue lysate was prepared from the liver and subjected to immunoblot analysis.\nC: Liver sections from each type of mouse were subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-nitrotyrosine antibody. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: Total mRNA was extracted from each tissue, and RT–PCR was done using primers specific forTnfa,Il6,F4/80orpro-Il1b. The expression ofpro-Il1bwas determined using SVF fraction of WAT tissue. (c,d) Lysate of SVF was subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-IL-1β (c) or anti-caspase-1 antibody (d).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5934_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13710", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Serum LOXL2 was measured by a customized ELISA-based assay. The red-dashed line represents a cutoff level of LOXL2 at 90 pg ml−1. The mean of each group is indicated by a horizontal line in the graph. *P<0.05 using unpaired Student’st-test.\nB: Correlation between serum LOXL2 and ST-2 measured by ELISA. The two-tailedPvalue for Pearson correlation was calculated using GraphPad Prism.\nC: Representative immunostaining of Col1A and α-SMA in the heart 1 week after sham/TAC operation. Scale bars, 100 μm. Blue: haematoxylin. Brown: Col1A/α-SMA. (e–g) Determination of total, soluble and insoluble collagen content of left ventricles from sham- or TAC-operated mice 1, 2 and 10 weeks after the procedure (n=5 in each group). The amounts of total and soluble collagen were determined by measuring hydroxyproline content of total and pepsin-acid solubilized left ventricles, respectively. The amount of insoluble collagen was calculated by subtracting the amount of soluble collagen from total collagen.\nD: Western blot analysis of Loxl2 protein in the mice heart ventricles 1–7 weeks after sham/TAC operation.Pvalue: Student’st-test. Error bar: s.e.m.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13710_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8307", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: ASXL1 interacts with BAP1 to form a deubiquitinase complex that acts on H2AK119Ub. ASXL1 is the regulatory subunit of this complex and BAP1 is the deubiquitinase. The ubiquitin-carboxyl hydrolase (UCH) domain of BAP1 is at its N terminus. ASXL1 has a C-terminal atypical PHD Zinc-finger, a putative N-terminal DNA-binding domain and three PRRs that are thought to facilitate protein–protein interactions. Shown below are three cancer-associated ASXL1 mutations and two ASXL1 truncations, ASXL1(1–1305), and ASXL1(1–479), which we have employed in our studies.\nB: EML cells were transduced with retroviral constructs and sorted and expanded as ina. In the panels to the left, levels of H2AK119Ub and H3K27me3 were assessed by flow cytometry. Additional controls are shown inSupplementary Fig. 3b. In the panels to the right, commitment to the mast cell lineage was assessed as ina.\nC: The bone marrow was harvested from recipient mice 6 months post transfer. Transduced cells were identified based on expression of GFP and Thy1.1 reporters. Shown are percentages of BAP1, ASXL1(1–479) and doubly transduced cells in the bone marrows of recipient mice 6 months post transfer. Each dot represents one mouse.\nD: Nuclear lysates and acid-extracted histones prepared from transfected cells were subjected to western blotting.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8307_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9282", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: micro-computed tomography or representative cortical (upper panels) and trabecular (lower panels) high-resolution (6 μm) 3D reconstructions of femurs from T-cell-reconstituted mice at 12 weeks. White bar represents 500 μm. Serum ELISAs were used to quantify:\nB: spleen CD4+T cells;\nC: micro-computed tomography of representative cortical (left panels) and trabecular (right panels) high-resolution (6 μm) 3D reconstructions of femurs. White bar represents 500 μm. Serum ELISAs were used to quantify:\nD: CTx, (h) osteocalcin, (g) RANKL, and (h) OPG and (i) TNFα. Data points represent individual animals with median (black line), *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn's multiple comparison post test (n=7 mice per group).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9282_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14677", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Tumour weight after NK cell infusion on day 10.\nB: bone marrow-derived NK cells (GFP+NK1.1+) in the tumour tissues by two-colour immunofluorescence; (b,c) tumour growth patterns by bioluminescent imaging, tumour volumes, tumour weights on day 21 and the survival rate of LLC (b) or B16F10 (c) tumour-bearing chimeric mice. Data represent mean±s.d. for groups of 4–5 mice. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with tumour-bearing Smad3+/+chimeric mice received GFP+Smad3−/−bone marrow transplantation analysed by analysis of variance. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nC: Saline (Control), nonsense-treated Smad3+/+(Smad3+/+NK), nonsense-treated Smad3−/−(NC) NK cells or Smad3−/−NK cells with E4BP4 knockdown (siE4BP4) or T-bet knockdown (siT-bet) were infused (i.v.) into B16F10 tumour-bearing NOD/SCID mice and the antitumour effects are qualified by imaging on day 10 after NK cell infusion.\nD: Western blotting analysis shows the expression of E4BP4 in the NK cells isolated from the bone marrow and spleen of the B16F10 tumour-bearing Smad3+/+and Smad3−/−mice on day 10 after tumour inoculation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14677_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4386", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: HeLa cells treated with Pitstop 2 (30 μM) for 3 h were fixed and stained with anti-Nct mAb A5226A (green) and anti-CALM (magenta). Confocal image of cell surface accumulation of the γ-secretase was taken by Leica SP5 confocal microscope. Bar, 10 μm.\nB: HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells treated with non-target or CALM were analysed by western blot.\nC: Effect of YM201636 on the localization of LAMP1-positive compartment and the endogenous γ-secretase in HeLa cells. Bar, 10 μm. (b,c) Levels of secreted Aβ from N2a cells (n=3, mean±s.e.m) (b) and Aβ42/total Aβ ratio (c) treated with DMSO or YM201636 (n=3, mean±s.e.m., *P<0.05 by Student’st-test).\nD: Ratio of internalized proteins at 60 min chase in (d) (n=3, mean±s.e.m., *P<0.05 by Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4386_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5777", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Patient X-ray.\nB: progressed curvature (type 3) with trunk, tail and mild medio-lateral rotations;\nC: unaffectedptk7heterozygote zebrafish (type 0);\nD: severe curvature (type 4) with extreme trunk, tail and medio-lateral rotations. Scale bars, 1 mm. (i–m) Lateral and (i′–m′) dorsal views of three-dimensional microCT renderings of adult (i)ptk7heterozygote as well as (j) type 1, (k) type 2, (l) type 3 and (m) type 4 Zptk7mutant zebrafish.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5777_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10055", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Following AMH administration (AMH 0.5 μM,n=3; AMH 1 μM,n=4; AMH 3 μM,n=6; saline,n=5), LH was measured. Values are expressed as means±s.e.m. One-way analysis of variance, F(3,19)=6.6,P=0.004. *P:<0.01, **P:<0.001, Fisher’s least significant differencepost hoctest.\nB: Schematic representation of AMH injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle of diestrous (3–4-month old) mice with 50 nM AMH or saline. Tail blood was collected every 10 min for 2 h and LH measured (n=7 control,n=8 AMH;e–g). Asterisks ineandfindicate LH pulses in two -representative saline- and AMH-treated mice. Values are represented as means±s.e.m. Unpaired Student’st-test,t(13)=−2.56, *P<0.05. Experiments were replicated three times. MS, medial septum; LSI, lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part; LSV, lateral septal nucleus, ventral part; OVLT, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.\nC: MEs dissected from OVX rats (n=4 each group). One-way analysis of variance, F(3,15)=30.9,P<0.0001. ***P<0.0001, **P<0.001 Fisher’s least significant differencepost hoctest. All the experiments were replicated at least three times.\nD: Whole-cell current recording of a GnRH neuron in the presence of AAB and tetrodotoxin (TTX). **Spontaneous synaptic currents blocked by AAB+TTX. Dots indicate truncated currents induced by the ramp voltage protocol.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10055_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9528", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Scheme used to studyDMDmdxβgeosatellite cellsin vitro.\nB: Scheme of the experiment. (b–e) Immunofluorescence on transverse sections using anti-GFP and anti-p53 (b,c) or anti-p21 (d,e) antibodies, arrows point to positive p53 or p21 cells.c’ande’represent higher magnifications of the area highlighted by a square incande, respectively.c’’ande’’are the same images as inc’ande’without the Hoechst and p53 or p21 staining.\nC: Scheme of the migration assay of the macrophages.\nD: SAβGal staining on confluent myotubes derived from isolated mGFP+satellite cells maintained 21 daysin vitro(21 DIV) and on replated isolated mGFP+reserve cells after 7 and 14 DIV. Arrowheads point to SAβGal+cells (dark staining). Windows in left centre and bottom pictures represent high magnifications of the main image highlighting SAβGal+cells. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments using 2 controls and 2 mutants for each.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9528_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14478", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: After 9-day treatment, diameter of the testicular lobes and number of spermatozoa within the seminal vesicle were reduced.\nB: The number of mature oocytes was reduced, some occurred within the anterior part of the ovary, which normally only contains immature oocytes. (g,h) After 13- day treatment, swellings, invaginations and the size of the aggregates increased.\nC: Provided are mean values±s.d. from three biological replicates.\nD: The testes are composed of lobes containing spermatogonia and differentiated spermatozoa accumulating in the sperm vesicle.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14478_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4329", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Temporal change in pH during 30 min of no-flow ischaemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Three times starred ast1,t2andt3correspond to spatial pH maps in (d–f).\nB: Graphical depiction of the key steps in device design and fabrication. Scale bar, 2 cm.\nC: Responses of a Si strain sensor under representative physiological conditions, compared with simultaneous ECG recordings.\nD: Representative far-field ECG during baseline and reperfusion-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT). (d–f) pH map of 32 sensors (left), representative transmembrane potential and calcium transient signals (middle), and APD70–CaT70 maps (right) at baseline (d), 10 min of no-flow ischaemia (e) and 20 min of reperfusion (f). The results provide maps of the anterior–posterior LV. TheVmand CaT are taken from the same pixel, but the location may vary slightly due to shrinkage of the heart during no-flow ischaemia. White circles denote pH sensors positions. VT, ventricular tachycardia;Vm, transmembrane potential; CaT, calcium transient; APD70, action potential duration at 70% repolarization; CaT70, calcium transient duration at 70% relaxation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4329_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14108", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Plasma adenosine from hypoxia-treatedEnt1flox/flox/EpoRCreorEpoRCremice. *: between normoxia and 48-h hypoxia,n=4,P<0.05. **between 24- and 72-h hypoxia,n=4,P<0.05.+between normoxia and 24-, 48- or 72-h hypoxia,n=4,P<0.05.++betweenEpoRCreandEnt1flox/flox/EpoRCreafter 48- or 72-h hypoxia,n=4,P<0.05.\nB: In vivoadenosine uptake assay, comparison is between plasma and blood,n=4,P<0.05.\nC: Erythrocyte life span was indicated by biotin NHS labelling and revealed by flow cytometry.\nD: eENT1 changes during hypoxia treatment as judged by immunofluorescence, red: ENT1, green: Biotin; scale bar, 5 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14108_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39836-0", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: DMAS (dietary intake data collected using ASA24 dietary assessment tool daily over 17 consecutive days);\nB: MLVS (with four ASA24 records within 1 year);\nC: WLVS (with four ASA24 records within 1 year);\nD: NHS (with FFQ administrated every 4 years and with total eight time points).eHPFS (with FFQ administrated every 4 years and with total seven time points). Columns: (1) food profiles; (2) nutrient profiles. For DMAS, we plot the food and nutrient profiles of 30 participants who have ASA24 data available for all the 17 days. For the WLVS, MLVS, and NHS datasets, we plot the food and nutrient profiles of 50 randomly chosen individuals. In the visualization of nutrient profiles, we only show the top-15 most abundant nutrients, while the remaining nutrients (after excluding amino acids, total fatty acids of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated) are summarized as others.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-39836-0_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2675", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Ten fields of each condition were photographed at × 10 magnification and nuclei were counted. The histogram shows the mean±s.d. of the percentage of nuclei in cells with different numbers of nuclei and is representative of at least three different experiments (**P<0.01 compared with the control sample, Mann–Whitney test).\nB: By western blot, the expression levels of CD9 and CD81 increase concomitantly with differentiation markers such as myosin or troponin.\nC: CD81 is enriched at myotubes tips, which make frequent contacts with neighbouring muscle cells (arrow) (f). Scale bar inc–fis 25 μm.\nD: CD81 staining reveals short and parallel filopodium-like protrusions between myotubes (higher magnification is shown on the right).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2675_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11672", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Biparatopic DARPins obstruct all ligand-dependent and ligand-independent complexes of ErbB2. Such a pan-ErbB2 inhibition blocks PI3K/AKT signalling cascade and consecutive adaptive responses, leading to a stable OFF state of the ErbB oncogenic network. Consequently, intrinsic apoptosis is induced which prevents emergence of adaptive resistance.\nB: Biparatopic anti-ErbB2 DARPin (6L1G) inhibits phosphorylation of both ErbB2 and ErbB3 while trastuzumab (TZB) attenuates only p-ErbB3. ErbB2-overexpressing cell lines were treated with 100 nM of 6L1G or TZB; ErbB2 or ErbB3 was immunoprecipitated and total phosphotyrosine content (p-Tyr) was determined. Co-IP analysis of Grb2 binding to ErbB2 is also shown.\nC: Caspase activity in cell extracts from BT474 cells treated with 100 nM 6L1G or TZB for 72 h or 1 μM GDC-0941 or 10 ng ml−1TRAIL for 12 h, determined by assays using specific chemiluminescent substrates for Caspase-3/7, 8 and 9 (*Pvalue versus TZB, two-sided, unpaired Welch’st-test).\nD: 3D spheroid cultures of cancer cells grown on Matrigel. Top, micrographs showing AU565 and BT474 spheroids after 12 days with indicated treatment, for abbreviations seeFig. 2a. Bottom, size distribution of treated spheroids. Ten micrographs were analysed with Image J software (Mann–Whitney test). Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11672_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8530", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Induction of 14-3-3σ expression decreased ATP concentrations in the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 and the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231in vitro. HCT116 14-3-3σ−/−TetR 14-3-3σ and MDA-MB-231 TetR 14-3-3σ cancer cells were grown in doxycycline-containing medium (5 ng ml−1) for inducing Flag-14-3-3σ expression for 3 days. Noninduced cells were used as a control. Cell lysates from HCT116 14-3-3σ−/−TetR 14-3-3σ cells and MDA-MB-231 TetR 14-3-3σ cells were collected for measuring ATP concentration using an ATP Bioluminescence CLS II kit (Roche) and a luminometer (Biotek). Average±95% CI,n=3, analysis of variance (ANOVA),*P<0.05.\nB: 14-3-3σ expression decreased energy production in p53-deficient colorectal carcinoma cells. ATP measurements were shown. Bars represent means±95% CI; Student’st-test, *P<0.05.\nC: 14-3-3σ expression was inversely correlated with the Myc level in 145 patients’ breast tumours. 14-3-3σ and Myc protein expression levels were quantified from immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of breast cancer patients’ tissue microarrays collected at MDACC. Correlation analysis and graph was built using the GraphPad Prism software.\nD: 14-3-3σ promoted c-Myc polyubiquitination in p53-deficient cancer cells. Flag-14-3-3σ expression was induced in indicated cells (+). Noninduced cells were used as a control (−). Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-c-Myc antibodies and immunoblotted with antiubiquitin (ubi) antibodies.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8530_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7722", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Bovine cationic trypsin (bTRYP, upper row) was aligned with mNE. The self-cleavage position of the so-called pseudotrypsin with chymotrypsin-like activity is indicated by the grey arrow head pointing downward. C-ter, C-terminal; N-ter, N-terminal.\nB: Representative micrographs of haematoxylin and eosin-stained lung tissue 2 months after a single oropharyngeal application of sc neutrophil elastase (sc-NE), tc neutrophil elastase (tc-NE) or buffer (300 mM NaCl, 20 mM Na2HPO4pH7.4; scale bars, 100 μm).\nC: The protein level of two important chemokines MCP1/CCL2 and KC/CXCL1 were determined using ELISA. The sc- and tc-mNE-treated mice showed a significantly higher level of MCP1/CCL2 and KC/CXCL1 compared with buffer-treated mice. Data (mean±s.e.m.) are representative of two independent experiments with totaln=7 (sc-NE) andn=8 mice in the tc-NE and buffer control groups. One-way analysis of variance Bonferroni test was applied (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001).\nD: The tc neutrophil elastase–AAT complex (tc-AAT) is smaller than the sc neutrophil elastase–AAT complex (sc-AAT) as only the small 7-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment of tc mouse neutrophil elastase remains covalently bound to AAT in reducing conditions. While sc neutrophil elastase–AAT complexes form within seconds, tc neutrophil elastase–AAT complex formation takes several minutes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7722_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12754", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Viral protein synthesis in wt and 67 mutant virus-infected A549 cells expressing different levels of IFN-β-induced ISGylation. Cells were transfected with the indicated siRNAs (Ctrl: control siRNA; USP: USP18-specific siRNA; I: ISG15-specific siRNA; E1: Ube1L-specific siRNA) for 24 h, followed by 16 h of treatment with 1,000 IU ml−1human IFN-β and subsequent infection with 5 p.f.u. per cell of wt or 67 mutant virus. At 24 h after infection, cells were collected, and extracts were analysed by immunoblots probed with the indicated Abs. Quantitation of immunoblots was performed using ImageJ software (NIH). See also (Supplementary Fig. 1c,d).\nB: Fractionation of infected cells into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions.\nC: Multiple cycle growth curves of wt and 67 mutant virus in A549 cells with or without IFN-β pretreatment. Where indicated, A549 cells were treated with 1,000 IU ml−1of human IFN-β for 18 h before virus infection. Cells were infected with 0.1 p.f.u. per cell of wt virus or 67 mutant virus. Error bars show the s.d. of triplicate assays of virus titers at the indicated times of infection determined by plaque assays in MDCK cells.\nD: The cell extracts that were analysed in lanes 1 and 3 of panelcwere instead immunoprecipitated with NS1B Ab, and the immunoprecipitates were then analysed by immunoblots probed with Flag Ab and NS1B Ab.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12754_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11398", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Incidence rate of dementia per 1,000 person years in men for CFAS I and CFAS II by age at baseline interview.\nB: Incidence rate of dementia per 1,000 person years in CFAS I and CFAS II by age at baseline interview. Natural scale.\nC: Incidence rate of dementia per 1,000 person years in women for CFAS I and CFAS II by age at baseline interview.\nD: Incidence rate of dementia per 1,000 person years in CFAS I and CFAS II by age at baseline interview. Logarithmic scale.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11398_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10782", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 versus vehicle.\nB: #P<0.05 WT-Saline versus WT-MT2, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 KO-Saline versus KO-MT2.\nC: Overnight food intake in chow-fed male HDAC5 WT and KO littermates (n=8) subjected to a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of vehicle saline or leptin (5 mg kg−1) at the beginning of the dark cycle.\nD: Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with total STAT3 antibody reveals diminished STAT3 recruitment to the POMC promoter in CLU177 cells with HDAC5 KD, compared with WT controls (n=3). Values represent means±s.e.m. Statistical analyses were done either by two-tailed unpaired Student’st-tests (b,d,e,j,k,l) or one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferronipost hoctests (g). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10782_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7745", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Perimeters of cross-sections of TA muscle at 5 weeks of age. Data are shown as box plot. Top, maximum; bottom, minimum. **P<0.01; unequal variance Student’st-test;n=6 per group.\nB: Specific forces, which are the ratios of tetanic force to muscle size, measured at 5 weeks of age. Data are shown as mean±s.d. *P<0.05; unequal variance Student’st-test.n=5 per group. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride; NS, not significant.\nC: Gross appearance ofmdx,csf3r+/−,mdx/csf3r+/−and WT mice at post-natal day 1.\nD: The percentages of BF-45-positive myocytes in cross-sections of TA muscle at day 3 after CTX injection. Data are shown as mean±s.d. *P<0.05; unequal variance Student’st-test.n=5 per group.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7745_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8671", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: 14-3-3ζ-depleted 3T3-L1 cells were incubated with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine for 48 h or the last 24 h during induction of differentiation by MDI. Cells were stained with Oil Red-O to assess adipocyte differentiation (n=3 independent experiments; *P<0.05, assessed by ANOVA). Error bars represent s.e.m.\nB: 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were induced with MDI and treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) for 48 h or the last 24 h (24–48 h) of the induction period. Inhibition of autophagy was verified by examining the accumulation of LC3 (n=4 independent experiments).\nC: Immunoblotting of p27Kip1from lysates of differentiating of siCon- or si14-3-3ζ-3T3-L1 adipocytes (n=4 experiments). (g,h) Co-transfection of siRNA against 14-3-3ζ and p27Kip1was used to examine whether knockdown of both proteins could restore differentiation, as determined by Pparγ expression (g) or Oil Red-O staining (h). (n=4 independent experiments). Error bars represent s.e.m.\nD: Visualization of significantly changed genes from control or si14-3-3ζ-transfected 3T3-L1 cells at 0, 24 and 48 h of differentiation (0.05 FDR-adjustedq<0.05;n=4 per group). (b,c) Comparison of expression profiles of14-3-3ζ,PparγandC/EBP-αas determined by RNA-Seq (b) and quantitative PCR (c) (n=4 per group, *P<0.05, assessed by Student’st-test).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8671_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11386", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The surface expression of WT-pendrin is not affected by upregulation of Hsc70 and DNAJC14 or by inhibition of Hsc70 ATPase activity (Hsc70-K71M) in PANC-1 cells.\nB: Proteins samples from PANC-1 cells transfected with indicated plasmids were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag (DNAJC14) and immunoblotted. Arf1-Q71L-mediated ER-to-Golgi blockade induced the association of DNAJC14 with H723R-pendrin. The data are representative of three independent experiments. Unprocessed original scans of western blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 10.\nC: Hsc70 ATPase activity inhibitor apoptozole dose-dependently reduced Arf1-Q71L-induced surface expression of H723R-pendrin. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 by one-way analysis of variance, the number of replicates (n) is presented in each panel. Unprocessed original scans of western blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 10.\nD: Treatments with brefeldin A (BFA) or thapsigargin (TG) also induced cell-surface expression of H723R-pendrin in PANC-1 cells. (e,f) Whereas GRASP55 overexpression induced cell-surface expression of ΔF508-CFTR in PANC-1 cells (f), GRASP55 was not effective in inducing cell-surface expression of H723R-pendrin (e). Quantitation of multiple experiments is presented under each immunoblot.**P<0.01 by one-way analysis of variance, compared with lane 1, the number of replicates (n) is presented in each panel. Unprocessed original scans of western blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 10.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11386_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4591", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Immunoblotting analysis of CD147 or CD9 against purified EVs isolated from CCD-18Co cells, HCT116 cells, HCT15 cells, HT29 cells, WiDr cells, COLO201 cells, COLO205 cells and SW1116 cells. EV proteins (250 ng) was used for the detection of CD147 and CD9.\nB: Immunoblotting analysis of CD63 (upper panels) or CD9 (lower panels) against the EVs isolated from HCT116 cells. EV protein concentration were measured via the Qubit system. EVs were purified from HCT116 cell CM.\nC: Serum levels of CD147/CD9 double-positive EVs in colorectal cancer patients without any purification. The panel shows a scatter plot for healthy donors (n=191) and colorectal cancer patients (n=194). TheP-value was calculated by using Wilcoxon rank-sum test.\nD: Correlation between ELISA measurements for CD9 positive EVs and EV protein concentration in a dilution series. EV protein concentration were measured via the Qubit system. EVs were purified from HCT116 cell CM. Error bars are s.e.m. (n=3 for each condition). Data are representative of at least three independent experiments each.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4591_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9126", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: AR-responsive PSA promoter reporter activity;*P<5.6E−06. LNCaP cells were transiently transfected with PSA-Luc and Vector control, YAP1–WT, YAP1-ΔN (58-504 residues), or YAP1-ΔC (2–290 residues) construct, followed by EtOH vehicle or androgen (10 nM DHT) treatment for 48 h.\nB: Co-IP and WB analysis of AR and YAP1 proteins in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions obtained from LNCaP cells with or without MST1 knockdown plus or minus DHT treatment. Co-IP and WB were probed with antibodies to corresponding proteins at 24 in experiment (a,b) and at 48 h in experiment ‘d’ post treatment. Lamin A/C was used as a nuclear extraction control. Blots are representative of two independent experiments. C, Cytoplasm; N, Nuclei.\nC: Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of YAP1 protein in human normal prostate (NP,n=9) and prostate cancer (PC,n=22) clinical samples.\nD: Graph shows the quantification of photons from the luciferase imaging at each week;*P<0.001.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9126_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3740", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Footfall tests after SCI. (b,c) T1KO versus WT and ChABC.Post hocanalyses were conducted using the Bonferroni–Dunn test for repeated-measures ANOVA. Inbandc, data are expressed as the mean±s.e.m; *P<0.05; **P<0.01 (n=9; ANOVA).\nB: Coronal sections of the anterior horn were taken along the axis represented by the dotted line infand stained via WFA or with anti-aggrecan antibody (aggrecan). In T1KO mice, WFA-labelled CS concentrated in PNN was not evident but signal from aggrecan, a core CSPG protein, was evident. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nC: Dot-blot analysis of HS expression in spinal cords before and after SCI (2 w). HS was detected only in T1KO mice with SCI, but not in any other mice, including the ChABC-treated mice.\nD: Possible biochemical mechanism that promotes better recovery from SCI in TIKO mice26. In WT, T1 is upregulated in reactive astrocytes after SCI; however,Ext1andExt2, which are genes with putative ‘axon growth-promoting activity/potential’, are upregulated in neurons of T1KO mice, and T1 is not expressed (minus in red); consequently, HS, rather than CS, accumulates around T1KO neurons. As a result, the amount of CS decreases and that of HS increases, and this shift in the CS-HS balance promotes axon regrowth39. As increases in HS and decreases in CS persist, the potential for axon growth is elevated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3740_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1491", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Collagen-binding activity of various strains ofS.aureus. Phillips and Cowan 1 are reported to have high collagen-binding activity in variousS. aureusstrains. The activity was evaluated under fixed conditions of 2 mg of Type I collagen and 1×1010bacterial cells. The results for each strain are expressed as a percentage of TW871 activity as 100%. Each column represents mean±s.d. from 3–5 independent experiments.\nB: Interaction of bacteria and collagen fibres around the vessels in a damaged hemisphere byin vivoSEM. White arrowheads indicate bacteria interacting with collagen fibres. Scale bar; 2 μm.\nC: Representative macroscopic appearance of SHRSP rat brain slices administered TW295 (TW295) or vehicle (Control). Scale bar; 5 mm.\nD: Schematic illustrations of the hypothesis and experimental procedures forS. mutans-induced aggravation of cerebral haemorrhage.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1491_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9457", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: The proportion of side population cells in scrambled and shMerlin expressing CSQT2 cells.\nB: Myc-taggedwtMer or Myc-taggedΔ2–4Mer was expressed in HCCLM3 cells, and an anti-Myc antibody was used for immunofluorescence staining. (Scale bar, 20 μm).\nC: Δ2-4Mer- orwtMer-expressing HCCLM3 cells were injected into the caudal veins of BALB/C nude mice. The lung metastatic tumours were stained by H&E; Scale bar, 100 μm. The tumour numbers were counted and are shown to the right of the graphs (five mice per group). *P<0.05; **P<0.01, based on the student’st-test.\nD: Western blots of Merlin proteins from eight pairs of HCC tumours with PVTT and tumour adjacent tissues using Merlin antibody. The quantification of the bands relative to GADPH is shown below the panels.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9457_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13796", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: 231-Par cells were transfected with GFP orc-JUNexpression construct and relativec-JUN(left) andGALNT14(right) mRNA levels were analysed by qRT-PCR. Results represent mean±s.e.m. (error bars). Western blot images ina–hare representative of two to three independent experiments.\nB: The indicated 231-LM2 cells were introduced intravenously into immunocompromised mice. Lung colonization was analysed by BLI. Left: Bioluminescent signals from the lungs normalized to signals at day 0. Right: Representative bioluminescent images of mice and histological staining (H&E) of lung sections. Scale bar, 5 mm.\nC: Left: A Venn diagram representing the number of differentially expressed genes (P<0.05) upon knockdown and overexpression ofGALNT14in 231-LM2 (231-LM2 K/D) and in 231-Par (231-Par O/E), respectively. Right: Heat-map representation of 17 genes whose expression was decreased and increased upon knockdown ofGALNT14in 231-LM2 and overexpression in 231-Par, respectively.\nD: Similar experiments as ineexcept 5 × 104cells were injected.Pvalues ina–dwere calculated using two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test ande,fusing one-tailed Mann–Whitney test. Data are mean±s.e.m.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13796_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8058", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Third instar eye disc displays cleaved caspase3 inpieE1-16clones (GFP−). (d–e) Posterior midguts ofMyoIAGal4; tubGal80ts, UAS-GFP/pie RNAianimals 0 and 5 days after shifting to 29 °C.\nB: Proposed mechanism of how female GSCs are protected against apoptosis through joint efforts from multiple signalling pathways. Error, s.d.\nC: Mean percentage of germaria with branched fusomes in w-females at 0 h (n=398), 2 h (n=173), 1 day (n=203), 3 days (n=148) and 7 days (n=171) post 50 Gy IR.\nD: Means of percentage of hid+ clonal GSCs and non-clonal neighbor GSCs ofpieE1-16(n=97) andbanΔ1(n=57) background. NS: not significant.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8058_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-18081-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: pFAK-DYNAMIN recruitment to endocytosis complex;\nB: αvβ3 recruitment;\nC: EV-HSPG interaction;\nD: Dynamin-mediated internalization of EVs and EE formation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Model created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). (**pvalue < 0.01, ***pvalue < 0.001n= 3). Data are represented as mean ± SD in (b) and (d). Statistical analysis including two-way ANOVA multiple comparisons was carried out using GraphPad Prism 6.01.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-020-18081-9_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8882", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: PARP14 immunostaining of tissue microarray comprising 48 HCC and 22 cirrhotic livers. Shown are representative images of the immunostainings at 20 × magnification. Scale bar, 50 μm. Graph indicates the percentage of cases displaying strong or low staining intensity of PARP14.\nB: Glucose consumption and lactate production in Hep3B cells left untreated (ctr.) or treated with 10 μM PJ-34 for 48 h.\nC: Growth curves of Huh7 (n=6), Hep3B (n=6) and non-malignant IHH (n=6) cells stably expressing PARP14, PARP14#2 or control nonspecific (NS) shRNAs. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. and are representative of three independent cultures.\nD: Activated JNK1 was immunoprecipitated (IP:JNK1 and WB:p-JNK) from lysates of HEK293T cells expressing JNK1 constitutive active (JNK1CA) and assayed for kinase activity (KA) using recombinant His-PKM2 as substrate in the presence of [32P]-γ-ATP. [32P]-MKK7-JNK1α1 denotes the autophosphorylation of transfected JNK1CA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8882_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14209", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CARMIL2 immunoblots of healthy donor (HD) and family 1 members with vinculin loading control.\nB: Cranial MRI (T2-WI) of P1.2 with a tumour of∼1.7 cm diameter in the dorsal medulla oblongata (white arrow).\nC: Contour plots of CD4 and CD8 naive (TN, CD45R0−CD27+), central memory (TCM, CD45R0+CD27+), effector memory (TEM, CD45R0+CD27−) and effector (TEFF, CD45R0−CD27−) T-cells (corresponding percentages are indicated in each square) and summary of CD4 and CD8 T-cell subtype percentages for six HD and four patients. Small horizontal lines indicate the median. Each symbol represents an individual donor. Data are representative for four independent experiments withn=2. Significance levels are calculated with Welch’st-test and indicated in the summary graphs (NS=non significant).\nD: Representative contour plots of CD25 and CD69 surface expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells without (medium) and after stimulation for 48 h with anti-CD3, anti-CD3/CD28 or PMA/ionomycin (P/I). Summary of CD4 and CD8 T-cell CD25 and CD69 surface expression for six HD (open squares), P1.1 (black circle), P1.2 (black rhomb), P2.1 (black up-pointing triangle) and P2.2 (black down-pointing triangle).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14209_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14290", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Activity of STAT1, STAT5a and STAT5b measured by DNA biding to a consensus sequence in nuclear extracts of OCI-Ly12 and OCI-Ly13.2 cells treated with 500 nM of THZ1 for the indicated time points.\nB: Effect on cell viability at 48 h of the STAT3 inhibitors cryptotanshinone and S31-201 in OCI-Ly12 and OCI-Ly13.2 cells.\nC: Dose-reduction index for BH3-mimetic drugs obatoclax, ABT-737 and venetoclax in the STAT3 mutant cell lines OCI-Ly12 and OCI-Ly13.2 after THZ1 priming for 24 h. The effects for fraction of cell killing 50% (Fa50) and 75% (Fa75%) are shown as circles or squares symbols, respectively.\nD: Schedule of administration forin vivotreatment of OCI-Ly13.2 mice (top). Area under the curve (AUC) of tumour growth from day 1 to day 9 in OCI-Ly13.2 xenografted mice treated as shown in the schedule.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14290_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13354", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Suggested model for the bivalent interaction of tremelimumab with CTLA-4. Tremelimumab binds two CTLA-4 molecules in the vicinity of the two binding site of IgG, spanning 150–190 Å in the perpendicular direction from the T-cell membrane.\nB: Surface representations of the CTLA-4 molecule in the CTLA-4/B7-1 complex (left, PDB code 1i8l). The B7-1 binding site on the surface of CTLA-4 is coloured orange. Surface representations of CTLA-4 in the complex structures of CTLA-4/tremelimumab (right). The HCDR3 loop binding site on the surface of CTLA-4 is coloured blue. The overlapping region between the binding sites of B7-1 and HCDR3 is coloured red on the surface of CTLA-4 (centre).\nC: Structure of CTLA-4 dimer (purple) binding to two B7-1 molecules (green) (PDB code 1i8l).\nD: Surface representations of the PD-L1 molecules in the complex structures of PD-1/PD-L1 (left) and PD-1/BMS-936559 (right). The surface of PD-L1 in PD-1/PD-L1 is coloured blue and the PD-1 binding site on the surface of PD-L1 is coloured pale blue. The surface of PD-1 in PD-1/BMS-936559 is colored yellow. The epitope regions for the heavy and light chain of BMS-936559 are coloured red and purple, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13354_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13166", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: for cullins Cul2, Cul3 and Cul4A;\nB: Immunoblotting for Cul1 and Skp2 of tumours excised at the end of treatment.\nC: for F-box proteins Fbxo22 and Fbxo30;\nD: Immunoblotting for Cul1 after treatment of HCT116 cells with 1 μM CSN5i-3 and for Cul1 and CSN5 after treatment with CSN5 siRNA.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13166_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12943", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: H&E image showing the formation of focal epithelial hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions (arrows) in the proximal prostate at 2 months post tamoxifen induction. Scale bar, 100 um. (d–i) H&E staining of distal (d–f) and proximal anterior prostate (g–i) at 2 (e,h) or 4 months (d,g,f,i) after tamoxifen or vehicle treatment. (j–r) Immunoflorescence staining for CK8 (j–o) or CK14 (p–r) with p-Akt in distal (j–l) and proximal prostate (m–r) at 2 or 4 months post tamoxifen induction. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Scheme for labelling Bmi1+ cells before castration.\nC: Representative images of prostate lobes fromBC-Ptenmice 4 months after treatment with tamoxifen or corn oil vehicle.\nD: Bar graph shows the quantification of YFP+ or Bmi1+ cells undergoing apoptosis. # No overlap between YFP+ or Bmi1+ cells and c-Casp3+ cells was observed. Data represent the mean±s.d.,P***<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-test. AP, anterior prostate; VP, ventral prostate; DLP, dorsolateral prostate; Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12943_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9873", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Immunoblotting of lysates from NHBE cells infected with AD WT or AD ORF1 D68A at the indicated times post infection. Whole cell lysates were probed with antibodies towards GLS (glutaminase) and ASCT2 (sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter type 2). KGA is the full-length GLS and GAC is the shortened splice variant10. Nuclear lysates were probed with an antibody towards MYC. Tubulin antibody (TUBB) was used to control for loading in the whole cell lysates. For (a–c), error bars denote s.d. (n=3), *P<0.05; **P<0.01. Student’st-test.\nB: Percentage of13C-labelled isotopomers of intermediates in reductive carboxylation.\nC: Relative levels of non-essential and essential amino acids.\nD: (left) Glutamine consumption rates of NHBE cells stably expressing scrambled shRNA (shCTR, blue bars) or MYC shRNA (shMYC, red bars) 24 h post mock infection or infection with AD WT (left). (right) Immunoblotting depicting MYC levels in NHBE cells stably expressing scrambled shRNA (shCTR) or MYC shRNA (shMYC). Tubulin antibody (TUBB) was used to control for loading.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9873_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11939", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Characteristics of infant gut microbiota, illustrated by PCoA and PAM clustering analyses. Data from individuals (points) were clustered, and the centres of gravity (rectangles) were computed for each class. The coloured ellipses encompass 67% of the samples in each cluster.\nB: Growth curves of theB. breveBR-A29 strain and the corresponding FL-SBP gene knockout strain in medium containing HMOs.\nC: Spearman’s rank correlations of oligosaccharide concentrations with pH values and acetate concentrations.\nD: Growth curves of 29 bifidobacterial strains in medium containing HMOs (seeSupplementary Fig. 14for more details).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11939_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10248", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Kaplan–Meier plot depicting the survival probability over time for an example CD8+ memory T cell and CD8+ effector T cell. For all Kaplan–Meier plots, samples were stratified into high and low groups based on whether their CLS was above or below the modal frequency of the CLS distribution for the given cell type.P-values were calculated using the log-rank test. Vertical hash marks indicate censored data.\nB: Volcano plot displaying univariate Cox PH model results using innate immune lineage CLSs as variables. Innate immune cell subtypes consist of CD11b+ myeloid (CD11b my), DC, macrophages (Mac), monocytes (Mon), NK and pDC.\nC: Example CLS distributions for each sample tissue type using the data displayed by the heatmap. Two cell types each were chosen to represent the dedifferentiated, innate and adaptive haematopoietic categories. Each box spans quartiles with lines representing the median correlation coefficient for each group. Whiskers represent absolute range excluding outliers. All outliers were included in the plot.\nD: Scatterplots representing the association between ESTIMATE tumour purity score and CLS for two cell types each from the dedifferentiated, innate and adaptive haematopoietic categories.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10248_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5765", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Size of basin. Similar to the sizes of basins observed in the group analysis (Fig. 1f), the three major local minimums (Frontal-area, Visual-area and Intermediate) had significantly larger sizes of basins than the average basin size of the other local minimums in the bistable session. In contrast, the size of Intermediate local min was not large in the replay session. **P<0.01 in signed-rank Wilcoxon tests (N=18). Error bars represent the s.d.\nB: Regions of interest (ROIs) and stimuli. We analysed fMRI signals that were recorded from seven ROIs (red circles in the left panel;Supplementary Table 1for the coordinates and abbreviations) while participants reported changes in perception associated with a bistable visual stimulus (SFM, right panel).\nC: Comparison of the numerical results with the behavioural tendency. The probability of Visual-area state and frequency of transition from Intermediate to Visual-area states showed a significant positive correlation with the mean duration, whereas the probability of Frontal-area state and frequency of transition from Intermediate to Frontal-area states showed a negative correlation. (f,g) Relationship between behaviour and transitions between Visual-area and Frontal-area states via Intermediate state. For the subject with a longer mean duration, the larger number of steps was required for activity pattern to go back and forth between Visual-area and Frontal-area states via Intermediate state. The normalized s.d. of duration was highly predicted by that of the number of steps for the ‘Visual→Intermediate→Frontal→Intermediate→Visual’ transition. We normalized the deviation by dividing it by the mean of the duration for each participant, because the s.d. was highly correlated with the mean.\nD: Comparison of occurrence probability between the numerical and empirical data. The numerical simulation accurately reproduced the occurrence probability of each brain state in the empirical data with small relative errors (≤9.7%). Each circle represents a participant.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5765_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3584", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structure of vanco-800CW.\nB: Osteosynthetic devices were either uncoated (2) or coated with anS. epidermidisbiofilm (1 and 3). Plates 1 and 2 were incubated with vanco-800CW before surgically applying each plate onto the fibula of apost-mortemankle. Subsequent non-invasive examination of the ankle was performed with a clinical multispectral fluorescence camera.\nC: Micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging of the mouse shown inawith bioluminescence (BLI; rainbow scale) and fluorescence (FLI; red–yellow scale) coregistration. A fluorescent signal from the bladder is detectable behind the spine. SeeSupplementary Fig. S4and theSupplementary Movie 1for the separate BLI and FLI images.\nD: Fluorescence microscopy of infected muscle tissue. A cluster of vanco-800CW-labelled Gram-positive cocci (that is,S. aureus) is indicated in the right panel (red) and a chain of Gram-negative rods (that is,E. coli) is indicated in the left panel (green). DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained cell nuclei are labelled green. Scale bar, 10 μm. Vanco-800CW imaging: excitation 710 nm, emission >785 nm; DAPI imaging: excitation 360 nm and emission >458 nm. See alsoSupplementary Fig. S6.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3584_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9918", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Concentration–response curves for P5, and Ex4-induced calcium mobilization in CHO cells expressing the human GLP-1R. (d,e) Concentration–response curves for P5, and Ex4-induced β-arrestin 1 (d) and β-arrestin 2 (e) recruitment in CHO cells expressing the human GLP-1R.\nB: Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis on the expression of the gene encoding PPARγ (n=6) and (e) western blot analysis of PPARγ protein expression in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) following daily subcutaneous injections of saline (control), Ex4 or P5. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) was used as loading control.\nC: Concentration–response curves for P5- and Ex4-induced changes in cellular impedance in CHO cells expressing the human GLP-1R.\nD: Representative microscopy images of eWAT from DIO mice following daily subcutaneous injections of saline (control), Ex4 or P5. Sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (n=4). Scale bar, 100 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9918_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4065", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The targeting dynamics, targeting mechanism and anti-inflammatory action of [S]-rHDL in apoE-KO mice were investigated by analysing the dynamics of phospholipids and hydrophobic cargos of [S]-rHDL in the blood using NIRF and flow cytometry. The biodistribution was evaluated in organs with NIRF.\nB: Fluorescence intensity in serum, MNC and RBC is quantified (N=21, three mice per time point). We calculated that plasma half-life of [S]-rHDL is 21.9 h for the DiO signal.\nC: Flow cytometric analysis of blood cells shows that [S]-rHDL targets Gr-1hipro-inflammatory Mos more efficiently than Gr-1loanti-inflammatory Mos in the blood (N=21, three mice per time point).\nD: Schematic representation of dual gadolinium and fluorescent dye (Cy5.5, DiO, DiR)-labelled statin containing reconstituted high-density lipoprotein ([Gd-dye-S]-rHDL), [S]-rHDL and rHDL. Negative staining TEM images of each of the aforementioned particles showed the typical disk-like morphology. The circular shapes are nanoparticles vieweden face, while the striped configurations are rouleaux of nanoparticles viewed from the side. Dynamic light-scattering measurements showed the average size of [Gd-dye-S]-rHDL to be 28.5 nm, of [S]-rHDL to be 26.0 nm and of rHDL to be 10.5 nm. For larger view TEM also seeSupplementary Fig. 1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4065_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6181", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The PX3 peptide enters neurons and is targeted to mitochondria. Neurons were grown on glass coverslips for 9 days (5 × 104cells for each 12-mm-diameter coverslip). PX3 was added to the culture medium at different concentrations (1 or 2 μM) for various durations (30–240 min). Cells were processed for immunodetection of the peptide (using the anti-BDV X mouse polyclonal serum, green) and mitochondria network (anti-Tom20, red) and analysed by confocal microscopy. The lower panels show an enlarged portion of an axonal process. To better appreciate co-localization, below the pictures are plotted the intensity profiles of green and red fluorescent signals along the portion of the axon highlighted by the white line.\nB: Quantification of striatal TH immunoreactivity (optical density, OD).\nC: Neurons grown in microfluidic devices were either mock treated or infected with wt recombinant BDV (BDV-Xwt) or recombinant BDV bearing mutations in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of X protein (BDV-XA6A7). Axonal fragmentation was quantified after treatment with 1 μM rotenone that was added in the axonal chamber for 16 h.\nD: Representative example of a confocal analysis of non-transduced neurons (Mock) and of neurons transduced with the LV expressing X (LV-Xwt). Neurons were stained for neuronal βIII-tubulin (Tub; red) and the mitochondrial marker Tom20 (green). Lower panels show a higher magnification of the boxed area to illustrate the impact of the X protein on mitochondrial elongation. (b,c) Analysis of mitochondria (Mito.) size distribution in control neurons (Mock), in neurons transduced with LVs expressing either Xwt(LV-X) or XA6A7(LV-XA6A7), as well as in neurons treated with PX3. Analysis was performed (b) without treatment (−Rot) or (c) after rotenone (Rot) treatment (10 nM) for 2 h (+Rot). Data were obtained from at least 15 neurons in each group and for each experiment, and are expressed as mean±s.d.n=3 independent experiments. The investigator performing the quantification was blinded to the treatment groups during the whole analysis process. Scale bars, 5 μm. #P<10−4; §P<10−3; Kruskal–Wallis test.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6181_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4125", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Percentage of mouse nodose and TG sensory neurons responsive to LPS (blue) or to LPS and CA (black). The labels ‘WT+HC’ and ‘WT after HC’ refer to the responses to LPS (10 μg ml−1) observed in the presence of the TRPA1 inhibitor HC-030031 and after its removal, respectively. (e,f) Percentage of nodose (e) or TG (f) neurons responding to LPS (blue) or to LPS and CA (black) as a function of LPS concentration.\nB: Average±s.e.m. voltage dependence of TRPA1 peak tail current at −75 mV in control and in the presence of 20 μg ml−1LPS (n=6). Data were normalized to the value obtained at +175 mV in control. The solid lines represent the fit of the data with Boltzmann functions.\nC: The amplitude of calcium response to MO was minimally reduced by PMB (mean±s.e.m.,n>100 cells).\nD: Simultaneous recording of [Ca2+]ilevel (green trace) and instantaneous firing frequency (black dots) in cell-attached mode in a nodose neuron from aTlr4KO mouse. The large calcium transients (upper graph) during LPS and MO application correlate with the firing of action potentials (lower graph).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4125_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8314", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Densitometry of αS60 and αS14 in the TX fractions (N=2 mice of each genotype analysed on different days in triplicates of separate brain bits, totaln=6); values relative to those of hWT αS14. *P<0.05, **P<0.01; Student’st-test (see Methods) for all quantifications shown; error bars, s.d.\nB: DSG-crosslinked samples: cytosols blotted for αS (2F12, C20, Syn1) and DJ-1; * non-specific band detected only by Syn1 (ref.9).\nC: Mouse brain, 1 mM DSG, PBS fraction; blots represent five independent experiments from different WT mice.\nD: DSG crosslinking analysis of M17D cells transiently transfected with αS WT or the indicated mutations. Western blots for endogenous DJ-1 and transfected αS in duplicate (Syn1); each lane is one transfection.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8314_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4551", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Venn diagrams showing the overlap of probes differentially expressed by WT and KO THcell lineages. Numbers in regions indicate the number of probes with greater than or equal to a twofold difference in expression (WT>KO or WT10 neurons per group from three independent wells.\nD: aSynL:total ratio RT–qPCR quantification in rat primary cortical neuron cultures exposed to extracellular DA as indicated.N=8 per group.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2032_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8737", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (j)?\nA: anti-GPIbα-mediated RCA-1 binding was assessed following removal of GPIbα with OSGE.\nB: Representative western blot of RCA-1 binding (left), and probing with commercial anti-GPIbα antibody (right) to confirm the identity of the RCA-1-positive band following incubation with anti-GPIbα mAb (NIT F). RCA-1 binding on GPIbα was also quantified by protein densitometry in the presence of DANA. All flow cytometry data are expressed as fold change from nonspecific murine IgG (murine)- or IVIG (human)-treated control platelets (CTRL). Anti-GPIbα mAbs shown as mean±s.e.m. of individual mAbs. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus CTRL as analysed by the Student’st-test (a–c,e,f) or one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferronipost hoc(d,g–k). NS, not significant.\nC: Fluorescent platelet (green) localization was assessed with immunofluorescent microscopy at × 60 magnification and quantified with Image J. White scale bars, 10 μM. *P<0.05 as assessed by the Student’st-test. Data are representative of five randomly selected fluorescent images.\nD: Platelets from antibody-injected mice were analysed for desialylation (RCA-1 binding) via flow cytometry.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8737_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11776", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: MiaPaCa-2 cells were treated with 100 nM of INK1341 for 1 h. Cells were lysed with a Dounce homogenizer. Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were separated by centrifugation. Protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Arrow shows phosphorylated or dephosphorylated form (arrow with star).\nB: Number of foci >1 mm was counted using ImageJ. Results represent the mean cell number relative to control (set to 100%)±s.d. (n=3). **P<0.01. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA. (c–h) A representative result of three independent experiments is shown.\nC: The WT or KO cells were treated with the mTOR inhibitors for 72 h. Cell proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation. Error bars indicate±s.d. (n=3). **P<0.01.\nD: 4E-BP3 WT or KO cells were grown on a monolayer and focus formation was determined after 10 days by crystal violet staining. Scale bar, 2 mm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11776_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9792", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: A comparison of the tumour weights.\nB: The average number of FGF2-positive cells in each group. *P<0.01 by a one-way ANOVA. (g,h) Representative images of the double staining for (g) FSP-1 (red) or (h) CD68 (red) and FGF2 (brown) in the tumour from patient no. 1.\nC: A comparison of the number of fibrocyte-like cells (collagen type 1+/CXCR4+cells) (n=6–7 per group). *P<0.01 by the Mann–Whitney-U-test. Allin vivoandin vitrodata are shown as the means±s.e.m.\nD: Representative images of triple staining for GFP, collagen type I and CXCR4 in the tumours treated with bevacizumab. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9792_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1033", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Chang cohort.\nB: Metadata containing 146 ER− samples from Affymetrix data sets minus the training set (Wang cohort). Green and dark orange curves represent low- and high-risk groups, respectively.P-values were obtained using theχ2-test.\nC: Metadata containing 1,009 ER+ samples from Affymetrix data sets minus the training set (Wang cohort). Green, blue and dark orange curves represent low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups, respectively.P-values were obtained from theχ2-test.\nD: For NRC-1, -2 and -3.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1033_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7241", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining of aortic tissue and percentage of TUNEL-positive cells. TUNEL staining of aortic tissue from SMMHC-β-catenin WT and SMMHC-β-catenin CKO mice 1 week after AngII infusion. The DNase (TACS nuclease)-treated section is presented as a positive control. Percentage of TUNEL-positive cells per total cells in aortic media was calculated. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Real-time PCR analysis for the expression levels of the β-catenin target genes (Axin2,β-TrCP,cyclin D1 (CyD1),Wisp1andWisp2) in the aortic tissue from 1-week saline- or AngII-infused mice. The values are shown as fold induction over saline-infused mice. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 versus saline (n=6). Statistical significance was determined using the unpaired two-tailed Mann–WhitneyU-test fora,candd. Results are represented as mean±s.d. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.\nC: The number of double-positive (BrdU(+)/αSMA(+)) cells per aortic section from AngII-infused mice treated with PBS-Lip or Clo-Lip. *P<0.05 versus PBS-Lip-treated AngII-infused mice (n=5). Statistical significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance with Turkey’spost hoctest forc, and the unpaired two-tailed Mann–WhitneyU-test fore. Results are represented as mean±s.d. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.\nD: PCR analysis of aortic tissue DNA. DNA extracted from aortic tissues of tamoxifen-treated SMMHC-β-catenin WT and SMMHC-β-catenin CKO mice were amplified with a PCR primer set designed for detecting the null allele.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7241_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12862", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: VWF binding was measured as described under ‘Methods’. The graph represents one of three independent experiments.\nB: Expression levels of 14-3-3 isoforms were compared using SDS–PAGE and immunoblot analysis, as described under ‘Methods’, with immunoblots probed with the indicated 14-3-3 isoform-selective or pan-14-3-3 antibodies. These studies confirm deletion of 14-3-3ζ protein in the 14-3-3ζ-null mice, with some upregulation of 14-3-3γ. (h,i) Association of 14-3-3 proteins with the GPIbα cytoplasmic tail in the absence of 14-3-3ζ—GPIbα was immunoprecipitated from 14-3-3ζ-wt and 14-3-3ζ-null platelet lysates as described under ‘Methods’, and analysed via immunoblotting, using (h) anti-14-3-3ζ or (i) anti-pan-14-3-3. Immunoblots are taken from one representative of three independent experiments.\nC: Representative trace identifying the typical pattern of OCR, depicting basal level, proton leak, ATP production, maximal respiration and reserve capacity, following inhibition of individual electron transport chain complexes (indicated by arrowheads), including: (1) vehicle or agonist; (2) oligomycin; (3) FCCP; and (4) rotenone/antimycin A. Platelets were assayed for oxygen consumption in unstimulated (b) or CRP/Thr-stimulated (0.25 μg ml−1/0.5 U ml−1) (c,d) conditions.\nD: Number (percentage, %) of mice surviving at 10 and 30 min post collagen/epinephrine injection,n=8. (b(i)) Lungs were collected, fixed in 10% formalin and 5 mm sections cut from paraffin-embedded lung tissue. Sections were stained with Masson Trichrome and analysed for the presence of thrombi on an Olympus BX51 microscope; images were captured using a DP70 camera and DP70-BSW software (scale bar=100 μm). 14-3-3ζ-wt mice had extensive occlusive platelet thrombi (yellow arrows), which were significantly reduced/absent in surviving 14-3-3ζ-null mice and absent in all saline controls. Note: 14-3-3ζ-wt lung histology derived from a mouse with platelet count=0 × 103μl at time of death 9′00′′; 14-3-3ζ-null lung histology derived from a surviving mouse with platelet count=90 × 103μl, taken at 30′00′′; (ii) clot burden in the lungs of both 14-3-3ζ-wt and 14-3-3ζ-null mice was assessed by quantification of the number of occluded vessels per field of view. Saline control images were found to have no occluded vessels. These results represent the mean±s.e.m. (n=3–4 mice, 3–5 sections imaged per mouse). Results were analysed using an unpaired Student’st-test, where ****P<0.0001.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12862_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13035", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Analysis of mean amplitude gain of spikes showed that AngII-infused mice had also increased SSNA in the pattern of burst amplitude as compared with vehicle (vehiclenmice=8 and AngIInmice=10; independent samples Student’st-test,t(9)=−3.120, **P<0.01).\nB: Anatomical transversal reconstruction of microCT angiography evidencing of correct uptake of the contrast agent in the spleen.\nC: Analysis of firing frequency confirmed the reduced activity of α7nAChRKO mice on AngII infusion (WT and α7nAChRKOnmice=7; independent samples Student’st-test,t(12)=3.493, **P<0.01).\nD: Analysis of firing frequency confirmed the inhibitory effect of cervical VagX on AngII-induced SSNA (nmice=5; paired samples Student’st-test,t(4)=8.524, ***P<0.001).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13035_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15104", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were treated with MMS at the indicated concentration for 10 min and the DNA damage was analysed by comet assay (Alkaline comet:n=42, 37, 45, 33, 34; Neutral comet:n=40, 35, 35, 37, 29 at each concentration, respectively). Statistical significance was determined by Steel–Dwass test.##P<0.01 versus Mock.\nB: Survival curves of TAC-operatedXrcc1f/f,Xrcc1αMHC-CreandXrcc1αMHC-Cre; Atm+/−mice (n=49, 62, 23, respectively). (e–k) TAC-operatedXrcc1f/f,Xrcc1αMHC-CreandXrcc1αMHC-Cre; Atm+/−mice were analysed 4 weeks after the surgery. The type of DNA damage in cardiomyocytes was assessed by comet assay (e, Alkaline comet:n=50, 76, 77; Neutral comet:n=53, 56, 42, respectively). Activation of DDR was assessed by immunostaining for phosphorylated H2AX (f, γH2AX, green, arrowheads). Arrowheads indicate γH2AX-positive cardiomyocytes and arrows indicate γH2AX-positive non-cardiomyocytes. Scale bar, 50 μm. The number of γH2AX-positive cardiomyocytes was counted (g,n=4 each). Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the isolated cardiomyocytes were assessed by real-time PCR (h,n=10, 16, 12 for each genotype, respectively, technical duplicates). ChIP–qPCR analysis of binding of NF-κB to theVcam1promoter region. Data is presented as fold enrichment relative to TAC-operatedXrcc1f/fmice (i,n=4, 5, 5, respectively). Heart tissues were immunostained for CD45 or CD68 (j, green, arrowheads). Arrowheads indicate CD45- or CD68-positive cells. Scale bar, 50 μm. The number of CD45- and CD68-positive cells was counted (k,n=4 each). Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey–Kramer HSD test for (b) (at each time point), (c,g,h,i,k), by Wilcoxon test fordand by Steel–Dwass test fore,#P<0.05;##P<0.01 betweenXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice. †P<0.05;††P<0.01 betweenXrcc1αMHC-CreandXrcc1αMHC-Cre; Atm+/−mice. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 between arbitrary two groups. Column and error bars show mean and s.e.m., respectively.\nC: Heart, lung, and body weight of Sham- or TAC-operatedXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice were weighed 8 weeks after the TAC surgery (n=8, 9, 12, 7, respectively). Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey–Kramer HSD test. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 between arbitrary two groups.\nD: The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the isolated cardiomyocytes of Sham- or TAC-operatedXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice was assessed by real-time PCR (n=18, 18, 18, 28, respectively, technical duplicates). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer HSD test. **P<0.01 between arbitrary two groups. (f,g) Heart tissues of Sham- or TAC-operatedXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice were immunostained for CD45 or CD68 (f, green). Immunostaining for alpha-actinin (red) was used to label cardiomyocytes. Arrowheads indicate CD45- or CD68-positive cells. Scale bar, 50 μm. The number of CD45- and CD68-positive cells was counted (g,n=5 each). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer HSD test. **P<0.01 between arbitrary two groups. Column and error bars show mean and s.e.m., respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15104_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9768", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Western blot demonstrating increased expression of FLAG-tagged ESRP2 in AML12 and HepG2 cells infected with the adenovirus. Scale bars, 400 μm (d) Splicing assays of ESRP2 target genes using human fetal, adult liver tissue samples, and HepG2 cells (left panel); E18, adult mouse liver tissue, and AML12 cells (right panel).\nB: Classification and directionality of oppositely regulated splicing transitions during hepatocyte and NPC maturation.\nC: qRT–PCR analysis ofESRP2mRNA levels in fetal, adult human liver samples, and HepG2 cells (left panel); E18, adult mouse liver samples and AML12 cells (right panel). mean±s.d.\nD: Conservation (eight mammalian species including human) and enrichment of ESRP-binding motifs in the flanking introns of the ESRP2-regulated splicing events. Heat maps representingPvalues for significance of indicated motifs in positions 12 to 250 of the upstream intron (upIn1), positions −250 to −31 of the upstream intron (upIn), positions 12 to 250 of the downstream intron (dnIn), and positions −250 to −31 of the downstream intron (dnIn2) are shown on the right.Pvalues were calculated using binomial distribution (f) Enriched ESRP2 motifs upstream and downstream (±150 bp) of ESRP2-sensitive alternative regions were identified. The light blue, orange and grey lines indicate the distribution of the UGG core motif around the ESRP2-regulated alternative regions, which decrease, increase or show no change inEsrp2KO livers, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9768_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11606", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. Female CD-1 mice (5 to 6 weeks old) were treated with streptomycin (SM) and vancomycin (VAN) daily by oral gavage for 7 days. The daily doses administered were 1 mg for SM and 250 μg for VAN. At day 7 post-treatment, a subset of each treatment group was challenged withVcfor 2 days.\nB: Viable cell numbers of atEcand tEcstrains after growth in LB for 3 h in the presence (top two rows) or absence (bottom two rows) of 2 mM H2O2. Serial dilutions of bacterial cultures were spot-inoculated onto LB plates.\nC: Construction of an atEc eKatEdeletion mutant. Bacterial extracts were loaded on a 7.5% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel, electrophoresed to allow protein separation and then stained for catalase activity.\nD: Viable cell numbers of tEcstrains harbouring pBAD24 or pBAD24::eKatEafter growth in LB for 3 h in the absence (top two rows) or presence (bottom two rows) of 2 mM H2O2. Serial dilutions of bacterial cultures were spot-inoculated onto LB plates.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11606_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14509", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Comparison of anti-Y. enterocolitica-specific IgA production after long-term infection. Serial diluted faecal extracts prepared fromY. enterocolitica-infected mice were subjected to ELISA by usingY. enterocolitica-coated plates. Data are means±s.e.m. from one experiment representative of two independent experiments (n=4 per group). *P<0.05, determined with Student’st-test.\nB: Relative expression ofGp2in FAE fromAif1+/+andAif1−/−mice. Each result was normalized against the expression ofGapdh. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. (n=2 per genotype) from one experiment representative of two independent experiments.Pvalue was determined with Student’st-test.\nC: Quantification of total faecal IgA. Faeces were prepared from the chimeric mice indicated. Concentrations of total IgA were determined by ELISA. Data are means±s.e.m. from two independent experiments (n=8 per group).Pvalue was determined with Student’st-test.\nD: Whole-mount staining of GP2-positive M cells in the FAE ofAif1+/+andAif1−/−mice. The number of GP2-positive cells found in each 0.01-mm2field was counted to provide the data inc. Dotted lines indicate the periphery of the FAE region. Data are representative of three independent experiments.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14509_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15375", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Oligocellular wounds were introduced to monolayer of WT orACF7-null Caco-2 cells. Quantification of the kinetics of the wound closure shows impaired wound healing upon loss ofACF7.Error bar represents s.d. Sample sizen=3 (three independent tests).\nB: The representative sections of the intestines from the WT andACF7cKO mice at 4 and 24 h post BrdU pulse show that the migration of BrdU-positive cells from the crypt is inhibited by deletion ofACF7. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: SEM of the small intestine (left panels) demonstrated that there are fewer villi per unit area in the small intestinal epithelium, and the villi are more hypertrophied and irregular in theACF7cKO mice compared with the WT mice. SEM of the colon (right panels) shows that there are fewer valvulae conniventes and regularly deep grooves in the colonic epithelium of theACF7cKO mice compared with the WT mice (indicated by the white arrow). Boxed areas are enlarged and shown at the right. Scale bar, 50 or 20 μm (enlarged panels).\nD: Kaplan–Meier survival curve of DSS treatment inACF7cKO mice and WT littermates (n=6 animals, **P<0.01, log-rank test). (b–e) To quantitatively evaluate DSS-induced colitis, we examined body weight loss (b), disease activity index (c), faecal blood (d) and diarrhoea (e) inACF7cKO animals and WT littermates (mean±s.e.m.,n=6 per time point per group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01; Student’st-test). Note significantly enhanced disease development in cKO group. (f,g) The colon weight and length of WT andACF7cKO mice were measured and quantified (means±s.e.m.,n=6 animals, data with different superscript lettersP<0.05, one-way ANOVA).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15375_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-41519-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: : top left 0.0173, < 0.0001, < 0.0001, < 0.0001, top second < 0.0001, 0.0006, 0.0001, top third 0.0037, 0.0007, bottom left all < 0.0001, bottom second < 0.0001, 0.0010, < 0.0001, bottom third < 0.0001, 0.0014, 0.0035). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nB: : 0.0421, 0.0497). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nC: : all uninfected < 0.0001 infected 0.0247 and 0.0001 the rest;\nD: : 0.0489). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-41519-9_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16052", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The winning model: the reduced model with the highest evidence across all participants as identified throughpost-hocoptimization includes modulation of the VTA-NAc forward connection and of self-connections by insulin. Data are given as Bayesian parameter averages. These parameters indicate positive connection strength between the VTA and the NAc, and insulin to selectively inhibit forward VTA-NAc connections as well as intrinsic self-connections of both regions.\nB: The upper graph shows the range of log-posterior probabilities of all possible models examined in the left hemisphere. The lower graph shows the posterior probability of the reduced model which had the posterior probability of (almost) 1 suggesting that the reduced model had more evidence than any other variant. The next most probable model’s probability was very low (almost 0, the log-probability was −76.88).\nC: Group means and s.e.m. of combined preference values ranging from 1 (‘not at all’) to 8 (‘very much’). The dashed line separates ‘yes’ from ‘no’ decisions.\nD: Mesolimbic ROI in the NAc (red) and the VTA (blue) overlaid on the mean structural image of all participants.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms16052_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14147", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: BAT isolated from above mice was subjected to immunoblotting using an antibody against UCP-1, β-tubulin as indicated. The right panel is the band intensity of UCP-1 relative to β-tubulin (n=6).\nB: Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, (b) triglyceride levels, (c) immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and densitometry analysis (right panel) for UCP-1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice. Scale bar, 20 μm, with magnification of 400 × . Representative images from three independent experiments are shown (n=8). (d,e) BAT isolated from above mice (d) fed with STC or HFD for 24 weeks or (e) exposed to 23 °C or 6 °C for 24 h were subjected to immunoblotting using an antibody against UCP-1, β-tubulin as indicated. Right panels are the band intensity of UCP-1 relative to β-tubulin and expressed as arbitrary units (n=8). (f,g) The mRNA abundance of the thermogenic genes in BAT of above mice (f) fed with STC or HFD for 24 weeks or (g) exposed to 23 °C or 6 °C for 24 h (n=8). Uncropped western blot images are shown inSupplementary Fig. 13. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m.*P<0.05, **P<0.01 (one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).\nC: The mRNA abundance ofA-FABP,LXRαandDio2in WT or A-FABP-deficient primary brown adipocytes incubated with PBS or recombinant A-FABP (rA-FABP, 2 μg ml−1) for 24 h (n=6).\nD: Representative H&E staining, IHC staining and densitometry analysis for the expression of UCP-1 (right panel) in BAT, scale bar, 20 μM, with magnification of 400 × . Representative images from three independent experiments are shown (n=6).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14147_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1568", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A representative image from a control mouse showing that transection of the dorsal column axons (red line indicates the injury site) resulted in no axon regeneration into or beyond the injury site when observed at 2 weeks after the injury.\nB: Image of the electrodes used in the study.\nC: Haematoxylin and eosin staining showing that neither plasmid injection nor electroporation had any detectable effects on the general histology of the DRG.\nD: A representative image from a mouse that was subjected to peripheral axotomy (conditioning lesion) 1 week before the dorsal column transection (red line indicates the injury site). Note that many EGFP-labelled axons grew into and beyond the lesion site.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1568_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4673", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: In control mice, Sox9 protein was detected throughout the growth plate. The most intense signal was found in prehypertrophic chondrocytes, whereas only a few cells were positive for Sox9 in the remnant. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nB: BrdU-detection revealed BrdU-positive stem-like chondrocytes in control, but not in Gsα cKO growth plates. Sections were counterstained with eosin (bone, pink) and Alcian Blue (cartilage, blue).\nC: phospho-SMAD1/5 was detected immunohistochemically in prehypertrophic and columnar chondrocytes in control mice but not in the remnant.\nD: Stem-like chondrocytes were labelled with BrdU as inFig. 7aand stained for both BrdU and for apoptosis (TUNEL). Dotted lines depict growth plates. ep=epiphyseal bone. Scale bars, 100 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4673_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5093", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Relative transcript levels of the indicated markers in C3H-10T1/2 treated with LSD1-specific inhibiter GSK690 or vehicle at the indicated time points of differentiation. (b–f):n=9; s.d. represents+s.e.m. Experiments (c,f) were independently repeated at least three times in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student’st-test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.\nB: Relative transcript levels of the indicated markers in differentiated primary adipocytes from Ctrl and Tg mice.\nC: Body weight of Ctrl and Tg mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).\nD: Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, (b) western blot analysis of LSD1 and Ucp1 expression in mice exposed to cold for 0, 5, or 10 days. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5093_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5639", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Dual ins+/glu+cells expressed as a percentage of the total number of ins+cells. Control islets (C). Islets from βV59M mice implanted with placebo (P) or insulin (Ins) for 4 weeks, or treated for 4 weeks with glibenclamide after 4 weeks of hyperglycaemia (P+Glib). Data are mean values±s.e.m.,n=2,600–7,700 ins+cells;n=92–127 islets;n=3–4 mice per genotype. (*P<0.05 compared with placebo (P); one-way ANOVA followed bypost-hocBonferroni test).\nB: Inset shows an ins+/glu+cell that expresses Glut2.\nC: Inset shows an ins+/glu+cell that expresses MafB. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nD: Inset shows an ins+/glu+cell that does not express MafA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5639_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10465", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Conditional expression of myc-tagged hFUS proteins (grey, top) in cholinergic cells of τMNhFUSWT, τMNhFUSR521Cand τMNhFUSP525Lanimals. hFUS expression was restricted to cholinergic cells, as determined by the co-localization of myc (red, bottom) with ChAT (green, bottom). Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Frequency of spontaneous events in τONhFUSP525L(red) and τONhFUSWT(grey) animals. (N=5. *P<0.01 usingt-test. Error bars represent s.e.m.).\nC: Confocal images of L5 spinal cord cross-sections of hFUSWT(left), ALS mutant R521C (centre) and P525L (right) animals immunostained with anti-myc and anti-FUS antibodies. hFUS was detected by anti-myc antibodies in both the grey and the white matter (boundary marked by the dotted white line), consistent with the normal pattern of Tau (MAPT) expression in all neurons and in subpopulations of glia, including oligodendroglia and astrocytes25,26,27. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Percentage of MNs in the L5 spinal cord normalized to control (top) and the percentages of innervated NMJs in the TA muscle (bottom) in p360 control (dark grey) and FUS-KOMN(light grey) animals.N=4. (Forf–h: Control=FUSFLOX/WT;ChAT-Cre+/−and FUS-KOMN=FUSFLOX/KO;ChAT-Cre+/−).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10465_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10119", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Quantitative RT–RCR shows a 2.9-fold increase inRCAN1mRNA in SCGs fromDp(16)1Yey/+mice compared with wild-type litter-mates.RCAN1levels are reduced inDp(16)1Yey/+:RCAN+/−mice that are diploid forRCAN1and trisomic for the rest of human chromosome 21 syntenic region on mouse chromosome 16. Results are mean±s.e.m.,n=7 mice for each genotype. *P<0.05 different from all other conditions.\nB: Calcineurin activity is significantly reduced in SCG lysates from P0.5Dp(16)1Yey/+mice.RCAN1reduction improves calcineurin activity inDp(16)1Yey/+:RCAN+/−mice relative toDp(16)1Yey/+litter-mates. Calcineurin phosphatase activity was measured using a colorimetric assay that detects free phosphate released from the calcineurin-specific RII phosphopeptide. Results are mean±s.e.m. fromn=6 mice per genotype. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. (c,d) ReducingRCAN1gene dosage restores dynamin1 phosphorylation status inDp(16)1Yey/+mice.Dp(16)1Yey/+mice have increased levels of phospho-dynamin1 in sympathetic axonsin vivo, that is corrected by removing one copy ofRCAN1inDp(16)1Yey/+:RCAN+/−mice. Salivary gland lysates from P0.5 wild type,Dp(16)1Yey/+andDp(16)1Yey/+:RCAN+/−mice were immunoblotted using phospho-dynamin1 (Ser778) antibody. Immunoblots were stripped and reprobed for total dynamin1 for normalization.\nC: Quantification of percentage of SCG neurons that were immunoreactive for caspase-3. Values are the mean±s.e.m.,n=5 mice for each genotype. *P<0.05. (g–l) TH immunostaining of sympathetic target tissues show substantial reductions in TH-positive sympathetic fibres within the nasal epithelium (g–i) and salivary glands (j–l) inRCAN1Tg mice compared with litter-mate controls, at P0.5. For quantification of innervation density, the ratio of TH immunoreactivity to total image area was calculated from multiple images. The results are represented as a percentage of the mean for wild-type mice for nasal epithelium (i) and salivary glands (l). Values are the mean±s.e.m.,n=3 mice for each genotype. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001. Statistical analyses by unpaired two-tailed Student’st-test. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: Sympathetic neurons were grown in compartmentalized cultures, infected with RCAN1 or control LacZ or GFP adenoviruses, and NGF-dependent neuronal survival and axon growth was measured.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10119_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6472", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Threshold to mechanical von Frey stimuli applied to the paw plantar surface before and at various time points after DTX administration in mice with inducible oligodendrocyte ablation (oDTR) and DTX-treated control littermates. The area under the curve (AUC) of the curves representing frequency of responses to the intensity of applied von Frey stimuli is shown in the right hand panel to demonstrate sensitivity over the entire range of applied mechanical forces before and up to 30 days after DTX treatment (†P<0.05 as compared with the corresponding basal states; *P<0.05 as compared with control mice; repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA),post-hocFisher’s test;n=5 or 6 mice per group.).\nB: Lack of expression of Cre recombinase in peripheral sensory neurons in Mog-Cre mice upon immunofluorescence analysis performed on the DRG; expression of Cre recombinase in the DRG of the SNS-Cre line is shown as a positive control for validation of the anti-Cre antibody. Scale bars represent 300 μm ina,b,c(low magnification) andg, 150 μm ina,b(high magnification)d,eandh(lower), and 50 μm inh(upper).\nC: Absence (−) or presence (graded+signs depending upon severity) of various pathophysiological features in the spinal cord of mice up to 30 days following DTX administration and a concurrent analysis of sensitivity to noxious and non-noxious stimuli and motor impairment.\nD: Quantitative analysis of degenerating axons in the spinothalamic tract of DTX-treated oDTR mice corresponding to images shown inb–d.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6472_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8319", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Quantification of nlp-29::GFP fluorescence TDP-43A315T;tir-1(qd4)animals (n=15) versus controls (CTRL,n=21; TDP-43A315T,n=18). *P<0.05, two-tailedt-test.\nB: Quantification of motor neuron degeneration in TDP-43A315T;unc-13(e450)and TDP-43A315T;unc-31(e928)animals versus TDP-43A315Tcontrols **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, two-tailedt-test, error bars represent s.e.m. The fluorescent GFP images have been transformed to black and white and photo-reversed.\nC: Quantification of nlp-29::GFP fluorescence in control animals (CTRL,n=78) compared with animals also expressing TDP-43WT(n=36), TDP-43A315T(n=36), FUSWT(n=26), FUSS57Δ(n=72). Error bars represent s.e.m., ***P<0.001, two-tailedt-test.\nD: Semi-quantitative RT-PCR of three immune response genes in mutant TDP-43 transgenics (TDP) versus wild-type controls. Shown are representative images, and the data are the mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments normalized to control samples.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8319_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12863", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Molecular medicine", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Clearance ofin vitrosheared murine platelets, expressed as the percentage of CSFE-labelled platelets in total platelet population, after infusion. Data are shown as mean±s.d. (n=6). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.\nB: Force-extension plots for the MSD unfolding in the absence and presence of botrocetin. Extension distances were sorted by unfolding force into 4-pN bins.\nC: Quantificative comparison of the exposure of β-galactose (measured by binding of FITC-labelled ECL), intracellular calcium level (monitored by Fura-2 fluorescence) and expression of P-selectin (binding of anti-P-selectin antibody) of the fixed washed platelets obtained from sex- and age-matched mice (n=8 in each group). Data were quantified from the median fluorescence intensity of all the platelets (using the same gating as inSupplementary Fig. 1e).\nD: Illustration of the clearance study of botrocetin (Bc) injection. Purified botrocetin or PBS was injected intravenously into a C57BL/6J mouse, and blood was drawn at noted time points for platelet count.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12863_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12616", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Molecular medicine", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Real-time thrombin generation in collagen- (3.3 μg ml−1) stimulated PRP in the absence or presence of PPX or PPX_Δ12 (500 μg ml−1each).\nB: Tail-bleeding times were analysed by gently absorbing blood with a filter paper. Each symbol represents one animal; bars within each column indicate the mean, ***P<0.001, *P<0.05, NS=non-significant by one-way analysis of variance.\nC: Scheme of full-length PPX and PPX deletion mutants lacking various domains. Dark C-terminal squares represent the stop codons, and numbers on top indicate residues. All constructs were fused to an N-terminal 6xHis-tag. Affinity purified proteins were separated by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by (b) Coomassie brilliant blue staining or (c) western blotting with an antibody against the 6xHis-tag. A representative photographic film of three independent experiments is shown.\nD: FXIIa formation in human plasma was stimulated with buffer, LC (1 μg ml−1), SC (10 μg ml−1) or LC and SC polyP preincubated with PPX or PPX_Δ12 (100 μg ml−1each). FXIIa was measured by conversion of the chromogenic substrateD–Pro–Phe–Arg–p nitroanilide (S-2302) atλ=405 nm andt=60 min in the presence of inhibitors specified in the methods. Mean±s.e.m.,n=6, ***P<0.001 by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). (f–h) Targeting polyP interferes with activated platelet-driven coagulation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12616_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28119-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: no genetic correlation between SNP effects on I and P;\nB: association of a SNP (G.P) withPconditional onIsuch that the SNPG.PaffectsPwith no effect onI;\nC: as in (b) but the SNPGIPaffects bothIandPthrough a single exposureE;\nD: correlated genetic effects on I and P (correlation coefficient = 0.4). In both analyses, (a) and (b), the SNP associations are simulated under a hypothesised four-component model for effect-size distribution in which 5% of SNPs have effects onIonly, 5% onPonly, 5% on both and 85% on neither. The heritability ofIandPis 50% and the non-genetic common factors explain 40% of variation in bothIandP. The analyses in both (a) and (b) induced collider bias due to the common causes ofIandP, including common polygenic effect as well as non-genetic common factors. The true collider biases are represented by slopes of the black solid lines, which are −0.383 and −0.460 in (a) and (b), respectively, while the estimated correction factors using the `Hedges-Olkin' estimator of the Dudbridge et al. (DHO) method7are represented by slopes of the blue dashed lines, which are −0.349 and −0.273 in (a) and (b), respectively. The analysis depicted in (b) illustrates potential inadequate correction using the DHO method when the `InCLUDE' assumption (Index Coefficient Linearly Uncorrelated with Direct Effect) is violated. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-28119-9_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16052", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Group differences in food value signals. NIR demonstrated increased food value signals in the left NAc relative to non-food signals compared to insulin-resistant individuals (IR). Plotted contrast: NIRfood>non-food>IRfood>non-food. The bar graph shows group means and s.e.m. of mean parameter estimates extracted from the ROI of the left NAc. All peaks areP<0.05 FWE corrected. Activations are overlaid on the mean structural image of all participants (display thresholdP<0.005 uncorrected).\nB: Experimental protocol.\nC: Group means and s.e.m. of combined preference values ranging from 1 (‘not at all’) to 8 (‘very much’). The dashed line separates ‘yes’ from ‘no’ decisions.\nD: Correlation between neural and behavioural insulin effects. Individual parameter estimates of INI modulation on the forward connection from the VTA to the NAc correlated with insulin-mediated changes of preference scores for food relative to non-food items (Δ insulin effect food−non-food). Inhibitory modulation predicted stronger decrease of food values under INI across all participants.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms16052_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19702-z", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Comparison of aggregate footprints for NFκB and STAT1 in DCs isolated from normal, unaffected or affected skins.\nB: Enrichment of known transcription factor (TF) motifs in cell type-specific accessible elements for all normal samples. Each row is a TF motif and each column is a sample. The color bar represents the significance of enrichment estimated from Genomica, where red indicates enriched and blue depleted. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nC: Enrichment of known transcription factor (TF) motifs in DCs isolated from healthy donors, and unaffected and affected skins from SSc patients. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nD: Average expression of ZBTB46 protein in normal (n= 12) and affected (n= 8) skin from SSc patient.Pvalue was estimated by one-sided Mann–Whitney U test. The upper, centre, and lower line indicates 75% quantile +1.5 * interquartile range (IQR), 50% quantile and 25% quantile −1.5 * IQR respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-19702-z_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10959", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Primary chondrocytes were treated with 100 μg ml−1cycloheximide in the presence or absence of 300 μM pterosin B. Cells were lysed after treatment for 0, 24 and 36 h, and cell lysates were subjected to western blot analysis for Sik3 and Gapdh. The images are representative of two independent experiments.\nB: Real-time RT–PCR expression analysis of marker genes in hiPSC-derived cartilage particles in the presence or absence of 300 μM pterosin B;n=3 pellets. Error bars denote means±s.d. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and NS, not significantly different by thet-test. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nC: Primary chondrocytes prepared fromCol11a2-CreER; Sik3flox/floxmice were treated with vehicle, 0.5 μM 4-OH tamoxifen or 300 μM pterosin B for 5 days and subjected to western blot analysis. The images are representative of two independent experiments.\nD: Real-time RT–PCR expression analysis of marker genes in pellet culture of human articular chondrocytes in the presence or absence of 300 μM pterosin B;n=3 pellets.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10959_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8087", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Myonuclei are significantly longer at 20 months (two-tailed studentt-test, *P<0.05), but number of myonuclei do not change between 12 and 20 months in the diaphragm (two-tailed studentt-test).\nB: Additional histograms for the soleus show frequency of fast MyHCI− and slow MyHCI+ myofibres. Permutation tests (see Methods) were conducted to determine whether counts of myofibres were significantly different in a particular bin between control and satellite cell-ablated muscles. Black asterisks indicate an empiricalP-value of <0.05 and grey asterisks a value of <0.10 (see Methods). Note that the MuscleQNT parameters slightly differ between 12- and 20-month-old TA, gastrocnemius, plantaris and diaphragm muscles; to explicitly compare the CSA of 12- and 20-month-old control muscles seeFig. 3.\nC: Schematic showing genetic labelling of satellite cells with GFP at 6 months and harvested at either 12 or 20 months. (b–c) GFP is broadly distributed along the length of myofibres (band left panelc) and, even in GFP myofibres, few myonuclei (orange arrow right panelc) are centrally located. (d–i,k,m) Representative cross-sections of the EDL, TA, gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus, diaphragm and EOM of 12- or 20-month-oldPax7CreERT2/+;RosamTmG/+mice showing GFP+ myofibres to which satellite cells have contributed. It should be noted that the percentage of satellite cell contribution may be inflated in EOM due to the small size of its myofibres, which may reduce dilution of the GFP signal. Scale bar, 100 μm. (j,l) Adjacent sections in the soleus and diaphragm identifying slow MyHCI+ myofibres. White arrows indicate fast GFP+MyHCI− fibres and orange arrows indicate slow GFP+MyHCI+ fibres. Green graphs show %GFP+ myofibres at 12 months (dark green,n=4 for each muscle) or 20 months (light green,n=6 for each muscle). Orange graphs show %GFP+ MyHCI+ myofibres in the soleus (dark orange,n=4 at 12 months; light orange,n=6 at 20 months) and diaphragm (dark orange,n=3 at 12 months; light orange,n=5 at 20 months). Data are expressed as mean±1 s.e.m. for all graphs. Two-tailed studentt-test, *P≤0.05, **P<0.01 ***P<0.001.\nD: Schematic showing ablation of satellite cells at 6 months and harvested at either 12 or 20 months. (b–f) Representative cross-sections showing outlined laminin+ myofibres in limb muscles EDL, TA, gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus at 12 and 20 months inPax7CreERT2/+;RosaDTA/+mice (seeFig. 3for representative cross-sections ofPax7+/+;RosaDTA/+mice). Histograms generated using MuscleQNT show relative frequency of myofibres sizes in muscles at 12 months (dark blue, controlPax7+/+,n=7, for each muscle; red satellite cell-ablatedPax7CreERT2/+,n=8 for each muscle) and 20 months (light blue, controlPax7+/+,n=4 for EDL,n=5 for other muscles; pink, satellite cell-ablatedPax7CreERT2/+,n=6 for each muscle). Scale bar, 100 μm for all panels.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8087_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12973", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Top panel: mouse urine was collected over 3 h after the inoculation of human LCN2 monomers and dimers of mutant proteins were excreted into the urine, whereas native human LCN2 was not excreted. The urine was analysed using anti-human LCN2 antibodies under non-reducing conditions to visualize both monomeric and dimeric species. Middle panel: all of the LCN2 species were immunoreactive with human specific LCN2 antibodies. Reducing conditions. Bottom panel: as a loading control, each mutant was also detected by Coomasie staining (100 ng per lane); reducing conditions.\nB: Urine was collected over 6 h and LCN2 was quantified by immunoblot. Note that the excretion of K3Cys exceeded native LCN2 by nearly 10-fold (72±19%;n=68 versus 4.9±3%;n=6;P=0.0001). Mean±s.d. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’st-test.\nC: Shows superposition of native LCN2 (red) with B-factor tubes for the backbone plus the two views of the K3 (blue) structure, highlighting the side-chains of residues around the binding site.\nD: Increasing dose of K3Cys protein increased the yield of urinary K3Cys and urinary iron. (d,e) Native LCN2 and K3Cys (0.5 mg) reduced serum NTBI by 4-fold after the transfusion of stored blood (n=24 assays: Saline versus native LCN2P=0.046; Saline versus Bacterial K3CysP= 0.050; Saline versus Mammalian K3CysP=0.021) but only K3Cys exported iron to the urine, (e) The difference between treatment and pre-treatment urinary iron is shown (n=17 assays: Saline versus native LCN2P=0.78; Saline versus Mammalian K3CysP= 0.001; native LCN2 versus Mammalian K3CysP= 0.006. Values represent median, IQR, minimum and maximum values. (f–k)Hfemouse model. After 4 days of treatment with K3Cys:Ent (15 mg daily dose), the level of NTBI was reduced (n=4;P=0.030) and liver iron was reduced 40% (n=4;P=0.02), while spleen and kidney were unaffected (n=4 each;P=0.71–0.75). Reduced liver iron could be detected by comparing the most and least iron-saturated livers. K3Cys directed iron to the urine inHfe−/−mice, especially on days 1 and 2 of treatment. Mean±s.d. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’st-test. Scale barsj=100 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12973_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14181", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Left: time-course analysis of serum creatinine (sCr) levels in wild type (WT) and fructokinase-deficient (KHK-A/C KO) mice undergoing iAKI for 24 h. Right: serum creatinine levels at 24 h in the same animals or sham control.\nB: Time-course analysis of fructose levels in mice undergoing iAKI for 24 h (ANOVA withad hocanalysis by Bonferroni's method to compare all columns).n=6 animals per group with two different studies. Data indicate mean s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 versus baseline or control.\nC: Serum creatinine levels in vehicle and luteolin-treated wild-type mice at 24 h post-ischaemic insult.\nD: ADP/ATP ratio in the same conditions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14181_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11753", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: Bar graphs of the percentage of RhebCA-electroporated mice displaying seizure activity that were treated with vehicle (black) or rapamycin (red), or following rapamycin withdrawal (green).\nB: Representative examples of EEG recordings from mice electroporated with plasmid encoding cGFP (left) and cRhebCA(right). Scale bar, 10 s, 210 μV.\nC: Bar graphs of soma size of control and RhebCA-expressing neurons in layer 2/3. **P<0.01 (Student’st-test). Error bars, s.e.m.\nD: Bar graphs of total pS6 immunoreactivity per cell (FU: arbitrary fluorescence unit,N=4 per condition) from data shown in (c). **P<0.01 (Student’st-test). (e–g) Images of coronal sections (top) containing neurons electroporated with control plasmid in the mPFC (e), with RhebCAin the mPFC (f) or in the SSC (g), and corresponding representative examples of EEG (black) and EMG (grey) traces (bottom). Scale bar, 1 mm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11753_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5212", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The twenty most frequent disease terms in the MeSH fields of PubMed records, containing eight types of cancers (for example, breast neoplasms, lung neoplasms), four types of vascular diseases (for example, hypertension, myocardial infarction and coronary diseases), HIV infections, asthma, obesity, pain, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes and two mental diseases. Breast neoplasms have more than 120,000 PubMed occurrences.\nB: MSPL between disease modules.\nC: The backbone of the HSDN with shared genes/PPIs. We observe highly clustered regions of diseases that belong to the same broad disease category.\nD: The link overlap between the disease network based on shared symptoms and the disease network based on shared genes. Random expectation is derived from 10 random permutations, error bars denote s.d.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5212_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3269", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Social sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: mixed old-growth forest;\nB: mono-dominant old-growth forest. In black: the three-parameter exponential height–diameter (H:D) model optimized for the YGB site. In red: regional models for Central Africa. Weibull H:D, F, Feldpauschet al.14model; Weibull H:D, L, model used by Lewiset al.11(dashed); 3-p exp H:D, B, Baninet al.17model (dotted). The use of regional models results in an overestimate of tree heights and the biomass estimates are thus affected.\nC: Young regrowth forest;\nD: Fallow;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3269_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4953", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Agriculture", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Oxygen isotope composition (δ18O, in ‰) recorded in Greenland ice core GISP2 (refs53,54). More negative values indicate a cooler/drier climate.\nB: δ18O in carbonates from Soreq cave in Israel55,56. Lowerδ18O values in cave carbonates are interpreted as being due to higher freshwater inputs and, thus, a wetter climate.\nC: Stable isotope trends in cereal kernels (carbon isotope discrimination, Δ13C, and nitrogen isotope composition,δ15N), including individual data points and locally weighted least-squares regression curves (LOESS) fitted to the data.\nD: Precipitation changes in Eastern Mediterranean (relative to present, in %), according to model simulations57, and stacked and normalized lake isotope record from six lakes in the same region58(d) In blue, the number of sites per period (from ~\\n16,000 to 6,500 cal BP), as recorded in the ASPRO Database (http://www.mom.fr/Atlas-des-Sites-du-Proche-Orient.html), including data from sites located in ‘pre-desert’ and ‘steppe’ areas of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Israel and Palestine. In red, the number of sites per period recorded in the TAY Database (http://www.tayproject.org/enghome.html) for South-Eastern and Eastern Anatolia. Age scale based on average dating of cultural periods in the area (from Pre-Pottery Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, ~\\n11,300–4,500 cal. BP).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4953_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4163", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Agriculture", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: PC analysis of 308,771 SNPs in 302 individuals from Western RHG and AGR populations. Numbers in brackets inb–dcorrespond to the population locations represented ina.\nB: Admixture analysis of 310,883 SNPs in 481 sub-Saharan Africans. Each vertical line is an individual. The colours represent the proportion of inferred ancestry fromKancestral populations. The minimal cross-validation error was observed forK=3.\nC: PC analysis of 310,883 SNPs in 481 sub-Saharan Africans. PC1 and PC2 are presented with the proportion of variance explained.\nD: Patterns of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in RHG and AGR populations. Cumulative ROH (cROH) is reported per population, against the total number of observed ROH. Population colour codes are reported inb.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4163_figure_0.png" } ], [ { "uid": "ncomms7884", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Concentration-dependent (25–500 μM) UV/Vis absorption spectra ofR4·4Cl at 25 °C in water.\nB: Temperature-dependent (2–80 °C) ICD spectra (200 μM) ofR4·4Cl in water.\nC: UV/Vis absorption (solid lines) and normalised fluorescence spectra (excitation: dashed lines, emission: dotted lines) of aqueous solutions ofR4·4Cl (green), stopper1·Cl (red) and dumbbell precursor2·2Cl (blue).\nD: Normalised concentration-dependent (25–500 μM) fluorescence emission spectra (λexcitation=341 nm) ofR4·4Cl at 25 °C in water.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7884_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1640", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A simplified equivalent circuit model of the Ni81Fe19/p-Si film.\nB: An equivalent circuit model of the Ni81Fe19/p-Si film.RFis the electrical resistance of the Ni81Fe19layer.\nC: The spin current densitygenerated by the spin pumping forτsf=9 ps. Hereis the spin current density at the interface when the external magnetic field is applied along the film plane (θ=0). The parameters used for the calculation are shown in the text.\nD: The spin relaxation timeτsfdependence of the ISHE signalVISHEatθ=80° calculated from equation (5).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1640_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4523", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A high resolution PL spectrum of the Eu defect in nanodiamonds revealing the line splitting of the5D0→7F1transition.\nB: Fluorescence decay of Eu defects in bulk diamond (blue squares) and nanodiamonds (red cross).\nC: PL from the EuDPA precursor (top) and Eu defects in bulk diamond after growth (bottom).\nD: PL of nanodiamonds grown without Eu (top), nanodiamonds grown with EuDPA (middle) and EuDPA grown without nanodiamonds (bottom).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4523_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10745", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Summary of our scanning modes. For imaging, we rapidly scan the cantilever back and forth at low normal force, while slowly moving it in the direction perpendicular to the fast scan axis. The erasing mode is identical, but at high normal force. For a brush stroke, we raster-scan the cantilever such that the tip only moves in one direction when in contact with the sample. After scanning each line, we lift the cantilever, move it to the start of the next line and touch down again.\nB: Transverse force image of the same area, taken 90 min later. The ‘S’ (domain III) has expanded into the canvas, while the ‘U’ (domain I) has decayed.\nC: Cartoon illustrating the response of the striped adsorbates to the scanning tip. At low normal force, the tip minimally disturbs the stripes as it scans the surface and the stripe structure rapidly heals. At high normal force, the stripe structure is heavily disturbed, creating a new stripe domain in the wake of the scanning tip.\nD: Domain switching as a function of scan angle on the monolayer flake studied inFig. 1, rotated as inFig. 1a–c. The image shown is a collage of 12 transverse force images, each taken after executing a single 3 μm by 1 μm brush stroke on a canvas composed initially of a single domain. For each canvas domain we show four brush strokes nearly parallel with the canvas stripes, where each brush stroke is directed radially outward from the origin of the semicircle. The brush strokes steer the canvas domain towards the domain whose stripes are next nearest the brush axis. Scale bar, 3 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10745_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4736", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Magnified image of the marked area ine. The dots inside the blue circles are pores that do not secret sweat.\nB: Superimposed image of contrast-enhanced fluorescence dots on a scanned fingerprint image.\nC: Raman spectra of a poly(PCDA-Cs) film after fingerprinting. The small peak marked with * corresponds to the unconverted blue-phase PDA.\nD: Photograph of a fingerprint image printed on a poly(PCDA-Cs) film (thickness:ca.3.8 μm). (b,c) Optical (b) and fluorescence (c) microscope images of the magnified fingerprint area marked ina. The fluorescence image was obtained with excitation at 510–550 nm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4736_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13413", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic illustration of the BP/ReS2heterostructure on SiO2/Si substrate.\nB: AFM (atomic force microscope) image of the BP/ReS2heterostructure sample.\nC: Raman spectra of the ReS2, BP/ReS2overlapped and BP regions.\nD: Work function values of BP and ReS2films. The inset shows schematic illustration of the KPFM measurement system. (g,h) Energy band alignments of BP and ReS2heterojunction at equilibrium (g) before and (h) after contact.EC,EFandEVare the lowest energy level of the conduction band, the Fermi level and the highest energy level of the valence band of the semiconductors, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13413_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4247", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: NPs of Huret al.17;\nB: TEMT and EDS elemental mapping of Pt (black) and Au (green) NPs in the polymer-containing hybrid ISA-H4, where Au NPs are indicated by red arrows;\nC: NPs with three times more (NL=60) and two times larger ligands than those inc;\nD: illustration of NP distribution ofcin a strut;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4247_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2066", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: HRTEM and the corresponding fast Fourier transform, scale bar, 1 nm.\nB: XRD pattern, the olive lines give the corresponding standard pattern of JCPDS card no. 88-2345.\nC: Atomic force microscopic image with an average thickness of 0.91 nm, scale bar, 500 nm.\nD: A general lamellar hybrid intermediate strategy for synthesizing clean and freestanding single layers of non-layered compound with few atomic thickness; characterizations for large-area flexible ZnSe freestanding single layers.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2066_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3970", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Voltages of the detector mesas 4b and 2a as a function of voltage in the generator 4a. It is seen thatVdetis independent of the generator bias direction.\nB: The number of Ω=2Δ bosons as a function ofVgen. Inset shows theI–Vof the generator mesa withN=2 junctions.\nC: Current–voltage characteristics of mesa 4a withN=12 junctions. A sum-gap kink is clearly seen atT2Δ bands are seen. The bands overlap ateVgen/N=4Δ.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3970_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4186", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Calculated 2D elastic modulus and ultimate strength for the structures generated in the simulation with 1,000 initial oxygen atoms and 1,500 carbon atoms in the graphene sheet.\nB: Series of snapshots at various times in the simulation showing chemisorption of oxygen as carbonyl, epoxide and ether groups and structural reorganization of the graphene lattice leading to the removal of carbon atoms in the form of carbon dioxide at 279.2 and 320.6 ps.\nC: At the end of the simulation (time=400 ps).\nD: During the plasma treatment (time=6.2 ps).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4186_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7824", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: , (e) and (f) are ELNES spectra of Ce M4,5, Gd M4,5and O K edges extracted at (marked by on) or∼10 nm away from (marked by off) the CGO–CGO grain boundary core, respectively;\nB: The survey image including the EELS line scan across the CGO–CGO grain boundary (GB) from the CGO–CFO6040 composite;\nC: and (c) are EELS line scan signal profiles presenting in two-dimensional and three-dimensional mode, respectively;\nD: profile of the CeM5/M4, Gd/Ce and O/Ce ratio near the CGO–CGO boundary (The solid symbol results are from this work, while the hollow symbol results are from single-phase CGO26. The grain boundary thickness of both samples is∼4 nm); The proposed oxygen vacancy concentration profiles near the CGO–CGO grain boundary zone of (h) single-phase CGO and (i) CGO–CFO6040 composite. The GB core was highlighted by red and green line inhandi, respectively. Scale bar, 100 nm (a).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7824_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14119", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: 2D cut atJ12=0 meV. Grey arrows show the main excitation channels from the two degenerate ground states. This scheme is a doublet of the one shown inFig. 1fdue to the additional spin degree ofS2.\nB: Illustration of the origin of the bias asymmetry for the transition depicted as black arrow inc.\nC: Simulated evolution of the state energies and the total magnetic moments,, of the combined spin system,S1=1 andS2=1/2, with Heisenberg couplingJ12. The colour code shows the projected magnetic moment of theS1subsystem (blue: −1, red: +1).\nD: 2D cut atJ12=2 meV. The coupling introduces a strong polarization of the states. Angular momentum conservation only allows Δmz=0,±1 transitions, suppressing the excitation to the energetically lower states (thin grey arrows). The transitions to the energetically higher states strongly depends on the spin distributions in tip and sample as well as on the tunnelling direction.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14119_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10921", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: TypicalM–Hcurves of graphene, NG’ and NG measured at 2 K. Insets are theM—Tcurve of NG measured from 2 to 300 K under an applied fieldH=500 Oe (top left of panel) and part of the magnetization curves (bottom right of panel).\nB: PL spectra of graphene, NG’ and NG excited at 500 nm.\nC: Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves for graphene, NG-800’, NG-800 and Pt/C on a rotating disk electrode (RDE; 1,600 r.p.m.) in 0.1 M KOH solution with a scan rate of 5 mV s−1.\nD: Representative CV curves of graphene, NG’ and NG in 6 M KOH solution at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10921_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9401", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Scanning electron microscopy images of self-powered ZPH PDs: (b1) side view of ZnO coated by perovskite, hole transport material (Spiro-OMeTAD) and Cu electrode in sequence (b2,b3) top view of ZnO NWs array (b2) before and (b3) after being spin-coated by perovskite.\nB: Energy band diagram of a self-powered ZPH PD. Energies are expressed in electron volts, using the electron energy in vacuum as a reference. The energy levels of the conduction band edges of ZnO, MAPbI3and spiro-OMeTAD are at –4.35, –3.9 and –2.05 eV, respectively, and the valence band edge of the perovskite is at –5.4 eV.\nC: XRD spectra of the perovskite (MAPbI3) on the ZnO NWs layer.\nD: Schematic demonstration of the structure of self-powered ZPH PDs. FTO acts as the transparent electrode.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9401_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6841", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Photograph of the fabricated unit cell with an embedded TD. Metallic patterns are printed on a 1.27-mm-thick Rogers-6006 substrate, whose dielectric constant is 6.5. Related dimensions area=27 mm,b=54 mm,c=4 mm,d=5 mm,e=6 mm,f=0.8 mm,g=2.5 mm,r1=9 mm andr2=12 mm.\nB: Equivalent circuit model of the embedded TD (TD261 by General Electric) and itsI–Vcurve, where the grey area indicates the NDR region.Rp,LpandCpare the parasitic resistance, inductance and capacitance of the TD, respectively.\nC: Retrieved constitutive parameters of the effective medium with embedded TD.\nD: SimulatedSparameters of the unit cell with and without the TD under a normal plane wave incidence. The polarization of the incidence is shown at the bottom left corner ofa.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6841_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7012", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: An optical micrograph showing hexagonal ordering in dense arrays of torons, with large-area crystallites separated by grain boundaries. (b–d) Polarizing optical micrographs depicting voltage-controlled transitions from (b) isotropic repulsive interactions mediating formation of hexagonal arrays to (c) weakly anisotropic attractive interactions resulting in crystallites of topological particles with smaller periodicity, and (d) to highly anisotropic interactions that result in chains of toron–umbilical dipoles. The red arrow inddenotes the orientation of the far-fieldcand the green arrow depicts orientation of the toron–umbilical dipoles.\nB: Computer-simulatedn(r), depicted using cylinders, across the sample without topological particles at differentU.\nC: The corresponding polar (θ) and azimuthal (φ) orientation angles ofn(r) atU=3 V.\nD: Polarizing optical micrographs showing substrate-pinned laser-generated torons in an array with a deliberately introduced edge dislocation at differentU; note that the surface-pinning prevents elastic interactions between these pinned topological particles, but exhibits transformation ofn(r) and dipolar configurations inc(x,y) versusUsimilar to that of their ‘mobile’ counterparts.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7012_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26473-8", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Gas sorption isotherms of Zn-atz-oba at 298 K.\nB: Adsorption enthalpy profiles (Qst) for Zn-atz-oba.\nC: PXRD patterns confirm the bulk phase purity of Zn-atz-oba.\nD: Binary 1:1 (v/v) IAST selectivity of Zn-atz-oba at 298 K. color codes for (a) and (b): carbon = gray; nitrogen = blue; oxygen = red; Zn polyhedra in (a) = tyrian purple; Connolly surface in (b) = purple.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-26473-8_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7361", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Scaling relation, based on a mean field pressure argument, derived in the Methods section. Error estimates are overly conservative.\nB: Empirical power law fit of the compressive force,F, versusΔ; the average best fit gives an exponentβ=2.2±0.2. The legend applies to all panels.\nC: Packing reconstruction of uncompressed and fully compressed particles, indicating the global compression.\nD: The number of contacts per grain,‹Z›, varies with the volume fraction within the packing. Errors in‹Z›are largest near jamming, where we underestimate this quantity. The random close packing (RCP) and hexagonal close-packed (or face-centred cubic) limits (HCP/FCC) are indicated with dashed lines.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7361_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10310", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Capacitance enhancement ratio obtained from GCD curves as a function of the tensile strain. (Insets are photos of the supercapacitor at a fully released state and 600% strain.)\nB: An SEM image of the stretched PPy@CNT paper electrode. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: An SEM image of the released PPy@CNT paper electrode after pre-stretching. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: GCD curves from 0 to 600% strain at a charging/discharging current of 2.5 mA.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10310_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14675", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative chronoamperograms of CO2electroreduction catalysed by the CoPc/CNT(2.5%) hybrid for 1 h at various potentials in 0.1 M KHCO3aqueous solution.\nB: Partial current densities of CO2reduction products in the gas phase for CoPc/CNT(2.5%) (red) and CoPc (blue) at different potentials. The average values and error bars in (b,c) are based on six measurements during three reaction runs (two product analysis measurements were performed in each run). The error bars represent s.d. of six measurements.\nC: Faradaic efficiencies of CO2reduction products in the gas phase for CoPc/CNT(2.5%) (red) and CoPc (blue) at various potentials.\nD: Long-term stability of the CoPc/CNT(2.5%) hybrid catalyst for CO2reduction operated at −0.63 V versus RHE for 10 h. The data are alliRcorrected.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14675_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13811", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Engineering stress–strain curves for pristine CNT yarn (black), biscrolled 93 wt% MnO2/CNT yarn (blue), and coiled, biscrolled 70 wt% MnO2/CNT yarn (red).\nB: Capacitance retention of the non-coiled, biscrolled electrode with 91 wt% MnO2loading during repeat bending cycles. The inset shows optical images of bent (165° bending degree) and non-bent yarn on the supporting polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate used in the bending cycle evaluation.\nC: CV curves (at 10 mV s−1) and (d) Nyquist curves measured for the initial (ɛ=0%) and statically stretched states (ɛ=10, 20, 30%) of the stretchable supercapacitors made from coiled, 5-ply, biscrolled 70 wt% MnO2/CNT yarn anodes and cathodes coated with PVA/LiCl gel electrolyte. The insets incshows stretched (ɛ=30%) and released states of the coiled yarn supercapacitor and the inset indshows higher resolution plots of the Nyquist curves for different applied strains.\nD: CV curves (at 50 mV s−1) for non-deformed, bent, mandrel-wrapped, and knotted biscrolled MnO2/CNT yarn. Insets: optical images showing a 173-micron-diameter biscrolled yarn electrode wound around a 1 mm diameter glass tube and a knotted 173-micron-diameter biscrolled yarn. These yarns contain 82 wt% MnO2.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13811_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8992", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: XPS survey spectra of CoNPs/CoNx/C and CoNx/C.\nB: TEM image of CoNPs/CoNx/C. Scale bar, 100 nm.\nC: High-resolution TEM image of CoNx/C showing the layered graphene structure without any metal particles or nanoclusters. Scale bar, 5 nm.\nD: TEM image of CoNx/C and corresponding EFTEM elemental mapping demonstrating the homogeneous distribution of both cobalt and nitrogen at the atomic scale. Scale bar, 20 nm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8992_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5861", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Li5Cs in aP2/mstructure.\nB: Li4Cs in aC2/mstructure.\nC: The linear Li chain in thePnnastructure of Li3Cs.\nD: Li2Cs in anI4/mmmstructure.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5861_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12967", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Absorbance spectra of the BPQDs/PLGA NSs (internal BPQDs concentration is 10 p.p.m.) dispersed in PBS for 0 h, 24 h and 8 weeks with the inset showing the corresponding photographs.\nB: Schematic representation of the degradation process of the BPQDs/PLGA NSs in the physiological environment.\nC: Residual weight of the BPQDs/PLGA NSs after degradation in PBS as a function of time (n=5;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001; ANOVA).\nD: SEM images (scale bars, 500 nm) of the BPQDs/PLGA NSs after degradation in PBS for 1, 4 and 8 weeks together with the corresponding TEM image (scale bar, 200 nm) of the NSs after degradation for 8 weeks.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12967_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5461", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Energy spectrum of pristine graphene (left) and gapped graphene (right).\nB: Schematic of the moire pattern in graphene on h-BN with zero crystallographic rotation angle and an exaggerated lattice mismatch of 11% (carbon, grey; boron, blue; and nitrogen, red). The lattice alignments in different regions lead to different local sublattice symmetry breaking in graphene.\nC: Schematic of the magneto-optical measurements.\nD: Atomic force microscopy image of a monolayer graphene sample grown on h-BN and treated by hydrogen plasma etching, with bare BN shown in dark colour. The inset shows the observed moiré pattern with a periodicity of 15±1 nm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5461_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7160", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: AES spectra taken in the dotted areas shown ina. The insets show the corresponding B(KLL) and N(KLL) spectra, respectively.\nB: AFM image of a corner of a h-BN grain transferred on the SiO2/Si substrate. The inset shows the height distribution along the black line ine.\nC: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of h-BN film on TEM grid with the black arrows showing that it is of monolayer thickness. The inset shows the corresponding selected area electron diffraction pattern. Scale bars are (a) 10 μm, (e) 1 μm and (f) 5 nm.\nD: SEM image of a typical h-BN grain grown on a Cu–Ni alloy foil. (b,c) The corresponding B(KLL) and N(KLL) Auger electron maps, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7160_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Low-magnification TEM image for WS2vertical fold, model shown in inset, scale bar, 100 nm. (j,k) High-resolution ADF images for the vertical fold, the membrane has some rippling so the left (j) and right part (k) are not on the same height and cannot be focused in the same time thus are presented in two panels, scale bars, 1 nm.\nB: The cracked WSe2fold (strain released), which has a nearly perfect AB stacking order between the up and bottom layers, scale bar, 1 nm.\nC: ADF image for one armchair WSe2fold, scale bar, 1 nm.\nD: Atomic model forc. (e,f) Original (e) and separated half ADF images (f) for one chiral MoS2fold, similar toFig. 2c,d, scale bars, 1 nm. (g,h) The HRTEM images for zigzag (g) and chiral (h) monolayer graphene folds, scale bars, 1 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6832", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Static temperature-dependent SHG for (p,p) and (s,p) polarization combinations. In LCMO,TC~240 K, while in BSTO,TFE~215 K (ref.33), as indicated by the arrow.\nB: Schematic diagram of piezoelectric response alongzto applied in-plane stress (εxxandεyy).\nC: Experimental schematic for TR-SHG in reflection.θis the angle between the sample normal and the light propagation direction.φis the incident polarization of the fundamental light, which is controlled by a half-wave (λ/2) plate. Incidentpandspolarizations correspond toφ=0° (180°) and 90° (270°), respectively.\nD: Polar plot of the measured SHG intensity at 10 K. The blue and red symbols are thep- ands-polarized SHG signals,IpandIs, respectively, plotted as a function of the incident light polarization. The cyan dashed and green solid lines are numerical fits toIpandIswithd31=−1,d15=−1.2 andd33=7.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6832_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15841", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: I–Vcharacteristics calculated by varying the contact barrier and the ferroelectric properties.\nB: I–Vcharacteristics calculated accounting for the 2D polarization (Px+Py, red line) and onlyy-componentPy(blue line).\nC: Tunnelling rate within the PFO pillar at the interface-contact corner,V=20 V.\nD: Measured (symbols) and simulated (lines)I–Vcharacteristics at ambient temperature. The blue line is calculated by switching off the tunnelling.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15841_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1492", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Calculated photoconductivity due to electrons (dashed-and-doted red line) and holes (dashed black line) using equation (3) and assuming thatxis within the interval from 0.05 to 0.95. Solid blue line is the hole photoconductivity obtained using equation (4). The arrows mark the hole-only (left) and electron-only (right) photoconductivities in the limits ofx=0 andx=1, respectively.\nB: The energy level diagram illustrating optical transitions between the NC-quantized and MGB states (red arrows) as well as relaxation pathways (wavy black arrows) for photogenerated band-edge carriers. The blue arrow marks the position of the Fermi level (EF).\nC: Photocurrent measured at different gate voltages (symbols) for light intensities from 1.04 to 26.1 μW cm−2(indicated in the figure legend) using 2.25 eV illumination. Lines are calculations using equations (4) and (5). In the modelling, the excitation intensity was characterized by the dimensionless quantityg=G/(βN02). On the basis of the photocurrent measured at large negativeVgfor 26.1 μW cm−2(solid black squares),gwas determined to be 1.3×10−3. For other traces,gwas obtained by scaling this value according to light intensity used in the measurements. γ andV0were adjustable parameters determined from the fits. The obtained values systematically varied from 0.016 to 0.007 (±0.001) forγand from 2 to 6 V (±0.15 V) forV0with increasing light intensity.\nD: The dependence ofIsdon photogeneration rate for different gate voltages (3.1 eV photon energy). As expected for a transition from bimolecular to linear recombination, the log–log slope of this dependence is ~0.5 for the large negative gate bias (MGB is completely empty) and approaches unity as the gate bias gets more positive (MGB becomes populated).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1492_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2426", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Dependence of the measured precession frequency on the magnetic field for fields along the crystallographic directions [010] (solid points) and [110] (open points) in the 48-nm-thick epilayer; lines are fits by equation (1).\nB: Dependence of the measured mode spacing on square of the mode number in the 48-nm-thick epilayer.\nC: Dependence of the spacing between the two lowest modes (ΔH1) on the film thickness. Lines indandeare fits by equation (2) with spin stiffnessD=2.43 meV nm2.\nD: Fourier spectra of oscillatory MO signals (points) measured forμ0Hext=20 mT applied along the [010] crystallographic direction in samples prepared by etching from the 48-nm-thick epilayer. The curves are labelled by the film thicknesses, normalized and vertically off-set for clarity; lines are fits by a sum of Lorentzian peaks.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2426_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6760", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The contribution of collective spin excitations to the charge channel (in arbitrary units) for caseb.\nB: Calculated imaginary part of the RPA magnetic spin susceptibilityχs(q,ω) forT=10−3K in the undoped AFM state (occupancyn=1).\nC: The contribution of the collective spin excitations to the charge channel (in arbitrary units) for the case illustrated ina. We used a 500 × 500k-grid and 200 points forωsummation. Here, the AFM state was obtained by solving the mean-field gap equations and computing the spin response with respect to the new ground state38.\nD: Im[χs(q,ω)] in the paramagnetic state at optimal hole doping (n=0.85). White circles and bars mark the peak energy and width at half maximum of the magnetic response of UD-2212 extracted from the map inFig. 3. The corresponding charge susceptibilityIm[χch(q,ω)] is shown inc. Fora–c, we use the following hopping integrals (t1,t2,t3,t4)=(126, −36, 15, 1.5) (all in meV) within the tight-binding approximation, which provide a reasonable fit to the band structure of Bi-2212 (ref.46). The same parameters were also used in ref.37.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6760_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13190", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: FF nanotube growth rate displays a linear behaviour with increasing peptide concentration.\nB: CycloFF nanotube growth rate as a function of increasing peptide concentration and best fit to the linear relationshipR=kon× c−koff. Each data point represents the average growth rates of ten individual nanotube termini. Scale bar, 10 μm. Error bars represent the standard error of the growth rate of 10 individual tubes.\nC: Elongation and shortening of preformed cycloFF nanotubes. At its critical concentration, the nanotube showed no change in length (5 min interval between images). Dissociation and elongation of the nanotube were demonstrated at subcritical (4 min interval between images) and supercritical (30 min interval between images) concentrations (1.70 and 13.59 mM), respectively.\nD: Crystalline conformation of a cycloFF monomer.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13190_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8555", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Electron diffraction pattern from the area marked inc. The yellow dashed circle ineindicates the reflections used to generate the dark-field image shown ind.\nB: A magnified dark-field TEM image of the shock-wave-affected area beneath the Si surface. Scale bars, 200 nm (c,d).\nC: Schematic depiction of a microexplosion at the Si surface under a layer of SiO2in a sample cut by a focused ion beam (FIB) for electron diffraction analysis.\nD: TEM bright-field image of a void at the Si/SiO2interface (the laser pulse was coming from the top); the shock-wave-modified area in Si is clearly observed under the void in SiO2.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8555_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7152", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: SEM image of the tip of a copper (right) and lithium (left) dendrite.\nB: Top view scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of copper dendrite penetrating through Celgard ICM.\nC: Top and (e) side view SEM images of (PEO/ANF)200.\nD: Optical photograph of (PEO/ANF)200.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7152_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Solar energy conversion efficiency of the photoanodes calculated from the current–potential curves ina.\nB: Steady-state photocurrent of the photoanodes held at 0.9 V versus RHE under AM 1.5G-simulated sunlight.\nC: Wavelength dependence of IPCE for Co-Pi/Ba-Ta3N5nanorod photoanode at different applied potentials.\nD: Current–potential curves for Co-Pi/Ta3N5nanorod photoanode and Co-Pi/Ba-Ta3N5nanorod photoanode in dark and under AM 1.5G-simulated sunlight.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3566_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4063", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A 2D-LC-PolScope image of a colloidal membrane, in which the intensity at each pixel is proportional to the magnitude of the local retardance. The bright ring along the membrane periphery indicates local rod tilting.\nB: Colloidal membranes in which surface tension induces tilting of the rods at the edge. 180° of twist is trapped at the proximal edges of the membranes.\nC: A coalescence pathway resulting in the formation of aπ-wall. The membranes have sedimented onto the coverglass surface that, for sufficiently massive membranes, suppresses the rotation required for defect-free coalescence (Supplementary Movie 3). Scale bars, 10 μm.\nD: A coalescence pathway resulting in a defect-free daughter membrane. The coalescing membranes initially form a twisted bridge that induces a torque onto the smaller membrane, rotating it by 180° and expelling the twist (Supplementary Movie 1).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4063_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2776", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A schematic picture of the experimental configuration, where the optical excitation and photoluminescence detection are indicated by the red and black arrows, respectively. The modulation scheme of the excitation light, at a modulation frequency of 135 Hz, is also shown.\nB: A pseudospin description of the optically pumped electron spinS0and its projectionSzunder a combined effect of a fluctuating effective magnetic fieldBF, a longitudinal external magnetic fieldBzand an optically induced nuclear fieldBN.\nC: The total intensity of the band-to-band photoluminescence as a function ofBzunderσ+(the blue curves) orσ−(the red curves) excitation (denoted by), with respect to that under linear (σx) excitation (), obtained at RT from GaN0.013As0.987after rapid thermal annealing treatment. The excitation wavelength was 930 nm, and excitation power levels were 150 and 30 mW. The solid green lines are Lorentzian fits of the experimental curves.\nD: The absolute values of an average nuclear field () and the correspondingPNof the Gaidefects, as a function of optical pumping power for the specified GaNAs epilayers. The open symbols represent the experimental data. The dashed lines are calculated values obtained from a rate equation analysis, with the specified key fitting parameters. Other fitting parameters areT1SC=5 ns andτN=10 ns. The deduced difference in the e–n spin flip-flop timeτAbetween the two samples is consistent with what is expected from the difference in the HF coupling constantAof the Gaidefects present in these samples.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2776_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6017", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Raman spectra of bare Li2S and Li2S@TiS2structures.\nB: Schematic of the synthesis process, (b) SEM image and (c) TEM image of Li2S@TiS2structures. Scale bars, 5 μm (b) and 500 nm (c).\nC: High-resolution TEM image of the TiS2shell, showing the interlayer spacing of 0.57 nm. Scale bar, 5 nm.\nD: Ab initiosimulations showing the most stable binding configuration of Li2S with a single layer of TiS2, with a calculated binding energy of 2.99 eV. RT, room temperature.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6017_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14586", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: High-resolution TEM images and the corresponding FFT patterns of the PBSCF-III after ink preparation process (ultrasonic treatment for 5 h), and chronopotentiometry test at 10 mA cm−2diskfor 1 h and 12 h. Scale bar, 5 nm.\nB: Mass activities and BET surface area-normalized intrinsic activities of catalysts atη=0.37 V derived from (a); error bars represent s.d. from three independent measurements.\nC: OER activity comparison in 0.1 M KOH.iR-corrected overpotential (η) at 10 mA cm−2disk, Tafel slope and catalyst mass loading of PBSCF-0, III and IrO2in this work are compared with recently reported advanced perovskite catalysts with novel compositions11,12,13,14, nanostructures11,15and atmosphere-treated surfaces17,18; allηderived from literatures areiR-corrected, mass loading of Ca0.9Yb0.1MnO3−δis missing17and is assumed to be the same to the lowest number in the figure; BSCF is Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ;iR-correction is very important for reliable comparison of results from different test devices (Supplementary Fig. 13;Supplementary Table 3;Supplementary Note 6).\nD: Tafel plots obtained from the steady-state measurements.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14586_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4218", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Dynamic tuning of poly(4a/5c) shown by GPC analysis (signal from light-scattering detector). First, polymer solution was prepared by mixing4aand5cwith [4a]0:[5c]0=1:1 ([4a]0(or [5c]0) at 1.0 M in DMF) and the GPC experiment was performed after 2 h incubation at 37 °C (upper curve). One additional equiv5cwas then added to tune the [4a]0:[5c]0ratio to 1:2 and the GPC experiment was performed after 12 h incubation of the mixture at 37 °C (middle curve). Finally, one additional equiv4awas added to restore the [4a]0:[5c]0ratio back to 1:1. DMF was also added to keep [4a]0(or [5c]0) at 1.0 M. GPC experiment was performed after 2 h incubation of the mixture at 37 °C (lower curve).\nB: Poly(4a/5c), TBEU-bearing dynamic polymers, prepared via the polyaddition of4aand5c.\nC: Conversion of3ctowards reaching equilibrium (conversion ratio=([3c]0−[3c]t)/([3c]0−[3c]eq), [3c]0=initial concentration of3c, [3c]t=concentration of3cat timet, [3c]eq=equilibrium concentration of3c).\nD: Exchange reaction between3cand2fproduces3fand2cwith isocyanate1as the intermediate.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4218_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8315", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The resistivity determined from four-terminal (green line) and two-terminal configurations (orange line) at 1.7 K.\nB: Variation of the contact resistivity.\nC: The room temperature conductivity showing no hysteresis in Sample A.\nD: The conductivity of Sample A measured at with a room temperature and 1.7 K. The inset shows the ambipolarity of the BP conductance. (e,f) Temperature dependence of the field-effectμF(open dots) and Hall mobilityμh(solid dots) atVg=−70 V) of Sample A and Sample B (15 nm thick). The dashed lines serve as guidelines for theμ∼T−γrelation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8315_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5899", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Fluorescence intensity and (e) calculated first invariant of the EMCR film along a radial path of the fluorescent ring.\nB: Cyclic electric fields applied to the EMCR film and (b) the corresponding fluorescence intensity. The green shadow domains indicate that the EMCR film is under green light (~545 nm) for 3 min.\nC: The maximum first invariant in EMCR film as a function of applied electric field. The critical electric field for wrinkling instability isE0=33.5 kV mm−1.\nD: Crater wavelengths and internal diameters of the fluorescent rings as a function of the thickness of the buffer substrate.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5899_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12850", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Equivalent circuit representation of the device. Molecules can be decomposed as a conductance in parallel with a capacitance (GmolandCmol). Also, a fringe capacitance (Cp) between the iSMM tip and the sample has to be considered.\nB: Schematic cross section of the proposed RF molecular rectifier. The molecular layer plays the role of the diode with a small dielectric constantρr. Similar to Schottky diodes, the molecular diode is connected to a highly doped silicon substrate.\nC: ConductanceGmolestimated from both the d.c. measurement (δI/δV) —red curve—(technically obtained after multi-exponential fit with 200 points of the d.c.I–Vcurve: 21 points), and fromS11parameters (equation1)—blue curve—(see Supplementary Information, section 8 for fitting details). The error bar in log scale is considered to be the same as that of full width half maximum in current histograms.\nD: Schematic cross section of the RF Schottky diode architecture. The high resistivity epitaxial layer is thin (few nm) so as to to tuneRjup toRs, but not too thin to avoid a largeCj. The substrate is highly doped (resistivityρs=0.001 Ω cm). Its resistance scales asA1/2whereAis the junction area.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12850_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-46848-x", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: SCPP[10];\nB: SCPP[10,9]; and (i)SCPP[10,8].\nC: SCPP[10,9]; and (c)SCPP[10,8]. Fluorescence photographs and emission spectra ofSCPPs under 300/365 nm UV light in dilute DCM (c = 5 × 10−6mol/L):\nD: SCPP[10,9]; and (f)SCPP[10,8]. Excitation-dependent emissive properties ofSCPPs:", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-024-46848-x_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15367", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Square–triangle tiling extracted froma, with colour-coded decomposition into different types of approximants, see text. (c–e) Three types of local vertex configurations around one fullerene (marked green) (scale bar, 1 nm):\nB: High-resolution UHV-STM image of C60on 2Pt–Pt3Ti(111) (scale bar, 3 nm;Uset=−2.03 V,Iset=0.47 nA, 77 K). The HOMO of fullerenes facing the surface with a hexagon is imaged under these conditions and the characteristic dip in the middle of the HOMO is clearly resolved. One dodecagon and the local structures reproduced inc,dare indicated in white.\nC: (32.4.3.4), (d) (33.42), (e) (36).\nD: FFT of the STM image with 12-fold symmetry.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15367_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8760", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Comparison of the potential difference between the charge and discharge plateaus at different current densities.\nB: Rate performance of the rGO, S-doped graphene, N-doped graphene and N,S-codoped graphene electrodes at different current densities and long-term cycle stability of the corresponding electrodes at 0.5C for 500 cycles after the high-current-density test.\nC: Nyquist plots of the rGO, S-doped graphene, N-doped graphene and N,S-codoped graphene electrodes before cycling from 1 MHz to 100 mHz at room temperature.\nD: Cycling performance and Coulombic efficiency of the Li polysulphide batteries with the rGO, S-doped graphene, N-doped graphene and N,S-codoped graphene electrodes at 0.2C rate for 100 cycles.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8760_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11631", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Parametric plots of (σxy(B), σxx(B)) for various gate voltages at 50 mK.\nB: Landau level arrangement whenν=4 disappears. Δdis the Landau level broadening.andare the cyclotron energies of the outer and inner FSs, respectively. Note that each Landau levelNis spin degenerate.\nC: A schematic of Landau levels as a function of magnetic field. Green and purple lines correspond to the Landau levels (N) of outer (EB1) and inner (EB2) subbands, respectively. All lines contain up and down spin states, assuming spin degeneracy due to the smallg-factor. The thick blue and orange lines illustrates the chemical potentials (μ1andμ2) for low and highVG’s. If the chemical potential (blue lineμ1) is located at the crossing point ofN=1 of the outer subband andN=0 of the inner subband (indicated by the arrow), thenν=4 is expected to vanish. Shifting the chemical potential upward away from this crossing point (exemplified by the orange line (μ2)),ν=4 can appear.\nD: Landau level arrangement whenν=4 can be observed.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11631_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2161", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Effective index (real part in black and imaginary part in red) when the nanorings are aligned: the index is always positive.\nB: Shift=L. The blue shift of the antisymmetric mode and the red shift of the symmetric mode are clearly observed. An initial positive coupling between the nanorings (shift=0) becomes negative in the shifted configuration (shift=L). Higher order modes observed in the spectrum are discussed inSupplementary Fig. S1.\nC: Shift=0.\nD: Effective index (real part in black and imaginary part in red) when the nanorings are fully shifted: a negative index appears around the antisymmetric mode due to the spectral overlap of the symmetric and antisymmetric modes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2161_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2213", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Drain current (Id) versus gate voltage (VG) at 280 K measured 1 week apart for 5 consecutive weeks.VGwas swept at 50 mV s−1. The inset shows the chemical structure of P3HT.\nB: Schematic of the van der Pauw geometry device structure (channel size is 500 μm × 500 μm). An optical image of an actual device is shown inSupplementary Fig. S1.\nC: Schematic of charge injection into the polymer semiconductor. The top layer (black) is the gate electrode, the middle layer (grey) is the ion gel and the bottom layer (maroon) is the polymer semiconductor. Simple ‘+’ and ‘−’ symbols are used for electronic charge carriers, and blue and red symbols are used for ions. The chemical structures of EMIM+and TFSI−are shown on the right.\nD: Gate voltage (VG) dependence of the hole density (p). The right axis shows the conversion to holes per thiophene ring. The inset shows accumulated charge (Q, integrated from the gate current) versus time. The top (red), middle (green) and bottom (blue) curves are for −1.00, −0.65 and −0.30 V, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2213_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8790", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Catalysis of the transphosphorylation of HPNPP by Au NP1.\nB: Relative reaction rates (ν/ν0) as a function of the concentration of either ATP or the mixture AMP+2Pi. Experimental conditions: [TACN·Zn2+]=10±1 μM, [HPNPP]=1 mM, [HEPES]=10 mM, pH 7.0, [CaCl2]=1.0 mM, 37 °C.\nC: Absorbance at 400 nm (originating from the reaction productp-nitrophenolate) as a function of time for different mixtures. The red dot indicates the time at which inhibitors were added. The lower slope after reactivation of Au NP1at higher concentrations of ATP is caused by the higher concentrations of produced waste (see the inhibition by different concentrations of the waste mixture given inSupplementary Fig. 8). Experimental conditions: [TACN·Zn2+]=10±1 μM, [HPNPP]=1 mM, [HEPES]=10 mM, pH 7.0, [CaCl2]=1.0 mM, [potato apyrase]=0.06 U ml−1, 37 °C.\nD: Absorbance at 400 nm as a function of time on the sequential additions of ATP (5 × 3 μM). The red dots indicate the time of addition. Experimental conditions: same as forc.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8790_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9593", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Comparison of single-point PL spectra obtained on SiO2(red) and our 128°YX-cut LiNbO3substrate (black) reveals a blueshift attributed to compression of the MoS2film. Norm., normalized.\nB: SAW transmission between the IDTs across the FET device shows a pronounced 40 dB maximum at the design frequencyfSAW=160 MHz of the 5.4-mm long delay line.\nC: PL map of the active FET region (scale bar, 100 μm). Monolayer MoS2PL intensity (colour coded: red high intensity, black low intensity) is detected only in the channel region. Reflection from the FET contacts and alignment marks is clearly visible.\nD: Schematic representation of our hybrid MoS2/LiNbO3device. Four Ti/Au electrodes form the contacts of a FET fabricated on chemical vapour deposition-grown MoS2. Two opposing, non-impedance-matched IDTs are used to excite SAWs propagating across the MoS2FET. The insets show the electrical wiring configurations for 4-point (left) and 2-point (right) measurements. The sample was excited optically using a × 50 microscope objective with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.55.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9593_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8772", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Image analysis algorithm for the quantitative recognition of the particle size in the high-resolution TEM images of MPA–PbS CQD structures (refer toSupplementary Note 1for details).\nB: Schematic of experiment used to measure sedimentation rates of CQD particles in solution during centrifugation. The solution was used with a mixture of three different-sized MPA–CQDs with excitonic peaks at 950, 1,250 and 1,520 nm.\nC: Spatial size distribution of the MPA–PbS particle sizes in the film for locations from the top, middle and bottom of films.\nD: Sedimentation rates of the particles were determined by measuring the change in the particle concentrations in the suspension from the absorbance. Absorption measurements recorded during centrifugation showed that particles of different sizes sediment at different rates, with the larger particles precipitating faster than smaller particles. Lines are added as a guideline for visualization.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8772_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5938", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Line-cut temperature profiles extracted from the data ofgandh.\nB: Colour–temperature calibration determined using hue analysis.\nC: Images of an e-TLC device that consists of an 26 × 26 array of pixels, conformally mounted on the wrist. Scale bar, 1 cm.\nD: Three-dimensional rendering of the temperature distribution extracted from the colour information obtained by hue value analysis of digital images of the device. Scale bar, 1 cm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5938_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7608", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Representative SERS spectra on mesoporous Au films prepared with three electrolytes containing PS18000-b-PEO7500micelles with different solvent compositions ((Sample I) 1 ml THF, (Sample II) 3 ml THF and (Sample III) 3 ml THF+40 μl 1,3,5-TIPBz). A sputtered Au film without mesopores is also compared. The variability of the SERS spectra is ±5% for each, which is due to the variability of the surface roughness and the uniformity of the adsorbed molecular layers.\nB: Corresponding SERS spectral mapping with vibrational intensity.\nC: Photograph and optical image of mesoporous Au film (Sample III) prepared with an electrolyte containing PS18000-b-PEO7500micelles and 3 ml THF+40 μl 1,3,5-TIPBz as solvent.\nD: Representative SERS spectra on mesoporous Au film (Sample III). Mesoporous Au region (that is, deposition area) and non-porous region (that is, non-deposition area) are measured, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7608_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10301", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: TheTdependence of the carrier mobility, which is calculated using Kohler’s rule or equation (1). Inset: the MR at small magnetic fields and the parabola fittings (solid lines) at differentTindicated.\nB: The slopekof the linear MR at highB(from 8 to 14 T, obtained ina, see solid curves) as a function of carrier density,n. The solid red and blue curves are the fittings usingn−1andn−2, respectively. The corresponding temperature for each data point is also indicated.\nC: The MR measured at differentTindicated.\nD: The carrier density as a function ofT. The solid red curve is the fitting using Arrhenius’s law.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10301_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5445", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quadratic Miller indices of assigned reflections forstructure versus measuredq-vector positions. Nine peaks can be indexed to the given structure. Solid line presents a linear fit, which yields a lattice parameteraSAXS=40.5 nm.\nB: 2D scattering patterns and azimuthally integrated curves show that patchy avidin particles direct the formation of an open bcc CCMV-lattice, whereas isotropically charged PAMAM-G6 forms fcc crystal lattices with CCMV. Top two curves are vertically offset for clarity.\nC: Integrated and indexed SAXS curve measured from self-assembled CCMV–PAMAM-G6 crystal and comparison with a calculated finite fcc structure using a core-shell model.\nD: Crystallographic arrangement and lattice parameter details of suggested binary structures of CCMV–avidin, CCMV–PAMAM-G6 and comparison with our previously reported CCMV–AuNP AB8fcc-type lattice20.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5445_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42018-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: and (g), and PM6:L8-BO film:\nB: and (h). 1D GIWAXS plot and peak splitting results are shown ini–k.\nC: and (f), PM6:N3 film:\nD: and (e), PM6:Y6 film:", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-42018-7_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7089", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The time evolution of the mean of the distribution ofni(t) forφbetween 0.52 and 0.58.\nB: The standard deviation of the distribution of correlated partnersni(t) forφbetween 0.52 and 0.58. Note the growth of an early peak as the volume fraction is increased.\nC: The distribution ofni(the number of significantly correlated partners, see text) at selected times withφ=0.58. The inset shows a characteristic histogram of mutual information between particle displacements. The Gaussian distribution (red dotted line) models the noise in the mutual information estimates. A threshold is used (dashed vertical line) to define significantly correlated particle pairs.\nD: Examples of particles (red) and their significantly correlated partners (blue) in a system withφ=0.58 at 0.01τα, 0.125ταand 8ταfrom top to bottom. Correlated partners are typically close together. The particles are rendered actual size.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7089_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7590", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Temperature-dependent SAXRD reflections evidencing regions of Lm, Lm/Iso and Iso structures’ existence (divided by the dashed lines), collected on heating with a 10-deg. step.\nB: DSC trace, collected on heating, of hybrid nanoparticles. Phase transition region in which Lm/Iso structures coexist is between the dashed lines.\nC: Extinction spectra of the aggregate taken at 30 and 120 °C revealing a shift of plasmon band maxima (λmax).\nD: Overlay of simulated and experimental extinction spectra.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7590_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14889", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Copper ions reach the other end of the NW, forming CdS/Cu2S heterostructure with one open end.\nB: Schematic illustration of the formation of a Schottky-type contact at the CdS/W interface in the green dotted line region ofe.\nC: Copper ions continue migrating, forming CdS/Cu2S core-shell structure. (e–g) Energy band diagrams of Cu-CdS-W, Cu-Cu2S-CdS-W and Cu-Cu2S-W structures, corresponding toa,c,d, respectively.\nD: Cu cation migration along the subsurface of the NW in the early stage of the process.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14889_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1425", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: resistivity of Li1+yZnAs, showing metallic behaviour of Li deficient (y<0) and Li excess (y>0) compounds.\nB: Hall resistivity of Li1.1(Zn0.95Mn0.05)As atT=2 K, which exhibits p-type carriers with concentrations ofn~1020cm−3together with the anomalous Hall effect due to spontaneous magnetization atH=0.\nC: resistivity of Li1.1(Zn0.9Mn0.1)As in various external fieldH, which exhibits negative magnetoresistance belowTc~50 K.\nD: resistivity of Li1.1(Zn1−xMnx)As, showing the effect of increasing charge scattering with increasing Mn concentrationx.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1425_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13079", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 3D electron-nanosintering: 3D nanostructures on crystalline silk can be created using a LbL multi-EBL. Multiple exposures are applied in sequence to define each layer. The first exposure is to de-crosslink the crystalline silk proteins, resulting in amorphous proteins to be sintered/re-crosslinked by the following LbL EBL steps. For amorphous silk, this step (the first exposure) is unnecessary.\nB: 2D electron-nanosintering: 2D nanotopographies on amorphous silk proteins can be created using a binary negative EBL (left: design image; right: SEM image). Scale bar, 15 μm. One exposure was applied to crosslink the exposed area. Unexposed area is removed after water development.\nC: 3D electron-nanosculpturing: 3D nanotopographies on crystalline silk can be created using a 16-bit grayscale positive EBL (left: design image; right: SEM image). The Einstein image: Photo by Philippe Halsman @ Halsman Archive. One grayscale exposure was applied, followed by a water-only development to remove the exposed area. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: Schematic and (e) SEM images of as-designed 3D silk nanostructures using an LbL nanosintering process. Scale bar, 5 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13079_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: TOF-SIMS spectra collected on pristine (10 wt.% carbon black, shortened for ‘CB’ in the figure), 30-day aged (1 and 10 wt.% carbon black) electrodes, with ROI-1 and ROI-2 applied, respectively. The data are integrated over 600 s of sputtering time with two scans per 10 s. Several fragments of interests are, respectively, C2F−, C3OF−,7LiF2−and MnF3−from left to right, along with CH2−, C3H2−, C2P−, C3O2F−, MnF2−, C5OF−,58NiF3−and CoF3−inSupplementary Figs 6 and 7. All spectra are normalized by ROI coverage and drawn to the same scale in each panel. Note that C2F−can also be produced by the binder (polyvinylidene fluoride), hence the signal counts observed on the pristine electrode (ROI-2).\nB: TOF-SIMS chemical maps of two secondary ion fragments,58NiO−(upper) and C3H−(lower), on a sample LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2electrode. ROI-1 is applied to retrieve signals from the active material region (represented by58NiO−) while ROI-2 is used for the carbon/binder area (C3H−), respectively.\nC: Illustrative TOF-SIMS spectra of60Ni−and C5−on the same sample electrode, demonstrating the effectiveness of ROI selection in spatially separating different components in the composite electrode.\nD: TOF-SIMS high-resolution mapping (burst alignment mode) of C2F−and58NiO−on the electrodes aged for 30 days before and after 1 h of Cs+sputtering (100 s shallow milling was applied to reduced adventitious contamination). It can be seen that the cathode particles undergo severe dissolution/fragmentation (represented by58NiO−signals) in the electrode containing 1 wt.% carbon black, while for the 10 wt.% one, the CEI (C2F−) species show a larger amount on the particles. Scale bar, 20 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14589_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7990", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Plot of hydrophobic/hydrophilic potential energy ratios over time. Hydrophobic interactions become dominant as the ligands change from PVP to C16SH.\nB: C16-octahedron moves across the oil/water interface, maintaining a stable standing configuration.\nC: AFM topological characterization of the variously functionalized Ag octahedra on PDMS. All scale bars, 500nm.\nD: From AFM measurements, the height percentage of the Ag octahedra in contact with the oil phase can be derived (Supplementary Fig. 8). Increasing surface hydrophobicity of Ag octahedra increases the height percentage in contact with the oil phase in the experiments. Error bars are s.d. collected from sampling at least 50 particles.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7990_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8880", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Simulated infrared (IR) spectrum for the pentacene molecule (red) and crystal (blue), superimposed on the experimental spectrum for comparison.\nB: Non-local electron–phonon coupling constants for two largest transfer integrals.\nC: Molecular crystal structure and transfer integralstiaddressed in the calculations. (c,d) Eigendisplacements for the modes with large transition dipoles at 1,288 cm−1and 1,632 cm−1.\nD: Calculated vibration-induced hopping rates for the different modes that were addressed experimentally, compared with the experimentally observed effect of vibrational excitation on the photocurrent, dJ/J.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8880_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15478", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: K′as a function of stress for conjugated (open symbols) and non-conjugated polymer networks (solid symbols, data fromb).\nB: Storage modulusG′as a function of time for PIC/PAAm hybrid hydrogels atT=50 °C, showing the formation of the PAAm network within the pre-formed PIC network. De decrease in G′ with increasing (AAm) is the result of the Hofmeister effect.\nC: K′as a function of stress for PIC/PAAm hybrid hydrogels atT=50 °C with 36 mg ml−1(0.5 M) AAm and increasing concentrations of crosslinker MBAA.\nD: The differential modulusK′of the PIC/PAAm hybrid hydrogels increases with AAm concentration in the linear regime at low stress, but decreases with AAm concentration in the high-stress regime. The solid lines represent the slopes of the curves.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15478_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10629", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: PL image of a TAT nanowire, Scale bar, 300 nm.\nB: Short time behaviour of the polarization contrast for the different excitation polarizations. Vertical error bars for (b,d) represent 1 s.d. in polarization contrast for each point containing the same total number of counts, and horizontal error bars were determined by the averaged time in each step; thus nonlinear binning in time increases the horizontal uncertainty with increasing time.\nC: Polarization detection scheme.\nD: Time evolution of polarization contrast in PL for X-polarized (red squares) and Y-polarized (blue triangles) excitation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10629_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: , Contributionobtained by using the free space number density of solute distributioncfs(r) around the particle, i.e., neglecting the influence of the wall on the number density of solute, but including the influence of the wall on the hydrodynamic flow.\nB: Contributionobtained by using the free space hydrodynamics stress tensorin the dual Stokes problems employed in the reciprocal theorem, i.e., neglecting the effect of the wall on the hydrodynamics, but including the chemical effect.\nC: Chemio-osmotic contributiondue to the activity-induced phoretic slip at the wall calculated atbw/bcap=−0.2.\nD: Contribution from self diffusiophoresis(seeSupplementary Note 2and equation (2) as a function of heighth/Rand orientationθfor half-covered Janus microswimmer and unequal surface mobilitiesbinert/bcap=0.3. Throughout, white curves correspond to constant values of. Note that, by definition, panelais the sum of panelsb,c, andd.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10598_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15682", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The antiferroelectric orthorhombicPnmaphase (AFE phase), characterized by the anti-polar distortions along the pseudo-cubic [110] direction, and oxygen octahedral tiltings (a−a−c+in Glazer notations14).\nB: The ferroelectricAmm2orthorhombic phase (O phase), characterized by polar distortions along the [110] direction and no tiltings (a0a0c0). The VESTA code is used for the visualization43. Arrows represent local electric dipoles.\nC: The ferroelectric tetragonalP4mmphase (T phase), characterized by polar distortions along the [001] direction and no tiltings (a0a0c0).\nD: The ferroelectricR3cphase (R phase), characterized by polar distortions and anti-phase tiltings about the [111] direction (a−a−a−).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15682_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1096", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Electrical conductance between two electrodes during c-AFM writing withVtip=+4 V. As the c-AFM tip reaches the second electrode, the conductance increases abruptly. The c-AFM tip travels along thex-direction as noted in the figure, with a speed of 400 nm/s relative to the structure.\nB: Schematic diagram of the 'erasing' process by cutting the nanowire generated in the writing process.\nC: As the c-AFM tip biased at −4 V scans cross the nanowire, the conductance decreases drastically. The c-AFM tip travels at a speed of 10 nm s−1along they-direction, as indicated. The width of the nanowire presented in the inset is quantified by fitting the erase curve with a functionG(x)=G0−G1tanh(x/h), with the following best-fit parameters:G0=0.40 nS,G1=0.44 nS andh=6.0 nm. The deconvolved differential conductance (dG/dx)*−1is shown in red and has a half-width maximum of 6.9 nm (+4 V wire).\nD: Schematic diagram of the 'writing' process used to generate conducting nanostructures at the LAO/TiO2-STO heterointerface.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1096_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3681", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic shows the subsurface diffusion and catalytic decomposition of borazine to generate active B and N species which replace lattice carbon in graphene;\nB: Phase-segregated GNRs modulated by the moiré superlattice, encircling the mixed h-BCxN domains to form brick-and-mortar pattern. The generation of a triangular GNR superstructure with a lattice constant of 6 nm ≈2a(a:lattice constant of graphene moiré superstructure on Ru(0001)) with the borazine dosage of 5 Langmuir (L). (d–f) STM images show the evolution of mixed BCN domains (dotted dark regions) and demixed GNR phases (bright lines) upon the stepwise dosing of borazine at 900 K. The average side lengths of GNR triangles are increased from 3ato 4aand 9awith the increase of the dosage of borazine from 10 to 20 l.\nC: The formation of domain-wise G-BN composite by a complete phase segregation in BCxN at 900 K (borazine: 100 l). Scale bars in (c–g) are 6, 10, 6, 25 and 40 nm, respectively.\nD: Illustration of the substitutional doping of G/Ru(0001) by borazine leading to the formation of brick-and-mortar pattern, domain-wise G-BN mosaic film and a complete replacement of G into BN.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3681_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8475", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A conducting solid with a significant energy-dependent DOSs.\nB: A junction between two conducting solids of significantly differentτ. The vertical axis denotes eitherN(ɛ) orτ(ɛ) at the Fermi level. The horizontal axis denotes temperature, or equivalently, the Fermi energy, due to their correlation. Note that scenarioscanddboth produce aτmismatch, which we exploit towards an enhanced Seebeck effect. When applying a magnetic field along thezdirection, only in these two cases, transverse electric potential along theydirection (the Nernst effect) can be expected. In the caseaandb, such a signal is fully compensated due to the Sondheimer cancellation (see text).\nC: A conducting solid with a steep energy dependence of the electron relaxation timeτ.\nD: A junction of conducting solids A and B with different DOSs, which is the situation where the Seebeck effect was originally discovered.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8475_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10600", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Energy conversion efficiency relative to Carnot cycle efficiency for various CNT electrodes in the cylindrical cell configuration. All sheet samples (except the as-drawn) were purified by thermal oxidation before assembly into cylindrical electrodes.\nB: Photograph of an assembled thermocell (scale bar, 2 cm) and (b) apparatus for fabrication of cylindrical CNT thermocell electrodes.\nC: Photograph and SEM images of a cylindrical CNT electrode. Scale bars, 3 mm (left of panel), 30 μm (middle of panel) and 1 μm (right of panel).\nD: Cell voltage and (e) power density versus current density for variously treated cell electrodes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10600_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19750-5", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Chemical structure of the Y7C peptide. The phenolic groups of tyrosine and thiol groups of cysteine are highlighted in red and blue, respectively.\nB: Circular dichroism (CD) analysis of the Y7C film. The solid CD spectrum is expressed in degrees of ellipticity (θ) without concentration terms.\nC: Conductivity of the Y7C film calculated from the Nyquist plot as a function of RH. Error bars represent the mean ± SD.\nD: Nyquist plots measured from the Y7C film in contact with two Au electrodes at different RH. The inset shows the magnified range at RH values of 60%, 75%, and 90%.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-19750-5_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Scanning electron microscope images of P3HT:PEO-blend (70:30, w/w) NW and nano-sized electrode gap.\nB: Output characteristics (ID−VD) of P3HT blend NW FET with nano-channel length.\nC: Schematic illustration of the process to fabricate organic FET with nanoscale channel length and channel width.\nD: Output characteristics (inset: device structure) and (e) transfer characteristic (ID−VG) (solid line) and gate current versus gate voltage (IG−VG) characteristics (dot line) of P3HT:PEO-blend (70:30, w/w) NW and nano-channel FET based on the polyelectrolyte gate dielectric.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6246", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: PL peak position mapping. PL spectra are collected at the location marked five dots with different colours.\nB: PL spectra collected from points indicated inc. Each spectrum corresponds to the location incwith the same color. (e,f) PL intensity and peak position line profiles as indicated by the white dash lines crossing two GBs and two edges.\nC: PL intensity mapping. The edges and twin GBs have a higher intensity (light yellow), while rest are depicted in orange.\nD: Optical image of a MoS2star sitting on SiO2.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6246_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14325", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Contour plot of the surface elevationηmeasured at the half-wavelength scale andt=t0. The positions of a nodal point (red square), peaks/troughs (red circles) and saddle points (blue circles) are highlighted.\nB: Dynamics of the rotating wave about a nodal point within a unit cell of sizeLc=λ/2. Orange circles: motion of wave peaks experimentally tracked for 50T. Black lines: the rotation of thez=0 isoline of the surface elevation followed forT/2. (The red line indicatest=t0, the blue onet=t0+T/4.) (c,d) Surface particle drifts tracked for ≈50T:\nC: The direction of the drift alternates in adjacent unit cells (experiments, PTV measurements,f=3.9 Hz,H=1 mm).\nD: within a single unit cell, particle orbits drift forming closed nested guiding centre trajectories (experiments,f=ω/2π=3.9 Hz (λ=104 mm),H=2.5 mm).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14325_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3819", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CVs for CO2reduction in the Ar-saturated (black curve) and CO2-saturated pure EMIM-BF4on carbon film electrode (blue curve) and CNFs electrode (red curve), respectively. The scan rate was 10 mVs−1for both experiments. The vertical pink dashed line represents the potential at which highest CO2reduction in the case of CNF electrode occurs.\nB: Current density (at the highest CO2reduction potential) for CNFs catalyst with respect to water mole fraction (%) in EMIM-BF4.\nC: Absolute current density for CO2reduction at different (bulk Ag, Ag nanoparticles and CNF) electrodes in pure EMIM-BF4electrolyte. CNFs show the highest current density and it is one order of magnitude higher compared with bulk Ag electrode.\nD: Chronoamperogram (absolute current density versus time) for CNFs catalyst at potential 0.573 V versus SHE in pure EMIM-BF4shows the stability of catalyst for the tested duration (9 h). The scan rate was 10 mVs−1. The current densities were obtained based on geometrical surface area.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3819_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5396", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Atomic force microscopy topography image of a PZT layer (5 nm in thickness) epitaxially grown on a LSMO (30 nm)/STO substrate.\nB: Schematic structure of a Au/Co/Alq3/PZT/LSMO organic spin valve (FE-OSV).\nC: TEM image for FE-OSV device. Different layers can be distinguished as labelled. Scale bar, 20 nm.\nD: PFM (phase) response measured after successively switching the polarization of the PZT film by applying +2.5 V and −2.5 V on the tip with respective to the LSMO bottom electrode. Note that the protocol of voltage polarity is different in PFM measurements from that in resistance measurements.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5396_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14558", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Photon-injected carrier density dependence of the initial time PL intensity (IPL(0)) following excitation at 650 nm (1 KHz, 100 fs). The quadratic dependence indicates that free-carrier bimolecular recombination dominates charge carrier decay in 3D perovskite, while the linear dependence suggests excitonic recombination dominates this high PLQY charge carrier decay in perovskite MQWs.\nB: Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) decay transients measured at 812±60 nm for 3D perovskite and 782±60 nm for perovskite MQW films following excitation at 650 nm (1 KHz, 100 fs, around 0.01 μJ cm−2). The solid lines are exponential fits of the PL decay transients.\nC: PL quantum yield as a function of the photon-injected carrier density of the films measured with 405 nm laser pulses (2.5 MHz, 200 ps).\nD: The plots of PL effective lifetimes as a function of photon-injected carrier density following excitation at 650 nm (1 KHz, 100 fs). The solid lines are fittings according to theory described in the supplementary text.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14558_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2755", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Thermal conductivity reduction with width for GNRs, all withL≈260 nm (Figs 1c,dand3c). Solid symbols are experimental data fromb, open symbols are interpolations for the listed temperature. Lines are fitted model from equation 2, revealing a scaling as ~W1.80.3in the edge-limited regime. The thermal conductivity of plasma-etched GNRs in this work appears slightly lower than that estimated for GNRs from unzipped nanotubes13at a given width, consistent with a stronger effect of edge disorder35. Also seeSupplementary Fig. S11.\nB: Thermal conductivity reduction with length for ‘wide’ samples (Wλ), compared with the ballistic limit (kball=GballL/A) at several temperatures. Symbols are data for our ‘short’ unpatterned graphene samples (Figs 1aand3b), and ‘large’ samples of Seolet al.6(Fig. 3a). Solid lines are model from equation 1.\nC: Thermal conductivity for the same samples as ina(also seeSupplementary Fig. S10).\nD: Thermal conductance per cross-sectional area (G/A) versus temperature for our GNRs (L≈260 nm,Was listed, seeFig. 3c), a ‘short’ unpatterned sample (L≈260 nm,W≈12 μm, seeFig. 3b) and a ‘large’ sample from Seolet al.6(L≈10 μm,W≈2.4 μm, seeFig. 3a). The short but wide graphene sample attains up to ~35% of the theoretical ballistic heat-flow limit22,23,24(also seeSupplementary Fig. S9).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2755_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14235", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: σ(R) versusSfor FeO6octahedra in magnetite, showing that points within the Fe2+and Fe3+distributions lie parallel to the prolate (trigonal elongation) and oblate (tetragonal Jahn–Teller compression) ellipsoid limits. Sets of three sites corresponding to the Fe3+–Fe2+–Fe3+trimerons with the smallest and largest prolate distortions are encircled; assignments for all trimerons are shown inSupplementary Fig. 3.\nB: DisplacementsDof the cations from their ellipsoid centres versus for ICSD FeO6structures.\nC: σ(R) versus for FeO6octahedra in magnetite.\nD: s.d.σ(R) versus mean ellipsoid radius for ICSD FeO6structures.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14235_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4189", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: UPS/IPES spectrum of GNRs on a gold substrate.\nB: XPS survey spectrum of GNRs deposited on a gold substrate. The inset shows the XPS C1s spectrum of the same sample.\nC: UV–vis-NIR absorption spectra of polymer4(red) and GNRs5(black) suspended in DMF by sonication.\nD: Raman spectrum. The inset shows the EDX spectrum of GNRs deposited on a gold substrate.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4189_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9394", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Typical transfer characteristic plots in linear (dashed) and saturation (solid) regimes of 10 nm thick film based FETs withW=2 mm andL=20 μm with the fibrils axis oriented parallel (blue) and perpendicular (red) to the probing direction; in the linear regime, currents ON/OFF ratio is∼107for the parallel case and∼106for the perpendicular case.\nB: Average saturation mobilities (circles) with their standard deviation (bars) for 56 FETs coated on an 8 × 8 cm2area in both parallel and perpendicular directions, compared to a distribution obtained from 8 spin-coated FETs.\nC: Sketch of the top gate bottom contact FETs structure employed; the probing directions are clearly represented with respect to the printing direction and indicated as para (printing parallel to the source to drain electric field) and perp (printing perpendicular to the source to drain electric field).\nD: Typical effective linear and saturation mobility as a function of the gate voltage in the perpendicular and parallel direction: the anisotropy is marked both with a high and a low lateral applied voltage.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9394_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8954", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Kekulé structures of anthracene, perylene and An2Py (resonance showing possible stabilized biradical structure); and (e) luminescence photos of An2Py,1a,2,3at 800, 1200, and 1500, nm femtosecond pulsed laser excitation.\nB: A view of2with encapsulated perylene (orange) guest;\nC: A view of1showing without interpenetration. Solvents are omitted;\nD: a view of3with encapsulated anthracene (blue) guest;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8954_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10078", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a Λ-like NED actuator sample cut with a focused ion beam at the middle of the cantilever (scale bar, 2 μm). Additional microscopy images are given inSupplementary Figs 8 and 9to provide a more detailed understanding of the fabricated NED actuators.\nB: Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a V-like NED actuator sample cut with a focused ion beam at the middle of the cantilever (scale bar, 2 μm).\nC: Microscope image (top view) of a released sample of Λ-like NED actuator at its free end and clamping position (left and right, scale bar, 50 μm).\nD: Microscope image (top view) of a released sample of V-like NED actuator at its free end, middle and clamping position (from left to right, scale bar, 50 μm).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10078_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5709", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: G′ mode;\nB: higher-frequency shear mode (C32) and (f) combinational mode (B+C31).\nC: Schematic diagram of shear modes in BLG and TLG.\nD: Raman spectrum of low-frequency modes of 3+3 r-f6LG with rotational angle of 12.2°. (Elaser=2.33 eV). Scale bars, 2 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5709_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12042", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Synthesis of LHCs-b.\nB: TEM image of an LHCs-b. Scale bar, 200 nm.\nC: Ultraviolet–visible spectra of β-CAR, Chl-b, WP5 and LHCs-b.\nD: SAXS profile of an LHCs-b.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12042_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10375", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Same as inbforEX2.\nB: Same as inFig. 2efor a different QD whose FSS is fine-tuned tos<0.2 μeV. The circles indicate the X energies (EX1,2,3) where cross-correlation measurements have been performed. In particular,EX3correspond to the position in between the hyperfine lines of Cs.\nC: Fidelity as a function of the time delay when the X energy is set toEX1. The dashed line indicates the threshold for entanglement, that is, the classical limit.\nD: XX-X cross-correlation measurements for diagonal (top panel), circular (central panel) and linear (bottom panel) polarization basis when the X energy is set toEX1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10375_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4023", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CV of1oin CH2Cl2(0.2 M Bu4NPF6) before (red line) and after irradiation at 350 nm leading to1c(blue line), scan rate 0.1 V s−1.\nB: Scheme of molecular isomerization of1under external controls. E, electrolysis; UV, UV irradiation; Vis, visible light irradiation.\nC: Chemical structure of1o.\nD: Absorption spectra and spectral changes upon 350 nm irradiation of1o(50 μM in toluene). The process is fully reversible upon irradiation of1cat 750 nm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4023_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10367", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Optical arrangement for measuring the FWM angle dependence.\nB: The position of the 800 nm (green) beam on the focusing lens, as determined by a translation stage, controls the input angle. TheθFWMwas determined in relation to the beam generated by a uniform structure.\nC: Illustration of the anomalous phase-matching condition for phase-gradient metasurfaces.\nD: Input angle dependence of the phase-matching angle for the uniform and phase-gradient metasurfaces. The orange line is the line fit to the anomalous phase-matching condition (equation (4)), while the black line depicts the conventional phase-matching condition.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10367_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2708", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Layout of a top-gate FeFET, and chemical structures of the compounds used.\nB: Source-drain current at zero gate bias as a function of temperature for various source-drain biases.\nC: Corresponding output characteristics of the rr-P3HT FeFET at zero gate bias as a function of temperature.\nD: Typical transfer characteristics of a rr-P3HT FeFET. The channel length and width are 10 and 10,000 μm, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2708_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3411", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Single-scan15N NMR spectra of hyperpolarized probe2(2.5 mM) mixed with various concentrations (0, 0.25, 1.25, 2.50 and 6.18 mM) of H2O2in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (50 s after mixing, 30° pulse angle).\nB: Single-scan15N NMR spectra of hyperpolarized probe3(10 mM, 15° pulse angle) after mixing with esterase (124 units ml−1, derived from the porcine liver) in PBS (pH 7.4).\nC: Esterase activity sensing by MR probe3.\nD: H2O2sensing by MR probe2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3411_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10141", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: TEM image. Scale bar, 100 nm. Inset is selected area electron diffraction pattern.\nB: A magnified TEM image. Scale bar, 20 nm.\nC: SEM image. Scale bar, 100 nm.\nD: HRTEM images of nickel particle and CNT, respectively. Scale bars, 2 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10141_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Examples of different DW orientations, data are cropped fromb. DW tangent directions are indicated by white dashed lines, scale bars are 100 nm. (e–h)φ-dependent histograms of angleαin DW centre, counted pixel-by-pixel in four SPLEEM compound images includingb. The histograms are normalized with respect to the total number of evaluated states. Left h., left-handed; ML, monolayer; right h., right-handed.\nB: Definition of anglesαandφ,mindicates the in-plane component of the DW, blue arrow indicates normal vectorn, grey arrow indicates W[001] direction.\nC: Compound SPLEEM image, colourized DW highlights the in-plane orientation of the magnetization inside the DW; scale bar, 1 μm.\nD: Profile sketch of Fe/Ni bilayer grown on W(110) substrate.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7598_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7892", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Representative stress-strain curve from mechanical tensile testing on various silk fibre samples, confirming high fibre robustness and Young's modulus.\nB: The Young's modulus maps (top) and the corresponding Young's modulus distributions (bottom) of the four different types of fibres were obtained using the similar nanoindentation measurement as inSupplementary Fig. 5b. The red colour in the Young's modulus map indicates outliers with extremely high Young's modulus values.\nC: Averaged fibre Young's modulus values over the distribution plots ine, showing standard deviations.\nD: bright-field microscopic images of spun fibres in bundle in the coagulation bath and (b) SEM images of the separated fibre after rehydration, showing a relatively uniform fibre diameter of∼8 μm. In addition, H(AB)12polymer dissolved in LiBr aqueous solution can also form thinner silk fibres without bundling:", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7892_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15846", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The exponentβas a function of the wave vectorq, showing a transition from a compressed to a stretched dynamics.\nB: The particle MSD as a function of timetfor the samekBT/∈ratios as ina.\nC: The decay of the coherent scattering function as a function of the time rescaled by the relaxation timeτqfor a wave vector ranging fromq=0.1 to 10 and for three different ratios ofkBT/∈.\nD: The relaxation timeτ(q) as a function of the wave vectorqfor the three systems: the scaling goes fromτ∼q−1for the fully athermal regime to diffusiveτ∼q−2when the thermal fluctuations dominate; a plateau emerges at low wave vectors corresponding to distances beyond the mesh size of the network, as sketched in the cartoons.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15846_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3431", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Materials science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: TEM image of a typical ultrathin nanosheet. Scale bar, 500 nm.\nB: High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) image of a typical nanosheets showing the lattice fringes of (200) and (020) planes, and the inset is the corresponding fast Fourier transform patterns of the same area in the HR-TEM image. Scale bar, 2 nm.\nC: Field emission scanning electron microscopy image of bulk VOPO4·2H2O precursors, where the stacked layers can be clearly seen. Scale bar, 200 nm.\nD: The SEM image of exfoliated VOPO4ultrathin nanosheets with warped edges exhibiting the ultrathin features. Scale bar, 200 nm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3431_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9363", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Experimental ultrafastD–T2data after the Fourier transform in the spatial frequency dimension. The first row (red) is shown on the top along with the coil sensitivity profile (black).\nB: Corresponding reference map obtained in the conventionalD–T2correlation experiment. The experiments were carried out at 300 MHz1H frequency. The total time in the conventional experiment was 46 min, using eight scans per increment, while only 2 min 30 s were required with a total of 32 scans in the ultrafast experiment.\nC: UltrafastD–T2map including one peak arising from water in the pores (D=0.74·10−9m2s−1,T2=29 ms) and the other from water between the particles (D=1.9·10−9m2s−1,T2=87 ms). The map is the result of a 2D Laplace inversion of experimental data corrected using the coil sensitivity profile in the region affected by the frequency-swept pulse (z=0.96–1.99 cm).\nD: Schematics of the sample consisting of porous silica gel 60 powder immersed in water (1% H2O in D2O).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9363_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7398", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Total number of constraints per atom of the NS2 system. The horizontal red line represents the isostatic linenc=3 (Maxwell stability criterion), and separates flexible from stressed rigid networks.\nB: Calculated number of Silicon stretching- and bending constraintsncBS(Si) andncBB(Si).\nC: Calculated number of bridging oxygen stretching- and bending constraintsncBS(BO) andncBB(BO) as a function of pressure.\nD: Corresponding total bond-stretchingncBSand bond-bending constraints per atomncBB.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7398_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10771", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Colorimetric comparison of the CoS2/CNT and CoS|P/CNT hybrids soaked in 0.5 M H2SO4solution for 2 h; Nitrite R salt was used as the colour indicator.\nB: XRD patterns of CoS2/CNT and CoS|P/CNT after 2 weeks of storage in ambient conditions.\nC: Box plots (median and quartiles) representing the concentrations of Co dissolved in 20 ml of electrolyte as the HER catalysis proceeds. The vertical whiskers represent the s.d. The statistics are derived from at least three independent measurements.\nD: Typical chronoamperometric responses (j∼tcurves) of the CoS2/CNT and CoS|P/CNT catalysts driving hydrogen evolution at the overpotential of 77 mV without iR compensation for 20 h in 0.5 M H2SO4solution. About 0.4 mg of each catalyst was loaded on a carbon fibre paper with 0.5 cm2of active area. The sharp current fluctuations were caused by the sampling of electrolyte during the electrolysis process.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10771_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14625", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Delocalized π bond between C1and imidazolium-4-olate ring.\nB: Coordinative bond between the lone pair electrons of C1and Au.\nC: Delocalized π bond between C1and phenyl ring.\nD: d-π backbond between Au and C1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14625_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13057", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Approximately 5.4 nm copper particles on high-surface-area graphite after reduction (Cu9HSAG).\nB: Approximately 8.0 nm copper particles on silica prepared via homogeneous deposition precipitation followed by a hydrothermal treatment and reduction in H2(Cu40SiO2).\nC: Approximately 2.4 nm copper particles on silica after heat treatment in N2and reduction in H2(Cu2S-N2).\nD: Approximately 14.2 nm copper particles on silica after heat treatment in 2% NO/N2and reduction in H2(Cu6SG(15)-NO). The TEM images inbanddwere acquired with a Tecnai 12 microscope and inaandcwith an image-aberration corrected Titan microscope.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13057_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10085", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Cyclic voltammograms of PNTz4T, PNOz4T (in the thin film), PC61BM and PC71BM (in the solution).\nB: Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of PNTz4T and PNOz4T in the thin film spin-coated from chlorobenzene solution.\nC: Chemical structures of PNTz4T and PNOz4T.\nD: Energy diagrams of PNTz4T, PNOz4T, PC61BM and PC71BM, where the values were estimated by cyclic voltammetry. a.u., arbitrary unit.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10085_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13088", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Flow cytometry assay of azo-DNA-FAM binding efficiency, black: untreated MCF-7 cells, green: unmodified cells treated with azo-DNA-FAM, pink: alkynyl-PEG-β-CD modified cells treated with azo-DNA-FAM, orange: alkynyl-PEG-β-CD modified cells treated with adamantine followed by azo-DNA-FAM, blue: alkynyl-β-CD modified cells treated with azo-DNA-FAM. Data were presented as mean±s.d (n=3).\nB: Schematic illustration of cell-surface decoration with azo-DNA-FAM.\nC: CLSM images of unmodified or β-CD-modified MCF-7 cells after different treatment. FAM signals were found only on the cell surface. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nD: Chemical structure of alkynyl-β-CD and alkynyl-PEG-β-CD.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13088_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12711", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Corrugation image, extracted via the three-dimensional frequency shift landscape.\nB: Proposed chemical structure of the first product. Measurement parameters:Vtip=−200 mV andI=2 pA inaandVtip=−200 mV andI=1 pA in (inset).Vtip=0 mV andA=60 pm inb,c. Scale bar, 4 nm ina. White, blue and yellow scale bars, 300 pm, 600 pm and 520 pm inb,c.\nC: Large-scale STM topography of tDBA as deposited on Cu(111) at 150 K. Inset shows the close view of the single molecule.\nD: Corresponding AFM image, measured at a constant height.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12711_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8669", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The XOR gate only requireskTln 2 work, as it discards less entropy per output event than the AND gate.\nB: The erasure of a quantum systemSwith access to a quantum memoryMmust transfer the content ofSinto the systemEcontaining the discarded information, while preparingS′ in a pure state and mappingMtoM′ identically. The corresponding minimal work cost is; this can be achieved using the procedure of del Rioet al.25If the system is entangled with the memory, this quantity is negative and work may be extracted.\nC: Work can be extracted if randomness is being produced: the discarded information is entangled with the output (orange wavy lines), and the conditional entropy on the right hand side of (1) is negative.\nD: The AND gate is one of the building blocks of computers. Our result implies that any successful implementation of this logically irreversible gate requires at least work log23·kTln 2≈1.6kTln 2 due to the entropy of the discarded information (dotted arrows).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8669_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13108", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Asymmetric parts of the mixed crystals unit cell marked with solid lines and symmetrical equivalents marked with dotted lines. Stoichiometric ratios in which components were mixed are presented in parentheses. Occupancy factors of disordered atoms are also given. Thermal ellipsoids are shown at 50% probability.\nB: SEM images of flexible solid solution crystals and (e) the mechanism of a crystal deformation. X⋯X contacts are not shown for the sake of clarity. The scale bar indis 100 μm.\nC: Crystalline needles of a solid solution grown from a Me2CO/H2O mixture and their elastic properties.\nD: The pattern used for preparing a library of haloimidazole solid solutions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13108_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-17370-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 3.0 A cm−2with anode/cathode dew points of 54/56 °C;\nB: 3.0 A cm−2with anode/cathode dew points of 52/54 °C;\nC: 1.5 A cm−2with anode/cathode dew points of 54/56 °C;\nD: qualitative through-plane water distribution plots extracted from high-resolution images. The intensity indicates the water thickness inside the MEA. The operando cells used in the neutron beam (1.2 cm2active area) were constructed with a 0.70 mgPtRucm−2PtRu/C anode, a Pt/C cathode at 0.60 mgPtcm−2, and a radiation-grafted ETFE-based AEI powder ionomer and ETFE-BTMA AEM (hydrated thickness = 50 μm). The cell temperatures were maintained at 60 °C. The full length of images are shown in Supplementary Fig.7.", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-020-17370-7_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7210", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The molecular velocity distribution in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at 250 K of single 1 Å2pixels in the centre of the pore and near the rim. Maxwell–Boltzmann fits show the respective pixel temperatures. Inset: the frame average of the MD sampling at 250 K. Error bars are s.d. Scale bars, 10 Å.\nB: High-resolution STM time-averaged pattern (TAP) at 82±2.\nC: Projected partition function (PPF) renderings of a single molecule in the pore at 80 K. Blue triangle side 9.5 Å. (c,d) STM TAP and PPF at 145±5 K and 145 K, respectively. The tunnelling parameters in (a,c) are VB=50 mV, It=100 pA.\nD: Differences between TAP and the PPF through image free energy of a single confined molecule at different temperatures computed using the r.h.s. of equation (5) in equation (4). The normalization is carried out usingprefas the maximum value in the confined pore. The inset shows the linear fitF(T−1)=−15.0+176 T−1using data between 180 and 500 K.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7210_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7276", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Change in intensity of Li metal signal on cycling the Li versus Li symmetric cell. The sharp EPR signal appears after polarizing the cell for 1 h by passing 100 μA. There is no change in signal intensity when the cell is kept at rest and small reduction in intensity is observed when the current is reversed.\nB: Electrochemical cycling performance of the cylindrical cell specially designed forin situEPR measurements. Inset ina,bare the schematic of the cell configuration and the picture of the cell. The cell was assembled using Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3as the positive electrode and Li metal foil as the negative electrode.\nC: X-band EPR spectra of the Li versus Li symmetric cell. Bulk lithium did not show any EPR signal because of skin depth effect and a sharp signal because of deposited lithium particles is observed on polarization of the cell.\nD: X-band EPR spectra of the Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3versus Li half cell at OCV and after charging to 3.6 V. At OCV, all the components and cell parts are EPR-silent/inactive and there is no EPR signal. When the cell is charged to 3.6 V, a broad Ru5+signal (blue part,g=2.0002) and a sharp Li metal signal (line marked in pink) was observed.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7276_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15254", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Schematic representation for the formation of a toroidal supramolecular assembly (SPtoroid) in MCH by stacking planar hexamers of1.\nB: Schematic representation of the formation of open-ended extended SPs with photo-switchable spontaneous curvature, wherein the reversible loss and recovery of the curvature are controlled by UV and Vis light, respectively.\nC: Temperature-dependent UV–Vis spectra of MCH solution oftrans-2(c=2.5 × 10−5M, MCH) upon cooling at a cooling rate of 1 °C min−1. Upon cooling, theπ–π* transitions of both azobenzene (360–375 nm) and naphthalene moieties (380–430 nm to 430–500 nm) are bathochromically shifted, suggesting slippedπ–πstacking arrangement (so calledJ-type stacking) of both chromophores.\nD: Chemical structure of previously reported1.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15254_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-15207-x", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: 77(0.2 mmol) and POCl3(0.25 mmol) in 2.0 mL of dry DMF, reflux at 160 °C; 2-methylbut-2-ene (2.6 mmol) in 3 mL oftBuOH, NaClO2(0.74 mmol), NaH2PO4(1.0 mmol) at 25 °C, 24 h.\nB: 73(0.2 mmol) and POCl3(0.25 mmol) in 2.0 mL of dry DMF, reflux at 160 °C; NH4OAc (0.22 mmol) in 1.0 mL MeNO2, reflux at 115 °C;\nC: 72(0.2 mmol) and BBr3(0.22 mmol) in 0.5 mL of DCM at 25 °C, 1 h; NaBO3·4H2O (0.6 mmol) in 0.5 mL of THF and 0.5 mL of K2CO3(aq) at 25 °C, 1 h; K2CO3(0.6 mmol) and BnBr (0.24 mmol) in 2.0 mL of acetone at 25 °C, 24 h;\nD: 70(0.2 mmol) and BBr3(0.6 mmol) in 0.5 mL DCM at 110 °C, 24 h; NaBO3·4H2O (1.0 mmol) in 0.5 mL of THF and 0.5 mL of sat. K2CO3, at 60 °C, 6 h.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-15207-x_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5470", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: CO2reduction performance of bulk MoS2and vertically aligned MoS2represented by VA MoS2.\nB: RGB added image of (G+B) high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) (R) inverted ABF STEM images of vertically aligned MoS2. High-resolution HAADF STEM image of vertically aligned MoS2(scale bar, 2 nm). Mo atoms are brighter and larger in size in comparison with sulphur atoms due to high atomic number.\nC: Annular bright-field (ABF) STEM images of vertically aligned MoS2(scale bar, 20 nm). STEM analysis (inset) shows the vertically aligned texture of MoS2nanoflakes (scale bar, 5 nm).\nD: Raman spectrum for vertically aligned MoS2.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5470_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12949", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Chemical structure of1with the significant protons numbered.\nB: Geometry-optimized structure (B97D3/def2-SVP, butyl chains were replaced by methyl groups) of dimer aggregate. The inversion center of the dimer is indicated with a cross, and the green curved arrow indicates the close proximity of chromophore and backbone protons in the dimer.\nC: Relevant sections of1H NMR (600 MHz) spectrum of1monomer in CD2Cl2(c=1 × 10−3M) at 295 K.\nD: Molecular packing of bis(merocyanine)1in the solid state (side view) with enlargement of the dimer structure motif (front view). Solvent molecules and hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity and butyl chains were replaced by methyl groups.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12949_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1970", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Fractured surface SEM image of a stack of mineral tablets (scale bar, 2 μm).\nB: Artificial nacre, exhibiting a similar coloration as ina(scale bar, 5 mm).\nC: Organic inter-crystalline, film which allows for vertical crystal continuity between tablets (scale bar, 500 nm).\nD: SEM image of a PVP film on calcite showing the a similar pore distribution as in (c) (scale bar, 300 nm).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1970_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2941", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Lithiation/delithiation capacity and CE of SiNP-PANi electrode cycled at current density of 6.0 A g−1for 5,000 cycles.\nB: Capacity and (d) galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles of a SiNP-PANi electrode cycled at various current densities: 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 3.0 A g−1(from right to left).\nC: CV measurement of SiNP-PANi hydrogel composite (red line) and PANi hydrogel (blue line) at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1over the potential window of 0.01–1 V versus Li/Li+.\nD: Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles plotted for the 1st, 1,000th, 2,000th, 3,000th and 4,000th cycles. All electrochemical cycling measurements (b–f) were carried out at room temperature in two-electrode 2032 coin-type half-cells. All the specific capacities and current density are reported based on the weight of SiNPs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2941_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12165", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: selected area electron diffraction pattern of the spent catalyst; all markings in red for bothe,findicate a lattice spacing of 11 Å;\nB: SEM before catalysis (scale bar, 200 nm);\nC: X-ray diffraction patterns;\nD: bright-field TEM image of the spent catalyst with thein situdeposited platinum particles of diameter 2–4 nm (scale bar, 20 nm) and the FFT of the image (inset);", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12165_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1800", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Penetration depth as a function of residence time.\nB: Diffusion model for determination of time,t0, at which critical gel point front reaches walls of gas-impermeable device and induces particle sticking. Simulation solution indicates the maximum residence time is 5.1 s for the creation of particles atHm=20 μm. Scale bars, (b) 50 μm and (d) 40 μm.\nC: Fluorescence images of particles produced with various residence times.\nD: Variation of PEGDA 575 loading percentage to determine critical gel point (∼15% monomer concentration). Synthesis was performed in PDMS devices, and all streams contained rhodamine acrylate for visualization of particle interfaces.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1800_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11002", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Histogram of different types of coupling motifs exhibiting selectivity towards L-type-binding motif. Errors bars ine,fare the standard deviation of the mean. Tunnelling parameters:a,Vb=−1.5 V;b,Vb=−0.5 V forn=3,Vb=−1.5 V forn=4,Vb=−1 V forn=5,Vb=−1 V forn=6,Vb=−1.2 V forn=8;c,Vb=−1.5 V andd,Vb=−0.7 V. Scale bars,a, 5 nm;c,d, 0.5 nm.\nB: Histogram of the number of neighbours per monomer, highlighting the quasi-unidimensional feature of the assemblies.\nC: High-resolution STM images of polymers of distinct size (3, 4, 5, 6 and 8) and histogram of the polymeric length. (c,d) High-resolution STM image and models of the majority of products between coupled monomers (c, L-type andd, V-type).\nD: Long-range STM image displaying the formation of quasi-unidimensional polymers mainly confined to the fcc regions.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11002_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2809", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Responses during 8 h measurement for amber at 95 °C and the amber is almost stable.\nB: Comparison of responses at 110 °C showing shortening of relaxation times during ‘de-aging’ of sample, that is, curves provide an upper bound to equilibrium relaxation response.\nC: Master curve obtained by shifting the stress relaxation curves at different temperatures onto the reference curve at 135 °C. Time–temperature superposition was applied here and shift factors (scaled relaxation times) at different temperatures obtained.\nD: Comparison of half-hour and 8-h stress relaxation responses at 90 °C showing normal aging behaviour.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2809_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-20274-1", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Allyl bromide (1.5 equiv), K2CO3(1.5 equiv), acetone, reflux, 98%;\nB: Boc2O (1.0 equiv), DCM, rt, then DMP (1.0 equiv), NaHCO3(5.0 equiv), 0 °C to rt, 68% yield from35. DCM dichloromethane, DMP Dess–Martin periodinane.\nC: LiAlH4(5.0 equiv), Et2O, 0 °C to rt;\nD: PdCl2(0.05 equiv), CuCl2(1.5 equiv), O2, DMF/H2O = 7/1, rt, then NaOH (4.0 equiv), MeOH, 73%;", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-020-20274-1_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-40667-2", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: WT-EXAFS contour plots of Fe foil, FeTpp, Fe-pdN-C(O), Fe-poN-C(O) and Fe-poN-C/Fe.\nB: XANES and (b) FT-EXAFS spectra at the Fe K-edge of Fe-pdN-C(O), Fe-poN-C(O) and Fe-poN-C/Fe with the reference samples.\nC: N 1 s spectra and (f) O atomic content of Fe-pdN-C(O), Fe-poN-C(O) and Fe-poN-C/Fe.\nD: The fitting curve of FT-EXAFS for Fe-poN-C/Fe.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-40667-2_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14457", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: XRPD patterns for1and its1@KOHand1@Ba(OH)2derivative materials.\nB: HRTEM images of sample1@Ba(OH)2in the high angle annular dark-field (HAADF) and EDX mapping for Ni and Ba elements. The scale bar in (d) is referred to 1 μm.\nC: Detail of the crystal structure of1around the metal cluster12and DFT optimized structures of the crystal defects in1@KOH, and ion exchanged1@Ba(OH)2. Ni (cyan); K (purple); Ba (wine); N (blue); O (magenta); H (white); C (grey lines).\nD: Impact of PSMs on the accessibility of the pore structure to nitrogen probe molecule at 77 K on the1,1@KOH,1@Ba(OH)2series.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14457_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11399", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Comparison of the total specific capacitance and specific energy density. Approximately 1.5 × 1013PMo12O403−were deposited in each case.\nB: representative CV and (b) galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves.\nC: Capacity retention as a function of the number of GCD cycles. Current density: 8 A g−1.\nD: Effect of PMo12O403−loading on the total specific capacitance (black) and specific Faradaic capacitance (green).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11399_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8417", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Hysteresis curves for three load/unload cycles, H/H HDCN.\nB: Hysteresis curves for three load/unload cycles, H/L HDCN.\nC: Hysteresis curves for H/H, H/L, and L/H HDCNs.\nD: Hysteresis curves for three load/unload cycles, L/H HDCN.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8417_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4931", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Upper: experimentally measured force profile across an intramolecular C–C bond. Lower: experimental force profile for the hydrogen bond region.\nB: Equivalent plot for the H-bond location. Note comparable intensity of EDD features inaandb. (Density scale represented in units of electrons per bohr3). EDD plotted at 50 pm above molecular plane.\nC: Calculated TED (left) and EDD (right) plots for an O-down NTCDI tip at the C–C location of a networked NTCDI at a tip-sample separation ofz=250 pm (corresponding tozvalue #1 inFig. 2);\nD: Line profiles through the simulated three-dimensional force field, at the H-bond and C–C bond positions. Compare the experimental profiles ine. Note that the small oscillation of the force observed for the simulated hydrogen-bond region arises from a numerical artefact owing to the finite self-consistent field (SCF) grid size used to calculate the density. (See theSupplementary Informationfile for more information).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4931_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11746", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: bisphosphine Au(I) complexes with P–Au–P bond angles of ≈90°; and (c) bisphosphine ligated gold cluster. Switching on desired protonation of binuclear silver hydride cations, [LAg2(H)]+by formic acid:\nB: Linear diphosphine Au(I) complexes do not undergo oxidative addition of iodobenzene. Oxidative addition of iodobenzene does occur for:\nC: formic acid is steered to active site by phosphine ligands;\nD: bisphosphine ligands reshape geometry of active site to switch on desired protonation reaction.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11746_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3275", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic for multiplexed self-assembly of 25 orthogonal pairs of dimers in five independent experiments.\nB: Hydrogel cube dimers were identified under microscopy and quantified as the specific (66±5%) and non-specific (18±7%) binding events,n=5, *P<0.05.\nC: The final assembled structure from five independent experiments were pooled together into a single Petri dish for imaging, and the assembled specific structure was indicated by a white arrow. Scale bar, 1 mm.\nD: Schematic (top left) describes the double layer structure of hydrogel cube used in the multiplexed self-assembly of 25 dimers. The core cube was 100 × 100 × 100 μm and the periphery cube was 300 × 300 × 300 μm. See Methods for fabrication details. The core and periphery hydrogel cubes were labelled with distinct coloured microbeads respectively, and pairwise combinations of five colours (red, blue, yellow, black and violet) generated 25 distinct signatures. Images of 25 corresponding dimers are shown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3275_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8798", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Large-scale TEM image; scale bar, 10 nm.\nB: High-resolution TEM image; scale bar, 2 nm.\nC: XRD pattern of NiCo2O4catalyst.\nD: Schematic showing a surface of NiCo2O4catalyst.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8798_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11580", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: HR-TEM image of solid WD-POM@SMOF-1 from the {100} direction. The sample was obtained by slowly evaporating the aqueous solution ([1]=0.3 mM, [WD-POM]/[1]=0.067). Scale bar, 100 nm.\nB: Scale bar, 10 nm.\nC: TEM images of SMOF-1. Scale bar, 10 μm. Inset: SAED pattern showing the reciprocal lattice observed for the {100} facet, which showed foursquare order. Scale bar, 2 nm. (b,c) High-resolution cryo-TEM images of SMOF-1 from different facets showing different lattice spacings.\nD: High-resolution TEM image of solid WD-POM@SMOF-1. Scale bar, 20 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11580_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4800", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Density plot of the vector momentum sum of the recoil of the two (H+,C2H+) deprotonation fragments.\nB: Density plot for the asymmetry parameter,A(p||,φ), for C2H22+ions.\nC: 1-D cut of potential energy curves of the considered states in the ionization and deprotonation: ground () and first excited state (A1Πu) of the neutral molecule, the cation ground (X2Πu) and degenerate first excited state (A2Πu), and the dication ground () and first excited state (A3Πu) along the anti-symmetric stretching coordinateRantiatRsym=0. The red vertical line indicates the tunnelling ionization and the grey curved line marks the second ionization step by electron recollision.\nD: Density plot of the acetylene dication longitudinal recoil momentum as a function of the experimental CEP,φ, for 4 fs pulses at an intensity of 2 × 1014W cm−2. CEP-integrated momenta are shown in the right panel. The dashed (dotted) lines shown correspond to CEP’s with maximum positive (negative) asymmetry in the ion emission, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4800_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2242", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Atom map of small Cu-rich areas; scale bar: 2 nm.\nB: APT data of the specimen after reduction showing Cu particles (4–8 nm) and high-density Cu cluster areas in the solid matrix (red patches).\nC: HAADF-STEM imaging of CuZnGaOxcatalyst after reduction showing bimodal distribution of large Cu particles (7–9 nm) and small Cu clusters (0.5–2 nm).\nD: Cu signal from the region A identified by mass spectroscopy.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2242_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10411", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A histogram representing the positions of the maxima of the emission spectra for all measured molecules. The assigned colours correspond to the excitation wavelengths indicated in panel (a).\nB: Exemplary emission spectra associated with molecules absorbing at different wavelengths. Molecules M1 and M2 correspond to the two molecules from the composite confocal image ina. The red arrow indicates the excitation wavelength (633 nm), the black dashed line indicates the cutoff wavelength of the long-pass filter.\nC: Absorption (black solid line) and emission (black dashed line) spectra of a solution of QDI in PMMA/toluene mixture. The brown solid line indicates the absorption spectrum of QDI molecules embedded in a solidified PMMA matrix.\nD: A composite confocal image of dispersed QDI molecules in a PMMA matrix constructed from a series of five normalized images recorded at different excitation wavelengths. The assigned colour corresponds to appearance of the molecules in the image for a specific excitation wavelength. The height of the peaks reflects the relative fluorescence intensity between the molecules.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10411_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3162", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: HRTEM image of S@SWCNT. The two lines correspond to 1D sulphur chains encapsulated inside a SWCNT.\nB: HRTEM image of S@DWCNT with the 1D sulphur chain in zigzag conformation.\nC: A 1D linear chain inside a DWCNT. Scale bar, 2 nm.\nD: XRD profiles of S@SWCNTs, empty SWCNTs, S@DWCNTs and empty DWCNTs. Arrows indicate the Bragg peaks of 1D sulphur chains.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3162_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2641", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Illustration of the system divided into two regions that are similar to a cell suspended in liquid. The broken line represents an imaginary semipermeable membrane at the boundary of the two regions. The negatively charged host layers remain only in the internal region, resulting in concentrated DMAEH+in the gallery as determined by the Gibbs–Donnan equilibrium. Unlike the bulk water in the external reservoir, the strong interactions between the DMAEH+and H2O trigger the formation of an orientated hydrogen-bonded network that could help to stabilize the lamellar structure and connect the successive layers separated by up to 90 nm.\nB: A comparison of the DMAE concentrations inside and outside of the gallery. The DMAE typically concentrates in the gallery. Under the dilute regime before saturation, the external concentrations approached zero, while the internal concentrations remained nearly constant (0.04 mol l−1). The reverse occurred at high concentrations, beyond which little change in swelling was observed.\nC: The radial distribution functionsg(r) of water from nitrogen in TBAOH and DMAE and from oxygen (–OH) in DMAE. The solid and broken lines denote the water oxygen and hydrogen, respectively. The water molecules surrounding DMAEH+exhibited substantially higher-ordered structures than the random state around the TBA+. Furthermore, the –NH and –OH in the DMAEH+attracted O and H, respectively, of the polar H2O, producing water clusters with a net dipole (Supplementary Fig. S8). The ‘polar’ water clusters interconnected through the dipole–dipole interactions, which may have helped to stabilize the highly swollen structure.\nD: The amount of intercalated DMAE molecules (as a percentage of the exchange capacity) provided as a function of the initial DMAE concentration. The amount of intercalated DMAE molecules first increased sharply in a nearly linear manner until reaching a saturation value at DMAE/H+= ~0.5–1, which is ~37% of the exchange capacity. This corresponded with the maximum swelling, beyond which no additional solvent could penetrate between the sheets.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2641_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5622", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Tensile modulus of βCD–bpy gels before and after immersed in an aqueous solution of CuCl2or FeCl2([MCl2]=10 mM (M2+=metal ion, 3 eq [/bpy]). Error bars, s.e.m. (n=4)).\nB: Length change of βCD–bpy gel on reaction with various metal salt aqueous solution ([MCl2]=2 mM (M2+=metal ion, 3 eq [/bpy]). Error bars, s.e.m. (n=4)).\nC: Schematic representation of decross-linking or cross-linking of βCD–bpy gels by metal–bpy complex formation.\nD: Photographs of pieces of βCD–bpy gel before and after immersion in an aqueous solution of CuCl2or FeCl2. Scale bar, 1 mm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5622_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13640", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Fluorescence anisotropy (I0°−I90°)/(I0°+I90°) of hot-pressed films ofPMATTT,PMABTT,PMATBTandPMATTB, whereI0°andI90°are the fluorescence intensities in the polarized emission spectra when the excitation and emission polarizers form angles of 0 and 90°, respectively. Error bars represent s.d.\nB: Schematic representation of anisotropic fluorescence experiments and orientation of mesogens in the side chains (top view). When a film sample is excited by polarized ultraviolet light (310 nm, purple line) parallel to the surface grooves on the Teflon sheets (black arrows), a polarized blue emission (420 nm, blue line) appears. The outermost mesogens are oriented more parallel to the surface grooves on the Teflon sheets than those of inner mesogens.\nC: Schematic representation of local dipoles formed by the ester and ether groups in the individual side chains of a bottlebrush polymer examined in the present study.\nD: Schematic representations of a 2D assembly of bottlebrush polymer molecules with an ellipsoidally deformed cross-section into a rectangular lattice via a dipole–dipole interaction. Red arrows denote the directions of the oppositely oriented local dipoles in the side chains.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13640_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9127", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: LSCM images of the mixture of ‘windmill’-shaped supermicelles labelled with either red or green dyes (after 10 days at 22 °C) ini-PrOH. Scale bars are 500 nm in (a), 5 μm in (c,d) and 1 μm in the inset.\nB: TEM image (after solvent evaporation) of a ‘windmill’-like supermicelle formed ini-PrOH.\nC: LSCM image of fluorescent dye-labelled large ‘supermicelles’ with the inner N segments labelled with a red dye and the outer N segments labelled with a green dye ini-PrOH. Inset is a zoom-in LSCM image of a ‘windmill’-like supermicelle.\nD: Schematic illustration of the supermicelles.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9127_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12251", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 900 s; and (e) 1,800 s. Scale bars, 2 nm. The two dashed black lines inamark the angle between the Ag NP/MW-CNT system, which was used to monitor the rotation of the Ag NP. The curved red arrow denotes the rotation direction and the yellow dashed line marks the contact interface between the Ag NP and the MW-CNT.\nB: 300 s;\nC: 0 s;\nD: 600 s;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12251_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6979", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: HRTEM image of PCN-333(Al) taken along the [111] direction, showing the pore with the size of about 3.7 nm in projection. Scale bar, 20 nm;\nB: Fourier transform of HRTEM image inc, from which the amplitudes and phases were extracted;\nC: SEM image of PCN-333(Al). Scale bar, 10 μm;\nD: observed (blue), calculated (red) and difference (black) plot for the Rietveld refinement of PCN-333(Al);", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6979_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15360", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Valence band spectra collected using 690 eV photons to probe the near-surface region (IMFP=1.2 nm) reveal the same qualitative behaviour.\nB: A semiquantitative measure of the oxygen content, obtained from an appropriate normalization of the valence-band spectra (seeSupplementary Note 2) shows an inverse correlation with Ce3+concentration suggesting that oxygen vacancies form alongside Ce3+at the surface and near-surface regions. Triangles and circles denote films grown on YSZ and STO, respectively. The error in, that is, the fitted slope, is estimated by combining the fitting error (95% confidence interval) as well as the uncertainties associated with converting Ce 4fintensity to Ce oxidation state.\nC: Schematic of electronic structure changes with oxygen nonstoichiometry in CeO2-δ. Upon reduction, the density of O 2pstates decreases, and that of occupied Ce 4fstates increase proportionally.\nD: Valence-band spectra (250 eV photons, inelastic mean free path (IMFP)=0.6 nm) at 450 °C and relatively oxidizingpO2=1.3 × 10−4atm (black curve) and reducingpO2=1 × 10−28atm (blue curve) showing the absence and presence of Ce 4fstates, respectively. The spectra have been normalized by the integrated intensity of the corresponding Ce 4dcore-level spectra.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15360_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2490", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Dimer of the complex showing the potential of hydrogen bond formation, (d) complex with hydration shell. Theab initiogeometry optimizations were performed at the Hartree–Fock level with a 6-31G**(dp) basis set using the GAMESS software. The solvent (water) was described both explicitly, by surrounding the complex with 18 water molecules to account for the first hydration shell, and implicitly, using the conductor-like polarizable continuous model to describe the bulk solvent around the explicitly solvated complex. These calculations further indicated that the complexes have a hydration sphere with an outer diameter of 1.5 nm, consisting of 15 water molecules forming H bonds with the phosphate oxygen atoms.\nB: Mechanism of aggregation. Pre-nucleation complexes in solution forming branched polymeric assemblies by a reaction-limited aggregation (RLCA) process. Nucleation of ACP occurs through the binding of additional calcium ions and the subsequent aggregation of the resulting post-nucleation cluster. This post-nucleation cluster also is the basis of the crystal structure of octacalcium phosphate (and of AP), which forms through the further uptake of calcium ions. 3D computer visualizations of cryo-electron tomograms of the polymeric assemblies and spheres are given next to their schematic representations.\nC: Equilibria between pre-nucleation complexes, ion pairs and ions in the pre-nulceation stage.Keq,Ka,Kp,KP−PHandKP−Iare the corresponding equilibrium constants. (c,d) Structure of the pre-nucleation complex derived fromab initiocalculations.\nD: Overall equilibrium in pre-nucleation stage.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2490_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Ni nanoparticles size distribution of the reduced LSTMNA−inset, Scale bars, 3 μm;\nB: High-resolution transmission electron microscopic results for the reduced LSTMNA−, Scale bars, 5 nm;\nC: Scanning electron microscopic results for the reduced LSTMNA−, Scale bars, 5 μm;\nD: the legible hetero-junction of Ni and substrate along the corresponding to pink square shown in (c), Scale bars, 2 nm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14785_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10744", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Following spin randomization of the excited electron on the NP, this electron is transferred to the substrate. Both NP and substrate are again neutral.\nB: A spin-selected electron is transferred from the substrate to the hole on the NP. An unpaired electron is left on the substrate side.\nC: Photoexcitation of the NPs creates an electron–hole pair.\nD: A net spin polarization at the substrate is formed. This process may occur many times during the substrate spin-polarization lifetime, resulting in very high polarization. Depending on rate constants involved, step (c) may precede (b).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10744_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-40718-8", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Reactions were performed in toluene at −30 °C.\nB: Reactions were performed at 0 °C.\nC: Reactions were performed in toluene at −20 °C.\nD: Reactions were performed using2a(0.65 equiv) at 0 °C.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-023-40718-8_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12942", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Models of the active site of CYP76AH22 (green) and CYP76AH1 (magenta) with bound ferruginol and haem (orange carbon atoms). The models were generated using 2HI4 (structure of human CYP1A2) as a template. Only in the case of CYP76AH22 can the hydrogen atom at C11 be abstracted by the reactive oxygen atom, thanks to the short distance of 3.1 Å (green dashed line). In contrast, the corresponding distance in CYP76AH1 is 4.6 Å (magenta dashed line), which is too large to support oxidation at this position.\nB: GC–MS profile (selectedm/zsignals: 286, 300 and 302) and (f) LC–MS profile (selectedm/zsignals: 285.221 and 301.217) of yeast strains expressing GGPPS, CPS, MS, ATR1 and indicated CYP enzymes (wild type or mutagenized). The region of the chromatograms with signals for ferruginol (4) and 11-hydroxyferruginol (5) is shown.\nC: Electron impact mass spectra of ferruginol (4), 11-hydroxyferruginol (5), which was extracted from rosemary or yeast cultures, and of hydroxyferruginol quinone (6).\nD: Excerpts of the aligned amino acid sequences of CYP76AH1 and CYP76AH22 with the residues that were mutagenized indicated by red rectangles.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12942_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3581", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Reaction scheme.\nB: 3D simulation model ofmMeO-Styin theRuG4acavity. This substrate fits in the cavity in a side-on position in relation to the oxygen atom on the RuPor core.\nC: Ratio of the reaction rate catalysed byRuG4aandRuG1afor each methoxystyrene substrate.\nD: 3D simulation model ofpMeO-Styin theRuG4acavity. The methoxy group conflicts with the sidewall.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3581_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6847", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Electrolytic transport properties of dDT–AuNP-modified PC substrates for 1 mM NaCl. Conductivity rejection (leftyaxis) and corresponding membrane charge density (rightyaxis), as calculated in the Donnan model, equation (1), are shown as a function of the number of dDT–AuNP monolayers transferred to the underlying substrate. Error bars represent s.d.’s in individual measurements of the conductivity rejection; on average, six measurements were made for each monolayer transfer. As additional monolayers are transferred to the substrate, the rejection approaches a saturating value of ~25%, which we associate with the maximum rejection of methyl-terminated AuNP membranes, given an underlying pore diameter of 100 nm.\nB: Optical image of a dDT–AuNP-modified PC substrate, 13 mm in diameter, after 12 × monolayer transfers (scale bar 2 mm).\nC: SEM of a single uncovered 100-nm pore and (d) the dDT–AuNP film (scale bars inc,d25 nm).\nD: Schematic of a AuNP film deposited on a porous PC substrate and subsequent transport pathway for an electrolyte (blue sphere) moving through an uncovered pore. Ligands absorbed to the surface of the AuNPs modify the pore entrance and set the chemistry of the underlying pore through the ligand terminal group; as shown methyl-terminated dDT.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6847_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5647", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Three-dimensional representation of an AFM height image from a piece of PSII membranes on a mica substrate.\nB: UV-visible absorption spectra of PSII (orange), Ru2S3/CdS (black) and Ru/SrTiO3:Rh (blue). The spectra of these photocatalysts in powder form were measured with an integrating sphere for diffuse reflectance; this method is different from that using a cuvette for measuring the transmittance of the PSII solution; the results were finally transformed in absorbance. Fora,d, PSII of 10 μg chlorophyll ml−1was dispersed in a Na–phosphate buffer solution (50 mM sodium phosphates, 15 mM NaCl, pH 6.0). Scale bars, 5 μm.\nC: An AFM phase image of a piece of PSII membranes on a mica substrate.\nD: A bright-field microscope image of the PSII sample.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5647_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13651", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Cyclic voltammograms of BDTT-Si and BDTT-C in 0.1 mol l−1Bu4NPF6acetonitrile solution at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1, the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) couple was also provided for an internal reference.\nB: Synthetic route ofJ71with the structure of BDTT-Si obtained by X-ray crystallography.\nC: Energy level diagrams of BDTT-Si and BDTT-C.\nD: Absorption spectra of the monomers BDTT-Si and BDTT-C chloroform solutions with concentration of 1 × 10−5mol l−1.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13651_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) height image shows a nanoparticle with grafted brush layer swollen with butyronitrile exhibiting a hemispherical shape (10 nm thick; inset, height profile of nanoparticle).\nB: Phase image of the same nanoparticle reveals a stiffer phase in the shape of a hexagon at the base (75 nm wide). Scale bar inb,crepresents 50 nm.\nC: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of α-ZrP nanoplatelets with average size of 100±51 nm, measured from over 200 particles. Scale bar, 100 nm.\nD: Spray-coated film is flexible and bends easily.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4589_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2193", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The intensities I(χ) obtained by radial integration over the wide-angle arc for positions 2, 3 and 4 exhibit two intensity maxima for nematic phases nearχ=−90° and +90°, and point to a uniform director orientation along the axis a. At the poles of the particle, the directorn^aligns normal to the axis a leading to a 90° shift of the two maxima (position 5). At position 1, the region with the director oriented parallel as well as perpendicular to the axis a is measured by the X-ray beam, leading to an intensity distribution I(χ) with four maxima.\nB: Positions on the core-shell elastomer particle where the X-ray measurements were performed.\nC: The diffraction profile I(2θ) for position 3 shows two diffuse maxima at 5° and 20°, typical for nematic liquid crystals.\nD: Schematic drawing of the bipolar director alignment within the shell, depicted as seen from the outside. The approximate positions of the X-ray beam during the measurements of positions 1, 3 and 5 are highlighted.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2193_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15306", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: top and side views of the optimized model for a single-vacancy created within a SLG on a graphene buffer layer. In this model we have saturated with hydrogen atoms the anchoring points between the graphene buffer layer and the SiC(0001) with respect to the model shown ind;\nB: STM image obtained after dosing the vacancies with 4L of p-AP; Tunnel current and bias are 0.09 nA, −1,240 mV, respectively. Images a and b were recorded with a H-terminated tip, whereas c, with a standard W tip.\nC: STM image of single atom vacancies formed upon Ar+irradiation on the surface; Tunnel current and bias are 2 nA, −289 mV, respectively.\nD: pictorial representation of a fully relaxed model of 4H-SiC(0001) SLG/(6✓3 × 6✓3)R30° unit cell37;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15306_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3890", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Nano-FTIR (red) and GI-FTIR spectra of an ensemble of horizontally absorbed PMs on a gold substrate (blue). The red dot in the topography image marks the position where the nano-FTIR spectra (average of 60 interferograms; 23 min total acquisition time; 8 cm−1resolution; × 4 zero filling) was recorded. The position marked by the yellow dot and R indicates where the reference spectrum was recorded.\nB: Illustration of near-field probing of PM.\nC: Topography of PMs on a silicon substrate. Scale bar, 400 nm.\nD: Infrared near-field phase imagesϕ3at two different frequencies, 1,660 cm−1(left) and 1,720 cm−1(right; 19 min total image acquisition time).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3890_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4515", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Infrared transmission spectra measured for the same set of samples.\nB: Local structure around the channel in apatite, showing the coordinating ions with OH−and H−ions.\nC: 1H−magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra collected in apatite samples annealed in wet N2(indicated by blue lines), in dry O2(orange) and with TiH2(brown and red). Filled areas highlight the signals assigned to H−ions.\nD: Correlation between chemical shifts (δiso) in the NMR spectra and wavenumbers in the infrared spectra. Blue and red shaded areas indicate chemical shift ranges predicted using thedM–HanddO–H…Ocorrelations withδiso(H−) andδiso(H+), respectively, given inFig. 4and equation 1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4515_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8261", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: OER catalytic activities of CoO/CNF on CFP in 0.1 M KOH under different galvanostatic cycles. The polarization scan rate is 5 mV s−1. Two-cycle CoO/CNF gives the best performance.\nB: TEM image of 2-cycle CoO/CNF shows the ultra-small, interconnected NPs. The sizes are∼2–5 nm.\nC: The Tafel plots of OER polarization curves.\nD: TEM image of pristine CoO/CNF. The lattice structure and the FFT pattern indicate the single-crystalline nature of the pristine particle.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8261_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10600", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The dependence of ohmic and mass transport resistance on the compressive strain shown ind.\nB: PMAX/ΔT2generated by the thermocell as a function of the per cent mechanical compression of cell electrodes. The inset illustrates the mechanical compression of a planar CNT aerogel electrode.\nC: Maximum power density normalized to the inter-electrode temperature difference (PMAX/ΔT2) as a function of thermal oxidation time. (Inset: the dependence of activation resistance and the sum of ohmic and mass transport resistance on thermal oxidation time).\nD: Cell voltage versus current density and (b) cell power density versus current density for samples having different thermal oxidation times.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10600_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6802", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Separation apparatus with the facile gravity-driven separation of water-in-oil emulsions using the FIBER NFAs (ρ=9.6 mg cm−3).\nB: Rt/R0of the CNFAs when repeatedly compressed (ε=50%) over 10 cycles.\nC: The thermal conductivities of the FIBER NFAs in air as a function of density.\nD: Rt/R0hysteresis of the CNFAs (ρ=5.1 mg cm−3) as a function of strain under a compressing and releasing cycle (ε=50%). The insets show that the brightness increases on compression of the CNFAs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6802_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1542", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: XRD patterns of X%N3-COF-5 (X=5, 25, 50, 75 and 100) and COF-5. The diffraction peaks from 100, 110, 200, 300 and 001 facets of X%N3-COF-5 are the same as those for COF-5. The introduction of azide units to the phenylene walls does not affect the AA stacking structure of COFs.\nB: XRD pattern simulation of 100%N3-COF-5. The green curve is experimentally observed XRD pattern, red curve is Pawley refinement and black curve is their difference. The blue curve is the simulated XRD pattern based on the AA stacking model (P6/m) and orange curve is that based on the AB stacking model (P63mc). The AA stacking model reproduces the experimental XRD pattern, while the AB stacking model cannot reproduce the XRD pattern.\nC: The unit-cell structure of 100%N3-COF-5 derived using the AA stacking model alongzaxis.\nD: A single pore structure.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1542_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8128", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Comparison of experimental and simulated FWHMa*and FWHMc*of (011) diffraction spot for a 1.5-UC-thick MFI nanosheet as a function of tilt (normalization of FWHM is done with FWHM atθ=18°). The error bars represent mechanical accuracy of TEM and holder in tilt angle determination (see ‘Error analysis’ in Methods section).\nB: a*b*and (b)b*c*projections of (011) rel-rods from experimental diffraction patterns of MFI nanosheet. Ewald sphere intersections with rel-rods are plotted as solid blue and red lines. The cones determine the broadening of the rel-rods due to nanosheet wrinkling.\nC: Bragg-filtered HR-TEM image of a MFI nanosheet showing variations in intensity across the sheet overlaid with the estimated wrinkled nanosheet model.\nD: Two sine waves ina- andc-directions, superposition of which provides the best description of the wrinkles in these MFI nanosheets.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8128_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14313", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Proposed inside structure of the island superposed on the Laplacian-filtered image inc. Note that other possible structures are shown inSupplementary Fig. 5. Scale bar, 5 Å.\nB: Schematic structure of thep(2 × 6) H2O–OH network on the surface7.\nC: AFM image magnified at the upper part ofb. The solid (dotted) lines represent the apparent O–O bonds with lengths of less (more) than 3.1 Å.\nD: AFM image of the island ina(V=0 mV,A=1 Å, Δz=−1 Å). The tip height Δzwas set over the bare surface under the same conditions asa.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14313_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5948", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: AuCu3.\nB: Au3Cu.\nC: Total current density plot of Au–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles. Current density is from the geometric area of the electrodes. All measurements were under the same environment of 0.1 M KHCO3(pH 6.8) at 1 atm CO2and room temperature. The grey line indicates the activity of the bare substrate from linear sweep voltammetry (50 mV s−1) stabilized after multiple cycles. For the nanoparticles, the current density is averaged for the first 5 min of each run to rule out any effects that mask their fundamental activity such as extensive bubble formation. On the plot is the average current density of multiple runs at each potential. SeeSupplementary Figs 4 and 5.\nD: AuCu.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5948_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15717", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Cycling performance of the MDC-OMC. Inset: The corresponding galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at a current density of 4 A g−1of 1st and 7,000th cycle. The reference electrode is a SCE.\nB: GCD curves of the MDC-OMC at different current densities.\nC: Nyquist plots of the MDC-OMC and MDC with the close-up view on the high-frequency regime.\nD: CV curves of the MDC-OMC at various scan rates.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15717_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8954", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A view of1showing without interpenetration. Solvents are omitted;\nB: a view of3with encapsulated anthracene (blue) guest;\nC: Kekulé structures of anthracene, perylene and An2Py (resonance showing possible stabilized biradical structure); and (e) luminescence photos of An2Py,1a,2,3at 800, 1200, and 1500, nm femtosecond pulsed laser excitation.\nD: A view of2with encapsulated perylene (orange) guest;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8954_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10078", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Microscope image (top view) of a released sample of Λ-like NED actuator at its free end and clamping position (left and right, scale bar, 50 μm).\nB: Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a V-like NED actuator sample cut with a focused ion beam at the middle of the cantilever (scale bar, 2 μm).\nC: Microscope image (top view) of a released sample of V-like NED actuator at its free end, middle and clamping position (from left to right, scale bar, 50 μm).\nD: Scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of a Λ-like NED actuator sample cut with a focused ion beam at the middle of the cantilever (scale bar, 2 μm). Additional microscopy images are given inSupplementary Figs 8 and 9to provide a more detailed understanding of the fabricated NED actuators.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10078_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15909", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: AFM image of the aligned and unfragmentedrrP3HT106-b-rsP3HT47fibres (Ln>10 μm). Scale bar, 200 nm.\nB: Schematic illustration of the charge-carrier transfer processes present in thin films of semiconductive fibre networks.\nC: Variation of saturation mobility versus the fibre lengths after self-seeding. The red curve is a quadratic fit to the data. Each saturation mobility data point is averaged over the data from at least ten devices.\nD: Transfer characteristics of the OFET device of the aligned and unfragmentedrP3HT106-b-rsP3HT47fibres.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15909_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32902-z", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: K2CO3(5.0 equiv), 18-crown-6 ether (5.0 equiv), THF, 0 °C, 61%. TBStbutyldimethylsilyl, TBHPtbutyl hydroperoxide, DMP Dess–Martin periodinane, DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine, EDCI 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide.\nB: VO(OEt)3(0.05 equiv), TBHP (4.0 equiv), CH2Cl2, 0 °C to 23 °C, 98%;\nC: TBDPSCl (1.2 equiv), imidazole (1.2 equiv), DMAP (0.1 equiv), CH2Cl2, 0 °C to 23 °C, 95%;\nD: 16(0.2 equiv),17(0.1 equiv), TBSCl (2.0 equiv),iPr2EtN (1.2 equiv), THF, –40 °C, 99% (95% ee);", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-32902-z_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3009", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Progression of the phase transformation over the crystals (scale bar, 200 μm). Partial decomposition of theIIyphase was observed (white triangles).\nB: Crystal structure ofIIyscsc. These mechanical- and seeding-triggered phase transformation experiments could be replicated many times; however, the conversion rate varied considerably from crystal to crystal.\nC: Progression of phase transformation from the seed crystals (white triangles; scale bar, 200 μm).\nD: Mechanical stimulus-triggered phase transformation (scale bar, 200 μm). A small pit (left, white arrow) was first produced by pricking the fixed sample with a needle. The phase transformation gradually spread over the entire crystal after 9 h.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3009_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15902", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: S schematic representations showing the characteristic dimensions of the NSF micrococoons generated in this study.\nB: Different micrococoon shapes generated as a function of the protein concentration and of the ratio of the flow rates of the aqueous to oil phases.\nC: Schematic representation of the microfluidic processing of NSF into micrococoons.\nD: Optical microscopy images of the NSF micrococoons formed at a single T-junction in the microfluidic device. Micrographs of a variety of NSF micrococoon shapes are shown in the lower panels:", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15902_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9173", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Describes how the two-body FRET (II) (resp. (II’)) from thep(resp.) state occurs through the exchange of a single virtual photon symbolized with two blue arrows.\nB: Schematic energy diagram as a function of the applied electric field for the different three-atom states involved: the dotted lines represent the energy of each state in the abscence of interactions, for example, for atoms far apart. Interactions turn the different resonances into avoided crossings marked with dash-dotted lines. They correspond to two-body resonances ((II), (III) and (II′)) and three-body resonances ((I) and (I′)) where the resonant energy transfers detailed in (b) to (e) can take place.\nC: ) Describes how the three-body FRET transfers the startingppp(resp.) state to the end state through the exchange of two different virtual photons. The first virtual photon, symbolized with blue arrows crossed with a single mark, leads the system to a virtual intermediate state before the second, symbolized with red arrows crossed with two marks, leads it resonantly to the end state. For reference, an horizontal dashed line at the energyrepresents when possible the two-body resonance condition.\nD: (resp.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9173_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1561", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Charge stability diagram around the 2-electron regime atB=1.5 T. (nL,nR) indicate the absolute numbers of electrons in the left and right dot, respectively. During measurements, 11 GHz microwaves with 880 Hz on–off modulation are applied to the right side gate. The top panel displays schematically one cycle of the ac signal applied to the right side gate. Along the detuning axis (dashed arrow) PAT-lines are observed.\nB: Scanning-electron micrograph top view of the double-dot gate structure with Co micromagnet (blue). The voltages applied to the leftVLand rightVRside gates (red) control the detuningɛof the double-dot potential. The double-dot charge state is read out by means of the currentIQPCrunning through a nearby quantum point contact (white arrow).\nC: In the conventional picture of PAT, the first sidebands seen inbshould appear when the detuning of the (0,2) and (1,1) states matches the photon energy, and interdot tunnelling is induced. Further sidebands are then interpreted as multi-photon transitions.μFis the chemical potential of the left and right electron reservoir.\nD: Same as inb, but the microwaves are interrupted every 5 μs by a 200 ns,Pɛ=2 mV detuning pulse applied to the left and right side gates (see the schematic in the top panel). The pulses generate a reference line (black arrow) due to mixing at theST+anti-crossing.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1561_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14039", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Line profiles of adsorbed species: blue line for the species marked incand the red line for the species ind. Image sizes and scanning conditions:\nB: 7 nm × 7 nm,Vs=0.1 V,It=0.7 nA.\nC: 43 nm × 43 nm,Vs=0.4 V,It=0.1 nA;\nD: 8.5 nm × 8.5 nm,Vs=0.1 V,It=2.1 nA;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14039_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1116", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The CG model of the AcrB porter domain and the drug, minocycline (yellow). Two residues that hide the drug are not drawn. The chains being the B, E and A states in the crystal structure are numbered by I, II and III respectively.\nB: A trajectory of conformational changes of the single protomer. The threeQscores (seeMethods) are plotted simultaneously, where the dashed line indicates the start for production. Representative snapshots for the three states are also shown above the time series, in which the red and pink spheres indicate key conformational difference.\nC: Isolated porter domain viewed from the cell exterior. The protomers in blue, red and green represent the binding (abbreviated by B), extrusion (E) and access (A) states respectively.\nD: Results for the single protomer simulation with the control set. The values near circles are the probabilities of corresponding states, whereas those beside arrows are transition frequencies between states.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1116_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11585", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 2D GIXRD of O-IDTBR:P3HT (1:1);\nB: ; 2D GIXRD of EH-IDTBR:P3HT (1:1); and (f) DSC first heating cycles of EH-IDTBR, P3HT and 1:1 blend. Thin films for GIXRD were processed using the same conditions as described for optimized devices and DSC drop-cast samples were measured at 5 °C min−1. Thermograms are offset vertically for clarity.\nC: DSC first heating cycles of O-IDTBR, P3HT and 1:1 blend;\nD: 2D GIXRD of EH-IDTBR thin film;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11585_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11811", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Chemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Fluorescence spectra of Na+-MMT and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT; the inset showed the photographs of Na+-MMT powder (left) and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT powder (right) under ultraviolet irradiation at 365 nm.\nB: ζpotential measurements of TPE-DTAB, Na+-MMT and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT; the inset showed the photographs of Na+-MMT in water, TPE-DTAB-modified MMT in water and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT in petroleum ether for 24 h, respectively.\nC: Fourier transform infrared spectra of TPE-DTAB, Na+-MMT and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT.\nD: Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of Na+-MMT and TPE-DTAB-modified MMT.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11811_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2307", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Measured absorption spectra of detectors with lengths varying from 5 to 40 μm in dependence of wavelength.\nB: The detector attenuation in dependence of length, measured as the ratio of power between the residual port and the control port, exhibits a slope of 0.98 dB μm−1.\nC: Optical micrograph of a fabricated device showing the optical input circuitry, RF contact pads and the SSPD. The control and residual ports are used for calibration purposes. Inset: zoom into the detector region with an scanning electron microscope image showing the single loop device layout. Scale bar, 250 μm.\nD: The modal pattern with NbN wires on top. The inset shows the optical field concentration around the NbN wires.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2307_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13038", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Top view of the unit cell (dashed hexagon) of the multilayer system. Blue and red areas highlight the Y-shaped slots on the upper surface and the lower surface of the PCBs.\nB: Multilayer system built from PCBs stacked in thezdirection. Interlayer couplings are introduced by the Y-shaped slots on two sides of the PCBs.\nC: Unit cell of a single-layer system built from a hexagonal array of perfect electric conductor (PEC) cylinders bounded by two PEC slabs. This can be realized with metal-coated PCBs that are pierced through by a hexagonal array of aluminium rods. PCBs stacked in thezdirection form a 3D photonic crystal.\nD: Bulk band structure in thekz=0.05π/dplane. (g–i). Dispersion along thezdirection at,and, respectively. Bands with different rotational eigenvalues are plotted in different colours. Since a change in rotational eigenvalue results in a change in the band (gap) Chern number, each crossing point ingorhis a Weyl point whose charge depends on the ratio between the rotational eigenvalues of two intersecting bands. Four Weyl points between the 4th and 5th bands, which induce the jumps in the Chern number of the 5th band inj, are highlighted ing.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13038_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2080", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: dG/dVSGas functions ofVsdandVSGatBex=+8 T andT=0.22 K.\nB: Calculated differential conductance as functions ofVsdand normalized electron energyatBex=0 T.\nC: Differential conductance dG/dVSGas functions ofVsdandVSGatBex=0 T andT=0.22 K.\nD: Calculated differential conductance as functions ofVsdand normalized electron energy atBex=+8 T.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2080_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6994", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Temporal change in the interparticle separation. We note that for all the cases including Re=0.7 the interparticle distance eventually reaches a final steady-state value of the separation (seed), which monotonically decreases with Re.\nB: A cluster of disks formed at Φ=0.04 at Re=5.94. We confirm that irrespective of the value of Re a cluster is always formed in the range of Re studied.\nC: The velocity profile as a function ofr/a.ε/(aω) increases linearly withrinside the disk and then decays as 1/rin its outside, which is the characteristic of the so-called Rankin voltex.\nD: 2D flow fields around an isolated rotating disk.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6994_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10591", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: TEM image of the DNA origami nanostructures after visible (VIS) light illumination. The locked state is designed to be right-handed.\nB: TEM image of the DNA origami nanostructures after ultraviolet (UV) light illumination.\nC: Enlarged view of the origami structures in the locked state. The dsDNA branch, which links the two origami bundles to define the angle, is clearly visible.\nD: Statistic histogram of the acute angle between two linked origami bundles after VIS light illumination. The number of the analysed structures: 541. A maximum magnitude over angles occurs around 50°, which is in accordance to our structure design.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10591_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10482", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Temperature–resistance plots for NW 1 at dosages 700 μC cm−2(magenta) and 1,800 μC cm−2(green), signifying a metal–insulator transition. Inset: variable range hopping (VRH) conduction behaviour observed at 1,800 μC cm−2, dosage confirming the insulating state.\nB: Temperature–resistance plots for NW 2 at 1,800 μC cm−2(orange) and 3,600 μC cm−2(blue), signifying a metal–dirty metal transition. Inset: power law conduction behaviour observed for NWs 2 and 3 at 3,600 μC cm−2confirming dirty metallic nature.\nC: Saturation resistivity (ρ0) plots as a function of dosage on four representative nanowires (NW 1–4), showing an increase inρ0with dosage, in the metallic state. Inset: Scanning electron microscope image of NW 1, a representative multiple probe nanowire devices for transport measurements. Scale bar, 2 μm.\nD: Temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) plots as a function of dosage on four representative nanowires (NW 1, 2, 3 and 4), showing an initial increase in TCR followed by a subsequent decrease with dosage in the metallic state.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10482_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10940", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Fluorogenic behaviour of5–7(10 μM) in phosphatidylcoline (PC):cholesterol (7:1) liposome suspensions in PBS ranging from 3.75 to 0.004 mg ml−1of PC in two-fold serial dilutions (λexc.: 450 nm), and wash-free live cell images ofA. fumigatusat 37 °C using fluorescence confocal microscopy after incubation with peptides5–7(5 μM). Scale bar, 20 μm.\nB: Chemical structures of non-labelled and fluorogenic linear peptides (4-7), highlighting the two conserved hydrophilic (grey) and hydrophobic (black) domains of Peptide Antifungal 26 (PAF26).\nC: Peptide5(5 μM, green) and Syto82 (2.5 μM, red counterstain for lung epithelial cells) were incubated in co-cultures ofA. fumigatusand human lung A549 epithelial cells and imaged under a fluorescence confocal microscope at 37 °C without any washing steps. Fluorescence staining of5(A), Syto82 (B), merged (C) and plot profile analysis (D) of peptide5(green) and Syto82 (red) from image C. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: Activity of antimicrobial peptides inA. fumigatus, several bacterial strains and in human RBCs.[1] IC50(μM) values represented as means±s.e.m. fromn=3, [2] cell viability upon 16 h incubation with4–8at their respective IC50concentrations (n=3), [3] cell viability upon 1 h incubation with4–8at their respective IC50concentrations (n=3).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10940_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5959", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The pump-induced non-equilibrium minimum energy gap, maximum changes of Area(ΔΣ′) and electron–boson coupling strength at 70 meV as a function of pump fluence. The coupling strength is given byλ′=υ0/υFas functions of pump fluence (υ0(υF), bare (Fermi) velocity below (above) the kink energy). The error bars of the change of Σ′ andλ′ are absolute maximum variations beforet=0, and the others are s.d. from fitting.\nB: Gap versus pump-probe delay time for an off-nodal cut (inset) at different fluences. The changes of energy gap are normalized to the maximum gap.\nC: The recovery rate of nodal ΔΣ′ and the nodal coupling strengthλ′ as a function of fluence.\nD: Pump-induced change of nodal Σ′ (vertically offset for clarity) as a function of delay time for different fluences. The error bars of Area(ΔΣ′) are estimated by the maximum difference of Area(ΔΣ′) among the measurements in equilibrium state.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5959_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2169", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Non-local signal ofGL(red line) as a function ofVRGforVLG=−0.558 V atB=0.2 T. The blue line is the localGRas a function ofVLG.\nB: Band diagram of the system aligned for maximum Cooper pair splitting. In the non-local measurement, we look at the conductance of one side of the nanowire (with an embedded QD) as a function of local gate voltage applied to the QD on the other side.\nC: 2D colour plot of currents due to Cooper pair splitting through the left QD (ΔGL) and the right QD (ΔGR−scaled up by × 2). The red and blue lines at top left and top right panel are the Coulomb blockade peaks of QDLand QDRnearVLG=−0.557 V andVRG=−0.21 V, respectively.\nD: Colour plot of the left side conductanceGLby scanning the right local gate voltages,VRGfor different fixed values of left local gate voltages,VRG. The solid red line towards the left side of the colour plot is a Coulomb blockade peak of QDLdue to Cooper pairs transport when the right side is blocked. The projected red line on the top panel is the non-local conductanceGLmeasured as a function ofVRG(for the white dashed line atVLG=−0.558 V), with peaks enhanced in a corresponding manner to the conductance peaks of QDR(blue line on the top panel).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2169_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14009", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Disorder frustration: disordered bonds between Ising spins on a square lattice cannot be satisfied with any spin configuration, leading to frustration.\nB: In-focus TEM image of a dislocation point defect in square ASI. The Burgers circuit and vector are overlaid in the image.\nC: Lorentz contrast TEM image of a sample that has been annealed with arrows overlaid indicating the direction of each macro spin.\nD: Lorentz contrast TEM image of the same defect site as ine. The asymmetry in contrast across each magnet indicates the direction of its magnetization. For more details see ref.9. Scale bar, 500 nm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14009_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: the more complicated 14-crossing prime knot from (b) labelledK14n5049 in the extended notation of standard tabulations beyond 11 crossings29, withL=1,500λand |Δ(−1)|=313;\nB: The trefoil knot (tabulated as 31from (a) with lengthL=50λand determinant |Δ(−1)|=3;\nC: the open 8-crossing prime knot 812from (c) havingL=1,000λwhereλis defined with respect to momentum at the origin and only vortex length in the classically allowed region is considered, and with |Δ(−1)|=29.\nD: a composite knot consisting of the two trefoils joined with the 6-crossing knot 62(that is,), which passes through the periodic boundary of (a) many times withL=1,700λand |Δ(−1)|=99;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12346_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5437", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The fraction of the sheet surface in contact with itself vanishes when the warped phase transitions to the classical phase (γ=104,μ=1.4, data maximized overl∈[1,10]). Error bars represent s.e.m. from 6–10 independent realizations.\nB: The dissimilarity between the filament and its own mirror image is strictly positive in the chiral spiral phase, but vanishes in the achiral folded phase (γ=104,μ=0,l=5).\nC: Half of the spiral filament turns right and half of it left, which is not the case in the classical phase (ε=0,l=10).\nD: The amount of torsion quantifies the transition from the folded to the warped phase (γ=ε=104,l=5).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5437_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15357", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Measurements in full-interferometer mode close to the spin echo condition (B1=437 gauss).\nB: 2D map created from concatenating spectra measured at different magnetic fields and plotting the logarithm of the intensity. The frequency peaks appear as high-intensity (yellow) bands. All the high-intensity frequency bands we measured fit the position of the Ramsey transitions superimposed on the image (black dots) and labelled using the scheme inc.\nC: Field dependence of the Ramsey eigenenergies20.\nD: Spectra of measurements close to the spin echo condition measured on Cu(111) and Cu(115) (blue crosses and red circle markers).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15357_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14119", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: 2D cut atJ12=2 meV. The coupling introduces a strong polarization of the states. Angular momentum conservation only allows Δmz=0,±1 transitions, suppressing the excitation to the energetically lower states (thin grey arrows). The transitions to the energetically higher states strongly depends on the spin distributions in tip and sample as well as on the tunnelling direction.\nB: Simulated evolution of the state energies and the total magnetic moments,, of the combined spin system,S1=1 andS2=1/2, with Heisenberg couplingJ12. The colour code shows the projected magnetic moment of theS1subsystem (blue: −1, red: +1).\nC: Illustration of the origin of the bias asymmetry for the transition depicted as black arrow inc.\nD: 2D cut atJ12=0 meV. Grey arrows show the main excitation channels from the two degenerate ground states. This scheme is a doublet of the one shown inFig. 1fdue to the additional spin degree ofS2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14119_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9973", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: s-SNOM image at 1,420 cm−1.\nB: s-SNOM image at 1,360 cm−1.\nC: Interaction curves taken at locations 1 (red) and 2 (blue) at 1,400 cm−1. The locations are marked inb. The minimum and maximum amplitudes are normalized to 0 and 1, respectively. The interaction curves at locations 1 and 2 without normalization are shown in the inset ofe.\nD: Topography of BNNTs from AFM. Scale bar, 300 nm. The diameter of the nanotube is∼70 nm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9973_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9874", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Initial profile view of an uninterrupted electrical path (white dashed line).\nB: CNFs separate during stretching, thus raising electrical resistance.\nC: Incomplete conductive network recovery after stretch relaxation (compression).\nD: before the stretch cycle atλ=1, (b)λ=2, (c)λ=6 and (d) after relaxing to an unstretched state,λ=1 (schematic illustrations of coated rubber substrates (dark red) are drawn to relative scale). As the stretched sample recovers from deformation, folds in the composite form as a result of its strong adhesion to the substrate. The charge percolation network of CNFs is reinvigorated across these folds, resulting in recoverable electrical performance. (e,f) Profile view of stretching routine; CNFs (black lines) embedded in PF (grey matrix) on the rubber substrate (dark red).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9874_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8783", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Background corrected anti-bunching traces withg(2)(τ=0)<0.1 indicating excellent single-photon emission characteristics. The detector count rates wereN1≈N2=160 k.c.p.s. withρ=0.82, a total integration time of 20 min and a bin width of 64 ps.\nB: Room temperature EL spectrum showing the source of the background (D1line) and the single-photon emitter with a ZPL at 745 nm and a broad phonon side-band.\nC: Schematic of the confocal setup used to characterize the single-photon emitters. It includes a Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometer with two single-photon avalanche detectors (D1 and D2) connected to a correlation card (CC). The dichroic mirror (DM) was removed when in used in EL mode. A partial schematic of the device consisting of a p+top contact is also shown. Three floating guard rings encircle the central contact to decrease the electric field at the main contacted junction.\nD: EL map of the edge region of a device. Scale bar, 1 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8783_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4048", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: R–Hand (d) MR versusTfor 5-nm-thick Ho layers and a 20-nm-thick Nb layer.\nB: R–Hfor 5-nm-thick top and bottom Ho layers and a 26-nm-thick Nb layer;\nC: R–Hfor a 32-nm-thick layer of Nb and no Ho, and the corresponding variation of temperatureTonH(demonstrating the stability ofTduring the measurement ofR–H).\nD: MR versusTand alsoR–Tdata for the same spin valve for parallel (black data points and black solid line) and antiparallel (grey data points and grey solid line) configurations of the Py layers.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4048_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: TEM image shows the natural folded membrane without any inclusions, scale bar, 5 nm.\nB: Inverse FFT image for half of the WSe2fold inc, scale bar, 1 nm.\nC: ADF image of one chiral WSe2fold. False colour is applied, scale bar, 1 nm.\nD: Derived 3D atomic model for half of the WSe2fold, only W atoms shown here.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9935_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3322", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: I–II–V half-Heusler structure.\nB: Orthorhombic CuMnAs.\nC: III–V zincblende structure.\nD: Tetragonal LiMnAs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3322_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15044", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: If two different phasesAandBare placed inside a Sagnac interferometer and, if the phases commute, all the incoming light should exit through the ‘bright port’, while there should be no light in the ‘dark port’. IfAandBdo not commute the dark port will not be dark.\nB: Adding a Mach–Zehnder interferometer to interfere the bright and dark ports allows for a more precise measurement of the leakage into the dark port.\nC: Wavelength dependence of the phase shift of our negative index metamaterial. For the wavelength of our single photons, 790 nm, the measured phase is about −π, which corresponds to a refractive index of the multilayer fishnet of −0.4. Inset: SEM image of the negative index metamaterial.\nD: Phase response of the nematic liquid crystal. The measured relative phase (modulo 2π) between the LC and the air for transmitted light is about +π. Inset: representation of a liquid crystal.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15044_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5133", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Electron diffraction pattern observed in the electron incidence [011]. Superlattice reflection indicated by the red circle is due to B2-type ordering. Weak spot indicated by the yellow circle is due to D03-type short range order.\nB: Schematic illustrations of B2-type ordered phase, A2-type disordered phase and APB separating the left B2-type ordered region (matrix 1) from the right B2-type ordered region (matrix 2). The APBs produced by the heat treatment show a finite width, on the order of nanometres.\nC: Electron diffraction pattern observed in the electron incidence [001]. Superlattice reflection indicated by the red circle is due to B2-type ordering.\nD: TEM image (bright-field image) revealing the locations of APBs. The image was obtained with the electron incidence slightly deviated from the [001] axis, that is, tilting the specimen made the superlattice reflections due to B2-type ordering (for example,100reflection) strongly excited. The image contrast is complementary to that of the dark-field image obtained using the superlattice reflection100.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5133_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1920", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Raw cluster size distribution.\nB: Logarithmically binned data for calculating the critical exponentd−2+η||.\nC: Cluster size distribution after logarithmic binning27, used to calculate the critical exponentτ.\nD: The effective fractal dimension ratio,dh*/dv*, relates the perimeter of clusters to their area. Logarithmic binning has been used.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1920_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2201", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic indicating the relevant optical frequencies involved in the wavelength conversion process. The cavity control laser beams, labelledα1andα2, are tuned to a mechanical frequency red of the corresponding optical cavity resonances. An input signal (ain) is sent into the input cavity at frequencyωl,1+Δ1. The input signal is converted into an output signal (aout) at frequencyωl,2+Δ1via the optomechanical interaction.\nB: FEM simulation of the displacement field of the colocalized mechanical mode, normalized to the maximum modal displacement.\nC: Diagram of the wavelength conversion process as realized via two separate Fabry–Perot cavities. The two optical cavity modes,a1anda2, are coupled to the same mechanical mode,b, with coupling strengthsG1andG2, respectively. The optical cavity modes are each coupled to an external waveguide (with coupling strengthsκe,1andκe,2), through which optical input and output signals are sent. The optical cavities also have parasitic (intrinsic) loss channels, labelledκi,1andκi,2, whereas the mechanical mode is coupled to its thermal bath at rateγi.\nD: Scanning electron micrograph of the fabricated silicon nanobeam optomechanical cavity. Scale bar, 1 μm. (d,e) Finite element method (FEM) simulation of the electromagnetic energy density, normalized to the maximum modal energy, of the first- (d) and (e) second-order optical cavity modes of the silicon nanobeam.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2201_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14761", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Reconstructed phase resulting from (b,c). The images were taken at a negative defocus and −30° tilt.\nB: The component of the magnetic induction normal to the line scan indicated in the in-plane induction map is shown from an isolated skyrmion. The magnetic induction map showing induction normal to the beam propagation direction is represented in the inset. The line scan also indicates the tilt axis used during reconstruction. The colour represents the direction of the magnetic induction, while the intensity represents the amplitude. The skyrmion core is defined as the region in which the intensity falls to zero, and is determined to be 90 nm, while the yellow central region indicates the region in which the magnetization uniformly points out of the sample plane and is nominally 25 nm in extent. Scale bar, 50 nm.\nC: Schematic of the D-TIE reconstruction of a magnetic skyrmion. The red (blue) represents a region of magnetization along the +z(−z) direction. A reference state (top) is used to remove the uniform magnetic background and electrostatic potential from a skyrmion state (middle), leaving the signal belonging solely to the skyrmion core and its associated dipole field.\nD: Reference image corresponding to a uniform out-of-plane state.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14761_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3525", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Vbgdependence of the junction critical current (Ic) and retrapping current (Ir) at the base temperature andB=0, withVtgfixed at 0 V. Highly doped states exhibit a clearIcwith large hysteresis.\nB: Colour-coded plot ofIctaken atB=0. The quadrant map ofIcwas obtained from theI–Vcurves by varyingVbgandVtgby steps of 5 and 1 V, respectively. The overall CNP forms atVbg=12.6 V andVtg=0 V.\nC: Vbgdependence ofIc(symbol) and the normal-state resistanceRn(line) forVtg=0, −2, −4, −6 and −8 V.\nD: Schematic configuration of the JJGp–nbarrier (JA) established by the dual-gate operation ofVbgandVtg.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3525_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14696", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Surface plot of the magnetization per atomMz, with the phases of (b) indicated. Inset: contour plot of the order parameters |Φ| and |DT|.\nB: Representation of the truncated basis states for over a few sites. The blue arrow indicates the spin, while the two levels represent the motional statesand, separated by an energy difference 2Δ.\nC: Ground state phase diagram obtained studying a system of 62 atoms with open boundary conditions with a DMRG algorithm. We identify unambiguously five phases: a paramagnetic phase (P), a Néel ordered phase (N), a dimerized phase of triplets (D), a spin-motion fluid phase (SMF) and a phase of trimers (T). There is an additional phase corresponding to a charge density wave with quasi-long-range order, labeled as SMF(CDW), and whose boundary with a set of still unknown phases U is not well understood. The continuous line is the border of the paramagnetic phase obtained analytically in the weak coupling regime (see text), the dashed line corresponds toh=−Δ+2g. The 10 red stars indicate parameters (g,h) where the correlations inFig. 5care evaluated.\nD: The virtual process (for) of two atoms exchanging the spin excitation by jumping to the motional stateand returning to the original state, which gives rise to the effective Ising interaction term of Hamiltonian (5).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14696_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15722", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Non-local MR measurement with fieldHyapplied along theyaxis of device 01 (type-C device) atT=1.8 K.I=+1 μA.\nB: Temperature dependence of the amplitudes of ΔVS. The error bars indindicate the s.d. from multiple measurements.\nC: Expanded field range nearHy=0.\nD: NLSV voltage dips ΔVSwere measured at several different temperatures with a current of +1 μA.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15722_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2335", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The experimental set-up consists of a CW mid- infrared OPO that serves as the pump laser. The pump laser is coupled via a tapered fibre to a crystalline MgF2microresonator. The generated frequency comb is detected using an optical spectrum analyser (OSA) with a cut-off wavelength of 2.5 μm (PD, photodetector).\nB: Frequency comb spectrum recorded by the OSA aroundλ=2.45 μm with a line spacing of 107 GHz generated from pumping a 700-μm-diameter MgF2resonator (pump power 600 mW). The grey lines denote frequency components, which are expected to exist based on symmetry around the pump. Inset shows the spectrum taken with a Fourier transform spectrometer, which reveals the overall symmetry of the spectrum.\nC: Proof-of-principle mid-infrared Kerr comb absorption spectroscopy experiment. The figure shows the transmittance of 0.5-mm-thick liquid acetone (single-pass) recorded as the relative intensities of the attenuated and unattenuated Kerr comb (shown in panelb) line intensities (red dot) and independently by a Fourier transform spectrometer (grey line).\nD: Schematics of the acetone absorption experiment. The shaded part represents the detector system, which in this case is included in the OSA.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2335_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9757", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: As incbut with uncorrelated noise.\nB: Coherence measured in a complete spin echo experiment (‘protocol P’, seeFig. 3) with noise during the first window of the spin echo only. The direction of precession is preserved in the second window of the echo, leading to pulse sequencesC++andC−−. The exponents denote sgn(n), the direction of precession of the field. ‘dynamic phase (D. P.) only’ denotes a magnetic field which does not precess (ωB=0), so that the qubit acquires only dynamic phase.\nC: Coherence measured in a spin echo in which the direction of precession of the magnetic field is reversed in the second half (‘protocol R’), givingC+−andC−+.\nD: As inabut with uncorrelated noise.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9757_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12721", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: M(H) of symmetric samples atT=10 K after zero-field cooling.\nB: M(H) of M1I1atT=10 K after zero-field cooling.\nC: M(T) of M1I1atH=1 kOe after field cooling inH=1 kOe.\nD: M(T) of symmetric samples atH=1 kOe after field cooling inH=1 kOe. The inset shows the SMO layer thickness (m) dependence of the Curie temperature.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12721_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15225", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Two typical Fano spectra (−2.5 V, 200 pA, 5 s) for the tip orientation atθ=0° (lobe) andθ=45° (in between lobes), respectively.\nB: Schematics showing orientation-dependent measurement of Fano spectra. The red dashed line shows the trajectory of the STM tip around the ZnPc molecule, and the green and orange arrows represent two degenerate transition dipole momentsandof the molecule, respectively.\nC: Colour plot of experimental STML spectral intensity around the Fano dip showing periodic variations of the Lamb shift overθ=0−360°.\nD: Theoretical simulation of the Fano spectra in (c), taking into account the periodic variation of the molecule’s self-interaction (Lamb shift).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15225_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11683", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The trap density in a ‘dark spot’ is initially high with a corresponding excess of iodide.\nB: Upon illumination, electrons will quickly fill traps, inducing an electric field that causes iodide to migrate away from the illuminated region and fill vacancies.\nC: When the illumination is removed, there may be concentration gradients driving some iodide back into the dark spot before it eventually reaches a new equilibrium with a net redistributed iodide profile. δ+are iodide (I−) vacancies, filled circles are electrons, open circles are holes.\nD: The system eventually reaches a stabilized emission output with a reduced trap density and iodide concentration in the illuminated region.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11683_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11791", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Luminance versus current density characteristics measured after repeated bending at radius of curvature (rC) of 2.3 mm. Inset: the photograph of an OLED bent atrCof 2.3 mm placed on a custom-made cyclic bending tester. The OLED is located on the top side of the substrate in the picture and thus is under tensile strain.\nB: Power efficiency versus luminance characteristics.\nC: Photograph of the proposed flexible TiO2/graphene OLEDs in operation.\nD: EQE versus luminance characteristics of graphene-based flexible OLEDs with and without TiO2under-layers. Those of an OLED with TiO2on a glass substrate are also shown for comparison. For devices presented in this figure, 50-nm-thick PEDOT:PSS (AI4083) was used as a low-index HIL in all cases.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11791_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8547", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: dI/dVspectra obtained for Cu-Benzo monomer at positions A–D ina.\nB: STM topographic image, (b) simulated STM image and (c) optimized structural model of Cu-Benzo monomer on Au(111). Corresponding tunnelling conditions ofVsample=−0.8 V andItunnel=0.3 nA. Scale bars, 10 Å and colour scales indicate height information. Inc, large (small) grey spheres represent C (H) atoms, while blue and gold spheres correspond to N and Cu atoms, respectively. (d–f) Same asa–cbut for a Cu-TPC chain on Au(111) surface. The box indicates the unit cell that appears periodically in the chain. Prominent features are marked by dots ind, whose corresponding protrusions in the simulation are shown by arrows with the same colour. The colour scheme of atoms infis same as that inc.\nC: Comparison of the dI/dVspectra at the ligand positions of Cu-Benzo on Au(111) (I, black), on Cu(111) (II, blue) and Cu-TPC on Au(111) (III, green). Red curve inishows the result of the Fano fitting.\nD: Temperature dependence of the Fano dip of Cu-Benzo measured in the temperature region of 4.7–32 K.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8547_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9963", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A comparison between the measured Kerr rotation (KR, blue curve) and circular dichroism (CD, grey curve) obtained from helicity-resolved transient reflection using the same experimental conditions. Both KR and CD show the same decay dynamics.\nB: TRKR traces probed at 1.719 eV under σ+(blue) and σ−(red) pumping. The Kerr rotation signal changes sign when reversing the pump pulse helicity.\nC: Schematic of the experimental set-up for TRKR spectroscopy. The circularly polarized pump pulses and the linearly polarized probe pulses with a time delay were focused through an objective lens (OL) and at normal incidence to the sample surface. The wavelengths of the pump and the probe pulses were selected individually by two edge-pass filters F1 and F2. The Kerr rotation (θK) of the reflected probe pulses was analysed by a polarization bridge consisting of a half waveplate (HWP), a polarization beamsplitter (PBS) and a pair of balanced photodiodes (BPD). Before entering the polarization bridge, the pump beam was filtered out by a long-pass filter F3. BS stands for beamsplitter and M stands for mirror.\nD: Temporal evolutions of PL intensity (grey symbols) and KR (blue curve). The red curve is a single-exponential fit to the PL decay.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9963_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9187", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Measurement at an impact speedU=2.21 m s−1.\nB: Measurement at an impact speedU=0.83 m s−1.\nC: Measurement at an impact speedU=1.71 m s−1.\nD: Measurement at an impact speedU=1.25 m s−1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9187_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13754", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: One-dimensionalAprofiles along thexdirection across L and R of the Pt/YIG sample in the Joule-heating condition atJc0=4.0 mA, ΔJc=0.4 mA andH=0 Oe for various values off. The SPE-induced temperature distribution is independent off, while the Joule-heating-induced temperature distribution broadens with decreasingfdue to thermal diffusion.\nB: Aandϕimages for the Pt/YIG sample in the SPE condition (shown ina) atJc=4.0 mA,H=+200 Oe andf=1.0 Hz.\nC: Aandϕimages for the Pt/YIG sample in the Joule-heating condition (shown inb) atJc0=4.0 mA, ΔJc=0.4 mA,H=0 Oe andf=1.0 Hz.\nD: One-dimensionalAprofiles along thexdirection across the areas L and R of the Pt/YIG sample in the SPE condition atJc=4.0 mA andH=+200 Oe for various values off.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13754_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6376", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Experimental51Tdependence of the magnetization in external magnetic fields of 0.5, 4.5 and 14 Tesla (circles) in comparison with QMC simulations for the microscopic magnetic model (lines). The simulatedχ*(T/J) andM*(T/J) curves are scaled withJ=170 K and the experimentalg=2.11 (ref.21).\nB: Experimental susceptibilityχ(T) (squares, data evaluted from 1/χdependence in Fig. 4a of ref.20) in comparison with Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations for the microscopic magnetic model (solid line).\nC: Finite-size scaling of the spin stiffness for finite lattices up toN=8,192 sites. The crossing pointT/J≃0.34 indicates the ordering temperature.\nD: QMC simulations for the local spin lengths ‹Sz› of Cu(1) and Cu(2) spins as a function of temperature. The shaded area shows the magnetically ordered region. Arrows indicate the limiting values of the local spin lengths asT→0.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6376_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The signal curves of real-time pulse wave under different voltages.\nB: Pressure sensitivity of the SGOTFT device under differentVGS. The error bars represent 1 s.d.\nC: Photograph of battery-powered SGOTFT attached to the artery of the wrist.\nD: A magnified curve of average pulse wave signal from five devices (separate measurement): P1, P2 and diastolic wave are observed clearly.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7269_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10426", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Experimental schematic of carrier transport across a grain boundary.\nB: Electrical performance of the device in panel (b) withα=19°. Intra-domain regions always have a higherμFEand reducedRSwhen compared to inter-domain. An STEM image of the boundary is shown in the inset. Inset scale bar, 1 nm.\nC: Theα-dependentμFE(inter)(blue) for 10 different angles withμFE(intra)(total of 43 devices). Here,μFE(inter)increases with a rise inαfrom 9° to 20°, but saturates forα>20° atμFE(inter)<16 cm2V−1s−1. The 19° dislocation is of the ‘Down’-type, while the others are ‘Up’-type.\nD: Statistical distribution of the intra- and inter-domain mobilities withμFE(inter)<16 cm2V−1s−1<μFE(intra). The intra-domainμFEdisplays a log-normal distribution (black line) with expectation valueμFE=44 cm2V−1s−1, as exemplified by ln(μFE) in the inset.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10426_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12974", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The indexNis plotted against 1/BN. The value ofBNcan be identified either using the local resistance maxima (filled blue circles) or the local minima of the derivativedρ/dB(open circles). Experimental uncertainty inBNis ≈0.2 T, so that the uncertainty in 1/BNis smaller than the symbol sizes. For the open circles, the plotted value ofNis shifted by 1/4.\nB: The longitudinal resistivityρxxatT=25 mK for one of our samples is plotted as a function of magnetic field. The arrow indicates the onset of the EQL.\nC: The carrier densitynSdHinferred from the SdH period (see equation (2)) is plotted against the measured Hall carrier densitynHall. Uncertainty in the value ofnHallis about 15%, and is reflected by the size of the symbols, while uncertainty in the value ofnSdHis ≈5% except where indicated. Circles correspond to samples for which transport was measured in the 001 direction, while squares indicate measurements in the 111 direction. The arrow indicates the carrier density corresponding to the sample in parts (a–c).\nD: The SdH oscillations of resistivity are more easily visible if one subtracts a smooth, fourth-order polynomial from the curve in (a).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12974_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9190", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The TmFeO3emission at different temperatures below 55 K.\nB: The FeBO3emission at different temperatures below 170 K. The zero time delay corresponds to an arbitrary starting position. The laser pulse arrives just before the commencement of the oscillations.\nC: The TmFeO3emission spectra (open circles) fitted with Lorentzian functions (solid lines).\nD: The magnetizationM=M1+M2lies in the plane of the crystal sample plate. The optical pump is focused onto the sample plate along its normal (zaxis), while the THz emission is collected along the same direction at the opposite side of the sample. The THz emission arises from the quasi-antiferromagnetic oscillationsm(t).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9190_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8178", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Same asa, for the time profiles of the 13th harmonic (H13, near threshold). The blue dots are the corresponding dynamical phases of the multi-rescattering trajectories (second return). The inset shows an enlarged view of the time profiles indicated by the black arrow. Note that the numbers have the same meanings as shown inFig. 2, namely, short trajectories 1, long trajectories 2, and multi-rescattering trajectories 3 (second return and third return).\nB: Same asa, for the time profiles of the 9th harmonic (H9, below threshold, nonresonant).\nC: The time profiles of the 21st harmonic (H21, above threshold). The red dots and green dots are the corresponding dynamical phases for the peak intensity of the short trajectories and long trajectories calculated by the SST, respectively.\nD: Same asa, for the time profiles of the 7th harmonic (H7, below-threshold resonant). The light blue dots are the corresponding dynamical phases of the resonant trajectories. The laser parameters are the same of those inFig. 1a.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8178_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-44627-8", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Equivalent circuit model connected to the transmission line. The diode bridges across the slits and their internal circuit components (inside the top dashed box) can be approximated by a DC circuit, exhibiting a transient response even at the same frequency.\nB: Scattering profiles (or transmittance profiles) extended from the classic frequency domain to the pulse-width domain.\nC: Transmittance of 50-ns short pulses withC1≠C2orC1=C2. In these simulations, the input power is set to 10 dBm.\nD: Supercell of the metasurface model based on the slit structure.C1andC2are used to adjust the operating frequencies of the unit cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-44627-8_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7661", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Simulation of the spin structure at a ferroelectric side-by-side wall atμ0Hb=0 T with coloured arrows indicating individual spinsSi.\nB: Calculated local ferroelectric polarization based on the spin structure ina. Colored arrows show the polarization direction in adjacent domains. Grey arrows show the local polarization.\nC: Changes in |P| and the componentsPaandPbacross a side-by-side domain wall. (e–h) Like (a–d) but forμ0Hb=20 T.\nD: Evolution of the vector chiralitySi×Sjacross the side-by-side wall. The discs represent the plane defined bySiandSjand arrows indicate the orientation ofSi×Sj.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7661_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6311", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Variation of the transmission of the acoustic wave at frequencyfoas a function of the control frequencyfc.\nB: Output PSD as a function of input PSD at frequencyfo=7,660 Hz given three different excitation amplitudesac.\nC: PSD of the 7,660 Hz component of the transmitted signal reaching the chains’ boundary. The transmitted amplitude increases with the relative dynamic deformation. The black dashed line denotes the noise floor of the measurement. Inset: relationship between the control and output PSD at frequencyfc=720 Hz.\nD: The PSD of the spheres’ velocities normalized by the first bead’s velocity at frequencyfoin the off and on cases. The black dashed line represents the noise floor of the measurement. The continuous curves correspond to the numerical and the dots/squares to the experimental results.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6311_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7007", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: I,C,DandRaverage values and s.d. obtained for 100 replications of a null model, where the inflow and outflow at each node are kept constant while flows are randomly distributed at random between nodes.\nB: Same ICDR values as inabut sorted by decreasing order ofI(note that by definition, we have for each cityI+C+D+R=1). It is remarkable thatIandRdominate and seem almost sufficient to distinguish cities, whileCandDare almost constant whatever the city size (seeSupplementary Fig. 7for the values obtained with another sizeaof grid cells).\nC: I(integrated),C(convergent),D(divergent) andR(random) values versus population size for 31 Spanish urban areas.\nD: Z-scores obtained by comparing the empirical data and the values returned by the null model. Large values ofZ-scores show that the actual commuting networks cannot be considered as resulting from connecting the nodes at random. TheI,C,DandRvalues of a specific city are then a signature of its structure.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7007_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5679", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Microwave-optical double resonance spectrum for a fixed pulse length of 10 μs serves for determining the microwave addressing frequency of an individual ion. Here, the state-selective resonance fluorescence signal only in the region of ion 1 is considered.\nB: Qubit 2 is left virtually unaffected. Solid lines represent fits of the data. Two points with error bars are displayed in each graph representing typical statistical standard deviations. Each data point represents 50 repetitions.\nC: Same as inb, however, measuring the signal in the region of next-neighbour ion 2. Non-nearest-neighbour ions (3 through 8) are not affected by manipulating qubit 1 either. Their signal is simultaneously measured but not shown for clarity.\nD: Rabi oscillations are only observed in the region of ion 1 when irradiating all ions at the microwave addressing frequency of ion 1.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5679_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13258", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: τHLmeasurement from a 1 μs width probe pulse and a 1 μs width preceding pump pulse with repetition rate of 25 kHz at different relative delays. The probe (pump) amplitude is −0.21 V (−0.40 V). With the DC offset set at −1.80 V, the probe and pump pulses are at −2.01 and −2.20 V, respectively.τHLis extracted from this measurement as the decay constant of a single exponential decay function fitted to the experimental data.\nB: Schematic of the relaxation time measurementτHL. The green bar indicates the relative delay, which is defined as the time between the trailing edge of the pump pulse and the leading edge of the probe pulse.\nC: τLHmeasurements at different pumped bias voltages (−2.02 and −2.25 V shown as two examples) using a variable width pump pulse. The DC offset is −1.80 V, pulse amplitudes are the same as inb, the probe width is 1 μs and the relative delay is 10 ns. Red curves inbandeare the single exponential fits. The time constants of the exponential fits correspond toτLH.\nD: Schematic of the excitation time measurementτLH. The green bar indicates the width of the pump pulse.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13258_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3154", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Physical origin of the resonances. First- (m=1) and third- (m=3) order antenna modes associated with current oscillations in rod-shaped nano-particles are illustrated. Only odd order modes couple to normally incident far-field radiation. (b,c) Generalized resonator model for the particle resonance. The resonant mode is described with amplitudeaand couples to input/output travelling waves associated with incident (s1+), reflected (s1−) and transmitted (s2−) light via the coupling constantκ.\nB: Variation in resonance frequency with antenna length. The inset shows the linear fit to the resonant wavelength:λ1=c1L+c0. The fit givesc1=2.63 andc0=0.37 with anr2of 0.992.\nC: Extracted antenna damping rates and antenna OH-bend coupling parameter. The (fixed) values ofνbandγbare indicated by the red lines iniandj, respectively.\nD: Extracted antenna resonance frequency.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3154_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12773", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: The summed HAADF image over three individual ones (bright, cations) and a chemical map (red, Sr; green, Ti; blue, La) in 10-uc LAO/STO. Scale bar, 1 nm.\nB: The counterpart togconsidering cation intermixing inconly without net interfacial charge (that is, charge-neutral uc). Cation intermixing grades the diverging polar-catastrophe potential and the associated interfacial-metallicity onset at 4-uc LAO is no longer satisfied.\nC: The plane-by-plane potential variations in the polar-catastrophe model (grey) and on the presence of interfacial charges ine. The insulating 3-uc LAO/STO is free from charge at the interface, thus not shown.\nD: The STEM–EELS probing of the Ti3+fraction (error bars, ±10%).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12773_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10107", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The energies stored in the plasmon mode and single-particle excitations also exhibit the Rabi oscillations when no resonant single-particle excitations exist. It should be compared withFig. 6c. All these results show that phonons play a minor role in the plasmon decay.\nB: The dipole moment of the neutral Ag55is similar to the result without electron–phonon effects shown inFig. 2a.\nC: The dipole moment of the Ag55with the modified electronic structure (no resonant single-particledtosexcitations). The dipole moment exhibits the Rabi oscillation, similar to the case without electron–phonon effects shown inFig. 6a.\nD: The energies stored in the plasmon mode and single-particle excitations in the neutral Ag55are also similar to the results without electron–phonon effects. It should be compared withFig. 4b.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10107_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2442", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Theoretically predicted linear relation equation (10) (solid line) betweenv┴/vdandjc/jin the slow limit with lowj. The relation is indeed reproduced by the simulation (dots). The plot givesjc=3.51 × 109A m−2.\nB: Simulatedj-dependence of Hall angleR=v┴/for several values ofβ, that is,β=0.5α,αand 2αwithα=0.04 in the presence of impurities (x=0.1%). Here, the solid lines are guides for the eyes.\nC: Simulatedj−plot in the smalljregion is magnified. The dashed line is an extrapolation tojcfor=0 estimated inFig. 7b.\nD: Theoretically predicted linear relation equation (11) (dotted line) betweenandj2in the limit of lowjand smallαandβ. The simulated data ofis also plotted as a function ofj2(dots and solid line). The dashed line indicates an extrapolation toforvd=0 estimated inFig. 7b.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2442_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5235", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Theππ* state is evaluated at the Frank–Condon geometry and theππ* minimum geometry according to ref.19. While the spectrum of O(7) does not shift with respect to the ground state, the O(8) spectrum shifts blue in theππ* minimum because of the C(4)-O(8) stretch.\nB: Experimental difference spectra cut at two different times fromFig. 2a(lower part) indicating a shift towards higher kinetic energy at early times and lower kinetic energies later.\nC: The simulation predicts a redshift fornπ* states, which once more is only due to the O(8) spectrum. Other geometries on the respective state confirm the trend (seeSupplementary Fig. 1). The vibrationally hot electronic ground state in (d) calculated by the ADC(2) method via averaging different nuclear geometries (seeSupplementary Fig. 2) broadens the Auger spectrum with respect to the the ADC(2) simulation of the ‘cold’ ground state for reference.\nD: The ground-state Auger decay is calculated at its minimum energy geometry and corresponds to the Auger decay of a non-UV excited molecule.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5235_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Low energy excitations nearEFalong the high-symmetry line. The location in thekx–kyplane is indicated by C1 ina. The red curve is the MDC atESR(10 meV aboveEF).\nB: FS map of SmB6.\nC: Measured spin-resolved intensity projected on thexdirection for the surface states atESR. The red and blue symbols are the intensity of spin-up and spin-down states, respectively.\nD: Spin polarization along thexdirection for the surface states measured at theESR. The red and blue colour regions represent positive and negative spin polarizations (spin-up and spin-down), respectively. The black and orange arrows represent the spin polarization directions of theβ-andβ′-bands along thexaxis, respectively. (e,f) Same asc,dbut along theydirection. (g,h) Same asc,dbut along thez(out-of-plane) direction. All the results in Fig. 2 are measured with a photon energy of 26 eV and right-hand circular polarization (C+).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5566_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9999", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: S.E.M. image of a section of the rectangular grooves (widths 7–9 μm) used inf.\nB: Janus particle confined within a square groove; parallel vertical walls confine the rotational diffusion about one axis; however, if the particle descends to the base of the groove, it is confined about two orthogonal axes. (c–f) Overlaid still frames from fluorescence microscopy videos with equal time gaps: yellow line shows complete trajectory, green line shows location of vertical cuvette walls and red arrows indication direction of motion:\nC: a=2.4 μm Janus colloid (10% H2O2) moving along the straight edge of a glass cuvette—left hand inset shows a magnified region, right hand inset shows a ‘stuck’ aligned agglomerate formed at the cuvette boundary.\nD: a=1.55 μm Janus particle (10% H2O2) moving at the bottom of a rectangular glass cuvette a long way away from the edges.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9999_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15846", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The exponentβas a function of the wave vectorq, showing a transition from a compressed to a stretched dynamics.\nB: The decay of the coherent scattering function as a function of the time rescaled by the relaxation timeτqfor a wave vector ranging fromq=0.1 to 10 and for three different ratios ofkBT/∈.\nC: The particle MSD as a function of timetfor the samekBT/∈ratios as ina.\nD: The relaxation timeτ(q) as a function of the wave vectorqfor the three systems: the scaling goes fromτ∼q−1for the fully athermal regime to diffusiveτ∼q−2when the thermal fluctuations dominate; a plateau emerges at low wave vectors corresponding to distances beyond the mesh size of the network, as sketched in the cartoons.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15846_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4130", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Power spectral density of the resonator amplitude as a function of frequency for different radiation powers at a constant bath temperature of 120 mK and a constant microwave readout power of −88 dBm. Lorentzian fits to the spectra at the lowest and highest temperatures (dashed lines) show how the quasiparticle recombination time can be extracted from the spectra. A noise floor due to amplifier noise is added to the fitted roll-off.\nB: Power spectral density of the resonator amplitude as a function of frequency for different bath temperatures at a microwave readout power of −88 dBm. As expected, the level of the spectrum stays constant and the roll-off frequency increases with increasing temperature, corresponding to a decreasing recombination time. At the highest two temperatures, the spectral level starts to rise, because the amplifier noise starts to dominate.\nC: Quasiparticle recombination time as a function of temperature as extracted from the spectra. The error bars are 1 s.d. The solid line is the theoretical expectation for the recombination time from ref.3. The right axis shows the number of quasiparticles corresponding to the measured recombination time.\nD: The quasiparticle recombination time as a function of radiation power obtained from the roll-off frequency in the measured spectra. The error bars denote statistical uncertainties from the fitting procedure (1 s.d.). The line is a power law fit to the last five points (whereτqpdoes not saturate):τqp∝. The right axis shows the number of quasiparticles corresponding to the measured recombination time.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4130_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6855", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Two inverted Dirac dispersion cones touching at the Γ-point of the Brillouin zone, showing a closed bandgap in a two-dimensional (2D) Dirac-type photonic crystal (PC).\nB: Iso-frequency contours above the Dirac point, showing an isotropic zero-index behaviour in the PC.\nC: Mode chart of the three eigenmodes at the Γ-point around the accidental degeneracy dimensions for the 2D Dirac PC. Inset shows the periodic arrangement of the PC.\nD: The Dirac photonic crystal with an interface to air for leaky-wave radiation. The dispersion diagrams and mode chart results are for a Dirac PC based on the work of Huanget al.4", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6855_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3114", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A schematic view of the dislocation slip and model pillar system used in our simulations.\nB: Schematic figure illustrating the blocking of dislocation propagation at the Ni–graphene interface. Formation of a surface edge structure at the bottom of the upper Ni nanopillar is not favoured due to the high bending stiffness of the graphene.\nC: Top view of a Ni–graphene nanopillar as a function of compression, where the two Shockley partials are travelling within the slip plane.\nD: Side views before the dislocation core arrives (left panel), right after the dislocation core arrives (middle panel), and after the dislocation is pinned and further propagation is blocked at the Ni–graphene interface (right panel). The surface step is not created. Blue-coloured atoms are Ni, and green-coloured atoms are graphene. Blue dotted lines are to guide the reader’s eyes.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3114_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9572", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Phonon dispersion (energyEversus momentumq) along high symmetry points.\nB: Number of conducting phonon modes per cross-sectional area versus energy.\nC: High symmetry points in the Brillouin zone (left) and crystal structure (right) of black phosphorus.\nD: Average number of thermally active phonon modes per cross-sectional area as a function of temperature.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9572_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12447", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Histograms of the Δhimages (Fig. 2g–i) of the three lipids with Gaussian distributions fitted to the lipid and mica peaks. The histograms were shifted to centre mica at 0 nm. The lipid peak position timesmσ=5.79 (mC m−2) nm−1give the difference in SCD between mica and lipid.\nB: Measured SCD versus theoretical SCD for the three lipids. For all the three lipids, experimental and theoretical values match within errors (s.d.). The black line is 1:1 to guide the eye.\nC: The absolute SCD of lipids and mica is determined by fitting triangles with sides of Δd(height measured at −100 mV subtracted the physical height) and Δσto the scanning height at −100 mV. The values of mica from the three measurements match within errors.\nD: Overlay of DPPE topography and charge map. Topography is taken fromFig. 2e, while the charge is calculated as Δhtimesmσ=5.79 (mC m−2) nm−1. Charge and topography co-localize extremely well.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12447_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13064", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The relaxation time for molecules in the first layer above the surface is in the order of several tens of nanoseconds.\nB: The density profile alongzfor a 1:1 water:MeOH mixture shows strongly structured water and MeOH layers between 1 and 5 Å. The distributions obtained with an empirical force field are in good agreement with referenceab initiocalculations on a smaller supercell (Supplementary Fig. 6).\nC: A snapshot of the (50 × 50 × 150 Å) simulation supercell, using a slab geometry with periodic boundary conditions.\nD: The spatial distribution of MeOH is consistent with a corrugated potential of mean force (PMF) in thexyplane, commensurate to the graphite lattice. This in-plane corrugation is however much weaker than the potential of mean force alongz(inb).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13064_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1627", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic image of the peak photoacoustic signal generated from the rapid phase transition of the PAnDs.\nB: Graph displaying changes of photoacoustic signals during continued pulsed laser irradiation before and after an injection of only gold nanorods. The green circles represent photoacoustic signal of the endogenous photoabsorbers in the mouse tissues. Blue circles represent the photoacoustic signal owing to thermal expansion caused by both the endogenous photoabsorbers and the injected gold nanorods. It is important to note that there was no significant change of these signals as laser irradiation continued, unlike those signals created by PAnDs. The injection of gold nanorods constituted a 1.9-dB increase in signal. (e,f) Combined photoacoustic and ultrasound images of mouse cross-section and injection site of gold nanorods immediately after the laser was turned on (first laser pulse) and at the end of the laser pulsing (last laser pulse). Note that there is insignificant difference between these images (e,f), suggesting a static signal production via thermal expansion. Each image is 12.2 mm wide by 10.8 mm tall. ultrasound image is displayed using 20-dB scale.\nC: Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic image representing photoacoustic signal generated from expelled gold nanorods and endogenous chromophores. Each frame is 20.4 mm wide by 12.8 mm tall. ultrasound is in 20-dB scale. In this experimental setup, ~50% of the droplets are disrupted by the 60th laser pulse.\nD: Graph depicting the average photoacoustic intensity within the region of interest corresponding to the injected PAnDs, indicated by boxes in panelband panelc. Upon pulsed laser irradiation, photoacoustic signal is high and then, with continued pulsed laser irradiation, decays to a steady-state level of thermal expansion-based photoacoustic signal related to the expelled nanorods and endogenous chromophores. Vaporization signal over thermal expansion signal represents a 4.3-dB increase.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1627_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15053", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The high-resolution colour-coded PL spatial map of peak intensity from column 5. The individual emitters are resolved and can be compared against the WAλmapping.\nB: Typical PL spectra from the bi-axially strained WSe2monolayer at the centre of a nanopillar (red spectrum) and an unstrained region (blue spectrum). 2D-X0 (2D-XT) refers to the non-localized neutral (charged) exciton state.\nC: Positions of single emitters (black circles) relative to the centre of the nanopillars (grey crosses) for each row from column 5.\nD: The colour-coded spatial maps of weighted average wavelength (WAλ) for pillars 2–5 fromc. The nanopillar centre positions are determined by fitting Gaussian to the WAλprofile, shown by the cross-sections.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15053_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1286", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Simulation of the flow of light from an emitter in a slit onto a smooth metal surface in the form of surface plasmon polaritons.\nB: Schematic of a plasmonic antenna consisting of a slit in a metal film (grey) that is surrounded by an engineered grating. An oriented, electrical dipole emitter is placed in the centre of the slit. The geometrical parameters that require careful optimization to enable beaming of the fluorescence are defined in the figure.\nC: Power flow image for the case where the central slit is flanked by an array of optimized grooves.\nD: Plot showing the formation of a collimated far-field beam. The magnitude of the local power flow is shown in a logarithmic colour scale inbandc, but in linear colour scale ind. The black scale bar inbandcis 1 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1286_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7409", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Dependence of the magnetoresistance change on the external field calculated from the simulations.\nB: Scheme of the preparation sequence for DV states with opposite vorticities. At large external fieldBboth discs are saturated (orange dot). When reducing the field to zero in the presence of a positive current, the DV state with equal vorticities is obtained (green polygon). Then, the direction of the current is reversed. By increasing the external field to the point marked by the blue square, the vortex is expelled from the top disc. Once this configuration is obtained, decreasing the external field to zero nucleates a vortex in the top disc. This vortex has a vorticity opposite to that of the vortex in the bottom disc because the Oersted field was reversed along with the sample current. The resistanceRshows a maximum at the point marked by a yellow star.\nC: Four examples of OV–DV states with the labelling convention used in the manuscript. The labels b and t refer to the bottom and top discs, respectively. CCW and CW denote counter-clockwise and clockwise vorticity, while the red/grey arrows display the core polarities.\nD: Change of the magnetoresistance as a function of the external magnetic field measured at a current ofI=−14 mA. As indicated by the arrows, the red curve is obtained when the field is swept from positive to negative values and the black curve for the opposite sweep direction. The magnetic field is applied in the sample plane. The insets symbolically show the magnetization states of the two ferromagnetic layers at different fields, as obtained by micromagnetic simulations. The green arrows mark in which parts of the curve the magnetization states shown by the insets occur. The white arrows display the magnetization direction, and the blue–orange colour coding represents the in-plane component of the magnetization parallel to the external field direction.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7409_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9667", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Back view of Au38T.\nB: Anatomy of the Au23core, which consists of a Au12cap unit and Au13icosahedral unit.\nC: Two Au3(SR)4, two Au(SR)2and one SR linking the Au12cap and Au13icosahedron.\nD: The Au38Qstructure.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9667_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9354", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Conductivity of LMO nanowires versus humidity at various measuring temperatures.\nB: Plot of ln(σ) versus 1/rfor the nanowires (seeSupplementary fig. S15for the complete fitting with a model). Evidence of oxygen-ion conduction in LMO nanowires with an average diameter of 45 nm.\nC: Conductivity of LMO nanowires versus oxygen partial pressure at 550 °C.\nD: Image of aligned wires placed on electrodes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9354_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1935", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Fitting parameterδ2extracted from fits similar to those shown in (a). Horizontal dotted lines show the values ofδ2corresponding to predicted pumping errorsof 1, 0.1 and 0.01 p.p.m. The left panel showsδ2as a function ofBforf=150 MHz, sine wave drive, and the right panel showsδ2as a function offforB=14 T. Open circles: sine wave drive; closed circle: AWG drive.\nB: Points: average number of pumped electronsn≡IP/efas a function of exit gate voltage for four combinations of magnetic field and pump frequency, using sine wave drive. Solid lines:nFITobtained by fitting the data to equation (1). Values of the fitting parameterδ2are (left–right) 12.2, 20.7, 9.1 and 4.6.\nC: Solid line: close-up of thenFIT(VG2) line for the 1-GHz data in (a). Dotted line: derivativednFIT/dVG2(arbitrary units) that is minimized at gate voltageVG2,MIN. The theoretically predicted pump error≡1−nFITis defined forVG2=VG2,MIN.\nD: Comparison between the fit from (c) (line) and the high-resolution data using AWG drive at 945 MHz fromFig. 3c(points) plotted on an offset gate voltage scale.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1935_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8446", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Iswplotted as a function ofVsg1andVsg2withVbg=0 V andB=0T.\nB: dI/dVsdplotted as a function ofVsg1andVsg2withVbg=0 V andB=160 mT applied out-of-plane. Labelsoandeindicate even and odd electron occupation respectively.\nC: Iswextracted along lines B, C, D and E in plot (b). The dashed line indicates trace C offset by a backgroundIswtaken at a point where QD1 is OFF resonance in trace D. Arrows and percentages indicate the relative enhancement and suppression ofIswevaluated by the deviation of trace D from the dashed reference line. Lines D and E are taken to be near resonance with QD2 and show a larger relative enhancement compared with the both QD ON resonance condition (line A inc).\nD: Iswextracted along lines A, B and C in plot (b). The background indicated for trace A is taken as the value ofIswmeasured at point(Vsg1=−0.57 V) where QD1 is OFF resonance. Points(Vsg1=−1.32 V),(Vsg1=−0.824 V) and(Vsg1=−1.04 V) are discussed in the main text. The dashed line indicates trace C offset by the current at pointof trace A. Arrows and percentages indicate the approximate increase (decrease) inIswevaluated by the deviation of trace A from the dashed reference line.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8446_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Confocal images of fluorescein diacetate staining. The accumulated green fluorescence demonstrates bile duct formation. The black arrows indicate proliferated endothelial cells that formed vessel-like structures (scale bars, 200 μm).\nB: Gene expression of the co-cultured spheroids and quantified results of mRNA gene PCR based on 18s rRNA expressions.\nC: Urea secretion test. No significant differences were observed between the PDMS microwells and the hydrogel microwells.\nD: Alb and CYP2E1 displayed significantly higher expression levels in the 3D matrix group (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). All error bars indicate the s.d.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11269_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6746", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: 3 h after starting the self-assembly;\nB: FT-IR spectra of dried nanoparticles revealed that the wavenumber of carbonyl vibrational stretch of polylactide shifted from 1,758 to 1,750 cm−1over time. TEM images:\nC: after 20 h and (g) after 30 h.\nD: WAXD diffractograms showed that the Bragg peak for stereocomplex formation between 1 and 2 increased over time. Cylindrical micelles obtained from the homochiral diblock copolymers 1 or 2 were found to decrease in length during the self-assembly (c–g). TEM samples were prepared by slow drying and negatively stained using PTA. Scale bars=500 nm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6746_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3275", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Net-like structures were self-assembled from the red and blue cubes. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nB: Quantification of specific assembly, non-specific assembly and unassembled cubes. *P<0.05.\nC: Linear chain structures were assembled from the red and blue gels. Left, schematic. Right, microscopy images. The inset shows a chain containing seven cubes. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nD: Hydrogel cubes carrying giant DNA glue on designated faces were fabricated in steps 1–4, collected in a 0.5ml microtube in step 5, mixed and agitated in step 6, and transferred to a Petri dish for imaging in step 7.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3275_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12424", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic representation of the experimental set-up.\nB: Merging of a dispensed droplet with the mother droplet.\nC: Characters ‘written’ by dispensing small droplets on the surface. The characters ‘A’ and ‘B’ were written with an orifice with diameter of 180 μm, ‘C’ was written with an orifice of 40 μm. The average droplet radii for characters ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ are about 15, 7 and 2 μm, respectively. Scale bars for ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’, 200, 100 and 50 μm, respectively.\nD: Bouncing and horizontal movement of the dispensed droplets under the action of Coulomb force. Scale bars incandd, 200 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12424_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Picture of HYDRAs assembled in parallel pulling onto load springs.\nB: Average period of oscillations as a function of water surface temperature. Markers indicate the average data values with error bars showing the s.d. calculated from three measurements.\nC: As the beam switches its position due to the force exerted by HYDRAs, the shutters open and close and alter the relative humidity of the chamber.\nD: Four stages of the oscillatory motion: (Stage I) When the shutters are closed, the relative humidity of the chamber increases, causing HYDRAs to expand. (Stage II) As HYDRAs expand towards the right, they force the buckled beam to switch its position. (Stage III) Opening of the shutters let the relative humidity of the chamber recede, causing HYDRAs to contract. The cycle is completed when contracting HYDRAs pull the buckled beam and force it to switch back to the left configuration (stage IV), which then closes the shutters and brings the system back to stage I.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8346_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15376", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Illustration of targeting relative to alignment markers (black) with an ion spot size down to <40 nm. The white circles (not to scale for visibility) indicate the three L3 cavity mode-maxima (Fig. 1). To determine the SiV-positioning accuracy relative to the mode-maxima, we performed spectrally resolving fluorescence scans. At each pixel ind,e, we recorded a spectrum including the Raman signal (d), the SiV fluorescence (e) and the cavity resonances (not displayed).\nB: Intensityx–yplot of the diamond Raman signal at 572.8 nm.\nC: Intensityx–yplot of SiV emission at 736.9 nm. By fitting a 2D Gaussian function to the intensity distribution, we determined the distance between the centre of the cavity and the SiV fluorescence, the effective positioning accuracy, to 48(21) nm, with error estimation of one s.d. Scale bar ind,e, 0.5 μm.\nD: Close-up SEM of example PhC lattice with four cavities. The white dashed rectangle indicates the area illustrated inc. Scale bar, 2 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15376_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4132", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The durability test under a pressure of 2,500 Pa at a frequency at 2 Hz. The current change curves were recorded after each 10,000 cycles and 200 cycles of data were presented in each recording.\nB: Enlarged view of the part of theI–tcurve ineafter 10,000 loading–unloading cycles.\nC: Current response to various pressures. Dot line is a linear regression giving a sensitivity of ~1.14 kPa.\nD: Electrical resistance changes under various strains. Gauge factor, GFNcould be derived by linear fitting.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4132_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10769", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic diagram of the four-terminal device with applied magnetic field aligned with the length.\nB: FFT spectrums of the conductance oscillations.\nC: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of a typical nanowire indicates <112> growth direction with interplanar space∼0.73 nm. Scale bar, 5 nm.\nD: Resistance as a function of magnetic field at different temperatures from 1.5 to 20 K.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10769_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12216", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: SEM image showing uniform dewetted particles.\nB: SEM image showing the encapsulation of peanut-like haematite seeds in the TPM oil phase.\nC: A schematic showing the oil-nucleation, dewetting and polymerization process. Dewetted particles can be further processed to produce shape-anisotropic colloids by controlling the amount of TPM oil precursor added to the dewetted particles.\nD: SEM image showing the particles fromcbeing used as seeds to grow TPM on the exposed haematite surface.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12216_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14702", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: NIR FL intensity of microcarriers loaded with different amounts of NPTAT under 730- or 808-nm excitation, respectively.\nB: Time-dependent release profiles of BSA–NPTAT-loaded microcarriers in simulated GI tract fluids. Inset shows the optical graph of the NPTAT-loaded microcarriers (mean±s.d. forn=3). (e,f) NIR FL and optical images of microcarriers at different release time points. Representative images are forn=3 per group.\nC: Absorption spectra of 10 μmol ml−1DCNPs dispersed in hexane and 50 nmol ml−1NPTAT dispersed in water. It should be noted that the concentration of the DCNPs was determined from the Nd element content in the solvent.\nD: NIR FL signals as a function of the NPTAT loading amounts in the microcarrier under 730-nm excitation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14702_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2584", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: With=0, the lowest energy state in the conduction band would follow a v-shape with a sharp kink atBDirac(red line inb,c). A finitefrom confinement in the axial direction results instead in a hyperbolic shape (orange line inc).\nB: In the orbital-type spin-orbit coupling24,25,6, this magnetic field results in a spin-dependent shift ofk┴, while the Zeeman-type coupling, (f), gives a valley dependent vertical shift in energy26,27,28. (g,h) Calculated energy spectrum of the first shell for a purely orbital-type coupling, (g), and a purely Zeeman-type coupling, (h), with parameters chosen to illustrate the difference between the two types of spectra. Colours indicate the ground state energies of the four electrons that would fill the shell. In (g), electrons experience a spin-dependentk┴shift, resulting in two separate Dirac crossings10, an effect absent in (h).\nC: The spin-orbit interaction in the nanotube results in an internal magnetic field aligned along the nanotube axis whose direction depends on the valley the electron occupies.\nD: The two nanotube valleys (KandK′) arise from the intersection of thek┴quantisation lines (dashed) with the Dirac cones of the graphene bandstructure. A magnetic field applied parallel to the nanotube axis shifts both quantisation lines horizontally, reducing the bandgap in oneKpoint and increasing it for the other, illustrated in (b). At a sufficiently large magnetic fieldBDirac, one valley (red line) crosses the Dirac point, after which the orbital magnetic moment changes sign.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2584_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1337", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Possible modes of association of cargo (FD10) with the host DNA capsule. Also given are cartoons representing all the species used in the present study.\nB: (Left) Gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay for the formation of IFD10. 0.8% agarose gel (1× TAE) showing association of FD10 with icosahedron: lane 1, FD10; lane 2, 1:1 (VU5: VL5)+2 mM FD10 post ligation; lane 3, purified IFD10. Gel was visualized using FITC excitation. (Right) Size-exclusion chromatogram (SEC-HPLC) of IFD10complex post-gel excision. SEC traces were followed at 254 nm (black) and 488 nm (grey). Inset: SEC of standard, reference sample of unlabelled, unloaded icosahedron I (retention time 8 min).\nC: Schematic illustration of the formation of FD10-loaded icosahedra (IFD10). Two complementary half icosahedra VU5and VL5are mixed in a 1:1 ratio in 2 mM FD10 solution and purified from free FD10.\nD: DLS traces of free FD10 (grey squares), the standard sample of DNA icosahedra, I (open black circles) and purified IFD10complex (black squares).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1337_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7590", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Reversible shifting ofλmaxposition in consecutive fast heating/cooling cycles.\nB: Extinction spectra of the aggregate taken at 30 and 120 °C revealing a shift of plasmon band maxima (λmax).\nC: Temperature-dependentλmaxposition shift, corresponding to the structural reconfiguration shown ine. Phase transition region, as deduced based one, is between the dashed lines.\nD: Sketch of part of Iso and Lm aggregates (in fact layers comprised 17 × 17 particles) used in simulations.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7590_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8637", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The phase diagram inBspace, whereBR=J/μBis the unit of magnetic field in the MC simulations.\nB: distorted conical phase or 3D modulations;\nC: two skyrmions;\nD: Distorted helical;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8637_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14179", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-targeted particle delivery to COLO 205 tumour cells in nude (nu/nu) micein vivo, followed by treatment with TRAIL. Mice were inoculated with COLO 205 tumour cells via tail vein injection (2 × 106cells), followed by injection of nontargeted and EpCAM-targeted PLGA particles (500 nm diameter;∼500 particles per tumour cell) 15 min post tumour cell injection. At 30 min post particle injection, mice were treated with TRAIL (0.1 μg ml−1plasma concentration). Tumour cells in blood were collected via submandibular bleed 90 min post TRAIL injection. Tumour cells were detectedin vivovia whole-body bioluminescent imaging (BLI) at 7 and 14 days post injection.\nB: PC-3 tumour growth curves after intravenous injections of targeted particles (40 mg kg−1) followed by TRAIL (15 mg kg−1) 3 h post particle injection. For combination therapies, tumour-bearing nu/nu mice were also treated with the TRAIL-sensitizer resveratrol (30 mg kg−1). After tumour formation (100 mm3), mice began treatment regimen and tumour volume was measured every 3 days. Blue arrows indicate days where mice were treated with targeted particles, followed 3 h later by TRAIL treatment. Green arrows indicate days where mice were treated with resveratrol via oral gavage.N=5 mice for all treatments. Data are reported as the mean±s.e. Different treatment groups were compared for statistical significance using Student’s two-tailedt-test for two conditions and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple comparisons. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. NS, not significant.\nC: Representative whole-body BLI images of COLO 205 tumour cells in mice 7 days post injection of particles and targeted particles followed by TRAIL.\nD: COLO 205 BLI signals in mice 7 and 14 days post injection of COLO 205 tumour cells under various conditions.N=5 mice for all treatments.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14179_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8662", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: On top of suitable QDs, lens structures are written into the resist by cross-linking the afore cracked PMMA chains by using an additional electron dose. The lens shape is defined by writing concentric circles into the resist and by carefully adjusting the respective electron doses.\nB: The sample’s luminescence is mapped by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Along this, the resist is exposed to an electron dose around 10 mC cm−2and becomes soluble upon development.\nC: Singly exposed resist is removed by applying the solvent methylisobutylketon and the lens shape forms in the inverted regions.\nD: Upon dry etching the lens profile is transferred from the inverted PMMA into the semiconductor. The bottom DBR section is omitted for a better display format.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8662_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12074", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Determination of detection sensitivity through analysis of RP using 0.6% agarose gel electrophoresis.\nB: Analysis of assay specificity using the colourimetric assay. The gram-negative bacteria used wereSerratia fonticola(SF),Achromobacter xylosoxidans(AX),Yersinia ruckeri(YR) andHafnia alvei(HA). The gram-positive bacteria used wereLeuconostoc mesenteroides(LM) andPediococcus acidilactici(PA).\nC: Determination of detection sensitivity via the colourimetric assay enabled by PW17 peroxidase DNAzyme.\nD: RCA reactions of rD2C1 in the presence ofE. coli(105cells ml−1) analyzed using 0.6% agarose gel electrophoresis. Note every reaction also contained PNK and dNTPs. L, DNA ladders ranging from 1 to 10 kbp; RP, RCA product.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12074_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2965", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Experimental results on method 3. Addition of the deprotector causes self-assembly of DNA nanotubes.\nB: Method 1: when the two sticky-end-bearing strands are absent, the three-stranded complex forms an incomplete tile that does not self-assemble. When the two missing strands (activators) are subsequently introduced, they hybridize to the incomplete tile to form the complete (reactive) tile, which then self-assembles into DNA nanotubes.\nC: Experimental results on method 1 using TIRF microscopy or AFM. In all experiments, the concentrations of all species were 200 nM and reactions were performed at room temperature (25 °C). For all TIRF experiments, a Cy3-modified version of the central tile strand was used. Both activators are needed for the reactive tile to form and for DNA nanotubes to self-assemble.\nD: Method 3: an alternative method of isothermally triggering DNA self-assembly involves a protected tile in which the top two sticky ends are pre-hybridized to protector strands. Exogeneous deprotector will react with the protected tile via strand-displacement24,25and yield the reactive tile as well as two by-product strands.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2965_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1656", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Freely suspended graphene is incorporated into a coplanar stripline circuit. A pump laser pulse focused onto the graphene-sheet generates the time-integrated photocurrentIphoto. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nB: The time-resolved photocurrent responseIsamplingis measured at the field probe, located ~0.3 mm away from the graphene. The probe laser pulse (red circle) triggers the read-out ofIsampling. Scale bar, 15 μm.\nC: Single line-sweep ofIphotoalong the dotted line in (b).\nD: Spatially resolved scan ofIphoto. The position of the striplines is indicated with dashed lines. Scale bar, 20 μm. The experimental parameters areElaser=1.6 eV,Plaser=200 μW,Vsd=0 V, andTbath=300 K.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1656_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8249", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Histogram of the measured particle extinction cross-section (blue) and calculated distribution (red solid line).\nB: Transmission signal of the fundamental cavity mode with sidebands when centered on an individual nanosphere (blue) and on a clean mirror spot (red).\nC: Pixel-by-pixel comparison between the extinction cross-section as measured by cavity transmission and linewidth.\nD: Extinction measurement of a nanoparticle by transmission (left half) and linewidth (right half). Scale bar, 1 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8249_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Large-area single P3HT:PEO-blend NW FET array on polyarylate (PAR) substrate.\nB: Histogram of the mobility for large-area P3HT:PEO-blend NW FET array with an average of 3.8±1.6 cm2V−1s−1.\nC: Input–output voltage characteristic for complementary inverter circuit based on P3HT:PEO-blend NWs and N2200:PEO-blend NWs (inset: gain characteristics).\nD: Large-area single P3HT:PEO-blend (70:30, w/w) NW FET array (7 cm × 7 cm) with ~300-nm channel length (144 bottom-contact devices).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2755", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Thermal conductivity reduction with length for ‘wide’ samples (Wλ), compared with the ballistic limit (kball=GballL/A) at several temperatures. Symbols are data for our ‘short’ unpatterned graphene samples (Figs 1aand3b), and ‘large’ samples of Seolet al.6(Fig. 3a). Solid lines are model from equation 1.\nB: Thermal conductivity for the same samples as ina(also seeSupplementary Fig. S10).\nC: Thermal conductance per cross-sectional area (G/A) versus temperature for our GNRs (L≈260 nm,Was listed, seeFig. 3c), a ‘short’ unpatterned sample (L≈260 nm,W≈12 μm, seeFig. 3b) and a ‘large’ sample from Seolet al.6(L≈10 μm,W≈2.4 μm, seeFig. 3a). The short but wide graphene sample attains up to ~35% of the theoretical ballistic heat-flow limit22,23,24(also seeSupplementary Fig. S9).\nD: Thermal conductivity reduction with width for GNRs, all withL≈260 nm (Figs 1c,dand3c). Solid symbols are experimental data fromb, open symbols are interpolations for the listed temperature. Lines are fitted model from equation 2, revealing a scaling as ~W1.80.3in the edge-limited regime. The thermal conductivity of plasma-etched GNRs in this work appears slightly lower than that estimated for GNRs from unzipped nanotubes13at a given width, consistent with a stronger effect of edge disorder35. Also seeSupplementary Fig. S11.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2755_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12396", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Extracted system parameters (symbols) as a function of drive power using equation (2) to fit the measured spectra (P0=1 mW). Error bars correspond to a 95% confidence interval in the fit to the measured spectra.\nB: Mechanical linewidthγm(top) and the mechanical frequency shiftδωmdue to the optical spring effect (bottom) versus drive detuning Δr,dat a fixed intra-cavity drive photon number. Shown are the fit values from the measured probe spectra for two different fridge temperatures,Tf=11 mK (blue circles) andTf=114 mK (red circles). The drive photon number atTf=11 mK (Tf=114 mK) is equal tond=2,350 (5,980). The solid line curves are a fit to the damping and spring shift using a radiation pressure back-action model as per ref.42.\nC: Schematic of the two-tone electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectroscopy measurement.\nD: Measured (blue points) probe spectra for different drive powers (P0=1 mW), all with a fixed drive detuning of Δr,d=ωm=4.815 MHz. Each spectrum is offset by −16.5 dB for better visibility. Fits to measured spectra using equation (2) are shown as solid red curves. Inset shows a zoomed-in view of the lowest power measurement with a mechanical linewidth ofγm/2π=8 Hz.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12396_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11924", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Temporal response of photocurrent in a photo-FET, in the presence of a 1 ms gate pulse synchronized with the on-to-off switch of the 660 nm light at 0.4 μW (on/off modulation interval: 1 s). Channel geometry: 3 mm (width) × 40 μm (length) × 70 nm (thickness).VD=1 V.\nB: Transient photocurrent response (within 200 μs) of the same photo-FET device as inb. Note that the source current shown incis the total current flowing into the source, with no dark current subtraction, whileIon–Ioffinaandbrepresents the on-state current minus the dark current.\nC: Schematic of the band bending and carrier recombination with or without the gate pulse reset.\nD: Time trace of the photocurrent in a photoconductor, with the on/off modulation (interval: 20 s) of 660 nm light with two different intensities, 1 μW and 3 nW (over the channel region). Note that the photocurrent at 3 nW light is amplified by a factor of 2. Channel geometry: 2 mm (width) × 5 μm (length) × 320 nm (thickness). Bias: 1 V.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11924_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-32148-9", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: -DNAzyme T2/B operating in module II, (ii)-experimental transient, (ii’)-computational simulated transient.\nB: -DNAzyme T3/C operating in module III, (iii)-experimental transient, (iii’)-computational simulated transient.\nC: -Overlay of the transient, dissipative, concentrations of the three DNAzymes participating in the cascade.f–i, Transient concentration changes of the DNAzymes in the cascaded system predicted by the kinetic model, Supplementary Fig.33and the derived rate constants, Supplementary Table6, upon triggering the system, T1= 3.6 μM (A/A’ 1.8 μM, H19 μM, S/T23.6 μM, B/B’ 0.6 μM, H23 μM, M/T31.2 μM, C/C’ 0.2 μM, H31 μM, W/P 2 μM), dashed curves and experimentally validated transients, solid curves:\nD: -DNAzyme T1/A operating in module I: Experimental transient (i)-solid curve; computational simulated transient using the kinetic model, Supplementary Fig.33, (i’)-dashed line.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-32148-9_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12952", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Schematic cross-section schematic view of TiS3chains along thebaxis, with Ti atoms in blue and S atoms in yellow.\nB: X-ray powder diffraction pattern of TiS3.\nC: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of TiS3whiskers, and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) image (inset). Scale bar, 1 nm.\nD: Optical photograph of as-prepared TiS3whiskers in the sealed quartz ampule and (inset) zoom-in images of TiS3whiskers that were grown at the interior surface of quartz. Scale bar, 250 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12952_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15189", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Resonator temperature (Tres, grey line) and average photon number (n, red line) solved from a thermal model corresponding to the measurements ina. SeeSupplementary Note 6andSupplementary Fig. 4for more information and for data at different bath temperatures.\nB: Experimentally measured changes in the electron temperatures of the QCR, ΔTQCR(purple circles) and of the probe resistor, ΔTprobe(red circles), as functions of the refrigerator operation voltageVQCR. The dashed lines show the theoretical ΔTprobewith (black) and without (green) photon-assisted tunnelling.\nC: Tunnelling diagram similar to that in Fig. 2a, but for a higher operation voltage corresponding to the region highlighted in yellow ina. Here only photon emission to the resonator is suppressed by the lack of thermal excitations.\nD: Thermal model used for the experiment. Blue colour denotes the electron system of the QCR and red colour that of the probe resistor. Only the fundamental mode of the resonator is considered. The powerPTarises from photon-assisted tunnelling;andcorrespond to ohmic losses;Pepaccounts for coupling between the probe electrons and the phonon bath at temperatureT0;Presdenotes the residual heating power of the probe due toVQCR;Pleakaccounts for leakage of photons to the resonator from high-temperature stages of the cryostat; andPxdenotes excess power due to a constant thermal conductanceGxto a reservoir at temperatureTx. Negative power implies the opposite direction of the energy flow with respect to the shown arrows. SeeSupplementary Note 2for a detailed description of the model.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15189_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9185", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Nanoscience and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The QD film treated with EDT/hydrazine (red) maintains the same increase in the early time signal amplitude as the EDT-treated film (black) when comparing 3.1 eV (dashed) and 1.55 eV (solid) excitation. However, in the case of the EDT/hydrazine treatment, the 3.1 eV trace lacks initial Auger decay indicating that photogenerated carriers escape from the dot before they undergo Auger recombination. Both films are comprised of QDs with a band gap of 0.69 eV and an electrical bias of 60 V is used. For the EDT- and EDT/hydrazine-treated films the fluences are, respectively,∼7 × 1012and∼2 × 1011cm−2for both excitation energies.\nB: Tail-normalized TPC traces with excitation above the CM threshold show the persistence of a fast Auger decay component in the limit of low pump fluences, indicating the presence of biexcitons generated via CM (same sample as inFig. 3; same bias); varies from 0.04 to 1.3 (from bottom to top). The inset shows that the low-fluence TPC trace measured with 3.1 eV photons can be reproduced using 1.5 eV excitation but with a much higher pump intensity.\nC: Comparison of the CM yields from the present TPC measurements (red solid circles) to those from previous transient absorption experiments on colloidal suspensions (open black circles; ref.48). Error bars shown for the TPC data points are s.d. derived from the non-linear least squares fits to the photocurrent transients used in the evaluation of CM yields. Inset: derivation of the CM yield from the low-pump-intensity limit of the measured multiplicities.\nD: The photoconductance for the same sample as inFig. 3excited with 3.1 eV photons with =0.04 exhibits Ohmic dependence, indicating no influence of the electric field on the CM yield. The inset shows that the CM yield is virtually electric-field independent for all QD sizes studied. Error bars are derived in the same way as inb.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9185_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15043", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: We iterate the previous steps for all transmissions, so as to stretchncopiesσ⊗nand collapse all the extended LOCCs Δno …o Δ1into a single LOCC Λ. In other words, we may write=Λ(⊗σ⊗n).\nB: Finally, we include the preparation of the separable stateinto Λ and we also average over all local measurements present in Λ, so that we may write the output state as=(σ⊗n) for a trace-preserving LOCC. The procedure is asymptotic in the presence of asymptotic channel simulations (bosonic channels).\nC: Let us simulate the channelby a LOCCand a resource stateσ.\nD: Consider theith transmission through channel, where the input (i−1)th register state is given by. After transmission throughand the adaptive LOCC Λi, the register state is updated to.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15043_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1584", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The intrinsic width of each rectangular notch is 0.15 nm FWHM; there are no wings and no detectable ringing outside of the notch.\nB: Grating transmission in units of dB measured with an optical spectrum analyser.\nC: Infrared night sky model in units of log (phot m−2s−1arcsec−2μm−1).\nD: The suppression of each OH skyline is perfect with no detectable residual at the resolution of the spectrograph.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1584_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-47125-7", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=8\\)(type-III WNLS);\nB: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=16\\)(type-I WNLS);\nC: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=24\\)(type-III WNLS). Here\\(d_B'=Q^TM/n^TMd_B\\), where\\(n^TM=8\\)and\\(d_B=2696\\)nm. The arrows show the rotation transitions between three types of WNLSs.\nD: \\(P^TM=16\\),\\(Q^TM=4\\)(type-II WNLS);", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-024-47125-7_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3679", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: An energy level alignment diagram for the excitonic states in Tc (red) and CuPc (blue). The light brown region represents CT excitons across the CuPc/Tc interface.\nB: UPS for Tc (red, 20 nm) and CuPc (blue, 15 nm), along with TR-2PPE spectra integrated in two time windows (solid, −0.5 to 1 ps; dashed, 9–10 ps).\nC: Optical absorption spectra of solid thin films (~20 nm) of tetracene (Tc, red) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc, blue);\nD: UPS of a 20-nm Tc thin film with CuPc overlayer thicknessdCuPc=0 (red), 2 (orange), 7 (blue) and 15 (green) nm. Thexaxis is ionization energy (Evac−E) and Evacis the vacuum level;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3679_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7611", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Spatiospectral profile in the gas jet focus with WFR.\nB: Corresponding calculated electric field.\nC: Spatiospectral profile in the gas jet focus without WFR.\nD: Measured HHG spatiospectral profile generated in 1-bar Argon with WFR, revealing a 4-mrad separation between beamlets.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7611_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8565", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: AE analogue in optical waveguides. The outer waveguides become an effective two-mode coupler withand the middle waveguide is a ‘dark mode’. Importantly, the coupling between the two outer waveguides is now controllable through Δβ12.\nB: The intensity evolution in three identical waveguides, whereV12=V23and the light is injected in waveguide 1. This evolution is equivalent to on-resonant three-level atomic interactions, where all the electrons are initially in the ground state. As seen, all the waveguides have a significant light intensity throughout the propagation as a result of the couplings.\nC: When AE conditions are met, the light injected in waveguide 1 propagates only in the outer waveguides 1 and 3. The middle waveguide is effectively eliminated, as its energy build-up remains very low during the entire propagation.\nD: AE process in the atomic system relies on a strong coupling between nearby levels that exhibit a very large detuning between them (Δ12, Δ23≫V12,V23). Since each of the two coupling processes is greatly detuned, the amplitude of the intermediate level oscillates very rapidly in comparison to the slow varying population in the other levels resulting in no significant build up and remaining at its initial value. The three-level system is thus reduced to an effective two-level system with an effective couplingbetween the ground and the excited states, with the intermediate level being a ‘dark’ state.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8565_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11809", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Comparison of the theoretically designed, based on permittivity data provided by Roberts52, and ellipsometrically extracted relative permittivity parameters for the metamaterial structure (see methods). In all simulations the hafnium dioxide layers are assumed to be lossless and dispersionless with a relative permittivity ofɛ=3.88.\nB: Calculated absorptivity characteristic of the metamaterial at normal incidence. At vacuum wavelengths below the topological transition the medium supports radiative modes resulting in high absorptivity. Beyond the transition the metamaterial allows only modes with large tangential components of the wavevector which cannot couple to optical modes propagating in vacuum. This leads to a strong suppression of the structure’s absorptivity and thus of its emissivity. Because of the small unit cell size excellent agreement is seen between the effective medium and rigorous transfer matrix theory.\nC: SEM image of the fabricated refractory metamaterial. By choosing the thicknesses of the nano-structured refractory metal and oxidic dielectric layers, topological transitions can be tuned throughout the infrared.\nD: Schematic image of the refractory metamaterial design. The dashed box shows the metamaterial unit cell.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11809_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12588", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Optical analogue of the source. A non-transparent screen with a hole, much less than a wavelength, forms two half-spaces. A two-level atom is situated in the right subspace close to the hole. The incident light from the left-hand side excites the atom by evanescent waves, which, however, cannot penetrate through the hole. The excited atom, in turn, emits radiation mainly into the right sub-space.\nB: An equivalent electrical circuit of the photon source. A superconducting loop with two junctions and an α-loop at the bottom forms the tuneable two-level quantum system. The system is coupled to the control and emission lines by capacitancesCcandCe, respectively.\nC: Mechanism of the single-photon generation. The atom exited by aπ-pulse (blue) of the incident radiation relaxes with a photon emission into the right sub-space (denoted by red colour).\nD: Optical micrograph of the device. The artificial atom is in the middle and the thin long metallic line from the atomic loop forms capacitances between the atom and the control/emission transmission lines. The scale bar in the bottom-right side is 100 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12588_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8944", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematics of the polarization and propagation directions of the impinging few-cycle pulses and spatial trace at which the field is analysed (white arc). Radial and tangential fields (Mie solution) are evaluated by projection on the unit vectorserandet(as indicated).\nB: Profiles of the local radial field enhancement,, and evolution of the characteristic angle,, with highest local radial field enhancement (black line).\nC: Radial and tangential peak field amplitudes,, sampled under the characteristic angle.\nD: Effective pulse length (solid) and CEP shift(dashed) of the local radial field. Black arrows in (d) and (e) indicate the ordinate that correspond to each of the curves.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8944_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16097", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A two-cavity design with their maximum absorption frequencies chosen to beωCandωB, respectively.\nB: Spectrum band of the device inFig. 2with three marked frequenciesωA=ω0,ωB≃ω0−1.1κandωC≃ω0−1.8κ. The corresponding group velocities arevg(ωA)=2κ,vg(ωB)=1.65κandvg(ωC)=0.9κ.\nC: The filter function for the design inc. (b,d).\nD: The filter functionof the device inFig. 2when its maximum absorption frequency is designed to beωA,ωBandωC, respectively. A maximum absorption frequency closer to the band edge results in a steeper skirt slope but poorer in-band rejection ratio.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms16097_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8410", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: TEM (inset: high-resolution TEM) and (b) SAED pattern of ZSO NPs synthesized at 90 °C for 12 h (N2H4/Zn=8).\nB: The reflective index (n) and the extinction coefficient (k) of low-temperature processed ZSO film.\nC: transmittance spectra of ZSO films on fused silica substrate with four coating times (inset: the photograph of ZSO colloidal solution and the resultant ZSO film).\nD: Plane view and cross-sectional SEM image of ZSO thin film (inset inFig. 4c: high-magnification SEM image).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8410_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14269", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The same measurement carried out on bilayers with fixed pentacene (18 nm) and varying C60thickness. The strong increase in bilayer SHG independent of constituent film thickness points to a dominant contribution from the DA interface. (e,f) Polar plots show the dependence of p- and s-polarized SHG on pump polarization angle, consistent with a nonlinear susceptibility exhibitingC∞vsymmetry. Solid magenta lines inc–fare the result of global fits to all of the bilayer sample data associated with each respective panel using the surface SHG model described inSupplementary Note 1. The left-hand axes ineandfdenote the radial scale.\nB: Quadratic dependence (denoted by the red line) of SH power on fundamental power that is typical of all samples studied. The error bars reflect s.d.’s calculated from multiple measurements on the same sample structure.\nC: Tilt scan results of p-polarized SHG from bilayers with fixed C60(20 nm) and varying pentacene thickness (blue squares) as indicated in the legend; the individual pentacene (red circles) and C60films (black triangles) are included for reference.\nD: Experimental geometry used to measure transmitted second harmonic generation (SHG) as a function of the pump polarization (ϕ) and incidence (θ) angles; the fundamental wavelength isλω=800 nm. The inset shows the sample structure, which consists of a pentacene/C60bilayer deposited on a sapphire substrate.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14269_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-26927-z", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Persistent luminescence (PersL) may occur when trapped electrons (or holes) transfer to the lanthanide dopant ions through thermal release via the conduction band or tunneling.\nB: The ideal exponential luminescence decay of phosphorescence with lifetime 0.05 s.\nC: The long-lasting afterglow ofLaL1(TTA)3at 10 μM concentration in toluene is observable for up to 30 s after Nd3+:YAG laser irradiation at 77 K. The afterglow ofLaPhen(TTA)3(diminished after 2 to 3 s) and ofL1(just above 5 s) are shown for comparison. (L1= 2-(N,N-diethylanilin-4-yl)−4,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (dbpt);TTA= thenoyltrifluoroacetonate;Phen= 1, 10-phenanthroline).\nD: The chemical structure ofLaL1(TTA)3.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-021-26927-z_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7407", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Experimental PINEM image of the SPP field distribution (at Δt=0 ps, using only electrons that have gained energy) on an isolated nanowire (5.7 μm length,≃67 nm radius) under 800 nm,ϕ=45° excitation. The scale bar corresponds to 1 μm. Different wires were used for the two polarizations.\nB: Experimental PINEM image of the photoinduced SPP field distribution on an isolated nanowire (3.4 μm length,≃45 nm radius) with light excitation polarized parallel to its longitudinal axis (800 nm,ϕ=0°). The image was recorded at Δt=0 ps, using only electrons that have gained energy. Electron counts inb–eare plotted using the same linear colour scale. The scale bar corresponds to 1 μm.\nC: Corresponding finite-element simulation of the SPP field (|Ez| in the plane 10 nm below the wire) in the 800 nm,ϕ=45° geometry. The shaded area indicates the spatial projection of the nanowire, and the scale bar corresponds to 1 μm.\nD: Spatial variation of the interferometric SPP field along the axis of the nanowire imaged inb. Black data points depict the background-subtracted SPP field strength integrated along the transverse direction, with the average distance between antinodesdav.determined from a multi-Gaussian fit (solid line).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7407_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9204", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: X0spectrum with Γ=1.15 μeV atVg=−1.54 V.\nB: X0optical linewidth measured at Rabi energies Ω/Γ0=0.50 for different gate voltages by sweeping the laser frequency through the resonance and integrating 100 ms per point. Γ decreases from 1.66 to 1.19 μeV with decreasing gate voltage.\nC: X0noise spectra recorded at Rabi energies Ω/Γ0=0.65 for different voltages, indicated inaby solid lines. Maximum/minimum spin noise (black/blue) is correlated with the largest/smallest Γ.\nD: NQD(f) on X0recorded with two lasers of frequenciesf1andf2and a frequency splittingf1−f2equal to the fine structure splitting for 〈δ〉=0 (blue) and 〈δ〉=Γ/2 (red). Inset shows the laser frequency detuning relative to the optical resonance.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9204_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15391", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Incident image consisting of the Stanford tree logo and letters generated with phase modulation, where the inside and the outside of the letters and the logo have different phases but the same intensity.\nB: Reflected intensity image corresponding toa.\nC: Reflected intensity image corresponding toc. The white bars correspond to the length of 100 μm.\nD: Incident image consisting of the ZJU eagle logo and letters with amplitude modulation, where the inside and the outside of the letters and the eagle have different intensities.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15391_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6615", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Dendrimer-based five-dye FRET system utilizing AF488 (orange), Cy3 (blue), Cy3.5 (green), Cy5 (red) and Cy5.5 (pink) dyes in a configuration, where each dye preceding the central-terminal Cy5.5 has two donors. An alternate version was assembled with AF647 replacing Cy5. Arrows schematically highlight the general donor (green) to acceptor (red) architecture. The following descriptions for the structures are used interchangeably throughout the text: linear or 1-way or unidirectional; bifurcated or 2-way or bidirectional; Holliday or 4-way or Holliday junction; star or 8-arm or 8-way or 8-arm star or 8-way junction; 2:1 or 2-1 dendrimer: 3:1 or 3-1 dendrimer and 4:1 or 4-1 dendrimer. Photonic wire, Holliday junction and eight-arm stars are sometimes referred to generically as stars. Black line inais a 10 nm size reference and all DNA structures are scaled accordingly.\nB: Cy3n→Cy5 two-dye single Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) step system consisting ofnCy3 donors (blue) paired to a single central Cy5 acceptor (red). Then=Cy3/Cy5 ratio is incrementally increased using linear (n=1), bifurcated (n=2), Holliday junction (n=4) and star (n=8) structures. Donor–acceptor spacings were also varied for each structure in increments of the Förster distance orR0~54 Å (0.75 × , 0.87 × , 1.0 × , 1.25 × and 1.5 ×R0). The 1.5 ×R0structures show approximate dye locations relative to the DNA.\nC: [Cy3→Cy3.5→Cy5]n→Cy5.5 four-dye, three FRET step system with sequential donor–acceptor arrangements of Cy3 (blue), Cy3.5 (green), Cy5 (red) and Cy5.5 (pink) in photonic wire configurations. The number of [Cy3→Cy3.5→Cy5]nwires leading into each terminal Cy5.5 dye increases similarly from one to eight using linear, bifurcated, Holliday junction and eight-arm star constructs. The blue arrows show the directionality of the FRET cascade(s) along each wire in each structure as they converge on the terminal Cy5.5 acceptor. Donor–acceptor spacing varied as 0.5 × , 1.0 × and 1.5 ×R0. The 1.5 ×R0schematic shows the approximate dye positions.\nD: Branched 0.5 ×R0dendrimer-based FRET systems utilizing Cy3, Cy3.5, Cy5 and Cy5.5 dyes in configurations were each dye preceding the central-terminal Cy5.5 has two, three, or four donors. Donor–acceptor spacings for the dendrimers were fixed at 0.5 ×R0, and the 2:1 structure shows approximate dye locations.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6615_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2785", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Perpendicular pattern of PVK NWs with 50-μm spacing and (f) corresponding grid-structured pattern of gold nano-gap (inset: region of intersection, scale bar, 200 nm).\nB: Schematic illustration (left) and scanning electron microscope image (right) showing the cross section of an ONW after metal deposition process in ONWL. There is no contact between NW and deposited metal film.\nC: Schematic illustration of the process for ONWL.\nD: Parallel array of nano-sized gold gap with 50-μm spacing.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2785_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6001", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Current density-voltage (J-V) curve and device parameters of the sample.\nB: SEM micrograph of a FIB polished area. The perovskite capping layer varies in thickness from 0 to 200 nm. Furthermore, perovskite crystals were observed on top of the mesoporous TiO2layer. The SEM image was recorded at a different position of the sample than KPFM to avoid SEM induced contaminations.\nC: Energy level diagram of the device layer structure.\nD: AFM topography and (c) phase contrast images of the FIB-polished area. Within the mesoporous layer, we measured a root mean square surface roughness of 2.6 nm, indicating partially empty pores. Peak-to-peak heights correspond to thez-scale of the image.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6001_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15845", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Microscope image of H&E-stained tactile corpuscle (courtesy of Dr Jesus Lozano, Dr Lorena Monarrez and Professor Doug Schmucker, Department of Anatomy, UCSF School of Medicine). Scale bar, 50 μm. (h,i) OCT and SM-OCTen faceimages from a 3D scan of the fingertip, located at the top of the dermis, as shown by the dashed line ina,d. With SM-OCT, there is an improved delineation of the dermal papillae (yellow arrows) and sweat ducts (white arrow). Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Close-up view on the sweat duct marked ina. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Close-up view on the sweat duct marked ind. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: Close-up view on the tactile corpuscle marked ind. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15845_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9420", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Normalized kinetics of the negative TA signal at 1.58 eV (dashed lines), excited at 2.25 eV, compared with normalized carrier cooling kinetics (solid lines) at carrier densities stated. With increasing carrier density, the TA kinetics of the 1.58 eV feature follow the same trend as the carrier cooling rates, that is, higher densities give slower decays. The normalized cooling curves show a consistently faster decay than the decay of the 1.58 eV TA feature.\nB: A schematic representation showing the relationship between carrier cooling and bandgap renormalization. Carriers are excited into (out of) conduction (valence) bands, photoexcited carriers interact and bandgap renormalization moves the bandgap fromEg0toEgBGR. ‘Hot’ photoexcited carrier distributions (red) with high carrier temperatures occupy fewer states at the new band edge, which gives rise to the PIA at 1.58 eV. As carrier temperature reduces (blue), increased occupation of the renormalized states leads to a reduction of the PIA.\nC: Transient absorption spectra of CH3NH3PbI3for a series of pump energies, taken at 250 fs after pump excitation (carrier densities∼2 × 1017cm−3). As the pump energy is moved towards resonance with the band edge, the negative feature at∼1.58 eV reduces (blue arrow). Under resonant pump energy with the band edge (1.63 eV, full-width at half-maximum=25 meV), the negative feature completely disappears.\nD: Change in occupation at the band edge ∂f(taken from the transient absorption kinetic at 1.58 eV) divided by the change in carrier temperature ∂Tc, plotted versus 1/Tc2. Here we present the same data asFig. 2b(before normalization), but with time plotted as an intrinsic variable. ∂f/∂Tcis obtained by taking the derivative of the transient absorption kinetic at 1.58 eV with respect to time −∂f/∂t, and dividing this by the change in the carrier temperatureTcwith respect to time −∂Tc/∂t. The data are well described by linear fits (solid lines), which indicates that ∂f/∂Tcis proportional to 1/Tc2.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9420_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9724", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Electron diffraction measurements, the scale bar identifies a unit of 2 nm−1.\nB: Schematic of the experimental procedure: a large, sealed crystallizing dish filled with antisolvent is used to host a smaller dish containing the solution. A stirring bar is placed in the inner dish.\nC: Top view and (d) cross-sectional SEM of the ISC perovskite film. The scale bar identifies a length of 50 μm.\nD: Steady-state photoluminescence and absorption. Inset: calculation of the optical bandgap using the Tauc method. The optical bandgap is measured to beEg=2.24 eV.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9724_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4609", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: MC and MEL responses of the complete organic fringe-field device.\nB: MC and MEL responses to an external magnetic field of a reference OMAR/OLED device without the magnetic film and (c) IV and EL versus voltage for the reference device.\nC: MagnetizationMrelative to the saturation magnitizationMSof the ferromagnetic film as obtained by MOKE. All data are for room temperature.\nD: Schematic of the device structure used for fringe-field MC and MEL measurements. The device consists of a standard OMAR/OLED device fabricated on top of a ferromagnetic film, which need not be in electrical contact with the organic device. A SiO2layer was used in some devices to electrically isolate the magnetic film from the organic device. The electroluminescence (EL) is collected through the semitransparent top contact.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4609_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15340", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The optical setup for TOMOTRAP, consisting of optical diffraction tomography (green beam path) and holographic optical tweezers (red beam path). BS, beam splitter; GM, galvanomirror; CL, condenser lens; OL, objective lens; DM, dichroic mirror; SLM, spatial light modulator; SF, spatial filter.\nB: Real-time optical diffraction tomography reconstructing the 3D refractive index (RI) distribution of the samples from measured multiple holograms. Multiple holograms of the samples from various illumination angles are recorded by Mach-Zehnder interferometry, from which complex optical fields consisting of amplitude and phase delay of the sample are retrieved via a field retrieval algorithm. The optical diffraction tomography algorithm reconstructs the 3D RI distribution of samples from retrieved complex optical fields. The desired 3D beam intensity distribution is generated by applying rotational, translational and/or folding transformations to the reconstructed tomogram. Scale bar indicates 5 μm.\nC: The 3D Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm calculates the phase-only 3D Fourier spectra of the desired 3D beam intensity obtained inbby applying iterative Fourier and inverse Fourier transforms (FT and FT−1). The 2-D projection of the angular part of the 3D Fourier spectra yields a phase-only hologram to be displayed on a spatial light modulator used for holographic optical tweezers.\nD: The overall process for the stable control of the orientation and shape of arbitrarily shaped particles using TOMOTRAP.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15340_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15331", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The output signal generated by the piezoelectric effect of the QTF after its prongs were excited by an acoustic pulse.\nB: The BF signal generated after the piezoelectric signal was demodulated by a LIA.\nC: The diode laser was operated by means of a current and temperature controller. A direct current (d.c.), alternating current (a.c.) and ramp signal provided by current source, function generator 1 (FG1) and function generator 2 (FG2), respectively, were used as the laser drive current, modulation current and scanning current, respectively. Three different semiconductor lasers, DFB-DL, DFB quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) and DFB interband cascade laser (DFB-ICL), were employed in this system as the excitation sources sequentially. A fibre-coupled collimator ensures that the collimated DFB-DL beam passes through the ADM without touching the QTF prongs. Optical lenses were used to collimate the DFB-ICL and DFB-QCL laser beams. The details about the experiments, in which the DFB-QCL and DFB-ICL were equipped as the excitation source, were described in theSupplementary Figs 6 and 7, respectively. DAQ, data acquisition; TA, transimpedance amplifier.\nD: The ramp signal provided by FG2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15331_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9286", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Optics and photonics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Electrochemical deposition of a seed layer of Rh electrocatalysts (grey) and photoelectrodeposition of a continuous electrocatalyst film (red; see text).\nB: Chemical and photoelectrochemical surface transformation of the AlInP window layer in an aqueous solution of RhCl.\nC: Transmission electron microscope image of a cross-section of the surface after Rh catalyst deposition; scale bar, 10 nm.\nD: Oscillation of the open-circuit potential on illumination during functionalization.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9286_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15891", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: ΔVrand ΔVufor different types of CVD graphene (1, 2 or 3 layers) and for HOPG.\nB: Schematic diagram (not to scale) and simplified, lumped elements equivalent circuit for the tunnelling triboelectrification process; the equivalent circuit comprises the small areas (Δx2) air-gap and SiO2capacitors (rubbed section) and the large area capacitors (rest of the graphene layer). Error bars are defined as s.e.m.\nC: KPFM image of the MEG layer measured along the yellow dashed line inband showing that there is no significant potential difference between the rubbed and unrubbed parts (the almost constant shift is due to triboelectric charges spreading all over the graphene layer and thus charging the graphene-to-silicon capacitor).\nD: KPFM image of mechanically exfoliated graphene (MEG) after rubbing with an AFM tip.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15891_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1302", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Longitudinal alignment of Ex-293 cells under passive tension inside a tissue cord. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Longitudinal and transverse histological sections of an Ex-293 tissue cord cultured for 4 weeks and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Scale bars, 100 μm.\nC: A cocultured-3D tissue cord with peripheral NRVM regions connected by a 1.3-cm-long central Ex-293 bridge (superimposed composite images of phase contrast and mCherry fluorescence). Scale bar, 5 mm. The optical recording array was placed underneath the cord (bottom panel).\nD: A 3D tissue cord made by casting a mixture of Ex-293 cells and fibrin hydrogel within a tubular mold. Scale bar, 1 cm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1302_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13413", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Thicknesses of the BP (top) and the ReS2flakes (bottom) corresponding to the yellow lines marked inb.\nB: AFM (atomic force microscope) image of the BP/ReS2heterostructure sample.\nC: Three-dimensional KPFM mapping image of the BP/ReS2heterostructure (top) and histogram distributions of ΔVCPDextracted from the KPFM mapping image (bottom).\nD: Work function values of BP and ReS2films. The inset shows schematic illustration of the KPFM measurement system. (g,h) Energy band alignments of BP and ReS2heterojunction at equilibrium (g) before and (h) after contact.EC,EFandEVare the lowest energy level of the conduction band, the Fermi level and the highest energy level of the valence band of the semiconductors, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13413_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12699", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic showing how cells in biofilms adapt to high-intensity light by reducing their concentration of light-absorbing pigments. This reduction in pigment concentration results in a more transparent biofilm which allows light to penetrate deeper allowing the biofilm to grow thicker and support more cells.\nB: Schematic of micro-scaled light delivery through waveguides to attached biofilms. Light from an LED is coupled into a slab waveguide and undergoes total internal reflection. Where cells are present on the waveguide surface, light can be scattered out or coupled directly into the photosynthetic apparatus, driving photosynthesis. The inset below shows experimental growth patterns achieved using this design.\nC: Schematic showing how light guiding elements can be used to increase the illuminated surface area to volume ratio inside of photobioreactors, reducing the irradiance seen by the culture below the saturation intensity.\nD: Short-light-path cascade photobioreactor for high-density outdoor cultivation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12699_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-024-45670-9", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Unitless mathematic VMM operation.\nB: Electrical circuit representation of the memristive crossbar-based analogue VMM operation.\nC: Mathematic VMM operation involving electrical magnitudes.\nD: Realistic memristor crossbar representation considering the line resistance (RL) and the interline capacitances (see the inset showing a circuit schematic of a memristive cell in a CPA structure considering the associated wire parasitic resistance and capacitance). Aspects such as device variability are captured by the memristor model employed.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-024-45670-9_figure_21.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14494", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The instantaneous speed of the robot during one walking cycle using the classic tripod (red) or bipod-B (cyan) gait. Red and cyan arrowheads mark peak speeds for the tripod and bipod-B gaits, respectively.\nB: A frontal view of the hexapod robot used. Each leg is labelled in white. A white arrowhead indicates the direction of heading.\nC: The robot’s position at four 4 s intervals during tripod (left) or bipod-B (right) locomotion. Black dashed lines connect the robot’s locations at corresponding time points. Black arrows indicate the direction of heading. Scale bar, 16 cm.\nD: Average speed over 10 s for each gait (N=10 each). A double asterisk (**) indicates thatP<0.001 for a two-samplet-test.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14494_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8346", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Four stages of the oscillatory motion: (Stage I) When the shutters are closed, the relative humidity of the chamber increases, causing HYDRAs to expand. (Stage II) As HYDRAs expand towards the right, they force the buckled beam to switch its position. (Stage III) Opening of the shutters let the relative humidity of the chamber recede, causing HYDRAs to contract. The cycle is completed when contracting HYDRAs pull the buckled beam and force it to switch back to the left configuration (stage IV), which then closes the shutters and brings the system back to stage I.\nB: The oscillator comprises horizontally placed HYDRAs coupled to a load spring and shutters that control permeation of moisture. Shutters are connected to a beam that is compressed beyond its buckling limit so that it has two stable configurations.\nC: Picture of the oscillator connected to an electromagnetic generator. The inset photo of the LEDs is taken during the operation. (g,h) Voltage and power measured across a load resistor of 100 kΩ. Scale bar, 2 cm.\nD: Average period of oscillations as a function of water surface temperature. Markers indicate the average data values with error bars showing the s.d. calculated from three measurements.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8346_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11650", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Effect of amperometric measurement on the electrocardiogram signal before cycling (no sweat state) and during cycling (sweating state).\nB: Location of the Chem–Phys patch for mounting on the human body—the fourth intercostal space of the chest.\nC: Cycling resistance profile for on-body tests.\nD: A photograph of Chem–Phys hybrid patch.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11650_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11513", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Raman spectrum of a GME exhibiting a G peak of 1,580 cm−1and a 2D peak of 2,656 cm−1.\nB: A schematic drawing showing the structure of a GME and its working principle. A GME is fabricated on a SiO2/Si wafer substrate and consists of a graphene film suspended between two metal (Au/Cr) electrodes and over the bottom Si electrode. A bias voltage (Vb) is applied to a GME to drive the electron emission from it and a top W electrode with a collecting voltage (Vc) applied is used to collect and measure the emission current. The highly doped Si layer applied with a voltage ofVgacts as the gate to tune the emission current measured by the top W electrode.\nC: Tilted SEM image of a GME (scale bar, 1 μm).\nD: Ic−Vgcurves of the same GME as incwhenVbincreases from 3.10 to 3.35 V at 0.05 V intervals andVcis fixed at 100 V.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11513_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12398", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: SrTiO3Ti L-absorption edge detected from SrTiO3with a 1 nm Al2O3capping layer without electrode, from underneath a graphene electrode, and from underneath a 2 nm Rh electrode. Inset: zoom to the prepeak-area after normalization confirming better spectral resolution with graphene electrodes compared with Rh electrodes. Normalized spectra from underneath graphene and from the surface without electrode are practically identical.\nB: Forming step (blue line) and following reset-set (green line) operation for a device with a graphene top electrode.\nC: Device and measurement set-up schematic. An epitaxial SrTiO3layer (blue) is sandwiched between a Nb:SrTiO3bottom electrode (violet) and graphene top electrode (grey honeycomb lattice). The graphene electrode is contacted through a metal lead, which is electrically separated from the continuous bottom electrode, allowing for biasing inside PEEM instruments. At the same time, photoelectrons from the SrTiO3layer can easily escape through the graphene electrode, allowing simultaneous imaging, as depicted with the PEEM lens system.\nD: Scanning electron microscopy image of an exemplary device. Scale bar, 5 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12398_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Total expelled water (weight ratio, %) as a function of number of exposures to RF radiation.\nB: Transient control of temperature of the hydrogel on the skin using the wireless heating element, and measured using an IR camera. The temporal behaviour during heating and cooling defines the phase of the hydrogel and the resulting delivery mode.\nC: Optical and infrared (IR) images of a wirelessly controlled responsive hydrogel delivery system. All scale bars are 1 mm. This system consists of three functional layers: a thermally responsive hydrogel membrane, a stretchable radio frequency antenna with Joule heating element and a composite substrate. As shown in inset IR image, the wirelessly activated heater locally increases the temperature of the hydrogel. As demonstrated in right two magnified images, when the temperature exceeds the low critical solution temperature (LCST) of the hydrogel, the material changes in phase from a swollen (transparent) to a shrunken (white) state, corresponding to a large volume contraction. This process induces release of the aqueous contents of the hydrogel (that is, water-soluble drugs) to the surroundings. The wavy polyimide network used in the composite substrate adopts a triangular lattice of horseshoe building blocks, withθ=150°,w=40 μm,t=55 μm. The stress–strain response appears in (e).\nD: Stress–strain measurements on this device and schematic cross-sectional illustration. The wavy polyimide network used in the composite substrate adopts a triangular lattice of horseshoe building blocks, withθ=120°,w=40 μm,t=55 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7566_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12762", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: ‘Silanol nests model’ of the hydrophilic defects induced by Al insertion in the silicalite-1 framework (silicon atoms are yellow; oxygen red; hydrogen white)30. Rendering MD pictures are made with UCSF Chimera68.\nB: Detail of the water intrusion in a silicalite-1 pore.\nC: Scanning electron microscopy analysis of a silicalite-1 crystal (scale bar, 10 μm).\nD: Periodic silicalite-1 crystal (red/yellow) infiltrated by water molecules (blue) for a studied MD setup.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12762_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19511-4", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: –(f) Optical micrograph of the star-shaped device structure and schematic diagram of the measurement set-up. Write currentsI1andI2are sourced along the paths from A(C) to B(D), respectively. Reading of the antiferromagnetic states is achieved by measuring transverse Hall voltage (VDC) under the application of read current (IDC) along the arm aligned at 45° to the write channel.\nB: Experimental results of current-induced manipulation of PtMn(10)/Pt structure under applied current densitiesJPt= 1.98 × 1011A m−2(JPtMn= 4.96 × 1010A m−2)JPt= 2.38 × 1011A m−2(JPtMn= 5.95 × 1010A m−2) andJPt= 3.27 × 1011A m−2(JPtMn= 8.17 × 1010A m−2).\nC: Schematic diagram of the stack structure.\nD: The stability of written states was investigated by measuringRHallfor several hours after writing. Red and blue shaded area corresponds to the writing of PtMn(10)/Pt by 10 write pulses along a direction indicated by the arrows in the schematics. The scale bar of the y-axis (RHall) is same as of (g).", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-19511-4_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12725", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The plot of off current (left panel) and on/off ratio (right panel) along with reading voltage (VR) normalized by memory window (VW).\nB: Endurance characteristics of the TRAM. Programme and erase were carried out by −6 V and +6 V with a pulse width of 0.1 s and a reading voltage of 0.1 V.\nC: I–Vcurve of the TRAM with 7.5-nm thick h-BN. Channel length and channel width of the device are 4 and 2 μm, respectively. The arrows indicate the current sweeping direction. Memory window from 0 to 4 V is shown with blue colour.\nD: Retention characteristics of TRAM with 7.5-nm thick h-BN after programme (Vds=−8 V) and erase (Vds= 8 V) for 5 s,Vreading=0.01 V.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12725_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7126", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The intrinsic magnon linewidth alonganddirections. The solid circles denote the experimental results. The open squares and circles represent the calculated results of a two-atomic-layer-thick Fe50Pd50alloy film on Pd(001) and one atomic layer of Fe film on Pd(001), respectively.\nB: The experimental (exp.) and theoretical magnon dispersion relation along theanddirections. The length ofis 1.15 Å−1, and the length ofis 1.61 Å−1. The empty circles represent the experimental results. The blue and green solid curves denote the magnon dispersion relation of a two-atomic-layer-thick Fe50Pd50alloy film on Pd(001) and one atomic layer of Fe film on Pd(001), respectively.\nC: A schematic representation of the scattering geometry in our SPEELS experiments.Mis the magnetization,Ei(Ef) is the energy of the incident (scattered) beam,ki(kf) is the wave vector of the incident (scattered) beam,θis the incident angle, andθ0=80° is the angle between the incident beam and the scattered beam.qis the wave vector of the excited magnon.\nD: Typical SPEELS spectra at the wave vector of 0.6 Å−1, recorded on a two-atomic-layer-thick FePd alloy film on Pd(001) atT=13 K. The red (I↓) and blue (I↑) spectra represent the intensity of the scattered electrons for the spin polarization of the incident beam parallel and antiparallel to macroscopic magnetization, respectively. To clearly see the magnon excitation peak,I↓,I↑and the difference spectra (I↓–I↑) in the region of positive energy loss are multiplied by a factor of 10 and are shown in the same graph. The difference spectrum (I↓–I↑) is represented by green solid circles. The peak at about 50 meV in the spectra is due to the magnon excitations.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7126_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15330", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The stability of sealed cells in thermal ageing test at 85 °C in an atmosphere with relative humidity of about 50%.\nB: The photocurrent current–voltage characteristics of one device with the structure of NiMgLiO/Perovskite/N-doped graphene fullerene derivative phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (G-PCBM) (150 nm)/CQDs (10 nm)/Ag, measured under simulated solar light (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2).\nC: Its IPCE spectrum.\nD: The stability of sealed devices under dark and under air AM 1.5G simulated solar light.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15330_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15566", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Engineering", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Doping scheme of the 50 nm-thick EML for the graded-EML and managed PHOLEDs, denoted as GRAD and M0, respectively. GRAD has the dopant graded from 18 to 8 vol% in the mCBP host, while M0 is a similarly graded device but with the 3 vol% of the manager replacing the dopant of the same amount, compared to GRAD, to keep the total doping concentration the same for both devices.\nB: Energy level diagram of the PHOLED with the manager, denoted ‘managed PHOLED’. Numbers in the figure are energies referred to the vacuum level.\nC: Managed PHOLEDs M1–M5 have selectively doped 10 nm-thick zones of the EML. The zones have a manager doping of 3 vol% substituting the dopant of the same amount. The other details of the EML are identical to that of GRAD.\nD: Molecular formulae of Ir(dmp)3andmer-Ir(pmp)3, used for the dopant and the manager, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15566_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14075", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: J–Vcurves for typical devices measured by forward (short circuit → open circuit) and reverse scans.\nB: Stabilized photocurrent density and PCE at maximum power points for typical devices.\nC: PV parameters for 19 cells of FAPbI3devices made with hotplate (red squares) and RTA (blue squares), and their average values (thick black line) and s.d. (thin black lines). All the perovskite films in this figure were annealed at 170 °C for 10 min.\nD: Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of FAPbI3films made with hotplate (red line) and RTA (blue line).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14075_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15113", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Optical (left panel; scale bar, 2 mm) and SEM images (right panel; scale bar, 20 μm) of monolayer MoS2film before (P-MoS2, upper panel) and after (V-MoS2, lower panel) desulfurization.\nB: TOF per surface Mo atom (TOFMo) as a function of applied potential for MoS2monolayers before and after desulfurization. The results from previous work where Ar plasma was employed for desulfurization are also shown for comparison (shaded area). All the current densities are defined based on the total electrode surface area.\nC: XPS Mo 3d and (c) S 2p peaks of pristine MoS2(P-MoS2, upper curves) and MoS2with S-vacancies (V-MoS2, lower curves). The filled symbols are measured data, and the solid lines are the parametric fits. The dashed lines with enclosed shaded areas label the major peak used to characterize the S:Mo atomic ratio.\nD: LSV of monolayer MoS2before and after desulfurization, respectively. The current density increment is defined as ΔJ/J0, whereJ0is the current density at −0.32 V versus RHE before desulfurization.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15113_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15390", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Absorption spectra for the amorphous and crystalline Cu(II/I) hole conductors.\nB: Photoluminescence decay dynamics of amorphous Cu(II/I) hole conductor.\nC: Incident light intensity (Pin)-dependentJscof solid-state DSCs with amorphous and crystalline hole conductors. The red lines are linear fits of the data.\nD: Photoluminescence decay dynamics of crystalline Cu(II/I) hole conductor. The traces were collected at 670 nm with photoluminescence maximum following nanosecond laser pulsed excitation at 408 nm. The black dot symbols are instrument response function. The red lines are bi-exponential fits of the data.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15390_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15194", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: In situXANES spectra of the charge process.\nB: The reaction model of Co(OH)2and CoOOH phase transformation. Co(OH)2loses a hydrogen to becomes CoOOH during charge, and vice versa, a hydrogen is incorporated into CoOOH during discharge.\nC: In situXANES spectra of a whole charge/discharge cycle in a three-dimensional mode. A–H spectra correspond to the positions marked inFig. 2c.\nD: In situXANES spectra of the discharge process.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15194_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12744", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: A temperature-humidity meter is driven by manually tapping five parallel TENG tubes.\nB: Charging curve of SC by manually pressing two TENG-tubes.\nC: Circuit diagram of the self-charging power system integrated by the TENG and SC/LIB.\nD: Charge density of the TENG before and after washing in water. The left insert showing the TENG immerged into water, and the right insert showing that 32 LEDs were lighted by pressing the TENG after washed in water. (b,c) LED warning signs on a vest, i.e., ‘CAUTION’, ‘PASS’ and ‘STOP’ are lighted by pressing the TENG weaved into the vest.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12744_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14627", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Low-magnification SEM image, (b) high-magnification SEM image, (c) high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) STEM image and (d,e) TEM images of the as-prepared porous VN/G composite.\nB: 500 nm;\nC: 5 nm.\nD: 50 nm;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14627_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13065", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Conductive polar nanoparticles can chemically adsorb LiPSs near their surfaces. When the sulfur content of the composite exceeds the limit, the extra LiPSs would dissolve into the organic electrolyte.\nB: The conductive polar hollow structure inherits both advantages ofb,c.\nC: The hollow polar structure can bond with LiPSs near the surface, and effectively restrict the diffusion of the inner LiPSs. However, the low conductivity of the host hinders high sulfur utilization.\nD: LiPSs can be chemically adsorbed only when they are close enough to the polar surface, LiPSs far from the polar surface cannot be effectively anchored during the cycling.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13065_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12806", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: EQE(the integrated current density is 22.2 mA cm−2) and (d) steady-state photocurrent and efficiency at the maximum power point (0.93 V) of the optimized perovskite device with 10D-CLCS ETL. Statistics of the fill factor (FF)(e) and power conversion efficiency (PCE).\nB: J–Vcurves of perovskite solar cells based on different fullerene ETLs. CLCS, crosslinked C60-SAM; N-CLCS, non-crosslinked C60-SAM; 5D-CLCS, 5 wt.% MAI-doped crosslinked C60-SAM; 10D-CLCS, 10 wt.% MAI-doped crosslinked C60-SAM; 20D-CLCS, 20 wt.% MAI-doped crosslinked C60-SAM.\nC: Comparison of theI–Vcharacteristics of N-CLCS, CLCS and 5D-CLCS, 10D-CLCS and 20D-CLCS films deposited on normal glass substrates obtained by four-probe conductivity measurement.\nD: J–Vcurves with different sweeping directions and sweeping rates (hollow triangles and solid triangles represent the scanning direction from negative to positive bias and from positive to negative bias, respectively).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12806_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12985", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Optical images of the portable power-supplying system with an a.c. to d.c. converting circuit and a buck–boost circuit.\nB: Optical images of the infrared sensor and (b) the wireless sensor operated by the integrated wireless sensing system with a signal-processing circuit.\nC: Measured output voltages in a a.c. to d.c. converter and (e) a buck–boost converter.\nD: Optical images of charging a battery of smart phone/watch.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12985_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14083", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Procedure for preparing the ACC/I2electrode.\nB: X-ray diffraction pattern of the ACC/I2cathode.\nC: Scanning electron microscopy images of the ACC/I2cathode, scale bar: 1 mm.\nD: Energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping of I in the ACC/I2cathode.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14083_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12537", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Proximity histogram for the 24% Se isosurface shown ind. The error bars embedded in the 1D line profiles and proximity histograms are the s.e.\nB: A 1D line profile in thezdirection of the (b) APT 3D reconstructed data set for the 100 nm CdSe layer sample displaying the Te (green) and Se (purple) atoms, and 27.5% Te (green) and Se (purple) isosurfaces.\nC: A 1D line profile in thezdirection of the (d) APT 3D reconstructed data set for the 400 nm CdSe layer sample displaying the Te (green) and Se (purple) atoms, and a 24% Se isosurface. Proximity histograms for the 27.5% Te (e) and Se (f) isosurfaces for the 100 nm sample imaged inb.\nD: from counting statistics,, wherecis the concentration of the element andNis the total number of ions. Minor uncertainties can occur from background levels and mass spectral peak overlaps. A detailed summary of the mass spectrum, mass spectral ranges and resulting compositions can be found inSupplementary Fig. 4andSupplementary Table 2.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12537_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14589", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A schematic diagram of the microstructure and chemical composition of surface degradation products at the of surface LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2. The size of regions is not drawn to scale.\nB: TOF-SIMS spectra of C2HO−and7LiF2−integrated over 1,000 s of Cs+sputtering (10 s sampling step) on LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2composite electrodes after battery operation at room temperature, representative of the evolution of organic and inorganic interphasial species as a function of cycles.\nC: Normalized (to maximum) depth profiling of several secondary ion fragments of interest at the cycled LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2surface. Depth is calculated based on the calibrated Cs+sputtering rate of∼0.03 nm s−1for the active material (Supplementary Fig. 1). (c–e) TOF-SIMS chemical mapping (burst alignment mode) on cycled LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2electrodes.\nD: Shows top views collected after 100 s and 1 h Cs+etching, whileeis taken from the cross-sectional perspective. From the left to right, the secondary ions of interest are, respectively, ‘total’, C2−,7LiF2−,58NiO−and MnF2−. Scale bars, 20 μm in bothd,e.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14589_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15682", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: [100].\nB: [111]. The displayed polarization is the projected component of the total polarization along the direction of the appliedE-field. The arrows inside the boxes (on the sides of each panel) schematize the direction of the long-range-ordered electric dipoles in the initial and final states. The different colours used for the solid lines denote compositions ranging fromx=0.4 to 1.0, as shown by the legend on the right.\nC: [001].\nD: [110].", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15682_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13907", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Time-resolved PL spectra of CT0 and CT2.5.\nB: A comparison of the photocatalytic H2-production activities of CT0, CT0.05, CT0.1, CT2.5, CT5, CT7.5, Ti3C2NPs, Pt–CdS, NiS–CdS, Ni–CdS and MoS2–CdS. The error bars are defined as s.d.\nC: Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra of CT0, CT2.5 and Ti3C2-E. The insets show the colours of all the samples as well as the ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectrum and picture of the Ti3C2NPs aqueous solution.\nD: EIS Nyquist plots of CT0 and CT2.5 electrodes measured under the open-circle potential and visible-light irradiation in 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH=7) solution. The inset shows the transient photocurrent responses of CT0 and CT2.5 electrodes in 0.2 M Na2S+0.04 M Na2SO3mixed aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13907_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15400", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Energy science and technology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: In the fully lithiated area (left, denoted as γ), granular contrast and volume expansion are visible. The RF is marked by the dashed rectangle. Scale bar, 50 nm.\nB: HRTEM image shows fully lithiated area near the edge of the rods, consisting of small Ag nanoparticles (solid circles) and hollandite grains (dash circles). Scale bar, 5 nm. (d–g) EDPs show the corresponding structural evolution during lithiation.\nC: EDP taken from the area marked as β (right ina) showing the well-preserved tetragonal structure with crystal-grains aligned along thecaxis (longitudinal direction) of the nanorods. (e–g) EDPs from (e) RF area, (f) lithiated area (g, left in (a)), and (g) after extended lithiation (far left). Ag spots gradually evolve to diffusive rings due to their small size and structural distortion (see (c)), indicating increased Ag particle precipitation during lithiation. The Hollandite spots elongate into an arc, indicating that the single crystalline nanorod breaks to small grains with theircaxis rotating off the longitudinal axis (see the dash circles inc).\nD: The same area of the right part ofa), marked by the vertical dashed line, after RF propagates through the region. Scale bar, 50 nm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15400_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7599", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: July (F0–F5);\nB: May (F2–F5);\nC: July (F2–F5) tornadoes.\nD: May (F0–F5);", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7599_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8669", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The erasure of a quantum systemSwith access to a quantum memoryMmust transfer the content ofSinto the systemEcontaining the discarded information, while preparingS′ in a pure state and mappingMtoM′ identically. The corresponding minimal work cost is; this can be achieved using the procedure of del Rioet al.25If the system is entangled with the memory, this quantity is negative and work may be extracted.\nB: Work can be extracted if randomness is being produced: the discarded information is entangled with the output (orange wavy lines), and the conditional entropy on the right hand side of (1) is negative.\nC: The XOR gate only requireskTln 2 work, as it discards less entropy per output event than the AND gate.\nD: The AND gate is one of the building blocks of computers. Our result implies that any successful implementation of this logically irreversible gate requires at least work log23·kTln 2≈1.6kTln 2 due to the entropy of the discarded information (dotted arrows).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8669_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12611", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Evolution of hardware (synapses 0–3, enclosed in thick, black frame) and software (synapses 4–7) weights. (e,f) Responses of the WTA network to the initial (e) and final (f) 41 input samples. The fire count of both the hardware synapse neuron (orange) and the software synapse neuron (turquoise) is shown for patterns 0110 and 1001, and patterns that differ from these prototypes in one position (0110δand 1001δ). The different pattern groups are perfectly segregated by the end of the run.\nB: Evolution of neuron specializationsSito patterns 0110 and 1001 as weights change over successive events, illustrating the interplay between the two neurons. Inset: close-up of first 60 trials.\nC: Diagram of the 2-neuron, WTA network used in this work.\nD: Computed membrane potentials of each neuron to both prototype patterns according to their weights at every trial illustrating the intrinsic pattern preferences of each neuron, that is independent of their interaction in the WTA network.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12611_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28518-y", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The SSM,\\(ℳ_0\\), in the delay embedding space, shown along with the reconstructed test trajectory in extended normal form coordinates.\nB: Zoom of the prediction of the reduced order model for the test trajectory not used in learning\\(ℳ_0\\).\nC: System setup and the initial condition for the decaying training trajectory shown in (b) in terms of the midpoint displacement.\nD: Closed-form backbone curve and forced response curve (FRC) predictions (ϵ> 0,ℓ= 1) bySSMLearnare compared with analytic FRC calculations performed bySSMTool36and with results from numerical integration of the forced-damped beam.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-022-28518-y_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7412", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Plot of diameter of crystal Si nanodots againstL. Error bars represent s.d.\nB: An HRTEM image of a nanodot in (a).\nC: A TEM image of the product.\nD: Plot of the 1/Lagainst serial number.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7412_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13890", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Mathematics and computing", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Energy contributionEprobe(or local chemical potential, see text) of a hydrogen test charge on aisosurface for various molecules from the GDB-9 dataset for a DTNN model withT=2.\nB: Mean absolute errors of predictions for the GDB-9 dataset of 133,885 molecules as a function of the number of atoms. The employed neural network uses two interaction passes (T=2) and 50,000 reference calculation during training. The inset shows the error of an equivalent network trained on 5,000 GDB-9 molecules with 20 or more atoms, as small molecules with 15 or less atoms are added to the training set.\nC: Molecules are encoded as input for the neural network by a vector of nuclear charges and an inter-atomic distance matrix. This description is complete and invariant to rotation and translation.\nD: Extract from the calculated (black) and predicted (orange) molecular dynamics trajectory of toluene. The curve on the right shows the agreement of the predicted and calculated energy distributions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13890_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8598", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A composite image of the AIA 171 Å (cyan) and 94 Å (red) passbands. Cyan (red) indicates coronal loops with a temperature of∼0.6 MK (∼7.0 MK). Six dashed lines denote six slices (S1–S6) that are used to trace the evolution of various reconnection features with time.\nB: The positions of the Sun, Earth and STEREO-A/B satellites (SOHO is at L1 point and SDO is in the Earth orbit).\nC: A composition of the AIA 171 Å passband image (cyan) and the LASCO C2 white-light image (red). The green box indicates the main flare region.\nD: The enhanced AIA 171 Å image showing a clear X-shaped structure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8598_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1344", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: ΩM—wstatistical-only constraints circa 1998112.\nB: Expected constraints for the year 5 results of SNLS, assuming additional low-zSNe, and double the number ofz>1 SNe from HST, assuming there is no improvement in systematic uncertainties from the third-year result.\nC: By 2008, Kowalskiet al., combining many data sets, showed that systematic uncertainties are significant113.\nD: Assumes the low-zdata are on the Sloan photometric system, and a factor of 2 improvement in measurements of fundamental flux standards. Judged by the area of the inner 68.3% contour, the improvement from the 1998 results is a factor of 3, 5, and 10, including systematics.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1344_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5040", "category": "Physical sciences", "subject": "Astronomy and planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: close-up of the sample showing the fragmented nature of the silicate assemblage;\nB: close-up of the silicate portion of the grain showing olivine with spinel-filled veins (thin light stripes) and the magnetite rim adjacent to the CuAl2metal;\nC: khatyrkite (CuAl2) with wavy eutectic structure of nearly pure aluminium similar to that reported by Zimmermanet al.16Scale bars, 50 μm (a); and 5 μm (b–d).\nD: An overall view of the sample showing the oval-shaped aggregate of silicates and oxides bordered by an intergrowth of nearly pure metallic Al (thin grey wavy) in khatyrkite, CuAl2(the brighter portions comprising most of the metallic grains); the two CuAl2grains are in the same crystallographic orientation, based on electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and a re-polishing of the sample demonstrated that the two pieces are physically continuous; a FIB section was taken from the area indicated with the white dotted line;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5040_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3455", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Abundant radiolarians contained in NH52-R4. (e,f) Crudely laminated clay (NH52-R5) showing no sediment disturbance in the upper sublayer. Scale bars, 500 μm. Plane-polarized light.\nB: Thin intercalation of radiolarian-rich clay (NH52-R4) in the upper sublayer claystone.\nC: Microspherules from the lower sublayer claystone (NH52-R2).\nD: Homogeneous upper claystone (NH52-R3) having no microspherules just above the lower subylayer.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3455_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8144", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The onset of multicellularity. Rare incompatible cells are segregated from the majority and excluded to the periphery of the mound.\nB: Fruiting body—the dark green ellipses represent spores after development. On the basis of our hypothesis, we proposed that the incompatible cells would be excluded from the fruiting body.\nC: Spore germination—the small black ellipses represent bacteria, which are consumed by the amoebae as they hatch from the spores. Cells with uncommon recognition cues have suffered a reproductive cost following segregation and are eliminated from the population.\nD: Starvation of vegetative cells. The hexagons represent cells; grey—cells with common recognition cues, green—cells with rare, incompatible recognition cues.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8144_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7278", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: While the model correctly predicts the co-maintenance of three strains, this was not at the strain frequencies that were subsequently observed. Note, 62b has mean population size on day 18 of over one million cells (colony-forming units) despite a mean relative frequency of 2.4% (error bars indicate mean±s.e.m.,n=3).\nB: The three strains were co-cultured anew in the same conditions but this time they were inoculated at the model-predicted steady state frequencies, these frequencies were then maintained for a period of 7 days (Supplementary Discussion, section D). Mean observed frequencies are shown next to the model predictions incby the label ‘extension’, the observed densities of this extension are shown ind. Note: numerical text labels in each plot indicate relative frequencies of each strain.\nC: A RYTO was then introduced into the model that was used to make the predictions inaand the resulting model is consistent with strain frequencies (Supplementary Discussion, section D). One model simulation is shown (thick lines) superimposed on observed mean strain frequencies (dots). (cinset) The internal complexity of theE. colistrains on which simulations incare based, assuming only polymorphisms inlamB.\nD: A theoretical three-strain co-culture model (N=3 in a seasonal extension of equation 3) containing a RATO but no RYTO predicts strain dynamics for 18 days when maltotriose is supplied each day at 300 μg ml−1. Maltotriose uptake rates, affinities and yields were estimated for each strain in monoculture and the inset shows estimated growth rate for every library strain: strains 9a, 19a and 62b are predicted to have fastest growth in different maltotriose concentration windows.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7278_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9676", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: counter-slab of UFPI PV004 showing skull roof in ventral view and details of anterior thoracic vertebrae and right forelimb. af, adductor fossa; bo, basioccipital; cb, ceratobranchial; exo, exoccipital; f femur; fib, fibula; h, humerus; i, intercentrum; icl, interclavicle; il, ilium; na, neural arches; paf parasymphysial foramen; pc, pleurocentrum; pgp, postglenoid process of the jaw; psp, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; rcl, right clavicle; tib, tibia. Scale bar, 10 mm (a–d) and 5 mm (e–h).\nB: general view of the skeleton.\nC: CT rendering of right jaw, occlusal view. (d–h) articulated skeleton of a juvenile individual in dorsal view, UFPI PV004.\nD: CT rendering of posterior portion of palate in ventral view.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9676_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2391", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov. 2; Tarhoucht Member, Level 7, Stage 4–5 boundary interval.\nB: Lichenoidid gen. et sp. nov.; Tarhoucht Member, Level 8, Stage 5.\nC: armoured stylophoran gen. et sp. nov.; Brèche à Micmacca Member, Level 6, Stage 4–5 boundary interval.\nD: Helicoplacoid-like form, gen. et sp. nov.; Tarhoucht Member, Level 7, Stage 4–5 boundary interval.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2391_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2415", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: AM records (purple: Hulu-Dongge caves; dark purple: Sanbao cave)15,45and boreal summer (JJA) insolation at 30°N (ref.47).\nB: Southern Brazil records (Botuverá cave)18and ASI (DJF) at 30°S(ref.47).\nC: Western Amazon records and ASI (DJF) at 10°S(ref.47).\nD: Niño3 temperature anomalies estimated with the Zebiak and Cane model48depict the variability of orbital ENSO mean state.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2415_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12114", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Venn diagram of the overlapping significant upregulated or downregulated genes shared among F0H_F0N, F2T_F2N and F2H_F2N (n=6).\nB: Validation of the differential expression of euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), protein tyrosine kinase 2B (PKT2B) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (MAPK9) by qRT-PCR. Data are presented as the means±s.e.m. *P<0.05 (n=10).\nC: H3K9me2 abundance in testicular tissue as revealed by immunostaining. Positive signals are indicated by brownish colouring (n=3).\nD: Clustering of 57 overlapping genes in F0H, F2T and F2H. Red and blue bars represent upregulation and downregulation, respectively (n=6).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12114_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5789", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Detail of the peloidal crust, made by clotted micrite and loosely spaced micritic peloids (arrows).\nB: Fossil bone extensively bioeroded (white arrows point to microborings), showing a thick micrite rim on the outer side. Bone lacunae are filled with pyrite (black arrow).\nC: Cancellous bones filled with clotted micrite, microsparite and sparry calcite.\nD: Bone covered by a peloidal crust (arrows). The bones are enclosed in a siliciclastic matrix cemented by microsparite. In the right side of the photo, articulated bivalve filled with secondary sparry calcite and microsparite.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5789_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6234", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: with only small-scale self-organization generated through individual aggregation (S-S pattern);\nB: with both forms of self-organization (nested pattern). TP indicates the tipping point. The dashed lines represent unstable equilibria, which act as a threshold below which the population will collapse. The solid lines of the upper equilibrium inaandcare obtained by integration of PDEs (equation (1)) via AUTO-07p using a one-dimensional space with a single peak, the solid lines inbanddare simple connections of the points derived by simulation, whereas all the points in these graphs are based on the IBM results. Note the slight deviance of the solid curves inaandcfrom the data points, which is due to noise created by variation in individual movement in the individual-based models.\nC: with only large-scale self-organization generated by the interplay of competition and facilitation (L-S pattern);\nD: without self-organization (that is, a homogeneous mussel bed);", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6234_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6945", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In drop-collapse assays, surface tension of supernatants of overnight cultures were found to be increased in PL11 compared with IsoF, but could be restored to wild-type level in PL2 on rhamnose supplementation.\nB: Surface tensions of PL2, PL11 and IsoF in medium containing 1% or no rhamnose were quantified along the growth curve using the Du Nouy ring method. Results are representative of three independent experiments.\nC: IsoF displays swarming motility in ABC medium, whereas PL11 and PL2 are impaired in swarming, because they do not produce putisolvin.\nD: Swarming of the conditionalpsoAmutant PL2 was abolished on glucose plates, but was increasingly restored on plates supplemented with 0.5%, 1% or 2% rhamnose. Pictures were taken after 3 days of incubation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6945_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11252", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic diagram ofsDscamβ1isoform expression. Symbols used are the same as inFigs 1and4. The expression of the specific combination ofsDscamisoforms was achieved by alternative promoter activation, followed by alternative splicing. WhensDscamβ1was transcribed by a V5 promoter, both V5 and the downstream V6 cassette may have been spliced into the constant exon 5. The positions of the PCR primers are indicated.\nB: Schematic diagrams of expression ofsDscamβ2isoforms. Different types of splice isoforms are indicated by the symbol \"I, II, III, IV\".\nC: RT–PCR was used to detect isoform expression. These experiments revealed the splicing of multiple adjacent cassette variants. Due to the low expression ofsDscamvariable exons, nested PCR was necessary to amplify the products; only the primers used in the second PCR are depicted. The PCR products were confirmed by cloning and sequencing.\nD: Intron retention downstream of the 5′ splice site of the variable cassette (V5) insDscamβ1mRNA reads. Intron retention was much more abundant in the abdomen than in the cephalothorax. The 25-nt fragmented RNA-seq data sets were mapped to calculate the intron retention rate. Because of the low expression of the V5 and V6 isoform in the muscles, haemocytes and poison glands (Fig. 3c), the images of these RNA-seq reads are not shown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11252_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6754", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Specimen ofConotubuspreserved via complete kerogenization with diffuse pyrite. Scale bar, 5 mm. Diagram shows highest post-burial sedimentation rate and thinnest BSR zone, with limited pyritization, and earliest onset of kerogenization. Relative abundances of chemical species at right follows that of refs47,48after ref67. Fe–S complexes curve shows possible continued pyrite overgrowth from downward diffusion of HS–/Fe2+. Figures ina–dare reproduced with permission from Elsevier (modified from ref.1and ref.28).\nB: Specimen ofConotubuswith admixed taphonomic mode of pyritization (black arrows) and carbonaceous compression (white arrows). Scale bar, 5 mm. Diagram shows further increase in post-burial sedimentation rate and reduction in BSR zone thickness, yielding partial pyritization and onset of kerogenization once carcass exits BSR zone.\nC: Pervasively pyritizedConotubusin transverse cross section. Scale bar, 2.5 mm. Diagram shows initial rapid event deposition, followed by slow post-burial sedimentation.\nD: Polished transverse cross-section of pyritizedConotubusshowing carbonate in the center and thin outer lamina (arrow) representing nested tube wall. Scale bar, 1 mm. Corresponding diagram shows increase in post-burial sedimentation rate and reduction in BSR zone thickness, leading to comparatively earlier termination of pyritization.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6754_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14458", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Allelic distribution of chr4:10999188, the SNP with highest climate and phenology GWAS scores. The colour gradient is based on climate PC2, separating southern hot and dry (yellow) versus northern cold and wet (red) environments. Two alleles are labelled as X (reference) or solid dots with black outline (alternative allele).\nB: ADMIXTURE withK=2 separates Iberian relicts and French non-relicts and shows the hybrid origin of Iberian non-relicts.\nC: SNP LD with chr4:10999188 across the 1 Mb region. Solid vertical line is the location of chr4:10999188, and dashed vertical lines mark every 100 kb away from that SNP. The map was created with data from package ‘rworldmap’ of R.\nD: 1 Mb haplotype around this SNP (vertical black line). Columns are SNPs whose major allele is different between Iberian relicts and French non-relicts, and rows are accessions with black horizontal lines separating populations. The ‘reference’ or ‘alternative’ labels below each population denote the allele each population has in this SNP. Red and blue: major allele in Iberian relicts and French non-relicts respectively, white: missing. Iberian non-relicts with the alternative allele mostly contain haplotypes from Iberian relicts and some from Italy.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14458_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15414", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Non symmetric nest with silica flooring. The borders of the nest structure are marked in magenta. Chamber colours correspond to: orange—queen’s chamber, blue—entrance chamber, green—other inner chambers, yellow—arena. Scale bar (black) is 2.5 cm.\nB: Total ‘heavy’ peak versus total ‘light’ peak area of 133 training samples from 19 experiments (circles) and 28 test samples from 4 experiments (stars). The data point of each chamber is coloured according to its classification as ina. The training samples were used to construct a predictor with four classification zones which are here represented by the differently coloured polygons. The statistical significance of the classification is discussed in the following section titled ‘Accuracy of chamber classification’ and quantified inFig. 3.\nC: Raw chromatograms of nest floor extractions (gray), ant head and thorax extraction (orange) and Dufour’s gland extraction (blue) reveals two distinct chromatogram regions with different physiological sources. Dashed red lines mark the borders of the defined ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ regions of the chromatogram.\nD: Task group distribution in an artificially labelled nest. Nurses’ head and thorax extraction was applied to the right chamber while foragers’ Dufour’s gland extraction was applied to the left one. The top image shows a snapshot of the barcoded ants’ locations within the nest where nurse ants are marked in orange and forager ants in blue. The borders of the nest structure are marked in magenta. The width of the nest entrance is 1 cm. Bottom: bar-plots, employ the same colour code and signify nurse and forager distributions inN=5 binary choice experiments (error bars are s.d.).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15414_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2749", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Sagittal section;\nB: frontal section;\nC: transverse section at the frontoparietal suture. Note the low-void (vascular) space, the high density (light colour) and the lack of frontal–frontal or frontoparietal sutures.\nD: transverse section at the junction of the posterior supraorbital and postorbital sutures;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2749_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1636", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Aggregation of alvinocaridid shrimp on an active chimney at the BVF.\nB: Empty tubes resembling those of siboglinid polychaetes on the Mount Dent OCC.\nC: Anemones and microbial mats at the BVF.\nD: Aggregation of dead mussel shells on the Mount Dent OCC.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1636_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11833", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Temperature effects on coral microbial variability, evenness and relative abundance of Proteobacteria or Cyanobacteria. Evenness and β-diversity data are means±s.e.m. Microbial and coral health data are averaged within each 1 °C interval on thexaxis. The vertical red line at 30 °C indicates the point nearest to the MMM +1 °C value for our site (30.26 °C); temperatures beyond this result in accumulation of degree heating weeks of coral thermal stress (Methods).\nB: Seasonal distribution of coral mortality, coloured by treatment (a). Red line marks null expectation of equal mortality across seasons.Pvalue is from aχ2-test.\nC: Cumulative coral mortality at end of experiment.Pvalues are from mixed effect models, letters over bars show differences in Tukey’spost hoctests. Herbivore removal significantly increased coral mortality relative to controls (Tukey’spost hoctestP<0.05), but not relative to nutrient pollution alone (post hoctest and mixed effects modelP>0.05).\nD: Effects of algal contact on coral tissue area, across treatments.Pvalues from ANOVAs test the effect of algal contact within each treatment.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11833_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6168", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: LPJ shape variation among individuals along PC1 and PC2 in both lakes withouta priorigrouping, where each dot represents an individual’s LPJ morphological space as described by 24 landmarks and ecomorphs are delimited by 90% probability ellipses (N=297). PC1 separates Limnetics (open circle: pink in Apoyo, light blue in Xiloá) and Benthics (closed circle: red in Apoyo, dark blue in Xiloá).\nB: Comparison of shape difference between mean Benthics (dark line) and Limnetics (pale dashed line) based on discriminant function analysis (scale factor 2 for visualization). Black dots represent landmark location in Benthics and line termini the homologous location in Limnetics. Limnetics have a more elongated body form while Benthics are more high bodied and have larger heads.\nC: Comparison of shape difference between mean Benthics (dark line) and Limnetics (pale dashed line) based on discriminant function analysis (scale factor 2 for visualization). Black dots represent mean landmark location in Benthics and line termini the homologous mean location in Limnetics. Note that forbandd, the lines connecting the landmarks are only indicative of inter-landmark shape.\nD: Body shape variation among individuals along PC1 and PC2 in both lakes withouta priorigrouping, where each dot represents an individual’s morphology as described by 18 homologous landmarks and ecomorphs are delimited by 90% probability ellipses (N=894). PC1 separates Limnetics (open circles: pink in Apoyo, light blue in Xiloá) and Benthics (closed circles: red in Apoyo, dark blue in Xiloá).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6168_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4521", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A simple hypothesis to explain the generation of separate stimulus-evoked venoms is proposed. An initial stimulus (predatory or defensive) is perceived by mechanical, visual and/or chemical (olfactory) sensors that transmit information to the cerebral ganglia surrounding the oesophagus (O) to activate two separate neuronal circuits. Predation-evoked stimuli activate neuronal circuit (blue) innervating the distal venom duct, causing the release of predatory venom peptides into the venom duct lumen. Similarly, threats including larger fish and cephalopods activate a separate defensive neuronal circuit (green) that innervates the proximal venom duct, causing the release of defensive toxins into the lumen. These lumen contents are then moved to the proboscis by a synchronized contraction of the muscular venom bulb to generate the injected ‘predation-evoked’ and ‘defence-evoked’ venoms. This key role of the venom bulb allows the rapid switch between the predation- and defence-evoked venoms observed. This mechanism of stimulus-dependent release of toxins from different sections of the venom duct explains how distinct predation- and defence-evoked venoms are generated.\nB: The resulting averaged spectrum is highly complex in the range 1,000–4,000 kDa corresponding to the size of most conotoxins (10–30 amino acids).\nC: Quantification of five major predatory (including conopressin-G at 1,035 kDa) and defensive (including α-GII at 1,417 kDa, μ-GIIIA at 2,610 kDa and ω-GVIIA at 3,316 kDa) toxins confirms this region-specific toxin production.\nD: Gel view representation of MALDI results reveals distinct regionalization of many venom components along the duct. For example, the predatory toxin at 3,175 kDa and defensive toxin at 1,417 kDa show clear non-overlapping distribution along the duct.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4521_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13653", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Oxygen isotopes (δ18O) from Greenland ice cores17(NGRIP; yellow squares and line, five-point weighted average);\nB: weighted average hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of high-molecular-weight (HMW) saturated oddn-alkanes (C25, C27, C29 and C31; pink circles and line), (f) flux of lignin phenols (dark blue circles and line) and (g) cutin-derived products (light blue circles and line) from PC23 core. The grey vertical region shows the high OC accumulation period. The uncertainty in the Greenland ice core chronology at the YD-PB transition is 99 years (2σ, not shown)87.\nC: OC flux (red circles and line and (c) δ13C (green circles and line) from the sediment record collected in the Laptev Sea (PC23);\nD: dust concentration (particles per ml) from Greenland ice cores32(NGRIP; grey squares and line, five-point weighted average);", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13653_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7642", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Ti versus open water diatoms;\nB: [HBI:2] versus open water diatoms;\nC: Ti versusF. cylindrus;\nD: open water diatoms versusF. cylindrus; and (f) [HBI:2] versus Ti. Statistically significant periods are identified by the black circled red zones. Rightward pointed arrows indicate positively correlated signals while leftward pointed arrows indicate negatively correlated signals. Yrs, years.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7642_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11509", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Methane migrates through fractures and porous media as a result of gas hydrate dissociation triggered by grounded ice sheet retreat 18–16 ka.\nB: Gas hydrate dissociation continues during the isostatic rebound and bottom water warming from∼16 to∼9 ka.\nC: During the LGM, gas hydrate stability shown with the red area in the top-left corner was extending up to 600 m below the seabed.\nD: After∼9 ka to present, gas plumes occur locally connected to open deep-seated faults. The average geothermal gradient and associated 2σuncertainties (31±6 °C km−1(ref.52)) are shown by solid and dashed lines, respectively, at the base of gas hydrate stability fields (red areas). The red arrow depicts relative change of the base of the GHSZ (red dashed line). Temperature and pressure constraints used for assessing change in GHSZ are inSupplementary Table 3.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11509_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2521", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Age anomalies of Atlantic sea water (years). Sites 982, 607, 1088, 1090 and 704 are plotted according to latitude and depth.\nB: Compiled and smoothed benthic foraminiferal δ13C records in the Atlantic by Hodell and Venz10, according to the δ13C records from ODP Sites 982 (10,16,19), 1088 (10), 1090/704 (10,16), 849 (21) and DSDP Site 607 (10,20). The δ13C data of Site 982 between 5 and 3 Ma are unpublished data from Raymo, but firstly appear in Hodell and Venz10.\nC: Sea water ages (years) simulated at Sites 982, 607, 1088, 1090 and 704, red for the pre-industrial, and blue for the mid-Pliocene experiment. The numbers show the ages (years).\nD: Smoothed benthic foraminiferal δ18O records10at Site 607 and Site 1090/704, plotted against the LR04 benthic δ18O stack33. Site 1090/704 shows the composited data from Sites 1090 and 704 (10). For the mPWP, only Site 704 includes δ13C and δ18O.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2521_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14203", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Atlantic records include deep-water core MD99–2334 k (ref.17) (3,146 m; green) in the eastern Atlantic, a transect of cores off the southern coast of Iceland14(1,237–2,303 m; magenta), a coral compilation from the NW Atlantic15(819–1,750 m; orange), along with intermediate (1,296–1,492 m; navy-blue) and deep (1,827–2,100 m; light blue) water-depth equatorial Atlantic coral compilations16.\nB: Southern Ocean records include surface (dark-orange) and deep (3,770 m; dark purple) water depths from core MD07–3076 (ref.13) in the sub-Antarctic South Atlantic along with a Drake Passage coral compilation from Upper Circumpolar Deep Water12(dark green).\nC: Pacific records include thermocline (dark blue) and deep (2,730 m; red) water depths from EEP core TR163–23 (this study), deep-water Panama Basin core ODP1240 (ref.18) (2,921 m; cyan), deep-water Gulf of Alaska core MD02–2489 (ref.9) (3,640 m; pink), and intermediate depth Eastern Pacific core MV99-MC19/GC31/PC08 (refs10,11) (705 m; purple).\nD: An Antarctic ice core compilation of Atmospheric CO2(ref.65) indicates increasing CO2during the deglacial coeval with declining Atmospheric Δ14C (corrected for natural production)6,46.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14203_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4323", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Comparison between the tree-ring4(black) and multiproxy24(magenta) AMO reconstructions (standardized units) and changes in the combined solar and volcanic forcing based on the solar reconstruction of Delaygue and Bard28and the volcanic reconstruction of Crowley30(dark green line).\nB: Tree-ring-based AMO reconstruction4(black line and red/blue fill) and the North Atlantic SST anomaly calculated from instrumental data56(light blue line; scaled and subjected to an 11-year running mean).\nC: Comparison between the AMO reconstruction4based on tree-rings (black line) and the external forcing envelope (light green shading) encompassing three different reconstructions of solar28,31,32and volcanic30,33,34forcing, respectively.\nD: Changes in TSI28(orange line) and volcanic forcing30(black line).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4323_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9854", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Longitude-depth section of SWT anomalies along the equator (5°S–5°N) during the hiatus period.\nB: As forc, but for La Niña years.\nC: Composite SST anomalies for La Niña years (1950, 1954, 1955, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1995 and 1998) relative to the base period (1950–1998).\nD: Observed SST anomalies for 1999–2013 minus 1979−1998. Regions of the Indian Ocean, the tropical Pacific Ocean and the tropical Atlantic Ocean bounded by thick lines correspond to the IO, TPO and ATL simulations, respectively (see Methods).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9854_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14196", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: South America;\nB: Mediterranean Basin;\nC: Eastern Asia. (b–f) Future projected change in extent under RCP8.5 for 2070–2100, depicted as stable (grey), contracting (orange; no longer temperate dryland in 2070–2100), and expanding (blue; newly temperate dryland in 2070–2100) zones. Inset vertical histograms forb–fillustrate areal abundance in each category of GCM agreement about expansion or contraction of temperate drylands. Left (grey-orange) histogram depicts GCM agreement (that is, number of GCMs that agree in the direction of change) about the fate of current temperate drylands and shows the number of cells within each category ranging from pure grey (all 16 GCMs forecast stable temperate drylands) to pure orange (all GCMs forecast conversion from temperate dryland to non-temperate and/or non-dryland). Right (light blue—dark blue) histogram indicates GCM agreement of temperate dryland expansion into new areas and shows the number of cells within each category ranging from dark blue (all GCMs forecast conversion to temperate dryland) to light blue (one GCM forecasts conversion).\nD: North America;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14196_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10266", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Downwelling SW (green) and LW (purple) radiative fluxes. In the presence of a cloud, SW cooling (solid curve below dashed curve) and LW warming (solid curve above dashed curve) occur simultaneously during daytime, whereas LW warming dominates nighttime.\nB: Total (liquid+ice) water path, showing a cloud in the all-sky simulation.\nC: Cumulative meltwater runoff in snow water equivalent (SWE) is higher under cloudy conditions, due to limited meltwater refreezing and earlier bare-ice exposure.\nD: Internal energy change of the snowpack due to melting (positive) and refreezing (negative) processes. Melt rates are highest at solar noon when SW insolation peaks, whereas refreezing rates are highest at night when strong surface radiative cooling dominates. In the presence of clouds, this radiative cooling is reduced, impeding the refreezing mechanism.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10266_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14199", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Sisimiut area, covering samples from two sites; the inter-fjord site Itilleq26(red) and samples from the margins of the local ice cap Sukkertoppen20(yellow). The scale bar is 50 km wide. The data points shown in (b–d) meet the criteria of being applicable to the MCMC model approach, by having simple exposure10Be ages above 20 kyr and a26Al/10Be ratio below 7.5. (b–d) Simple exposure10Be ages are calculated using Cronus Version 2.3 (ref.45) and the Lal (1991)/Stone (2000) scaling scheme40,41.Figure 1was created using QGIS software46. All satellite images are from Landsat8, August 2016, courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.\nB: Sample sites with10Be and26Al bedrock data20,24,25from the Upernavik area. The scale bar is 25 km wide.\nC: Uummannaq area with sample sites containing10Be and26Al bedrock data19. The point marked with an asterisk represents 3 sample sites, which are shown in the top left box. The scale bar is 50 km wide.\nD: South Greenland overview with coloured boxes marking the four TCN sample sites and black circles marking points of pre-LGM Quaternary data5,7,36.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14199_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4035", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Diagram depicting the experimental setup with triplicate flow-through boxes.\nB: Illustration of a single flow-through box connected to a glass impinger filled with the trapping liquid (nitric acid). The flow-through boxes were placed in the peat bog, in an area partially inundated and partially overgrown by vegetation (for details on vegetation20). Each box was placed over a roughly similar proportion of inundated surface and vegetation.\nC: Schematic map of the peat bog area20, with locations of trapping sets A, B and C.\nD: Geographical location of Gola di Lago, Southern Switzerland.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4035_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13382", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Present-day ice cover65(white), LGM ice extent31(black outline), distribution of sedimentary valley fills and locations of fill-thickness measurements (see legend).\nB: Map of postglacial erosion rates derived from the sediment distribution inaand an additional 10% of exported material (see text for details). Data from catchments 1 to 6 (highlighted with red boundaries) are provided ind. The eroded mass in catchments 7 and 8 was manually increased to smooth abrupt changes in erosion rates across the corresponding basin boundaries.\nC: Comparison of estimated and measured valley-fill thicknesses (see key in panel a for symbol details). SeeSupplementary Table 1for data sources.\nD: Comparison of the derived erosion rates with data from modern river loads26, cosmogenic nuclides27,28,29and thermochronology18. On each box, the central red mark is the median, the edges of the box are the 25th and 75th percentiles and the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values. Rivers and corresponding marginal lakes are indicated. L., Lake.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13382_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1811", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Records of coral δ13C values from the north (dashed, Druffel11) and south (solid, this study) shore of Bermuda.\nB: Instrumental record of the NAO annually (shaded) and 5-year running mean (solid) from Hurrel10including the 0-index line (dashed).\nC: Coral Δ14C records for the north (dashed, Druffel11) and south (solid, this study) shore for the entire 200 years. Note increased variability in the north-shore coral. Measurement error of ±2.5‰ (1σ).\nD: A multi-proxy record of Northern hemisphere surface temperature anomalies (STA) including mean annual (shaded) and 5-year running mean (solid) from Joneset al.16Shaded area represents the Dalton Minimum in solar activity.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1811_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14914", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Modelled Ardley Lake (16 m a.p.s.l.) penguin colony population changes in guano phases GP-1 to GP-5 (this study) with major colony impact eruptions (circles), and post-eruption recovery intervals (red stipple); estimated modelled population combined errors for the 0.96% and 11% guano-delivery models are not shown for clarity, but typically 30–50% (Supplementary Fig. 19).\nB: Summarized timing of warmer phases and periods of greater open water around the SSI and the AP48,29,56over the last 10,000 years, defined as >6–0ka upper bound on their respective means (95% confidence level), where: 5=Yanou Lake mean summer air temperature (MSAT) (this study), 6=Anvers Trough open water record (this study), 7=Palmer Deep sea surface temperature (SST)48, 8=James Ross Island temperature anomaly29, 9=AP warm periods56(Supplementary Data 4).\nC: Sub-fossil penguin occupation record from the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) based on radiocarbon dates of remains at abandoned nesting sites (refs10,12,53): 1=Ardley Lake colony (this study), 2=SSI and the Northwest AP, 3=Northeast AP, 4=Mid-southern AP (Supplementary Data 5).\nD: Holocene relative sea level (RSL) changes for the South Shetland Islands (SSI)45in metres above present mean sea level (m a.p.s.l.).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14914_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15329", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The mean FeOx/BC concentration ratios for mass and number.\nB: The number fraction of dust-like FeOxfor FeOxparticle sizes in theDmdomain of 170 nm≤Dm≤270 nm. The error bars increpresent uncertainty estimated by assuming that the number of particles detected in each altitude range follows a Poisson distribution.\nC: FeOxmass and number concentrations. The error bars inarepresent the sample standard deviation (±1σ) of 1-min data.\nD: The log(Cs-be/Cs-oi) value of BC-containing particles for BC particle sizes in theDmdomain of 205 nm≤Dm≤220 nm. The error bars indrepresent the ±1σranges of single-particle data.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15329_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-31434-w", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Climate sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: cloudiness;\nB: downward longwave radiative fluxes;\nC: allwave radiative fluxes. Blocking days, which were provided by Ward et al.25, have a net positive (warming) effect on radiation receipt at the surface of the ablation zone.\nD: net shortwave radiative fluxes;", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-31434-w_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6604", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Concordia diagram and weighted average age of one mixture sample contains both leucocratic and residual material (melting process stage II) with representative zircon CL image.\nB: Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of two representative leucosome samples, two residue samples, one UHP stage-1 eclogite and one UHP stage-2 stage eclogite. Compositionally, the REE of the leucosome are comparable with the standard upper continental crust (UCC) by Rudnick & Gao48. SeeSupplementary Data Set 4 and 5for original data and analyses. The weighted average age calculation is based on the206Pb/238U since the formation age is younger than 1,000 Myr ago. Age data processing was carried out with ISOPLOT software, the error ellipses are the absolute error value and 1σ. Scale bars in the zircon CL images are 50 μm across.\nC: Concordia diagram and weighted average age of one residue sample with representative zircon CL image.\nD: Concordia diagram and weighted average age of one leucosome sample with representative zircon CL images.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6604_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9344", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Ol-websterite with equigranular texture (S06-10).\nB: Meta-diabase (HS9) transects the foliation of granitic gneiss.\nC: Foliated granitic gneiss and mafic gneiss.\nD: Meta-mudstone with calcite veins. Yellow dots ina,b,iandkare sample sites selected for age or geochemical analyses. White dots are analytical spots by EPMA. White bar indis 100 μm, and inf–h,j,iit is 500 μm. Amp, amphibole; Cpx, clinopyroxene; Grt, garnet; Mt, magnetite; Ol, olivine; Opx, orthopyroxene; Pl, plagioclase; Sp, spinel.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9344_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7960", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Time snapshot of a ‘large’ plume (initial volume of 3.71 × 108km3). The buoyancy flux is sufficiently large for the plume to directly advance to the base of the lithosphere (primary plume).\nB: Plume regime in dependence of initial plume temperature and volume. Symbols and their colours are described in the figure inset.\nC: Time snapshot of an ‘intermediate’ plume (initial volume of 2.47 × 108km3). The plume cannot cross the upper-mantle buoyancy barrier as a whole, only secondary plumes rise from there.\nD: Time snapshot of a ‘small’ plume (initial volume of 1.22 × 108km3). The plume takes almost 200 Myr to reach the upper mantle and is not able to cross the upper-mantle buoyancy barrier.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7960_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7132", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Same ascexcept for WD4 (10–60 km in horizontal distance ina).\nB: Snapshot of vertical displacement wavefield associated with sub-seafloor sources applied within the box at the lapse time oft=30 s. Positive and negative amplitudes are displayed by red and blue colours. Red arrows represent the propagation directions of the ACR waves associated with the sources.\nC: The synthetic CCFs aligned as a function of separation distance of two stations for WD2 (100–150 km in horizontal distance ina). The two lines represent the reference velocities of 1.5 and 0.9 km s−1.\nD: The synthetic CCFs using two stations with a separation distance of 5 km. Red and blue triangles represent signals that are consistent with our observation, and non-filled triangles indicate signals not observed (Methods).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7132_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15736", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Location of the Ronda peridotite massif (Betic cordillera, southern Spain) and its mylonitic complexes, including the study area (modified from Hidaset al.23).\nB: Photomicrograph (plane polarized light) of a mylonite layer highlighting very fine-grained anastomosing ultramylonite bands adjacent to pyroxene porphyroclasts. The thin section has been cut in the XZ structural plane, that is, the plane normal to the shear plane and parallel to the shear direction. All ductile horizontal structures are crosscut by post-tectonic serpentine. The thin section is 50 μm thick. Opx=orthopyroxene; Spl=spinel.\nC: Detailed view of the strain partitioning between protomylonitic and (ultra)mylonitic spinel-bearing peridotites in the mylonitic complex.\nD: Studied area of a 5-m-thick mylonitic complex of spinel-bearing harzburgite (protolith) with top-to-the-SW kinematics (inset).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15736_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19590-3", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Average pressure and permeability time histories of the stimulated regions for both cases, showing rapid permeability recovery for Northridge and negligible recovery for the Stepover.\nB: same data (red) compared to model results (blue) for the same time periods.\nC: Comparison of 1739 measured hypocenters and the calculated fluid pressure field calculated at 200 days.\nD: same data (red) compared to model results (blue) for the same time periods. For the Stepover (e) the permeability network evolved from the initial background permeability field (Fig.2b).", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-020-19590-3_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9028", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Example cross-section (Y–Y’; solid line) and fitted power law (dashed line,b=0.97). Contour spacing incandeis 500 m, cyan lines show flow path cells for valley cross-section extraction.\nB: Shaded relief map and an example cross-section (dashed line;X–X′) for strongly glacial, low-uplift terrain in the Westland study area. Scale bar, 1-km wide.\nC: Shaded relief map and example cross-section (dashed line;Y–Y′) of strongly fluvial, high-uplift terrain in the Westland study area. Black polygons delimit current ice cover and are not included in analysis. Scale bar, 1-km wide.\nD: Extent of Westland study area (dashed rectangular outline), LGM extent23(dotted outline), modern coastline (grey shading), rock uplift rates27(solid contour lines), geological map showing metamorphic grade of Alpine schist south of the Alpine Fault, Garnet-Oligoclase zone (1), Biotite zone (2), and Chlorite zone (3) (ref.24), plotted on a digital terrain model. Bold black rectangles outline the extents of subfigurescande. Scale bar, 10-km wide.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9028_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11189", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: HYDRA simulations of mass density evolving as a function of space and time, with a lineout at the x-ray probe time of 20 ns. The compressed D2peak (ρShock=0.54 g cm−3) has traversed into the spectrometer field of view att=20 ns when we make the x-ray measurement. The high-density peak lagging the D2shock front is due to the aluminium pusher, but is shielded by the x-ray window.\nB: Schematic of laser beam timing showing the shock drive beam (red) of 2–6 ns preceding a 2-ns probe pulse. The probe is delayed by 10–20 ns, depending on drive intensity, to allow the shock front to advance into the x-ray spectrometer view. Shorter delay times yielded higher shock pressures.\nC: The copper target is held at 19 K, liquefying the deuterium that is filled into the central cavity. A drive laser is incident on a 2-mm-diameter Al pusher, launching a shock wave along the axis. A probe laser irradiates a Si3N4foil, pumping the 2,005 eV Si Ly-αtransition. X-rays scattered in the forward and backward directions are spectrally dispersed with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) crystals whose direct view of the laser-plasma is prevented by Ni shields.\nD: Cross section of the target reservoir across the thickness of the target. The target is sealed with aluminium on the front surface and a transparent quartz rear window to allow the VISAR beam to probe shock evolution.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11189_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2829", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Solid Earth sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Mm-cm-scale planar laminated, moderately sorted, subaerial pyroclastic surge beds.\nB: Contact between subaqueously deposited lapilli tuff and overlying pillow breccia and hyaloclastite.\nC: Massive to diffusely bedded, poorly sorted, subaqueous proximal mass flows or pyroclastic density currents.\nD: Photomicrograph of armoured lapilli showing vesicular glassy pyroclast coated in fine ash.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2829_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1584", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The suppression of each OH skyline is perfect with no detectable residual at the resolution of the spectrograph.\nB: The intrinsic width of each rectangular notch is 0.15 nm FWHM; there are no wings and no detectable ringing outside of the notch.\nC: Comparison of the unsuppressed control spectrum (black) and the suppressed sky spectrum (red). The skylines are strongly suppressed in the region covered by the grating. The residual weak continuum is due to starlight in the 10° fibre input beam. The grating region below 1,465 nm is blocked by the infrared spectrograph. Zoomed details:\nD: Infrared night sky model in units of log (phot m−2s−1arcsec−2μm−1).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1584_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15228", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Shows creep closure rate which equals the conduit-wall melting rate except close to the grounding line.\nB: Shows the water velocity in the channel.\nC: Shows radius of the conduit (without advection the radius tends to infinity at the grounding line).\nD: Shows hydraulic potential (independent of ice advection) represented as metres of head in blue. Solid black line represents the ice surface elevation and dashed line represents the flotation level.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15228_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15541", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Terrain elevation from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map.\nB: Fractional coverage of broadleaf evergreen tropical trees from MODIS PFT land cover observation.\nC: Distribution of LAI in September 2014 from MODIS observation.\nD: Mean values of surface isoprene emissions from MEGAN, EC and OMI for all available flights (black diamond), dry season (red triangle) and wet season (blue square), and their 25% quartile values (lower bar), 50% quartile values (middle bar) and 75% quartile values (higher bar).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15541_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-42733-1", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Wharekawa estuary;\nB: Whangapoua estuary;\nC: Whangamatā estuary.\nD: Location map for estuaries shown in (b–d).", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-42733-1_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-23391-7", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Per-fetus intelligence quotient (IQ) decrement;\nB: Value of statistical life (VSL) loss from fatal heart attacks;\nC: Total loss from MeHg exposure (the sum of (c) and (d)). Economic losses are in United States (US) dollars (2020 value and adjusted by purchasing power parity). The gray area indicates missing data and the color scale of (c)–(e) is in the logarithmic scale.\nD: Economic loss from IQ decrease;", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-021-23391-7_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15329", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The number fraction of dust-like FeOxfor FeOxparticle sizes in theDmdomain of 170 nm≤Dm≤270 nm. The error bars increpresent uncertainty estimated by assuming that the number of particles detected in each altitude range follows a Poisson distribution.\nB: FeOxmass and number concentrations. The error bars inarepresent the sample standard deviation (±1σ) of 1-min data.\nC: The mean FeOx/BC concentration ratios for mass and number.\nD: The log(Cs-be/Cs-oi) value of BC-containing particles for BC particle sizes in theDmdomain of 205 nm≤Dm≤220 nm. The error bars indrepresent the ±1σranges of single-particle data.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15329_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15333", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Environmental sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Changes in dust column burden (unit: mg m−2) between weak wind and normal conditions due to the interannual variations in dust emissions, which are calculated by (VWeak, IRUN−VNormal, IRUN)−(VWeak, DRUN−VNormal, DRUN) based on simulations with (IRUN) and without (DRUN) interannual variations in dust emissions.\nB: Composite differences in wind field at 850 hPa (vectors, unit: m s−1) and dust emissions (contours, unit: g m−2season−1) between weak wind and normal conditions in the standard simulation with interannual variations in dust emissions (IRUN), which are calculated byVWeak, IRUN−VNormal, IRUN.Vrepresents variables.\nC: Composite differences in Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Aerosol Index between weak wind and normal conditions calculated based on 850 hPa wind speed from NCEP/NCAR meteorological fields for 1979–1993. Changes in shortwave aerosol direct radiative effect (unit: W m−2) (e) at the TOA and (f) the surface, respectively, between weak wind and normal conditions due to the interannual variations in dust emissions. The region boxed in (b) is used to represent eastern China (110–122.5° E, 20–45° N).\nD: Composite differences in dust column burden (unit: mg m−2) between weak wind and normal conditions in the IRUN simulation.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15333_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39806-6", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: ratio ofSpiniferitesspp. with long-to-short processes;\nB: freshwater algaePediastrumspp. Productivity:\nC: plant resin;\nD: ratio of peridinioid to gonyaulacoid (P/G) dinocysts. Main negative isotope excursion at MGC is indicated as a shaded bar. Key: epoch – Pleistocene (Pl.); lithostratigraphic units – Forest Hill Formation (FH), Moodys Branch Formation (MB), Cockfield Formation (Cf). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-39806-6_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4835", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: close-up of this deposit allowing imaging of aragonite needles and its thickness (leaf cuticle is hardly seen deep into the holes). (e,f) Images of intermediate leaf fragments showing minimal presence of crystals on the external surface, but significant presence in the internal side (the images show the seagrass leaf cuticle turned up at the edge and placing the internal side(Int)on the top of the external side(Ex).\nB: View of the fenestrated morphology of the seagrass cuticle and its sunken shape around each epidermal cell;\nC: close-up of a small CaCO3deposit emerging from the cuticle (see microanalysis inSupplementary Fig. 1cconfirming the presence of CaCO3);\nD: general view of a dense CaCO3deposit formed on an old leaf fragment;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4835_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15972", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (j)?\nA: iron-bound soil organic carbon (Fe-bound SOC) calculated by equation (1);\nB: phenol oxidative activity;\nC: the molar ratio of Fe-bound SOC to dithionite-extractable iron (Fed);\nD: β-glucosidase activity;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15972_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4035", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Illustration of a single flow-through box connected to a glass impinger filled with the trapping liquid (nitric acid). The flow-through boxes were placed in the peat bog, in an area partially inundated and partially overgrown by vegetation (for details on vegetation20). Each box was placed over a roughly similar proportion of inundated surface and vegetation.\nB: Diagram depicting the experimental setup with triplicate flow-through boxes.\nC: Geographical location of Gola di Lago, Southern Switzerland.\nD: Schematic map of the peat bog area20, with locations of trapping sets A, B and C.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4035_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6497", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Fluorescence micrograph of a biofilm sample showing DNA in blue (DAPI) and FtsZ (labeled with FtsZ antibody) in green. FtsZ is located in the septum area of dividing cells. Bar: 10 μm.\nB: Single SM1 Euryarchaeon cell, labeled with anti-FtsZ (green) and anti-hamus (orange) antibodies showing that FtsZ is expressed in SM1 Euryarchaeon cells. Bar: 5 μm.\nC: Thin section of a dividing SM1 cell. An electron-dense zone is observed beneath the cytoplasmic membrane at the invagination. Bar: 200 nm.\nD: Three-dimensional reconstruction (FIB-SEM) of SM1 cells in the biofilm. Electron-dense parts are labeled in red, precipitates of unknown chemical composition are in grey, cells walls are shown in brown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6497_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14914", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: 4,200 to 1,300 years ago;\nB: 9,000 to 4,200 years ago;\nC: 1,300 years ago to the present day;\nD: Legend and relative sea level (RSL) scenarios shown in (a)–(c) (seeFig. 5a). After deglaciation, during the Early Holocene Warm Optimum (EHO) (11.5–9.5 ka)56, the land area available on Ardley Island was c. 0.6 km2, c. 30–35% less than the present day. The eastern half of the island, where the current penguin colony is located, was bordered by steep cliffs forcing early to mid Holocene colonies to nest in the centre of Ardley Island. During the mid to late Holocene, relative sea level (RSL) fell, increasing the land area available. The amount of guano deposited in Ardley Lake declined after c. 1,300 cal a BP as some colonies relocated to the Lake Y2 and Lake G catchments43. The eastern side of the island became more easily accessible when RSL fell below 5 m above present sea level (m a.p.s.l.) after c. 1,300 years ago. Future colony population increases could be accommodated in the central area of Ardley Island. SeeSupplementary Fig. 1andSupplementary Data 6for modern-day penguin population data; seeSupplementary Fig. 22for an extended version of this figure. This figure includes material copyright of DigitalGlobe, Inc., All Rights Reserved, used with permission under a NERC-BAS educational license and not included in the Creative Commons license for the article.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14914_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1049", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The bitumen clastin situin Al Khlata Formation diamictite.\nB: Diagram showing our interpretation of the origin of the bitumen clast and its crustacean fragments.\nC: Location map of the Sultanate of Oman showing the bitumen clast locality (Wadi Al Khlata) in relation to the outcrop and subsurface extent of the Al Khlata, the likely source of the bitumen in the Thuraya area, and the ice flow direction as evidenced by glacially striated pavements.\nD: Gas chromatogram of the solvent-soluble fraction of the bitumen clast. The chromatogram is unusual for a surface petroleum sample, as it contains a series of apparently unalteredn-alkanes in the range of nC7 to nC27. Biodegradation of surface oil seeps normally removes some or all of then-alkanes present60. The relatively high abundance of biomarker compounds eluting between 4,000 and 5,000 s is indicative of mixing of at least two oil charges from Huqf source rocks. Thermal maturity of the bitumen, estimated from molecular distributions of biomarker compounds and from bitumen reflectance analysis, suggests relatively low thermal maturity of the high-molecular-weight fraction (equivalent approximately 0.6% vitrinite reflectance).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1049_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13046", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Biogeochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Changmahe (CMH), Maqin County;\nB: Huashixia (HSX), Maduo County;\nC: Wenquan (WQ), Xinghai County; and (e) Kunlunshankou (KLSK), Geermu.\nD: Youyun (YY), Maqin County;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13046_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9854", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Longitude-depth section of SWT anomalies along the equator (5°S–5°N) during the hiatus period.\nB: Time series of SST anomalies from the base period (1979–1998) in the tropical Indian Ocean (30°S–20°N, 40°–120°E). Red line shows a linear trend (0.145 K decade−1).\nC: As forc, but for La Niña years.\nD: Observed SST anomalies for 1999–2013 minus 1979−1998. Regions of the Indian Ocean, the tropical Pacific Ocean and the tropical Atlantic Ocean bounded by thick lines correspond to the IO, TPO and ATL simulations, respectively (see Methods).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9854_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2505", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Modelled average velocity through the Barents Sea Opening (BSO);\nB: velocity anomalies through the BSO during northern Barents Sea Shelf (NBSS) circulation anomaly events;\nC: modelled average velocity through the Arctic slope section;\nD: velocity anomalies through the Arctic slope section during NBSS circulation anomaly events. Averages are based on all months in the period 1990–2008, with positive values toward the east. Anomalies are averages for all months when ‘h’ is >1.5 s.d. below its mean value. The seasonal signal is compensated for when calculating the anomalies by subtracting the long-term average for each month separately.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2505_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6076", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Rates of RSL change (dRSL, blue; ±2σ, grey) with marked points ofFig. 4dRSL data (yellow dots) and MWP-1a (green dot).\nB: Eccentricity (E, dashed), precession (P, hairline) and obliquity (O, solid)56.\nC: Red Sea RSL record (fromFig. 2) (probability maximum, blue; 95% confidence interval of the RSL dataset, light grey).\nD: Grain-size record from the Chinese Loess Plateau (MGSQ, grey34) and MLR simulation of MGSQ (black).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6076_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10505", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Ocean sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Gridded observations based on Argo-profiling floats; the streamlines (acceleration potential, CI=0.5 m2s−2) are superimposed as black contours, and the winter MLD front (MLD=150 m contour) in thick magenta line.\nB: The ungridded raw data of Argo, along with the mean dynamical topography (CI=10 cm).\nC: A randomly selected CMIP5 climate model (HadGEM2-CC), where eddies are parameterized.\nD: PDF (%) of March isopycnal PV based on the Argo data for 2004–2014. Region for the calculation is denoted by the thick dashed rectangle inc. If we define the STMW using the critical PV value of 2.5 × 10−10m−1s−1,∼49% of Argo-profiling floats do not contain STMW in its formation region in March (grey shading ind).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10505_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15246", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Detailed view of the erosional contact between the Abrigo breccia and tsunami unit B. The contact is characterized by downward injections of the tsunami in the breccia, suggesting basal amalgamation. Scale bars in centimeters.\nB: Tsunami deposit (pumiceous marine gravel, corresponding to tsunami unit B) at 132 m a.s.l. on the flanks of Taco volcanic cone, eroding pumice fall deposits of the Diego Hernandez III Formation (pre-Abrigo eruption);\nC: Rip-up clasts of soil as evidence of substrate erosion at the base of tsunami unit B (Taco outcrop);\nD: Contact between the Abrigo breccia and tsunami deposits (tsunami unit B) at Lomos de las Campanas (50 m a.s.l.). Both units have a similar composition but tsunami unit B is matrix-supported and cemented by carbonates;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15246_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16019", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Photograph of the coastal cave entrance and the 2004 trim line. The trim line is about 10 m above the entrance to the cave.\nB: Topographic profile from the swash zone to the coastal cave.\nC: Location of coastal cave site and buried soils from the northwestern coast of Aceh Province12.\nD: Topographic map of the coastal cave site.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms16019_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13744", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Mass of sulfur erupted versus erupted voume (DRE; km3).\nB: Column plots of sulfur yield (Tg km-3) for the eruptions ina(listed inSupplementary Table 1). Columns are colour-coded for magma composition (legend far right). Vertical bars above the columns showrvalues (erupted volume divided by inferred change in reservoir volume;Ve/ΔVc) for the eruptions for which these data are available. The deformation data are derived from InSAR studies as well as ground-based GPS networks. Uncertainties in the observations, where available, are shown as vertical error bars. (c–e) Correlations between eruption size and sulfur yield, all data points colour-coded for magma composition.\nC: Erupted volume for selected eruptions (dense rock equivalent, DRE; km3). CR, continental rift; ARC, subduction zone-related volcano; OI, ocean island volcano.\nD: Sulfur yield (Tg km-3) versus erupted volume (DRE; km3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13744_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13844", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Natural hazards", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Fault creep across the SAF, represented by a sharp step in velocity across the fault.\nB: InSAR interseismic crustal velocities in Eastern Turkey79. A mosaic of five overlapping descending and ascending tracks from the ENVISAT satellite is shown, augmented with unpublished data from one additional descending track. Velocities are presented as westward motion only, under the assumption of zero vertical differential motion across the region and small sensitivity of the instrument to north–south motion. Line C–C′ shows the location of the profile inbthrough the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and East Anatolian Fault (EAF). Active fault traces are denoted by black lines122.\nC: InSAR interseismic crustal velocities along the San Andreas Fault Zone (SAF), California78, shown at the same spatial scale as panela. Velocities are shown in the satellite’s line of sight and are a mosaic of 13 overlapping ascending tracks from the ALOS-1 satellite. Lines A–A′ and B–B′ show the location of the profiles ind,ethrough the San Andreas Fault (SAF), San Jacinto Fault (SJF) and Elsinore Fault (ELF). Fault traces show structures assumed active since the Late Quaternary from the USGS (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults/). (d,e) Profiles of assumed fault-parallel motion where blue points are InSAR measurements and red bars are GNSS velocities with one sigma uncertainties, within 30 km of the profile lines. The black line shows the mean InSAR velocity and the grey vertical bars show the locations of major strike-slip faults.\nD: Distributed shear across three major and closely spaced faults in the San Andreas Fault Zone, the ELF, SJF and SAF.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13844_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6445", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Using a realistic model of the near-field probe-sample interaction, position-resolved IR absorption spectra were extracted from the nanoFTIR line scan across two forsterite crystals (regions labelled A, E) and three distinct glassy phases of plagioclase and mesostasis (B, C, D).\nB: Zoom onto the central region; colour-scale for spectrally integrated scattering amplitude at right, with nanoFTIR line scan position indicated by the arrow.\nC: Composite EDS map displaying relative atomic concentrations of aluminium (red), sodium (green), and silicon (blue). Silicon-rich forsterite crystals as well as the surrounding SiO2aerogel appear blue, whereas the groundmass reveals feldspar (white) and glass (red and pink). Scale bar: 5 microns.\nD: Region-averaged IR absorption spectra extracted from nanoFTIR line scan positions indicated ina(labelled by region). Extracted forsterite spectra agree well with reported absorption spectra52, whereas plagioclase regions exhibit albite (Ab)-rich, anorthite (An)-rich and glassy signatures according to their phonon absorption frequencies. Sharp anorthite and oligoclase nanoFTIR peaks imply crystalline material, whereas reported spectra for powders (e) display added broadening57,59. The surprisingly broad albite peak resolved by nanoFTIR is consistent with strong Al–Si disorder54.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6445_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10231", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: spectra at 1,225–1,325 cm−1region (CH4bands);\nB: fitting residual at 1,225–1,325 cm−1region. CIRS observations are shown as black circles. The red, blue, orange, green and brown colours represent NEMESIS retrieval cases C1–C5, respectively. The goodness of fit (χ2/NwhereNis the number of measurements) in the 600–850 cm−1region is∼0.5–0.6 for each case. In the CH4band, the goodness of fit is around unity for each case except for the brown case (χ2/N=1.96), which does not fit the CIRS spectra. SeeTable 2for detailed information of the cases.\nC: Spectra at 600–850 cm−1region (H2–H2and H2–He CIA, C2H2and C2H6bands);\nD: fitting residual at 600–850 cm−1region;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10231_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14879", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Planetary science", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Saprolite and core boulders at sample site, samples Bømlo 3 and 4 are from central portion of the outcrop.\nB: Sample site on Bømlo.\nC: Panorama from mount Siggjo (474 m a.sl.) looking north towards the strandflat landscape of Bømlo.\nD: Detailed view of leftmost part of the outcrop. Sample 2 was taken close to the fresh granodiorite to the left. Spatula is 200 mm long.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14879_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21759-3", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Hydrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Goose stream (GS; no geomorphological disturbance);\nB: Ptarmigan stream (PT; 10.8% of watershed area disturbed). In geomorphologically undisturbed watersheds (a), the annual C flux is dominated by DOC; increasing mean annual DOC concentrations from these watersheds were likely the result of watershed greening. Thaw-induced geomorphological disturbance of terrestrial surfaces (a–b,d) decreased annual DOC concentrations at all watershed scales and led to a fundamental shift in the primary form of C export from a DOC- to a POC-dominated flux (p< 0.05), with the magnitude and persistence of impact increasing with areal extent of watershed disturbance.\nC: East river (ER; 1.2 % of watershed area disturbed);\nD: West river (WR; 2.7% of watershed area disturbed);", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-021-21759-3_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-24747-9", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Hydrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: –(n)–(t)–(u). p.\nB: ×  0.80. Loss rate from Omar and Moussa, 201636. r.\nC: + (t) + (u). See Supplementary Fig. 9. s. Refs.5,51,53,54. t. AQUASTAT Database44. (Supplementary Table1.16).\nD: × Irrigation Application Efficiency (see Supplementary Fig.5). n. Calculated from production and water consumption data as described in Methods section. o.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-021-24747-9_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13798", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Temporal profiles of helicity flux across the photosphere from spin term(magenta), spin term(grey) and the writhe term(black). Region outside ‘P’ and inside the FOV ofFig. 1gis defined as the region ‘O’.\nB: Temporal profile of the mean angular velocity of ‘P’. The magenta and grey curves represent temporal profiles of the angular velocity which are obtained from Equation (9) and Equation (10), respectively. In each panel, the vertical grey bar indicates the flare peak time and the error bars represent 1 s.d.\nC: The GOES 1–8 Å light curve.\nD: Temporal profiles of the magnetic helicity flux across the photosphere over the same field of view (FOV) asFig. 1g. The magenta and grey curves represent the shear termand the emergence termof the helicity flux, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13798_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8598", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The positions of the Sun, Earth and STEREO-A/B satellites (SOHO is at L1 point and SDO is in the Earth orbit).\nB: The enhanced AIA 171 Å image showing a clear X-shaped structure.\nC: A composition of the AIA 171 Å passband image (cyan) and the LASCO C2 white-light image (red). The green box indicates the main flare region.\nD: A composite image of the AIA 171 Å (cyan) and 94 Å (red) passbands. Cyan (red) indicates coronal loops with a temperature of∼0.6 MK (∼7.0 MK). Six dashed lines denote six slices (S1–S6) that are used to trace the evolution of various reconnection features with time.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8598_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8135", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: proton temperature (black, expected temperature40,63from the solar wind speed in blue) and (g) geomagnetic Dst index. The first vertical solid line from the left indicates the arrival of the shock, and the second vertical line delimits the end of the ICME sheath region, which does not seem to be followed by a magnetic ejecta.\nB: Total magnetic field (black) and componentsBx(magenta) andBy(yellow);\nC: proton density;\nD: proton bulk speed;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8135_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8703", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The ellipticity of the waves representing the polarization of the emissions. Values close to unity indicate circular polarization while those in the region of zero are indicative of linear polarization.\nB: The spectrum of the waveform STAFF-SC Bz component.\nC: The angle between the external magnetic field and the oscillating magnetic field of the wave. The horizontal black lines represent the 20th and 21st harmonics of the proton gyrofrequency. Cluster 4 crossed the geomagnetic equator at the time marked by the vertical black line.\nD: The wave normal angle with respect to the external magnetic field.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8703_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11976", "category": "Earth and environmental sciences", "subject": "Space physics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Magnitude fluctuations after detrending (a) with a lowess fit. The maximum s.e.m. in each data set is shown as a single error bar on the far left.\nB: Neptune brightness (astronomical magnitude, where smaller values represent a greater signal) time series at 472 nm (blue squares) and 551 nm (green circles), from ref.3, each smoothed with a lowess fit (blue dashed line or green solid line).\nC: Lyman-alpha (ultraviolet) radiation at 121.5 nm.\nD: Cosmic ray count rate at Earth’s surface and in the heliosphere, showing terrestrial neutron monitor data from Oulu, Finland, (black) and Voyager 2 LECP instrument daily mean flux of cosmic ray protons >70 MeV (grey). Data are described in full in the ‘Methods’ section.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11976_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13874", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: IHC showing p120 expression in human breast carcinomas with heterozygous genomic loss ofCTNND1. Note the abnormal nuclear morphology in p120-deficient tumour cells (arrowheads) compared with p120 expressing cells (arrow). Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Quantification of p120 expression correlated toCTNND1copy number (CN) of TMA cores of human mammary carcinomas. Significance was determined using the Fisher’s exact test.\nC: Tissue micro-array (TMA) cores of human breast cancer were stained and scored for p120. Shown are representative images of tumours neutral and heterozygous forCTNND1that were scored as positive (retained) or negative (lost) for p120 protein expression. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Box plot showing the relation betweenCTNND1copy-number status (CN) and p120 mRNA expression. Shown are heterozygous (het), neutral (neut), gain and amplified (amp) CN status. Statistical significance was determined using pair-wise Tukey’s testing with the neutral copy-number group. ***P<0.001.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13874_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12564", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Nuclear extracts from myofibroblasts cultured on soft and stiff matrix were incubated with immobilized oligonucleotides containing TREs. The TRE-binding activities of six AP-1 components as indicated were quantified by colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).\nB: Effects of ROCK inhibitor Fasudil (Fasu) and ROCK-specific siRNAs on stiff matrix-induced phosphorylation of c-Fos and c-Jun.\nC: Protein levels of phospho and total c-Fos and c-Jun under soft versus stiff matrix conditions were determined by immunoblot.\nD: Schematic shows the WT and mutated human α6-promoters. Promoter activities were determined by luciferase assay.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12564_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6081", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: RPE1 cells expressing myc-trichoplein (WT or K50/57R) were treated with cycloheximide in the presence (10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)) or absence of serum (starved) as shown in a scheme. Normalized myc-trichoplein intensities (bottom; mean±s.e.m. in triplicate samples) were evaluated by immunoblotting analysis of myc-trichoplein and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; top).\nB: Activation of Flag-Aurora-A WT, but not its kinase-dead (KD) mutant, by myc-trichoplein WT and K50/57R in RPE1 cells. Aurora-A activity was judged by auto-phosphorylation at Thr-288 (pAurora-A).\nC: In vivoubiquitylation assays of MBP-trichoplein-flag constructs in TetOn RPE1 cells cultured in normal medium (indicated by a plus sign) or subjected to serum starvation (indicated by a minus sign) in the presence of MG132.\nD: Tet-On RPE1 cells expressing MBP-trichoplein-flag (WT or K50/57R) were cultured in doxycycline (Dox)-free culture medium supplemented with (10% FBS) or without serum (starved) as shown in a scheme. Normalized MBP-trichoplein-flag intensities (bottom; mean±s.e.m. in triplicate samples) were evaluated by immunoblotting analysis of MBP-trichoplein-flag and GAPDH (top). (f–i) Dox-treated Tet-On RPE1 cells were subjected to 24 h serum starvation (0 h), and then cultured in Dox-free serum-starved medium for indicated times as shown inf. Immunoblotting analysis shows levels of MBP-trichoplein-flag, pAurora-A, KCTD17 and GAPDH (g,h). Graphs show percentages of ciliated cells (mean±s.e.m. from three independent experiment,n>200 each). Control or KCTD17 siRNAs were transfected 24 h before serum starvation (h,i).P**<0.01, 0.010.79, Talin-H+RIAM versus Talin-H), suggesting the role of RIAM in unmasking autoinhibited talin. The 4E mutation impairs the RIAM binding to talin and substantially reduces its activation capacity (talinFL+RIAM-4E versus talinFL+RIAM).\nD: HSQC overlay of13C/15N-labelled 0.06 mM talin-R9 in the absence (black) and presence (red) of 0.05 mM talin-F2F3, and how this complex is dissociated by 0.5 mM 4:1 POPC:PIP2 large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) (green) as well as 0.5 mM 4:1 POPC:PIP2 LUV and 1 mM RIAM-N (blue). Considering the fact that only the outer layer of the vesicle is accessible for protein interaction, the effective concentration of PIP2 is only 0.05 mM. The arrows show that the addition of lipid alone or combination of lipid and RIAM competes with talin-R9 binding to talin-F2F3, and thus makes talin-R9 resonances move towards the free form. The combination of the lipid and RIAM is clearly more potent than the lipid alone.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6880_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5153", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The velocity of ER Ca2+wave measured with G-CEPIA1er(n=23, mean±s.e.m.) or R-CEPIA1er(n=20). For comparison, the velocity of cytosolic Ca2+wave measured with fluo-4 in cells without (n=8) or with R-CEPIA1erexpression (Fluo-4+R-CEPIA1er;n=6). There was no significant statistical difference among these values (P=0.93, one-way ANOVA).\nB: Time course of ER Ca2+dynamics along the white line ina.\nC: Time-lapse images of wave-like decrease in the ER Ca2+concentration visualized with G-CEPIA1er. Perfusion of 10 μM histamine was started at 0 s. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Comparison of ER Ca2+dynamics in two regions of interest ina. The fluorescence intensity was normalized by the initial intensity. Black line: region 1; green line: region 2.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5153_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Effects of pTyr (100 μM), FBP (500 μM) and serine (5 mM) on exosome release in A549 tumour cells. Data are presented as the mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments. *P<0.05. **P<0.01. ***P<0.001 as determined by the one-way ANOVA test (two-tailedt-test forg–j).\nB: Relative level of PKM2 in tumour or non-tumour cells.\nC: Phosphorylated PKM2 level in tumour or non-tumour cells.\nD: EGF, an enhancer of exosome release, increases PKM2 level. (g,h) Knockdown of PKM2 in A549 and HeLa tumour cells via PKM2 siRNA (g) reduces the release of exosomes (h). (i,j) Overexpression of PKM2 in mouse primary myoblast cells and mammary epithelial cells (MEC) via transfection with HA-PKM2-expressing plasmid (i) increases the release of exosomes (j).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14041_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8844", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Total MBP (red).\nB: Combined images froma–d. Differential interference contrast and fluorescence to identify axons treated (blue, yellow arrow) and not treated with BoNT/A. Yellow arrow shows axon and OPC interaction without MBP translation (notice yellow arrow inawith lack of new MBP green puncta indicating no new MBP translation).\nC: Bright field showing cell morphology of co-culture.\nD: Newly synthesized MBP (green). Axons were stimulated electrically at 10 Hz for 10 min and local translation of MBP was monitored using kikume MBP fluorescence after 40 min. White arrows indicate new MBP translation in contrast yellow arrow showing no new MBP translation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8844_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3886", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Western blot showing the abundance of mitochondrial (mtRPL11) and cytosolic (RPL10a, RPL7 and RPS6) ribosomal proteins in different sucrose gradient fractions after RNAse I treatment.\nB: Same as inafor modified protocol. Marked improvement in the detection of TE in mitochondrial genes is observed.\nC: Overview of our modified ribosome profiling protocol.\nD: A plot showing the TE as a function of mRNA abundance in a standard ribosomal profiling protocol. Mitochondrial and histone genes (in green and red, respectively) appear as outside groups.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3886_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10939", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: hTERT-RPE1 cells transfected with the indicated siRNAs were incubated with 0.05% of dimethylsulphoxide or 5 μg ml−1of Brefeldin A for 5 min at 37 °C before fixation and immunostained for GLUT1 (green), GM130 (red) and Rab11 (grey). Insets are magnified views of the Golgi.\nB: hTERT-RPE1 cells stably expressing Myc-β2AR were transfected with the indicated siRNAs and immunostained for Myc epitope (green) and GM130 (red).\nC: hTERT-RPE1 cells transfected with an siRNA targeting FAM21 were incubated with 10 μg ml−1of Alexa 568-conjugated Tf for 20 min at 37 °C before fixation. Cells were then immunostained for GM130 and GLUT1. For comparison, representative magnified views of the Golgi were chosen and displayed.\nD: Cells with Myc signals accumulating at the Golgi fromhwere counted (n=2; 200 cells per group). Merged images with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining (blue) are to the right. Scale bars, 10 μm. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; NS, not significant.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10939_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9645", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative oestrous cycles from WT andsyt-9KO, mice.N=3.\nB: Oestrous cycle data from WT andsyt-9KO females were averaged and plotted.Syt-9KO females exhibited prolonged oestrus phases.N=8.\nC: Ovary histology of WT andsyt-9KO female mice; no major differences were observed.N=2.\nD: WT andsyt-9KO females were paired with WT males for 4 days, separated and monitored for pregnancy and offspring.N=8. Plotted values are mean±s.e.m. Student’st-test, *P≤0.05. C, cornified cells; L, leukocytes; N, nucleated cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9645_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11248", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The model is shown in the same orientation as before after including a sterol molecule in the refinement; the resulting2mFo−DFcmap is shown in blue at 1.2 RMS and the difference map in green still indicates a missing atom.\nB: The electron density maps after full refinement including the 7α-hydroxycholesterol molecule; all difference density peaks have disappeared.\nC: A zoom-in to the model with difference density (mFo−DFc) shown as a green wireframe model before any ligand or water placement contoured at 3.5 RMS highlighting the unexplained density in the tunnel.\nD: The model is rotated about 90° along the vertical display axis to show the same difference density map.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11248_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Frequency of thick spindles in wild type,pkl1Δandpkl1Δ cut7Δcells (mean±s.e.m.,n=90 cells for each, *P<0.05 by Student’st-test).\nB: Live cell fluorescence imaging reveals differences in spindle thickness between wild type (pkl1+ cut7+) andpkl1Δ cut7Δdouble mutant cells. Two stages of mitosis are shown with different markers. On the left, GFP-Atb2 marks microtubules (α-tubulin, green) and DNA is stained with Hoechst (blue). On the right, microtubules are marked by mCherry-Atb2 (red) and spindle pole bodies are marked by Pcp1-GFP (green).\nC: Differences in spindle thickness in a wild type/pkl1Δ cut7Δmixed culture by live cell fluorescence microscopy.\nD: Live cell fluorescence microscopy of wild type andpkl1Δ cut7Δcells with mCherry-Atb2 and Klp9-GFP suggests that the increased spindle thickness we observe is due to parallel microtubules that emanate from a single pole (highlighted by cartoon schematics). Klp9-GFP marks antiparallel microtubules at the spindle midzone. In the schematic, yellow marks Klp9-GFP/antiparallel microtubule overlap, red marks parallel microtubules that extend from either pole (white circle), and green is Klp9-GFP signal on chromatin. Images were oriented similarly for convenience. Similar results topkl1Δ cut7Δcells were observed for thepkl1Δsingle mutant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6339_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12037", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: FLCN–His6, FLAG–FNIP1 and Hsp90α tri-complexin vitro.Bacterially expressed and purified FLCN–His6was bound to Ni-NTA agarose and followed by incubation with 10 ng FLAG–FNIP1 and then 10 ng untagged Hsp90αin vitro. FLCN–His6pulldown, and FLAG–FNIP1 and Hsp90α co-pulldown were examined by immunoblotting.\nB: FNIP1 and FNIP2 were isolated from HEK293 cell lysates using anti-FNIP1, anti-FNIP2 or IgG (control) and immunoblotted with indicated antibodies to confirm protein interaction.\nC: HA–FNIP1 and HA–FNIP2 were transiently co-expressed with either cMyc–FNIP1 or cMyc–FNIP2 in HEK293 cells. cMyc–FNIP1 and cMyc–FNIP2 were first isolated followed by IP of HA–FNIP1 and HA–FNIP2 from the same samples. The quality of HA–FNIP1:cMyc–FNIP1 and HA–FNIP2:cMyc–FNIP2 homodimers and HA–FNIP1:cMyc–FNIP2 heterodimer were assessed by immunoblotting. Co-IP of Hsp90 and FLCN was also assessed by western blotting.\nD: HEK293 cells were treated with 1 μM GB for the indicated times, and FNIP1 and FNIP2 protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Akt and Phospho-S473-Akt were used as positive controls.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12037_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: MCF10A cells were analysed for expression of the indicated genes as inFig. 3a.\nB: Cells were treated for 4 h, as indicated, and extracts were tested for HB-EGF using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results represent biological duplicates performed in technical triplicates.P-values (indicated above the horizontal lines) were calculated using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s multiple comparison test.\nC: Distribution of genes expressed by MCF10A cells, including IR nGRE-containing, DEX-downregulated genes and Module B genes. The overlapping seven genes were obtained by using a hypergeometric test (P=1.28 × 10−6).\nD: The indicated siRNAs were transfected into MCF10A cells, which were re-seeded 48 h later, scratched and stimulated with EGF. Migration (average±s.e.m.) was assayed 12 h later in triplicates.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6073_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9024", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Expression of pri-miR-503and mature miR-503 was measured in ECs and pericytes cultured in HG; **P<0.01 versus control endothelial cells;#P<0.05 versus control pericytes (n=3).\nB: In vitrococulture system of HUVECs overexpressingp75NTR(orAd.Nullas control; top compartment) with pericytes (bottom compartment) has been set up, in which the cells are separated by a membrane to prevent direct cell–cell contact. miR-503 relative expression in pericytes was analysed using qPCR at 24 and 48 h after the start of coculture; *P<0.05 versusAd.Null(n=3).\nC: Expression levels of miR-503,EFNB2andVEGFAwere measured in the coculture system described inb,cin the presence of Eptifibatide. *P<0.05 versusAd.Null;#P<0.05 versusAd.p75(n=3). Unpaired two-tailed Student’st-test or Mann–Whitney nonparametric test was applied. All values are mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments.\nD: in the same experimental conditions, expression ofEFNB2andVEGFAwas measured; *P<0.05 versusAd.Null;#P<0.05 versusAd.p75(n=3).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9024_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13416", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Functional validation of bimane labelled βarr1 by its interaction with purified β2V2R. Similar to wild-type βarr1, bimane labelled βarr1 also forms a complex with agonist occupied and phosphorylated β2V2R. The experiment was repeated twice with identical results and a representative image is shown.\nB: Incubation ofActβ2V2Rphosbut notInactβ2V2Rphoswith bimane labelled βarr1 leads to a decrease in bimane fluorescence. Considering equivalent physical interaction ofActβ2V2RphosandInactβ2V2Rphos(as presented inFig. 1e,f), bimane fluorescence data suggests thatActβ2V2Rphosengages the core interaction while theInactβ2V2Rphosdoes not. These data suggest thatInactβ2V2Rphos+βarr1+Fab30 andActβ2V2Rphos+βarr1+Fab30 complexes represent ‘tail only’ and ‘fully’ (tail+core) engaged complexes, respectively.\nC: Structural model of β2AR–β-arr1 complex deduced based on negative-stain electron microscopy, cross-linking experiments and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass-spectrometry reveals finger loop of βarr1 as a key component of the core interaction. L68in the finger loop of βarr1 was changed to cysteine in a cysteine-less βarr1 and monobromobimane was attached to this cysteine by chemical coupling. Upon core interaction, bimane fluorescence intensity decreases either due to change in chemical environment or quenching by a tyrosine/tryptophan residue in the vicinity.\nD: Bimane fluorescence at emissionλmaxas measured incis presented as a bar graph. Data presented indrepresent mean ±s.e.m. of three independent experiments analysed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test (***P<0.001).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13416_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4405", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic representation of the different domains of the Plexin B2 protein. The PDZ-binding domain (PDZ-BD) at the C terminus of wild-type Plexin B2 has been removed in the Plexin B2 C-terminal deletion mutant (PlexinB2ΔC). Sema: Sema domain; PSI: plexin, semaphorin and integrin domain; IPT: Ig-like, plexin and transcritpion factor domain; CC: convertase cleavage site; TM: transmembrane domain; GAP C1/C2: segmented GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain; G-BD: GTPase binding domain; PDZ-BD: PDZ-binding domain.\nB: The migration defect induced by Plexin B2 shRNA electroporation was rescued by co-electroporation of a RhoA expression vector. The graph shows the distribution of electroporated GFP-positive cells per cortical compartment in the different conditions. Mean±s.e.m. from six sections prepared from three different experiments; one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferronipost-hoctest; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nC: Images of electroporated cortices and quantification graph show that PlexinB2ΔC* ameliorates the defects induced by Plexin B2 knockdown, although not as efficiently as wild type PlexinB2*. The star (*) indicates that the constructs carry mutations conferring RNAi resistance. Mean±s.e.m. from six sections prepared from three different experiments; one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferronipost hoctest; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nD: Model of how the Ascl1-Rnd3 and Semaphorin-PlexinB2 interact to regulate RhoA activity in cortical neuronal migration. On the one hand, Ascl1-Rnd3 maintains low background levels of RhoA activity by interacting with p190RhoGAP. On the other hand, upon extracellular activation, Plexin B2 promotes RhoA activation by two mechanisms, blocking Rnd3 interaction with p190RhoGAP and directly recruiting RhoGEFs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4405_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7474", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification of GFP+cells that also express pH3. Data presented here as the mean±s.e.m. from at least six sections prepared from three embryos obtained from two or three litters and >200 electroporated cells per embryo counted for each condition in this analysis and subsequent quantifications, unless stated otherwise. Student’st-test *P<0.05.\nB: Quantification of pH3+GFP+cells located apically or scattered in the non-surface region 1 day after electroporation of the control orCenpjshRNAs. Student’st-test **P<0.01. (e,f) Examples of electroporated (GFP+) mitotic apical progenitors in metaphase with vertical (e) or oblique (f) cleavage planes determined by co-labelling strong pH3 mitotic cells and γ-tubulin to mark the centrosomes and the apical surface. Scale bar, 10 μm. (g,h) Quantification of vertical (60–90° angles with a ventricular surface) and oblique (30–60°) cleavage planes of mitotic apical progenitors 1 day after electroporation at E14.5 with control andCenpjshRNAs. Control shRNA,n=22 cells;CenpjshRNA,n=20 cells. Cells were analysed from at least six embryos obtained from three litters. (i,j) Electroporated (GFP+) mitotic (pH3+) apical progenitors labelled for centrosome marker γ-tubulin. Insets show higher magnification of the centrosomes. The centrosomes ofCenpjshRNA-electroporated cells (j) have a reduced size compared with those of control cells (i). Scale bars, 1 μm.\nC: Quantification of centrosome size in apical cortical mitotic cells 1 day after electroporation. Student’st-test ***P<0.001. (l,m) Electroporated (GFP+) progenitors labelled for centrosome marker Cdk5rap2 (red) and microtubule marker α-tubulin (grey). Insets show higher magnification of the centrosomes.CenpjshRNA-electroporated cells generate asymmetric spindle and less astral microtubules. Scale bar, 3 μm.\nD: Quantification of astral microtubules’ fluorescence intensity 2 days after electroporation. Student’st-test **P<0.01. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7474_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6238", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Numbers of spheres of HeyA8p-pTIP-L3 cells treated with Dox as ine. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent cultures.\nB: Percent of flow cytometry-sorted DsRedwtGFPmutgreen or red/green MCF-7 cells in the subG1 fraction (nuclear PI staining) at the indicated times after infection with the pLKO or the pLKO-L3 viruses. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent cultures.\nC: CD24/CD44 surface staining of TN1 primary breast cancer cells infected with the pTIG and pTIG-L3 viruses 7 days after Dox addition. Gates are based on isotype controls. Two independent experiments were performed.Pvalues were calculated by ANOVA. **P<0.001; ***P<0.0001.\nD: Percent HeyA8-pTIP-L3 cells surviving 5 days after Dox addition, assessed with flow cytometry live/dead gating, normalized to pTIP controls and to Dox-free controls. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent cultures.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6238_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Rescue of the decreased number of spines inARHGAP33KO neurons after 2 weeks of daily treatment with 7,8-DHF. Examples of dentate granule Golgi staining (upper). Scale bars, 10 μm. Quantification of the total spine density and the percentage of mature spines (vehicle-WT,n=29 cells, vehicle-KO,n=30, DHF-WT,n=28 cells, DHF-KO,n=31 cells, eachn=4 mice; spine density, F1,114=19.7,P=2.1 × 10−5, two-way ANOVA;P=9.7 × 10−10(vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO),P=3.6 × 10−10(vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Tukey–Kramerpost hoctests; mature spine density, F1,114=83.7,P=2.6 × 10−15, two-way ANOVA;P=7.3 × 10−26(vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO),P=4.9 × 10−21(vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Tukey–Kramerpost hoctests; lower). Bars show mean values.\nB: Activation of TrkB by 7,8-DHF injection (12.5 mg kg−1). TrkB-immunoprecipitates and hippocampal lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. Representative blots (upper) and quantification of phospho-TrkB levels (lower; eachn=9, correctedP=0.0014, Mann–WhitneyU-test with the Ryan’s correction). The pY-TrkB levels of vehicle-KO, DHF-WT and DHF-KO were normalized to that of vehicle-WT (The averaged vehicle-WT value was set to 100%). Bars show median values.\nC: Rescue of the impaired working memory inARHGAP33KO mice during the Y-maze test after treatment with 7,8-DHF (vehicle-WT,n=12, vehicle-KO,n=16, DHF-WT,n=16, DHF-KO,n=15, DHF treatment × genotype interaction, F1,55=4.60,P=0.036, two-way ANOVA;P=4.6 × 10−3(vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO),P=1.1 × 10−3(vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Tukey–Kramerpost hoctests). Bars show mean values.\nD: Rescue of the impaired open-field habituation inARHGAP33KO mice after treatment with 7,8-DHF on the test day (day 4; vehicle-WT,n=20, vehicle-KO,n=16, DHF-WT,n=17, DHF-KO,n=14, correctedP=0.0052 (vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO), correctedP=0.035 (vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Mann–WhitneyU-test with the Ryan’s correction). *P<0.05. NS, not significant. Bars show median values.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Index of CD68 (top) and MPO (bottom) positive cells in the liver was measured by counting 1,000 cells/sample. Values are mean±s.d. (n=5 in each group), *P<0.05 compared with normal liver tissues,#P<0.05 compared with HCC using Student’st-test.\nB: Representative images of TNF-α (top) and IL-6 (bottom) immunohistochemical staining in human normal liver tissue, HCC and its paracancerous tissue. Scale bar, 50 μm. (e,f) ARRB1 and ARRB2 mRNA levels in human normal liver tissue, HCC and its paracancerous tissue were determined by real-time PCR. Values are mean±s.d. (n=7 for normal liver,n=89 for HCC and its paracancerous group respectively), *P<0.05 compared with normal liver tissues,#P<0.05 compared with HCC by using one-way ANOVA test.\nC: H&E staining (top), CD68 staining for macrophages (middle) and MPO staining for neutrophils (bottom), from human normal liver tissue, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its paracancerous tissue. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: ARRB1 and ARRB2 protein expression in human normal liver tissue, HCC and its paracancerous tissue determined by western blotting assay.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8369_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6201", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Western blotting showing decreased degradation of total p53 and non-cleavage of keratin 8 and vimentin in whole-cell lysates prepared from cells infected with CTL2 (MOI=1) for 48 h and treated with the proteasome inhibitors lactacystin or MG132 (150 μM) from 47 h p.i. Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) and β-actin served as infection and loading controls, respectively. Full blots foraandeare shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nB: The fraction of cells showing no pulse, 1 or 2 pulses or more than 3 pulses between 24 and 48 h p.i. The frequency of p53 pulses from >60 infected or uninfected cells were quantified. Error bars present the standard error of the proportion.\nC: Individual cells were tracked and the average nuclear Venus fluorescence (in green) measured. Normalized trajectories of p53-Venus levels are shown. Vertical dashed line indicates time of cell division. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Western blotting analysis showing progressive degradation of total p53 protein between 24 and 48 h p.i. in CTL2-infected whole-cell lysates (MOI=1). Chlamydial Hsp60 and β-actin served as infection and loading controls, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6201_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7318", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Droplet digital PCR analysis of an SNV showing that the accumulated SNV pre-existed in the somatic cells of the parental generation at low frequencies and reached high frequencies in subsequent iPSCs. Counts of ddPCR events for SNVs (blue bar) and the reference (red bar) resulted in an estimated cell frequency in 20-iPSC-32, 20-APC, and 10-iPSC-37 of 42.5%, 0.3%, 0%, respectively.\nB: The accumulated SNV pre-existed in somatic cells of the parental generation and previous iPS cell lines at a low frequency as detected by ddPCR analysis.\nC: Droplet digital PCR analysis showing that the accumulated SNV was not detectable in the somatic cells of the parental generation and was detected in subsequent iPSCs with a relatively high frequency.\nD: The numbers of accumulated SNVs emerged in each stage throughout the sequential reprogramming.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7318_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8018", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cryo-TEM image showing IM30 as extra electron density attached to a liposome. Scale bar, 20 nm.\nB: Superposition of the extra density with the side-view of a 3D reconstructed IM30 ring being depicted in projection view (approximately 30 nm in diameter).\nC: Experimental (circles) and calculated (line) SFG-spectra of IM30 bound to a model MGDG/PG monolayer at the air–water interface using the ssp polarization combination. The experiment was repeated two times. The calculated spectra match the experimental data well for upright monomer orientations. A tilt angle of 0° with respect to the surface normal was used for the calculation shown.\nD: Magnification of the box inb, depicting the 3D reconstruction in an isosurface view. Note that the 3D reconstruction matches the extra electron density in size and shape, indicating perpendicular binding of IM30 to the membrane surface.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8018_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2794", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Illustration of the experiments with the ASC-conditioned medium. Arrows in ER+ cancer cells denote transcription of oestrogen (E2)-dependent genes.\nB: Aromatase mRNA expression in the 2-D or 3-D ASCs, with or without testosterone (T).\nC: Effect of ASC-conditioned medium on oestrogen-dependent transcription in ZR75-1 cells is abolished by addition of AI letrozole (L) to the 3-D ASCs.\nD: The effect of 3-D ASCs on oestrogen-dependent transcription of pS2 in ZR75-1 is abrogated when stromal DDR1 is knocked down in ASCs. NS, not significant, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, Student’st-test. Data represent mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2794_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Effect of DNA-PKcs inhibition on DSBs repair in the WRN phosphomutants. Cells were treated as indicated and allowed to recover in the presence or not of the DNA-PKcs inhibitor (DNA-PKi). The presence of DSBs was evaluated by the neutral Comet assay. In the graph, data are presented as mean tail moment±s.e.m. from three independent experiments (****P<0.0001; Mann–Whitney test;n=300).\nB: Efficiency of HR-mediated repair of I-SceI-induced DSBs in HEK293TshWRN cells co-transfected with the indicated WRN forms, the I-SceI expression vector pCBASce and the pDRGFP HR reporter plasmid, as described in Methods. Western blotting shows expression of the indicated WRN forms in the HEK293TshWRN cells. The graphs show the percentage of HR efficiency calculated respect to cells transfected with the wild-type WRN protein.\nC: Analysis of sister chromatid exchanges. Cells were treated as indicated and recovered in BrdU-containing medium for 36 h before metaphase spreading and staining, as described inSupplementary Methods. The graph shows the mean number of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) per metaphase cells. A minimum of 25 metaphases were counted for each experimental point from three independent experiments (NS, not significant; **P<0.01, ANOVA test;n=75).\nD: Analysis of DSB repair efficiency. Cells were treated with 5 μM CPT for 1 h and allowed to recover for different time points as indicated. DSB repair was evaluated by the neutral Comet assay. In the graph, data are presented as mean tail moment±s.e.m. from three independent experiments (NS, not significant; ****P<0.0001; Mann–Whitney test;n=300). Representative images from the neutral Comet assay are shown in the panel.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12880_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7249", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Percentage of vesicles with no, small or large deformation after AF488-clathrin/epsin binding. Scale bar, 5 μm. For all the fluorescence experiments,n=30–45 under each condition from at least three independent experiments.\nB: Number of vesicles showing AP180/clathrin binding or no binding under various external buffer conditions.\nC: AF488-clathrin/AP180 does not bind to GUVs with high bending rigidity (see Methods) under isotonic conditions.\nD: AF488-clathrin binding and membrane deformation in the presence of unlabelled epsin were observed under varying osmotic conditions, except in the hypotonic conditions where a fraction of the vesicles remained uncoated.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7249_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10289", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Linearity factors for the summation of EPSCaT amplitude and time integral evoked by pre–post paired stimulations, versus time interval between the onset of EPSP and the first bAP (red in the schematics of panelb). Data calculated from the potencies in panelc(right) andSupplementary Fig. 4b.\nB: Somatic membrane potentials (middle) and EPSCaT waveforms (bottom, grey) evoked by the stimulations depicted at top (see alsoFig. 1). Traces are averages of 7–9 trials. 2Pre-50, 2Post-1Pre-50 and 1Pre-2Post-50 EPSCaTs were fitted with two double exponential curves (blue and green), which were then summated (red). Scale bars, horizontal: 0.1 s; vertical: 50 mV (10 mV for 1Pre, 2Pre-10 and 2Pre-50) and 0.05 ΔF/A for EPSCaTs.\nC: Summary of EPSCaT amplitudes and time integrals for the stimulations inb. Left: average values across all trials (including failures). Right: average potencies (see Methods section).\nD: Two-photon line-scan imaging of spine EPSCaTs. Left: pseudo-colour overview of a CA1 pyramidal cell patch-loaded with Fluo-5F (F) and Alexa Fluor 594 (A) visualized in the Alexa channel. Stim: Alexa-filled extracellular patch electrode in stratum radiatum, near an oblique apical dendrite. White square marks the region scaled up in right top. Scale bar, 50 μm. Right top: two spines (1, 2; filled arrowheads) and their parent dendrite were imaged in line-scan mode (red dashed line shows the scan direction). Scale bar, 5 μm. Right middle: dual-channel (A and F) visualization of a line-scan series (time on the abscissa), through spines 1 and 2; a single EPSP was elicited (arrowhead) via the Stim electrode. Right bottom: the corresponding EPSCaT traces (ΔF/A, grey and double exponential fit, red) for spines 1 and 2 and parent dendrite, and the somatic membrane potential (Vm) recorded during the stimulus. Scale bars, horizontal: 0.1 s; vertical: 2 μm and 0.05 ΔF/A. a.u., arbitrary units.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10289_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7619", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Representative images of the localization of F-actin during MTLn3-B1 chemotaxis to EGF (2.5–5.8 nM). Green colour (top panel) indicates expression of GFP. Red colour (bottom panel) displays Lifeact-RFP. Yellow arrows highlight localized enrichment of F-actin. (f,g) Visualization of (f) PI3K activity and (g) Rac activity in cells in collisions resulting in CIL (top panel), not resulting in CIL (middle panel), and in freely migrating cells (bottom panel). Collisions occur at timet=0. The first image in the top and middle series of images visualizes the collision, showing the tracked cell outlined in red and the cell it is colliding with in blue. These outlines are reproduced in the ratio image at timet=0. Pseudocolour images represent the ratio between mCH-Akt-PH and GFP in (f) and the FRET ratio (YFP FRET/CFP) in (g). (h,i) Quantification of the polarity ratio in cells in collisions with and without CIL and free moving cells for (h) PI3K and (i) Rac. Data represent the mean fromn>=11 cells per condition from three independent experiments with error bars representing s.e.m. Time is in minutes. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Quantification of the polarity ratio in chemotaxing mCH-Akt-PH-expressing MTLn3-B1 cells versus control mCH-expressing cells. Data represent the mean ofn>=20 cells per condition fromn=3 independent experiments. Error bars are s.e.m.\nC: Representative images of PI3K activity during MTLn3-B1 chemotaxis to EGF (2.5–5.8 nM). The pseudcolour images (top panel) represent the ratio between mCH-Akt-PH and GFP. The green colour (middle panel) visualizes GFP expression. Red colour (bottom panel) displays mCH-Akt-PH.\nD: Representative images of Rac activity during MTLn3-B1 chemotaxis to EGF (2.5–5.8 nM). Pseudocolour images show the FRET ratio (YFP FRET/CFP) from a Raichu-Rac construct.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7619_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10549", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Top: schematic representation of the human SMARCA4 protein showing the positions of the mutations in the analysed mutants. Bottom: schematic representation of GFP-fused WT- or mutated-SMARCA4 proteins.\nB: Confirmation of the siRNA-mediated KD of endogenous mouse SMARCA4, and expression of GFP-tagged human SMARCA4 (WT, and KR and TM mutants). Expression of β-actin is shown as loading control.\nC: Schematic representation of the experimental design for the CSR complementation and TOP1-ChIP assays.\nD: CSR complementation assay using CH12F3-2A cells expressing siRNA-resistant human SMARCA4. Data are presented as % IgA switching relative to the IgA switching in cells transfected with control siRNA (siCONT) with similar GC content. The data represent the mean of the three independent experiments with standard deviations. (e,f) TOP1-ChIP assays following CSR complementation in CH12F3-2A cells. Before lysis, the cells were pretreated with either 50 nM of bortezomib for 3 h (e) or 10 μM of camptothecin for 30 min (f). Top view shows schematic diagram with the position of the ChIP assay PCR products inIghlocus. ChIP data were normalized as inFig. 3h, and represent the mean of the three independent experiments with standard deviations. Asterisks (* and **) denote statistically significant differences withP≤0.05 andP≤0.01, respectively, as determined by Student’st-test. The position of molecular weight markers is shown on the left of each western blot image.B2m, beta-2-microglobulin; CIT, CD40L-IL4-TGFβ; CSR, class switch recombination;Eef1a1, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1;Gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NS, not significant;Tcrd, T-cell receptor delta chain.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10549_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7135", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: HFFs spread on FN, stimulatory and inhibitory anti-β1 integrin mAbs stained for actin (red) and α-tubulin (green), with corresponding high-power images highlighting the difference in the location of MTs at the cell periphery in cells spread on the inhibitory mAb. MT density was calculated by counting the number of MTs within a 5 × 2 μm region of the cell periphery. Results are mean±s.d. (n=9, 10 and 8 cells for FN, stimulatory and inhibitory, respectively).\nB: HFFs spread on stimulatory and inhibitory mAbs for 1 h before addition of 20 μM cytochalasin D or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) vehicle control for a further 1 h. Cells were stained for actin (red) and α-tubulin (green); dotted line in bottom-right image indicates cell periphery. MT density was measured as inb. Results are mean±s.d. (n=5 and 5 DMSO-treated cells and 5 and 7 cytochalasin D-treated cells for stimulatory and inhibitory, respectively). Scale bars, 10 μm. ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001; one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’spost hoccorrection inb, two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’spost hoccorrection incandd(seeSupplementary Table 4for statistics source data). Inhib., inhibitory; MW, molecular weight; NS, nonsignificant; Stim., stimulatory.\nC: HFFs spread on FN, stimulatory and inhibitory mAbs for 1 h before treatment with 10 μM nocodazole for 45 min and subsequent washout for a further 45 min to examine MT regrowth. Cells were stained for tubulin; dotted line in bottom-right image indicates cell periphery. MT density was measured as inb. Results are mean±s.d. (n=3, 3 and 4 cells for FN, stimulatory and inhibitory, respectively).\nD: Enrichment of talin and three +TIPs, EB1, ACF7 and CKAP5, in complexes associated with active β1 integrin shown by western blotting (seeSupplementary Fig. 10for original blots).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7135_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Inhibition of [3H]-TPP binding to MdfA by increasing Dq concentrations. The results were analysed by non-linear regression fitting (line), yielding the indicatedKI. Error bars indicate s.d. of triplicate measurements.\nB: Quenching of 0.2 μM Dq fluorescence by 2 μM wild-type MdfA or MdfA(R112M). Effect of adding 1 mM TPP to the mixture is also shown. Error bars indicate s.d. of triplicate measurements (*P<10−4, two-tailedt-test).\nC: Quenching of 0.2 μM Dq fluorescence by increasing MdfA concentrations. The binding of Dq to MdfA was analysed by nonlinear regression fitting (line), yielding the indicatedKd.\nD: Dq-mediated photoinduced cross-linking of MdfA. Membranes expressing functional split-MdfA (C-terminally tagged N8-His6and C4-His6, left lanes) or wild-type MdfA-His6(right lanes) were incubated in the absence or presence of 100 μM Dq and irradiated with ultraviolet. Proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE and western blotting against the His tag. Cross-linked product of N8 and C4 is indicated by a star.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5615_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8840", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Snf1p, Snf1p-A2, and Snf1p-A5 were immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-HA antibodies, and the bound proteins were immunoblotted for the presence of Arf3p.\nB: A working model for Arf3p activation by Snf1p to mediate invasive growth in response to glucose depletion. Snf1p/AMPK utilizes its N-terminal kinase domain to regulateFLO11gene transcription and its atypical Arf GEF at the C-terminal regulatory domain to promote Arf3p activation in response to glucose deprivation.\nC: Σ1278b yeast cells containing aSNF1deletion transformed with different forms ofSNF1(full length, A2 or A5) were spotted onto YP plates for 16 h to examine agar penetration. The percentage of invasive cells was quantified as described in Methods section. Data are reported as the mean±s.d. of three experiments. **P<0.01; Student’st-test.\nD: Arf3p-GTP forms were precipitated by GST-Afi1N insnf1Δ cells expressing Snf1p, Snf1p-A2 or Snf1p-A5. Below, quantitative analysis of active Arf3p. Data are reported as the mean±s.d. of three experiments relative to a vector (Vec) control. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01; Student’st-test. (c,d) [3H]GDP dissociation (c) from and [35S]GTPγS binding (d) to Arf3 in the presence of Snf1-C, Snf1-C-A2 or Snf1-C-A5 were monitored by measuring radioactivity. Data are reported as the means±s.d. of the percentages of dissociated [3H]GDP and of bound [35S]GTPγS (n=3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8840_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4832", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: UBE2J2 associates with TMEM129. Strep-tag II- and FLAG-tagged TMEM129 was immunoprecipitated using StrepTactin beads from 1.0% digitonin lysates of U937 eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 US11 cells expressing indicated constructs. The Strep-tag II- and FLAG-tagged TMEM129 retained its ability to enhance HLA class I downregulation (Supplementary Fig. 10c, left panels). Immunoprecipitated proteins were eluted using d-Desthiobiotin, after which immunoblot analysis was performed for the proteins indicated.\nB: Dominant-negative UBE2J2 (C94S) causes rescue of HLA class I. Total (eGFP) expression of eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 was assessed by flow cytometry in U937 eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 US11 control cells (grey histogram) and cells expressing either wild-type UBE2J2 (black histogram, left panel) or dominant-negative UBE2J2-C94S (black histogram, right panel).\nC: CRISPR/Cas-mediated knockout of UBE2J2 and UBE2K induce potent rescue of HLA class I. Total (eGFP) expression of eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 were assessed by flow cytometry in U937 eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 US11 control cells (grey histogram) and cells knocked out for either UBE2J2 (black histograms, upper panels), UBE2K (black histograms; second panels), UBE2J1 (black histograms, third panels) or TMEM129 (black histograms, lower panels) using three individual CRISPR gRNAs.\nD: UBE2J2 depletion by shRNAs induces rescue of HLA class I in US11-expressing cells. Two individual UBE2J2- and UBE2J1-targeting shRNAs (grey-lined histograms), two individual UBE2J2-targeting shRNAs together with UBE2J2 cDNA (black-lined histograms), or one control shRNA (dashed histograms) were introduced in U937 eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 US11 cells. The flow cytometry analysis of endogenous surface HLA-A3, and surface (Myc) and total (eGFP) eGFP-Myc-HLA-A2 expression was performed at 7 dpi.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4832_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9388", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: A protein phosphatase dead PTEN mutant (Y138L) fails to rescue multicilia defects inXenopus. Effects on multicilia were quantified by visual analysis of acetylated tubulin (axoneme) staining of embryos’ epidermis. Embryos were injected with indicated morpholinos, hPTEN constructs and Centrin-RFP as a lineage tracer. The percentage of normal multiciliated cells was plotted as mean with error bars in s.e.m. from four independent experiments; **P<0.01 by at-test, with more than 500 cells per condition.\nB: PTEN-dependent cilia disassembly is blocked by CK1δ-ɛ inhibitor but not by PI3-kinase inhibitor. hTERT-RPE1 cells transfected as inFig. 4awere treated with 10 μM of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) or 40 μM of IC261 (CK1δ-ɛ inhibitor) for a total of 4 h (2 h before plus 2 h post serum addition). Ciliation was quantified at 0 h (starved) and 2 h of disassembly. Graph represents three independent experiments; data are mean with error bars showing s.e.m.; ***P<0.001 by at-test, with 300 cells or more per condition.\nC: Model for PTEN function during cilia formation and stability.\nD: pS143 dephosphorylation efficiency by PTEN variants (10 μM) was compared with PTEN WT as ind. Experiments were carried out in triplicate,n=3.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9388_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: RobustZ-scores are independent of cell viability. Viable cell counts were generated as described in Methods and listed inSupplementary Data 1. The robustZ-scores are displayed on theyaxis and viable cell counts on thexaxis. The upper panel shows only the negative (blue) and positive (red) controls. The lower panel includes all tested genomic genes (yellow). The dashed line indicates the cutoff used (viable cell count >50) to eliminate the genes, the knockdown of which caused cytotoxicity. The distribution of theZ-scores on a horizontal line shows that the scores are independent of cytotoxicity.\nB: Work flow scheme of genome screen and individual siRNA test.\nC: Validation of the effect of genome library siRNAs for selected genes on R-Ag uptake. PPC1 cells were treated with pooled siRNAs from the genome screen library for indicated genes (xaxis). The relative mRNA expression levels and R-Ag uptake per cell was quantified as described in Methods, and normalized to that of negative control (NS siRNA treated cells) as listed onyaxis. Error bars indicate s.e.m. of three independent experiments.\nD: Overview of genome screen result. The robustZ-scores were determined for each screened gene as described in Methods and listed inSupplementary Data 1.Z-scores were divided into different zones and the values along thexaxis indicate the lowest values for each zone. The number of genes in eachZ-score zone is shown on theyaxis. The negative (NS siRNA) and positive (NRP1 siRNA) controls are shown in blue and red, respectively, and the genome genes are in yellow.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5904_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10869", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Representative images of the TRA-1-60+clusters from experiments indto show the larger size of clusters in BRD3R dishes.\nB: Representative images showing early appearance of TRA-1-60+clusters in BRD3R reprogramming. Arrowhead, TRA-1-60+clusters; magenta star, compact rounded cells resembling mitotic cells and ESC morphology.\nC: Significantly more TRA-1-60+clusters are found at early stage of reprogramming (day 10) (n=3; mean±s.d.; ***P<0.001;t-test).\nD: BRD3R reprogramming generated more ESC-like colonies in the primary reprogramming dishes (n=3; mean±s.d.;ttest). (a,e) Scale bar, 50 μm;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10869_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6372", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: ThePR1gene expression level was determined using an RNA-gel blot analysis for leaves from 3-week-old seedlings.\nB: H2O2accumulation at the site of lesion formation inSSN-RNAi cotyledons was visualized through DAB staining.\nC: Disease symptoms among the WT,SSN-RNAi and OE lines after inoculation with theV. dahliaestrain ‘V991’. Three-week-old seedlings were root-wounded and dip-inoculated withV. dahliaebefore transplanted to soil. The photos were taken 12 days after inoculation. The experiments were repeated three times with similar results. Shown are representative symptoms of disease (at least 20 plants of each line).\nD: The transcript levels ofPRgenes and SA biosynthesis genes and the H2O2levels in WT and Ri15 at the 10-day-old seedling before the lesion appeared on the plants. The SA levels of different tissues are from 3-week-old seedlings. The values are the means±s.d. for three biological replicates (**P<0.01, Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6372_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Confocal microscopy image of a monoclonal organoid generated from a single fallopian tube stem cell after 2 months of 3D culture (P3), labelled for b-Cat (red) and tubulin, showing ciliated and non-ciliated cells.\nB: Phase contrast images of spheroid formation and growth. Small spheres are already visible 1 day after seeding and expand to reach a diameter of over 100 μm within 7 days. The same culture shows no apparent morphological differences after 2 weeks and after 10 monthsin vitro.\nC: Representative confocal image of fallopian tube tissue labelled for acetylated tubulin, a marker of ciliated cells (red), the proliferation marker Ki67 (green) and DNA (DRAQ5, blue). Ki67-positive nuclei are dispersed along epithelial folds, with occasional clustering (asterisk).\nD: Confocal images of early organoid cultures at different time points labelled for b-Cat (red) and ac tubulin (green), revealing that cilia develop after 2 weeks in 3D culture.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9989_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6421", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The angle between spectrin repeats 1 and 2 inBsEzrA22–562is 37° and inSaEzrA24–214it is 34°; the angle is also 37° between erythrocytic β-spectrin repeats 14 and 15 (PDB 3EDU).\nB: Superimposition of spectrin units fromBsEzrA22–562orSaEzrA24–214(coloured red, yellow, green and blue, as inFig. 1a) onto representative spectrin units coloured cyan from erythroid spectrin (top; PDB 3KBT), α-actinin (middle; PDB 1HCI) and brain spectrin (bottom; PDB 1U5P).\nC: Structure of the spectrin protein α-actinin (PDB 1HCI), with alternating triple helical bundle spectrin repeats coloured red and blue.\nD: Top—Orthogonal views of the relative positioning and different connectivity of the three α-helices in EzrA spectrin repeat 1 (residues 24–129) and in the fourth repeat (residues 630–745) of the rod domain of α-actinin (PDB 1HCI). The N-terminal helix in the bundle (a) is coloured blue, the middle helix (b) yellow and the C-terminal helix (c) red. Bottom—Schematic illustration of the different connectivity in the EzrA and spectrin three-helix bundles, viewed along the helix axes. An up arrow (helixa,c) represents an ‘up’ helix viewed along the helix axis in an N–C direction (N-terminus of helix axis above plane of page). A down arrow represents a ‘down’ helix viewed in the opposite direction.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6421_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8215", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Identification of Beclin 1 K430 and K437 acetylation using mass spectrometry analysis. Flag-tagged Beclin 1 was transfected into HEK293T cells. At 24 h post transfection, TSA (1 μM) and NAM (5 mM) were added for another 6 h. Beclin 1 was purified by immunoprecipitation with an anti-Flag antibody and then analysed using mass spectrometry.\nB: Exogenous Beclin 1 is acetylated. Acetylation of immunoprecipitated Flag-tagged Beclin 1 from HEK293T cells treated with or without HDAC inhibitors TSA (1 μM) and NAM (5 mM) simultaneously for 6 h.\nC: TSA and NAM increase the binding of Beclin 1 to Rubicon. Immunoprecipitation of indicated Beclin 1-binding partners with ectopically expressed Flag-Beclin 1 in HEK293T cells treated with TSA and NAM.\nD: Alignment of the protein sequences of Beclin 1 homologues in various species. The red indicates the identified acetylated lysine residues of Beclin 1.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8215_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8926", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Western analyses of myristoylated AMPKβ1 (Myr-β1) levels in the whole-cell lysate (WCL) and mitochondrial fraction (Mito) of H23 cells treated with or without CCCP following azidomyristic acid labelling and click chemistry. WCL without click conjugation was loaded as controls. Bafilomycin (Baf) was used to prevent autophagy/mitophagy-mediated protein degradation. LDHB was blotted for loading control. The bottom panel shows overall levels of protein myristoylation (streptavidin blot) in the mitochondria. ImageJ quantification was performed to assess the relative abundance of the proteins (fold changes).\nB: Representative transmission electron microscopy micrographs of H23 cells treated with (+) or without (−) 2HMA (0.5 mM) for 24 h before brief exposure to CCCP (15 μM) in the presence of bafilomycin A (100 nM). Red arrows, autophagosomes; blue triangles, mitochondria; scale bar, 500 nM.\nC: Detection of myristoylated AMPKβ1 (Myr-β1) co-precipitated with GFP-AMPKα2 following metabolic labelling of H23 cells with azidomyristate andin vitroconjugation with biotin alkyne. Input protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Note that biotin-conjugated azidomyristoylated AMPKβ1 migrated relatively slowly.\nD: Detection of overall levels of protein myristoylation in mitochondria (Mito) and cytosol (sup) following metabolic labelling and click chemistry in H23 cells treated with (+) or without (−) 2-hydroxy myristic acid (2HMA) and CCCP.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8926_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14867", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Phase contrast images of primary MECs (pMECs), 3 days after transduction with shLuc or shPar3. Scale bars, 400 μm.\nB: Quantification of p-Akt and cleaved Caspase-3 in pMECs from three independent experiments. Error bars, mean±s.d.\nC: Frequency distribution histogram showing membrane to cytoplasmic ratio of PH-AKT-GFP localization.Pvalues for all statistics calculated using Student’st-test.\nD: Schematic representation of primary murine mammary luminal epithelial cell isolation and culture, also seeSupplementary Fig. 3; details described in methods.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14867_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10789", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Haematoxylin and eosin staining of colon sections. Scale bar indicates 200 μm.\nB: Colonic RNA was isolated, and relative amounts ofIfngandll17transcripts were measured by qRT–PCR. (e–i) Tconvand Tregcells were isolated from the spleen (spl), mesenteric lymph node (mLN) and peripheral lymph node (pLN). Protein levels of YY1 and Foxp3 were measured by intracellular staining (e). Total RNA was extracted, and transcripts ofIfng(f),Il17(g),Foxp3(h) andYy1(i) were measured by qRT–PCR. Statistical differences ina–iwere analysed by Student’st-test (n=5). *P<0.05. **P<0.01. ***P<0.001. Error bars shown ina–irepresent s.d.\nC: Body weights of the mice were presented as a percentage of the initial weight.\nD: Gross morphology of colons (left) and colon length (right).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10789_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13565", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: ProC9-TM, ΔPro-C9-TM, C9-p35/p12 and ΔPro-C9-p19/p12 (80 nM) were reconstituted with increasing concentrations of oligomerized full-length Apaf-1 (0.3–1.5 μM) and assayed for cleavage of ProC3* (500 nM).\nB: Apaf-1 NOD protein (1.5 μM) was incubated±dATP/MgCl2(2 mM each) in a final volume of 200 μl for 30 min at 37 °C. The protein was then fractionated by Superose-6 gel filtration chromatography, and the majority or each fraction (977 μl) was trichloroacetic acid precipitated and the pellet immunoblotted for Apaf-1 NOD. The remaining portion (23 μl) was incubated with ΔPro-C9-TM (200 nM) and ProC3* (500 nM) for 30 min at 37 °C. Samples were then immunoblotted for C9 and C3. With the exception ofc(n=2), all experiments were repeated 3–9 times with similar results, and all data points/bars represent the mean value±s.e.m.\nC: Apoptosome complexes were reconstituted with Apaf-1 (1.5 μM) and ProC9-TM-F406DOPA (20 or 100 nM). The incorporatedL-DOPA was then oxidized with NaIO4, covalently linking ProC9-TM-ProC9-TM homodimers and/or ProC9-TM-Apaf-1 heterodimers.\nD: ProC9-TM, ProC9-TM-F404D and the LDP fusions, ProC9-TM (LDP) and ProC9-TM (LDP-Scrmbl) (10 nM) were incubated with or without oligomerized Apaf-1 (1.5 μM) and assayed for LEHDase activity.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13565_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7373", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Captured images for migration of normal human RPTEC stimulated by hHGF (0.26 nM) or dimer macrocycles (20 nM) over 30 h. Cells were stained by calcein-AM. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nB: Dose-dependent titration of cell migration stimulated by 0.4 pM–30 nM of hHGF (red), 40 pM–3,000 nM of aML5-PEG3 (blue), aMD4-PEG11 (orange), aMsD4-C6 (grey) as a negative control, or aMD5-PEG11 (green). Migrated cells were stained with calcein-AM and quantified by fluorescence intensity. s.d. was calculated from the results of experiments in triplicate.\nC: Captured images of wound healing in NHEK promoted by various stimulants (also seeSupplementary Movie 1). Wound-closure events in the presence or the absence of 0.25 nM hHGF or 100 nM dimeric macrocycles were monitored by a real-time cultured cell monitoring system. The images were taken at 4 and 50 h. Red broken lines indicate boundaries between cells in the monolayer and the scratched areas uncovered by cells. Scale bar, 500 μm.\nD: Quantification of relative wound-closure areas. Error bars denote s.e.m. (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (unpaired Student’st-test) compared with Mock.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7373_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11960", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Cancer cells are more sensitive to acetate under hypoxia. HepG2 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of acetate under normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2) for 4 h. The histone acetylation levels were determined by western blot. Total H3 served as a loading control.\nB: 1H-NMR spectra of acetate concentration in fresh medium, medium of cancer cells cultured under normoxia or hypoxia. The results represented mean±s.d. of triplicate experiments. (**P<0.01; *P<0.05; by two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test).\nC: Acetate increases H3K9, H3K27 and H3K56 acetylation levels in a dose-dependent manner under hypoxia. HepG2 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of acetate for 4 h under hypoxia (1% O2). The histone acetylation levels were determined by western blot. Total H3 served as a loading control.\nD: Acetate increases H3K9, H3K27 and H3K56 acetylation levels in a time-dependent manner under hypoxia. HepG2 cells were treated with or without 5 mM acetate for 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h under hypoxia (1% O2), respectively. The global histone acetylation levels were determined by western blot. Total histone H3 served as a loading control.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11960_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11949", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Venn diagrams showing the number of up- or down regulated sense transcripts unique to and common tojhd2Δandset1Δmutants. IntersectionP-value <10−4(hypergeometric test).\nB: Set1 and Jhd2 either positively or negatively regulate transcription at the phosphate-responsive genes. Fold-change in total RNA-seq reads obtained injhd2Δorset1Δmutant relative to WT for various phosphate-responsive genes are shown.\nC: GO terms enriched in sense transcripts down regulated in bothset1Δandjhd2Δmutants.\nD: GO terms enriched in sense transcripts up regulated in bothset1Δandjhd2Δmutants.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11949_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3750", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The DYF-11 N terminus interacts directly with DYF-19 in a GST pull-down assay.\nB: DYF-11 shows a unique mislocalization pattern in DYF-19-deficient cilia.\nC: Dyf-11mutants show similar phenotypes todyf-19mutants for the ciliary entry of IFT components.\nD: Schematic of the role of TF component DYF-19 in regulating the ciliary entry of assembled IFT particles through a direct interaction with the IFT component DYF-11. VN: N terminus of Venus yellow fluorescent protein (YFP); VC: C terminus of Venus YFP. Scale bars, 5 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3750_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: CGNs in culture expressed Emerald MAPT and RFP LIFEACT to label the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. Time-lapse imaging shows that Siah2-insensitive drebrin NxN rescues a Siah2 gain-of-function phenotype. Top row: Control CGNs have long neurites. Middle row:Siah2gain of function inhibits CGN neurite extension, induces a radial microtubule cytoskeleton and locks CGNs in a mesenchymal morphology. Bottom row: CGNs expressing drebrin NxN and Siah2 have neurites and microtubule cytoskeleton similar to controls. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: CGNs were transfected with expression vectors encoding Centrin2-Venus, H2B-mCherry, and the indicated constructs. Time-lapse imaging was used to monitor two-stroke nucleokinesis in migrating CGNs in which Siah2 was overexpressed or rescued with drebrin NxN (n≥107 cells analysed for each condition). The multicolour images show nuclear/centrosome positions for selected time points from representative imaging sequences, and the polar Efficiency and MSD plots display movement characteristics.Siah2gain of function randomized nuclear and centrosome positions, but only nuclear position is rescued by drebrin NxN. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nC: Cerebella from P7 mice were electroporated and slices grown inex vivoculture for 48 h. The cells were electroporated with a vector encoding H2B-mCherry either alone or in combination with the indicated expression vectors. Each representative image is oriented with the cerebellar slice surface to the left; the red nuclei in the centre or right of the image indicate cells that have left the GZ. The histograms below each representative image show the binned migration distance distribution for each condition (n≥3,893 cells analysed for each condition,P<0.01 byχ2test for each condition and its control). The graphs to the right show the average migration distances (P<0.05 by Student’st-test for all conditions). The migration distance graph for each micrograph is scaled to its accompanying image, providing the equivalent of a scale bar for each image. Error bars show ±s.d.\nD: Quantitation of imaging sequences shown ina(n≥337 cells analysed for each condition,P<0.01 by Student’st-test for differences between the Siah2 condition and the control or Siah2+drebrin NxN).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14484_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4528", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Schematic of thePparα promoter with the UPRE-like sequence indicated. Luciferase reporter assays were performed by co-transfection of 293T cells with the empty control vector or pCMV-XBP1s plasmid together with Luc constructs under the control of thePparα promoter (Pα) or that without the UPRE (PαΔ). Data are shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=3 independent experiments). **P<0.01 by two-way analysis of variance.\nB: ChIP assays of liver nuclear extracts from male mice fedad libitumor fasted for 18 h using control IgG or anti-XBP1s antibody. Quantitative PCR results are shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=6 per genotype). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 by two-way analysis of variance.\nC: Primary hepatocytes from male C57BL/6 mice were infected for 2 days with adenoviruses expressing EGFP or Flag-tagged XBP1s protein. XBP1s protein was analysed by immunoblotting. Expression of the indicated genes was assessed by quantitative RT–PCR, and data are presented as the mean±s.e.m. (n=3 independent experiments). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 byt-test.\nD: ChIP assays of extracts from 293T cells co-transfected with the empty control vector or pCMV-XBP1s plasmid together with the Pα or PαΔ reporter construct using anti-XBP1s antibody.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4528_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9468", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Detection of O-GlcNAcylated G6PD levels from 293T cells. Lysates prior to pull down (input) and the captured proteins (elution) were immunoblotted with an antibody towards G6PD. Control experiments in the absence of GalT or UDP-GalNAz demonstrated selective labelling of the O-GlcNAcylation on G6PD.\nB: Determination of O-GlcNAcylation levels of G6PD under hypoxic treatment for indicated periods of time by the chemoenzymatic method.\nC: Chemoenzymatic labelling approach for biotinylation, capture and detection of O-GlcNAcylated G6PD from cells. Endogenous O-GlcNAcylated proteins in cell lysates were chemoenzymatically tagged with an azido-galactose sugar using a mutant galactosyltransferase (GalT, Y289L) and the non-natural nucleotide sugar analogue UDP-GalNAz, and then biotinylated by reaction of the azido-galactose sugar with an alkyne-functionalized biotin molecule. The biotinylated proteins were pulled down using streptavidin beads, and eluted with SDS. Lysates before pull down (input) and the captured proteins (elution) were immunoblotted with an antibody towards G6PD.\nD: Detection of O-GlcNAcylation levels of G6PD in A549 cells on serum stimulation by the chemoenzymatic method.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9468_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12849", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: TMT-derived 0-h-normalized protein abundance profiles for PARP9 and PARP14 from mouse RAW264.7 and human THP-1 M(IFNγ) and M(IL-4) data sets.\nB: PARP9 and PARP14 gene expression at 24 h after stimulation (n=3).\nC: PARP9 and PARP14 protein expression visualized by western blot. The time course in the relative protein abundances of PARP9 and PARP14 normalized to β-actin were quantified (graph,n=3). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01, respectively, by Student’st-test. Error bars indicate s.d.\nD: Representative images of PARP9 and PARP14 expression in atherosclerotic plaques from the aorta of anApoe−/−mouse (n=3) fed a high-fat diet and from the carotid artery of a human (n=5). Scale bars, 100 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12849_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6951", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Ectopic expression of Tmod3-LL mutant inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. Cells received mock or insulin treatment for 20 min after 3-h serum starvation for 2-DG uptake measurement (n=4; ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). **P<0.01 versus WT insulin groups.\nB: Schematic model for Tmod3 as a molecular link between Akt2 activation and actin remodelling in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 fusion with PM. See Discussion for details.\nC: Tmod3-LL mutant remains sensitive to Akt2-mediated phosphorylationin vitro. (d,e) Insulin-stimulated GSV exocytosis by TIRF-based Myc-GLUT4-mCherry assay shows significantly reduced GLUT4 surface exposure in Tmod3-LL cells. The ratio of cell surface TIRF-Myc signal to total Epi-mCherry signal is presented as mean±s.e.m. of about 100 cells in each group from three independent experiments (analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). **P<0.01 versus WT insulin groups. Representative microscopic images are shown ind. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Loss of Tm5NM1 binding with Tmod3-L29G/L134D (Tmod3-LL) mutant byin vitroGST-pull-down assay. GST-Tm5NM1 beads were incubated with lysates of HEK293T expressing HA-Tmod3-WT or HA-Tmod3-LL.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6951_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10080", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: In vitro, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay (n=7 cell cultures of 3 experiments) demonstrate that cPB cells release insulin in response to physiological levels of glucose. Depolarization by higher KCl concentration further increased insulin secretion. Note that insulin release was measured by human-specific C-peptide ELISA assay.Pvalue was calculated using a two-tailed Student’st-test.\nB: Insulin-expressing cPB cells at day 21 were sorted based on mCherry expression. qPCR analysis of sorted cPB cells in comparison to primary human islets shows comparable expression levels of key beta-cell genes, includingINS,PDX1,NKX6.1,NKX2.2,NEUROD1,PAX6,RFX6,MAFA,GCK,PCSK1,KIR6.2,SUR1,UCN3andSLC30A8. Pvalue was calculated using a two-tailed Student’st-test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.\nC: Addition of Vitamin C (Vc) and BayK-8644 (BayK) increases mRNA levels ofINSULIN (INS)gene in differentiated cPB cultures at day 21.n=3 experiments. Statistical significance calculated using two-tailed Student’st-test, compared with DMSO controls. **P<0.01.\nD: Quantification of flow-based analysis of the percentage of single- and double-positive cells for C-pep and GCG or SST.n=3 experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10080_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8640", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Quantification of NAA10 and NAA15 signal shown indafter normalization to loading control. The amount of NAA10 or NAA15 in wild-type leaf discs treated with water was set to 100% (N=4). Data are represented as mean±s.e. Asterisks indicate significant differences to wild type. (P<0.05, Student’st-test).\nB: Correlation between free N termini of soluble proteins and the RWC determined in leaves from 6-week-old wild-type plants after application of drought (N=3–5).\nC: Quantification of free N termini in soluble proteins extracted from leaf discs of 6-week-old wild-type plants treated with 50 μM ABA for indicated time (N=4).\nD: NAA10andNAA15transcript steady-state level in the wild-type leaf discs after application of 50 μM ABA for 6 h.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8640_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8947", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Plot showing the root mean-squared deviation (r.m.s.d.) per residue for the proposed SPRY1 models from three independent cryo-EM structures relative to the crystal structure.\nB: Sequence alignment for the SPRY1 domain from RyR1, RyR2 and RyR3. Secondary structure elements for the RyR2 SPRY1 structure are indicated above the sequence. Disease-associated mutations are highlighted in red in the sequence. The ‘finger’ substructure is highly conserved among all three isoforms.\nC: Superposition of the SPRY1 crystal structure (colours) and one of the models (white) proposed from cryo-EM studies (3.8 Å map). The main differences are highlighted. The 15-residue stretch containing a two-amino-acid shift in the register is highlighted in orange.\nD: Two different views of the mouse RyR2 SPRY1 domain. β-strands are indicated in cyan and 310helices in light green. The ‘finger’, formed by a β-hairpin pointing away from the core is indicated in red. The lid following the core is indicated in beige. Positions for disease-associated mutations are shown in black sticks and labelled. Unstructured loops are indicated by dotted lines.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8947_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1551", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Schematic representation of the genome structure ofGCM1. Open and closed triangles indicate TBEs and a negative control region containing no TBEs within a region 1 kb up- or downstream, respectively. Ex, Exon; Int, Intron. (e,f) ChIP assays with anti-β-catenin antibody.GAPDHandAXIN2are negative and positive controls, respectively.\nB: BeWo cells transfected with the indicated siRNAs were treated with 50 μM FK or vehicle (control) for 48 h and assayed for TOP or FOP activities. siβ-cat-1, -2 denote siRNAs targeting different sites of β-catenin mRNA.\nC: Portions of nuclear lysates prepared for ChIP assays were analysed by immunoblotting. The closed and open triangles indicate 80 kDa (modified) and 60 kDa TCF4s, respectively. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown.\nD: Schematic representation of the luc-Int2-TBE10 and luc-Int2-TBE10-mut reporter constructs for enhancer assays.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1551_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5991", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: On the basis of the construct design, GFP-positive SCs concomitantly express the DN-PKA and cultures were immunostained for phospho-LKB1 (red).\nB: Illustration of the retroviral construct containing the DN PKA. (d,e) Purified SC-DRG cocultures were infected with the control or DN-PKA retrovirus.\nC: Westerns blots of WT sciatic nerves at 0, 5, 10, 20 and 60 (ad) days postnatal were probed with antibodies to phospho-ser-431 of LKB1, LKB1, p75NTR, Oct-6 and the myelin proteins P0 and MBP. β-actin serves as a loading control. The asterisks indicate the concomitant expression of phosphorylated ser-431 with the myelin proteins P0 and MBP.\nD: Purified rat SCs were isolated, cultured and treated with 2–10 μM forskolin, BDNF (10 ng ml−1) and NRG-1 (10 ng ml−1). Cultures were extracted for western blot analysis and samples were probed for phospho-ser-431 of LKB1, LKB1, p75NTR, Oct-6 and the transcription factor Krox20 (promyelinating SCs). β-actin serves as a loading control.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5991_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4755", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Histology (H&E staining) inaafter challenge. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bars, 200 μm.\nB: WT,MyD88−/−andCARD9−/−mice (n=5 per group) were sensitized with TNCB or acetone (vehicle). On day 5 after sensitization, ear swelling at 24 h after challenge with TNCB were measured (means±s.d.,**P<0.01 by Student’st-test).\nC: CHS induction by TNP-modified BMDCs. WT,MyD88−/−orCARD9−/−mice were intracutaneously injected with 3 × 105of TNP-modified (TNP-DC) or unmodified (DC) WT,MyD88−/−orCARD9−/−BMDCs. Five days after the injection, ear swelling 24 h after TNCB challenge was measured (means±s.d.,n=5 per group,**P<0.01 by Student’st-test). (f,g) T cells from skin dLNs of the sensitized mice inewere stimulated with irradiated syngeneic spleen cells modified with TNP and the production of IFN-γ (f) and IL-17A (g) was measured by ELISA (means±s.d.,n=5 per group;**P<0.01 by Student’st-test).\nD: Skin dLN T cells were isolated from TNCB-sensitized mice inaand stimulatedin vitrofor 3 days with irradiated syngeneic spleen cells pretreated with TNBS. IFN-γ and IL-17A production in the culture was measured by ELISA (means±s.d.,n=5 per group;**P<0.01 by Student’st-test).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4755_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2581", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (j)?\nA: Western blot showing similar Fsp27-GFP expression and comparable protein levels of Plin1-Cherry and Plin1ΔAM-Cherry inh–k.\nB: Lipid exchange rate (mean±s.e.m.) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes expressing indicated proteins.Nrepresents the number of LD pairs used for FRAP data collection. (one-way ANOVA Tukey test; ***P<0.001; NS, no significant difference).\nC: Representative time-lapse images showing that Plin1ΔAM-Cherry cannot accelerate Fsp27-mediated lipid transfer when co-expressed with Fsp27-GFP in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.\nD: Representative time-lapse images showing that Plin1-Cherry accelerates Fsp27-mediated lipid transfer and shortens the duration required for LD fusion when co-expressed with Fsp27-GFP in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2581_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9357", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Serum deprivation-induced LATS and YAP phosphorylation is largely blocked in MM-5KO HEK293A cells.\nB: Density-induced LATS and YAP phosphorylation is significantly compromised in MM-5KO HEK293A cells. S, sparse, 1.5 × 105cells per well were seeded onto six-well plates 24 h before collecting. D, Dense, 8.0 × 105cells per well were seeded.\nC: Actin depolymerization-induced YAP phosphorylation is largely blocked in MM-5KO HEK293A cells.\nD: Energy stress-induced LATS and YAP phosphorylation is abolished in MM-5KO HEK293A cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9357_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12175", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cell biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: NADPH induced ROS production. DCs from wild type, WASp KO, Ncf1*, and WASp KO × Ncf1* mice on C57Bl/6 background were enriched and incubated with DHR-coated beads for 1–2 h and analysed by flow cytometry for ROS production. The dotted line indicates background DHR intensity upon DPI treatment. The data in (a) are representative of three and (b–d) of two separate experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 as calculated by the unpaired Student’st-test. Scale bar, 5 μm. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; WT, wild type; WKO, WASp KO.\nB: Rac1/2 expression. Wild-type and WASp KO CD8+and CD8−DCs from mice on C57Bl/6 background were stained intracellularly with anti-Rac1 and anti-Rac2 antibodies and analysed by flow cytometry. Bar represents mean±s.d. of WTn=3; WKOn=3.\nC: Rac1/2 localization. DCs were incubated with ovalbumin-coated beads for 2 h to allow phagocytosis, transferred to fibronectin-coated glass and stained for Rac1-FITC (green) and Rac2-Alexa555 (red) antibodies and analysed by confocal microscopy. Both panels show Rac1 and Rac2 staining to the left and bright field to the right, with the phagocytosed bead marked with an asterisk. (Left panel) Rac2 co-localization with the phagosome was calculated as: [(beads with Rac2)/(cells with beads)] × 100. Bars represent mean±s.d. of 3–4 mice; 7–16 pictures with total 19–119 cells per mouse. (right panel) The MFI from the middle of the cell towards the bead (a) or in the opposite direction (b) was measured using the ImageJ software. The (MFI a/MFI b) is shown as Rac2 intensity around the bead. Bars represent mean±s.d. of 3–4 mice; 3–4 pictures with total 11–21 cells per mouse.\nD: Rac1/2 activity. Quantification of active GTP-bound Rac1/2 and GTP-bound Rac2. Bars represent mean±s.d. of 3–6 mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12175_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7946", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The time from lowest YFP-securin levels to extrusion of the first PB is indicated in minutes in control, reversine-treated andBubR1Δ/Δoocytes.\nB: Quantifications of independentin vitrokinase assays of oocytes 7 h after GVBD (control), or 4 h after GVBD (SAC mutants), using Histone H1 as a substrate. Five control,Mps1ΔN/ΔNandBubR1Δ/Δ, oocytes were used for each time point. See Material and Methods section for quantifications.\nC: Time of PB extrusion in minutes after GVBD in control, reversine (Mps1 inhibitor)-treated andBubR1Δ/Δoocytes. Where indicated, reversine was added at GVBD.\nD: Time of PB extrusion in hours after GVBD in the indicated number of control, reversine-treated,BubR1Δ/Δand reversine-treatedBubR1Δ/Δoocytes, adjusted to 100%. Reversine was added at GVBD.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7946_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10846", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Quantification of cellular transwell migration towards either fMLP (for THP-1 ‘monocytes’) or macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; for PB monocytes from either sibling or patient (n=4 technical replicates). Data expressed as mean±s.e.m.; Student’st-test; *P<0.05 and **P<0.01.\nB: Assessment of integrin-mediated adhesion. Quantification of adhesion to collagen for untreated, PMA- or TS2/16-treated sh-Cont and sh-QKI THP-1 ‘monocytes’ are plotted. TS2/16 is an antibody that turns all β1-integrins in the high-affinity conformation, inducing cellular adhesion.\nC: Cumulative population doublings (yaxis: CPDs) were counted to assess the effect of QKI reduction on cellular proliferation over time (xaxis: days). Population growth curves were compared using linear regression analysis.(b) Quantification of cellular apoptosis, where annexin V+and propidium iodide+cells were categorized as apoptotic, as determined by FACS analysis.\nD: Quantification of sh-Cont and sh-QKI THP-1 ‘monocyte’ adhesion to collagen matrix pretreated with platelet-rich plasma under flow, mimickingin-vivoendothelial denudation. Direction of flow is indicated below the photomicrographs (n=3). Data expressed as mean±s.e.m.; Student’st-test; *P<0.05. Scale bar, 100 μm. (Also seeSupplementary Movies 1and2).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10846_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7721", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Time courses for [14C]formate uptake, shown as a ‘distribution ratio’ (that is, the intracellular concentration of radiolabel relative to that in the extracellular solution) and fitted to a first-order exponential equation.\nB: Effect of competing substrates (10 mM) and pharmacological agents (100 μM) on the uptake of formate (black bars) and lactate (external concentration 0.8 μM; white bars). The competing substrates and pharmacological agents were, in each case, added to the parasite suspension at the same time as the radiolabelled formate or lactate. Uptake was measured over either 5 or 20 s (both times fall within the initial, approximately linear phase of the uptake time course). Inc, data from a single representative experiment are shown. In the case of the other panels, the data were averaged from those obtained innindependent experiments, each from different days, wherenwas 4 ina; 3 inbfor the pH 6.1 and 7.1 data and 2 for the pH 8.1 data; 5 ind; 3–6 ine. The data are shown ±s.e.m (or, in the case of the pH 8.1 data inb, ±range/2). Ine, the asterisks denote the statistical significance of the apparent differences between [14C]formate or [14C]lactate uptake measured under each of the different conditions tested and that measured in the relevant ([14C]formate or [14C]lactate) control: *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.\nC: Concentration dependence of the uptake of formate (measured over 5 s), fitted to the Michaelis–Menten equation.\nD: Acidification of the cytosol of BCECF-loaded isolated parasites on addition of 10 mM formate to the extracellular medium (pH 7.1).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7721_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5142", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Transport of Na+cations as determined in a pH gradient assay as a function of TCT concentration.\nB: Proton transport experiments as determined in osmotic gradient assays and (inset) in non-osmotic gradient control assays.\nC: Water transport experiments. Linear rise of normalized rate constants,k, as a function of theTCTconcentration.\nD: Transport of Cl−anions as determined in a pH gradient assay. Non-linear rise of the Cl−transport rate constant values,k, as a function ofTCTconcentration.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5142_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12239", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of co-expression of CaV1.3S/1.4DCTwith PKA holoenzyme, AKAP79 and β2atethered CaM, which allowed longer whole-cell patching without loss of PKA or CaM.\nB: Cartoon (left) of the chimeric channel CaV1.3S/1.4DCTmade by attaching the DCT of CaV1.4 (including ICDI, red) to a truncated CaV1.3. Exemplar whole-cell current (middle) and population data (right) illustrates a lack of CDI.\nC: FRET binding assays between Venus-IQ-A1.3and Cerulean-ICDI1.4demonstrating the effect of PKAc overexpression.\nD: PKAc reduces the binding between IQ-A1.3and ICDI1.4.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12239_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Effect of the haloperoxidase substrate KI (2 mM), tyrosine or dopamine (2 mM) on the GPx-activity of Vn, showing that Vn preferably exhibits GPx-like activity and not haloperoxidase activity at pH 7.4.\nB: Michaelis–Menten plot for the variation of the concentration of GSH (0–6.0 mM) and in the presence of Vn (0.020 mg ml−1), NADPH (0.4 mM), GR (1.7 units), H2O2(240 μM) in phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4) at 25 °C.\nC: Effect of concentration of Vn on the GPx-like activity showing the first-order kinetics as found in the enzyme catalysed reactions. Inset represents the plot of ln (rate) versus concentration of Vn.\nD: Schematic diagram of coupling GO with Vn nanozyme. The H2O2producedin situby GO was directly used by Vn for its GPx activity. This proves that the Vn shows cooperativity with other enzymes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6301_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9967", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: L5–L6 spinal cord sections were double-labelled with met-enkephalin (Green) and IB-4 (Red). Right panel insert shows higher magnification of lamina I and II within the dorsal horn.\nB: Quantification of immunostaining signal shows less Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in littermate dorsal horns (n=3) compared with the Nav1.7 KO dorsal horn (n=3). Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. All RT–PCR data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. with significance indicated by *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post test (a,b)). Immunoreactivity signal is expressed as mean±s.e.m. with significance indicated by *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nC: Increased expression ofPenkmRNA was observed in both female Nav1.7 KOs (light pink column,n=3) compared with female littermates (dark pink column,n=3), as well as male Nav1.7 KOs (light blue column,n=3) compared with male littermates (dark blue column,n=3). No difference was observed between wild-type females and wild-type males.\nD: Ceacam10mRNA was downregulated in both female Nav1.7 KOs (light pink column,n=3) compared with female littermates (dark pink column,n=3) and male Nav1.7 KOs (light blue column,n=3) compared with male littermates (dark blue column,n=3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9967_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8093", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic representation of hypothesized interactions between the transmembrane helices in the closed and open states. Red dots indicate the approximate location of the force peaks and the numbers of the corresponding a.a.\nB: Superposition of two representativeF–Dcurves of CNGA1 channels in the closed (red) and open (blue) states. Continuous black lines obtained from the fitting with WLC model. Numbers indicate the corresponding values of Lc.\nC: Superimposition of histograms of normalized counts/bin against Lc from the 157F–Dcurves of CNGA1 (red, the same as inFig. 1h) and 21F–Dcurves from mutant channel P293A in the closed state (green), both in the closed state. Arrow as ind.\nD: Superposition of two representativeF–Dcurves for the CNGA1 channel (red) and for the P293A (green), both in the closed state. The green arrow, corresponding to the value of Lc=159 nm, indicates the differences between the two constructs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8093_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12037", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: FNIP1andFNIP2were silenced by siRNA in HEK293 cells. Lysates were incubated with ATP agarose. Hsp90 binding to ATP agarose was examined by immunoblotting. NT represents non-targeting siRNA control pools.\nB: Lysates fromgwere incubated with indicated amounts of biotinylated GB followed by streptavidin agarose beads. Hsp90 was detected by immunoblotting.\nC: HA–FNIP1, HA–FNIP2 or empty vector (EV) were transiently overexpressed in HEK293 cells. Lysates were incubated with ATP agarose. Hsp90 binding to ATP agarose was examined by immunoblotting.\nD: Lysates fromdwere incubated with indicated amounts of biotinylated SNX2112 followed by streptavidin agarose beads. Hsp90 was detected by immunoblotting.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12037_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10836", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: ANA. HEp-2 cells (obtained from RIKEN BioResource Center, Japan) were stained with sera from 5 WT and 7Eaf2−/−mice (1:80 dilution). Of five WT mice, only one mouse produced ANA. In contrast, all 7Eaf2−/−mice produced ANA, with six mice showing a homogenous staining pattern and one mouse a centromere pattern (P<0.05, Fisher’s exact test). Bars, 100 μm. Detailed results are shown inSupplementary Fig. 8a.\nB: Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of ankle joints (original magnifications: left, × 40; right, × 100). Bars, 200μm.\nC: Elevated levels of the CII-specific IgG, IgG1and IgG2aAb inEaf2−/−mice. The red bar indicates the mean value of each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (unpairedt-test) (d–f) Aged (17 month old)Eaf2−/−mice produce increased levels of anti-dsDNA Ab, rheumatoid factor (RF) and ANA. Levels of anti-dsDNA Ab (d) and RF (e). Open circle, WT; solid circle,Eaf2−/−mice. The red bar indicates the mean value of each group. Results of 5 WT and 11Eaf2−/−mice are shown. *P<0.05 (Fisher’s exact test).\nD: Incidence (upper) and clinical scores (lower) of CIA in WT andEaf2−/−mice. Seven pairs of WT andEaf2−/−mice were injected with PBS or immunized with CII on day 0 and day 20. Incidence and clinical scores of CIA were recorded every 3 days between days 20 and 41. Open triangles, PBS-injected WT mice; open squares, PBS-injectedEaf2−/−mice; open circles, CII-immunized WT mice; solid circles, CII-immunizedEaf2−/−mice. *P<0.05 (upper panel, log-rank test; lower panel, unpairedt-test).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10836_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9512", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Quantitative comparison of the peak amplitude of the RA currents recorded fromSTOML3−/−neurons treated without or with MβCD. The amplitude of RA current inSTOML3−/−neurons was not altered by MβCD treatment (unpairedt-test,P>0.05).\nB: Stacked histograms showing the proportions of different mechano-gated currents observed inSTOML3−/−neurons treated without or with MβCD (χ2-test,P>0.05). MβCD treatment did not significantly reduce the mechanosensitivity ofSTOML3−/−sensory neurons. NS, not significant.\nC: Alignment of the deduced amino-acid sequence of mouse STOML3 with its homologues including stomatin, MEC-2 podocin and STOML1. The conserved proline is indicted with a solid circle.\nD: Left: representative images of EGFP (top), STOML3-EGFP (middle) and STOML3-P40S-EGFP (bottom) expression in transfectedSTOML3−/−sensory neurons. Note the punctate distribution of STOML3-EGFP along neurites disappeared inSTOML3-P40S-EGFP-transfectedSTOML3−/−sensory neurons. Scale bar, 10 μm; right: stacked histograms showing the proportions of different mechano-gated currents observed inSTOML3−/−neurons transfected withEGFP,STOML3-EGFPorSTOML3-P40S-EGFPcDNA. NoteSTOML3-P40S-EGFPtransfection failed to restore the mechanosensitivity inSTOML3−/−sensory neurons (χ2-test, EGFP versus STOML3-EGFP,P<0.05; STOML3-EGFP versus STOML3-P40S-EGFP,P<0.05; EGFP versus STOML3-P40S-EGFP,P>0.05). The number of neurons recorded is indicated in parentheses in each panel. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; Error bars indicate s.e.m.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9512_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6726", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The structural mapping of the reported deleterious mutants of FAN1 in the ‘substrate-unwinding’ form (PFAN1 in light green,AFAN1 in grey and DNA in light orange. KIN: karyomegalic interstitial nephritis). The Cα of the missense residues are labelled and highlighted as spheres (coloured in a source-specific scheme as indicated).\nB: Nuclease assay of FAN1373-1,017,(at the concentrations of 0 nM labelled as ‘−’, 5 nM as ‘+’, and 20 nM as ‘++’) on 5′ flap DNAs crosslinked at different positions. Endonuclease products are indicated with molecular weight standard (M). The location for the predicted cleavage product of crosslinked DNA (at 0 and −2 positions) is marked by red schematic. Note the absence of the product. Left: gel image; right: quantification of the cleavage product.\nC: Schematics for the comparison of FAN1 (top) and SLX1 (bottom) in processing DNA lesions at various positions away from the ICL.\nD: Schematic for the unwinding-incision action of FAN1 (PFAN1 in light-green,AFAN1 in grey and the active site indicated by cyan scissors). The unwinding region is in red, the antisense strand in the duplex region is in magenta and the rest of DNA is in white.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6726_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: On binding to the pre-BCRs, GAL1 undergoes a decreased affinity for LacNAc epitopes thus weakening its anchoring to both cell glycans. GAL1 is then available for interaction to better ligands found on pre-BII cell relocalizing integrins.\nB: GAL1 secreted by stromal cells is bound to LacNAc epitopes presented by stromal cell integrins and receptors.\nC: When a pre-BII cell contacts the stromal cell, pre-BII cell integrins interact with their stromal cell ligands and GAL1 can bind Pre-BCRs and glycosylated receptors.\nD: The molecular link established by GAL1 between relocalizing pre-BII cell integrins and pre-BCRs drives these latters at the contact zone between the two cells. Relocalization of the pre-BCRs leads to cell signalling necessary for pre-BII cell differenciation and proliferation.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7194_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Opened-view surface representation of the chicken RPTPσ Ig1–2:TrkC LRRIg1crystcrystal structure. RPTPσ and TrkC interface residues are coloured grey and interface mutants used in biophysical and cellular assays are highlighted in black (middle panel). Binding sites 1–4 are labelled. RPTPσ and TrkC are coloured by electrostatic potential (bottom panel) from red (−8 kT/e) to blue (+8 kT/e), illustrating complementary charged patches at binding sites 1–3 (note that the basic RPTPσ ‘Lys-loop’ residues 68–71 are absent in the RPTPσ:TrkC complex crystallographic model).\nB: Mouse TrkC LRRIg1 binding to immobilized human RPTPσ Ig1–3 WT, R96A+R99A, Y223S and R227A+R228A. Measured binding values: RPTPσ Ig1–3 WT,Kd=1.8 μM andBmax=802 RU; Ig1–3 R227A+R228A,Kd=7 μM andBmax=806 RU; Ig1–3 R96A+R99A and Y223S,KdandBmaxnot determined. For sensograms seeSupplementary Fig. 8c–f.\nC: SPR analysis of human RPTPσ Ig1–3 binding to immobilized mouse TrkC LRRIg1 and TrkC LRRIg1 D240A+D242A. Measured binding values: TrkC LRRIg1,Kd=258 nM andBmax=540 RU; TrkC LRRIg1 D240A+D242A,KdandBmaxnot determined.\nD: Induced synapsin clustering in rat hippocampal neurons by TrkC TM (WT), TrkC TM_D240A+D242A and TrkC TM2Qexpressing COS-7 cells. Analysis of variance,P<0.0001; **P<0.001 compared with TrkC TM bypost hocBonferroni’s multiple comparison test,n=26 cells from two experiments. Scale bar, 10 μM. Relative cell surface expression levels are shown inSupplementary Fig. 9.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6209_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10025", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic diagram of the proposed reaction mechanism underlying hSesn2’s peroxidase activity. Cys125 (Cys-SH) is oxidized by hydrophobic alkylhydroperoxides such as cumene hydroperoxide. The resulting sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH) is reduced directly by DTT or other unknown physiological reducing agents. Molecular weight markers are indicated in kDa.\nB: Relative protein sulfenylation incwas presented as a bar graph (right panel;n=4, mean±s.e.m.).\nC: Purified NemRC106 onlyand hSesn2-WT were incubated with 1 mM DTT or 120 μM cumene hydroperoxides and then treated with dimedone, which specifically labels cysteine sulfenic acids, and analysed through anti-dimedone immunoblotting (IB). Ponceau S staining was used to visualize the total levels of hSesn2 proteins.\nD: Purified hSesn2 proteins of indicated Cys-to-Ser mutations were incubated with 120 μM cumene hydroperoxides. Protein sulfenylation was examined as described ina.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10025_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8922", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The protein supernatant separated from the donor liposomes ingwas subjected to gel-filtration using a Superdex 200 10/300 GL column. Absorbance at 280 and 460 nm indicating the Ups1–Mdm35 complex (blue) and NBD-PA (red), respectively, were monitored. Vo, void volume. Arrowheads indicate non-specific peaks.\nB: A schematic diagram of the assay for PA-extraction activities of the Ups1–Mdm35 complex from liposomes (see details in Methods).\nC: A schematic diagram of the fluorescent-based PA transfer assay between liposomes (see details in Methods).\nD: PA transfer activities of the Ups1–Mdm35 complex for wild-type (WT) and the indicated mutant Ups1 were measured at 25 °C by the assay shown ina. At 0 s, the protein or buffer was added to the reaction mixture, and NBD fluorescence intensities were set to 0 at 0 s. Traces show means±s.d. of three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8922_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1007", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Force step (lower trace)-evoked CAP responses (middle traces) are absent in the antennal nerves of f02655 DCX-EMAP mutants (blue), whereas robust CAP responses can be recorded from wild-type (grey) and f02655 excision controls (green). Upper panel: on step actuation, the movement of the antennal receivers of controls, but not mutants, displays the characteristic overshoot that associates with the opening of transduction channels.\nB: Results from the flight initiation assay displayed as box plots. The box marks the 25th and 75th percentile and the median (middle line). The whiskers mark the 10th and 90th percentile. Triple asterisk,P<0.001; unpairedt-test compared with wild type;n=27 (Df(3L)BSC441/piggyBac), 41 (Df(3L)ED217/piggyBac), 51 (pBac/pBac), 46 pBac/TM3), 34 (excision), 84 (minos/minos), 118 (wild type).\nC: Unstimulated fluctuations of the antennal receivers of f02655 DCX-EMAP mutants and controls. Colour code as in (c).\nD: Flight initiation assay37.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1007_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7148", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: FRET emission as a function of added Mant-GDP. The protein concentration is 0.1 μM. The line is a fit (see Methods) indicating a dissociation constantKM≈76 nM.\nB: displacement of Mant-GDP (present at a concentration of 0.4 μM) as a function of added GDP. Protein concentration=0.4 μM. The line is a fit (see Methods) yieldingR≈0.11 for the ratio of dissociation constants.\nC: same as (b), with Mant-GDP concentration=7.5 μM, yieldingR≈0.20.\nD: same as (a); the fit yieldsKM≈1.9 μM.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7148_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11655", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Enlarged view of two interactions of the C-pincer with the FAT domain and C-lobe of kinase domain. The triangle shows the interface of N-spiral contacting with the TRD2 domain of the FAT region. The four-pointed star shows one tip of the C-pincer interacting with the TRD2 domain of the FAT region. The five-pointed star shows another tip of the C-pincer binding with TRD1 domain of the FAT region and C-lobe of the kinase domain.\nB: Model of ATM/Tel1 monomer highlighting the two arms of the N-terminal helical solenoid: C-pincer and N-spiral are coloured as orange and green, respectively.\nC: A model for DNA-PK (PDB ID: 3KGV)8coloured by the FAT/kinase/N-terminal helical solenoid domains.\nD: Three interfaces of the C-pincer and N-spiral interacting with the FAT and kinase domains.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11655_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10883", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Left: the location of LPC-induced lesion (DAPI counterstaining, dashed lines) in the spinal cord. Right:in situhybridization analysis showed re-expression ofTcf7l2in the LPC-induced demyelinating lesions (demarcated with dashed lines) and uninjured regions at 7 and 14 dpl in spinal cords of P60 mice.\nB: Quantification of the percentage newly myelinated axons in spinal lesions of 8-week-old control andTcf7l2ΔHMG mice at 14 dpl;n=3 animals for each genotype.\nC: In situhybridization analysis ofPDGFRα,MbpandPlp1in the lesion regions (demarcated with dashed lines) at 14 dpl in spinal cords of P60 Ctrl andTcf7l2ΔHMG mutant mice. Quantification of the numbers ofPDGFRα+OPC (h) andPlp1+OL (i) at 14 dpl in spinal cords of P60 control andTcf7l2ΔHMG mutant mice;n=5 animals for each genotype.\nD: Representative electron micrographs of spinal cords of 8-week-old control andTcf7l2ΔHMG mice at 14 dpl. Arrow indicates the newly formed thin myelin sheath.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10883_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13993", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: NHA2 retains only minor lipid adducts after delipidation, indicating low-binding selectivity.\nB: NHA2 appears largely as intact dimers after detergent release. The measured mass of the main dimer species corresponds to that of two lipid-free monomers. Green spheres indicate proteins, and red spheres bound lipid molecules.\nC: NapA does not retain a notable amount of co-purified lipids.\nD: NhaA appears almost exclusively as monomer following detergent removal, in line with the sparse subunit contacts in the crystal structure (insert).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13993_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: MBTPS2genomic DNA sequence reveals the c.1376A>G mutation (p.N459S) in proband P1/I and his heterozygous mother, but not in the proband’s father.\nB: Sequence of P1/II genomic DNA shows theMBTPS2c.1515G>C mutation (p.L505F), which also occurs in heterozygous form in his mother, but is not present in the proband’s father.\nC: Left, Proband 1/II at age 20 years presenting with significant rhizomelia of upper and lower extremities. Centre, radiographs at birth showed bowed tibiae and fibulae (left leg shown). Right, radiographs revealed kyphoscoliosis with anterior vertebral wedging, and flat, biconcave vertebral bodies with significant osteoporosis at 13 years of age.\nD: Left, Proband 1/I had blue sclerae,pectus carinatumand anteriorly bowed legs at 2 years of age. Centre, radiographs showed fractures of ribs, humeri, femora and tibiae on day 1 of life. Right, undertubulation and minimal cortex of lower long bones at 2 years of age.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11920_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Activation of mature OT-I cells by OVAp variants. Splenocytes fromRag2−/−OT-I TCRtransgenic mice (n=3) were cultured in the presence of peptides at indicated concentrations for 5 h. Representative data from three (b) and four (c,d) independent experiments.\nB: List of OVAp variants used for assays inb–dandFig. 7a,b.\nC: Dulling of CD4/CD8 co-receptors in OT-I thymocytes by OVAp variants. Thymocytes fromTap1−/−OT-I TCR-transgenic mice (n=3) were stimulated in the presence of peptides at indicated concentrations and irradiated splenocytes from B6-Ly5.1 mice.\nD: Binding of peptide/H-2Kbtetramers to CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes fromTap1−/−OT-I TCR-transgenic mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8484_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4753", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Effect of IL-21 onil1rexpression. (j–l) Synergistic effects of IL-21 and IL-1β on IL-22 (j),Il17a(k) andil21(l) expression. mRNA expression is shown relative togapdh. Results are representative of 3–5 independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (one-way ANOVA).\nB: Effects of IL-21 on the expression ofil6r,il21randil23r. (f–h) Synergistic effects of IL-21 and IL-23 on IL-22 (f) and IL-17 (g) cytokine andil21expression (h).\nC: Relationship between cell division and IL-22 expression in CD4+ T cells. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labelled naïve CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of IL-21 and the production of IL-22 was analysed by intracellular staining. The data are shown as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for IL-22 for each division cycle.\nD: Effect of IL-21 on the expression ofil21.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4753_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8953", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: ChIP–qPCR validation of ChIP-seq peaks. ChIP–qPCR fold enrichments were calculated compared with enrichment of an intergenic region not expected to interact with MEF2B, then normalized to fold enrichment in ChIP–qPCR using normal immunoglobulin. Shown are the means of three biological replicates.\nB: The genes whose TSSs tended to be closest to ChIP-seq peaks were those that had increased expression in WT MEF2B-V5 versus untransfected cells. Thexaxis indicates rank numbers based on the distance between the genes’ TSSs and ChIP-seq peaks. Theyaxis indicates the proportion of genes with ranks at or better than thexaxis value. Rankings were calculated and plotted using BETA28.Pvalues were calculated compared with the background distribution (one-tailed Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). Forcandd, ChIP-seq peaks were identified at a MACS2 (ref.29) false discovery rate of 0.05, and DEGs had B–H adjusted eBayesPvalues <0.05. Only peaks identified in both ChIP-seq replicates were considered.\nC: Gel-shift assays indicated that MEF2B-V5-His binds sequences similar to MEF2 motifs. Probes contained sequence located within 5 kb of the TSS of the indicated gene. The unlabelled competitor consisted of the same sequence as the labelled probe. Lysates were fromE. coliwith or without induction ofMEF2B-V5-Hisexpression.\nD: MEF2 and AP-1 motifs were identified as the most enriched motifs, using ChIPseek’s implementation of HOMER24.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8953_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9045", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 were starved in HBSS and treated with c-Jun peptide (40 μM) or JNK inhibitor X (100 μM) for two hours. Then cells were fixed and subjected to automatic counting of LC3 vesicles. Quantification of autophagosomes (GFP positive vesicles)/cell is shown. At least 2,000 cells were counted per experiment; Data are mean ± s.d. (n=3 experiments; *P<0.05; two tail one-samplet-test).\nB: Western blot analysis of tubulin or GAPDH, Annexin A2, LC3-II and actin in HeLa cells, immortalized MEF cells (ATG16L1 +/+ and ATG16L1 −/−) and primary MEF cells. The cells were starved in HBSS as indicated.\nC: A part of the sequence of the Annexin A2 promoter is shown on the left. It contains the specific binding site of c-Jun that is highlighted in bold. The DNA binding consensus sequence is TGAXTCA, X can be G or C. Point mutations and a double mutation were introduced within the c-Jun recognition site. HeLa were transfected for 48 h with a luciferase reporter containing the Annexin A2 promoter without (WT) or with the indicated mutations. The cells were starved in HBSS. Data are mean ± s.d. of Annexin A2-dependent luciferase activity (n=3 experiments; *P<0.05 relative to the corresponding WT; two-tailt-test).\nD: Western blot analysis of Annexin A2 and tubulin. HeLa cells were starved in HBSS for two hours and treated with c-Jun peptide or JNK inhibitor X at the concentrations indicated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9045_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10172", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Stereo view of the interaction between KdHpuA loop-5 and Hb. Representation is conserved fromatoc. A full list of interacting residues can be found inSupplementary Table 1.\nB: Stereo view of the interaction between KdHpuA loop-2 and loop-3, and Hb. Representations as inbwith hydrogen bonds are shown as black dashed lines.\nC: Close-up view in stereo of the interaction between KdHpuA loop-1 and Hb. Stick representations of important residues on both sides of the interface are shown. Carbon atoms are coloured as ina, oxygen atoms are red and nitrogen blue.\nD: Cartoon representation of half of the asymmetric unit, showing a KdHpuA monomer (cyan oriented as inFig. 1b) binding to an α/β dimer of Hb (darker and lighter grey, respectively). The two haem groups of the Hb dimer (red) and key residues on four of the KdHpuA loops are shown as stick representations.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10172_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4842", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cartoon depicting the domain composition of PcsB and LytF, and the chimera (LytF-CHAPPcsBand PcsB-CHAPLytF) constructed by swapping the domains of the parental proteins. The LytF-CHAPPcsBchimera was used in the zymogram analysis displayed below ind. The gene encoding the PcsB-CHAPLytFchimera was incorporated into the genome ofS. pneumoniaestrain R6 to determine whether the chimeric protein was able to replace the essential PcsB wild-type protein (see result section for details).\nB: A parallel gel without RH14 cells was stained with Coomassie Blue to visualize the purified His-CHAPPcsBand His-CHAPPcsB(C292A)recombinant proteins loaded onto the gel ina.\nC: Muralytic activity of His-CHAPPcsB.Different amounts of purified His-CHAPPcsBand its C292A-mutated counterpart (3.75, 7.5 and 15 μg indicated on top) were separated in an SDS–PAGE gel containing RH14 cells as substrate. The light bands are clearing zones showing degradation of the PG of the RH14 cells incorporated in the SDS–PAGE gel.\nD: Zymogram analysis. Lanes: MW, molecular weight marker; LytF (−), extracts ofS. gordoniicells; LytF (+), extracts of competence inducedS. gordoniicells producing LytF; LytF-CHAPPcsB(0–2), extracts of pneumococci expressing increasing amounts of LytF-CHAPPcsBchimera from the ComS*-inducible PComXpromoter30. ComS* is an 8 aa synthetic peptide that is added to the growth medium to induce transcription of genes inserted behind the PComXpromoter. Maximum expression is reached at 2 μM ComS* (see text for details). The light bands in lanes containing cell extracts are clearing zones that result from degradation of the PG sacculus ofS. gordoniicells that have been incorporated in the SDS–PAGE separating gel. Left arrow: clearing zone corresponding to wild-type LytF. Right arrow: clearing zone corresponding to the LytF-CHAPPcsBchimera.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4842_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Stereo representation of 2Fo-Fc electron density map of the β-barrel contoured at 1.2 σ. Cα trace of the whole β-barrel is also shown. Orange: LukF, magenta: Hlg2.\nB: Overall structure, top view (left) and side view (centre). As a reference, the γ-HL pore is also shown in side view (right). LukF and Hlg2 are shown in red and blue, respectively. Arg198 and Trp177 are shown as orange and cyan ball models, respectively. The right figure was reproduced from (ref.21).\nC: Superposition of the octamer of γ-HL-WR (magenta) and wild-type pore reported previously (blue).\nD: Stereo representation of Hlg2 protomer superposed on LukS-PV monomer (PDB 1T5R). Amino latch and prestem in monomer are shown in green and purple, respectively, and those of the prepore are shown in orange and yellow, respectively. To indicate the location of the adjacent protomer, LukF is also shown in red.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5897_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5169", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Model with bound ligands in DIPPS domain. The ligands fit well into the surface cavities and are properly oriented.\nB: Detailed view of conserved pocket 1. The strictly conserved residues Gly361, Ala364 and Gly374, belonging to the family consensus sequence, form the surface of the pocket.\nC: Position of DIPPS substrates relative to the bilayer surface. The CDP moiety is above the bilayer surface, whereas the inositol group of CDP-inositol and inositol-phosphate are slightly underneath it. The membrane position was estimated using the PPM server49.\nD: Putative ligand-binding pockets of DIPPS assigned with HOLLOW21(top view from the cytoplasm-facing side). The pockets are shown in pink (1), orange (2) and blue (3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5169_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9342", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Open MthK channels allow Tl+entry (red arrow) into the liposomes, quenching the fluorescence of the encapsulated ANTS dye.\nB: Relative Tl+flux rates as a function of Ca2+incubation time for 0 (red), 2 (black) and 17.2 mM (green) Ca2+. Symbols are the mean±s.d. from three (or two for 0 mM Ca2+)-independent measurements.\nC: Fluorescence quench curves for MthK liposomes after 10 or 100 ms (grey and black, respectively) incubation with 2 mM Ca2+. Flux rates were from fits to stretched exponentials (red lines). Control fluorescence is in the absence of Tl+(green). A small leak of Tl+into liposomes is observed in experiments without Ca2+(red), similar to the leak in MthK-free liposomes (cyan). The non-specific Tl+leak in MthK liposomes was also measured in the presence of 100 μM TPeA (pink). A linear fit was used to analyse the slow Tl+leak signals (black dotted lines).\nD: Histogram of 49 independent estimates of apparent open probability in the absence of Ca2+(Poap(0Ca2+), calculated using equations (4, 5, 6, 7, 8) in the Methods section). The average value was −0.00004±0.0002 (mean±s.e.m.). The histogram was fit with a Gaussian distribution (black line) with mean atPoap(0Ca2+)=0.0001±0.0003 (0.01±0.03%) and s.d.σ=0.0013±0.0003.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9342_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8223", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Average I–V relationships of stretch-activated single channels in mPiezo1 WT and E2133A transfected cells (n=13 and 5, respectively; mean±s.e.m.). Single-channel amplitude was determined as the amplitude difference in Gaussian fits of full-trace histograms.\nB: Average block of MA currents at −80 mV by 30 μM RR in cells transfected with mPiezo1 WT and specified mutants (n=2–6, mean±s.e.m.).\nC: Unitary conductance of stretch-activated channels in cells transfected with WT mPiezo1 and specified mutants. Conductance is calculated from the slope of linear regression line of individual cell single-channel I–V relationships (n=3–13, mean±s.e.m.; One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunn’s comparison to WT, **P<0.01).\nD: Representative (from 13 and 5 experimental replicates) stretch-activated channel openings elicited at specified potentials from mPiezo1 WT and E2133A transfected cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8223_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5129", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: A line graph shows the correlation between mitochondrial size and the number of preprotein import sites,n=12 mitochondria as seen inTable 2.\nB: Confocal fluorescence images of non-importing and importing mitochondria. The mitochondria are labelled with MitoTracker Green and QD605fluorescence is shown in red; scale bar, 1 μm. The black space between mitochondria has been removed (original inSupplementary Fig. 5a). The statistics described in the text were calculated based onn=350 for the control andn=140 for the actively importing mitochondria.\nC: Free QDs were separated from labelled mitochondria on an OptiPrep gradient. Under white light (tubes 1 and 3) mitochondria are visible (M, yellow boxes), and under UV excitation, QD605is detected (tubes 2 and 4; green boxes). QD605co-localization with mitochondria is seen in tube 4. The experiment was repeated four times.\nD: Averaged histogram showing the closest distance between two QDs, calculated from 12 mitochondrial samples (Supplementary Fig. 6) accumulating 1,159 QD605data points in total. Error bars indicate the s.d. of the frequency distribution for each minimal distance.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5129_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: ARD1 autoacetylation at K136 is required for stress-induced Hsp70 acetylation. HEK293T cells expressing the indicated ARD1 plasmids were treated with 1 mM H2O2. Acetylation levels of FLAG-ARD1 and GFP-Hsp70 were assessed by immunoprecipitation using an anti-Lys-Ac antibody and western blotting using an anti-Hsp70-K77-Ac antibody, respectively. DN; dominant-negative mutant.\nB: K77 acetylation of Hsp70 was increased by cellular stress. After treatment of HEK293T cells with 1 mM H2O2, K77 acetylation of GFP-Hsp70 was assessed by western blotting using an anti-Hsp70-K77-Ac antibody.\nC: K77 in GST-NBD is acetylated by ARD1in vitro. The acetylation site in GST-NBD was identified by LC–MS/MS.\nD: ARD1 acetylates the NBD of Hsp70in vitro. Top, deletion mutants of GST-Hsp70 were subjected toin vitroacetylation assays with GST-ARD1. Bottom, construction of Hsp70 deletion mutants. NBD; nucleotide-binding domain, SBD; substrate-binding domain, CTD; C-terminal domain.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12882_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11534", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CDP-ribitol levels in ISPD-overexpressing HEK293 cells incubated without or with 3 mMD-ribose or ribitol, without or with 100 μM Sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor.\nB: Effect of ribose and ribitol on the ‘CDP-ribitol’ level in ISPD-overexpressing HEK293 cells incubated in the presence of 2 different shRNAs targeting FGGY or a control shRNA.\nC: CDP-ribitol levels in the skeletal muscle of mice treated (n=3) or not (n=4) with Sorbinil for 6 days (means±s.e.m., asterisk indicatingP<0.05 in Student’st-test). Note that the ‘CDP-ribitol’ peak also comprises some CDP-glucose, as shown in the MS analysis inFig. 2.\nD: α-dystroglycan glycosylation in three different HAP1 cell line clones carrying CRISPR-Cas9 double-nickase-induced mutations in FGGY, as determined by flow cytometry using the IIH6 antibody.b,dshow means±s.d. (n=3), and asterisks indicateP<0.05 in Student’st-test. In all panels, the area of the CDP-ribitol peak was normalized to the total area of all peaks observed at 280 nm (a.u., arbitrary units).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11534_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14147", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The mRNA abundance ofLXRα, Dio2 and UCP-1in BAT of above mice (n=6). Circulating levels of (f) T4 and (g) T3 and (h) T3 level in BAT of mice mentioned above (n=6). Data are represented as mean±s.e.m.*P<0.05, **P<0.01 (one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.)\nB: Representative H&E staining, IHC staining and densitometry analysis for the expression of UCP-1 (right panel) in BAT, scale bar, 20 μM, with magnification of 400 × . Representative images from three independent experiments are shown (n=6).\nC: Whole-body energy expenditure and (c) mean value of cold-induced energy expenditure of mice mentioned above (n=6).\nD: Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. Male 4-week-old A-FABP KO mice and WT littermates fed with HFD for 4 weeks were replenished with rA-FABP (1 μg h−1) or PBS for 14 days. Mice were then subcutaneously injected with T4 (400 μg kg−1; 5 days) at the last 5 days of recombinant protein administration followed by cold exposure (6 °C) for 24 h (n=6).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14147_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7488", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Cluster area size distribution of theAandBchannel variants, as supported by PSD-95. Distributions in steps of 0.1 μm2are presented. For clarity, the peaks of each bar are linked. Error bars in the appropriate figure panels represent s.e.m. values.\nB: Confocal microscopy analysis ofDrosophilaS2 Schneider cells expressing PSD-95–GFP or either of the full-lengthShaker AandBchannels fused to the mCherry fluorescent marker (Methods). (b,c) Confocal microscopy analysis ofDrosophilaS2 Schneider cells co-expressing PSD-95–GFP and either the mCherry-ShAvariant (b) or mCherry-ShBvariant (c). For each cell, three images are shown, with the red channel-associated and green PSD-95-associated fluorescence signals presented in the left and middle columns, respectively. The merged image of each cell is shown in the right column. Scale bars ina–ccorrespond to 2 μm.\nC: Comparison of averaged area size ofAandBchannel clusters (n=150–260;P<0.01 in Waldχ2test (see Methods)).\nD: Comparison of the average number of plasma membrane-associatedAandBchannel clusters per cell (n=~12–16;P>0.25 in Student’st-test).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7488_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1418", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A close-up view of the protein–protein interface between BIR1 and drICE. This interface is mediated by Pro105 and Asn106 of DIAP1.\nB: A close-up view of the interface between the C-terminal sequences of the BIR1 domain and the active site of drICE. A number of BIR1 residues are positioned in close proximity to the catalytic residue Cys211 of drICE, blocking substrate access.\nC: A close-up view of the interface between the N-terminal sequences ALGS of drICE and the BIR1 domain. Hydrogen bonds are represented by red dashed lines. The interactions closely resemble those in the auto-inhibited BIR1 domain, with the N-terminal Ala residue playing a dominant role at this interface.\nD: The interactions between drICE and BIR1 constitute three distinct interfaces, of which two involve peptide–protein interactions and only one involves protein–protein interface.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1418_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10971", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Illustration showing the PET quenching assay, showing the quenching Trp (diamond) and the BODIPY fluorophore (star) that is quenched, in the membrane penetration loops of C2A and C2B, respectively.\nB: Reciprocal abilities of the syt linker mutants to clamp spontaneous release and to drive evoked synaptic transmission. The amplitude of evoked EPSCs and the frequency of mEPSC were used to evaluate the function each linker mutant. Data were normalized using values obtained from WT (100%) and syt KO neurons (0%). Again, the results were fitted with a sine wave function with a periodicity of three; an adjustedR2value was generated to assess the goodness of the fit. For completeness, the PET quenching data were normalized and overlaid onto this plot, to reveal the relative orientations that underlie the regulation of evoked versus spontaneous release.\nC: Under resting conditions, C2A and C2B point to different directions to clamp fusion; when activated by Ca2+, C2A and C2B switch to a parallel configuration to trigger SV exocytosis.\nD: The quenching efficiencies were calculated and plotted for the WT and 6–9Pro mutants; 0.5 μM protein was used in each condition. Data were fitted using a sine wave function with a periodicity of three; an adjusted (Adj.)R2value was generated to assess the goodness of the fit. The most efficient quenching was observed for 6Pro and 9Pro, so the C2-domains in these two constructs point in the same direction; for 7Pro and 8Pro, the C2-domains are not in a parallel relative orientation. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m.; for each condition, three independent trials were carried out.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10971_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12673", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: One-dimensional13C-selective clean in-phase (CLIP)–HSQC NMR reveals apparently selective displacement of NODD/CODD from PHD2 wt/clinical variant complexes by using PHD inhibitors (FG2216/ FG4592) (Supplementary Fig. 13).n=5 for wt and 2 for variants.\nB: Selectivity studies using hydroxy-proline antibodies (NODD-OH and CODD-OH) and PHD 1–3 TKO MEF cells. MG 132 was used to block proteasomal degradation. In TKO cells, HIF-1α is not hydroxylated (lane 1); both NODD/CODD are fully hydroxylated in cells expressing wt PHD2 (lanes 3 and 5). Highly selective NODD/CODD hydroxylation is observed with variant PHDs irrespective of expression level of the Flag-tagged proteins. (e,f,g) Views from PHD2 P317R, R371H and R396T crystal structures superimposed with PHD2.CODD complex, suggesting substantial impact of the substitutions on substrate binding.\nC: Kinetic analyses show the P317R and R396X variants are highly selective for CODD and NODD, respectively; R371H is less efficient at the same CODD/NODD activity ratio (10:3) as wt PHD2 with (almost) unaltered selectivity.kcat/Kmvalues are calculated from the averagekcatandKmvalues (Supplementary Table 3).\nD: View from the PHD2.CODD complex (PDB: 3HQR) showing locations of PHD2 clinical variants with altered ODD selectivities.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12673_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: Synaptic activity (24 h) increases glutathione reductase enzyme activity. *P=0.011 (n=9).\nB: Maintenance of GSH levels in active neurons is inhibited by GCL inhibition. Neurons were treated±BiC/4-AP, then rate of decline in GS-bimane fluorescence induced by 100 μM H2O2measured as described inFig. 2d± BSO (added 30 min before H2O2treatment). *P<0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0083, <0.0001, 2WA-Fph (n=7).\nC: Synaptic activity increases glutathione reductase mRNA expression. *P=0.036 (n=4).\nD: Using data fromd, the effect of BSO on the rate of H2O2-induced GSH loss was calculated. *P=0.0043 (n=7). (f,g) As perd,ebut performed on astrocyte-free neuronal cultures. *P=0.0021, 0.008, 0.011, 0.0017 (F), 2WA-Fph,P=0.017 (n=4).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7761_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-021-21278-1", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: PGL-1(R123E)::SNAP is diffuse (n= 24). (g–p) Representative images showing localization of three P granule components in germ cells expressing either (g–k) PGL-1::SNAP (n= 20) or (l–p) PGL-1(K126E K129E)::SNAP (n= 14). (g,l) DNA (DAPI, cyan); (h,m) SNAP (PGL-1::SNAP or mutant, magenta); (i, n) V5 (PGL-3, green); (j,o) MYC (GLH-1, red); (k,p) Merge. Scale bar, 10 µm for all images, except 2.5-fold enlargements of nuclei in boxes placed outside main images.n= biologically independent animals examined over 2 independent experiments.\nB: PGL-1::SNAP localizes to granules around nuclei (n= 49).\nC: Control, wild-type animal lacking SNAP tag shows virtually no background staining (n= 20).\nD: PGL-1(K126E K129E)::SNAP is diffuse (n= 38).", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-021-21278-1_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11919", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Western blot analysis of VPS35 levels in HeLa cells transfected with scramble or VPS35 siRNA. Tubulin was used as an equal loading marker.\nB: Representative confocal images of HeLa cells transfected with scramble or VPS35 siRNA, immunostained for LAMP1 (magenta) and VPS35 (green) and labelled with filipin (blue). Scale bar, 5 μm.\nC: Quantification (left) and frequency distribution (right) of the number of filipin puncta in scramble (22±4 puncta per cell, ± indicates s.e.m.,n=33 cells, three experiments) and VPS35 siRNA cells (39±5 puncta per cell,n=32 cells, three experiments). *P<0.05 in Student’st-test and ***P<0.001 in χ2-test.\nD: Normalized integrated densities of filipin staining in scramble (100±5%,±indicates s.e.m.,n=29 cells, three experiments) and VPS35 siRNA cells (124±9%,n=28 cells, three experiments). *P<0.05 int-test with Welch’s correction.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11919_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10260", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic representation of the single-molecule configuration. Two ssDNA arms were held at a constant force, while the motion of a T7 DNAP was monitored by the fork location. A single CPD lesion (red star) was located on the template strand.\nB: A denaturing PAGE analysis of primer extension by DNAP on either an unmodified template (no CPD lesion, denoted as ‘U’) or a CPD-containing DNA template (denoted as ‘CPD’).\nC: Representative traces showing the number of replicated base pairs versus time in the presence of 1-mM dNTP (each) under 12, 8 and 6 pN. For clarity, traces have been shifted along the time axis. The dotted lines indicate the lesion position. Note that at 6 pN, DNAP excised DNA from the 3′ end.\nD: Schematic representation of primer extension on a DNA template containing a single CPD lesion in ensemble studies. A 25-mer primer labelled with 5′ fluorescein was annealed to a 71-mer template containing a single CPD lesion at nucleotides 46 and 47.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10260_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: HKU4 RBD (PDB: 4QZV) and (f) HKU9 RBD (PDB: 5GYQ).\nB: MERS-CoV RBD (PDB: 4L72);\nC: (PDB: 2AJF);\nD: MHV CTD (PDB: 3JCL);", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15216_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4430", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Fluorescence microscopy images showing HACE1 (green) co-aggregating with p62 (red) in the perinuclear space on puromycin treatment (8 h) inHace1−/−NCM transiently expressing HACE1-GFP. p62 was visualized by immunofluorescent staining. Arrows indicate co-localized puncta.\nB: Primary NCMs fromHace1+/+Lc3TgandHace1−/−Lc3Tgnewborn pups were treated with or without MG132 for 8 h and the cell lysates were subjected to western blot with anti-GFP antibodies. Gapdh was used as a loading control.\nC: Representative confocal images showing HACE1 (red) localizes to LC3+puncta (green) induced by MG132 treatment (8 h) inHace1−/−GFP-Lc3TgNCM cells transiently expressing HACE1-RFP. Arrows indicate co-localized puncta.\nD: Fluorescence microscopy images showing co-localization of HACE1 (green) with Lamp1 (red) on MG132 treatment (8 h) inHace1−/−NCM cells transiently expressing HACE1-GFP. Lamp1 was visualized by immunofluorescent staining. Scale bar, 10 μm in all images.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4430_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fluorescent emission spectra of DPPE-PEG(5000)-SWCNT with 0, 10−4, 2 × 10−4, 4 × 10−4, 8 × 10−4, 1.2 × 10−3, 1.6 × 10−3, 2 × 10−3, 4 × 10−3, 8 × 10−3, 1.2 × 10−2, 1.6 × 10−2, 2 × 10−2, 4 × 10−2, 8 × 10−2and 0.2 mg ml−1fibrinogen show substantial decrease in emission intensity with increasing protein concentration. Inset: absorption spectra of DPPE-PEG(5000)-SWCNT suspension before (solid black curve) and after (dashed red curve) the addition of 0.02 mg ml−1fibrinogen.\nB: Relative fluorescent response of DPPE-PEG(5000)-SWCNT (1 mg l−1) sensor to fibrinogen fragments (20 μg ml−1).\nC: Wavelength redshift of the (6,5) fluorescent emission peak of the DPPE-PEG(5000)-SWCNT suspension to the addition of different concentrations of fibrinogen (dots). The fit according to the model described in the text is plotted as a solid line.\nD: The parameters of the model used for data fitting indand their 95% confidence intervals. Dashed lines are guides to the eye. Top panel: the proportional parameterβused to fit the normalized fluorescent response model. Bottom panel: the parametersKd1, and (Kd23)1/2used to fit the normalized fluorescent response model (blue squares and red circles, respectively).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10241_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8569", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Pure water substitution;\nB: water substitution under acid catalysis;\nC: substitution in the presence of SCN−;\nD: bond dissociation under acid catalysis.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8569_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10626", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: 9, 8, 12 and 18;\nB: 11–12 and 13–15;\nC: 5 and 4;\nD: 5 and 8;", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10626_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9780", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Mean audiogram values (±s.e.m.) obtained fromKcnk5+/+(black,n=6),Kcnk5+/−(blue,n=19),Kcnk5−/−(magenta,n=18),Kcnk3−/−(light green,n=9),Kcnk9−/−(dark green,n=4) andKcnk3-9−/−(orange,n=12) mice.\nB: ABR waves recorded from oneKcnk5+/+(left panel) and oneKcnk5−/−(right panel) mice across postnatal days 14–21 as a function of tone-pip frequency (kHz) delivered at 80 dB SPL. Scale bars, 10 ms, 2 μV.\nC: Superimposed auditory brainstem responses (ABR) waves ofKcnk5+/+(black,n=1),Kcnk5+/−(blue,n=1) andKcnk5−/−(magenta,n=1) mice to a 8-kHz tone pip delivered at three sound pressure levels (dB SPL).\nD: Values of endolymphatic K+concentration at the basal turn of the cochlea inKcnk5+/−(blue,n=5) andKcnk5−/−(magenta,n=5) mice at postnatal day 19.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9780_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7898", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fibroblasts expressing F3-N show light-induced formation of puncta that move within the cell along defined linear trajectories (seeSupplementary Movie 9).\nB: All co-expressing cells incthat displayed F3-N clustering exhibited concomitant β3-integrin co-clustering. Further analysis of quantifiable cellular regions (e) revealed that all observable F3-N clusters co-clustered with integrin-β3-GFP (f). Scale bars, 20 μm.\nC: Co-expression of F3-N and integrin-β3-GFP in 3T3 cells demonstrates a high degree of co-clustering of the two constructs under blue light, with reversion of clusters to a diffuse state in the dark.\nD: Co-immunoprecipitation of the talin F3 domain fused to mCh-Cry2 (F3-N) co-expressed with integrin-β3-GFP in HEK 293T cells reveals strong association of the constructs under blue light exposure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7898_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15123", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Averaging over multiple ‘ground-state’ data sets further provides an accurate estimate of the ground-state density, leading tod. With pixel intensity representing electron density strength, (c) shows an identified location, at which the density is a superposition of changed-state (20%) and ground-state (80%) densities; the changed state is obscured by the superposed ground state.\nB: Analysis of the aligned electron density distribution for the same voxel (yellow dots) identifies data sets which differ from the ensemble—outliers—such as those containing a bound ligand or other ‘changed state’, for example the changed state inc.\nC: shows only the ground-state density, adjusted by applying a weighting (BDC=0.8).\nD: The density that remains after subtracting the background yields an estimate of the changed state which is in general fully interpretable.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15123_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1295", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The slow deactivation time constant (τSlow) of GluN2A and the chimeric receptors is given forL-glutamate (white bars) andD-glutamate (grey bars). Bars are given in mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05 when compared with the deactivation time course of GluN1/GluN2A activated byL-glutamate and analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey'spost hoctest.\nB: L-glutamate (1 mM) was applied rapidly to transfected HEK cells for 1 s (grey bars); 0.05-mM glycine was present in all solutions. Inserting portions or the full GluN2D–D1D2 LBD increased the fast and slow time constants describing the deactivation time course compared with the time constants of GluN1/GluN2A. The horizontal scale bar represents 2 s for all traces, and the vertical scale bar represents ~200 pA for all traces.\nC: Normalized current traces of the deactivation time courses of GluN2A and chimeric receptors following removal ofL-glutamate.\nD: Cartoons of the wild-type and chimeric receptors are given, with GluN2A in green and GluN2D in wheat.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1295_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2257", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Putative transmembrane topology of TRPP2 and TRPP3. The C terminus of both proteins contains a coiled-coil domain (red bar).\nB: Side chains, shown in sticks, of hydrophobic residues involved in the formation of the coiled-coil domain trimer. The underlined amino acids were mutated to alanine to generate mut6.\nC: Superposition of the structures of TRPP3 and TRPP2 coiled-coil domains (PDB: 3HRN).\nD: Bar graph comparing the calculated and measured molecular masses of MBP–TRPP3_CT and MBP–TRPP3_CT_mut6. Measured molecular masses were obtained by static light scattering. Calculated molecular masses were obtained assuming that the protein is a monomer (for mut6), a trimer (for WT) or a tetramer (for WT).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2257_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9154", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Schematic represents PAK1-mediated activation of CRAF pS338 in response to ionizing radiation and its recruitment of CHK2 leading to CHK2 activation that supports DNA repair and radioresistance.\nB: Expression of CHK2 was silenced using siRNA in HCT-116 cells expressing wild-type (WT) CRAF or the phospho-mimetic CRAF S338D mutant. Cells were stained for γH2AX, and the number of γH2AX foci per cell was counted as a measure of DNA double strand breaks. Mean±s.e.m, *P=0.02 from two-sidedt-test comparing S338D+si-CTRL versus S338D+si-CHK2 (n=3 fields each group). Data shown are representative of two different siRNAs for CHK2, for two independent experiments.\nC: HCT-116 cells were exposed to 6 Gy. Lysates were immunoprecipitated for CHK2 pT68 and blotted for CRAF. For reciprocal pull down, lysates were immunoprecipitated and CRAF blotted for CHK2. Total cell lysates were immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. Data are representative of three independent experiments.\nD: HCT-116 cells were treated with KG5 and lysates were immunoprecipitated for CRAF or CHK2 and immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. Total cell lysates were immunoblotted with indicated antibodies. Data are representative of three independent experiments.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9154_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7186", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: RT–qPCR assays reveal the expression of theTBL1XR1gene in HelaS3 cells transfected with the siRNA control (green bars) and on silencing ZNF143 (grey bars). (e–h) Similar toa–dbut for theEEF1A1gene locus ThePvalue is derived from at-test; *P≤0.05; **P≤0.01. t1=test region (black boxes); nc1–4=negative control regions (grey boxes). Error bars indicate the s.e.m. Experiments were performed in triplicate. rel., relative.\nB: 3C assays anchored at the TBL1XR1 gene promoter reveal the interactions frequencies at a number of predicted chromatin interactions in HelaS3 cells transfected with the siRNA control (green bars). These interactions are diminished on silencing ZNF143 (grey bars).\nC: Chromatin interactions predicted by the IFC analysis anchored on theTBL1XR1gene promoter are represented by Bezier curves. Signal and peak files for ZNF143, SMC3, RAD21 and CTCF defined by ChIP-seq assays in HelaS3 are presented. Test (t1 and t2) regions (black boxes) and negative control (nc1–5) regions (grey boxes) are shown.\nD: ChIP-qPCR assays against ZNF143 at theTBL1XR1gene promoter (proximal) and distal site (t1) mapping to the chromatin interactions are presented in HelaS3 cells transfected with the siRNA control (green bars). The ChIP signal is diminished on silencing ZNF143 (grey bars).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7186_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12248", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic indicating how stochastic ON/OFF switching of a promoter creates polymerase convoys.\nB: Transcription by polymerase convoys. Top schematic of a polymerase convoy.Npol: number of polymerase;tspace: RNAPII spacing (in s);vel: elongation rate. Bottom and right: schematics describing the different phases of a transcription cycle.\nC: Estimation of mean values oftspaceandvelfrom a regression analysis of pooled UP ramps. Graph displays duration of UP ramps as a function ofNpol. Each circle is an UP ramp. Red line is the linear trend.\nD: Box-plots representing the parameter values of the best-fit models, measured for a set of 90 isolated transcription cycles. Bottom dotted line displays the first quartile, the box corresponds to the second and third quartile, the top dotted line to the last quartile, and the horizontal line to the median. Small circles are outliers (1.5 times the inter-quartile range above or below the upper and lower quartile, respectively).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12248_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9480", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Opto-β2AR (blue,n=14 experiments) and endogenous β2AR in HEK293 cells (black,n=4 experiments) display similar kinetics of cAMP activation and deactivation in response to photostimulation (5 s pulse) and isoproterenol (1 μM) respectively (mean=solid line, s.e.m.=shaded area).\nB: Representative traces show light-induced activation of cAMP in response to increasing powers of light (5 s pulse) in HEK293 cells expressing opto-β2AR.\nC: Both β2AR (ligand) and opto-β2AR (light) activate intracellular cAMP and pERK pathways.\nD: Quantification of immunoblots for both β2AR (black,n=5 experiments) and opto-β2AR (blue,n=8 experiments) displayed over time. All data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. All light pulses are 473 nm, 1 W cm−2unless otherwise noted.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9480_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6960", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biochemistry", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Summary of relaxation dispersion data plotted on the structure of the closed state of EI11. Colour coding is the same as inb.\nB: The 19 methyl groups showing MQ-Rexvalues>3 s−1in free EI are plotted as red spheres on the structure of EI in the open state10. The EIN and EIC domains are shown as light blue and pink cartoons, respectively. The second subunit of the EI dimer is shown as a transparent surface. Backbone amides showing15N relaxation dispersions in the isolated EIC domain17are shown as blue spheres. The β3α3 and β6α6 loops are coloured cyan and purple, respectively. PEP is shown as green sticks and the magnesium ion as a yellow sphere.\nC: Exchange contribution to the transverse MQ-relaxation rates (MQ-Rex) at 800 MHz measured for samples of EIWT, EIA, EIA-αKG (in the presence of 50 mM αKG) and EIA-PEP (in the presence of 50 mM PEP). Boundaries of the EIN and EIC domains in the full-length EI sequence are highlighted by red horizontal lines. Similar plots are provided for all the analysed samples inSupplementary Fig. 4(error bars: 1 s.d.).\nD: Examples of typical MQ and SQ relaxation dispersion data at 600 (blue), 800 (red) and 900 (black) MHz. Data are shown for the Ile533-δ methyl group, with the experimental data represented by filled-in (SQ) and open (MQ) circles, and the best-fit curves for a two-site exchange model as solid (SQ) and dashed (MQ) lines. Similar plots for all the analysed methyl groups are shown inSupplementary Fig. 8.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6960_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11473", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Expression of SLAMF5 on the surface of wt or SLAMF5 knockdown (KD) Jurkat cells (left histogram) and binding of the indicated viral proteins to both cell types (right histogram). HAdV-D53 E3/49K binds to CD45 and was used as a control.\nB: HEL cells were stimulated as indicated and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated for SLAMF5 (left) or SLAMF6 (right), and immunoblotted to detect phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, SLAMF5, SLAMF6 or phosphoSHP-1. An irrelevant protein carrying the same tag (human Fc) as the viral proteins, named ‘Fc control’, was included in all the experiments throughout the manuscript to control for potential nonspecific effects due to the presence of this tag.\nC: Analysis of SLAM receptor ECDs (400 nM) binding to the E3 proteins indicated, immobilized on SPR chips.\nD: Kinetic parameters calculated for the interaction between the E3 proteins and the SLAM receptors targeted. Binding affinities are shown asKD(nM) values. Theχ2, in parenthesis, followed by andRmaxvalues indicate the goodness of the experimental fitting. NB, no binding.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11473_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7198", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic of the non-sequential assembly model of pore formation. Protomer formation occurs according to an off-pathway model (Fig. 2); oligomerization of protomers and assembly with other oligomers all occur with the same rate coefficient (k5) if they lead to incomplete pores; formation of complete pores occurs with a different rate coefficient (k6). See Methods for details on error calculation.\nB: Dependence of pore formation kinetics on ClyA concentration. Plotted ist50%(time when 50% of the ClyA molecules are in an oligomeric state), versus the total concentration of ClyA subunits, according to the populations from the free fit (filled circles) and as predicted by the pore assembly model (d; solid line).\nC: Measured transfer efficiency histogram time series after manual mixing. Each coloured line represents one histogram (area normalized to 1) at a certain time after starting the reaction (colour code shown in the upper right of each panel). Most of the monomer depopulates during the dead time of the experiment, and thus no pronounced monomer peak is observed.\nD: Population time courses of the different species according to two different types of analysis of the histogram time series. Circles: populations from individual fits of the histograms with peak amplitudes as free parameters, and peak positions and widths as shared (global) fit parameters. Solid lines: populations from a global fit of all 217 histograms from all ClyA concentrations according to the non-sequential assembly model with two rate coefficients (seed). As the different oligomers cannot be discriminated in the histograms, the population P2–12represents the total population of all protomers in oligomers. The dashed line shows the population of complete pores as predicted by the model (seeSupplementary Fig. 9cfor the other oligomers). See Methods section for details on the fitting procedure. Data for ClyA at 0.1, 10, 100 and 500 nM were also included in the global fit (Supplementary Fig. 8). I, intermediate; P2–12, oligomeric species; P, protomer; M, monomer.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7198_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12151", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Least-squares mean leaf Shannon diversity is plotted for each genotype and each site, revealing site-dependent differences in the relative leaf community richness among host genotypes; F8,261=2.33,P=0.04. Bars show 1 s.e.m.\nB: Estimates of broad-sense heritability (H2) of individual OTUs are plotted for leaves (top) and roots (bottom). The bottom and top edges of the boxes mark the 25th and 75th percentiles (that is, first and third quartiles). The horizontal line within the box denotes the median. Whiskers mark the range of the data excluding outliers that fell more than 1.5 times the interquartile range below the first quartile or above the third quartile (dots).\nC: The total relative abundance of OTUs that were predicted by site-specific genotype effects in NBMs is shown for leaves and roots in each site (Wald test,P<0.05 after Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons).\nD: Between-sample diversity of the leaf microbiome is plotted as least-squares mean PCo1 of the weighted UniFrac distance for each plant genotype in each site, showing the genotype-by-site interaction after controlling for other sources of variation in a LMMs, including the constitutive effect of plant genotype and average site effects; F8,257=4.53,P=0.00011. Bars depict one standard error of the mean.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12151_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15812", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: In vitrotranscription assays of thezitBandznuApromoters in the presence of purified Zur (50 nM) and RNA polymerase core enzyme (E. coli) and the housekeeping sigma factor HrdB (S. coelicolor). Varying amounts of ZnSO4(0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μM) were added in the transcription buffer. Predicted lengths of thezitBandznuAtranscripts are 52 nt (left arrow) and 87 nt (right arrow), respectively.\nB: EMSA analysis of Zur binding on 33 bpzitBDNA probe in comparison with the complex on 25 bpzitBDNA. Increasing amounts of zinc (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μM) were included in the binding buffer with 90 nM Zur. The molecular weights of the retarded bands were estimated from electrophoretic mobility on native PAGE with different acrylamide percentages (Supplementary Fig. 9), and were marked as T (tetramer) or D (dimer).\nC: EMSA analysis on the 114 bpzitBprobe (from −148 to −35 nt). Increasing amounts of zinc (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 20 μM) were included in the binding buffer with 90 nM Zur. Based on the estimated molecular weights from native PAGE mobility, the retarded bands were indicated by O for octamer, and D for dimer.\nD: Expression of GUS reporter gene linked with thezitBpromoter region from +50 to −60 nt (pzitB-60GUS) or to −228 nt (pzitB-228GUS).S. coelicolorcells containing the chromosomally integrated reporter gene were either non-treated or treated with 10 μM TPEN or 100 μM ZnSO4for 30 min. Quantitation of S1 mapping results were done from three independent experiments, and the relative expression values were presented by taking the non-treated level as 1.0. ThePvalues of all the relative measurements except zinc-treated pzitB-60GUS were ≤0.001 by Student’st-test.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15812_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13376", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Mutational analysis confirms the structural data and demonstrates that all IGHV1-69-derived antibodies in this set bind NEAT2 with a similar mechanism. The KDfor all antibodies in this set and their respective F54A variants against IsdB NEAT2 were determined by SPR-based biosensor assays at 37 °C (KDrange,n≥2). Antibody binding to NEAT2 variants of V435R (heme-binding pocket) and D390A/K436A/T437A (β7-turn-β8 loop) was tested by ELISA (percentage binding relative to binding to wild type IsdB, one representative set of results out of three independent experiments is shown). Clones from each donor were reverted to VH germline sequence and tested for binding to NEAT2 by both ELISA and biosensor analysis, and ability to block haemoglobin binding. N.D. stands for not determined.\nB: Crystal structure of IGHV1-69-derived Fabs from two donors (D2-06-N2 and D4-30-N2) in complex with NEAT2. The Fabs of D2-06-N2 and D4-30-N2 show a near identical binding mechanism to NEAT2 as evidenced by the superimposed structures. To facilitate the crystallization process, a sandwiching Fab from an antibody (D3–13) that binds NEAT2 at a non-overlapping epitope was used. For clarity, the sandwiching Fab is removed from the figure, but is included in theSupplementary Data(Supplementary Fig. 10a,b).\nC: The heme pocket residues of NEAT2 which interact with the conserved F54 on CDR-H2 are highlighted in the complex with D2-06-N2. They are M362, M363 and F366 in α-helix 1, V435 on the β-strand 7, and Y440 and Y444 on the β-strand 8.\nD: Both IGHV1-69-derived antibodies use the conserved F54 on CDR-H2 to interact with the heme-binding pocket of NEAT2. The stem of the CDR-H2 loop also mediates major contacts with the β7-turn-β8 loop of NEAT2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13376_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13876", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: . PB1 and PA were co-transfected with PKP2 into HEK293 cells. After 48 h, cell lysates were harvested for immunoprecipitation using anti-FLAG antibody and blotted as indicated.\nB: PB1 and PB2 were co-transfected with PKP2 into HEK293 cells. After 48 h, cell lysates were harvested for immunoprecipitation using anti-FLAG antibody and blotted using the indicated antibodies.\nC: HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with a plasmid cocktail containing PB1, PB2, PA, NP expression plasmids of PR8 IAV plus a polymerase I plasmid expressing an influenza virus-like RNA encoding the reporter protein firefly luciferase, along with control siRNA, PKP2 siRNA, the vector pCMV3-tag-8 or PKP2-FLAG for 48 h. The relative luciferase signal is shown. The transfection efficiency was determined by western blot (Supplementary Fig. 10b). Data represent means ±s.d. of three independent experiments. ThePvalue was calculated (two-tailed Student’st-test) by comparison with the corresponding control. An asterisk indicatesP<0.05.\nD: HEK293 cells stably expressing PKP2-FLAG or GFP-FLAG were infected with 1 MOI of PR8 IAV for 16 h. Then the cell lysates were separated by 15–55% sucrose density centrifugation. Fractions were blotted using the indicated antibodies. The ratios of PB2 to PB1 in the fractions 4–7 were indicated.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13876_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13689", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Effect of cleavage mutants on CA association duringin vitromaturation by PR digestion of Gag VLPs. Supernatant (s) and pellet (p) of cleavage products following 3.3 μM PR digestion at 37 °C for 2 h, analysed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and visualized by Coomassie blue staining. The corresponding cleavage products are labelled.\nB: Immunoblot analysis of PR-treated permeabilized immature virions in the presence of BVM where indicated. PR− immature virions were digested with 1 μM PR at 37 °C for varying amounts of time, up to 4 h. Particles were pelleted after digestion and CA association with core was monitored by immunoblotting with CA-specific mouse monoclonal antibody.\nC: Effect of the capsid-destabilizing mutation K203A on CA association following Gag cleavage. Purified cores from PR-defective particles with wild-type (WT) or K203A mutant CA were treated and analysed as ina.\nD: Effect of CAP-1 on CA association duringin vitromaturation. Cores from PR-deficient HIV-1 particles were treated as inain the presence of 20 μM capsid assembly inhibitor CAP-1 for 2.5 h and then analysed as ina.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13689_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Variation in thetvrlocus. Eleven differentspnTVRhsdSTRD-encoding sequences were identified across the population. When the TRD-encoding sequence was present as part of a full-length CDS, the cell is coloured red, if the TRD was found in the 5′ half (these are labelled with uppercase Roman numerals), and orange, if found in the 3′ half (these are labelled with lowercase Roman numerals). Where the TRD-encoding sequence was present as a lone fragment, the corresponding cell in the grid is coloured blue. Empty cells indicate the TRD-encoding sequence was absent from the corresponding isolate.\nB: Variation in accessory RMSs. The columns to the left indicate which of the three RMSs is present at thedpnlocus by black bars in the appropriate rows. The eight columns to the right indicate the presence of other putative accessory RMSs, as inferred from the distribution of the relevant methylase COGs. Columns are labelled with the accession code of the sequence inSupplementary Table 4, with black bars again indicating the presence of an RMS in the corresponding isolate.\nC: Maximum likelihood phylogeny based on the core genome annotated according to the distribution of sequence clusters. The branches of the phylogeny are coloured according to a maximally parsimonious reconstruction of CSP pherotype. The ‘CSP-3-like’ sequence was identical to the previously described CSP-3 (ref.16) but lacking an FNIFNF peptide.\nD: Variation in theivrlocus. The left columns show reads corresponding to the 5′ part of the full-lengthspnIVRhsdSgene assigned to the two alternative 5′ TRD-encoding sequences A or B. The heatmap indicates the proportion of reads corresponding to thespnIVRhsdSgene that matched each allele, with red indicating a higher proportion and blue a lower proportion. The right columns show reads likely corresponding to the 3′ part ofspnIVRhsdSassigned to the three alternative TRD-encoding sequences a, b or c.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6471_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: SAMP andNSP containing a SAM and ADN ligand, respectively (PDB 4UCI, in whichSUBP is also occupied). Residues lining the pockets are shown as sticks. The loops delineatingSAMP (β1λ,β2λ andβ4λ) and the β-strands they originate from are shown in magenta. The dashed yellow lines show putative hydrogen bonds.\nB: . Superposition of three other CR-VI+ structures onto that inc, highlighting the flexibility ofβ1λ (especially E1697),β2λ andβ4λ. The structure in blue (PDB 4UCK) contains SAM, whereas those in yellow (4UCL) and aquamarine (4UCJ) have emptySAMPs (this suggests that there is no strict correlation betweenSAMP occupancy and the position ofβ2λ).NSP is empty in the three superposed structures, which apparently affects the position of theirβ4λ loops and especially of the R1785side group, which closes the pocket when occupied. All overlaid structures have emptySUBPs.\nC: The relative positions of the pockets in the protein.\nD: Close-up ofSUBP, which is defined by residues of the +domain (particularly the K-K-G motif), λ1650–1666and the CR-VI domain. Residues involved in ligand binding are shown as sticks. GTP is fitted in different orientations into the density in the PDB 4UCZ structure (main figure, and top figure to the right, where the guanosine ring is turned 180°) and in the PDB 4UCI structure (bottom right, where the ligand lays in the opposite direction), highlighting that the ligand can bind in different orientations within the spacious pocket.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9749_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14447", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Infectious virus particles in supernatants from human normal (hN) untransformed and tumour cells, which were infected with LCMV (MOI 1) and analysed on indicated days (n=6 per group).\nB: Infectious virus particles in skin and spleen (day 8) of C57BL/6 mice or MOPC-tumour-bearing mice (day −3) treated with 2 × 104PFU LCMV subcutaneously (n=4 per group).\nC: Immunohistochemistry (day 6,n=3) of livers from LoxP-Tag-tumour-bearing or WT mice, which were treated with or without 2 × 106PFU LCMV systemically. Scale bar, 200 μm. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. and analysed by unpaired Student’st-test. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001.\nD: Immunofluorescence in tissue-matched human normal untransformed and tumour cells 2 days after LCMV infection (MOI 1) (n=3 per group). Scale bar, 20 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14447_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The LD to perform the input/Memoryfunction. Different association degrees of Sal (Food) and Ara (Ring) cause corresponding fractions ofMemory-ON cells in a single simultaneous exposure. The flipping fraction tends to decrease when combinations of lower salicylate and/or arabinose concentrations were applied. The exposure induction was saturated (overnight) to maximize theMemoryflipping. The inducers were arabinose (Ara; 10−3, 10−4, 10−5and 10−6M) and salicylate (Sal; 10−4, 10−5, 10−6and 10−7M). The scale bar shows the fraction ofMemory-ON cells.\nB: Memoryreading-out performed by the sub-circuit comprising GTS and RAG. Arabinose (Ara) triggers GFP expression if and only ifMemoryis ON; on the other hand, salicylate (Sal) cannot evoke output regardless of theMemorystate. Inset: simplified diagram for theMemoryreading-out sub-circuit.\nC: CRD to wire outputs of RAG (conditioned response) andPSal-gfp(unconditioned response) together. Salicylate (Sal) evokes the GFP expression regardless of theMemorystate, while arabinose (Ara)-induced GFP expression isMemory-dependent. Inset: simplified diagram for the CRD. The inducers in (c) and (d) were arabinose (10−3, 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, 10−8and 10−9M) and salicylate (10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, 10−8, 10−9and 10−10M). Cells were assayed using flow cytometry in all the above experiments. Measurements are from three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d.\nD: The dynamics of the LD under periodic ‘training’ (induction-relaxation treatment). For each session of training, cells were exposed to salicylate and arabinose (Ara+Sal) for 2 h; then, inducers were washed away and the cells were relaxed by at least 10-hour growth in fresh medium. The percentage ofMemory-ON cells was assayed after overnight growth. As controls, ‘training’ using arabinose only (Ara), salicylate only (Sal) and water only were also performed. The concentrations of salicylate and arabinose were 10−4M and 10−3M, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4102_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6079", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Structure of PNA-SP4.\nB: Signal response plots (absorbance at 450 nm versus concentration of HIV-1 gag RNA) obtained after quenching of enzymatic oxidation with H2SO4. The green line marks the minimal distinguishable differential concentration and represents the lowest limit of quantification. Forcandd, values represent the mean±s.d. of duplicate measurement (n=2) for each sample. (e,f) Photographs of the 96-well plate show the variation in colour intensity for HIV-1 gag RNA detection before (e) and after (f) quenching of enzymatic oxidation with H2SO4.\nC: Structure of PNA-RP25.\nD: Time-dependent absorbance (652 nm) changes upon analyzing different concentrations of HIV-1 gag RNA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6079_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12707", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: BACEBV-GFPwt and BNRF1D568A/D569A mutant was digested withEcoRI, fractionated on 0.8% agarose gel, and stained with ethidium bromide (EtBr) followed by Southern blots with32P-labelled probes specific for Wp or TR regions.\nB: Raji cells were mock treated or superinfected with recombinant EBV wt (orange) or BNRF1 D568A/D569A genomes at a MOI of 30 for 4 days in the presence of 100 ng ml−1TPA and then assayed for Raji cell infection by FACS analysis of GFP-positive cells. The bar graph represents means±s.d. (n=3).\nC: Immunofluorescence analysis for EBNA1 (red) in BACEBV-GFPwt and BNRF1D568A/D569A HEK-293T virus production cell lines. GFP expression levels (green) were monitored and Dapi (blue) was shown in Merge image. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: Virus production cells shown inbwere either mock transfected or co-transfected with expression vectors for HA-tagged Zta and BALF4 for 72 h. Viral reactivation was examined by WB with BALF2, VCA, EAD, HA or actin antibody, as indicated.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12707_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5891", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Single-channel recordings from patch clamp experiments in native bacterial membranes. The current traces show the activity of K55T MscL held at a potential of −20 mV and a negative pressure of −190 mm Hg, before and after treatment with 50 μM dihydrostreptomycin.\nB: The graph shows the percentage of potassium remaining in the a MscL null bacterial strain expressingE. coliMscLin trans(red solid line). Cell viability after 20 or 40 min of incubation with 82 μM dihydrostreptomycin is also shown (red dotted line). Values are expressed as a percentage of values from the untreated cells. Error bars reflect s.e.m. (n=4 independent experiments).\nC: The graph shows the percentage of potassium remaining in a MscL null bacterial strain hosting the empty plasmid, pB10b, with no MscL insert (blue solid line). Cell viability after 20 or 40 min of incubation with 82 μM dihydrostreptomycin is also shown (blue dotted line). Values are expressed as a percentage of values from the untreated cells. Error bars reflect s.e.m. (n=4 independent experiments).\nD: The graph shows the percentage of potassium remaining in a MscL null bacterial strain hosting the empty plasmid, pB10b, with no MscL insert (blue solid line), at a higher concentration of streptomycin where decreases in viability could be observed. Cell viability after 20 or 40 min of incubation with 140 μM dihydrostreptomycin is also shown (blue dotted line). Values are expressed as a percentage of values from the untreated cells. Error bars reflect s.e.m. (n=4 independent experiments).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5891_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12506", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Phosphorylation of the CD3-ζ chain of the TCR/CD3 complex at tyrosine 142 or ZAP-70 at tyrosine 319 was quantified by flow cytometry after T-cell clone D462-E4 was co-incubated with DCs infected withS. pyogenes or M.smegMOI=10, PHA (20 μg ml−1) or left untreated (unstimulated condition). Numbers on the overlay indicate the geometric mean fluorescence intensity of at least 30,000 clones.\nB: T-cell clones D462-E4 and D426-G11 were incubated with (left to right)S. pyogenes(MOI=10),S. pyogenesculture supernatant (SN) 30 μl, unloaded DCs, DCs withS. pyogenesSN or pulsed DC-conditioned media overnight. On the right, D462-E4 and D426-G11 were incubated with paraformaldehyde-fixed DCs that had been pulsed withS. pyogenesSN. IFN-γ production was quantified by ELISPOT.\nC: DCs were either blocked with 6-formyl pterin (50 μg ml−1) or 0.01 M NaOH vehicle control or nothing, and then loaded withS. pyogenes or M.smegsupernatant (15 μl) or PHA at 10 μg ml−1. The DCs were then used to stimulate T-cell clone D462-E4 and IFN-γ production was quantified by ELISPOT. Error bars represent the s.e.m. of at least duplicates. Assays were performed three times, with similar results. Representative results are shown.\nD: DCs were infected withS. pyogenesat a range of MOI (xaxis) and then co-incubated with indicated MR1-restricted T-cell clones.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12506_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10508", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Mucoid colony morphology of thewspE# andwspE::Tnrevertants (day 3) and their spreading phenotype when mixed with D (day 8).\nB: Phenotypes of additional D morphotypes individually isolated from a single spreading fan emerging from discrete M colonies (day 3, top). Each variant reproduces the spreading phenotype when mixed with M (day 8, bottom).\nC: Emergence of spreading fans from various mutants captured on day 9. Each starting strain harbours a mutation predicted to terminally shut down the Wsp signalling pathway, suggesting that additional c-di-GMP production pathways are involved in the transitions between the M and D morphotypes.\nD: Summary of the bidirectional evolution of M and D morphotypes. All strains of the D morphotype exhibit reduced motility, indicative of reduction in c-di-GMP production. All mutations were naturally selected with the exception ofwspE::Tn(black outline). All mixed colonies were initiated at a 1:1 ratio. Scale bars, 5 mm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10508_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Composition of the tRNAThr(UGU)pool in terms of its wobble occupancy variants (identified in peaks i–v), at indicated time points expressed as percentages of their sum total.\nB: Identification of wobble occupancy variants. Maximum entropy deconvolution of MS spectra for H9 tRNA hydrolysate (top—red trace) and a synthetic standard of UCGCCUUGUA (bottom—black trace). The peaks were identified as follows: i—CUCGCCUUGUA, ii—CUCGCCUho5UGUm6t6A, iii—CUCGCCUmo5UGUm6t6A, iv—CUCGCCUcmo5UGUm6t6A and v—CUCGCCUmcmo5UGUm6t6A byde novosequencing.\nC: Representative targeted fragmentation of peak iv forde novosequencing. Mirror plot shows resolved isotope deconvoluted MS/MS spectra of the oligonucleotide CUCGCCUcmo5UGUm6t6A (top—red trace) and synthetic standard UCGCCUUGUA (bottom—black trace). The 159.05 Da mass shifts in w1, w2, y2and y3ions are consistent with m6t6A37. The 233.05 Da mass shifts in y4and w5ions are consistent with the sum of m6t6A37(Δ159.05 Da) and cmo5U34(Δ74.0 Da) modifications. The oligonucleotide sequence is denoted in standard ion fragmentation nomenclature on the top right. Deconvoluted masses for peaks i–v and validated fragment ions are available inSupplementary Data 3.\nD: Fold-changes in tRNAThr(UGU)copy numbers at H4, H9, H18, R3 and R6 against Log. tRNA7Thr(UGU)was present at 943 (±217) copies per CFU under Log conditions as determined by selected reaction monitoring (Supplementary Fig. 2). Data represent mean±s.e.m.;n=4. Statistical analysis by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s test versus Log: NS, not significant;P<0.05 andP<0.01 are denoted as * and ** respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13302_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Suppression ofMtb-HigB1 toxicity byMtb-HigA1 andMtb-SecBTAinE. coli. Strains W3110 ΔsecBcontaining the plasmid pSE (−) or pSE-Mtb-SecBTA(+; withMtb-SecBTAunder control of Ptrc promoter) were transformed with pK6-based plasmids harbouringMtb-HigA1,Mtb-HigA1ΔC42orMtb-HigA1W108A/W137Aunder control of PBADpromoter, grown to mid-log phase, serially diluted and spotted on LB–ampicillin–kanamycin agar plates without IPTG and with arabinose as indicated. Plates were incubated at 37 °C overnight.\nB: In vitronative PAGE separation of complexes betweenMtb-HigA1 orMtb-HigA1W108A/W137A, at 2, 4 and 8 μM andMtb-SecBTA(16 μM). Full gel fordis shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nC: In vivointeraction betweenMtb-SecBTAand the C-terminal extension ofMtb-HigA1 (aa 104–149) wild type (Cter) or mutant (Cter W108A/W137A) fused with luciferase (Luc).In vivopulldowns of His-taggedMtb-SecBTAand the pK6-Luc constructs were revealed with anti-luciferase or anti-Mtb-SecBTAantibodies. Full blots forbandcare shown inSupplementary Fig. 6.\nD: Schematic representation ofMtb-HigA1. The dark blue box represents the helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif and the blue hachures the TAC-specific C-terminal extension. The deletion in ΔC42 is indicated with an arrow.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13339_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Plaques on MDCK monolayer cells formed by IAV-Luc showed bioluminescence on addition of luciferase substrate coelenterazine. The same culture dishes were immunostained using anti-NP antibodies to reveal all plaques.\nB: Growth kinetics of parental PR8 and IAV-Luc in chicken-embryonated eggs. Each data point represents mean±s.e.m. (n=3).\nC: PCR using specific primers for PA, NA and luciferase to confirm the size of chimeric NA segment and the insertion of gene-encodingGaussialuciferase.\nD: Schematic representation of influenza NA vRNA segment in IAV-Luc. The gene-encodingGaussialuciferase was inserted into the C-terminal region of NA linked by a 2A autoproteolytic cleavage sequence.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3369_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5713", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The kinetics of Δψmdisruption in A/PR8-infected J774A.1 macrophages. Cells infected with A/PR8 were collected at the indicated time points (0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 18 and 21 h), stained with JC-1 for 30 min, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of JC-1 reduction (yaxis) is presented. The immunoblot on the right represents a profile of PB1-F2 expression at each time point as well as the loading controls β-actin and OPA-1. Five bands (a–e) of OPA-1 isoforms were detected by immunoblotting with the antibody against OPA-1, and bands a and b are a mixture of L-OPA-1 isoforms.\nB: Similar toa, except that HEK293 cells were transfected with the expression plasmid indicated inside the panel. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry at 24 h post transfection.\nC: HEK293 cells were infected with A/PR8 (16 HA U ml−1) for about 15 h, and the cells were stained with the cationic fluorescent dye TMRM and analyzed by flow cytometry (right panel; red trace). As a control, CCCP-treated cells (40 μM) were also analyzed (left panel). Grey histograms in both panels represent a profile of unstained cells.\nD: Δψmis dispensable for PB1-F2 translocation into mitochondria. HeLa cells transfected with either mitochondrial-targeted dihydrofolate reductase (mtDHFR) or PB1-F2 were treated with (+) or without (−) CCCP (40 μM), and their translocation into mitochondria was monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy (left images). Quantification is listed in the right score panel. In each transfection experiment, at least 100 cells were scored, and the green and red bars represent mitochondrial and cytosolic localization, respectively. All data represent the mean values±s.d. (n=3 experiments). Scale bar, 10 μm. N.D., not detected, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (by unpairedt-test).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5713_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5131", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Membrane binding was determined using coflotation with 100 nm LUVs. Sucrose gradients, 5 ml in volume, were fractionated into five parts, from top (1) to bottom (5), and visualized by western blot using anti-UL31 or anti-UL34 antibodies (full western blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7b).\nB: Membrane binding was quantified using co-sedimentation with MLVs and Coomassie staining (full gels are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7c). IP, input; PP, protein pellet; P, pellet; S, supernatant.\nC: Deletion of 50 but not 40 residues from the N terminus of UL31 reduces binding. The NEC185 binds worse than the NEC220 and combination of both truncations (NEC185-Δ50) lowers the binding affinity further. Experiments in c–e were done in triplicate, and the reported values represent averages of the results of three individual experiments. Error bars represent the s.e. of measurement. The statistical analysis used is the Student’st-test. One asterisk indicatesP-values smaller than 0.05 and two asterisks indicateP-values smaller than 0.005. The asterisks above each sample represent the significance compared with the background, whereas the asterisks above each line represent the significance between these two samples after subtracting the individual background levels.\nD: Interaction with MLVs depends on initial salt concentration. No binding was observed in the presence of NaCl concentrations higher than 175 mM. Addition of 1 M NaCl after complex formation did not abrogate the interaction.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5131_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7660", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Pools of NHDF cells stably expressing Flag control (Control), full-length C-terminally flag-tagged FEZ1 (FEZ1-Flag) or a C-terminally flag-tagged FEZ1 mutant unable to bind kinesin-1 (S58A-Flag) were lysed and analysed by WB using antibodies against Flag or β-actin (loading control). (c,d) NHDF pools described inbwere infected with HIV-1-VSV-luc (c) or HIV-1-Ampho-luc (d) followed by measurements of luciferase activity 48 h post infection to determine levels of infection. Results are representative of three or more independent experiments, and error bars represent standard deviation.\nB: Binding of FEZ1-S58A to HIV-1 Gag by Co-IP. 293A cells were co-transfected with a HA-tagged HIV-1 Gag-expressing vector alone or together with FEZ1-Flag or FEZ1-S58A-Flag (S58A-Flag). Cells were lysed 48 h post transfection, and proteins were co-IP using anti-HA antibodies. Input and bound samples were then analysed by WB either before (input) or after immunoprecipitation (IP) using anti-Flag and anti-HA antibodies. Molecular weight markers (in kDa) are shown to the right of WBs.\nC: Binding of FEZ1 or FEZ1-S58A toin vitroassembled HIV-1 CA–NC complexes. 293T cells were transfected with FEZ1-Flag, FEZ1-S58A-Flag (S58a-Flag) or NES-CPSF6-Flag constructs as described in the legend forFig. 2. Cells were lysed 36 h post transfection and the lysates were incubated at room temperature for 1 h within vitroassembled HIV-1 CA–NC complexes. The lysates were then analysed by WB either before (input) or after sedimentation through a 70% sucrose cushion (bound) using anti-Flag and anti-p24 antibodies.\nD: 293A cells were transfected with vectors expressing a control GFP or GFP-Kif5B tail along with either FEZ1-Flag or FEZ1-S58A-Flag (S58A-Flag) constructs. Soluble cell extracts were prepared 48 h post transfection, precleared and GFP proteins were recovered by incubating samples with GFP-binding protein (GBP) covalently coupled to Sepharose. Input and bound proteins were then analysed by WB using anti-Flag and anti-GFP antibodies.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7660_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2427", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The sequence depth and a coverage of the genome assembly bases for mismatches of fosmid and genome assembly bases.\nB: Comparison of the assembled genome scaffold 17 with a fosmid cdsdaxa sequence. The sequence depth was calculated by mapping the Illumina Genome Analyser short reads with an insert size of 173 bp for the genome assembly10. The remaining unclosed gaps on the scaffolds are marked as white blocks.\nC: Frequency distribution of GC content. Reads of library with an insert size of 173 bp were used for analysing. Reads were aligned to the assembly using Burrows–Wheeler Aligner42.\nD: Distribution of genomic coverage (upper) and paired reads coverage (bottom). A major peak was detected at 121 × and 105 × coverage, and a second peak was detected at 66 × and 55 × that showed nearly half of the coverage of the main peak, which indicates highly heterozygous regions that were not merged in the assembly or hemizygous regions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2427_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4001", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: MS analysis of GltX without the induction of HipA.\nB: His-GltX was separated from the whole-cell extract by Ni-bids, further treated as in (a).\nC: Western blot analysis of the membrane inbusing an anti-his antibody. (d,e) MS analysis MS of purified GltX as described inb.\nD: Whole-cell extract was separated by electrophoresis, transferred to a PVDF membrane and exposed to a hyper sensitive film.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4001_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7050", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Luciferase activity from brain extracts of AL or 40% DR mice infected with transgenic luciferase-expressingP. bergheiANKA killed on the indicated day. Luciferase activity indicative of parasite burden is expressed in arbitrary light units. A representative experiment with four animals per group is shown. Inset: cumulative data pooled from independent experiments showing luciferase activity in the brains of naive, AL and DR mice on day 6 after infection. Asterisk indicates the significance of the difference between the indicated groups according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05.\nB: Relative gene expression of chemokines, chemokine receptors and inflammatory markers as indicated in the brain on day 6 after infection of the indicated dietary group as measured by qPCR. Representative experiments with four mice per group are shown. Asterisks indicate the significance of the difference between AL and DR for a given gene according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05. (e–g) Numbers of total (e) and activated (f,g) CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes with representative dot plots from brains of mice (n=4 per group) of the indicated dietary groups on day 6 after infection following perfusion as determined by FACS. Asterisks indicate the significance of the difference between groups according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05. Values are means+s.e.m.\nC: Relative parasite 18S rRNA expression in the brain of AL and DR mice (n=4 per diet group) 6 days after infection as determined by qPCR with aPvalue between AL and DR groups as indicated according to a Mann–Whitney test.\nD: Naive, AL or DR mice (n=4 per group) were injected with Evan’s blue and the leakage of the dye into the cerebral tissue representing disruption of BBB was qualitatively (left) and quantitatively (right) assessed on day 6 after infection. A representative experiment is shown. Asterisk indicates the significance of the difference between the indicated groups according to a Mann–Whitney test; *P<0.05.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7050_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Overall structure, top view (left) and side view (centre). As a reference, the γ-HL pore is also shown in side view (right). LukF and Hlg2 are shown in red and blue, respectively. Arg198 and Trp177 are shown as orange and cyan ball models, respectively. The right figure was reproduced from (ref.21).\nB: Superposition of the octamer of γ-HL-WR (magenta) and wild-type pore reported previously (blue).\nC: Stereo representation of 2Fo-Fc electron density map of the β-barrel contoured at 1.2 σ. Cα trace of the whole β-barrel is also shown. Orange: LukF, magenta: Hlg2.\nD: Stereo representation of Hlg2 protomer superposed on LukS-PV monomer (PDB 1T5R). Amino latch and prestem in monomer are shown in green and purple, respectively, and those of the prepore are shown in orange and yellow, respectively. To indicate the location of the adjacent protomer, LukF is also shown in red.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5897_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12853", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Proportion of protospacers with a GG, GN, NG or other dinucleotide PAM sequence. Note that N stands for every nucleotide excluding G. Error bars represent the s.e. of the mean.\nB: Total number of spacers targeting the plasmid (black) or chromosome (white).\nC: Size distribution of new spacers.\nD: Proportion of spacers incorporated in CRISPR1, CRISPR2 or CRISPR3.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12853_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3865", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative traces of mitochondrial membrane potential of digitonin-permeabilized BSF trypanosomes grown in the presence (+Tet) or absence (−Tet) of tetracycline. The reactions were incubated as inFig. 3c. CaCl2(50 μM), EGTA (200 μM) and FCCP (10 μM) were added where indicated. (h,i) Changes in safranine fluorescence after addition of Ca2+(h, as ing, but 25, 50 and 100 μM CaCl2) or FCCP (i) to +Tetand −TetBSF trypanosomes (means±s.d.,n=3, **P<0.001, Student’st-test).\nB: Northern blot analysis of wild-type (WT) andTbMCU-KO BSF cultured in the presence (+Tet) or absence (−Tet) of tetracycline for 2 days. Tubulin is shown as a loading control (bottom panel).\nC: Growth ofTbMCU-KO BSF in the absence (black line) or presence (red line) of 1 μg ml−1tetracycline for the indicated number of days. Addition of 10 mM threonine to the medium (green line) partially rescued the mutant BSF trypanosomes but had no effect on+Tetcells (yellow line; means±s.d.,n=3, **P<0.001, Student’st-test).\nD: Southern blot analysis of the BSF conditional KOs. Genomic DNA from theT. bruceiSM parental strain (+/+), single- (+/−) or double-allele (−/−) KO cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3865_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6945", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: IsoF displays swarming motility in ABC medium, whereas PL11 and PL2 are impaired in swarming, because they do not produce putisolvin.\nB: In drop-collapse assays, surface tension of supernatants of overnight cultures were found to be increased in PL11 compared with IsoF, but could be restored to wild-type level in PL2 on rhamnose supplementation.\nC: Swarming of the conditionalpsoAmutant PL2 was abolished on glucose plates, but was increasingly restored on plates supplemented with 0.5%, 1% or 2% rhamnose. Pictures were taken after 3 days of incubation.\nD: Surface tensions of PL2, PL11 and IsoF in medium containing 1% or no rhamnose were quantified along the growth curve using the Du Nouy ring method. Results are representative of three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6945_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1488", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Motility assays of MMHIJ001 (ΔfliHIJ) and MMHIJ0117 (ΔfliHIJ flhB*) transformed with pTrc99AFF4 (V) or pMMHI001 (FliH+FliI) in soft agar. The plates were incubated at 30 °C for 24 h.\nB: Effect of external pH on FlgD secretion by the ΔfliHI flhB*and ΔfliHIJ flhB*mutant strains.\nC: Immunoblotting, using polyclonal anti-FlgD, of whole-cell proteins and culture supernatant fractions prepared from the wild type (WT), a ΔfliH-fliIdouble null mutant (ΔfliHI), afliH-fliIbypass mutant (ΔfliHI flhB*), afliH-fliI-fliJtriple null mutant (ΔfliHIJ) and afliH-fliI-fliJ flhB(P28T) (ΔfliHIJ flhB*).\nD: Effect of external pH on FlgD secretion by the ΔfliH-fliI-fliJ flhB(P28T) mutant strain in the presence and absence of FliH and FliI. Immunoblotting, using polyclonal anti-FlgD antibody, of culture supernatant fractions prepared from MMHIJ0117 carrying pTrc99A or pMMHI001 grown at an external pH of 6.0 and 7.0.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1488_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13557", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A hypothetical model for the epithelial-cell entry complex, based on docking the gH ‘KGD’ motif onto the ‘RGD’ motif in the αvβ6 crystal structure with TGF-β (4UM9)49.\nB: This composite of crystal structures closely mirrors the ‘closed’ state of gHgL/gp42/HLA complex observed by previous negative stain single-particle EM22. This result and a variation of this figure appeared in a previous publication22.\nC: Schematic of the host-cell tropism mediated by gHgL complexes converging on the activation of gB-mediated membrane fusion.\nD: Structural models of the EBV B-cell entry-triggering complex. A hybrid crystal structure generated by aligning the gp42 C-domain, observed in the crystal structure described here, with the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex (1KG0)25.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13557_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15710", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The regulation of the Tet-inducible cell line of TgUNC (MycUNC-iKD) was assessed by WB on total extract of extracellular tachyzoites. ACT was used as loading control.\nB: TgUNC depletion has a severe impact on parasite survival as shown by plaque assay treated for 7 days±ATc.\nC: UNC-3Ty was detected in the cytosol of intracellular tachyzoites co-stained with the peripheral marker GAP45. Scale bar, 2 μm.\nD: All classes of myosin heavy chains are destabilized on TgUNC depletion. All the myosin motors, except TgMyoA and TgMyoD, have been endogenously tagged with 3xTy in the MycUNC-iKD strain and their expression level was followed by WB on total extracts of extracellular tachyzoites treated or not with ATc for 24 or 48 h. Expression of TgMyoD was followed using α-MLC2 antibodies. GAP40 or ACT were used as loading controls. MycUNC-iKD was tightly regulated in all samples. Stars indicate myosin subproducts. Uncropped gels are presented inSupplementary Fig. 11.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15710_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4759", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Typical TEM image ofN. gonorrhoeaeshowing individual pili and pilus minibundles (scale bar, 200 nm).\nB: Histogram of the number of bundles per cell as seen from images like in (a) (n=68 bacteria).\nC: Distribution of time intervals between pilus retractions for wild-type cells (red) and thepilE-inducible strain with 0.25 mM IPTG, corresponding toNp=2.8 pili per cell (blue);n>500 retractions for each condition. An exponential fit is inconsistent with the tail of long time interval.\nD: Correlation coefficientof the time intervals τ between retraction events as a function of the numberRof separating retraction events for the same data as (d). The error bars show s.e. values of the correlation function.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4759_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11379", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: SPP−/−MEFs infected with lentivirus expressing FLAG-HCV core (Core) or its mutant with all lysine residues replaced with arginine residues (Core K/R) were subjected to immunoblotting at 48 h post infection.\nB: SPP+/+MEFs and SPP−/−MEFs infected with a lentivirus expressing FLAG-core were treated with cycloheximide (100 μM) at 48 h post infection and were subjected to immunoblotting at the indicated time points.\nC: Localization of the HCV core in cells treated with LY-411575. Huh7 cells transfected with pCAG OSF-HCV core were treated with LY-411575 and ALLN for 10 h at 48 h post transfection. Scale bar, 30 μm. The data are representative of either three (a,b) or two (c–f) independent experiments\nD: SPP−/−MEFs infected with a lentivirus expressing FLAG-core were treated with proteasome inhibitors (epoxomicin: EPX; lactacystin: LAC, ALLN and MG132) at 36 h post infection.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11379_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15743", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Representative images of testis from mock-infected and ZIKV-infected mice at the indicated d.p.i.\nB: Histopathological analysis of the epididymis (upper panels) and immunohistochemical labelling of ZIKV particles in the epididymis (lower panels) at the indicated d.p.i. Scale bars, 2 mm inb200, 200, 50 μm (top, middle and lower panels) indand 50 μm ine. The data shown are from one experiment that is representative of the same outcome in the two studies performed. Bars indicate mean values and error bars indicate s.d. Statistical differences are given (two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test). ***P<0.001.\nC: Weight of the testis (two per mouse) from mock-infected and ZIKV-infected mice at the indicated d.p.i.\nD: Histopathological analysis of the testis (upper panels), immunohistochemical labelling of ZIKV particles in the testis (middle panels), and TUNEL staining of testis (lower panels) at the indicated d.p.i.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15743_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: MHV CTD (PDB: 3JCL);\nB: HKU4 RBD (PDB: 4QZV) and (f) HKU9 RBD (PDB: 5GYQ).\nC: MERS-CoV RBD (PDB: 4L72);\nD: (PDB: 2AJF);", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15216_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7777", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: In vivolocalization of GFP-SpoIVA (left) or GFP-SpoIVAK30A(right, which is unable to bind ATP). Bottom: overlay of GFP fluorescence (green) and membranes visualized with FM4-64 (red) as described above.\nB: Concentration-dependent adsorption of SpoIVAAF488onto SSLBs coated with SpoVM in the presence (●) or absence (■) of ATP.\nC: Retention of SpoIVAAF488on the surface of SSLBs, adsorbed either in the presence (●) or absence (■) of ATP at different time points after competition with exogenously added excess, unlabelled purified SpoIVA. Each data point represents at least 35 SSLB particles from three replicate experiments; error bars represent s.e.m.\nD: Adsorption of SpoIVAAF488in vitroonto SSLBs coated with SpoVM in the presence (left) or absence (right) of ATP. Scale bar, 3 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7777_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Blood infection of the four slowest growingmtp−parasite lines (mfr2−,zip1−,mfs6−, andmfr5−) in competition with WT (grey). Shown are mean parasitaemias±s.d. from at least three experiments (top) and the kinetics of relative parasite distribution (bottom) from day 3 to 7 after injection. **P<0.01; *P<0.05 (two-tailed F-test).\nB: Ratio of male (bottom, horizontal lines) and female (top, vertical lines) gametocytes of the total formed in WT andzip1−infections shows that male gametocyte formation inzip1−parasites is more defective than female gametocyte formation. Shown are mean values±s.d. *P<0.05 (Mann–Whitney test).\nC: Male gamete exflagellation and (c)in vitroookinete formation for selectedmtp−(cdf−,pat−andzip1−) parasite lines. Shown are mean values±s.d. *P<0.05 (Mann–Whitney test).\nD: Gametocyte conversion is defective inzip1−parasites. Shown are mean values±s.d. *P<0.05 (Mann–Whitney test).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10519_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13823", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Both 10-HOME and 7,10 Di-HOME oxylipins inhibit swarming motility of ΔDS significantly (one-way ANOVA,P<0.0001).\nB: Effect of adding oleic acid on the swarming motility of PAO1 and its ΔDS-derived mutant. Oleic acid at 0.1 mg ml−1inhibited PAO1 significantly (t-test,P<0.0001), but not ΔDS swarming.\nC: 10-HOME and 7,10 Di-HOME significantly increased ΔDS twitching motility (one-way ANOVA,P<0.0001). Results from three independent experiments withN=3 each. Error bars represent s.d.s.\nD: 10-HOME oxylipin strongly inhibits flagellum-driven motility of ΔDS strain (one-way ANOVA,P<0.0001), but 7,10 Di-HOME has a weak effect (P<0.05).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13823_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11320", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Outline of screening procedure.\nB: Heatmap of all identified proviral and antiviral hits showing replication data (Z-scores) of the four most efficient siRNAs. Arrowheads indicate genes experimentally characterized in this study.\nC: Requirement of identified proviral factors for other viruses based on published loss-of-function studies. Viruses other than CHIKV are indicated by specific colours, and colour-coded boxes contain genes shared between CHIKV and the corresponding virus. White boxes contain genes shared between CHIKV and more than one other virus. Full details inSupplementary Data 3.\nD: Validation of CLK1 as CHIKV relevant host factor. Infection rate of A549 cells depleted for CLK1 by CRISPR/Cas9 (seeSupplementary Fig. 1jfor more details) and infected with CHIKV-GFP for the indicated periods of time (n=9 for each data set). Data represent the means±s.e.m. of three independent experiments and were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post test. (*P<0.05;NSP≥0.05). CTRL, control; NS, not significant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11320_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5686", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The phenotypes of hypocotyls from soybean cultivars HARO13 (Rps1b) and Williams (rps). Photographs were taken 2 dpi.\nB: PsIsc1 preferentially accumulates in haustoria.P. sojae-infected hyphae were observed using confocal microscopy at 10 hpi.P. sojaeexpressing Avr1b-mRFP showed specific haustorial accumulation (indicated by the arrow) of fluorescent Avr1b (red, upper panel), whereas PsIsc1-mRFP accumulated preferentially in haustoria (red, middle panel). P6497 expressing mRFP served as a control (lower panel). Scale bars, 20 μm. The arrow indicated haustoria were shown with tenfold magnification.\nC: Western blotting of proteins fromP. sojaetransformants expressing Avr1b-mRFP, Avr1bCt-mRFP and PsIsc1-Avr1bCt (PsIsc1-Avr1bCt1 and PsIsc1-Avr1bCt3). TheP. sojaeisolate P6497 served as a control for antibody specificity.\nD: Structure of the fusion of full-length PsIsc1 and the C terminus of Avr1b (Avr1bCt: aa, 66–138, removing the signal peptide and RxLR-dEER domain).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5686_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14340", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Growth of individual distant B16-F10 tumours.\nB: Representative data of two experiments with five animals per group. (c–e) Pooled data from three experiments with 5–10 animals per group.\nC: Survival of CT26 tumour re-challenge at 90 days with no further treatment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001, NS, non-significant.\nD: Growth of individual NDV-injected B16-F10 tumours.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14340_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7734", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: NLPR3 normalized expression with GAPDH was measured in HT29 cells incubated for 2 h with diluted faecal supernatant (FS) or with PBS by real-time PCR. Results are shown as mean±s.e.m. of duplicate of a representative experiment.\nB: Measurement of Ca2+i mobilization in CHO cells stably expressing GPR43 mediated by 10 mM acetate or vehicle. Data are mean±s.e.m. of duplicates from a representative experiment.\nC: Caspase 1 activity was measured via a fluorometric assay measuring the cleavage of the peptide YVAD-AFC. NMC460 cells were incubated with diluted FS for 4 h followed by 2 h with PBS (FS), incubated with FS for 4 h followed by 2 h in low K+medium (FS-low K+) or incubated with FS for 4 h followed by 2 h with 10 mM acetate (FS-acetate). Results are shown as mean±s.e.m. of triplicate of a representative experiment. (c–f) Changes in membrane potential following addition of vehicle or 10 mM acetate to NMC460 (c), HT29 (d) CHOK1 transfected with GPR43 (e) or untransfected (f). Membrane potential was measured using a FLIPR membrane potential assay kit (red) from Molecular Devices.\nD: Change in membrane potential following addition of vehicle or 10 mM acetate with or without 20 μM BAPTA-AM to NCM460 cells. Membrane potential was measured using a FLIPR membrane potential assay kit (red) from Molecular Devices. Data are mean±s.e.m. of duplicates from a representative experiment.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7734_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5643", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Comparison of each cluster against ancestral community (n=9 for cluster 1,n=18 for cluster 2,n=22 for cluster 3,n=47 for cluster 4. Species that are significantly higher in frequency compared with their ancestral level are indicated with arrows.\nB: Principal component analysis (PCA) plots for replacement experiment data. Each circle represents an ancestral community in which a species is replaced with an evolved isolate from the multispecies treatment. Circles are colour-coded based on the species that is replaced in the ancestral community. Big circles represent communities in which ancestral species are replaced with evolved isolates that were highlighted ina, driver isolates.\nC: Comparison of each cluster against ancestral community and the communities created by replacement with the driver isolates froma(big circles inb). Replaced species are highlighted in squares on thexaxis labels, error bars are 95% confidence interval around mean.\nD: Mean relative abundance for the communities shown in PCA analysis inb, excluding driver isolates.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5643_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14130", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A schematic drawing of the sortase ligation method.\nB: Sortase ligation reaction mixtures were analysed by SDS–PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining. The asterisk marks the proteins aggregates due to inter-molecular disulfide bonds. Full-length BoNT/X (X-FL) appeared only in the sortase ligation mixture.\nC: X-FL linked by sortase reaction (0.5 μg) was injected into the gastrocnemius muscles of the right hind limb of mice (n=4). The injected limb developed typical flaccid paralysis, and the toes failed to spread within 12 h. The left limb was not injected with toxins, serving as a control.\nD: Cultured rat cortical neurons were exposed to ligated X-FL in culture medium for 12 h, with or without two combinations of anti-sera. Ab1: trivalent anti-BoNT/A/B/E, anti-BoNT/C and anti-BoNT/F. Ab2: anti-BoNT/G and anti-BoNT/D. The trivalent anti-BoNT/A/B/E was used at 1:50 dilution. All other anti-sera were used at 1:100 dilution. None of the antisera affected the cleavage of VAMP2 and VAMP4 by X-FL. The specificity and potency of these antisera were validated for their ability to neutralize target serotypes in the same assay as described inSupplementary Fig. 7.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14130_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9533", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Microarray-derived fold changes of gene expression of 12 Type I interferon genes in the BAL of BCG- and MtbΔsigH-vaccinated animals. For analysis involving BAL, samples from all seven animals in each group were used for analysis at each time point (a). For CFU analysisin vitro, the experiment was performed twice, with four biological replicates in each instance (b). Transcript and cytokine analyses were performed on biological replicates (c–f). ns, not significant.\nB: Rhesus macaque BMDMin vitrokilling assay in CFU ml−1withMtb(red), BCG and MtbΔsigH. **P<0.01 using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons. Data are means±s.d.\nC: Relative expression (2ΔΔCt) of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-1α in BMDMs infected withMtb, BCG and MtbΔsigHusing real-time RT–PCR. (d,e) Absolute expression of CXCL9 (d) and CXCL10 (e; pg ml−1) in supernatants derived from BMDMs infected withMtb, BCG and MtbΔsigHusing cytokine analysis assay.\nD: BCG (light blue) and MtbΔsigH(dark blue) CFU levels in total BAL samples at weeks 3, 5 and 8 after vaccination.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9533_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14321", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: RT-qPCR analysis of CX3CR1 mRNA expression in monocytes latently infected at an MOI of 5, with SV40-GFP-TB40E, or monocytes treated with UV-inactivated virus, relative to an uninfected control. UV-inactivated virus samples were taken 1 day post infection. Means and s.d. values are shown from three measurements and normalized to GAPDH.\nB: Binding of125I-CX3CL1 to uninfected (white symbols) and sorted, GFP-positive (latent) HCMV-infected monocytes (black symbols). The data are normalized to maximal binding on infected cells. Error bars indicate s.e.m. for five independent biological replicates.\nC: RT-qPCR analysis of US28 mRNA expression in monocytes latently infected at an MOI of 5, with SV40-GFP-B40E, relative to mRNA harvested immediately after infection (input control). Means and s.d. values are shown from three measurements and normalized to GAPDH. Statistical analyses were carried out using a paired two-tailedt-test andPvalues expressed as *P=0.05 or ***P=0.001 were considered significant.\nD: Binding of125I-CX3CL1 to transiently transfected COS-7 cells expressing US28 (black) and CX3CR1 (white symbols). The data are normalized to maximal specific binding on US28-expressing cells. Error bars indicate s.e.m. for three independent biological replicates.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14321_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11062", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Effects ofsigEpromoter deletions onsigE::lacZexpression inM. tuberculosis. Mid-log-phase cultures of wild type andsigEdeletion mutant ofM. tuberculosisH37Rv containing asigE::lacZ-carrying plasmid and promoter-deletion derivatives were treated with 0.03% SDS for 60 min. In this and subsequent panels, cells were collected, RNA isolated, and transcripts enumerated and normalized to 16S rRNA. mRNA levels were normalized relative to unstressed controls. No promoter=empty vector control.\nB: Effect ofsigKdeletion on selected gene expression inM. tuberculosis. Mid-log-phase cultures ofM. tuberculosisH37Rv, asigKdeletion mutant, and a complemented strain were used for transcript enumeration.\nC: Schematic representation of thesigEpromoter region. The three promoters upstream ofsigE23are recognized by SigA, SigE and SigH, respectively (this work and ref.22). A search for consensus binding sites for SigA, SigE and SigH in the nucleotide sequences present in each promoter::lacZfusion found no matches for SigA and SigE; instead, a match for SigH was found at the appropriate location upstream of the P3 transcription start site.\nD: Effects ofsigEpromoter deletions on reporter β-galactosidase activity inE. coli.sigE::lacZtarget plasmid and promoter-deletion derivatives were tested in cells containing sigma donor plasmids or a control plasmid (empty vector), as indicated. Relative beta-galactosidase activity was calculated as in theFig. 2legend. In this and the next panel, P1P2P3, native promoter configuration; ΔP1, deletion of P1; ΔP1P2, deletion of P1 and P2.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11062_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11567", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Effect of FYT21 on stimulation with recombinant TNF-α. Results are means±s.e.m. of 4–9 experiments.\nB: Cytokine analysis of blood collected from Balb/c mice (female 10–12 weeks), 4 h after s.c. injection with 100 μl CM of PAOB1 supplemented with 3 unitsP. aeruginosaelastase or 10 mM Tris buffer. Results are means±s.e.m. of three independent experiments with 3 mice per group. Values are significantly (*P<0.05, **P<0.005 and ***P<0.0005) different from the controls as analysed using a one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (a,b), a pairedt-test (c–e) or a Mann–Whitney test (f).\nC: Cytokine analysis of whole blood stimulated similarly ascwith CM of the clinical strain 15159.\nD: THP1 reporter cells were preincubated for 1 h with 10 μM FYT21 followed by stimulation with conditioned medium (CM) of three strains ofP. aeruginosa.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11567_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2470", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Microbiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Portion of the 16S rRNA (pink) surrounding Tc, superimposed on the 16S rRNA (yellow) in the current Tet(O)-bound model. The 507-loop is seen to clash with the site for Tc (blue). Nucleotides 1051 and 1054 in the 16S rRNA are seen to be reoriented in the two structures.\nB: Zoomed-in view of the area marked by green box inb.\nC: Tet(O)’s domain IV (red), superimposed with the anticodon stem and loop of an A/T-site tRNA (grey) in the decoding region of the 30S subunit. The overlap between Tet(O) and the tRNA occurs at the 507- and 438-loops.\nD: The 30S subunit with Tet(O) and P-site tRNA shown inais displayed after a clockwise rotation around vertical (in plane) axis by 90°, to show the interface with the 50S subunit.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2470_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1532", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Western blot analysis of LSD1 and methylated histone H3K4 expression in control RNA (C) or miR-137-transfected neural stem cells. Histone H3 (H3) and GAPDH were included as controls. The molecular weight of each band is indicated at the left.\nB: miR-137 represses luciferase reporter gene upstream of the LSD1 3′-UTR. Luciferase reporter gene under the control of wild-type (WT) or mutant (MT) LSD1 3′-UTR was transfected along with control RNA (C) or miR-137 RNA duplexes into HEK 293 cells. s.d. is indicated by error bars. *P<0.005 by Student'st-test.n=3.\nC: Knockdown of LSD1 expression in miR-137-electroporated brains. E13.5 mouse brains werein uteroelectroporated with control RNA-RFP or miR-137-RFP. LSD1 expression was detected by immunostaining shown in green. Arrows indicate miR-137-electroporated cells exhibiting LSD1 knockdown. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: Quantification of the western blot results in panelc. The expression of each protein was normalized to the expression of GAPDH. miR stands for miR-137. *P<0.001 by Student'st-test.n=3.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1532_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12140", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: An example of the polarization distance (PD) calculated for the dorsal (grey line) and ventral (light grey line) pairs of polarization receptors during a single stimulus presentation.\nB: Angle subtended between the stimulus angle of polarization and the nearest polarization receptor before the onset (red circles) and during (yellow circles) the stimulus presentation.\nC: Same data asb, with paired comparison between the calculated PD, both before (red circles), and during (yellow circles) the stimulus presentation and compared with a set of bootstrap resampled maximum data points (green circles). Stars represent levels of statistical significance: *P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001.\nD: An example of the torsional rotation of the midband in response to the polarized LED stimulus (onset and offset of stimulus is denoted by black bar and dotted grey lines).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12140_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10965", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Deletion of TLX residues 340–359 reduced TLX interaction with Drosha. HEK293T cells were transfected with Flag-tagged Drosha and HA-tagged full length or deletion mutants of TLX. Lysates were IP with Flag antibody (αFlag), then probed with HA antibody (αHA). A nonspecific (ns) band in the western blot was indicated. (d,e) Expressing the Dpi peptide abolished the interaction of TLX with Drosha (d), but not the interaction of TLX with HDAC5 (e), as revealed by co-IP analysis. An empty vector (−) and a control peptide (C) were included as negative controls for the Dpi peptide. Cell lysates were IP with anti-Flag antibody, then blotted with anti-HA or anti-Flag antibody. The expression of individual proteins in the transfected cells was shown by immunoblotting as input.\nB: Expression of the Dpi peptide promotes miR-219 processing. miR-219 processing was monitored using the miR-219-Glo reporter. Expressing the Dpi peptide decreased miR-219-Glo activity compared to expressing the empty vector (−) or a control peptide (C);n=3. ***P<0.001 by Student’st-test. (g–i) The levels of pre-miR-219 (h) and mature miR-219 (i), but not pri-miR-219 (g), were increased by expressing the Dpi peptide, as revealed by RT–PCR.n=4 (g);n=4 (h);n=3 (i). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 by Student’st-test in panels (h,i). ‘n’ represents experimental repeats in panels (f–i).\nC: Deletion of TLX residues 340–359 reduced the interaction of TLX with p68 substantially. HEK293T cells were transfected with HA-tagged full-length TLX (residues 1–385) or its deletion mutants (residues 1–306, 1–340 or 1–359). Lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) with HA antibody (αHA), then probed with p68 antibody (αp68) in western blot analysis (WB).\nD: Mapping p68 and Drosha-interacting domain in TLX. A schematic of TLX deletion mutants and the Drosha/p68-interacting domain (Dpi) is shown on the left. A summary of p68 and Drosha-binding results is shown on the right.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10965_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2980", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: N1 latency in the same eVEP recordings did not vary with irradiance, and was very similar in the two animal groups.\nB: The eVEP amplitude (N1–P2), normalized to response at 10 mW mm−2, and averaged for 7 WT and 7 RCS rats is plotted as a function of peak irradiance. Pulse duration was held constant at 10 ms. The eVEP amplitude increased logarithmically with peak irradiance, with no significant difference between the two animal types.\nC: Normalized VEP amplitude in WT rats, in response to white light full-field stimuli, averaged over six animals, and plotted as a function of the peak irradiance. For averaging between the animals, the VEP amplitude was normalized to the response at maximum irradiance. Error bars represent the s.e.m.\nD: N1 latency as a function of the peak irradiance in the same data set.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2980_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: A 3D tissue cord made by casting a mixture of Ex-293 cells and fibrin hydrogel within a tubular mold. Scale bar, 1 cm.\nB: Longitudinal alignment of Ex-293 cells under passive tension inside a tissue cord. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Stimulation of a proximal NRVM region (left panel) generated a wave of transmembrane voltage (Vm) that spread (as shown by white arrow) through the Ex-293 tissue bridge and into the distal NRVM region (top frames). NRVM (but not Ex-293) excitation also yielded generation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients (bottom frames). Frames show colour-codedVmor [Ca2+]ioptically recorded at times shown above (blue to red indicate baseline to peak signal, respectively). Scale bar, 3 mm. Additional proof-of-concept examples where remote NRVM regions in 2D cultures are seamlessly connected by active AP propagation through Ex-293 cells are shown inSupplementary Figure S7andSupplementary Movie 4.\nD: A cocultured-3D tissue cord with peripheral NRVM regions connected by a 1.3-cm-long central Ex-293 bridge (superimposed composite images of phase contrast and mCherry fluorescence). Scale bar, 5 mm. The optical recording array was placed underneath the cord (bottom panel).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1302_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4326", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The segmentation motor pattern as drawn by Cannon16. Reproduced with permission. From Cannon's original description: A length of mass of food (top line) is cut into a series of uniform segments (2nd line). A moment later each of these segments is divided into two particles (along dotted lines inaandb). Then neighbouring particles merge to form new segments (aandbform intoc).\nB: Spatio–temporal map of segmentation motor activity from the same experiment as panele, but displayed for a longer period of time. Scale bars, 1 cm, 10 s.\nC: Still image from the intestine from whichewas derived. Scale bar, 1 cm.\nD: Spatio–temporal map of segmentation motor activity in the isolated whole-mouse intestine in the presence of TTX (1 μM). Scale bars, 1 cm, 1 s.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4326_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1455", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The probability of implementing a turn towards high at low concentrations is above chance in bilateral larvae (one-tailed one-samplet-test,P=0.002), whereas it is not significantly different from chance for unilateral larvae (one-tailed one-samplet-test,P=0.94). The performance of bilateral larvae are significantly higher than those of unilateral (one-tailed two-samplet-test,P=0.011, *P<0.05). Number of turns at positions where C<500 nM:N=165 for pooled unilateral andN=84 for bilateral.\nB: Turn-triggered average history of the bearing angle inOr42a-functional larvae with unilateral and bilateral functions (mean±s.e.m.). Grey bar shading indicates turning event. Unilateral tend to initiate turns for bearing larger than bilateral, suggesting a less reliable assessment of stimulus time course. Turn-triggered average history of perceived stimulus change at the head. The constant negative trend in unilateral larvae is interrupted earlier than in bilateral larvae, leading to higher active sampling activity before turn execution.\nC: Unilateral left (N=848 casts) and right (N=714) larvae do not show biases in the probability of head casting towards the left side (one-tailed one-samplet-test against chance,P=0.68 andP=0.63 for left and right, respectively). In addition, the performances of unilateral left and right are not significantly different (one-tailed two-samplet-test,P=0.53). Error bars indicate s.e.m.\nD: Representative trajectories of the reconstructed concentration time course measured at the head.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1455_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15098", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: PCR amplification of cDNA from sorted mutant (Lmnb1−/−) or control (Lmnb1+/−) Tomato positive cells. Thirty five cycles of PCR were performed to amplifyLmnb1exon 10/11, ribosomal protein S15 and immature neuron marker GAP43.\nB: Heatmaps of log2 fold change in expression of select genes in mutant and control cells. Genes involved in olfactory signal transduction are displayed separately. Data shown are for two experimental replicates (1 and 2).\nC: Histograms showing the distribution of activate promoter histone modification, H3K4me3, across the locus of two mature olfactory neuron genes (OmpandAdcy3(AC3)) in sorted mutant and control cells based on FARP-ChIP-seq.\nD: Correlation between changes in gene expression (log2 fold change from RNA-seq analysis) and H3K4me3 promoter abundance (log2 fold change from FARP-ChIP-seq analysis) in mutant cells compared to controls for genes differentially expressed by RNA-seq. Pearson correlationR=0.55,P<0.001F-test.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15098_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Percentage of trials with correct direction decoding obtained by training with trials of the perceptual or memory task (P or M) and testing with trials of either task. Inb,ddark-colored bars show chance decoding accuracy; grey dots, performance from individual bootstraps.\nB: Percentage of trials classified as the correct task (grey) or the correct sample direction during the perceptual task (red) or memory task (blue). Direction decoding accuracy was separately measured in trials for which task was correctly or incorrectly decoded.\nC: Confusion matrix showing the percentage of trials of a given condition (true condition) that were decoded as belonging to each of the eight conditions (decoded condition). Right, colour scale.\nD: Reduction in decoding accuracy for task (left), perceived direction (centre) and memorized direction (right) caused by removal of neurons of each functional class (perceptual, red; perceptual–mnemonic, green; mnemonic, blue). Asterisk, significant reduction; ns, not significant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15471_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: ARHGAP33 was localized to the Golgi apparatus. Double immunostaining for ARHGAP33 and a Golgi marker, GM130, in dissociated hippocampal neurons. Scale bar, 5 μm. Asterisks indicate the nucleus of neurons. Note that ARHGAP33 immunoreactivity was not detected in the neurons fromARHGAP33KO mice (lower). The data are representative of three independent experiments.\nB: The amount of TrkB, but not SORT1, in the Golgi membrane-enriched fraction was significantly increased inARHGAP33KO mice. Equal amount of the Golgi membrane fractions from WT andARHGAP33KO mice were probed with anti-TrkB, anti-SORT1, anti-GM130 and anti-ARHGAP33 antibodies.\nC: ARHGAP33 and SORT1 were co-fractionated with a Golgi marker, GM130. Biochemical preparation of the Golgi membrane fraction from a mouse brain lysate with a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. Equal amounts of protein were loaded into individual lanes and probed with antibodies against SORT1, ARHGAP33, GM130 (a Golgi marker) and EEA1 (an endosomal marker).\nD: Quantification of the amount of TrkB and SORT1 in the Golgi membrane-enriched fraction (each,n=7, TrkB,P=0.0017; SORT1,P>0.05, Mann–WhitneyU-test). The levels of TrkB and SORT1 in the Golgi-enriched fraction fromARHGAP33KO mice were normalized to those from WT mice (The averaged WT values were set to 100%). *P<0.05. NS, not significant. Bars show median values.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4047", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: RF positions in the visual field for upright (data from red and blue locations are shown inFig. 2).\nB: Illustrates (head centred view when tilted 50° cw) the variables used to quantify the dependence of the RF shifts on the orientation/direction preferences of the neurons, presented in (e) and (f). The data presented in (e) and (f) are expressed in head-centred FOR. In (e) and (f) each data point represents data comparing responses of an individual neuron in the upright and a specific head tilt.\nC: Summarizes the sample of 45 orientation selective neurons, (f) the 25 direction selective neurons. In these two polar plots the distance from the origin represents the ratio SI=RSa/OCa, (RSa: angular RF shift relative to the head, OCa: ocular counter-roll angle; SI=0 → head centred RF, SI=1→ retina centred RF). InFig. 4ethe angular coordinate represents the variable ODis, inFig. 4fthe variable DDis. The blue and red data points represent the results when the amount of the OC of the eye contralateral or ipsilateral to the ear downed by the head tilt was considered as OC angle (OCa) when evaluating SI. The magenta symbols denote nonsignificant RF displacements. The green line connects two data points collected from the same neuron tested at two different head positions.\nD: The black and magenta symbols specify the size of the angular RF shift of individual neurons (n=70) in a head-centred FOR relative to upright (first time upright), when the animal was tilted 50° cw, 50° ccw and back to upright (second time upright, coming from 50° tilt). Magenta symbols denote nonsignificant RF displacements (P<0.05 using a bootstrap procedure, see Methods) and the black symbols significant ones. The seven neurons were tested in the upright and at least one roll tilt position. The red and blue symbols give the size of the associated tilt-induced OC responses (see text for details). The green symbols characterize the OC of the right eye for upright.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4047_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14456", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Histograms showing the performances at the light–dark box test followed by HFSvSUB/CA1(purple) or SHAM manipulation (white) in anxiogenic situation.\nB: Histograms showing the performances at the light–dark box test after AP5 (grey) or vehicle in the BNST (aCSF, white) followed by HFSvSUB/CA1or SHAM manipulation in basal situation.\nC: Example trace of a SHAM rat (left) and a HFSvSUB/CA1treated rat (right) performances at the EPM (h) Histograms showing the percentage of time spent in the open arms in the EPM in the SHAM group and in HFS vSUB/CA1 group in anxiogenic situation.\nD: Histological control. Scale bar, 1.0 mm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14456_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9096", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: G25minusL25choice rate during the post learning test. *P<0.05 one samplet-test; NS, not significant (N=28). Error bars represent s.e.m.\nB: Reward minus punishment correct choice rate during the learning test.\nC: Correct choice rate during the learning test.\nD: Choice rate in the post-learning test.G75andG25: options associated with 75% and 25% per cent of winning 0.5€, respectively;L75andL25: options associated with 75% and 25% per cent of losing 0.5€, respectively. EV: absolute expected value (Probability(outcome) × Magnitude(outcome)) in a single trial. The values +37.5¢ and −37.5¢ correspondG75and theL75options, respectively. Inaandbcoloured bars represent the actual data and black (RELATIVE) and white (ABSOLUTE) dots represent the model simulated data.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9096_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13804", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Visual latencies in the different layers, averaged across all penetrations, shaded areas indicate s.e.m. (n=38 penetrations). The earliest neuronal activity occurred in layers 4C and 6.\nB: The average MUA response evoked by the onset of the target curve across the layers. Note the slight differences in the timing of the onset of the MUA response between layers.\nC: Laminar recording with the multi-site linear electrode (Plexon Inc. U-probe).\nD: Lateral view of the macaque brain. V1 is the blue region.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13804_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Population response of model extrastriate units to a visual stimulus presented at a location highlighted by the white line (see Methods for details) in the absence of a memory signal (see Methods for details).\nB: Model architecture depicting extrastriate modulation as derived from pools of persistently active, delay neurons in the FEF (brown circles), which are organized topography across visual space (top row). Persistent activity is presumed to emerge from recurrent excitatory connections (white) within each pool34,70, as well as competitive inhibitory connections (black) between neighbouring pools. Persistent activity is sent via excitatory projections to extrastriate areas such as V4 and MT (bottom row), where neurons project feed-forward inputs to the FEF.\nC: Example RF of model extrastriate unit. The blue curve depicts the model RF when measured in the absence of a delay signal. The red curve indicates the RF of the same model neuron when measured in the presence of a delay signal that maintains the location highlighted by the arrow.\nD: When remembering a location (grey line), FEF maintains elevated activity (top panel). Consistent with the experimental observations, the delay signal does not alter baseline activity in extrastriate cortex (bottom panel, delay period). However, on presentation of a visual probe at the same location as inbthe FEF delay signal modulates the response to the visual stimulus when probed during the delay period, resulting in a shift of the population response towards the centre of the delay signal, and an increase in gain.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15041_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12328", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Tissue distribution of SALM4 proteins (1820 antibody).\nB: SALM4 protein distribution in rat brain fractions (1820 antibody). H, homogenates; P1, cells and nucleus-enriched pellet; P2, crude synaptosomes; S2, supernatant after P2 precipitation; S3, cytosol; P3, light membranes; LP1, synaptosomal membranes; LS2, synaptosomal cytosol; LP2, synaptic vesicle-enriched fraction.\nC: SALM4 protein expression increases during postnatal rat brain development (1820 antibody).\nD: Distribution patterns of SALM4 mRNAs in mouse embryonic (E16 and E18) sagittal sections and postnatal brain (P7, P14, P21 and P56) horizontal sections, as revealed byin situhybridization. E, embryonic day; P, postnatal day. Scale bar, 6 mm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12328_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10584", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Laminar distribution of input arising fromNxk2-1interneuron over development; **P<0.001, Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn correction. (g–i) LSPS data from L4 glutamatergic neurons in animals in which our optogenetic actuator was bred onto SST-ires-Cre background.\nB: During the critical period plasticity L2/3 pyramidal cells received localNkx2-1input but exhibited an increase in L5b input post-critical period (b,c). *P=0.016, Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn correction for multiple comparisons.\nC: L5b SST+ cells provide early translaminar input onto L4 cells that is absent post P8 (h).\nD: The laminar distribution of SST+ interneuron input onto L4 PYRs; **P<0.001, Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn correction. Scale bar, P5–8, 0–10%; P9–12, 0-6%.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10584_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12531", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Persistent inflammatory pain (mechanical allodynia) following i.pl. carrageenan (1.5%).\nB: Acute inflammatory pain in Phase-I (0–10 min), Phase-II (10–45 min) and Phase-III (45–90 min) following intraplantar (i.pl.) formalin.\nC: 2nd mechanical allodynia following i.pl. capsaicin (5 μg), measured by frequency response to a 0.16 g filament. (d,e) Mechanical allodynia following i.t. TNF-α (20 ng,d) and i.t. bradykinin (1 μg,e).\nD: Neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia) after intraperitoneal paclitaxel (6 mg/kg). *P<0.05 (WT versus KO),n=5–11 mice per group, Two-Way ANOVA followed bypost-hocBonferroni test. Arrows (d-g) indicate drug injections. All data are expressed as mean±s.e.m.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12531_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2230", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Fibrinogen immunoreactivity. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Myelin staining with LFB (blue) counterstained with PAS (phagocytes, purple). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Number of clusters, fibrinogen immunoreactivity and demyelination in the spinal cord of healthy, EAE, and hirudin-treated mice. In healthy controls (n=5), microglial clusters, fibrin and demyelination were undetectable (UN). In pre-onset EAE (n=5), microglial clusters and fibrin were present, but there was no demyelination. At the peak of EAE, there was an increase in microglial clusters (n=9), fibrin deposition (n=7) and demyelination (n=8). At the peak of EAE in hirudin-treated mice (n=9), microglial clusters, fibrin deposition and demyelination were significantly reduced. Values are mean±s.e.m.**P<0.01,***P<0.001 (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)),*P<0.05 (Mann–Whitney test).\nD: In vivoimaging of microglial clusters (green) in relation to the vasculature (red) in the mouse EAE spinal cord. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2230_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8246", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic representation of the fornix system (in red) on a sagittal diagram.\nB: Diagram showing in red, the projection stack of post-commissural fornix. The green line indicates the plane of the transverse sections (30°) shown in panels framed in green. Panoramic views of epifluorescence observed in WT/Thy1-eYFP-H (upper) and MAP6-KO/Thy1-eYFP-H brains (lower) are shown in green framed panels, scale bar, 1 mm. Orange, blue and yellow-framed panels represent confocal images corresponding to coloured squares drawn in the panoramic view. Images are the maximal projection stack of 10 confocal sections, separated by 0.95 μm. In yellow framed panels, arrows indicated the presence of some rare axonal projections reaching the mammillary body. Scale bars, 20 μm.\nC: A schematic sagittal section indicates the site of lentivirus stereotaxic injection in dorsal subiculum (square). Confocal images of the injection site (2 weeks post injection) show GFP-expressing pyramidal neurons in dorsal subiculum (green) and Nissl counterstaining (cyan). Scale bar, 100 μm. (e–g) Schematic diagrams of sagittal planes at 0.36, 0.60 and 0.84 mm interaural indicate the position of microscopic fields corresponding to confocal images (black square). Major neuronal tracts are schematized (colour code inSupplementary Fig. 3). Confocal images show the post-commissural axonal projections expressing GFP (green) in WT and MAP6-KO mice. In MAP6-KO mice, only some rare axons reached the mammillary body (g, arrows). Scale bars, 40 μm. Acb=accumbens nucleus; ac=anterior commissure; AHN=anterior hypothalamic nucleus; CA1=field Corn d’Ammon1 of the hippocampus; df=dorsal fornix; DS=dorsal subiculum; DG=dentate gyrus; HF=hippocampal formation; LS=lateral septal nucleus; mcht=medial corticohypothalamic tract; lfp=longitudinal fasciculus of the pons; MB=mammillary bodies; MM=medial mammillary nucleus medial part; pre-f=pre-commissural fornix; pf=post-commissural fornix; sm=stria medularis; Spt=septum; vhc=ventral hippocampal commissure.\nD: Dorsal macroscopic views showing the hypoplasia of MAP6-KO post-commissural fornices. Portions of post-commissural fornix used for electron microscopy studies are indicated in red, scale bar, 0.5 mm. Representative electron-microscopic views of transverse sections of post-commissure fornices of WT and MAP6-KO mice. In WT tight clusters of axons can be seen (dotted areas) not in MAP6-KO mice, scale bars, 5 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8246_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (j)?\nA: Distance travelled during the first hour by mice i.c.v. infused control or caffeine.n=6 (Ctrl), 5 (Caffeine).\nB: Representative infrared images acquired 4 h post i.c.v. injection.\nC: Quantification of the highest 10% temperatures in the interscapular area.n=4 (Control), 5 (Caffeine). (l–n) Changes of O2consumption (l), CO2production (m) and energy expenditure (EE) (n) of the DIO mice immediately after the i.c.v. injection of control or of caffeine. lbm, lean body mass.n=8. (o,p) Twenty-four hours food intake (o) and body weight change (p) of mice administered control or caffeine (1 μg per mouse) into the PVN.n=9. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, two-tailed Student’st-test, comparison between caffeine and control groups (d,e,g–i,k,o,p); two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’spost hoctest (a,f,l–n).\nD: Food intake of mice i.c.v. injected control or caffeine.n=9 (Control), 11 (Caffeine).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15904_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3038", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Low magnification of the imaged hemisphere.\nB: Low-magnification 2P overview of the boxed area ind. Arrowheads mark the same areas incandd.\nC: Tangential brain sectioning.\nD: Terminaux Bouton (TB) annotation (green–red numbers) in live versus fixed brain.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3038_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13605", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Illustration of intended muscimol injection sites.\nB: (top) Location of a pair of muscimol injections for each session indicated by different coloured dots on a coronal MR image for monkey #181. Scale bar=5 mm. (bottom) Behavioural performance for baseline (black) and inactivation of bilateral rmCD by muscimol (cyan). Error rates (mean±s.e.m.) are shown as function of reward size. Dotted curve is the best fit of inverse function.\nC: Identification of injection sites using CT.\nD: Muscimol injection sites and behaviour for monkey #182. (e,f) Comparison of treatment-induced changes in best-fit parameters ofbandc, respectively. DREADD indicates data obtained from monkeys #171, #184 (after second injection), and #190. Muscimol indicate the data obtained from monkeys #181 and #182. NC denotes data obtained from negative cases (n=6) that are shown inSupplementary Fig. 4. Points indicate values derived from individual subjects, while bars indicate average across subjects. Subscriptsiandcindicate best-fit parameters for inactivation and control condition, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13605_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14263", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Spearman correlation between model-predicted saliency and firing rate of a single SCs neuron. (e,f) Distributions of r-values for the correlation between model-predicted saliency and firing rate for the sample of 34 SCs neurons (e), and 26 SCi neurons (f). (g,h) Average firing rate (±1 standard error of the mean; s.e.m.) of two example SCs neurons as a function of time from fixation onset, when the saliency values in the RF were divided into tertiles (low, medium, high). Only fixations with duration >200 ms were included.\nB: Transformation into log-polar SC space based on24.\nC: Single frame of an HD clip (crosshair: eye position; annulus: receptive field (RF) of the neuron).\nD: Model-predicted pattern of activation across the SC map. The black regions inbrepresent the viewing area that extended beyond the monitor, and was blackened using non-reflective cloth (see Methods). The annulus inbandcrepresents the approximate point image corresponding to the RF ina.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14263_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6601", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Quantification of the percentage of BrdU/Sox2/Nestin triple-labelled cells in WT andMecp2S421A;S424A/yaNPCs. (n=3 in each group).\nB: Representative images of Tuj1+ neurons differentiated from WT andMecp2S421A;S424A/yaNPCs.\nC: Quantification of the percentage of GFAP+ cells in WT andMecp2S421A;S424A/yaNPCs on differentiation. (n=3 in each group).\nD: Representative confocal microscopy images to demonstrate how each cell type is identified. Three adult-born neurons (co-stained by BrdU and NeuN) are marked by arrow. One adult-born glial cell (co-stained by BrdU and S100b) is marked by arrowhead. Two adult-born undetermined cells (stained by BrdU only) are marked by asterisk. The rectangle panel to the right of the merged channel image is they–zview of the same optical stack. The optical size of thez-scan is 0.4 μm per step.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6601_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12190", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Example estimations on the same recording (OGB) using MLspike, Peeling, MCMC, CD and SMS algorithms. MLspike and Peeling estimate a unique spike train, therefore ER value can be computed based on misses and false detections, while the other algorithms estimate spiking probability (up to a scaling factor in the case of CD). In the case of MCMC, this spiking probability is obtained from 400 sample spike trains (the first and last are displayed as well), from which an average ER value can be computed. Correlations between true spike train and estimations are also displayed. Each algorithm was run using the parameter values obtained with its own autocalibration procedure, except Peeling, which was run using a fix set of parameters (OGB: literature, GECIs: mean optimized from our data). SeeSupplementary Fig. 8for two additional examples. (b-d) Comparisons of the five algorithms’ performance on the whole population, separately for each data set and on all data pooled together (same graphic conventions as inFig. 5d).\nB: Same comparisons asb, but using correlation as a measure of estimation accuracy rather than ER.\nC: First line shows performance quantification as mean ER using a spike-assignment time constant of 500 ms (an estimated spike was considered as correct if there was a yet unassigned recorded spike <500 ms away). Second line displays the mean ER as a function of correspondence window.\nD: Spike estimation delay (mean temporal error) obtained using the different algorithms. The rightmost graph plots the delay as a function of spike assignment time constant. Note that even for time constants down to∼50 ms the mean temporal error was much lower than the maximally allowed one. This difference obviously decreased for very small time constants and finally converged to the maximal allowed value of 10 ms for a 20 ms time window.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12190_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12743", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Retrospective/longitudinal DamID and cross-sectional 3C loop assays, and quantitative reverse transcriptase—PCR (qRT–PCR) from HSV TALEGad1Dam-injected TIME B PFC from MK-801 and saline-treated mice forMyo3a/Gad2-Gad1long-range loop and shorter range −55 kbGad1promoter loop.N=3 per group for DamID–PCR and 3C–PCR,N=6 per group for RNA. *Two-tailedt-test:P=0.015Myo3a/Gad2andP=0.049Gad1-TSS(−55kb) LoopDamID–PCR;P=0.058Gad2andP=0.034Gad1RNA.\nB: DamID–PCR and RNA from HSV TALEGad1Dam-injected TIME A and TIME B PFC, forPhf21aandKcna4sequences. DamID–PCR,N=3 mice per group. qRT–PCR N=6 per group *Two-tailedt-test:P=0.050Kcna4DamID–PCR,P=0.016Kcna4andP=0.027Phf21aRNA.\nC: Browser view atCacnb2,Myo3a/Gad2,Phf21aandKcna4chromosome2loci (positions marked ina), showing normalized Dam-seq profiles (top to bottom) forN=4 TIME A andN=4 TIME B HSV TALEGad1Dam-injected PFC,N=2 KCL-treated TALEGad1Dam primary neuronal culture. NeuH, untransfected/untreated neuronal culture. Cerebral cortex CTCF tracks built from published data set10.\nD: Chromosome 2 linear map marking the positions of the 29 sliding windows consistently GmATC-tagged in TIME A and Time B HSV TALEGad1Dam-injected PFC (Supplementary Data 1 and 2).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12743_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: ATP levels in the thorax muscle tissues in the indicated genotypes.n=8. *P=0.045, ***P<0.0001 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey–Kramer test). The genotypes used were as follows:\nB: dCHCHD2null/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4/UAS-LacZ(LacZ),dCHCHD2null/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4/UAS-dCHCHD2(dCHCHD2),dCHCHD2null/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4/UAS-hCHCHD2 WT(WT),dCHCHD2null/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4/UAS-hCHCHD2 T61I(T61I),dCHCHD2null/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4/UAS-hCHCHD2 R145Q(R145Q). (c,d)+/Y; MHC-GAL4/UAS-LacZ(LacZ; dCHCHD2+/+),+/Y; UAS-dPINK1;MHC-GAL4/UAS-dPINK1(dPINK1; dCHCHD2+/+),+/Y; UAS-dParkin/+;MHC-GAL4/+(dParkin; dCHCHD2+/+),dCHCHD2null/Y; MHC-GAL4/UAS-LacZ(LacZ; dCHCHD2−/−),dCHCHD2null/Y; UAS-dPINK1;MHC-GAL4/UAS-dPINK1(dPINK1; dCHCHD2−/−),dCHCHD2null/Y; UAS-dParkin/+;MHC-GAL4/+(dParkin; dCHCHD2−/−). ANOVA, analysis of variance; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.\nC: TEM images of the indirect flight muscle in the indicated genotypes of 14-day-old adult flies. Scale bars, 1 μm (upper) and 2 μm (lower), respectively.\nD: dCHCHD2Rev/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4, UAS-PINK1 RNAi/+(PINK1RNAi; dCHCHD2Rev), dCHCHD2H43/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;MHC-GAL4, UAS-PINK1 RNAi/+(PINK1RNAi; dCHCHD2H43). dCHCHD2Rev/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;Da-GAL4, ParkinΔ21/Parkin1(Parkin−/−; dCHCHD2Rev), dCHCHD2H43/Y; UAS-mitoGFP/+;Da-GAL4, ParkinΔ21/Parkin1(Parkin−/−; dCHCHD2H43).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15500_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9381", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Structure-based (when known) and sequence-based sequence alignment ofDrosophilaStau dsRBD5 with other dsRBD5s of Stau/STAU1 homologues (upper part), and withDrosophilaStau dsRBD1-4, canonical dsRBDA. aeolicusRNase III, and human L44mt dsRBDL45(PDB ID: 3J7Y) (lower part). Secondary structures ofDrosophilaStau dsRBD5 are shown at the top of the panel. The residues of Stau dsRBD5 involved in Mira binding are indicated with black dots. Conservation of these Mira interacting residues is highlighted. Identical residues or residues with similar polarity or hydrophobicity from invertebrate to vertebrate are coloured in red, those only identical in higher order species in green, and others in black. Three dsRNA-binding regions are indicated by dashed frames. The key residues for dsRNA-binding are highlighted in cyan.\nB: Superimposition of Mira514–595/Stau dsRBD5 complex and human STAU1 SSM–dsRBD5 dimer structures showing that the β-sheet face mediated protein binding of dsRBD5 does not conflict with the dimerization through the α1–α2 interface. STAU1 SSM–dsRBD5 dimer is coloured in beige and green, Stau dsRBD5s are coloured in purple and pink, and Mira dimer is coloured in navy blue and cyan.\nC: Superimposition of Stau dsRBD5, human STAU1 dsRBD5 andA. aeolicusRNase III dsRBD with Mira (navy blue and cyan), SSM (dark green) and dsRNA (orange) in surface representations, showing that there is no steric hindrance among dsRNA binding and protein binding through β-sheet and α1–α2 interfaces.\nD: Superimposition of Stau dsRBD5 with human STAU1 dsRBD537(PDB ID: 4DKK) andA. aeolicusRNase III dsRBD40(PDB ID: 2NUG). Stau dsRBD5 is coloured in purple, STAU1 dsRBD5 in orange and RNase III dsRBD in grey.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9381_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11195", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: WM task diagram.\nB: WM task, behavioural data from the scalp-EEG experiment, description as inc(WM accuracy: paired samplest-test,N=20,t(19)=2.3,P=0.033 ,d=0.49; increased surprise for failed WM: paired samplest-test,N=20,t(19)=2.6,P=0.019,d=0.91).\nC: Stop-signal task diagram.\nD: WM task, behavioural data from the behavioural experiment. Left panel: WM accuracy by trial type. WM accuracy is reduced following surprising compared with standard tones (paired samplest-test,N=20,t(19)=3.5,P=0.0026 ,d=0.78). Right panel: Bayesian surprise values of surprising trials split by WM accuracy. Surprise is increased for tones that interrupted WM (paired samplest-test,N=20,t(19)=2.14,P=0.045,d=0.77). Error bars denote s.e.m.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11195_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13233", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Axonal localization of synaptophysin-immunopositive vesicles (red channel) with glycolytic enzymes and SNAP25 (green channel).\nB: The nuclear neuronal protein Ctip2 (red channel) does not co-localize with synaptophysin of PK (green channel). Nuclear staining of Ctip2 was used as positive control.\nC: The Transferrin receptor (TfR, red channel) co-localizes with PGK (green channel) in dendrites of cortical neurons. Co-staining was analysed by Airyscan microscopy. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: Vesicles expressing APP-mCherry (red channel) show co-localization with glycolytic enzymes (green channel).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13233_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4611", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Proposed mechanism of acetate induced inhibition of the feeding impulse. Relatively increased hypothalamic TCA cycle activity increases ATP production, decreases AMP levels and AMPK inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), increases malonyl-CoA levels and stimulates POMC mRNA expression, and inhibits appetite.\nB: Regions of interest (ROIs) used in manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI). MR image showing the ROI locations in the hypothalamus from which signal intensity (SI) measurements were determined. ARC, arcuate nucleus; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus; ArP, area postrema; NTS, nucleus of solitary tract. White bar represents 1 mm. (b–e) Hypothalamic neuronal activation in the ARC, VMH, the PVN and the NTS of mice following i.p. administration of acetate or a saline control as determined by MEMRI. Arrow signifies start of i.v. MnCl2infusion. SI is significantly increased in the ARC of acetate treated mice compared with saline-injected controls based on generalized estimated equations (GEE) and Mann–WhitneyU-test; **P<0.01 (n=4–5 per group).\nC: Effect of acetate on hypothalamic expression of POMC, NPY and AgRP as determined by hypothalamic qPCR. Data expressed as fold change in expression compared with saline-injected controls at 30 and 60 min post administration one-way ANOVA withpost hocDunnett’s correction; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 (n=5 per group). (g,h) pACC and pAMPK hypothalami content expressed in relation to β-actin control, based on two-sided, unpaired Student’st-test; *P<0.05 (n=5).\nD: Immunoblots of hypothalamic pAMPK and pACC levels in mice 30 min after the i.p. injection of either saline or acetate (full blot with annotation available inSupplementary Fig. 1).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4611_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9200", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: High-magnification confocal images of GFP–DHHC5 fluorescence (lower panels pseudocolored as a heat map) and DsRed before and after glycine stimulation.\nB: GFP–DHHC5 fluorescence decreases transiently within spines after glycine stimulation (P<0.001, F9,220=42.45;n=221 spines, 8 cells). Treatment with AP5, DL-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, abolishes this (P=0.46, F9,141=0.974,n=142 spines, 6 cells).\nC: Confocal images of 14 DIV neurons demonstrating partial co-localization of GFP–DHHC5 and PSD-95.\nD: Representative image of GFP–DHHC5 within masks made of spines (dashed white line) or dendritic shaft (dashed yellow line). High-magnification confocal images of GFP–DHHC5 and RFP–δ-catenin WT (e) or C960-1S (g; lower panels pseudocoloured as a heat map) within a single spine and region of dendrite shaft (traced with white and yellow dashed lines, respectively) before and after stimulation.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9200_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2135", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification of the inhibitory effect of RAP and LRP1 siRNA treatment on the amount of zinc-stimulated endocytosis across multiple immunoblots from three separate experiments. Kruskal–Wallis, ***P<0.001.\nB: Zinc uptake measured using Newport Green in SH-SY5Y cells expressing PrPCexposed to 100 μM Zn2+(blue symbols) or to 100 μM Zn2+in the presence of 20 μg ml−1RAP (green symbols). Kruskal–Wallis,P<0.05. Data shown as the relative Newport Green fluorescence corrected against DNA content and plotted as mean±s.e.m. (n=3).\nC: SH-SY5Y cells expressing PrPCwere surface biotinylated and then either left untreated, exposed to 20 μg ml−1RAP or 2 μM LRP1 siRNA in the presence or absence of 100 μM Zn2+. Before lysis, cell-surface PrPCwas removed by trypsin digestion. PrPCwas immunoprecipitated from the cell lysates with antibody 3F4 and analysed by western blot with the biotin-labelled PrPCdetected with peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin.\nD: Zinc uptake measured using Newport Green in SH-SY5Y cells expressing PrPCexposed to 100 μM Zn2+(blue symbols) or to 100 μM Zn2+following knockdown of LRP1 expression with siRNA (green symbols). Kruskal–Wallis,P<0.05.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2135_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2318", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Time-lag correlation graph plotting for each imaged neuron (729 neurons) the average correlation and average time of activation relative to all other cells for all network bursts within a recording session (12 events). The peak of maximum cell coactivation (arrow inb) was used as the zero time reference.\nB: Two-photon calcium fluorescence image of the recorded network. Scale bar: 100 μm.\nC: Contour plot of the cells imaged in (b). Red filled contours indicate EFNs.\nD: Top: Rasterplot of the calcium event onsets as a function of time for every neuron imaged in the presence of bicuculline (10 μM) in a P7 mouse hippocampal slice loaded with Fura-2AM and recorded with two-photon multibeam excitation at X10 magnification. Bottom traces show two representative calcium fluorescence traces from two cells in the network. Scale bar:xaxis: 30 s,yaxis: 10% DF/F.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2318_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14219", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: 50 μm for low-magnification images; (a–f) 20 μm for high-magnification images.\nB: 100 μm for low-magnification image;\nC: At E14, MEIS2 is expressed in PROX1-/Htr3a-GFP+ INs located at the PSB at the level of lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) (arrowheads). At the level of the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE),Htr3a-GFP+ INs express PROX1 but only very rarely MEIS2 (n=3 brains).\nD: Isochronic grafts ofHtr3a-GFP+ INs on E14 cortical slices were performed using PSB or CGE tissues isolated by microdissection. At dayin vitro2 (DIV2), PSB-derived and CGE-derivedHtr3a-GFP+ INs were assessed in the developing cortex using IHC and time-lapse imaging.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14219_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11003", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Immediate cued-recall accuracy for bystanders by number of adjacent suppression epochs. Difference between the left- (peach colour) and right-most (dark orange) bars reveals an amnesic shadow (F-test).\nB: Experiment 3’s two No-Think strategies.\nC: Experiment 4 replaced No-Think trials with a difficult ‘Think-Harder’ task.\nD: Direct suppression, not thought substitution, caused a shadow.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11003_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2303", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The three main calpain-cleaved sites of TDP-43 (red arrowheads) and the calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragment constructs tagged with GFP at the N terminus are illustrated.\nB: Schematic illustration of sequential cleavage of TDP-43 by calpain. Activation of calpain generates aggregation-prone N-terminal fragments (orange), which are sequentially cleaved into smaller fragments that are no longer aggregation-prone. CTFs of TDP-43 are not prone to aggregation.\nC: Examples of cells 72 h after transfection with the GFP-TDP-43 fragment or with GFP-TDP-43. The numbers in the rows indicate the constructs indicated ina. The cells transfected with the constructs of larger calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragments (1–286, 1–324) exhibited large and extensive aggregates, whereas those transfected with the constructs of the full-length TDP-43 or the small calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragment (1–243) exhibited small aggregates with diffuse TDP-43 immunoreactivity. The nuclei were visualized with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: The proportion of cells with aggregates among those exhibiting GFP signals was calculated. The larger calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragments (1–286 and 1–324) induced cytoplasmic aggregations in a larger number of cells than the full-length TDP-43 or the small calpain-dependent TDP-43 fragment (1–243). Means (columns) and s.e.m. (bars) are indicated (n=3; ***P=0.0036; and **P=0.0115, Student’st-test against the wild-type value).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2303_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: TEM of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) melanosomes at the base of the eye in the extantRhinogobius.\nB: TEM showing many spherical granules in the fossilA. bridgei(NSM PV22247).\nC: SEM of a small region ofbshowing spherical granules found in the lower right area.\nD: SEM of RPE melanosomes inRhinogobius.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6920_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1226", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Point displacements of the basilar membrane (solid line) and stapes (dotted line) vibration.\nB: Energy (blue), volume- (red) and point- (black) displacement gains as a function of the sound level. Green circles show energy gains from five sensitive cochleae (mean=61, s.e.=11,n=5).\nC: Volume displacements of the basilar membrane (solid line) and stapes (dotted line) vibration as a function of the sound level.\nD: Energy input and output functions of the basilar membrane (solid line) and stapes (dotted line) vibration.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1226_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Average (±s.e.m.) EPSP peak shifts plotted against Δtinhfor synaptically evoked (blue) and conductance-clamp-simulated (black) EPSPs. Negative and positive values indicate an EPSP peak advance and delay, respectively. Δtinh=0.1 ms,P=0.986; Δtinh=−0.6 ms,P=0.647; two-way ANOVA,n=7 recordings.\nB: Schematic of input circuitry to the MSO. Ipsilateral (Ipsi) and contralateral (Contra) glutamatergic inputs from the anteroventral cochlear nuclei (AVCN) target the dendrites. Glycinergic inputs from the lateral and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB and MNTB, respectively) target the soma. (c,d) Schematics of configurations for synaptic stimulation of EPSPs (F-stim) while simulating IPSPs (G-inject) with conductance-clamp (G-clamp,c) and simulating both EPSPs and IPSPs with conductance-clamp (d).\nC: Timing convention. The onset of Inhibition is timed relative to that of Excitation from one side (Δtinh), designated as contralateral. Negative values indicate Inhibition leads Excitation (Inh-lead), and positive values indicate Inhibition lags Excitation (Inh-lag). (f,g) Voltage traces for an example recording using configurations inc,d, respectively, aligned in time to the peak of the EPSP alone (light traces). The influence of a precisely timed IPSP (red traces) on EPSP peak timing is visualized as a shifted peak of the composite PSP (dark traces). Traces are separated to illustrate inhibitory timing conditions that enforced a peak advance (left) or delay (right). Traces are also plotted aligned in time to the IPSP inSupplementary Fig. 2e. Resting membrane potential (Vrest): −64 mV.\nD: Fluorescence micrograph of a P60 MSO neuron. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4790_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6689", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Same asgfor full-field flashes.\nB: Same ashbut as a function of drive intensity and time difference.\nC: (Bottom) Average pairwise correlation between pyramidal neurons (left), PV+ and pyramidal neurons (middle) and SOM+ and pyramidal neurons (right) as a function of time difference and distance in the network. The time scale is in units of stimulus duration. (Top) Correlation versus time difference, averaged across distance, for the various cell combinations. Light coloured lines indicate the baseline pairwise correlation during ongoing spontaneous activity; dark lines indicate correlations during visually driven activity. The panel on the right is the average correlation at time difference 0 as a function of distance.\nD: Population responses during full-field stimulation as a function of increasing drive for pyramidal (left), PV+ (middle) and SOM+ (right) neurons.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6689_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3125", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Scheme illustrating the progenitor lineage detected in the LGE in comparison with the neocortex. For a print-out of this figure please refer toSupplementary Fig. 9with adjusted gamma value and both channels combined in grayscale to maintain the visibility of fine processes.\nB: Lineage diagram derived from the time-lapse movie in (a); note that BPs continued to proliferate in the SVZ, but could not be individually followed due to their fast movement and decreased GFP signal (dashed lines). Note that the length of the lines in (b) and (g) are not drawn to scale (time). (c–e) Single optical sections from z-stacks reveal details of the respective imaging timepoints indicated. Full arrowheads point to the cell body of progenitor cells and white outlined arrowheads point to the respective processes of cells. For example, the short basal and apical process of the SNP in (a) are shown in (c) at a different timepoint.\nC: Time-lapse series illustrating the generation of multiple VZ progenitors coming from a single labelled cell. The SNP divides at the ventricle (red arrowheads; t:03:20), giving rise to two SNPs that divide again at the ventricle (red arrowheads at t:18:40). The RG (white arrowhead in t:03:20) gives rise to one RG and one SAP that divides between t:39:10 and t: 41:42 (blue arrowheads).\nD: Time-lapse series of a clone consisting of a RG (white arrowhead) and a SNP (lacking a basal process, red arrowhead). The SNP divides at the ventricle (dashed white line; two red arrowheads indicate M-phase) (t:10:20), giving rise to two SAPs (dark blue arrowheads) that divide again in the VZ (t:22:20). The RG also divides at the ventricle, giving rise to a RG and a SAP (white and blue arrowhead in t:17:25) that divides in the VZ (two blue arrowheads in t:35:26), whereas the RG undergoes mitosis at the ventricle (t:53:17; white arrowheads: basal process of RG).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3125_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2568", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Immunoblotting of striatal lysates validates decreased DAT levels in striatum of DAT+Ala. Left panel, densitometric analysis of immunoblots, means±s.e.m.,n=4, *P<0.05, non-parametric Mann–Whitney test. Right panel, representative immunoblots.\nB: Immunoblotting demonstrates similar striatal DAT levels in both WT and PICK1 KO mice. Left panel, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from WT and PICK1 KO mice, means±s.e.m,n=4,P>0.05, non-parametric Mann–Whitney test. Right panel, representative immunoblots.\nC: Upper panels, confocal micrographs of axon terminals in striatal slices from WT and PICK1 KO mice, labelled for DAT. Lower panels, DAT labelling in WT and PICK1 KO midbrain slices. Dense DAT labelling is seen in striatum as well as midbrain of both genotypes.\nD: Upper panels, confocal micrographs of axon terminals in WT and DAT+Ala striatal slices labelled for DAT. Lower panels, DAT labelling in midbrain slices. Both striatum and midbrain show substantial loss of DAT-ir in DAT+Ala mice. Midbrain neurons in WT show extensive DAT labelling in both cell bodies and dendrites, while labelling is reduced and limited to perikarya in DAT+Ala mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2568_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3740", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Expression of messenger RNAs encoding enzymes necessary for HS synthesis was assayed via reverse transcriptase–PCR. The level of mRNA expression in WT mice was defined as 1.0 for each gene. These data were compared by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’spost hocpairwise comparisons. *P<0.05 (n=15); T1KO SCI versus WT SCI or versus T1KO (intact).\nB: On the basis of immunohistochemistry, HS was highly expressed in T1KO mice but not in WT or ChABC-treated mice, 2 w after SCI. Antibodies 10E4 and 3G10 recognize different disaccharides in HS. Scale bar, 1 mm.\nC: Dot-blot analysis of HS expression in spinal cords before and after SCI (2 w). HS was detected only in T1KO mice with SCI, but not in any other mice, including the ChABC-treated mice.\nD: Biochemical quantification of HS expression at sites of SCI 2 weeks after injury. *P<0.05 (Student’st-test;n=6).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3740_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7760", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Base model plus ApoE, tau/Aβ1–42and ferritin. AUC, area under curve.\nB: Base model plus ApoE and tau/Aβ1-42.\nC: Change in mean age of diagnosis according to CSF biomarkers. The months taken for∼50% survival of each quintile boundary in the Cox models were graphed against the unit values of those boundaries. The gradient of the linear model was used to estimate change in age of conversion for each unit change in analyte. (refer toFig. 3a,Supplementary Fig. 4). (c–e) Receiver operating curves of logistic regression modelling of MCI conversion to AD (refer toTable 2,Supplementary Fig. 5).\nD: MCI survival based on the minimal Cox proportional hazards model (Table 2), the conversion is plotted for each quintile of ferritin (applying mean values for the cohort: ApoE=7.2 μg ml−1, tau/Aβ1–42=0.69 units). The numbers on the right side of the graphs indicate the quintile boundaries. This minimal model contained only the CSF biomarkers.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7760_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14967", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Body weight change and food intake during a leptin challenge (*P<0.01,n=4). Statistics were performed using unpairedt-test. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m. (related toSupplementary Fig. 4b,c). NS, not significant.\nB: mRNA levels of browning genes in SubQ adipose tissue after 8 h of cold exposure (#P=0.066, **P<0.001, ****P<0.00001,n=9).\nC: Norepinephrine content of SubQ adipose tissue and BAT after 8 h of cold exposure (****P<0.00001,n=4 for Symp andn=6 for Control).\nD: Body temperature during cold (4 °C) exposure (***P<0.0001,n=5). Controls are PEGyDT-injectedLSL-DTRmice, which are hereafter referred to as ‘Control’.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14967_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2417", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Quantitative analysis of the signal intensity of the Gfap-immunoreactive bands. Unpairedt-test. More than 500 neurons from three brains were analysed in each group (e–h),n=3 (j). Unpairedt-test.n=3 for each group (l),n=5 (n). Error bars indicate s.e.m. (e–h,j,l,n,p). Scale bars, 50 μm (a–d,k,m).\nB: Quantitative analysis of the signal intensity of the ChAT-immunoreactive bands.\nC: Immunoblotting for ChAT in the spinal cord of AR-97Q andHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice (13 weeks old).\nD: Immunofluorescent staining of NMJs in 13-week-old AR-97Q and heterozygousHsf-1-knockout AR-97Q mice (red, bungarotoxin; green, synaptophysin and phopsho-neurofilament H).The terminal of motor axons (green) are merged with virtually all the acetylcholine receptors labelled by bungarotoxin (red) in wild-type mice, indicating that NMJs are fully innervated. By contrast, some NMJs of AR-97Q mice lack synaptophysin and phopsho-neurofilament H staining owing to denervation (arrowheads), and this phenomenon was further enhanced byHsf-1depletion.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2417_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13348", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Neuroscience", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (m)?\nA: Total RNA from neuron cultures stimulated with conditioned media from untreated or HSV-1-infected microglia was analysed for expression of Cxcl10 by RT–qPCR.\nB: The WT astrocytes were stimulated with IFN-α/β (25 U ml−1) or supernatants from microglia stimulated with dsDNA or HSV-1, 6 h after the TLR3 mRNA were measured. Data are presented as means ±s.e.m. All RT–qPCR data in this figure were normalized to β-actin levels and are presented as (means ± s.e.m.) fold induction relative to the WT UT. Symbols forP-values used in the figures: *0.0110) SNVs. To stabilize the estimate, we added the genome-wide average of the nonsynonymous and synonymous SNVs per gene to the numerator and the denominator of the ratio. The red-coloured points denote known cancer driver genes from the cancer gene consensus database.\nC: The fraction of genes with recurrent SNVs.\nD: The fraction of genes involved in cancer pathways.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1982_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5263", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic illustration of the humanRNU1gene showing the positions of the primers used to amplify total and uncleaved U1 snRNA using qRT–PCR.\nB: Quantitative RT–PCR analyses of the RNA samples shown incusing primers targeting theRNU2,RNU4andRNU5genes. (b–d) Expression of 7SK RNA was measured as an internal control in qRT–PCR experiments. The qRT–PCR data were normalized to those of the corresponding control cells and are represented as the mean±s.d. ofn=3 replicates. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 2. Uncropped blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nC: The left panel shows an immunoblot analysis of HeLa cells treated with DMSO (Flavo−) or 0.5 μM Flavopiridol (Flavo+) for 4 h. Antibodies specific for Rpb1 or Pol II phosphorylated at Ser2, Ser5 or Ser7 were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of Flavopiridol on P-TEFb. Actin was detected as a loading control. The right panel shows qRT–PCR analyses of total and uncleaved U1 snRNA in the same cells.\nD: The left panel shows an immunoblot analysis of HeLa cells transfected with a control plasmid or a plasmid expressing a specific shRNAs to knockdown (KD) Spt5, NELF or Ints9. Cells were harvested for analysis 84 h after transfection. The right panel shows qRT–PCR analyses of total and uncleaved U1 snRNA in the same cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5263_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15078", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Unsuccessful mitotic events were counted and graphed from conditioned media from FCM or LCM. A two-tailedχ2- analysis was used.n=185.\nB: Cytokinetic instability events were graphed as a percentage of all dividing cells. A two-tailedχ2- analysis was used.n=486.\nC: Still images of a mitotic event in a follower cell and a leader cell. Time in minutes. P, prophase; M, metaphase; A, anaphase; C, cytokinesis.\nD: Leader and follower cells were cultured in LCM or FCM and cell death events were graphed as a percentage of total cells in the field of view. A two-tailedχ2- analysis was used.n=1782. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15078_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14329", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Flag-tagged RIP1 reconstitutedRIP1KO L929 cells were treated with mTNF+zVAD for 2 h with or without BHA/amytal followed by Flag immunoprecipitation and targeted MS analysis. Phosphopeptides containing S161 phosphorylation were detected and the MS2 intensities of the S161 phosphopeptide in each sample were extracted and the relative folds were calculated and shown. Data in (b–d) represented the mean±s.e.m. of three and two independent experiments, respectively. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ns: no significant difference. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 3.\nB: RIP1KO L929 cells were reconstituted with RIP1 carrying different serine/threonine mutations and stimulated with mTNF+zVAD for 4 h. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) was used at 30 μM to pretreat the cells for 1 h and then kept in the media till viabilities were measured by PI exclusion. RIP1 expression levels were determined by western blotting with anti-RIP1 antibody.\nC: RIP1KO L929 cells were infected with lentivirus encoding Flag-tagged WT, KK-AT or D138N RIP1, respectively, for 24 h, and then subjected to western blotting for examination of expression level of these proteins. Anti-RIP1 and anti-GAPDH antibodies were used.\nD: RIP1KO L929 cells carrying WT, KK-AT or D138N RIP1 were treated with mTNF+zVAD for time as indicated with/without the presence of BHA/amytal. Viabilities were measured by PI exclusion.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14329_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8030", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Western blot analyses (upper panel) were used to monitor the kinetics and levels of phosphorylated IκB expression in BL41 cells, or in BL41 cells expressing vtRNA1-1 or vtRNA1-2, respectively, as a function of TNFα incubation (in minutes). Hsp90 served as loading control. The same cell lines were used to test for Bcl-xL mRNA expression by qPCR (lower panel). The data represent the mean and standard deviation of two independent experiments. Locations of molecular weight markers (kDa) are shown on the left (b) or right (c), respectively.\nB: A putative model showing how vtRNA1-1 confers apoptosis resistance by modulating the intrinsic as well as the extrinsic pathways. When vtRNA1-1 levels are high (green arrow), such as in the presence of EBV infection and LMP1 signalling (orange), ARC and Bcl-xL become upregulated (green arrows). These proteins subsequently contribute to inhibiting the intrinsic as well as the extrinsic apoptotic pathway resulting in reduced levels of cleaved caspases 9 (intrinsic), 8 (extrinsic) and 3 (both pathways). In the latter case Bcl-xL neutralizes caspase-8 processed Bid at the outer mitochondrial membrane that links the extrinsic pathway to the mitochondrial pathway required for full effector caspase activation thus leading to resistance to Fas Ligand-induced cell death.\nC: Protein levels of Bcl-xL, ARC and the cleaved caspases Casp-9 and Casp-3 in BL41 cells expressing vtRNA1-1 or vtRNA1-2 in the absence (−) or presence (+) of staurosporine (Stau) were assessed by western blot analyses. Cleavage of Casp-8 was monitored after Fas-L treatment. Proteins GAPDH or L9 served as loading controls. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 10.\nD: qPCR identifies 10 apoptosis marker genes. Only mRNAs with expression levels that differ more than 2-fold between BL41 and BL41 cells expressing vtRNA1-1 (after a 4.5 h staurosporine treatment) were taken into consideration. Upregulation is reflected by a positive and downregulation by a negative fold-change value. The data shown derive from averaging two biological replicates.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8030_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9976", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: TheTtemRNA complex used in SiM-KARTS experiments. Full-lengthTtemRNA molecules are immobilized to the slide surface via a biotinylated-capture strand that is hybridized to the 5′ end of the mRNA. Features of the riboswitch and associated reading frames are coloured as inFig. 1a,b, respectively. A TYE563-LNA (with green star) is hybridized to the start of the downstream open reading frame to occlude this second SD sequence and to locate mRNAs on the slide surface.\nB: Experimental prism-based TIRFM set-up. TheTtemRNA complexes shown inaare immobilized to a slide surface that has been passivated with biotinylated BSA (omitted for clarity). Repeated binding and dissociation of the anti-SD probe labelled with Cy5 (red sphere, red star) is monitored through co-localization of TYE563 and Cy5 fluorescence.\nC: Representative anti-SD probe-binding fluorescence versus time trajectory and corresponding fluorescence intensity histogram for a singleTtemRNA molecule in the absence of preQ1. Cy5 intensity from the anti-SD probe (magenta) and Hidden Markov idealization to a two-state model (HMM, grey) are plotted as a function of time. The TYE563 fluorescence trace used to identify and localize theTtemRNA has been omitted for clarity.\nD: Anti-SD (red) and control (black) probe binding and dissociation rate constants (kon, left plot;koff, right plot) were determined from exponential fits of dwell times in the unbound and bound states, respectively, as a function of preQ1concentration. Binding and dissociation rate constants for the control probe are unaffected by preQ1concentration. The correspondingK1/2value from the saturation curve fit of the anti-SD probe binding is indicated. The results represent the average±s.e.m. of at least three independent experiments.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9976_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13610", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Metagene plots denoting the distribution of H3K36 me3 mark over the promoters and gene bodies of SRATs (green), CUTs (orange) and a subset of CUTs (CUT_sub,n=52) that are upregulated upon loss of Set2 (blue). The lighter areas surrounding the traces in all three figures denote the 95% confidence interval of the traces.\nB: . Metagene plots denoting the distribution of H3K36 me3 mark over the promoters and gene bodies of SRATs (green), XUTs (orange), and a subset of XUTs (XUT_sub,n=121) that are upregulated upon loss of Set2 (blue).\nC: Metagene plots denoting the distribution of H3K36 me3 mark over the promoters and gene bodies of SRATs (green), SUTs (orange) and a subset of SUTs (SUT_sub,n=48) that are upregulated upon loss of Set2 (blue).\nD: Scatter plot denoting the wild-type transcript abundance of CUTs, SUTs and XUTs on thexaxis, and the fold change of each of these transcripts in theSET2deletion mutant on theyaxis. Transcripts that are significantly upregulated using the defined cutoffs are marked as red circles (n=347). Transcripts that have an overlapping protein-coding gene overlapping the ncRNA are marked with filled yellow circles.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13610_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9898", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Data re-plotted as kanamycin B titrations under various Mg2+concentrations (from 0.132 mM, black, to 25 mM, purple). Lines connecting the data points do not represent fits and are visual aids only.\nB: Comparison ofEFRETchanges at three Mg2+concentrations (low, 0.37 mM; high, 10 mM; and near physiological, 1 mM) in response to titrations of c-di-GMP (red circles, dashed line) or kanamycin B (blue triangles, solid line). The ligands induceEFRETresponses that are distinct in magnitude and sign from each other under all Mg2+concentrations tested.\nC: A plot ofKMg, obtained from fits to Mg2+titrations, as a function of kanamycin B concentration. Increasing kanamycin B concentration progressively inhibits the Mg2+-induced folding of the RNA (higherKMg).\nD: Data re-plotted as Mg2+titrations under different kanamycin B concentrations (from 0 μM, black, to 198 μM, purple). Lines represent Hill-type fits to the Mg2+titrations. The inset shows the gradual shift to higher Mg2+midpoint with increasing kanamycin B concentration.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9898_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13856", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Fat body smRNA size profile from oxidized smRNA-seq libraries. Oxidation allows for enrichment of 2′-O-methylated smRNAs. Peak at 21 nt likely represents short interfering RNA (siRNA) population. Broader peak from 23 to 29 nt represents putative fat body piRNAs. Reads aligning to rRNA and miRNA were excluded from analysis.\nB: Piwi protein is present in the fat body. All piRNA argonautes are present in the ovary samples. Actin serves as a loading control.\nC: Fat body piRNAs (23–29 nt) aligned to the fly genome map primarily to TEs.\nD: Piwi protein localizes to the nuclei of abdominal fat body cells. DAPI labels fat body nuclei. Staining in the membrane is autofluorescence typical of fat body cells. Scale bars represent 20 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13856_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2882", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic drawings of this unwinding event:\nB: one UvrD translocates until it encounters an ssDNA/dsDNA junction; (ii) it stops at the junction; (iii) the second UvrD binds to the junction; and (iv) the helicase unwinds the duplex DNA.\nC: The fluorescence intensity trajectory. At 68 s (magenta dotted line), there is a sudden increase in fluorescence, which designates the binding event of another UvrD. There is a third binding event (71 s) followed by quick dissociation (or photobleaching, 72 s), but this event does not seem to have a role in unwinding.\nD: The force (tension in the DNA substrate) trajectory. The force is stable at 13.5 pN initially, which means no length change in the DNA substrate. At the second magenta dotted line, the force starts to decrease, which is the signature of dsDNA unwinding.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2882_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12235", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: U2OS cells stably expressing FLAG-H3wt, FLAG-H3K122E or FLAG-H3K122R were extracted in lysate buffer containing 1.5 M NaCl, salt soluble proteins were separated by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), and H3 was detected by western bloting. Ponceau S staining indicates loading. The efficiency of overexpression of FLAG-H3, H3 mutants or total H3 was monitored by western blotting of whole-cell lysate, with corresponding antibodies.\nB: Control or SIRT7-depleted U2OS cells were exposed to 10 Gy of IR and collected at different time points. Nuclei were prepared and subjected to MNase assays. Mononucleosome, dinucleosome and trinucleosome are indicated (upper). The band densities were quantified using ImageJ software and the intensity values were background subtracted (lower).\nC: Nuclei from U2OS cells stably expressing FLAG-H3wt, FLAG-H3K122E or FLAG-H3K122R were incubated with 40 gel units of MNase for 5 min followed by DNA extraction and ethidium bromide staining (left). The band densities were quantified using ImageJ software and expressed as percentage of signal minus background of the entire line from top to the bottom. Calibrated kilobase pair (kbp) sizes are indicated (right).\nD: Control or SIRT7-depleted U2OS cells were exposed to 10 Gy of IR and collected at different time points. Cells were extracted in lysate buffer containing 1.0 M NaCl, salt-soluble proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE, and γH2AX, H2AX and H3 were detected by western bloting. Ponceau S staining indicated loading. (e,f) Overexpression of H3K122 mutants affected the repair efficiency of NHEJ and HR. EJ5-GFP-HEK293 (e) or DR-GFP-U2OS (f) cells stably expressing FLAG-H3wt, FLAG-H3K122E or FLAG-H3K122R were transfected with I-SceI for 48 h and analysed by FACS. Each bar represents the mean±s.d. for triplicate experiments. **P<0.01 (two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test). The efficiency of overexpression of FLAG-H3, H3 mutants or HA-I-SceI was monitored by western blotting.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12235_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Comparison of Ψ value for ES events between circRNA and mRNA in HeLa and HEK293 samples. (f–j) An experimentally validated example of alternatively spliced cirexons: ES and alternative 5′-splicing site within circRNA chr1:231,090,079|231,097,049.\nB: The amplified fragments by RT–PCR corresponding to the three circular transcripts.\nC: Cirexons and splice junctions, as well as sequencing depth and corresponding BSJ reads, within the circRNA detected by CIRI-AS in RNase R-treated sample of HeLa cells.\nD: Positions of outward-facing primers and critical splice junctions on the three circular transcipts sharing the same BSJs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12060_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4064", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: TRX-h5,(f)GRXS13and (g)GRX480gene expression in wild-type,med18andyy1mutants.\nB: Co-IP of MYC-YY1 and MED18-HA. Co-IP experiments were conducted using protein extracts from transgenic plants stably expressing Myc-YY1 and MED18-HA.\nC: TheArabidopsis yy1mutant plants support increased fungal growth and (d) disease symptom after inoculation withB. cinerea.\nD: BiFC assay showing the interaction between MED18 and YY1. Cells were examined under brightfield (left column), fluorescence (YFP) and as a merged image (right) showing either no interaction or interaction in the nucleus. The nucleus was stained with DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4064_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12580", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structure-based sequence alignment for the LBL region of the AtMUB3/4 protein family fromArabidopsis,Arabidopsis thaliana(At); cucumber,Cucumis sativus; rice,Oryza Sativa(Os); potato,Solanum tuberosum(St) and the single MUB proteins from human,Homo sapiens(Hs) and mouse,Mus musculus(Mm). Ubiquitin is included for comparison. Residues in direct contact with E2 (AtUBC8 BD) are indicated by circles above the alignment, among which, cyan circles indicate LBL residues and open circles indicate BBS-binding residues. The most universally conserved part of the LBL is underlined in red, while plant-specific conservation is underlined with red dots. The aligned amino acids are coloured black (hydrophobic), yellow (charged) and white (polar) and the length of the α2β5-loop is indicated to the right.\nB: Detailed view of the AtMUB3 LBL and AtUBC8 with interacting residues rendered with sticks. LBL (magenta) and AtUBC8 (grey) with residues coloured in cyan. Salt bridges are shown as dashed lines.\nC: Superposition of Ub (red) modelled from a backside Ube2D3-binding structure, AtMUB1 alone in solution (purple blue) and the AtMUB3 (magenta):AtUBC8 (grey, surface) complex. LBLs in different states of the AtMUB1 NMR structure (asterisks) exhibit flexibility and various ‘open’ conformations, while LBL residues in the AtMUB3 structure (sticks) are coordinated by the E2 surface demonstrating a ‘closed’ conformation.\nD: b-factors are plotted on AtMUB3 (cartoon) viewed from the E2 perspective. Core residues of the bar are listed and flexible side arms are indicated with asterisks.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12580_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15637", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: U2OS cells were fed (F) or starved (S) with or without glucose, glutamine or AICAR and immunoblotted using anti-AMPKα and anti-tubulin antibodies. Stable GFP-WIPI4 U2OS cells (e) or GFP-WIPI1 (f) were fed or treated with complete medium without FCS (−FCS), without glucose (−FCS −Gluc) or without glucose and glutamine (−FCS −Gluc −Glut). Mean percentages of GFP-WIPI4-puncta-positive cells (300 cells per condition,n=3) (e) and GFP-WIPI1-puncta-positive cells (up to 3,904 cells per condition,n=6) (f) are presented.\nB: Stable GFP-WIPI1 U2OS cells were transfected with siRNAs for AMPKα, AMPKγ, LKB1, CaMKKα, NUAK2 or BRSK2 and knock-down confirmed by immunoblotting (left panels) or quantitative RT–PCR (right panels).\nC: A predicted model for the differential contributions of human WIPI β-propeller proteins in autophagy. Statistics and source data can be found inSupplementary Data 1. Mean±s.d.; heteroscedastict-testing;Pvalues: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns: not significant.\nD: A lentiviral-based shRNA screening approach targeting the human kinome used for the assessment of autophagy identified AMPK and the AMPK-related protein kinases NUAK2 and BRSK2, along with CaMKKα, as autophagy regulators (for details see Methods section andSupplementary Fig. 8). Reported (red) and predicted (yellow) proteins interactions, and pathway interactions (blue) are indicated (GeneMANIA).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15637_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1826", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: DNA methylation levels in theHOXAcluster, as obtained by 454 bisulphite sequencing of selected amplicons (black bars) in untreated NT2 cells (control) and in cells treated for 21 days with RA (21d RA).HOXAtranscription units on chromosome 7 (in dark blue), CGIs (green bars) and 454 amplicons (black bars) are indicated. Genomic features are viewed as custom tracks in the UCSC genome browser55.\nB: Scatter plot showing the comparison of the Infinium DNA methylation values of sites located within theHOXAcluster of NT2 cells treated for 14 days with RA with those of untreated cells. Red dots indicate differentially methylated sites. Only four sites were significantly hypomethylated upon RA treatment, corresponding to theHOXA1gene body.\nC: qRT–PCR expression analysis ofHOXAgenes (1 to 6) after RA treatment for 3, 6, 14 and 21 days. qRT-PCR values were internally normalized to the correspondinglamin-band β-actinexpression levels. Expression values indicate fold induction compared with the non-treated control. All treatments and measurements were repeated three times. s.d.'s are indicated by error bars.\nD: Array-predicted DNA methylation levels in theHOXAcluster in untreated NT2 cells (control) and cells treated for 14 days with RA (14d RA).HOXAtranscription units on chromosome 7 are indicated in dark blue, CGIs as green squares and interrogated Infinium sites as black bars. Genomic features are viewed as custom tracks in the UCSC genome browser55.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1826_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13595", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Distance distribution of Lys–Lys links mapped on the RNAP structure (red bars) compared with a random distribution (blue bars) reveals that >95% of links are below the limit of the BS3 (Cα–Cα 27.4 Å).\nB: Chemical crosslinking of ORF145/RIP to the Sso RNAP. SDS–PAGE of Sso RNAP and ORF145/RIP before and after BS3 treatment.\nC: Crosslinking network between RNAP and ORF145/RIP using XiNet66. The table summarizes the amino-acid residues of ORF145/RIP and RNAP subunits that are crosslinked by BS3.\nD: BS3-reactive lysine residues are shown on the structure of the Sso RNAP–DNA complex (pdb 4B1O, front and top views), crosslinked lysine residues are highlighted as red spheres, the RNAP clamp in blue and the double-stranded DNA template as light blue.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13595_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11702", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (l)?\nA: Limiting dilution analysis of tumour formation 60 days after subcutaneous transplantation of 100 and 2000 TS bearing shMT1G, and treated with either zip1246 or zip1290.n=5. All error bars represent±s.e.m. Fore,j,k,m,n, statistical significance was calculated using Student’st-test; forg,h,χ2-test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.\nB: Images of lung whole mounts on day 34 following tail-vein injection of 1 × 106TS bearing MT1G;n=5. Scale bar, 1 cm. (m,n) Limiting dilution analysis of sphere formation in NuLi-1 overexpressing MT1G, and treated with pre1246 or pre1290 (m) and in TS bearing shMT1G, and treated with zip1246 or zip1290 (n).n=3.\nC: H&E staining and quantification of lung micrometastasis in mice bearing established tumours inj;n=6. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Immunohistochemistry staining of metallothioneins (low: 0; high: 1+–2+) for primary adenocarcinoma and normal lung tissue. Scale bar, 100 μm. (g,h) The associations between the intensity of metallothioneins expression (immunohistochemistry) and miR-1246 expression (ISH) (g) as well as CD166 expression (immunohistochemistry) (h) on a NSCLC tissue microarray.n=130 and 113 forgandh, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11702_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Comparison of sequence logos of 3′ss sensitive to SF3B1 status with canonical (AG) and alternative (AG’) sequences and 3′ss insensitive to SF3B1 status. One-hundred-nucleotide-long sequences surrounding the 3′ss were used to generate sequence logos with WebLogo. The height of each letter indicates the preference strength for that nucleotide at each position.\nB: The proportion of the nucleotides immediately following the alternative (AG’), the canonical (AG) and insensitive 3′ss.\nC: Effect ofU2AF35andU2AF65siRNA-mediated knockdown on the AG’/AG ratio in cell lines. MP41 and HEK293T (SF3B1WT) and Mel202 andSF3B1K666T-HEK293T (SF3B1MUT) cells were transiently transfected with non-target control siRNA, siU2AF35or siU2AF65. Proteins and RNA were extracted at 48 h after transfection. siRNA-mediated knockdown was confirmed by immunoblotting with anti-U2AF35 and anti-U2AF65, using anti-β-actin as a loading control. Numbers represent the protein band intensity normalized to β-actin and expressed as percentage of control samples (upper panel). Ratio of expression levels of alternative AG’ form to the expression level of canonical AG form (AG’/AG) ofDPH5andARMC9was determined by quantitative RT–PCR (lower panel). The results are average of three replicates and are represented as mean±s.d.\nD: Effect ofU2AF35hotspot mutations on the AG’/AG ratio ofDPH5in MDS tumours. Ratio of expression levels of alternative AG’ form to the expression level of canonical AG form (AG′/AG) ofDPH5was determined by quantitative RT–PCR in two MDS samples, each harbouring one of the twoU2AF35hotspot mutations, S34F and Q157P and compared with mutated and wild-typeSF3B1uveal melanoma (UM) samples.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10615_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14286", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: xUB and wt UB activation by the xE1 and wt E1 enzymes in the ATP-PPi exchange assay. Data are shown as means±s.e.m. (n=3).\nB: Same as (b) with the xUB-xUba6 pair.\nC: Formation of UB∼E1 and UB∼E2 thioester conjugates with xUB and xUba1. UBE2D2/UbcH5b was used as the E2. Cross-reactivity between xUB and wtUba1, and between wtUB and xUba1 was not detected.\nD: Same as (c) with the xUB-xUba6 pair.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14286_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13892", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Quantification of the half-life of transcriptional pause sites in the wild type, and the U160A and U186A mutants. Experiments were performed using 100 μM NTP in absence and presence of 10 μM TPP. Quantification data for pauses A138 and C158 are found in theSupplementary Table 2. The average values of three independent experiments with s.d.’s are shown.\nB: Transcriptional pausing of thethiCriboswitch in the absence of TPP using 25 μM NTP. This nucleotide concentration is used to allow easier detection of transcriptional pausing. Pause sites A138, C158 and C187 are indicated on the left. The mapping of the pauses sites is shown inSupplementary Fig. 6a.\nC: β-Galactosidase assays of translational ThiC–lacZ (trL) and transcriptionalthiC–lacZ(trX) fusions for the wild type and U186A mutant. Enzymatic activities were determined in absence and presence of 0.5 mg ml−1TPP. Values were normalized to the activity obtained for the wild type in the absence of TPP. The average values of three independent experiments with s.d.’s are shown.\nD: Transcription–translationin vitroassays assessing TPP binding to the U186A riboswitch mutant. Reactions were performed in absence (−) or presence of 25 μM TPP added either cotranscriptionally (Co) or post transcriptionally (Post) as indicated inFig. 2e. Ratios of ThiC expression are indicated below.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13892_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11268", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Aplnrbexpression in the trunk and tail of zebrafish embryos at 50 hpf with or without nifedipine (2 h treatment). Arrows (DMSO) and arrowheads (nifedipine) demarcateaplnrbexpression.\nB: APLNRtranscript expression in response to shear stress alone or with concurrentKLF2,KLF4or combined knockdown via siRNA.\nC: Aplnexpression as determined byin situhybridization (blue) in P5 retinal vasculature with Isolectin B4 staining (white). The boxed area is magnified on the right to show higher magnification of the adjacent panel. Scale bar, 100 μm (low magnification) or 50 μm (high magnification).n=4 retinas. Tip cells are marked by the asterisks.\nD: APLNRtranscript expression in response to shear stress alone or with concurrentERK5knockdown via siRNA.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11268_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8049", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: mRNA levels of the indicated target genes are determined by RT–qPCR in S2 cells on depletion of dDsk2 (red), dUbp8/Nonstop (yellow) and both (blue). mRNA levels were determined in relation to control cells treated with dsRNA against LacZ (black). Results were normalized with respect to Actin5C levels (N=3).\nB: As ina, but for H2Bub1 (top) and H3 (bottom) levels on depletion of dDsk2 (red), dUbp8/Nonstop (yellow) and both (blue;N=3).\nC: As ina, but for ROW (top) and WOC (bottom) levels on depletion of dDsk2 (red), dUbp8/Nonstop (yellow) and both (blue;N=3). Error bars correspond to s.d.\nD: H2Bub1 levels at the indicated positions with respect to TSS of selected target genes are determined by ChIP–qPCR in control S2 cells treated with dsRNA against LacZ (black) and on depletion of dDsk2, ROW and WOC (red). Results are presented as fold enrichment with respect to the control (dsLacZ). Antibodies used were mouse monoclonal αH2Bub1 (N=5).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8049_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Numbers of editing sites identified in predicted ECSs (blue) compared with the control regions (red) of the same length indicated in (a).\nB: The fraction of editing substrates that are base-paired at each position relative to the editing site (position 0, indicated in red), based on the predicted editing substrate structure. Negative positions are upstream (5′) of the editing site; positive positions are downstream (3′).\nC: Overview of approaches to predicting proximal ECSs (Approach 1) and distal, intronic ECSs (Approach 2).\nD: The distribution of the distances between the editing site and the corresponding base in the ECS. (d,e) The distribution of (d) stem lengths and (e) max bulge sizes in the editing site side of the stem. The colour legend is the same as in (c).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9194_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7752", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: GST–ATF3 pulled downin vitro-translated Tip60. One microgram of GST–ATF3 or GST immobilized on 30 μl of glutathione agarose was incubated with 5 μl ofin vitro-translated [35S]-methionine-labelled Tip60 for GST-pulldown assays.\nB: The interaction between the endogenous Tip60 and ATF3 proteins was confirmed by co-IP assays. HCT116 cells expressing a 3 × FLAG-tagged endogenous Tip60 protein were subjected to co-IP using the FLAG antibody.\nC: Irradiation does not alter the binding of Tip60 to GST–ATF3. Lysates prepared from HCT116-3 × FLAG cells treated with 10 Gy of IR were incubated with 1 μg of immobilized GST–ATF3 or GST as indicated for pulldown assays. Tip60 was detected with the FLAG antibody.\nD: GST–Tip60 interacted with a purified ATF3 protein. Immobilized GST–Tip60 was incubated with 50 ng of recombinant ATF3 for GST pulldown assays. Upper, western blotting with the ATF3 antibody; lower, Ponceau S staining of the blot.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7752_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14016", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Quantification of the immunoprecipated products ind.\nB: Interaction between Linc-RAM and MyoD, Baf60c and Brg1 determined by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). C2C12 cell lysates were immunoprecipitated using anti-MyoD, anti-Baf60c or anti-Brg1 antibodies, and Linc-RAM in immunoprecipitates was detected by RT–qPCR. IgG antibodies served as a control.\nC: The resulted immunoprecipitates infwere applied for detection of MyoD by western blotting. The data are presented as mean±s.e.m. from three independent experiments. The statistical significance was calculated with thet-test, *P<0.05, **P<0.01.\nD: ChIP assays were performed using chromatin from stable Linc-RAM-OE and Linc-RAM KD C2C12 cell lines and negative control (NC) cells cultured in growth medium (GM) or differentiation medium (DM). Chromatin was immunoprecipitated using antibodies against MyoD, H3K4me3, and RNA Pol II. The immunoprecipitated DNA was amplified using primers specific forMyoGandmiR-206gene promoters.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14016_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6506", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic representation of the HerA hexameric ring viewed in the plane of DNA binding. Alternating subunits are coloured in light blue and wheat, respectively. The nucleotide-binding sites, indicated by orange circles, interact intranswith the adjacent subunit via the arginine residues R142 and R381. The putative DNA-binding loops are indicated within the central cavity. The C-terminal ‘brace’ is also presented. The conserved D471 residue on this extension interacts with thetrans-acting R142 residue of the neighbouring subunit. Movements of the R381trans-acting arginine finger will likely translate to the DNA-binding loops and coordinate translocation (i), while communication between the subunits might be regulated by the D471 brace aspartate (ii).\nB: A model for how HerA and NurA might cooperate to process DNA ends. HerA (PDB ID 4D2I) is viewed from the side, with two subunits removed to reveal the DNA-binding channel. Interaction with dimeric NurA (red and grey, PDB ID 2YGK) is mediated via the alpha-helical extensions at the N-terminal HAS barrels of HerA, and reciprocal hydrophobic surfaces on the NurA annulus16. Double-stranded DNA is channelled through HerA and unwound by the ploughshare action of NurA. In the model, both DNA strands are engaged by the NurA dimer, resulting in wholesale degradation of the substrate.\nC: Cutaway representation of three HerA subunits, viewed perpendicular to the plane of DNA binding. The association of the D471 C-terminal brace aspartate with the R142trans-acting arginine is also illustrated.\nD: Forty bp dsDNA modelled into the DNA-binding channel of the HerA hexamer, coloured as inFig. 1c. AMP-PNP molecules are shown as spacefill models. Left: top-down view of the HerA hexamer tilted slightly from the vertical position, with four adjacent protomers shown in surface representation and two shown as ribbons. Right: side-view of the HerA hexamer (HAS barrels at the top) with two front protomers omitted. Modelled dsDNA is threaded through the DNA-binding channel of HerA. Models are generated using PyMOL57.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6506_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5527", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: UM-SCC-1-pCMV6 or -TRIP13 cells were seeded and 24 h later were treated with 10 μM NU7026 and subsequently cells were counted on 24, 48 and 72 h post NU7026 treatment. (Student’st-test with s.e.m.;P<0.0001).\nB: Metastasis to the lower CAM was evaluated by fluorescently labelled cells (left panel, bar=2 mm) and metastasis in lower CAM and liver was determined by quantitative-Alu-PCR (right top and bottom panels, respectively). Student’st-test with s.e.m.;P<0.001. Data are representative of two independent experiments, five replicates in each group (* indicates statistically significant with correspondingP-values).\nC: The IC50for NU7026 in UM-SCC-1-pCMV6 (13 μM) and -TRIP13 (10 μM) cells were determined.\nD: UM-SCC-1-pCMV6 or -TRIP13 treated with 10 μM NU7026 for 72 h stained for γH2AX (green), Rad51 (red) and DAPI (blue; bar=20 μm). Colocalized foci (γH2AX/Rad51, orange) were quantified. Student’st-test with s.e.m.;P<0.003. (d,e) UM-SCC-1-pCMV6 (d) and UM-SCC-1-TRIP13 (e) cells (1 × 106) were labelled with green Cell-tracker and seeded on the CAM of a 10d-old chick embryo. Twenty-four hours later, 200 μM Nu7026 was added on top of the developing tumour. After 8d, the upper CAM was harvested, fixed and photographed (brightfield and GFP) and merged (bar=5 mm). Tumour size was quantified (corresponding right graph;d,e). Student’st-test with s.e.m.;P<0.05.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5527_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16112", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Junction sequence in a rare RI clone obtained fromLIG4−/−POLQ−/−cells.\nB: Comparison of transfection efficiency between the three transfection methods. Transient expression assays were performed using a luciferase (left) or GFP (right) expression vector (seeSupplementary Fig. 2l,m).\nC: Junction sequences in rare RI clones obtained fromLIG4−/−POLQ−/−cells.\nD: Integration frequency of MaxCyte transfected pPGKneo in wild-type,LIG4−/−,LIG4−/−POLQ−/−andLIG4-complementedLIG4−/−POLQ−/−cells.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms16112_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14013", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: IF of HA to localize PTEN4E or PTEN4A in pLenti-HA-PTEN4E- or 4A-transduced GXP NS with or without exposure to DOX (0.5 μM/5 h). Nuclei were visualized by DAPI staining. Scale bars, 10 μm.\nB: Co-IF of FANCD2 and γH2AX with DAPI nuclear staining in pLenti-HA-PTEN4A- or 4E-transduced GXP NS or GXP GBM2 after DOX (0.5 μM/5 h) treatment. Representative images are shown. Scale bars, 10 μm. (f–h) Sphere formation in liquid cultures (f) relative viability (g) and anchorage-independent assay (h) of control vector (EV), full-length WTPTEN, PTEN4A and PTEN4E-transduced GXP NS and GBM2. Normalization of data withPvalues from three independent experiments was performed as inFig. 5d,e. Error bars ingrepresent mean±s.e.m. See alsoSupplementary Fig. 6.\nC: IF images shown here are representatives of majority of cells in each condition. IF of γH2AX foci with DAPI staining in PTEN4A- or 4E-transduced GXP NS or GBM2: DOX− or after 1 h or 5 h of DOX (0.5 μM) exposure, followed by 5 or 24 h of recovery time. Scale bars, 10 μm. The percent of γH2AX-positive foci formed (yaxis) at the indicated time points of DOX treatment (xaxis) in PTEN4E- or 4A-transduced GXP NS or GBM2 is summarized in the graph shown in (d). Error bars represent mean±s.d. Representative 100 cells were randomly selected for quantification and cells containing ≥5 foci were considered as γH2AX positive.\nD: IF of PTEN with DAPI nuclear staining in pLenti-HA-PTEN4E- or 4A-transduced GXP NS or GBM2 in the absence of DOX (dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-treated) or after DOX (0.5 μM/5 h) treatment. Scale bars, 10 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14013_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8307", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Lineage-negative, c-Kit+ (LK) cells isolated from mouse bone marrow and transduced with either MiG-empty or ASXL1(1–479)+BAP1. Transduced cells were expanded in media supplemented with 10 ng ml−1IL-3, fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) for Thy1.1 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression on day 5, and expanded in liquid medium supplemented with 10 ng ml−1IL-3 till day 7. On day 7, the cells were washed extensively to remove traces of IL-3. Cells (105) were plated in triplicate in 35-mm dishes in methylcellulose medium supplemented with 10 ng ml−1GM-CSF. Numbers of CFU-GM were counted on day 14. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailedt-test. Representative image and FACS profile of a CFU-GM are shown to the right.\nB: Percentages of CD11b (myeloid)- and B220 (B-lymphoid)-positive cells that were transduced with MiG-empty, BAP1 alone or ASXL1(1–479)+BAP1 retroviruses were determined by flow cytometry. Data shown are from recipients that received cells from TET2-deficient donors; percentages represent mean±s.d. from five recipients. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailedt-test;n=5.\nC: 5-FU-treated bone marrow cells were harvested from WT and TET2-deficient donor mice as described in Methods. The donor cells were transduced as indicated 24 h post transduction; 1.2 × 106cells were transplanted into irradiated recipient mice by intravenous injection.\nD: Representative FACS plots of CD11b- and B220-positive cells in the bone marrow of recipient mice that were transplanted withTet2−/−bone marrow cells 6 months post transfer.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8307_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Structure of theIBM1locus.\nB: Structure of the TE-enclosing geneAT3G05410.\nC: ChIP-qPCR analysis for Pol II at theIBM1locus. Target regions are indicated in (a). Data were from two independent biological replications for each genotype, normalized by the Pol II signal atACT7. Bars represent means of six independent IPs±s.d. (n=6). The value atIBM15′ in WT Col was set as 1.\nD: ChIP-qPCR analysis for FLAG–HA–IBM2 (FH–IBM2) at intragenic TEs with anti-HA antibody (HA) or control immunoglobulin G (IgG). Target regions of intragenic TEs are indicated in (a,c) andFig. 3a. Experiments were performed twice with independently fixed samples, and a representative experiment was shown. Bars represent means of three independent IPs±s.d. (WT HA, FH–IBM2 HA:n=3), or means of two independent control IPs (WT IgG, FH–IBM2 IgG:n=2). The IBM2 signal for the heterochromatic domain in theIBM1locus tended to be weaker than those of other IBM2 targets, possibly because the heterochromatin region is shorter.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3301_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11645", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic of modifieddaf-2exon 11.5-inclusion reporters. An intergenic region between RFP and GFP contains an acceptor site of SL2trans-splicing, by which a polycistronic pre-mRNA is converted into monocistronicdaf-2mini-gene-fusedRFPmRNA andGFPmRNA. The RFP fusion protein is expressed upon exon 11.5 inclusion. Sites and sequences of the mutationsM1andM2are indicated with lower case above the consensus RBFOX target stretches in red.\nB: Normalized fluorescence intensity ratios of RFP (exon inclusion) to GFP (promoter activity) in the amphid sensory neurons. Data were normalized by the averaged values in the wild-type worms (n⩾20). Thenvalues are shown in each bar (a,b,f). Error bars represent s.e.m. **P<0.01, different from wild-type (a) and control (f) worms;##P<0.01, different from each other, two-tailedt-test with Bonferroni correction. L1/L2 larvae were used for the analyses. Scale bars, 10 μm.\nC: Expression patterns of the wild-type (control) and mutant form (M1/M2) of the modified exon 11.5-inclusion reporter driven by thegpc-1promoter.\nD: Maximum intensity projection images of the head region of a worm carrying the neuronal exon 11.5-skipping/inclusion reporter in theasd-1(ok2299); fox-1(e2643)background.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11645_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1997", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative western blot images of histone PTMs 1 day after training in animals injected with the inhibitor cocktail (n=4) show reduced histone PTMs compared with vehicle-injected animals (n=8).\nB: Quantification of pan-acetyl histone,t7=1.82,P≤ 0.05;\nC: Quantification of pH3S10,t6=2.63,P≤ 0.05;\nD: Quantification of 3MeH3K36,t5=4.67,P≤ 0.01. Error bars are s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1997_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12179", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: quantitative qRT-PC: Liver BA transporters are illustrated (top). The mRNA levels of the indicated genes in the liver were measured by qRT-PCR.\nB: SHP-WT or the K68R mutant was adenovirally expressed in SHP-KO mice and liver BA levels, and expression of indicated genes were measured. The values for WT SHP are set to 1. Values represent mean±s.e.m. Statistical significance was determined by the Student’st-test, (n=5 mice, *P<0.05, **P<0.005, and NS, statistically not significant). qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR.\nC: The levels of BAs in the liver, gall bladder or intestine were determined and values are expressed per gram tissue weight.\nD: The mRNA levels of intestinalFgf15and TβMCA levels in the intestine.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12179_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7051", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Immunofluorescent staining on skin melanoma sections for Sox10 (control) or β-Gal (cKO) and Ki67 4 weeks after conditionalEzh2ablation to quantify a proliferation rate. White arrowheads, Sox10- or β-Gal-positive/Ki67-positive cells.\nB: Mouse genotypes and strategy as in (Fig. 5f) used to analyze the effect of temporary GSK503 treatment on melanoma proliferation inTyr::N-RasQ61KInk4a−/−mice.\nC: Mouse genotypes and strategy used to s.c. engraft and expandTyr::N-RasQ61KInk4a−/−mice-derived melanoma cells inFoxn1nu/nuanimals to analyze the effect of conditionalEzh2ablation and GSK503 treatment on melanoma growth.\nD: Mouse genotypes and strategy as in (Fig. 5b) used to analyze the effect of conditionalEzh2ablation on melanoma proliferation inTyr::N-RasQ61KInk4a−/−mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7051_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8023", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: DNMT1 protein levels in HEK293T cells stably expressing USP7 shRNAs. The protein levels were determined by immunoblotting, and the messenger RNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The error bars represent ±s.d. from triplicate experiments. Uncropped blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nB: Effect of USP7–DNMT1 interaction on DNMT1 protein stability. HEK293T cells were infected with GFP-tagged wild-type and mutant USP7 lentivirus. The protein levels of DNMT1, USP7 and β-actin were determined (top), and the relative protein level of DNMT1 was quantified (bottom). The error bars represent ±s.d. from triplicate experiments. Uncropped blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nC: Effect of USP7–DNMT1 interaction on ubiquitination of DNMT1. HEK293T cells were cotransfected with either wild-type or mutant RFP–USP7 and HA–ubiquitin, followed by immunoprecipitation of DNMT1. Polyubiquitination was detected by immunoblotting with HA antibody. As input, the whole cell lysates were analysed by immunoblotting using the indicated antibodies. Uncropped blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nD: Protein stabilities of DNMT1 and DNMT14KQ. HEK293T cells stably expressing DNMT1 and DNMT14KQwere treated with CHX (100 μg ml−1) and harvested at the indicated time points. The expression levels of DNMT1 and β-actin were determined (top), and the relative DNMT1 protein level was quantified (bottom). Uncropped blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 7.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8023_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11081", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: According to the datain vitro, real-time qPCR analysis performed in acute hippocampal slices from adult mice show that NMDA stimulation triggers the increase of theBdnfmRNAs transcribed from promoters I, II, IV and VI at 30 min after stimulation. The data represent the mRNA levels relative to unstimulated controls. (b–f) ChIP-qPCR analysis performed in acute hippocampal slices from adult mice. The presence of activator and repressor histone marks and the Polycomb protein EZH2 indicate thatBdnfpromoters I, II, IV and VI are bivalent in adult mice:\nB: ChIP-qPCR analyses show that NMDA stimulation leads to H3K27Me3S28 phosphorylation and displacement of the polycomb protein EZH2, JMJD3 demethylase recruitment, H3K27Me3 demethylation and increased levels of the activator H3K4Me3 at the fourBdnfpromoters I, II, IV and VI. H3K27 acetylation was observed only at promoters II and VI suggesting that this mark is responsible for the fast induction of these two promoters.\nC: H3K27Me3, (c) EZH2, (d) JMJD3, (e) H3K4Me3 and (f) H3K27Ac. The levels of these proteins at promoter regions of the control genesβActinandhoxA1are also shown in the plots.\nD: ChIP-qPCR analyses at promoter regions of the control genesβActinandhoxA1after NMDA stimulation. The data show that, except for the increased levels of JMJD3 observed at theβActinpromoter, none of the other marks present changes after NMDA stimulation. Data are represented as mean±s.e.m. Statistical analysis by Mann–Whitney U-test (the value inside the bars indicates the number of animals used in independent experiments; *P<0.05; **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; for statistical analysis seeSupplementary Table 4).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11081_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic representation of the maternal and paternal genomic regions in which the miR-371-3 locus resides. Filled circle: methylated allele; empty circle: unmethylated allele. Maternally expressed genes and PEGs are designated in red and blue, respectively. Genes with biallelic expression are shown in grey. Note that current data regarding the parental expression ofZNF331are conflicting.\nB: Mean methylation calls±s.d. across the region in different cell types; WT-HESCs (n=20), WT-HiPSCs (n=12), WT-Fib (n=6), PgHiPSCs (n=4) and Pg-Fib (n=2). DNA methylation levels (y-axis) vary between 0 (unmethylated) and 1 (fully methylated); 0.4–0.6, intermediate methylation values.\nC: Expression levels (mean±s.d., in two WT-PSC lines and three PgHiPSC lines) of all annotated miRs in the region in WT-HiPSCs and PgHiPSCs.\nD: Expression levels (mean±s.d., in two WT-PSC lines and two PgHiPSC lines) of annotated genes within the region, as determined by RNA sequencing analysis.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3724_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2469", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Heatmaps showing the chromatin features at promoter and non-promoter Myc sites. Each panel represents 2 kb upstream and downstream of the Myc sites. The sites are ordered by signal of H3K4me1.\nB: Heatmaps showing chromatin features at all identified enhancers in Kc cells. The sites are ordered by signal of Myc.\nC: Examples of non-promoter Myc sites in the genome. The signals on the tracks of Myc, H3K4me1, H3K27ac and H3K4me3 are represented by the raw reads from ChIP-seq. The signal for RNAPII is represented by the log2 value from ChIP-chip. The arrows represent two Myc sites that display enhancer chromatin signatures (presence of H3K4me1/H3K27ac and absence of H3K4me3).\nD: Fraction of genes containing Myc at the promoter or enhancer expressed at different levels compared with all genes in the genome. Group 1 genes are expressed at low levels and Group 5 genes at the highest levels (see Methods).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2469_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9909", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Molecular biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: PCR analysis of G-quadruplex-induced instability at endogenous G4 site Qua830 indog-1animals, upper panel as inb. Single worm lysates were first categorized based on the presence or absence of a G4 deletion. Subsequently, the samples were assayed 11 times, to probe for the presence of additional G4 deletions. Three gel images representative for each category are depicted. Uncropped gel images are provided inSupplementary Fig. 7b. The size range of PCR-amplified deletion products is indicated by Δ; two reference size markers (500 and 1,000 bp) are indicated; asterisks mark uniquely sized deletion products (e) Venn diagram showing the distribution of G4 deletion events in 156 animals tested for all three loci. Histogram depicting the expected (white bars) and observed (black bars) frequency of animals showing a G4 deletion at both indicated G4 loci. NS indicates that the observed overlap does not statistically deviate from a random distribution, as determined by hypergeometric testing (P>0.20), which indicates that deletion events at different G4 loci are not interdependent.\nB: Schematic representation of PCR-based experimental setup to identify G-quadruplex-induced deletions in single animals.\nC: Quantification of the number of single animals that had two differently sized deletion (observed freq.), which was compared with the expected random double deletion frequency (white bars) based on frequency of deletions determined within the tested animal population (see Methods section for details). Asterisks indicate highly significant overrepresentation of the observed double deletion events within the tested population (*n=352 and **n=576) as determined by hypergeometric testing (*P<0.003 and **P<0.001).\nD: PCR analysis of G-quadruplex-induced instability at endogenous G4 site Qua1277 indog-1-proficient (upper panel) and -deficient animals (lower panel). Representative gel images display the result of single animals (∼) assayed twice independently. SeeSupplementary Fig. 7afor additional gel images. The size range of PCR-amplified deletion products is indicated by Δ; two reference size markers (500 and 1,000 bp) are indicated; asterisks mark positive reactions/unique deletion products.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9909_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8243", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Wild-type,scl15mutants and complementedSCL15pro::SCL15-GFPlines at 32 days of growth. Scale bar, 5 cm.\nB: Schematic representation of the T-DNA insertion alleles of SALK_110871 (scl15-1)and GK292A11 (scl15-2) inArabidopsis. Numbers indicate positions of T-DNA insertions with respect to the start of translation. The positions of PCR primers for RT–PCR analysis are also indicated.\nC: Wild-type,scl15mutant and complemented lines (Compl-6 and Compl-8) at 21 days of growth. Scale bar, 2 cm.\nD: RT–PCR analysis of total RNA from leaves of wild-type Col-0 and homozygousscl15-1andscl15-2plants with several primer pairs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8243_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4802", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The colocalization of endogenous α-tubulin (red) and overexpressed tektin4 (green) in WT and Mut MDA-MB-468 cells. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: The tubulin in microtubules (pellet fraction, P) was measured after separating it from free tubulin in the cytosol (supernatant fraction, S) using Western blotting in mock, WT and Mut MDA-MB-468 cells.\nC: The amount of acetylated tubulin was measured by western blotting in mock, wild-type (WT) and mutant (Mut) MDA-MB-468 cells. Relative protein level of Ac-tubulin was calculated and compared (P1,P2<0.001 in two-sided Student’st-test).\nD: Tektin4 or α-tubulin was immunoprecipitated from mock, WT and Mut MDA-MB-468 cells using anti-tektin4 or anti-α-tubulin antibodies, and the immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with anti-tektin4, anti-α-tubulin or anti-β-tubulin antibodies. Whole-cell lysates were analysed by immunoblotting with anti-tektin4, anti-α-tubulin or anti-β-tubulin antibodies as input. Results are the mean±s.d. from three independent experiments. Full-length images of immunoblots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 8.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4802_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Electrostatic potential plots comparison of wild type to I90F mutant (regions of negative potential are coloured red; regions of positive potential are coloured blue).\nB: Protein radius of gyration plot.\nC: Reaction kinetics of NAD and ATP substrates for NADK WT and I90F mutant recombinant enzymes. Error bars denote s.d. of replicates (N=3).\nD: Immunoblot analysis of NADK expression in the indicated cell lines used for (f) quantitation of cellular NADPt/NADPH (mean value±s.d. of replicates,N=3 each) and (g) ROS through measurement of DCFDA fluorescence (mean value±s.d. of replicates,N=3 each).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10500_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Mean fibre length at 0–4 DPA (mean±s.e.m.,n>100).\nB: Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis ofGhHOX3expression levels in35S::GhHOX3govule (O) and fibre (F), T2; DPA or D, DPA. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3).\nC: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the ovule (0–2 DPA) of the co-suppression line 5–8 and the WT. Scale bars, 50 μm.\nD: Fibre of homozygous and heterozygous35S::GhHOX3co-suppression line 5–8 (T6generation). Heterozygotes were generated by back-crossing the T5plants to the WT. Scale bar, 1 cm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6519_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8106", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Gene distribution according to gene-essentiality ofM. tborthologues of both the mutated and unmutated/untraceable gene fraction in ourM. bovisBCG Tn insertion library. Genes for which no reliable data are available with regard to their essentiality forin vitrogrowth are shown in grey.\nB: Theoretical model (based on the ‘coupon collector’s’ problem) to estimate the library size needed to target a certain percentage of the non-essential genome with at least one disruption every 12 TA’s (=median number of TA’s per gene in theM. bovisBCG Pasteur genome). The model predicts that with 6,072 mutants, 71% of the non-essential genes should be hit at least once, which is slightly above what we observed in our data set (64%). Doubling the amount of mutants will allow disrupting almost all targetable genes in this genome.\nC: Visualization of theM. bovisBCG Pasteur reference genome. GC% (black) and Tn insertions that were identified and coordinate-determined in our 96 × 96-well mutant library (green bars). Duplicated regions of the genome are marked in red (DU1 and DU2).\nD: Distribution between disrupted ORFs for which the location in the library of at least one disruption mutant is known (purple), disrupted ORFs for which the locations of their disruption mutants are unknown (‘untraceable’; grey) and untargeted ORFs (brown).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8106_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15464", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Frequency of symmetric deletions obtained with different deletion sizes.\nB: Ratio of symmetric and asymmetric deletions obtained with each sgRNA. B #1,n=8; B #2,n=18; C-1 #1,n=10; C-1 #2,n=8; C-2/3,n=12, D-2,n=40; D-3,n=12; D-4(1),n=21; F,n=10. Asterisk (*), sgRNAs with identical deletions identified in more than one half of the founders.\nC: Percentage of symmetric and asymmetric deletions identified in CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mice (n=139). More than 80% of deletions were asymmetric and more than 70% of the deletions exceeded a two-fold difference. Only deletions obtained from a single sgRNA injection were analysed to avoid the effect of multiple variables. Deletions obtained from a single sgRNA injection: deletions targeting TF-binding site B, C-1, C-2/3, D-2, D-3, D-4(1) and F.\nD: Representative examples of deletions towards the 5′ end and 3′ end of sgRNA. If the deletion at the upstream Cas9-cutting site was longer (≥1.5-fold) than that at the downstream one, it was defined as a 5′ deletion and vice versa.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15464_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11773", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Summary of the thickness and density of cells with different cortical layer markers. Values represent mean±s.e.m. (n=4 animals for each condition).\nB: Crmp2 mRNA levels are significantly lower in cKOs while otherCrmpfamily members are not affected as assessed by quantitative real time PCR.CrmpmRNA levels in cKOs are normalized to that of Ctrls. Values represent mean±s.e.m. (Ctrl:n=4, cKO:n=4; **P<0.01; one-way ANOVA with Tukeypost hoctest).\nC: CRMP2 and p-CRMP2 are not present in different brain regions of cKOs. Shown are sample western blot analysis. Thirty micrograms of protein was loaded in each lane with GAPDH used as loading control.\nD: Grossly normal cortical lamination at E18.5 as shown by layer-specific markers, including CTIP2, SATB2, TBR1 and FOXP1. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11773_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3650", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Cells were placed in suspension culture and viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Numbers indicate days in suspension culture. ‘NED’ indicates that single cells were generated non-enzymatically instead of by trypsinization, and these cells quickly formed cell–cell contacts in suspension. Trypan blue+single cells and trypan blue−associated cells are shown. ‘SS’ indicates cells in the absence of serum. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.\nB: Phase image of trypsinized TKO MEFs after two days in suspension.\nC: Cells at day 2 in suspension culture were treated for 4 h with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and then immunostained as described32. Note that TKO MEFs that failed to form cell–cell contacts did not incorporate BrdU.\nD: Phase image of Ras-TKO cells in suspension.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3650_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2542", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: RNAin situhybridization ofOsMADS57in SAM and axillary buds (Ab). Scale bars, 100 μm.\nB: The preferred CArG-box binding motif for OsMADS57 from the expression level and frequency of the 97 regulated genes.\nC: The transcriptional repression activity assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts. (4X)-D1–3(4X), four upstream GAL4 DNA-binding sites in the promoter ofGUS; CaMV 35S, a promoter ofLUCreporter (the internal control). HOS15, a transcription suppressor, and ARF5M, an activator, were used as the controls.\nD: D14expression in various lines.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2542_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4647", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Phylogenetic tree (neighbor joining, NJ) showing the relationships betweenAstyanaxand other vertebrateMAOsequences. All teleosts have only one form of the enzyme. A duplication occurred in the amniote lineage. Bootstrap values are indicated.Cyprinus carpio: carp.Danio rerio: zebrafish.Halichoeres trimaculatus: threespot wrasse.Oncorhynchus mykiss: trout.Petromyzon marinus: marine lamprey (outgroup). (b,c)In situhybridization forMAOmRNA, ventral views of dissected brains of 60-h.p.f. SF and CF larvae. Anterior is left. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Semiquantitative RT–PCR assessment forα-actin(top) andMAO(bottom) mRNA expression levels. After calibration withα-actin, the bands corresponding toMAOamplification appear at the same PCR cycle in SF and CF samples.\nC: Immunohistochemistry for 5-HT; ventral view of a 36-h.p.f. CF dissected brain. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Immunohistochemistry for TH, ventral view of a 60-h.p.f. SF dissected brain (eyes were removed). Scale bar, 100 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4647_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11548", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Kaplan–Meier survival plot of IDC patients stratified by two-means clustering using exon-inclusion levels ofSTAT5Aexon 5. The 420 patients in Group 1 (average exon 5 inclusion level=95%) have significantly higher survival probabilities than the 262 patients in Group 2 (average exon 5 inclusion level=85%) (SURVIVP=6.8e−4).\nB: The gene structure of theSTAT5Afull-length isoform compared to the ΔEx5 isoform skipping the 5th exon.\nC: Exon 5 inclusion levels of IDC patients stratified by two-means clustering using exon 5 inclusion levels. Group 1 has 420 patients with average exon-inclusion level at 95%. Group 2 has 262 patients with average exon-inclusion level at 85%.\nD: STAT5Aexon 5 inclusion levels in normal breast tissues versus breast cancer tumour samples. Exon-inclusion levels are extracted from 86 TCGA breast cancer patients with matched normal and tumour samples. Normal breast tissues have average exon 5 inclusion level at 95%, compared to 91% average exon-inclusion level in tumour samples. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval of the mean.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11548_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6329", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Similarly, in stable episomal lines, 5-1.17 but not 5-1.17m2, resulted in aTc-inducible FLuc expression.\nB: Insertion of aptamer 5-1.17 downstream of theCaM5′UTR reduces its maximal FLuc expression about twofold. All data are expressed as the mean±s.d. of two to four independent experiments. An asterisk (*) denotes aP-value ≤0.002 determined by two-tailed unpairedt-test.\nC: During transient screening in the TetR-expressing parasite clone B10, 5-1.17, but not 5-1.17m2, results in aTc-inducible FLuc expression. Values are expressed as FLuc/RLuc (–aTc) normalized to FLuc/RLuc (+aTc).\nD: Plasmid vectors pSG75 (CaM5′UTR with 5-1.17), pSG76 (CaM5′UTR with 5-1.17m2) and pSG216 (hsp865′UTR with 5-1.17) were used to screen for aTc-dependent regulation in transient transfections. Vectors pSG231 (5-1.17) and pSG252 (5-1.17m2) were used for the same purposes in stable episomal parasite lines. Either a functional (5-1.17) or mutated (5-1.17m2) aptamer was placed upstream of the FLuc reporter gene to regulate its expression. The sequence and placement context for the 5-1.17 aptamer is shown as an inset. The capitalized ‘A’s are mutated to ‘T’s to produce the non-functional 5-1.17m2. Bases initalicsindicate a short upstream start/stop, and those in bold indicate a productive start codon that is kept in frame with the downstream coding sequence (CDS) of interest. A CDS may carry its own initiation codon, or not, with no effect on expression or regulation by aTc.Renillaluciferase (RLuc) is expressed constitutively, and serves as a reference during quantification.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6329_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13816", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The schematic diagram represents the murinePaxxlocus (top), targeting vector (2nd row), targeted allele (3rd row) and the neo-deleted allele (Paxx−, bottom). The 5′ and 3′ probe are marked as thick black lines. The exons and frt sites are shown as solid boxes and open triangles, respectively. Restriction site designation: RV=EcoRV. The map is not drawn to scale.\nB: The total body weight ofPaxx+/+andPaxx−/−littermates at∼50 days of age. The data represent the average and s.d. of more than four mice of each genotype.\nC: Southern blot analyses of EcoRV-digested DNA from WT andPaxx+/Targeted ES cells, blotted with the 3′ probe.\nD: The number of live-birth mice obtained from intercrossingPaxx+/−mice. ThePvalue was calculated with the chi-square test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13816_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Example of highly methylated gene cluster. Region on chromosome 8, isolated from methylated TEs, containing a cluster of methylated genes. Note that gene 12452, encoding a P-type ATPase, is also targeted by small RNAs (data from Huanget al.42).\nB: Region on chromosome 32 containing a methylated gene bordering a cluster of methylated TEs.\nC: Region on chromosome 12 containing a nonmethylated bacterial gene (ID 47160) surrounded by methylated TEs.\nD: Region on chromosome 25 containing methylated TEs with a cluster of nonmethylated genes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3091_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14826", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: CF versusg0(proportional to the s.d. of connection strengths; see Methods for details). Network ensemble with SF-out (a=1,γ=2.4) and Binom-indegree distributions. Unless otherwise specified, all ensembles haveN=1,000,y*=0,g0=10, andD=10−3.\nB: CF versus the strength of exploratory random walk in connection strengths,D.\nC: CF versusɛ, the width of the comfort zone aroundy*.\nD: CF (blue) versus the constraint valuey. For comparison, the grey curve shows the fraction of time in whichy(t) spontaneously reaches the constraint-satisfying range.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14826_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4830", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: ZAK TV1 fraction is significantly higher in gastric tumours (left) and colon tumours (right), compared with normal adjacent tissues. The fraction of TV1 was measured by the ratio between the number of reads uniquely assignable to TV1 and the number of reads mapped to the entireZAKgene. To account for smooth muscle contamination in normal tissues, we fit a linear model with smoothelin expression as predictor and the log isoform fraction as response, and used the residuals of the model as the ‘adjusted isoform fraction’. Dots represent samples. Grey lines connect matched tumour and normal samples. The boxes in the box-and-whisker plots represent the interquartile range between the first and third quartiles; the dashed lines (whiskers) extend to the most extreme data points, which is no more than 1.5 times the interquartile range from the box.\nB: ZAK isoform fractions derived from RNAseq data correlate with quantitative PCR (qPCR) measurements. For nine gastric cancer cell lines in our study, we quantified the ratio between ZAK total expression and ZAK TV1 expression using qPCR, and compared the measurements with the isoform fraction we derived from the RNAseq data. The two measurements have significant correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficientr=0.91,P-value=0.00077).\nC: ZAKgene model and protein domain structure. Thick bars: coding exons; thin bars: UTR. TV2 lacks the last nine exons and has a long terminal coding and non-coding exon. Blue and red indicate unique TV1 and TV2 sequences. Transcript variant 1 (TV1) encodes a longer protein product with a sterile alpha motif domain.\nD: ZAK isoform expression in six TCGA data sets where there are >10 normal samples. Normal samples are represented by blue dots and tumour samples by red dots. ZAK TV1 fraction is significantly higher (adjustedP-value <0.001 and fold change >2) in breast and bladder cancer data (marked by the green asterisks).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4830_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10770", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Spectrum and distribution of indel types and sizes in all sequenced tumours. Del, deletion; Ins, insertion.\nB: Examples and sequence context of CRISPR/Cas9-induced homozygous (homoz) mutations at target sites. Large deletions were also detectable by PCR, showing additional shortened products. PAM, protospacer adjacent motive; ex, exon and Co, control.\nC: Allelic status at target sites across tumours. Homozygousity was defined by a lack of wild-type sequence reads in cancer cell cultures. Het, heterozygous.\nD: Examples of mutational spectra in a diploid (Tu1) and a poly-/aneuploidy cancer (Tu2). M-FISH and target site sequencing were performed on the cell lines. Results are shown for three representative target genes. MRFs of target site mutations are assigned to individual chromosomes. The existence of more than two mutations at a target site in Tu2 reflects early polyploidization during transient CRISPR/Cas9 expression. Comprehensive data for all chromosomes are shown inSupplementary Fig. 4.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10770_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11920", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Species comparison of the S2P amino-acid sequence according to ClustalX. Residues shaded in green denote the NPDG motif required for enzymatic active site metal ion coordination.\nB: Sequence of P1/II genomic DNA shows theMBTPS2c.1515G>C mutation (p.L505F), which also occurs in heterozygous form in his mother, but is not present in the proband’s father.\nC: Left, Proband 1/II at age 20 years presenting with significant rhizomelia of upper and lower extremities. Centre, radiographs at birth showed bowed tibiae and fibulae (left leg shown). Right, radiographs revealed kyphoscoliosis with anterior vertebral wedging, and flat, biconcave vertebral bodies with significant osteoporosis at 13 years of age.\nD: MBTPS2genomic DNA sequence reveals the c.1376A>G mutation (p.N459S) in proband P1/I and his heterozygous mother, but not in the proband’s father.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11920_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7500", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: CombinedHES5::eGFPreporter expression and immunostainings of neural stem/progenitor markers, RG markers, and proliferation markers throughout the progression period. From top: PAX6 marking the VZ and TBR2 marking the SVZ are shown. Middle: CUX1 marking SVZ is shown. Bottom: the (mainly) SVZ marker POU3F2 is shown. Scale bar: 50 μm (valid for all images inc).\nB: High-power magnification of E-RG and M-RG images shown inc. Dashed lines demarcate proposed VZ, SVZ and OSVZ regions, containing apical RG, INPs and basal RG, respectively. Scale bar: 25 μm (valid for all images ind).\nC: Relative expression levels (z-scores) based on microarray expression data for the entire differentiation time course for selected germinal zone marker genes. Relative expression levels are shown for HES5+ (top) and HES5− (bottom) samples separately. Genes are ordered from VZ to SVZ and from neurogenic to gliogenic markers. Individual qPCR analyses for all genes tested at all stages are shown inSupplementary Fig. 6c. Note that the apparently high GFAP expression in HES5+ cells at the L-RG stage has in fact low absolute expression values, and only appear high relatively to expression in other stages (all stages per each gene are normalized to 1; that is, highest red intensity). To compare GFAP transcript levels during proliferation and serum induced astrocytic differentiation, seeFigs 5dand3e, respectively.\nD: Differential expression levels for selected genes that are most differentially expressed between HES5+ and HES5− cells in a stage-specific manner. Selected gene members are indicated on the left, developmental stages are indicated on the bottom, and gene categories classified by stage are indicated on the right. Values plotted on the heatmap represent ratios of expression levels relative to ES cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7500_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6187", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Volcano plots of DNA methylation score differences for IUGR compared with control, LGA compared with control and IUGR compared with LGA, based on 993,514 loci throughout the genome. Differentially methylated loci withPvalue <0.05 and methylation difference >|20| are shown in black.\nB: Differentially methylated loci meeting threshold criteria are quantified in a proportional Venn diagram for each comparison.\nC: A self-organizing heatmap of candidate differentially methylated loci showing clustering by sample.\nD: Density plots of methylation scores for IUGR or LGA compared with controls. The distributions of DNA methylation scores are shown in red.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6187_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6936", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Histograms of all 11 ‘A’ flows from a 44 flow sequence. Histograms are representative of homopolymer repeats. K-means clustering method was used to discriminate clusters and perform base calling on homopolymer repeats. When MaxAmp/SSAmp and integrated counts are binned, three-dimensional histograms for the two axes are used to demonstrate the additional discrimination power for homopolymer discrimination of G, A, C and T flows.\nB: 3D histograms of T homopolymer repeats from flows 4, 8, 12 and 20, which correspond to homopolymer repeats of 1, 0, 5 and 2-mers, respectively.\nC: 3D histograms of A homopolymer repeats from flows 3, 7, 15 and 23, which correspond to homopolymer repeats of 0, 1, 2 and 3-mers, respectively.\nD: 3D histograms of C homopolymer repeats from flows 6 and 14, which correspond to homopolymer repeats of 0 and 1-mers, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6936_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Facial traits as a group show lower inter-trait correlations than non-facial traits in all four populations examined (P<0.001 for all comparisons).\nB: In all four groups examined, facial traits have higher coefficients of variation than other body traits (P<0.03 for all comparison).\nC: For most traits, such as hands, larger individuals have larger traits such that the width and length of an individual’s hand are correlated.\nD: In contrast to hands, the width and length of the nose are not correlated. Box plots show median and 25th and 75th percentiles (N=181 African American females; 457 African American males; 204 European American females; 1,168 European American males). TheP-values shown in the figure legend are from one-tailed Mamm-WhitenyUtests. The scatterplots show the trait values for European American male service members measured in the ANSUR II data set. Best-fit lines are shown for significant regressions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5800_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11280", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Representative images of DAPI-stained ovaries at day 6 after eclosion of untreated females ('Control') and females developed from dechorionated eggs (Dechor.),Aldhnull egg ('Aldh24K(null)') and wild type females in whichAldhhas been inhibited by exposure to cyanamide throughout the larval and adult stage ('Cynamide'). Note the similar impact of bacterial removal andAldhloss (or inhibition) on ovary size and the number of mature oocytes.\nB: Enzymatic activity of Aldh in the gut of 3rd instar larvae and ovary of 6-day-old adult females. Shown are data for intact females ('Control') and females that were developed from dechorionated eggs ('Dechor.'), with and without prior re-introduction ofActetobacterorLactobacillusspecies. Mean fold-change versus control±s.e.,n≥3, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nC: Relative egg deposition by 6-day-oldAldhnull females, wild type females and females that were developed from Dechorionated eggs. Mean fold-change compared to control±s.e. based on four replicated experiments, each with five vials. **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nD: qPCR-based changes in the levels ofAldhnetwork genes in 40 min and 2 h AED embryos of bacterial-depleted flies relative to embryos of untreated flies at the respective time. Mean fold-change±s.e.n=3, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11280_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11229", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Structure of the GC domain. Structure of theAspergillus awamoriglucoamylase catalytic domain (right, PDB 1GAH) is shown for reference. Catalytic residues are highlighted.\nB: Specific debranching activities of combinations of a GT-defective mutant and a GC-defective mutant. In reactions catalysed by a combination of mutants, they were added in a 1:1 ratio, and the concentration of one is used in calculating the specific activity. The activity of the wild-type CgGDE is shown for reference.\nC: Specific debranching activities of CgGDE and its mutants. The specific activity is defined as the debranching reaction rate at the substrate concentration of 13 mg ml−1(the reaction rate of the wild-type CgGDE plateaus at this substrate concentration, seeSupplementary Fig. 4a), divided by the concentration of CgGDE. The error bars indicate standard deviations of triplicate experiments. The numbers above each bar indicate ratios to the wild-type value. ND indicates not detected.\nD: Structure of the GC domain active-site pocket. Structure of theAspergillus awamoriglucoamylase is superimposed for reference (grey for the carbon atoms). Amino acid residue labels on the second lines are for glucoamylase. Catalytic residues are labelled in red. The +1 and −1 saccharide units of acarbose in the glucoamylase structure are shown. They mimic the +1 and −1 residues in its substrate, the glycosidic bond between which gets hydrolysed.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11229_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9194", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Overview of approaches to predicting proximal ECSs (Approach 1) and distal, intronic ECSs (Approach 2).\nB: The distribution of the distances between the editing site and the corresponding base in the ECS. (d,e) The distribution of (d) stem lengths and (e) max bulge sizes in the editing site side of the stem. The colour legend is the same as in (c).\nC: Numbers of editing sites identified in predicted ECSs (blue) compared with the control regions (red) of the same length indicated in (a).\nD: The fraction of editing substrates that are base-paired at each position relative to the editing site (position 0, indicated in red), based on the predicted editing substrate structure. Negative positions are upstream (5′) of the editing site; positive positions are downstream (3′).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9194_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7601", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: miR-eQTLs for intergenic miRNAs miR-100-5p and miR-125b-5p, with GWAS SNPs for lipid traits, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The highlighted SNP, rs7115089, is associated with both HDL and total cholesterol at GWASP<5 × 10−8by linear regression tests50;\nB: the triangular relationships between SNP (that is, rs6951245), miRNA (that is, miR-339-3p) and TC. –log10(P) indicates the –log10 transformed miRNA-SNP associationPvalues.\nC: the triangular relationships between SNP (that is, rs7115089), miRNA (that is, miR-125b-5p) and HDL cholesterol;\nD: miR-eQTLs for intragenic miRNAs miR-339-3p and miR-339-5p, with GWAS SNPs for TC and LDL;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7601_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6680", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Position of Leu206, shown in sticks. Val115 and Tyr228 in the R subunit are also depicted.\nB: Space-filling representation of Leu206, Val115 and Tyr228.\nC: In silicoreplacement of Leu206 with Arg. The bulky and positively charged Arg side chain is predicted to clash with Val115 and Tyr228 in the R subunit, all shown in space-filling representation.\nD: Position of residues Leu199 and Cys200, both shown as sticks. Gly201 in the C subunit as well as Val115 and Ala117 in the R subunit are also depicted.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6680_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4116", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Illustration of theDCTN1–ALKkinase fusion.ALKis located on chromosome 2p23 andDCTN1on chromosome 2p13. Owing to genomic rearrangements, exon 1–26 ofDCTN1is fused with exon 20–29 ofALK, which contains the tyrosine kinase domain. The in-frame junction of the fusion transcript was confirmed with Sanger sequencing.\nB: Immunohistochemistry shows ALK expression in the melanocytes; stromal cells serve as internal negative controls. Scale bar, 500 μm. Scale bar magnification, 50 μm.\nC: Histological section of an atypical Spitz tumour with aDCTN1–ALKfusion excised from the upper arm of a 19-year-old male (haematoxylin and eosin stain). Scale bar, 500 μm. Scale bar magnification, 50 μm.\nD: FISH demonstrates theALKgene rearrangement by the individual green and orange signals using breakpoint flanking probes. Scale bar, 10 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4116_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6360", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Capillary DNA sequencing of the regions adjacent to the nonsense mutation inMAP3K14in P2 and core family members. Chromatograms shown for a healthy sister of P2, the mother of P2 and P2. The mutated residue is indicated by a grey box.\nB: Amino acid sequence conservation of the region adjacent to Pro565 across species as well as a panel of human serine/threonine kinases. Red arrow indicates Pro565 mutated in P1 and P2; Thr559 printed in green.\nC: SNP array based homozygosity mapping revealed several homozygous candidate intervals shared between both patients, including an interval on chromosome 17q21, described in the box.\nD: Schematic representation of the NIK protein domain structure. NRD, negative regulatory domain (blue); kinase domain (green); NCR, non-catalytic region (grey)79. Red label indicates the amino acid change in P1 and P2. Black labels indicate the catalytic inactive mutant NIKLys429Ala/Lys430Alaand the murinealy/alymutant (Gly860Arg).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6360_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9940", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Significantly over-represented copy-number alterations. The most important over-represented SCNA loci are highlighted. Blue, gains; red, losses.\nB: The number of copy-number alterations fulfilling specific criteria of a BRCA-like phenotype shown for each tumour (threshold line in red).\nC: Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score shown for each tumour. The threshold for considering a tumour to be BRCA deficient was set to 15 (red dashed line).\nD: Copy-number profile of 123 OS genomes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9940_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13719", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Schematic representation ofADAM17. The blue dots indicate the CUX1 predicted binding sites. In green the region where the primers used for the ChIP experiments have been designed.\nB: mRNA levels and WB for CUX1 and ADAM17 in PC3 cells.\nC: CUX1 and PTEN in different PCa cell lines.\nD: ADAM17 luciferase activity upon knockdown of CUX1. Values are expressed as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 by Student’st-test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13719_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1756", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Effect of oxonate on Abcg2-mediated urate transport (n=3). (c–e,g,h)In vivostudy usingAbcg2-knockout and wild-type mice.\nB: Relative contribution of urinary, intestinal and biliary urate excretion pathways.\nC: Urinary excretion of urate (n=10–11). ***P=4.1×10−4(e) Time course of intestinal urate excretion (n=4). ***P<0.001; **P=0.0066; *P=0.021.\nD: Concentration-dependent urate transport via Abcg2 (n=3).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1756_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5617", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Arsenate reductase activity measured as As(III) production of a recombinant AT2G21045 protein in the presence of 15 mM As(V). Same analysis was conducted in the absence of protein (No Prot). Graph represents parts per million (p.p.m.) of As (III). The value of the specific enzymatic activity is given. Data shows mean±s.d. (n=3).\nB: Arsenate reductase activity of recombinant AT2G21045 protein with increasing As(V) concentrations. AKmvalue of 25 was estimated using SigmaPlot v.12.5 for non-linear regression analysis. The coefficient of determination (R2) used to fit the data to a curve is given.\nC: Arsenic species analysis of extracts of Col-0 and At2g21045 T-DNA mutant plants exposed to 5 μM As(V; 24 h). Values are mean±s.d. (n=5). (g,h)In vitroAT2G21045 arsenate reductase activity.\nD: Atacr2T-DNA mutant (acr2-T-DNA) and ACR2-overexpressing lines (OXACR2) have an As(V) tolerance phenotype similar to that of Col-0. %RGR was determined at various As(V) concentrations. Bars show mean±s.d. (n=3).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5617_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4444", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The rate of change in Cyclin B1-GFP degradation with respect to time during MI. A first differential plot of empirical and modelled cubic equations for the rate of Cyclin B1-GFP degradation. Negative values imply net degradation; horizontal dashed lines, maximal degradation rates;xi, onset of net destruction (first instance ofy=0).\nB: Chromosome mis-segregation rates in resulting metaphase II eggs following either vehicle or reversine treatment at 5 or 6 h after NEB.\nC: NDJ or PSSC rates in resulting eggs following vehicle or reversine addition during MI. (c–e) Numbers of oocytes are indicated in parenthesis; different letters indicate significant difference between groups (P<0.001);c, analysis of variance;d,e, Fisher’s exact test.\nD: Timing of polar body extrusion in oocytes treated with either a vehicle control or reversine at 5 or 6 h after NEB. Black lines indicate means.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4444_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1519", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Three different p53wt cell lines (U2OS, MCF-7 and ZR-75.1) were treated with 0.4 μg ml−1of doxorubicin (3, 6 and 24 h) and RBM38 mRNA levels were measured using RT–qPCR analysis.\nB: MCF-7 cells were transfected with a scramble (Ctrl) or 3 different siRNAs against RBM38. p21 and RBM38 levels were, respectively, measured using immunobloting, and RT–qPCR. CDK4 protein levels were used as a loading control.\nC: Cell-cycle-distribution change of U2OS and HCT116 cells transfected with scrambled siRNA or siRNA against RBM38 and treated with either ionizing radiation (15 Gy) or Nutlin-3 for 24 h. To capture cycling cells in G2/M, cells were incubated 12 h with nocodazol before flow cytometric analysis.\nD: The p21-3′UTR reporter was co-transfected with scrambled siRNA (Ctrl) or 2 effective siRNAs against RBM38. The relative luciferase activity is presented as therenilla/firefly ratio normalized to the scramble reaction. Error bars in (a–f) represent standard deviation of technical replicates,n=3.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1519_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5768", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative images of Kos and KK34 leaves.\nB: ELISA assay showing replication of RSV in Kos and KK34 protoplasts. Mock, the protoplasts treated the PBS buffer. Error bars indicate s.e.m. (n=3), **indicates significant differences between Kos and KK34 inoculated with RSV at same time point atP<0.01 (n=3) by the Student’st-test.\nC: KK34 has similar SBPH susceptibility to Kos. WYJ3 (Wuyujing 3) and RH (Rathu Heenati) were used as the SBHP-susceptible and -resistant control, respectively. Error bars indicate s.e.m. (n=3), different letters at the top of each column indicate significant differences atP<0.01 (n=3) by the Student’st-test.\nD: RT–PCR assay showing accumulation of the RSV coat protein mRNA in whole seedling plant without roots of Kos and KK34 following RSV infection. m, mock seedlings were sampled 3 d.p.i. with RSV-free SBPH. The mean±s.e.m. was obtained from three technical repeats and three biological repeats.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5768_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6299", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: csf1aalb9.2:mCherry inD. rerio(magenta, arrowhead) in hypodermis (h), adjacent to the myotome (m) and also medially (arrow) in the vicinity of the spinal cord (sc) and vertebral column (v), corresponding to ventral motor nerves. Basonuclin-2 (Bnc2; green) promotes Csf1 expression inD. rerio22, but Bnc2+cells did not co-express mCherry. Right, extra-hypodermal xanthophores (arrow) inD. albolineatus.\nB: At the hypodermis,csf1aalb9.2:mCherry was expressed by Foxd3+glia (green) of the lateral line nerve (arrow) and other cells. Scale bars, 40 μm (c,eleft 2 panels,f), 60 μm (eright 2 panels).\nC: mCherry in AR+ stageTg(csf1arerio9.1:mCherry)(left) andTg(csf1aalb9.2:mCherry)(right), inD. rerio(top) andD. albolineatus(bottom). Images forcsf1arerio9.1:mCherrywere exposed twice as long yet show only background fluorescence.\nD: csf1arerio9.1:mCherrywas detectable at low levels.midkine b(mdkb), control target amplifying 259 bp from cDNA or 334 bp with intron from genomic DNA (gDNA); nt, no template.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6299_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9258", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Mutant circDNA has been detected byPrimePCR ddPCRassay in blood and (d) sputum samples isolated from patients with knownATM,NRASandIGF1Rmutations. Fractional abundance of these mutations in primary tumours was 35%, 20% and 2% respectively.\nB: Table shows the list of mutations detected either in primary lesions, blood or sputum samples from two patients, analysed using NGS orPrimePCR ddPCRassay.\nC: BRAFmutation that was identified in pre-malignant AAH lesion was detected in DNA extracted from matched plasma and sputum species by ddPCR.\nD: DNA with knownNRASmutation (extracted from the primary tumour of patient 2AAH) was serially diluted with 35 ng of the matched control DNA isolated from the lymph node of the same patient and every mixed mutant:wild-type sample was assessed using PrimePCR ddPCR assay. The blue markers indicate the concentration of mutant DNA (copies per μl) and the green markers indicate the concentration of wild-type DNA (copies per μl) in each sample. All error bars generated by QuantaSoft software represent the 95% confidence interval. Fractional abundance of the mutant DNA in a wild-type DNA background is shown at the bottom of the plot.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9258_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6276", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: RT-qPCR analysis of the levels of LINE-1 ORF1 and ORF2 RNA in ovaries ofBecn1/Atg6+/−mice compared with wild-type controls (n=4 wild-type,Becn1/Atg6+/−mice).\nB: qPCR analysis of relative number of genomic copies of LINE-1 ORF2 in muscle, liver and prefrontal cortex ofBecn1/Atg6+/−mice and wild-type controls normalized to LINE-1 5′UTR and 5S rDNA (n=4 wild-type, 6Becn1/Atg6+/−mice). *P=0.019 prefrontal cortex,P=0.048 muscle, analysis of variance. All error bars represent s.e. of the mean.\nC: RT-qPCR analysis of the levels of LINE-1 ORF1 and ORF2 RNA in the prefrontal cortex ofBecn1/Atg6+/−mice compared with wild-type controls (n=4 wild-type,Becn1/Atg6+/−mice).\nD: qPCR analysis of relative number of genomic copies of LINE-1 ORF2 in ovaries ofBecn1/Atg6+/−mice and wild-type controls normalized to LINE-1 5′UTR and 5S rDNA (n=4 wild-type, 6Becn1/Atg6+/−mice). *P=0.02,t-test.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6276_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6744", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of the mouseSprtngene and the targeted alleles. An invertedNeocassette was inserted in the second intron with flanking FLP recognition target (FRT) sequences. LoxP sites were also inserted at the indicated positions. The floxed and KO alleles were created by crossing heterozygote mice withFLPandCre-transgenic mice, respectively. Positions of genotyping primers are indicated by arrows.\nB: PCR-based genotyping (at weaning) of wild-type andSprtnheterozygote mice produced by intercrossingSprtn+/−.\nC: PCR-based genotyping of wild-type, heterozygote and KO blastocysts.\nD: Blastocysts fromSprtn+/−intercrosses were culturedin vitroand observed by phase-contrast microscopy on 6 consecutive days. Representative images ofSprtn+/+,Sprtn+/−andSprtn−/−blastocysts are shown. Scale bar, 100 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6744_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: However, due to random and non-linear distortion of the sequencer’s imaging system, one-step global transformation leads to locational error. Approximately 20% of the pixels are mapped in a false position that is not distinguishable, severely reducing the reliability of all of the location data (Supplementary Fig. 22). Yellow flags indicate the reference points of each mapping calculation. A colour bar shows the pixel-wise distance between the mapped pixels and accordant well centre. The threshold value is ~13.5 pixels.\nB: One subdomain completes the location mapping by supplying two new reference points to the adjacent subdomain. Local mapping propagates from the initial matched subdomains throughout the whole chip.\nC: Twenty-four beads were retrieved from eight evenly distributed regions to verify the local mapping algorithm. The left side of the figure describes the target well location on the stitched chip image and the right side of the figure shows the correct retrieval results.\nD: Schematic diagram of our mapping algorithm. The 454 Junior normally offers ~105sequences with accordant pixel positions of CCD. From two arbitrary reference points, the corresponding sequence-labelled well location can be determined by adjusting for the scale and rotational angle of the sequencing pixel domain and overlap.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7073_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9806", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The patients carrying theROBO2mutation (n=8) showed lowerROBO1expression compared with those without aROBO2mutation (n=52;P=0.039).\nB: There was no difference in OS between the patients with lowROBO2expression (n=73) and normal and highROBO2expression (n=95). The patients with theROBOmutations were significantly associated with a shorter overall survival than those without the mutation (g, ROBO1&2 WT versus MT,P=0.018;h, ROBO1 WT versus MT,P=0.395;i, ROBO2 WT versus MT,P=0.030). In addition, the patients with theROBOmutations were significantly associated with high AML transformation compared with those without theROBOmutations (j, ROBO1&2 WT versus MT,P<0.001;k, ROBO1 WT versus MT,P=0.001;l, ROBO2 WT versus MT,P=0.019). Statistical significance in survival analysis and AML transformation was determined by log rank test.\nC: The patients with lowROBO1expression (n=60) displayed a shorter overall survival (OS) compared with than those with normal or highROBO1expression (n=108).\nD: There was no significant difference inROBO2expression between those with (n=8) and without (n=52)ROBO2mutations. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA’s HSD test. Error bars throughout represent the s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9806_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5723", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Genetics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification chromosome 18 transcripts by qRT–PCR using primers targeting different regions (mean values±s.d.,n=three replicates).Tmx3is the coding gene closest to chromosome 18 telomere andMalat1a long-noncoding RNA located in a non-subtelomeric region. Student’st-test was used in all statistical analysis (*P<0.05, **P<0.001 and ***P<0.0001). Total number of foci and nuclei are indicated in the corresponding panels. Arrowheads and arrows indicate co-localization and association events (partial co-localizations), respectively. Untr, untreated. Scale bar, 5 μm. NS, not significant.\nB: Cells were irradiated with ultraviolet C and, upon recovery, fixed for RNA-FISH. Confocal microscopy images of double RNA-FISH using probes targeting either chromosome 18-RNAs (probes 18-3-1 and 18-3-4; red) or TERRA’s telomeric track (green) are shown. (Graph) Percentages of co-localizing foci per nuclei (mean values +s.e.m.,n=number of nuclei; two different probes were used to detect chromosome 18-RNAs).\nC: Upon 5′Azacytidine treatment, RNA was isolated and use for (left) TERRA detection by RNA dot-blot with a probe against the telomeric track;18Sserves as loading control. (Graph) TERRA quantification normalized by18S(mean values±s.d.,n=three replicates).\nD: Upon pMEF synchronization, TERRA and chromosome 18-RNA levels were measured by RNA dot-blot at different time points upon serum release;18Sserves as a loading control. (Top graph) Quantification of transcripts levels normalized by18S. (Bottom graph) Percentage of cells in G0/G1 and S phase upon serum release.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5723_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: CD8+T cells isolated from 129/Sv mice were adoptively transferred to syngeneic 129/SvRag2−/−mice (n=5). Representative FACS histograms depict the levels of CD8+T cells in 344SQ tumours and lungs of the reconstituted mice with reconstituted CD8+T cells versus those in the controls.\nB: The results of a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of CD8+TILs in 344SQ and 393P primary tumours isolated 2 weeks after subcutaneous tumour cell injection into 129/Sv mice (n=10). The results contain the data from two independent experiments.t-test,P<0.0001.\nC: CD8+T cells measured by flow cytometric analysis in single-cell suspensions prepared from tumour-bearing lungs of 8- to 12- month-oldK-rasLA1/+(K-ras) andK-rasLA1/+p53R172HΔG/+(KP) spontaneous mouse model (n=5). The analysis was independently repeated at least three times.t-test,P=0.0006.\nD: Lung metastases in WT or 129/SvRag2−/−mice (n=5) injected subcutaneously with 344SQ or 393P cells and necropsied 5 weeks later. The analysis was independently repeated twice.t-test,P<0.0001.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6241_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In-frame gene fusions and out-of-frame gene fusions present in 50 B-other cases. The gene symbol for genes involved in more than two unique fusions or in recurrent fusions is indicated in bold.\nB: In-frame gene fusions (green) and out-of-frame gene fusions (orange) are illustrated using Circos59. Each ribbon has one end attached to the circle, indicating the 5′-partner gene of the fusion. The width of the ribbon is proportional to the number of detected fusions. Genes are arranged according to their genomic position (from chromosome 1–22 followed by X and Y) and chromosomes are marked in different colours. The gene symbol is denoted for genes involved in more than two unique fusions or in recurrent fusions.\nC: The frequency of in-frame gene fusions by genetic subtype (indicated in the right column with the number of affected cases in parenthesis). Novel gene fusions are indicated in red (n=27, reciprocal gene-fusion pairs counted as a single fusion) and previously described fusions are indicated in black (n=22).\nD: Distribution of 195 BCP ALL cases within genetic subtypes defined by gene-expression profile and gene fusions detected by RNA-seq.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11790_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12680", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: ELISA measurement of non-antibody-bound free VEGF in different groups (triplicates per group).\nB: Measurement and quantification of total and phosphorylated VEGFR2 protein levels in various groups (triplicates per group).\nC: Liver tissue hypoxia measured by CA9 expression in various groups. Scale bar, 100 μm. Data were quantified from nine random fields per group.\nD: RT-PCR and qPCR quantification ofHif1aexpression in various on- and off-drug groups (triplicates per group).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12680_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8103", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: U2OS cells were transfected with the indicated BRAF reporter. mRNA levels were assessed after 48 h using qPCR, BRAF3–9 isoform values are normalized to the total amount of GFP mRNA. Isoform levels in wtBRAF were set to 1. (b,cande) Values represent the means of three independent experiments ±s.d. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01,t-test).\nB: Quantitative qPCR analysis of parental and resistant C3 cells. Indicated values represent isoform values normalized to total BRAF mRNA. Isoform levels in resistance C3 cell line was set to 1, #Signal below detection limit.\nC: Schematic representation of AS events detected in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma patients. Only introns are drawn to scale, intron 1=63 kbp.\nD: Secondary structure of the 3′ SS of intron 8. Colour-coded pairing probability of individual nucleotides is indicated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8103_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13701", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Area under curve values derived from dose–response experiments with TAK-733 and trametinib for 16 lung cancer cell lines.\nB: Analysis as indforARID1Amutant or wild-type cell lines for sensitivity to indicated MEK inhibitors. NS=not significant, two-sidedt-test.\nC: Sensitivity of indicated 16 cell lines to trametinib. Shown is the area under curve (AUC) derived from dose–response experiments as ina. When applicable, the heterozygous (het) or homozygous (hom) mutational status of ATM is indicated above the bars and mutational status for selected genes is indicated below. Error bars indicate s.d.’s (n=3).\nD: Representative dose–response curves for sensitive and resistant lung cancer cell lines treated with trametinib for 5 days and normalized to vehicle control. Error bars indicate s.d.’s (n=3). KRAS/BRAF genotypes for indicated cell lines: NCI-H460: KRAS-Q61H; NCI-H322: None; NCI-H23: KRAS-G12C; NCI-H1666: BRAF-G466V; NCI-H157: KRAS-G12R.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13701_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9471", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Knockdown of p27 in combination with KLF5, BAP1, HCF-1 or OGT knockdown in HCC1806 cells. The protein levels of p27, KLF5, BAP1, HCF-1 and OGT were analysed by WB.\nB: Endogenous KLF5, BAP1, HCF-1 and OGT proteins are in the same protein complex. The HCC1806 cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with the anti-BAP1 antibody. Endogenous KLF5, HCF-1 and OGT proteins co-immunoprecipitated. The c-Myc protein was not in the protein complex. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G was used as the negative control.\nC: BAP1 binds to thep27gene promoter as determined by ChIP assays in HCC1806 cells (mean±s.d. from three experiments). *P<0.05; NS, not significant,t-test.\nD: Exogenous KLF5 interacted with BAP1, HCF-1 and OGT. KLF5-3 × Flag and BAP1 were co-expressed in HEK293FT cells. When KLF5 was immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag-M2 beads, exogenous BAP1 and endogenous HCF-1 and OGT co-immunoprecipitated.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9471_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15080", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Immunoblot analyses of phospho-AKT (p-Ser473) and total AKT in GSCs (T387 and T0912), showing that rhPTN stimulation markedly increases AKT-activating phosphorylation, while the anti-PTPRZ1 antibody treatment compromises rhPTN-stimulated AKT activation in GSCs. Cells were pretreated with anti-PTPRZ1 antibody or control IgG for 1 h followed by rhPTN treatment for 20 min.\nB: Co-immunoprecipitation of PTPRZ1 with the Fyn-specific antibody from T387 and T0912 GSC cell lysates. Precipitation with normal rabbit IgG was used as a negative control. PTPRZ1 binds to Fyn in GSCs.\nC: Immunoblot analyses of p-SFK (Tyr416) and Fyn in T387 GSCs, showing that rhPTN stimulation markedly increases activating phosphorylation of SFK (p-Tyr416), while the anti-PTPRZ1 antibody treatment largely abrogates SFK activation in GSCs.\nD: Co-immunoprecipitation of p-SFK (p-Tyr416) with the Fyn-specific antibody in T387 GSCs. Phosphorylated Fyn, as represented by immunoprecipitated p-SFK with Fyn antibody, was increased after rhPTN exposure, and was compromised by anti-PTPRZ1 antibody. Precipitation with rabbit IgG was used as a negative control.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15080_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14073", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Quantification of cells with nuclear YAP by immunofluorescence. MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with indicated siRNAs for 24 h and treated with RU486 1 μM for additional 24 h in SFM containing BM 1 μM. Error bars represent mean±s.d., fromn=3 biological replicates.\nB: Results of the high-content screening.\nC: Cells were treated as inb. Representative images are shown. Scale bars, 15 μm.\nD: Quantification of MDA-MB-231 cells with nuclear YAP by immunofluorescence. Cells were grown in serum-free medium (SFM) and treated with betamethasone (BM) 0.1 μM for 24 h. Error bars represent mean±s.d., fromn=3 biological replicates.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14073_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6944", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and SA-β-gal staining. White arrows in × 40 inset indicate inflammatory infiltrates in Ad-Cre plus vehicle-treated livers (Scale bar, 100 μm).\nB: The expression of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative PCR with reverse transcription (qRT–PCR). Gene expression was repeated three times.\nC: Quantification of β-gal positive senescent hepatocytes in indicated treatment groups.\nD: Phospho- and total β-catenin, p53 and its target p21 expression were assessed by western blot. Protein expression was repeated three times. ((b–e):n=4–5; Student’st-test was used for statistical analysis, *P<0.05; data are represented as mean±s.e.m.).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6944_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9866", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Pie chart depicting the percentage of different types of sSNVs detected in our cohort genome-wide.\nB: Dot plot of time from diagnosis to sampling in the older versus younger cohort.\nC: Bar chart comparing the mutation rate per MB genome-wide (total) and in coding regions in the entire cohort and in younger (n=13) versus older (n=17) patients. (f,g) Dot plot of average number of clonal and subclonal mutations total (f) and in coding regions (g) in younger versus older subgroups is shown. Error bars indicate ±s.e.m.,Pvalues were calculated using the Mann–WhitneyU-test. NS, not significant (i.e.P>0.05).\nD: Dot plot of age at diagnosis in the older versus younger cohort. The horizontal line indicates median age.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9866_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1727", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Validation ofV600EB-RAFcopy-number gain by gDNA Q–PCR (black and red by B-RAF primer set 1 and 2, respectively) and recurrence across distinct patients (positives highlighted in orange). PMN, peripheral mononuclear cells; HDF, human dermal fibroblasts for diploid gDNAs.\nB: B-RAF immunohistochemistry on paired tissues derived from the corresponding patients as ina(scale bar, 50 μM).\nC: Copy-number variations (CNVs) called from whole-exome sequence data on two triads of gDNAs using ExomeCNV and chromosome 7 as visualized by Circos (outer ring, genomic coordinates (Mbp); centromere, red; inner ring, log ratio values between baseline and disease progression (DP) samples' average read depth per each capture interval; scale of axis for patient no. 5 –5 to 5 and for patient no. 8 –2.5 to 2.5). Two patients whose melanoma responded to and then progressed on vemurafenib. The genomic region coded orange (magnified views shown in the center of Circos maps) represents the location of B-RAF (chr7:140,424,943-140,524,564), which shows an average log ratio value of 1.14 (2.2-fold gain; patient no. 5) and 3.8 (12.8-fold gain; patient no. 8).\nD: B-RAFV600 mutant to WT ratio increases with disease progression or acquisition of B-RAFi resistance mediated by mutantB-RAFcopy-number gain. Chromatograms from Sanger sequencing for melanoma samples from patients who acquired B-RAFi resistance based on distinct molecular alterations:V600EB-RAFcopy-number gain,V600EB-RAFtruncation,N-RASmutation or RTK overexpression.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1727_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2921", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: MelJuSo cells were exposed to 9 μM Doxo, 60 μM Etop or 20 μM Acla for 2 h. Drugs were removed and further cultured for the times indicated. Cells were lysed, separated by SDS–PAGE and WB was probed with the antibodies indicated. Actin is used as loading control and positions of marker are indicated. C, untreated control.\nB: MelJuSo cells were treated with 9 μM Doxo or 60 μM Etop and lysed at indicated time points before analyses of γ-H2AX by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and western blotting (WB). Tubulin is used as a loading control and the positions of molecular weight markers are indicated.\nC: MelJuSo cells were treated with 9 μM Doxo or 60 μM Etop for 2 h before fixation and stained for γ-H2AX (top panel in red). Bottom panel in blue indicates DAPI staining of the nuclei of cells. C, untreated control. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: MelJuSo cells were exposed to various concentrations of Doxo, Etop or Acla for 2 h. C, untreated control. Drugs were removed by extensive washing. DNA double-strand breaks, immediately after 2 h drug treatment or 8 h post drug removal were quantified by constant-field gel electrophoresis and expressed as percentage of total DNA (n=3 independent experiments, error bar indicates s.d.). Western blotting indicates the γ-H2AX response after 2 h drug treatment at different concentrations; tubulin is shown as loading control.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2921_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6238", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: CD24/CD44 surface staining of TN1 primary breast cancer cells infected with the pTIG and pTIG-L3 viruses 7 days after Dox addition. Gates are based on isotype controls. Two independent experiments were performed.Pvalues were calculated by ANOVA. **P<0.001; ***P<0.0001.\nB: Numbers of spheres of HeyA8p-pTIP-L3 cells treated with Dox as ine. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent cultures.\nC: Percent HeyA8-pTIP-L3 cells surviving 5 days after Dox addition, assessed with flow cytometry live/dead gating, normalized to pTIP controls and to Dox-free controls. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent cultures.\nD: Percent of flow cytometry-sorted DsRedwtGFPmutgreen or red/green MCF-7 cells in the subG1 fraction (nuclear PI staining) at the indicated times after infection with the pLKO or the pLKO-L3 viruses. Histograms represent mean+s.d. of three independent cultures.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6238_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15004", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: IL-1β levels from LPS-primed WT or AIM2/IFI204 deficient BMDMs that were transfected with DNA plasmids as indicated. Results are shown as mean±s.d. All data are representative of three independent experiments.\nB: IL-1β levels from LPS-primed BMDMs that were stimulated with indicated stimuli. Results are shown as mean±s.d.\nC: The levels of secreted IL-1β (left panel) or IL-18 (right panel) from small intestinal macrophages that were primed with LPS followed by stimulation with indicated stimuli. Results are shown as mean±s.d.\nD: IL-1β levels from LPS-primed WT, NLRP3-KO, ASC-KO, Casp1-KO or NLRC4-KO immortalized BMDMs that were activated by the stimuli as indicated. Results are shown as mean±s.d.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15004_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A549 cells were treated with 5 μM of SMBA1, SMBA2 or SMBA3 for 24 h. A co-immunoprecipitation experiment was carried out using the 6A7 or full-length Bax antibody. Bax was analysed by western blot.\nB: A549 cells were treated with SMBA1, SMBA2 or SMBA3 (5 μM) for 24 h. After treatment, mitochondria were isolated, followed by crosslinking using BMH. Bax was analysed by western blot.\nC: A549 cells were treated with 5 μM of SMBA1, SMBA2 or SMBA3 for 24 h. Cells were incubated with prewarmed (37 °C) growth medium containing MitoTracker (red) for 30 min. Cells were then washed with 1 × PBS, fixed, permeabilized with ice-cold methanol and acetone, blocked with 10% mouse serum and stained with mouse monoclonal 6A7 primary and FITC-conjugated anti-mouse secondary (green) antibodies. Images were merged using Openlab 3.1.5 software. Areas of co-localization are yellow. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: First, mitochondria were isolated from A549 cells and then treated with SMBA1, SMBA2 or SMBA3 (5 μM) in crosslinking buffer for 30 min at 30 °C, followed by crosslinking using BMH. Bax was analysed by western blot (full blots can be found inSupplementary Fig. 9).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5935_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: eIF4E3-driven 5′-UTR motif sequence #1, with motif location map illustrating the location of motif #1 (red) and #2 (blue) in the 5′-UTR region and RT-qPCR validation of target genes representing motif #1 target,POLA2. mRNA percentage was normalized to exogenous luciferase control mRNA level (eIF4E1 in blue and eIF4E3 in red). Values shown represent mean±s.e.m.,n=3, *P-value of Student’st-test <0.05.\nB: eIF4E1-driven 5′-UTR motif sequence #2, with motif location map illustrating the location of motif #2 (blue) and #1 (pink) in the 5′-UTR region and RT-qPCR validation of target genes representing motif #2 target,DGCR6. mRNA percentage was normalized to exogenous luciferase control mRNA level (eIF4E1 in blue and eIF4E3 in red). Values shown represent mean±s.e.m.,n=3, *P-value of Student’st-test <0.05.\nC: eIF4E3-driven 5′-UTR motif sequence #2, with motif location map illustrating the location of motif #2 (blue) and #1 (red) in the 5′-UTR region and RT-qPCR validation of target genes representing motif #2 target,DDX49. mRNA percentage was normalized to exogenous luciferase control mRNA level (eIF4E1 in blue and eIF4E3 in red). Values shown represent mean±s.e.m.,n=3, *P-value of studentt-test <0.05.\nD: eIF4E1-driven 5′-UTR motif sequence #1, with motif location map illustrating the location of motif #1 (blue) and #2 (cyan) in the 5′-UTR region and RT-qPCR validation of target genes representing motif #1 target,DTD1. mRNA percentage was normalized to exogenous luciferase control mRNA level (eIF4E1 in blue and eIF4E3 in red). Values shown represent mean±s.e.m.,n=3, *P-value of Student’st-test <0.05.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6413_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11111", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: bottleneck in which a few mutations post treatment are ‘new’ (green), many are lost (red) and yet others have unchanged frequency (for example, #6);\nB: bottleneck in which many mutations are entirely new (blue) (for example, #27);\nC: no bottleneck or clinical response (for example, #14); and (f) complex, possibly polyclonal evolution without bottleneck (for example, #18). Mutations from these six cancers are mapped onto their putative positions on the evolutionary diagram.\nD: no bottleneck but with clinical response (for example, #10);", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11111_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13041", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Tissue-specific metabolic signatures in normal and cancer tissues are represented in a polar histogram. The external circle displays metabolic pathways found enriched upregulated (red) or downregulated (blue) in normal tissues, compared to average. The internal circle shows the enrichment of individual metabolic pathways in cancer compared to normal. Grey bars indicate no change in cancer compared to normal. The horizontal histogram indicates the proportion of metabolic pathways altered in cancer compared to pathways downregulated or upregulated in normal tissues.\nB: Scatter plot representation of the variance of metabolic pathways among normal (xaxis) and cancer (yaxis) tissues.\nC: Scatter plot representation of correlation coefficient (Spearman,xaxis) and correlationP-value (−log10,yaxis) of metabolic pathways in normal tissue compared to cancer. Horizontal dashed line indicates FDR of 5% (−log10).\nD: Metabolic pathways enriched in cancer tissue compared to normal, independent of tissue of origin. Metabolic pathways enriched in >20% of cancer types are shown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13041_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6794", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Bone marrow ofR26-Zeb2tg/tgwith Pre-T LBL. H&E stain, scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: From 5 months of age,R26-Zeb2tg/tgspontaneously develop thymus tumours (asterisk).\nC: Precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia (Pre-T LBL) invading the adjacent pulmonary parenchyma with dense infiltrates of CD3-positive cells expanding the peribronchial/perivascular interstitium; CD3 immunohistochemistry, scale bar, 400 μm. PTLL exhibits systemic dissemination with dense infiltrates of CD3-positive cells expanding the centrilobular and portal areas and dissecting along the surrounding hepatic cords; CD3 immunohistochemistry, scale bar, 200 μm.\nD: Kaplan–Meier survival curve after intercrossingZeb2-overexpressing mice on to aTie2cre, p53f/fthymic tumour-prone background: a significant decrease in tumour latency and survival could be observed (j) with a shift in tumour spectrum. Mantel–Cox test was used to determine significance for Kaplan–Meier curve. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6794_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11363", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A549 cells were transfected with p21 siRNA or a control siRNA for 24 h, and then exposed to single drugs or to BI-2536/fasudil 48 h. The cell cycle distribution was analysed by flow cytometry using propidium iodide staining. The efficiency of p21 knockdown was examined by immunoblotting.\nB: HCT-116 (KRASmutant and p21 wild type) cells and its p21 knockout counterparts (HCT-116 p21−/−) were exposed to single drugs or to BI-2536/fasudil respectively. The cell cycle distribution was analysed. The efficiency of p21 knockout was examined by immunoblotting.\nC: The levels of p21 protein and mRNA expression in isogenic T29Kt1/T29 cells. Cells were treated with DMSO (control), BI-2536 (4 nmol l−1), fasudil (20 μmol l−1) or BI-2536/fasudil. Equal amounts of proteins from cell lysates were subjected to western blotting analyses. The numbers underneath the blotting bands represent the normalized density quantified by densitometry using ImageJ 2 × software. The relative mRNA levels of p21WAF1/CIP1after normalization to β-actin expression were determined by quantitative PCR. The error bars correspond to the s.d.’s from three independent experiments.\nD: Immunoblot analysis of protein levels in the nucleus and cytoplasm in response to the indicated treatments in A549 cells. Histone H3 and α-tubulin served as nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction markers, respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11363_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15205", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: KrascDNA Sanger sequencing traces ofC57BL/6mouse splenocytes (control) and of fiveC57BL/6mouse tumour cell lines. Black arrows indicate heterozygous missense mutations inKrascodons 12 and 13.\nB: Data summary of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) volume (n=53, 26, 19, 30, 19, 27, 20, 16, 14, 14, 14, and 15, respectively, for LLC, MC38, AE17, B16F10, PANO2, FULA, CULA, A549, LTP A549, SKMEL2, HT-29, and HEK293T cells).\nC: Representative images of MPEs (dashed lines), pleural tumours (t), lungs (l), and hearts (h) imaged through the diaphragm. Scale bars, 1 cm.\nD: Data summary of pleural CD11b+Gr1+ cells (n=5–16 animals/group were analysed).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15205_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: GLUT1 knockdown by shRNA abolished the stimulating effect of R175H and R273H mutp53 on the Warburg effect in SK-BR3 and MDA-MB468 cells, respectively.\nB: GLUT1 knockdown by siRNA abolished the stimulating effect of R172H mutp53 on the Warburg effect in p53R172H/R172HMEFs.\nC: GLUT3 knockdown by shRNA did not clearly affect the stimulating effects of mutp53 on the Warburg effect in H1299 cells. Only GLUT3 was knocked down in H1299 cells, as GLUT2 expression was undetectable in H1299 (Fig. 3j).\nD: GLUT1 knockdown by shRNA vectors largely abolished the stimulating effects of R175H, R248Q and R273H mutp53 on the Warburg effect in H1299 cells. Con-shR, control shRNA; GLUT1-shR, GLUT1 shRNA.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: View of the three identified cavities where the peptide could be inserted. Charge distribution analysis of (c) designed model peptide, (d) Src and (e) the model peptide docked in the proposed cavity. The red and blue regions represent negative and positive charges, respectively.\nB: After the phosphopeptide was exposed to Src for 36 ns, the kinase domain moved, completely exposing Y419.\nC: Inactive form of the protein obtained from the protein data bank (PDB code:2SRC). The ANP and all the water molecules were deleted from the PDB structure.\nD: When Src was exposed to an unphosphorylated peptide, no significant movement was observed and Y419 was not exposed. The SH3, SH2, N-lobe and alphaC domains are shown in red, grey, orange and pink, respectively. The C-lobe, A-loop, C-terminus and phosphopeptide are shown in green, yellow, purple and brown, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2413_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10893", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Luciferase assay in pGL 4.10-based reporters measuring promoter activity in three different upstream elements P1, P2 and P3 (for their location, seed) and theDGKADMR region.\nB: Chromatin conformation capture depicting the interaction of theDGKADMR with the surroundingDGKAlocus in two patient fibroblasts with low- or high-DMR methylation. Data show mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments. Insert shows gene regions tested with DGKA transcripts depicted in blue and CpG islands in green. ****P<0.0001, Student’st-test. DMR, differentially methylated region; UTR, untranslated region.\nC: DGKAmRNA expression in primary human dermal fibroblasts on exposure to increasing doses of gamma irradiation. Data depict mean±s.e.m. from duplicate experiments in three different normal human dermal fibroblast strains derived from healthy donors.\nD: Map of the interrogated DGKA 5′ UTR with CpG islands (green),DGKAtranscripts (blue), ChIP-quantitative PCR amplicons (red) and luciferase reporter inserts (black).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10893_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4546", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Calcein-loaded PoP-liposomes were formed from 5% PEG–lipid, 35% cholesterol and 60% DSPC. HPPH–lipid was titrated in place of DSPC as indicated. Liposomes were irradiated for 3 min with a 120 mW 658 nm laser and release was assessed. Mean±s.d. forn=3. (b,c) Calcein release (solid black line) and solution temperature (Temp; dashed blue line) was measured for PoP-liposomes in the absence (b) or presence (c) of 150 mW laser irradiation. Temperature in the solution was measured using a thermocouple.\nB: ESR of a PoP-liposome sample containing 1 mol. % 5-DSA as a spin label, recorded at 50 °C.\nC: Temperature dependence of ESR spectra of 5-DSA containing PoP-liposomes.\nD: Evidence for lack of nanoscale heating in irradiated PoP-liposomes. The central ESR peak-to-trough width is shown for PoP-liposomes containing 5-DSA at various temperature and before (green), during (blue) and after (red) irradiation that induces permeabilization.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4546_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6218", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by Annexin V staining.\nB: The levels of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP were determined by western blot assays.\nC: LIF reduced 5-FU-induced cell death in a p53-dependent manner in cells. Above-mentioned cells with stable ectopic LIF expression and their control cells were treated with 5-FU (500 μM) for the indicated time periods. Cell viability was measured by the Vi-CELL cell counter.\nD: Knockdown of LIF in HCT116 p53+/+-LIF cells by two different siRNA oligos largely abolished the inhibitory effect of LIF on 5-FU-induced apoptosis. 5-FU-induced apoptosis was determined by measuring the levels of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6218_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7377", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: qPCR analysis ofRB1exons 3, 13 and 25 amplified from genomic DNA from the indicated autopsy specimens from Patient #7. Reactions were carried out in triplicate and error bars representing standard error of the mean are shown.\nB: CGH array profiles of a resistant NSCLC tumour (left) and SCLC transformed tumour (right) from Patient #7 at the level of the whole genome (top), chromosome 13q12.12-q32.2 (middle) and the 0.8 Mb region flanking theRB1gene (bottom). TheRB1gene locus is depicted and regions of bi-allelic loss are circled.\nC: Representative blot of lysates from resistantEGFRmutant cell lines derived from resistant biopsies along with classical SCLCs was probed with antibodies specific to RB and actin.\nD: CGH array profile of the MGH131-1 cell line of the whole genome (top), chromosome 13q12.12-q32.2 (middle) and the 0.8 Mb region flanking theRB1gene (bottom). TheRB1gene locus is depicted and regions of bi-allelic loss are circled.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7377_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6384", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: CSN6 overexpression correlated with increased levels of Myc target genes in pancreatic cancer patients and breast cancer patients. Human breast cancer patient data sets and pancreatic cancer patient data sets were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE1542, GSE 5847 and GSE2109) and analysed by gene set enrichment (MIT). Oncomine analysis tools and the GSEA program were used to analyse the impact of CSN6 on Myc target gene expression.\nB: The model shows the CSN6’s positive effect on the expression of representative Myc target genes in human cancers.\nC: Enrichment score graphs showed a strong positive enrichment of Myc target gene expression in patients with CSN6-overexpressing pancreatic or breast cancer as described inc. Representative Myc target genes are shown on graphs. Black arrows indicated the position of the corresponding genes on the gene list.Pvalues calculated by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and false discovery rates (FDR) are shown below. Abbreviations of genes are given inSupplementary Information.\nD: Transcriptomic analysis revealed frequent CSN6 overexpression in human patients with cancer. Human cancer patient data sets were obtained from the Oncomine database and Gene Expression Omnibus. Data were analysed with Oncomine expression analysis tools and Nexus Expression 2.0.Nrepresents the total number of cancer patients analysed for each cancer type. Only patients with >40% enhancement of CSN6 mRNA level compared with corresponding normal tissues were counted as ‘CSN6 overexpression’.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6384_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4545", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Quantification of Pearson's correlation coefficient between lysosomes–GFP and Cy3-labelled pDNA. The indicated time point indicates the elapsed time after the start of the movie acquisition.\nB: Confocal imaging of the subcellular distribution of the micelles 15.5 h after photoirradiation. HeLa cells were incubated with DPc-TPMs for 6 h, followed by medium replacement and photoirradiation at a fluence of 2 J cm−2. The image was captured 15.5 h after photoirradiation. Lysosomal membranes were tagged with GFP (green). Cy3-labelled pDNA is shown in red. Original magnification, × 63. This representative image was selected from nine images (134.82 μm × 134.82 μm (1,024 pixels × 1,024 pixels) × 9 images). Scale bar, 2 μm.\nC: A schematic diagram used to explain the results shown inc,d.\nD: Schematic view of the assumed localization of DPc and pDNA in the lysosomal compartment.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4545_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11478", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: EMSA with biotin-labelled rs2238126 A or G probes and HCT116 nuclear extracts. Lanes 1 and 5 represent negative controls with probes only. The biotin-labelled rs2238126 A allele probe (lane 2) produced a much denser band of a specific DNA–protein complex (arrow) than the G allele probe (lane 6). The specific complex with rs2238126-labelled A probe can be partly competed by 300-fold unlabelled A probe (lane 3) or G probe (lane 4). The complex with the labelled G allele probe can be completely abolished by 300-fold unlabelled A probe (lane 8), but not G probe (lane 7).\nB: EEL analysis predicted the binding affinity of MAX to the rs2238126 alleles.\nC: ChIP and quantitative RT–PCR assays confirm that rs2238126 binds to MAX in HCT116 cells. Relative enrichment was calculated as a ratio of the signals from MAX or IgG to the signals from the input DNA.\nD: A putative enhancer region flanking rs2238126 (chr12:12,009,241-12,010,241) with A or G alleles was cloned upstream of theETV6promoter-luciferase reporter vector. HCT116 and SW480 cells were transiently transfected with each of these constructs and assayed for luciferase activity after 24 h. TheP-value was calculated with two-sidedt-test. *P<0.001.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11478_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4393", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The beads were incubated with or without recombinant PP2A after immunoprecipitating the KK1-Mock lysates with an anti-PTEN antibody. Western blot analysis of the reaction mixtures was performed to determine the degree of phosphorylation of PTEN. The data are representative of two experiments.\nB: After immunoprecipitating the NIH3T3 lysates with an anti-PP2Ac antibody, the beads were incubated with a pSer380/pThr382/pThr383 phosphopeptide in the presence or absence of 10 nM OA, and phosphate release was determined. The mean±s.d. is shown; **P<0.05 (Student’st-test). The data are representative of three experiments.\nC: The lysates from KK1-NDRG2 or KK1-Mock cells treated with DTBP were immunoprecipitated with an anti-PTEN antibody, and the Western blots were probed with the indicated antibodies. Asterisk, nonspecific band. The data are representative of three experiments.\nD: 0.5 unit of recombinant PP2A was incubated with 200 μg ml−1of either PTEN peptide or the phosphopeptides containing either pSer380, pThr382, pThr383 or pSer380/pThr382/pThr383, and phosphate release was determined. The mean±s.d. is shown; **P<0.05 (Student’st-test). The data are representative of three experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4393_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7910", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Genome-scale distribution of DMRs identified in mammospheres of normal MaSCs and tumorospheres of tumour-initiating cells prepared from MMTV-Neu-Tg mice (n=3 mice in each).\nB: UCSC genome browser screenshot showing DNA methylation profile at ISL1 locus in mammospheres and tumorospheres. Red and green colors indicate methylated and unmethylated CpG sites, respectively.\nC: Cluster analysis of top 100 hypermethylated and few hypomethylated genes.\nD: Genome browser shot showing chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) tracks for H3K27me3 (red) and H3K4me3 (green) levels nearIsl1in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), MaSCs and LPs.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7910_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6433", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Schematic diagram of theTp53locus and the primers used for chromatin IP and reverse transcriptase–PCR (RT–PCR). (b–d) The chromatin occupancy of RNA Pol II with phosphorylated Ser2 on the C-terminal domain (CTD) (b), monoubiquitinated H2B (c) and trimethylated H3K4 (d) at theTp53locus was measured in siCtrl- or sihCdc73-transfected HEK293 cells.\nB: The poly(A) length on p53 mRNA was measured 60 h after transfection with siCtrl or sihCdc73. (h,i) The stability of mature p53 mRNA was determined in HEK293 cells transfected with the indicated short interfering RNAs. Each graph represents mean data from three independent experiments. Error bars are presented as the mean±s.e.m. Statistical values were calculated using a two-tailedt-test (ns, not significant; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001).\nC: Mature p53 mRNA stability was measured in sihCdc73-transfected HEK293 cells overexpressing Myc- or GST-hCdc73.\nD: The RNA stability of premature (upper panel) and mature (middle panel) p53 mRNA was measured by quantitative RT–PCR. The knockdown efficiency of each sihCdc73 construct was measured by western blotting (bottom panel).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6433_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Cell viability of cancer cell lines treated with increasing concentrations of different Wnt inhibitors and temozolomide (TMZ). Cell growth was assessed by FMCA or WST-1 after 72 h. All drugs were combined with a fixed molar ratio: TMZ:Celecoxib, 33:1; TMZ:G007-LK, 50:1; TMZ:LGK974, 20:1; TMZ:Wnt-C59, 20:1; TMZ:Salinomycin, 40:1; and TMZ:XAV-939, 20:1. Combination index (CI) at IC70was calculated by the median-effect method. Synergism and antagonism are defined as a CI mean significantly lower/higher than 1 with one-samplet-test (P<0.05). The combinations with G007-LK and XAV-939 (in all tested cell lines) and with LGK974 and Wnt-C59 in T98G could not be analysed by the median-effect method since the single drug effect did not achieve a full dose–response curve. Each concentration was tested in duplicate and the experiment was repeated at least three times. Values are mean±s.e.m.\nB: Western blotting of cellular extracts from SW480 cells treated with 10 μM celecoxib for 0–48 h.\nC: Overexpression of MGMT overcomes the cytotoxic effects of TMZ induced by celecoxib. SW480 cells were transfected with MGMT cDNA (pMGMTSPORT6) or scrambled control, left for 24 h and then treated with celecoxib and increasing concentrations of TMZ for 48 h. Data represent the mean±s.e.m.\nD: Treatment with celecoxib 30 μM in SW480 regulates luciferase activity of TOPflash and p-3500/+24 ML (plasmid 3). Luciferase activities are expressed as mean±s.d. of triplicate, experiment was repeated twice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9904_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10346", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative microphotographs showing differential C1q expression in the stroma of cancer-involved and non-involved mucosa at lower magnification (left panel, scale bar, 200 μm) and higher magnification (middle and right panels, scale bars, 50 μm). C1q-expressing, tumour-infiltrating myeloid elements (arrow heads) and mesenchymal elements including vascular endothelial cells and spindle-shaped fibroblasts (arrows) are differently enriched in the two conditions. Streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex system with AEC (red) chromogen.\nB: Expression of C1q on vascular endothelia demonstrated by double-marker immunohistochemical analysis showing co-localization of C1q (blue signal) and CD34 (red signal) in vessels; scale bars, 50 μm.\nC: C1q expression in the tumour-associated stroma at sites of liver metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma. Streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex system with AEC (red) chromogen; scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: C1q expression in stromal tissue neighbouring neoplastic glandular foci at the edge of tumour infiltration in colon adenocarcinoma (arrows); scale bars, 100 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10346_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4214", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Neurosphere-forming abilities of GBM9 cells stably expressing indicated constructs.\nB: Apoptosis assay of GBM9 cells stably expressing indicated constructs and treated with TMZ. (f,g) Kaplan–Meier survival curves (upper panels) of mice implanted with 1 × 103GBM9 cells stably expressing indicated constructs,n=5 mice (f) andn=6 mice (g) for each indicated cell line (upper panels). ThePvalues were determined by log-rank test. Representative light micrograph of brain tumours formed at indicated days after implantation are shown on the bottom panels. Brain tumours are marked by arrows. Scale bars, 2 mm. Data in panelsa–eare mean±s.d. (**P<0.01 byt-test,***P<0.001) of three independent experiments.\nC: Neurosphere-forming abilities of GBM9 cells stably expressing indicated constructs.\nD: Effect of Notch-induced PML degradation pathway on the chemoresistant character of GICs. Apoptosis assay of GBM9 cells stably expressing indicated constructs and treated with TMZ and/or DAPT as described in Methods.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4214_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11012", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Luciferase activity was measured after transfection with the indicated reporter constructs. The candidate sequences (seeSupplementary Table 2for the sequences) were cloned in the CDS of a fusion protein of luciferase and eGFP. NC, negative control; PC, positive control; Rhes., Rhesus monkey. Six independent repeats are performed in each experiment.\nB: The evolutionary trajectory of the miR-122 target site in theTGFβR1CDSs in animals. Three events are involved in the gain and loss of target sites, that is, a G–>A mutation (red), A–>G mutation (blue) and a G–>A mutation (green). The dot means the nucleotide is identical to the one in humans. For the predicted miR-122 target site in each species, the luciferase assay was performed. ‘+’ denotes the silence effect, and ‘−’ denotes no silence effect. Experimental data were shown inSupplementary Fig. 3f. Error bars, ±s.d. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 by two-sided Student’st-test.\nC: Luciferase activity was measured after transfection of the indicated reporter constructs.TGFβ15′UTR was cloned into the promoter region of a pGL plasmid. Rhesus, Rhesus monkey. Six independent repeats are performed in each experiment.\nD: Expression levels of TGFβ1 or TGFβR1 in C5.18 (rat cells) or LLC-PK1 (pig cells) transfected with an miR-122 expression plasmid or NC. Quantitative analysis is shown below and three independent repeats are performed in each experiment.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11012_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11371", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: FACS quantification of the endocytosed proteome in hypoxic control (Scr) and caveolin-1 knockdown (Cav-1 KD) HeLa cells with and without Dynasore pre-treatment shows that dynamin inhibition reverses the effect of caveolin-1 deficiency.\nB: HIF-1α and (e) HIF-2α in HeLa cell lysates from normoxic and hypoxic conditions at the indicated time points were analysed by western blotting with tubulin as loading control.\nC: Normoxic and hypoxic (2 h) cells were stained for caveolin-1, and filipin as a cell membrane counter-stain. Cell per cell analysis of peripheral, plasma membrane associated caveolin-1 as a fraction of total caveolin-1 was performed using Image J. Data are presented as the fraction of peripheral caveolin-1 per cell in random fields (n=51 per condition) in hypoxia relative to normoxia (set to 1) from three independent experiments. *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nD: Dynamin inhibition mimics hypoxia. FACS quantification of constitutive biotinylated membrane protein endocytosis at 30 min in normoxic and hypoxic HeLa cells following no treatment (–Dynasore) or pre-treatment with dynamin inhibitor Dynasore (+Dynasore) for 30 min.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11371_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14634", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: MICU1 silencing causes diminished phosphorylation status of PDH. Immunoblot for pPDH in whole cell lysates from siCTL-OV90 and siMICU1-OV90 cells and compared against PDH.\nB: Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was measured in MICU1 siRNA treated OV90 or CP20 cells and MICU1 knockdown OV90 cells and values represent mean±s.d.\nC: MICU1 overexpression decreases PDP and PDH interaction. Immunoprecipitation of PDP followed by immunoblot for PDH and PDP in Flag-MICU1 expressing OSE cells.\nD: Immunoblot analysis for phospho pyruvate dehydrogenase (pPDH[ser293]), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) and pan-pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (pan-PDK) in OSE and various OvCa cell lines. GAPDH was used as a loading control.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14634_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15110", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Schematic of sequences G4 DNA sequences depicted as ingin a 2,000 bp window surroundingESR1CRISPR-CAS9 gRNA. Scissors, CRISPR-CAS9 cut site.\nB: Quantification of G4 DNA content in the indicated genotypes at theCD4locus measured by IP with hf2 antibody 24 h after pyridostatin (PDS) treatment and 18 h after transfection with CRISPR-CAS9 with or without gRNA forCD4. bp, base pairs; PDS, pyridostatin. Data are mean±s.e. ofn=3.Pvalues calculated using unpaired Student’st-test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. NS, not significant.\nC: G4 DNA content measured by immunoprecipitation (IP) with hf2 antibody following 24 h treatment with vehicle or pyridostatin (PDS) at the telomere (TEL),MYCpromoter (MYC),ESR1enhancer, chr8 or chr22 loci.\nD: Schematic of sequences predicted by QGRS (purple) and Quadbase2 (blue) and experimentally observed to form G4 DNA by Chamberset al.32(green) in a 2,000 bp window surrounding theCD4CRISPR-CAS9 gRNA. Scissors, CRISPR-CAS9 cut site.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15110_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7520", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Northern blot analysis showing p21e antisense transcript in MCF-7 cells treated or not with nutlin-3a. 18S was used as a loading Ctrl.\nB: Bar graph showing the fraction of induced p53RERs of all found putative enhancer regions (left) and of all LED-bound enhancer regions (right). The enrichment of induced p53RERs in the LED-bound fraction is significant withP=0.0011 (hypergeometric distribution).\nC: Quantification of H3K9Ac at p21e and FOXC1e regions by ChIP-qPCR. MCF-7 cells were transfected with a Ctrl or LED siRNA and treated with nutlin-3a. Values were normalized to total H3 (n=3; **P<0.01, two-tailed Student’st-test).\nD: MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with an empty, p21e-sense or p21e-antisense pGL3-promoter vector and either a Ctrl, LED siRNA or p53 siRNA. The relative luciferase activities were normalized to the Ctrl reaction (empty vector) and subsequently to the Ctrl siRNA (n=3; ***P<0.005, *P<0.05, two-tailed Student’st-test).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7520_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15440", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Mutation defined by targeted sequencing on DNA from Ma-Mel-61h cells and autologous blood cells as wild-type (WT) control (ctrl). Plots of aligned sequencing reads in the location where theJAK1c.1798G>T, p.G600W mutation was identified. WT sequence shown on the bottom, arrow highlights mutation or corresponding wild-type (WT) site. Number of sequencing reads notated on the left; %, frequency of mutations in reads.\nB: Immunohistochemical staining of serial cryostat tissue sections from metastasis Ma-Mel-61g for melanoma marker HMB45 and HLA class I.\nC: Ma-Mel-61h and Ma-Mel-61g cells, transfected with expression plasmids encoding wild-type JAK1 or mutant JAK1-G600W, analysed for specific mRNA expression by quantitative reverse transcription–PCR in the presence of absence or IFNγ (48 h). Ma-Mel-61b cells served as a control (ctrl). Relative expression levels given as means (+s.e.m.) fromn=2 independent experiments.\nD: HLA class I and CD54 surface expression on IFNγ-treated (48 h) Ma-Mel-61g and Ma-Mel-61h cells, measured by flow cytometry. Representative data fromn=3 independent experiments.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15440_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10798", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic illustration of crosstalk in representative signalling pathways between prostatic basal and luminal cells. Preferentially expressed genes in each lineage are indicated.\nB: Schematic illustration of reciprocal signalling crosstalk between basal, luminal cells and stromal compartments. Black arrows indicate data obtained in this study and blue arrows the interactions reported in the literature.\nC: A schematic illustrating potential crosstalk between epithelial cells and ECM and stromal cells.\nD: Basal cells could potentially function directly as the cells-of-origin for anaplastic variant PCa and/or indirectly as the cells-of-origin for adenocarcinomas via differentiation into luminal cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10798_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13589", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The percentage of F4/80+CD11b+cells in the tumours. F4/80+CD11b+cells in the tumours were analysed by FACS (n=3).\nB: Inhibition of RAW264.7 cell migration by rsST2 in response to rIL-33 (n=3). The cells were treated with rIL-33 (20 ng ml−1) in the presence or absence of rsST2 (700 ng ml−1).\nC: qRT-PCR analysis ofCcl7expression in the indicated tumours (n=8).\nD: F4/80+cells in the tumours. Cryostat sections of the indicated tumours were stained for F4/80. Scale bar: 50 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13589_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1629", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Lungs of killed mice after fixation with tumour lesions indicated by dark spots. The mice treated with DNA:PNA-D5had visibly fewer tumour colonies present after 14 days compared with the control or c(RGDfK) alone. Each row corresponds to three mice out of a group of eight.\nB: The effect of DNA:PNA-D5on metastatic potential of B16F10 cells based on the tumour development in C57BL/6NCr mice. All mice were injected with 5×105B16F10 cells. Error bars represent 1 s.d. (n=8 mice).\nC: Displacement of125I-Echistatin from integrin αVβ3on C32 cells by c(RGDfK) and DNA:PNA-D5.Kdc(RGDfK)=6.3×10−8M;KdDNA:PNA-D5=1.6×10−10M. Error bars represent 2 s.d. (n=3).\nD: Absorbance c(s) distributions obtained from sedimentation velocity data collected at 50 krpm and 20 °C for DNA:PNA-B5at loading concentrations of 0.35 (blue), 0.78 (red) and 1.47 (green) A260. The complex was prepared using a slight excess of PNA seen at ~1.0 S.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1629_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1421", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Proliferation of U257shUSP13(313) cells was inhibited as measured by the WST1 assay. However, MITF overexpression in USP13-depleted U257 cells significantly rescues this proliferation inhibition. The data and error bars (s.d.) represent experiments carried out in triplicate.\nB: U257shUSP13(313) and U257scr shRNA cells were suspended in soft-agar in triplicate and incubated at 37 °C for 3 weeks. The error bars represent standard deviation (s.d.). Colony formation for U257shUSP13 was 63% lower than for control cells (155±22 colonies in control wells compared with 58±17 colonies in the wells with shUSP13 cells. The studentt-test:P<0.0008). Introduction of MITF in USP13-depleted U257 cells rescued colony formation (up to 142±12 colonies).\nC: U257SCR shRNA and U257shUSP13(313) were plated on 60 mm dishes with the density of 1×105cells and incubated at 37 °C for 5 days. USP13-depleted U257 cell growth was suppressed approximately 80%. Scale bar: 50 μm.\nD: Cells in D were injected subcutaneously into NCr nude mice. Xenograft tumour volume was measured once a week. Data points represent the mean±s.d. of 5 mice per group. Student'st-testPvalue=0.034. Representative xenograft tumours are shown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1421_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13615", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: BEZ235 dose –response curve of DLD-1 cells after pretreatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; control) or indicated doses of bortezomib for 24 h.\nB: Time course of mTORC1 activation by bortezomib in DLD-1 cells. Each data point represents the average of two to three western blottings.\nC: mTORC1 activation status in response to bortezomib 12 h after treatment.\nD: BEZ235 dose–response curve of DLD-1 parental (Ras and PI3K active) versus DLD-1 WT (Ras active, PI3K wild type) cell lines.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13615_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9325", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Xrcc4Flox/FloxES cells containing a stably integrated NHEJ reporter were subject to LRF knockdown using three independent siRNAs. Statistically significant reductions in GFP-positive cells are shown for each LRF siRNA. Data from four independent experiments are presented as mean values±s.e.m. AssociatedPvalue calculated by Student’st-test analysis is indicated.\nB: Effect of LRF siRNAs on NHEJ in isogenicXrcc4Δ/ΔNHEJ reporter ES cells. Differences in the amount of GFP-positive siLuc and siLRF transfected cells are not statistically significant. Data from four independent experiments are presented as mean±s.e.m. AssociatedPvalue calculated by Student’st-test analysis is indicated.\nC: GFP-LRF recruitment to DSB sites generated by a multiphoton laser system. LRF kinetics of recruitment to DSBs were evaluated in wild-type, DNA-PKcs−/−and Ku80−/−cells. Average values ofn=20 independent acquisitions are shown as mean values±s.d. Scale bar, 1 μm\nD: Effect of LRF siRNA on homologous recombination efficiency using a specific reporter assay (see alsoSupplementary Fig. 3c). Differences in the amount of GFP-positive siLuc and siLRF transfected cells are not statistically significant. Data from 4 independent experiments are presented as mean values±s.e.m. AssociatedPvalue calculated by Student’st-test analysis is indicated.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9325_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4295", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Time-dependent induction of LC3-II protein by 6 μM VLX600 in HCT116 monolayer cultures. Extracted proteins were subjected to immunoblotting.\nB: VLX600 induces autophagic flux in monolayer HCT116 and HCT116p53−/−cells. Proteins were extracted from cells exposed to different concentrations of VLX600 in the presence or absence of 25 μM chloroquine (CQ) and subjected to immunoblot analysis. Short film exposures were used to allow detection of the effect of CQ.\nC: Induction of LC3-II protein by 6 μM VLX600 in MCS cultures of HCT116. Proteins were extracted and subjected to immunoblotting.\nD: Electron micrographs of MCS sections. HCT116 MCS were treated with 0.5% DMSO (left) or 6 μM VLX600 (right) for 6 h at day 5 after formation. MCS were further incubated for 72 h sectioned and processed for EM. Scale bar, 5 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4295_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4231", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The heatmap showing the cancer-type-specific pattern of hub depletion. The colour of each cell represents the depletion score of prognostic mRNA genes of a cancer type (column) in hub genes of another cancer type (row); row-wise scaled −log10(P-value) is plotted with red indicating significant, white indicating not significant.P-values were calculated based on Fisher’s exact tests.\nB: The Venn diagram of hub genes across the four cancer types.\nC: TheP-value distributions of the correlations of mRNA expression with overall survival based on the univariate Cox model in the four cancer types. Based on the signal-to-noise ratio, prognostic mRNA genes were identified.\nD: Prognostic mRNA genes are depleted in the hubs. Solid bars represent the proportions of hub genes among prognostic mRNA genes; striped bars represent the proportions of hub genes among non-prognostic mRNA genes. Error bars indicate±1 s.e.m., andP-values were calculated based on Fisher’s exact tests.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4231_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7380", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Cancer", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: In vivoBrdU immunohistochemistry of WT and IEpC-iDKO colons 20 weeks post-AOM/DSS treatment; × 20 objective; arrows indicate BrdU-positive cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Quantification of tumour incidence ine,n=11.\nC: Western blotting of epsin 1 and Dvl2 in colon epithelia from control (CTL) and AOM/DSS-treated WT mice.\nD: Quantification of BrdU immunohistochemistry inh,n=11. All statistical values were calculated using a Student’st-test;Pvalues are indicated. Error bars indicate the mean±s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7380_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6715", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: HMC-1 (left) or RBL-2H3 cells (right) treated with 1 μM PKC412 for 4 or 12 h, respectively. Cells were stained with anti-Kit (green) and anti-calnexin (ER marker; red). Insets show boxed areas at higher magnification. Bars, 10 μm.\nB: Growth of RBL-2H3 cells treated with (filled circles) or without (open circles) 1 μM PKC412. Results are means±s.d. (n=3).\nC: Glycosylation of Kit(D816V) and Kit(D817Y) performed as forFig. 2a. (e,f) Subcellular localization of Kit.\nD: [3H]-thymidine incorporation in HMC-1 cells treated with PKC412 for 24 h. Results (c.p.m.) are means±s.d. (n=3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6715_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15051", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Comparison of log-transformed plasma IgM concentrations shows a significantly reduced mean IgM concentration in patients at admission (up to 12 h after onset of stroke symptoms), 24 h and 5–7 days after stroke in comparison to paired controls. To control for circadian variation, stroke samples taken at admission and 24 h were compared to paired admission controls, and stroke samples taken at 5–7 days were compared to 09:00 hours paired controls (n=38).\nB: Minimum IgM concentration measured in the first 7 day after stroke, was significantly lower in stroke patients who developed infection within 14 days after stroke onset than in those who did not (+ infectionn=12,−infectionn=23).\nC: Analysis of the relationship between minimum IgM concentration measured in the first 7 day after stroke and stroke severity (NIHSS score) highlighted a trend for patients who develop infection within 14 day after stroke to have a combination of higher stroke severity and low minimum IgM concentration. Data show mean±s.d., (a) Paired one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction; (b,c) unpairedt-test; *P<0.05, **P<0.01.\nD: Average stroke severity on presentation, as measured by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was significantly higher in patients who developed infection within 14 days post stroke in comparison to those who did not (+ infectionn=12, − infectionn=23).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15051_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5177", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: BM cell counts (from bilateral femurs and tibiae) in WT, Ezh2Δ/Δ, Rx291 and Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δmice at 4 months post transplantation (pre-MDS stage) and moribund Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δ-MDS mice. Comparable cell counts were seen in Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δ(n=10) and Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δ-MDS mice (n=10). Scale bars show mean±s.d.P-value was determined by Student’st-test.\nB: Significantly shorter median survival of Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δmice (n=21) compared with Rx291 mice (n=18) (262 days versus undetermined,P=0.038 by Log-rank test).\nC: Complete blood cell counts of WT (n=7), Ezh2Δ/Δ(n=9), Rx291 (n=15) and Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δ(n=17) mice at 4 months post transplantation (pre-MDS stage) and moribund Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δ-MDS mice (n=13). Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δmice showed reduced hemoglobin levels and increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) compared with WT mice (12.4±1.7 versus 13.6±0.9,P=0.047 and 48.7±3.2 versus 46.5±0.7,P=0.048 by Student’st-test, respectively). Moribund Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δ-MDS mice showed significant leukopenia and macrocytic anaemia compared with Rx291/Ezh2Δ/Δmice at 4 months post transplantation (pre-MDS stage). Scale bars and asterisks show mean±s.d., *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 by Student’st-test.\nD: Successful transductions of RUNX1S291fs protein and levels of H3K27me3 in Lin−c-Kit+cells detected by western blotting. α-Tubulin and histone H3 were detected as loading controls.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5177_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14401", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: XIAP-Bendless binding inhibition with a monoclonal antibody against the human homologue of Bendless (UbcH13). (d,e) The average of two technical replicates are plotted.\nB: Structural docking model demonstrating the interaction betweenI. scapularisXIAP and the UbcH13 homologue, Bendless. (c,d) Native gel and ELISA analysis of a fixed amount of recombinant (0.2 μg) XIAP incubated with increasing amounts of recombinant Bendless. The analysis shown is one of two biological replicates.\nC: XIAP polyubiquitylation assay with recombinant Bendless (lane 1). Control conditions were performed in the absence of an E1 enzyme—Ube1 (lanes 2 and 6), XIAP (lanes 3, 5 and 6), wild-type ubiquitin (lanes 4, 11 and 12), Bendless (lanes 6, 7 and 9) and Uev1a (lanes 6, 8 and 9). Immunoblots were probed with antibodies specific for K63- (lanes 1–9) and K48- (lane 10) polyubiquitin chains or with a pan-ubiquitin antibody (lanes 11 and 12). GST was used as a negative control. The Western blot (WB) shown is one of two biological replicates.\nD: Immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis followed by WB showing the interaction between XIAP and Bendless within HEK293 T cells transfected with the indicated vectors. Input indicates normalizing amounts. The WB shown is one of two biological replicates.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14401_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2339", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: IL-1α secretion of THP-1 cells (control), NLRP3-deficient THP-1 cells (THP1defNLRP3) and ASC-deficient THP-1 cells (THP1defASC) stimulated with increased ex[Ca2+] concentration and LPS, after 16 h of culture (n=3).\nB: Influence of 7-BIO-induced monocyte necrosis on the Ca2+concentration in the supernatant (n=3).\nC: Influence of the specific inhibitors Calhex231 and NPS2143 on IL-1α secretion of monocytes stimulated with increased ex[Ca2+]+LPS (n=3).\nD: mIL-1β secretion of LPS-primed monocytes from GPRC6A+/+(wt) and GPRC6A−/−(ko) mice cultured alone (LPS) or co-cultured with necrotic autologous CD4+ T cells (Nc+LPS,n=9). All bars show mean±s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-tailed Student’st-test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2339_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: PRF1,GzmBandIFNGexpression in cytokine-differentiated CD34+cells at the indicated time in the presence or absence of IGF-1, as quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT–PCR).\nB: Flow cytometry for perforin, Granzyme B and CD107a expression in purified human uterine dNK cells cultured for 24 h with and without IGF-1 (control). The graphs show the average relative frequency of all perforin+, CD107a+or Granzyme B+dNK cells as above.\nC: Flow cytometry for perforin, Granzyme B and CD107a expression in human UCB-CD34+-derived CD3−CD56+NK cells cultured for 28 days in the presence (black line) or absence (green line) of IGF-1. The grey histogram represents the isotype-matched negative controls. The graphs show the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of perforin, Granzyme B and CD107a expression in the above cells.\nD: Chromium-release assay using51Cr-labelled K562 cells co-cultured with untreated dNK cells (open squares) or dNK cells from the same preparation incubated for 24 h with IGF-1 (100 ng ml−1) in RPMI medium 1640 plus 10% fetal calf serum (filled squares) at various effector-to-target (E:T) ratios.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2484_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12623", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative, volume-rendered image of kidney allograft with inset showing an OT-I cell (red) in close contact with a DC (green). Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Proportion of OT-I cells making >2 min contact with either type of DC in the graft.\nC: F1.Act-OVA kidney grafts were transplanted to CD11c-DTR or WT bone marrow chimeric B6 mice. DT was administered to both groups of mice on days 7 and 9, OT-I T cells were adoptively transferred on day 7, and imaging performed on day 10 after transplantation.N=9 image data sets (movies) from 4 mice/group. Inb–f, horizontal lines are mean values andPvalues were calculated using two-sided Student’st-test.\nD: Contact time, mean velocity, and arrest coefficient of OT-I cells interacting with H-2Kb+/+versus H-2Kb−/−DCs during entire time-lapse recording (∼33 min).N=11 image data sets (movies) from five mice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12623_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8068", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: EMSAs (top panels) of nuclear extracts of wild-type and IκBα-deficient MEFs prepared from TNF-stimulated cells at 30, 60 and 90 min. Quantitation (bottom panels) of the A:50 (solid lines) A:A and A:50 (dashed lines) NFκB dimers show prolonged activation in IκBα-deficient (right, red) as compared with wild-type (left, blue) MEFs. Shown is a representative of at least three independent experiments.\nB: A schematic showing the linking of the Rel-NFκB dimer generation module and the IκB–NFκB signalling module20to simulate stimulus-induced activation of multiple NFκB dimers. IκBα, IκBβ and IκBɛ interact with A:A and A:50 dimers as described inFig. 5a. A detailed model schematic is shown inSupplementary Fig. 5a.\nC: Computational simulations of A:A abundance (green) and duration of TNF-induced A:A activity (purple) as a function of the interaction affinity between IκBα and the A:A. These simulations were performed with the integrated model described ina, and they show that a lowerKdwould allow IκBα to contribute to A:A generation, while a higherKdwould reduce IκBα’s ability to terminate TNF-induced A:A activity.\nD: Computational time course simulations of TNF-stimulated nuclear DNA-binding activity of the indicated NFκB dimers A:50 (left, solid lines) and A:A (right, dashed lines) in wild-type (blue) and IκBα-deficient (red) MEFs. Both dimer activities exhibit post-induction repression mediated by IκBα.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8068_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8838", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: RAW264.7 cells were transduced with lentivirus-encoding Cas9 and guide RNA targeting murineRnf145(or intergenic control). Where indicated, complementary DNA rescue was performed with humanRNF145(or GFP control). Oxidative burst was monitored by luminol chemiluminescence.\nB: Examples of indel mutations obtained from primary bone marrow-derived macrophages transduced with lentivirus-encoding Cas9 and guide RNA targeting Rnf145. The guide sequence is outlined in red and the PAM sequence is circled.\nC: Oxidative burst in bone marrow-derived macrophages fromNcf4+/−mice transduced with CRISPRs targetingRnf145.\nD: Oxidative burst in bone marrow-derived macrophages from the indicated mouse strains.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8838_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11904", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: DAPK deficiency does not affect the expression of PHD1 and PHD2. WT andDapk−/−naive CD4 T cells were allowed to differentiate into Th17 cells for 3 days. Cells were harvested and the expression of PHD1 and PHD2 was examined.\nB: DAPK deficiency decreases proline hydroxylation of HIF-1α in normal T cells. Naive WT andDapk−/−T cells were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 for 48 h in normoxic conditions, followed by treatment with MG132 (10 μM). The extents of Pro564 hydroxylation on HIF-1α were determined at the indicated time points.\nC: Mutation of proline hydroxylation sites confers resistance of HIF-1α to DAPK-induced degradation in T cells. Jurkat cells were transfected with DAPK-FLAG, HIF-1α-WT or HIF-1α[P402A/P564A] (HIF-1α-2PA), as indicated. Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions (1% O2) for 6 h, then switched back to normoxia for 10 min, and the levels of HIF-1α were determined.\nD: Deletion of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) region confers resistance of HIF-1α to DAPK-induced degradation. HEK293T cells were transfected with DAPK-FLAG and HIF-1α[ΔODD] and the levels of HIF-1α were determined 48 h after transfection.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11904_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12131", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: HCDR3 length of Env-specific, non-Env-specific and Env epitope-specific AGM mAbs. There was no difference in VHmutation frequency and HCDR3 length among Env-specific and non-Env-specific, or Env epitope-specific AGM mAbs. SHM frequency comparisons were made by an exact Wilcoxon rank sum test and HCDR3 lengths were made by a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.\nB: VHmutation frequency of Env-specific, non-Env-specific and Env epitope-specific AGM mAbs.\nC: IgG isotype was dominant both in blood (65%) and milk (75.8%) memory B cells, and over-represented in Env-specific memory B cells (84.1%).\nD: VH4 and VH3 were dominant VHfamilies and used AGM in both Env-specific and non-Env-specific mAbs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12131_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8796", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: SphK1floxandSphK1LysMCremice were treated as described inFig. 1a, and lung specimens with accumulated EB are shown.\nB: Cell numbers were determined in the BAL 24 h after the indicated treatments.\nC: EB accumulation of isolated lungs was quantified as described inFig. 1a.\nD: IL-6 plasma levels (ng ml−1) inSphK1floxandSphK1LysMCremice were determined by ELISA 5 h after LPS or LPS+Dex treatment. Results are presented as mean±s.e.m. Number of biological replicates:", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8796_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10205", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: IL-1β secretion in infected BMDMs was determined by ELISA. Data in (c,d) are expressed as average±s.e.m. of triplicate wells and significance was calculated witht-test. *P<0.05 compared with NI cells. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments. Full blots are presented in theSupplementary Fig. 10.\nB: Flow analysis of FLICA staining in BL/6 BMDM noninfected (green curve), infected with Cb (red curve) or infected with WT Lp (blue curve) andCasp1/11−/−BMDMs infected with WT Lp (grey curve).\nC: Immunoblot showing processed p20 subunit of caspase-1 (caspase-1 p20), unprocessed caspase-1 (pro-caspase-1), p17 subunit of mature IL-1β (IL-1β p17) and pro-IL-1β, as determined in the supernatant (SN) and in the cell extract (CE).\nD: Quantification of FLICA-positive cells in (b).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10205_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (m)?\nA: IB analysis of phosphorylated (P-) AKT (Ser473), Foxo1 (Thr24), S6 (Ser235/236), S6K1 (Thr389), as well as their total protein controls in CD4+T cells from WT andTbk1-TKO mice (6 weeks old).\nB: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of the indicated genes in freshly isolated naïve or memory CD4+T cells from WT andTbk1-TKO mice (n=4).\nC: IB analysis of the indicated exogenous proteins in the whole-cell lysates of HEK293 cells transfected with HA-AKT WT or the indicated point mutants either in the presence (+) or absence (−) of FLAG-tagged TBK1. An arrowhead indicates the non-specific band.\nD: qPCR analysis of KLF2 in CD4+T cells treated for 1 h with either DMSO control or inhibitors for AKT (AKTi) or PI3 kinase (LY294002). Data represent mean±s.d. from two or more independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; NS, non-significant as determined by two-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post test for EAE clinical scores analysis and two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test for other analysis, comparing the indicated groups.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7074_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5713", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: HEK293 cells were infected with A/PR8 (16 HA U ml−1) for about 15 h, and the cells were stained with the cationic fluorescent dye TMRM and analyzed by flow cytometry (right panel; red trace). As a control, CCCP-treated cells (40 μM) were also analyzed (left panel). Grey histograms in both panels represent a profile of unstained cells.\nB: The kinetics of Δψmdisruption in A/PR8-infected J774A.1 macrophages. Cells infected with A/PR8 were collected at the indicated time points (0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 18 and 21 h), stained with JC-1 for 30 min, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of JC-1 reduction (yaxis) is presented. The immunoblot on the right represents a profile of PB1-F2 expression at each time point as well as the loading controls β-actin and OPA-1. Five bands (a–e) of OPA-1 isoforms were detected by immunoblotting with the antibody against OPA-1, and bands a and b are a mixture of L-OPA-1 isoforms.\nC: Similar toa, except that HEK293 cells were transfected with the expression plasmid indicated inside the panel. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry at 24 h post transfection.\nD: Δψmis dispensable for PB1-F2 translocation into mitochondria. HeLa cells transfected with either mitochondrial-targeted dihydrofolate reductase (mtDHFR) or PB1-F2 were treated with (+) or without (−) CCCP (40 μM), and their translocation into mitochondria was monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy (left images). Quantification is listed in the right score panel. In each transfection experiment, at least 100 cells were scored, and the green and red bars represent mitochondrial and cytosolic localization, respectively. All data represent the mean values±s.d. (n=3 experiments). Scale bar, 10 μm. N.D., not detected, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (by unpairedt-test).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5713_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14649", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: CD4+CD45.1negcells from ID8A-luc tumour-bearing Cd45.1 mice, receving adoptively transfered Th17–Tregsubsets (groups i–iv,n=4 mice per group), were analysed on day 40±1 for IL17A production and Foxp3 expression. Statistical analysis of the percentages of Foxp3negIL-17A+, Foxp3+IL-17A+and Foxp3+IL-17Anegof CD4+CD45.1negcells in each group of mice (top) and representative staining (bottom). The FACS gating strategy of live cells is presented inSupplementary Fig. 8d. All data (c,d) are mean±s.d. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 by two-tailed Student's t-test.\nB: Th17–Tregsubsets (i–iv) were injected i.p. into ID8A-luc tumour-bearing Cd45.1 mice on days 5, 12 and 19 and tumour growth monitored by bioluminescence (day 25,n=4 mice per group) compared with control tumour-bearing mice.\nC: Following staining with IL-17A-detection kit, live/CD4+/Th17–Tregsubsets (i–iv) were flow sorted using the presented gating strategy (note that the 3 h activation with PMA and ionomycin before cell sorting results in a reduced mean fluorescence intensity of Foxp3-GFP; seeSupplementary Fig. 9). The fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) gating strategy for live CD4+cells is presented inSupplementary Fig. 8c.\nD: Timeline of the experiment: CD4+T cells fromFoxp3GFPreporter mice were cultured under Th17 (IL-6, IL-23, TGF-β, 3 days)/Treg(TGF-β, +1 day)-driving conditions. Foxp3negIL-17A+(i), Foxp3+IL-17A+(ii), Foxp3negIL-17Aneg(iii) and Foxp3+IL-17Aneg(iv) CD4+T cells were sorted and injected i.p. into ID8A-tumour bearing mice on days 5, 12 and 19.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14649_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6213", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Flow triggers no internal calcium signalling. Sequence of images taken every 1 min of relative intracellular calcium levels in crawling lymphocytes under flow using fluo-4 PBX. Calcium sensor intensity is displayed with a pseudo-colour glow scale (red, highest to blue, lowest activity). Flow is null in the beginning, and a white arrow indicating flow direction appears when flow is started with a shear stress of 8 dyn cm−2. Calcium level is unaffected by flow application, but strongly increased upon cell encounters (last image). White line indicates the track of the migrating cell of interest. Scale bars 20 μm; sequence is representative of 10 cells after three independent experiments.\nB: Comparative self-steering model for a sailing boat and a lymphocyte.\nC: A faint external cue, wind or flow (blue arrow), induces a slight rotation of the wind vane or uropod (green), which (ii) biases the powerful steering machinery (yellow) of the boat (rudder) or of the lymphocyte (the front rear axis of polarization). (iii) The boat or cell turns until the wind vane or uropod is aligned with the external flow and the steering mechanism is back to neutral position.\nD: Wind vane steering regulation on a sailing boat (adapted from ref.26). At the rear of the boat, an immersed rudder (yellow) serves to steer the boat and an wind vane in the air (green) is sensitive to wind direction. The wind vane is coupled to a trim-tab fixed on the rudder. The rotation of the wind vane/trim-tab, which requires little power, is actuated by the wind, whereas the hydrodynamic coupling between trim-tab and rudder (yellow) induces a strong hydrodynamic torque on the rudder and the required power to turn the boat.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6213_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12040", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: BN-PAGE of 293F-expressed, GNL-purified CSL and CSL-SOS trimers following SEC separation on a Superdex 200 16/600 column. The fractions used for EM analysis and antigenic profiling are circled by black dotted lines with expected positions for trimer and dimer bands labelled on the gel.\nB: Schematic representation of CSL linkers. The resulting trimers are termed uncleaved prefusion-optimized (UFO) trimers.\nC: 3D reconstructions of CSL and CSL-SOS trimers in unliganded and PGV04-bound forms derived from negative-stain EM. The trimer densities are shown in grey transparent surface with the high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the SOSIP trimer (PDB 3J5M, gp120 in blue with V1V2 in magenta, V3 in green, gp41 in brown and PGV04 Fab in red). Both top and side views are shown after fitting the previously published EM model (PDB ID: 3J5M) into the density.\nD: SEC profiles of CSL and CSL-SOS trimers from a Superdex 200 16/600 column. The UV value of the trimer peak and the percentages for UV values of aggregate peak (at 50 ml) and dimer/monomer peak (at 62.5 ml) relative to the trimer peak (at 55 ml) are labelled for comparison.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12040_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14642", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Comparison of effects of treatment with IL-6 before and after infection in THP-1 cells.\nB: ATG2A-V5 overexpression reduces intracellular neutral lipids in THP-1 cells. Scale bars, 10 μm.\nC: Differentiated THP-1 cells were incubated with a luminescent strain ofM. bovisBCG (BCG-lux) for 2 h, repeatedly washed, then treated with cytokines (20 ng ml−1) for 24 h at 37 °C. Cells were then lysed and luminescence measured. Viable intracellular mycobacteria were increased by IL-6 (red) and IL-5, and reduced by granuloyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Leptin (green). Significance comparisons are between indicated treatment and untreated control.\nD: Primary human macrophages were incubated with BleupanM. tuberculosisfor 2 h, repeatedly washed and then treated with IL-6 (red, at concentrations shown) for 24 h at 37 °C before cells were lysed and plated to count CFUs. Significance comparisons are between indicated treatment and untreated control.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14642_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-41519-9", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: : all < 0.0001;\nB: : all < 0.0001;\nC: : 0.0489). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nD: : 0.0305, < 0.0001, < 0.0001;", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-023-41519-9_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6472", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Analysis of sensitivity to non-noxious cold (18 °C) in terms of time spent on a 18 °C cold plate versus a plate at 30 °C. DTX-induced drop indicates development of hypersensitivity to non-noxious cold (cold allodynia;n=6 mice per group). (d,e) Analysis of latency of withdrawal responses to infrared heat applied to the plantar paw surface in oDTR and control mice. AUC for each of the individual curves shown indis represented ine(*P<0.05, unpaired, two-tailed,ttest;n=10 mice per group).\nB: Analysis of motor function using the Rotarod test in oDTR and control mice before and up to 30 days after DTX treatment (n=5 mice per group). In all panels, unless otherwise indicated above,†P<0.05 as compared with the corresponding basal states; *P<0.05 as compared with control mice; ANOVA,post-hocFisher’s test.\nC: Threshold to mechanical von Frey stimuli applied to the paw plantar surface before and at various time points after DTX administration in mice with inducible oligodendrocyte ablation (oDTR) and DTX-treated control littermates. The area under the curve (AUC) of the curves representing frequency of responses to the intensity of applied von Frey stimuli is shown in the right hand panel to demonstrate sensitivity over the entire range of applied mechanical forces before and up to 30 days after DTX treatment (†P<0.05 as compared with the corresponding basal states; *P<0.05 as compared with control mice; repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA),post-hocFisher’s test;n=5 or 6 mice per group.).\nD: Analysis of latency of withdrawal responses on a noxious cold plate (0 °C) in oDTR and control mice before and after DTX treatment. The AUC of each of the two curves shown in the left panel is represented in the right panel (*P<0.05, unpaired, two tailed,ttest;n=7 mice per group.).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6472_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6377", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Expression of CD27 on donor cells (MFI) and the % CD70+CD11c+MHC-II+APC in the dLN on the stated d.p.i. (three mice per group; one of three experiments). Recipients of WT donor cells challenged with IAV were treated with isotype or anti-CD70 blocking Ab on 1–7 d.p.i.\nB: Ratio of CD127 expression on donor cells on d7 and d28 in isotype and anti-CD70 blocking Ab-treated animals (three mice per group; one of three experiments).\nC: Recovery of donor cells in isotype and anti-CD70 blocking Ab-treated animals that were also treated with late IL-2C (four mice per group; one of two experiments). All error bars represent the s.d. and significant differences determined with unpaired, two-tailed, Student’st-tests (α=0.05 and *P<0.05, **P<0.005, ***P<0.001) on raw data.\nD: Donor cell recovery on 28 d.p.i. with CD70 blockade on the indicated days.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6377_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10369", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Networks were inferred for the BioAge module 1 combined to the 15-gene signature and the BioAge module 16 combined to the 15-gene signature, respectively. Nodes included in the BioAge or the 15-gene signature are coloured by their fold-change between R versus PR to the HBV vaccine in the EM131 training set.\nB: Expression of the 15-gene signature on the EM131 test set (n=49).\nC: Expression of 15 genes identified as predictors of the response to the HBV vaccine in the EM131 training set (n=95). The mean-centred gene expression is represented using a blue to white to red colour scale. Rows and columns correspond to the genes and the profiled samples, respectively. Samples were ordered by increasing levels of their predicted probability of responding to the vaccine (that is, posterior probability). Antibody response to the HBV vaccine (log(HepBDifV4/5-V2)) and the response group predicted by the 15-gene signature (nbClass) are presented in coloured squares above each sample.\nD: Network inference based on the 15 markers identified as predictors of the response to the HBV vaccine. Red and blue nodes represent genes induced or repressed in HBV vaccine responders (R) compared with poor-responders (PR), respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10369_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7833", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: A schematic of the most significantly enriched KEGG pathway for TCR signalling, with genes harbouring at least one differentially expressed probe marked with red.\nB: Principal components analysis shows clear global transcriptional differences between the recovery (blue) and fatal (red) patient groups along PC1.\nC: Significantly enriched KEGG pathways among the differentially expressed probes, together with their corresponding gene annotations.\nD: A volcano plot showing substantial differential gene probe set expression between recovery and fatal patient groups with similar numbers of probes up- or downregulated.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7833_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9327", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: NFκB p65/RelA translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated byL-cystine treated human IL-33112–270WT or Cys→Ser mutants. Data points are mean±s.e.m. of duplicate determinations, representative of two independent experiments.\nB: SDS–PAGE of human N-terminal His-Avi tagged IL-33112–270following overnight treatment as indicated.\nC: Stimulation of IL-6 production from human cord blood derived mast cells with human IL-33112–270WT or Cys→Ser mutant. Data points are mean±s.e.m. of duplicate determinations, representative of two independent experiments. (e,f) Concentration of BALF IL-13 (e) or eosinophil counts (f) following 3 consecutive daily intranasal challenges of BALB/c mice with PBS (n=4 per group), human IL-33 WT or Cys→Ser mutant (n=6 per group). Endpoint was 24 h after final challenge. Statistical comparisons were made using one way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparisons test (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001).\nD: Signalling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated by untreated or media treated human IL-33112–270WT or complete Cys→Ser mutant. NFκB p65/RelA translocation was measured at 30 min post stimulation. Data points are mean±s.e.m. of duplicate determinations, representative of three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9327_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11314", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: DAI (disease activity index).N=5 mice per group. *P<0.05, Mann–Whitney rank test. KO,Fndc4knockout mice, WT, wild-type mice.\nB: Colon length. **P<0.01, analysis of variance with Tukey’spost hoctest.\nC: Body weights of 12 week old mice,N=4.\nD: Spleen weight, standardized to body weight at 16 weeks of age,N=4.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11314_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8084", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Real-time PCR analysis ofIμ-CμandIγ1-Cγ1transcripts in 3 days LPS+IL4 cultured B cells. Values were normalized toGapdhtranscripts. Data are the mean±s.e.m. of 8 to 11 independent experiments with 1 mouse (Mann–WhitneyU-test for significance).\nB: AID ChIP assays were performed with splenic B cells from3’RR-deficient andwtmice. Cells were stimulated with LPS+IL-4 for 2 days. Background signals from mock samples with irrelevant antibody were subtracted. Values were normalized to the total input DNA. Data are the mean±s.e.m. of six independent experiments with two mice. *P<0.05 (Mann–WhitneyU-test).\nC: Ligation-mediated PCR. Splenic B cells were stimulated with LPS+IL-4 for 2 days. Genomic DNA fromwtand3′RR-deficient mice were treated with T4 DNA polymerase (T4 Pol), ligated with T4 DNA ligase and probed for double-stranded breaks inSμandSγ1by semi-nested PCR. Reactions with 100 and 20 ng of DNA are shown. Data are representative of four experiments each with one mouse per genotype.\nD: Detection of R loops inSμandSγ1. Cells were stimulated with LPS+IL-4 for 2 days. DNA was extracted, bisulfited, treated and sequenced to detect single strand inSμandSγ1regions. Each long line represents an independent sequence. The small vertical bars on each line indicate a C on the sequence converted to a T, indicating that the sequence was in a single-strand conformation. Pooled results from six independent experiments each with one mouse per genotype.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8084_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10857", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Sorted naive WT CD4+T cells were differentiated under Th9 plus TL1A with 0.003 or 0.01 μg ml−1of anti-CD3, in absence or presence of blocking anti-IL-2 or blocking anti-IL-2 plus hIL-2, then restimulated with PMA and Ionomycin and IL-9 and IRF4 production were analysed by intracellular staining, MFI values for IRF4 are indicated. Data in figuresa-dare representative examples from one of at least three independent experiments.\nB: mRNA ofIrf4 and Mafin cells differentiated as inaevaluated by qRT-PCR.\nC: Itk-deficient CD4+T cells were transduced with constitutively active STAT5 (ca-STAT5) or control retroviruses, differentiated under Th9 plus TL1A conditions and intracellular IRF4 determined.\nD: Sorted naive CD4+T cells differentiated for 3 days under Th9 plus TL1A in absence or presence of blocking anti-IL-2 plus hIL-2, were stained for IRF4 and analysed by flow cytometry.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10857_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11406", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: FACS analysis of cell-surface PD-L1 expression in ID8 tumours. PD-L1 expression was decreased in the ID8 tumours with stable overexpression of miR-424(322).\nB: FACS analysis of CD8 expression in ID8 tumours. CD8 expression was decreased in the anti-CD8-treated versus untreated mice.\nC: Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of tumour-bearing mice in different treatment groups.t-test, **P≤0.01.\nD: The number of tumours was determined in different treatment groups.t-test, *P≤0.05, **P≤0.01. Bar graphs are shown as the mean±s.e.m. (n=12 mice per group). (e,f) At the time of necropsy, CD8 and PD-L1 expression was detected by flow cytometry.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11406_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: 3D transverse view demonstratingirg1lexpression within epidermal cells of the midbrain/hindbrain region overlying injected GFP-expressingSalmonella, at 4 hpi. Numbers represent frequencies of larvae with displayed phenotypes. Scale bars, 100 μm inc; 50 μm ine. Statistical significance determined using a Student’st-test. *P-value <0.05; **P-value <0.01; ***P-value<0.001; ****P-value <0.0001; n.s., not significant; e, eye; A, anterior; P, posterior; D, dorsal; V, ventral.\nB: qPCR analysis ofirg1lexpression following infection, measured at 1 hpi, 2 hpi, 4 hpi, 8 hpi, 1 dpi, 2 dpi and 3 dpi, relative to PBS-injected controls (mean±s.d.;n=3 biological replicates, ~\\n50 larvae per group). (c,d) Expression analysis ofirg1lwithin PBS control and infected larvae at 2 hpi, respectively (n=2 separate infection experiments, lateral views, anterior to left). Inset, magnified dorsal view of boxed region ind. Arrowhead and white asterisk mark constitutiveirg1lexpression within oropharyngeal region and cloaca, respectively. Arrow and black asterisks mark infection-responsiveirg1lexpression within nasal and neuromast epithelium, respectively.\nC: Heat map illustrating differentially abundant mRNAs between infected (hindbrainSalmonella-injected) and PBS-injected larvae (in biological triplicate).\nD: Expression ofirg1lwithinkrt4+epidermal cells covering the head following infection, as detected at 4 hpi (lateral view, anterior to left). Inset, magnified view of individual cells co-expressingirg1landkrt4.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4880_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7059", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: For oxidative stress, strains were exposed to 5 mM H2O2for 24 h.\nB: For nutritional stress, bacilli were harvested, washed and resuspended in 1 × TBST for 7 or 14 days. At the designated time points, bacterial enumeration was performed by plating 100 μl of tenfold serial dilutions, and MB7H11 plates were incubated at 37 °C for 3–4 weeks. The data depicted are the mean±s.e. of triplicate samples and are representative of three independent experiments. Significant differences were observed for the indicated groups (paired (two-tailed)t-test, *P<0.05).\nC: Effect of deletion of MazF toxins onMtbgrowth in THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 cells were infected with either the wild-type or triple-mutant strain at an multiplicity of infection of 1:1. The number of intracellular bacteria was determined by lysing macrophages in 1 × PBST and plating tenfold serial dilutions on MB7H11 plates. The data presented in this panel are the mean±s.e. of triplicate wells and are representative of two independent experiments. Significant differences were observed for the indicated groups (paired (two-tailed)t-test, *P<0.05). (e,f) Influence of the deletion of MazF toxins onMtbdrug tolerancein vitro. Wild-type and mutant strains were grown until mid-log phase and subsequently exposed to Levo, Gm, INH or Rif. At the designated time points, bacterial enumeration was performed by plating tenfold serial dilutions, and MB7H11 plates were incubated at 37 °C for 3–4 weeks. The data depicted are mean±s.e. of triplicate samples and are representative of three independent experiments. Significant differences were observed for the indicated groups (paired (two-tailed)t-test, *P<0.05).\nD: For nitrosative stress, strains were grown until early-log phase, washed twice with MB7H9 medium at pH 5.2 and subsequently exposed to 5 mM NaNO2for either 3 or 5 days.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7059_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2302", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Comparison of infection rates of T-lymphocyte (Jurkat) cells displaying DC-SIGN by EboGP pseudovirus in the presence of Qβ, Qβ-(Man3)180, Qβ-(Man9)180;\nB: Inhibition by Qβ-(Man3)180of EBOV-GP (EboG) pseudovirus and vesicular stomatitis psuedovirus (VSV-G) in the infection (% infection)of T-lymphocyte (Jurkat) cells displaying DC-SIGN;\nC: Inhibition of infection incisof human DCs by EBOV-GP (EboG) using Qβ-(Man9)180. Anti-DC-SIGN Ab is an antibody that blocks DC-SIGN. Immature DCs were generated from isolated human PBMCs. Blockade with anti-DC-sign antibody was used as a positive control.\nD: as for (b) using Qβ-(Man9)180. Values correspond to means of three experiments with s.e.m. shown; the IC50s were estimated using Graphpad Prism v4.0 at 95% with a 95% confidence interval (4.43–20.9 nM for Qβ-(Man3)180and 651 pM–1.3 nM for Qβ-(Man9)180) and settings for normalized dose-response curves. See theSupplementary Fig. S5for duplicated inhibition assays.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2302_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12756", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Average cell number of CD4+CD8intthymocytes from OT-I or OT-II Tg mice. **P<0.01.\nB: Percentage of CD69+cells (upper panels, *P<0.0001) and CD5+cells (lower panels, *P<0.00001) in DP thymocytes on OVA peptides stimulation.\nC: Average percentage of CD4+CD8intcells from recovery culture in two-step differentiation assay. **P<0.01.\nD: CD5 expression on TCRβhiCD4+CD8intthymocytes from WT and PKD2/3ΔTmice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12756_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15877", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: MiR-34a−/−CIA mice showed reduced concentrations of IL-17 in the serum compared to WT, but no difference in interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or interleukin (IL)-5. Data are presented as dot-plots with median; (d,e) *P<0.05, Mann–Whitneyu-test.\nB: Quantitative evaluation of synovial inflammation, and cartilage and bone degradation showed reduced scores for miR-34a−/−mice.\nC: Representative histology of typical WT and miR-34a−/−joints. Tissue sections (WT,n=15; miR-34a−/−,n=14) were stained with trichrome (cartilage and bone collagen stained turquoise) and H&E (red; inflammatory synovium).\nD: Schematic description of the adoptive transfer of OT-II OVA-specific T cells into WT (n=13) and miR-34a−/−(n=13) mice. (g,h) After adoptive transfer of OVA-specific T cells, miR-34a−/−mice showed reduced development of antigen-specific IL-17-producing cells compared to WT recipients. Representative dot-plot representation (g) and quantitative evaluation (h) of total antigen-specific cells and IL-17/IFNγ producing cells in WT and miR-34a−/−recipients are shown. *P<0.05, Mann–WhitneyU-test. Data are presented as median±IQR obtained in two independent experiments. ns, not significant.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15877_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14714", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Serum concentration of IFNγ and TNFα in host mice 10 days after allogenic T cell transfer as described inaanalysed by ELISA; means±s.e.m. of four to five mice.\nB: Clinical scores of GvHD pathology (0–8) after allogenic T cell transfer described ina; means±s.e.m. of seven mice.\nC: Cumulative survival of BALB/c host mice after allogenic transfer of WT (mean survival time (MST): 11 days),Orai1fl/flCd4cre(MST: 22 days),Orai2−/−(MST: 8 days) andOrai1fl/flOrai2−/−Cd4creT cells (MST: >60 days); seven mice per group as described ina. *P<0.05; **P<0.005; ***P<0.001 in (c,d) using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).\nD: Weight loss of BALB/c host mice after transfer of allogenic T cells from WT,Orai1fl/flCd4cre,Orai2−/−andOrai1fl/flOrai2−/−Cd4cre(DKO) donor mice. BALB/c mice were lethally irradiated with 8 Gy and transplanted with 5 × 106allogenic C57BL/6 WT BM cells together with 1.2 × 106allogenic C57BL/6 T cells from WT,Orai1fl/flCd4cre,Orai2−/−and DKO mice. Mice without T cell transfer (BM ctrl.) were used as control; means±s.e.m. of seven mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14714_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15632", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Representative flow cytometry of CCR6 and CCR2 expression in skin-draining lymph nodes (sLN) and dermal CD3+TCR-γδ+IL-17A-YFP+γδT17 cells fromIl17aCre×Rosa26eYFPmice (n=3).\nB: Representative flow cytometry of CD45+γδT17 cells from organs of naïveIl17aCre×Rosa26eYFPmice (n=3). mLN, mesenteric lymph node; PP, Peyer’s patches; siLPL, small intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes.\nC: Representative flow cytometry and quantitation of CCR6 and CCR2 expression by γδT17 cells from organs ofIl17aCre×Rosa26eYFPmice either naïve (n=6) or at experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) onset (n=7) or peak (n=5). CNS, central nervous system; iLN, inguinal lymph node; ND, not detected.\nD: Paired two-tailed Student’st-test, (f) one-way paired ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test relative to unstimulated control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15632_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2719", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Relative expression levels ofbcl-2,mcl-1,A1andbcl-xLmRNA measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in CD4+T cells from C57BL/6 mice cultured overnight with 10 ng ml−1IL-7 before stimulation with plate-bound anti-CD3. Time represents time after exposure to anti-CD3 (top). Protein expression of A1 and Bcl-xL (with actin as the loading control) in CD8+T cells from C57BL/6 mice cultured for the time point indicated in medium or on CD3 antibody-coated plates with or without 10 ng ml−1IL-7 (bottom).\nB: Time course of relative expression levels ofbcl-2andA1mRNA in OT-1 CD8+T cells pre-cultured with IL-7 overnight before stimulation with cognate N4 peptide (0.01, 10 or 100 ng ml−1) measured by qPCR. Time represents time after exposure to N4 peptide. (a–c) qPCR data are expressed as relative mRNA expression relative to freshly isolated uncultured cells.\nC: qPCR analysis ofbcl-2,mcl-1,A1andbcl-xLmRNA in CD4+T cells from C57BL/6 mice cultured overnight with 10 ng ml−1IL-7 before culture for 6 h in medium or on plate-bound CD3 antibodies in presence or absence of CsA (2.5 μg ml−1) and presence or absence of 10 ng ml−1IL-7.\nD: Western blot analysis of Bim, Bax and Bcl-2 (with actin as the loading control) in CD8+T cells from C57BL/6 mice cultured in medium or on CD3 antibody-coated plates with or without 10 ng ml−1IL-7.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2719_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13292", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Casp1/11−/−iBMDMs expressing caspase-1 (C1), caspase-11 (C11), their catalytic mutants (CM) or a non-cleavable caspase-1 allele (6D-N) (Supplementary Fig. 4Bfor protein expression) were infected with GFP-expressingΔsifASalmonella. Bacterial load/cell, expressed as fold geometric mean fluorescence (2 h to 10 h), was determined by flow cytometry of PI-negative cells.\nB: Kinetics of macrophage cytotoxicity (LDH release) after infection of indicated iBMDMs with WT orΔsifASalmonella.\nC: Flow cytometry of PI-negative cells at the indicated times with GFP-expressingΔsifASalmonella. Data are part of the same experiment asFig. 3d.\nD: Kinetics of fold recovered bacterial CFUs for wild-type (WT) andΔsifASalmonella in C57BL/6 andCasp1/11−/−(C1/11−/−) iBMDMs, normalized to CFUs at 2 h.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13292_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10363", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Neutralizing antibody to LFA-1 reversed cell–cell interactions (including rolling and adherent cells) in siEMCN-treated HUVECs. Values for siRNA in (a) are expressed as mean±s.e.m., and results are representative of three independent experiments. Data in (c) represent one of the three independent experiments performed. In (b) and (d), results are representative of two to three human donors, and flow chamber experiments were performed in triplicate conditions, mean±s.e.m. Significance was determined for (a) using Student’st-test or (bandd) using one-way ANOVA followed by Newman–Keulspost hoctest. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; NS, nonsignificant. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Flow chamber studies revealed that at shear stresses of 0.5–1.0 dynes per cm2there was >6-fold increase in adhesion of neutrophils compared to scramble-treated HUVECs. Representative images showing a freeze frame of neutrophils interacting with siScramble and siEMCN transfected HUVECs are shown.\nC: siRNA led to a more than 80% knockdown of EMCN as determined by western blot in HUVECs.\nD: Knockdown of EMCN did not alter the expression of pro-adhesive molecules, E-selectin, VCAM-1 or ICAM-1, as measured by flow cytometry.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10363_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Immunology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Increase of CD5+CD1d+B cells in WT andNfatc1f/fx mb1-cremice upon emollient or Aldara application.\nB: Increase of splenic B10 cells in mice bearing NFATc1-deficient B cells. Each symbol represents one animal that was treated with Aldara for 7 days.\nC: Skin inflammation as reflected by mPASI after application of Aldara onto the skin ofIl10f/fx mb1-cre,Il10f/fx Nfatc1f/fx mb1-cre,Nfatc1f/fx mb1-creand WT mice.\nD: Decrease in number of CD4+T cells expressing inflammatory cytokines in mice bearing NFATc1-deficient B cells. T cells were incubated on α-CD3/CD28 (10 and 3 μg ml−1, respectively) for 72 h followed by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Two-tailed unpaired Student’st-test was used for statistical analysis. Data are shown as means±s.e.m.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11724_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fraction of nuclear GFP-UVR8 determined from analysis of live cell images before and after exposure to ultraviolet-B light. For each condition, 25 cells were analysed; circles indicate the values for each cell and lines show the means ± 1 s.d. of the mean.\nB: U2OS cells expressing GFP-UVR8W285For GFP-UVR8W285Aand mCh-NLS-COP1C340before and after a ultraviolet-B pulse (25 J m−2). Timepoints in minutes, relative to the ultraviolet-B pulse are indicated. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nC: Localization of GFP-UVR8 and mCh-NLS-COP1C340in U2OS cells before and after exposure to ultraviolet-B (25 J m−2). Timepoints in minutes, relative to the ultraviolet-B pulse, are indicated. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Schematic representation of the ultraviolet-B-induced interaction of GFP-UVR8 with mCh-NLS-COP1C340. As a homodimer, GFP-UVR8 does not interact with mCh-NLS-COP1C340. After exposure to ultraviolet-B, the GFP-UVR8 dimer dissociates into monomers, each of which can interact with mCh-NLS-COP1C340.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2800_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8670", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Immunoblot revealed the tendency of GalT–mGFP to form oligomers under NR conditions. Optimized, cysteine-less GalT–oxBFP does not form inappropriate disulphide bonds.\nB: Representative images of HeLa cells transiently transfected with GalT–mGFP or –oxBFP. Immunofluorescence with anti-GFP revealed a significant fluorescently undetectable pool of GalT–mGFP in the ER. ER labelling by the FP is digitally enhanced with Levels tool in Photoshop in far left panels. Note that weak ER is apparent in all of the oxBFP expressing cells, but rarely observed in mGFP expressing cells. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Distribution of the ER fluorescence intensity values (mean fluorescence intensities of regions of anti-GFP staining proximal to the GC).n≥80 cells collected from 11 to 13 fields per construct.\nD: Schematic of GC-localized FP (GalT–FP) containing GalT transmembrane domain upstream of FP.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8670_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9575", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: The ratio of high affinity to total NP-specific antibodies in the sera from (e,f) are shown as mean±s.e.m.\nB: The amount of high-affinity NP-specific antibodies in the sera of the animals shown inewere analysed using NP1-BSA-coated ELISA plates.\nC: Wild-type and mIgG1-YF male mice were immunized as inaand boosted 85 days later. The production of total NP-specific antibodies was determined using ELISA plates coated with NP14-BSA. Data are shown as mean of 4–5 animals per group±s.e.m.\nD: Titres of high-affinity NP-specific IgG2c antibodies in the same sera as ineandfare shown as mean±s.e.m. Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. Data are representative of two independent experiments.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9575_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9843", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Four three-dimensional sub-particle class averages (pink, resolution 12 Å) of the densities under the threefolds and the P1 shell, averaged from all of the sub-particles to provide a frame of reference (blue, resolution 12 Å), are shown. The view is from the inside of the particle. Three classes revealed clear P2 density in the three possible orientations relative to the symmetry axis (0°, 120° and 240°). For another class no P2 density was evident (asterisk). Incorrectly averaged P2 density in the original threefold symmetrized reconstruction is indicated with an arrowhead.\nB: Icosahedral reconstruction of the polymerase complex particle at 4.8-Å resolution is shown along the icosahedral threefold axis of symmetry. The P1 monomers around fivefolds are coloured in blue and the P1 monomers around twofolds and threefolds in red.\nC: Localized reconstruction of the P2 density at 7.9-Å resolution with a fitted X-ray structure of P2 (PDB:1HHS) is shown from three different orthogonal orientations. Colouring of the X-ray structure follows the canonical polymerase domain architecture (fingers, red; palm, green; thumb, blue; C terminus, yellow; connecting chains, mauve)27. Two small densities, not accounted by the P2 X-ray crystallographic structures, are indicated with arrowheads.\nD: P2 density, reconstructed together with the P1 shell, is shown in the same orientation as inc. Densities connecting the P2 polymerase to the surrounding P1 shell are marked with arrowheads, and correspond to the densities marked inc. (e–g) Possible contact sites between P2 (the coloured ribbon) and P1 (grey ribbon) are shown and the corresponding amino acid residues labelled.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms9843_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13607", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Left, protease-dependent switching of 100 nM CGRP-based molecular imaging probe (5) induces contrast differences in MRI. Significant haemodynamic activation can be seen in the presence but not the absence of coadministered 1.15 ng μl−1CASP3. Right, bar graph showing peak signal change induced by uncleaved versus cleaved sensor (5). Error bars throughout this figure indicate s.e.m. values overn=4 animals.\nB: Dose–response curve for sensor (5) measured using a cell-based bioassay32(Supplementary Fig. 2) following incubation with or without CASP3. Luminescence values were normalized, and error bars reflect s.d. fromn=3 replicates.\nC: Protease sensor designs incorporate an N-terminal blocking moiety (green), a protease cleavage sequence (red, cleavage sites indicated by triangles), and a C-terminal CGRP moiety (blue). Structures of five protease sensors are shown, with cognate proteases labelled in red text: (1) The synthetic peptide AP-CGRP-amide detects dipeptidase activity of fibroblast activation protein (FAP). (2–4) Recombinant fusion proteins comprises cysteine-free GFP, a short linker, a protease site and non-amidated CGRP detect TEV protease (2), enterokinase (EK) (3) and caspase-3 (CASP3) (4). (5) The synthetic peptide (long-chain biotin)-SG-DEVD-CGRP-amide also detects CASP3 activity.\nD: Protease sensing by CGRP-based probes measuredin vitro, using probe concentrations indicated. Error bars represent s.d. ofn=3 replicates. Sensors were incubated with or without corresponding proteases: (1) with 5 ng μl−1of human FAP; (2) with 0.1 U μl−1of TEV protease; (3) with 2 pg μl−1of EK light chain; (4) with 23 ng ul−1and (5) with 11.5 ng μl−1of human CASP3.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13607_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8520", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: FUNCAT revealed reduced translation rates in sensory neurons expressing any of the three GARS mutant proteins. Averages±s.e.m. relative to GARS_WT (100%); Mann–WhitneyUtest; *P<0.05, ***P<0.005;N=10.\nB: Quantification of BONCAT signal intensity after affinity purification. Averages±s.e.m. relative to GARS_WT (100%); unpairedt-test with Welch’s correction (two-tailed); **P<0.01;N=4.\nC: Quantification of FUNCAT signal intensity revealed∼60% reduction of translation rates in motor neurons expressing GARS_G240R and GARS_G526R. Average±s.e.m. relative to GARS_WT (100%); Mann–WhitneyU-test; ***P<0.001; N=9–12.\nD: Representative western blotting to detect newly synthesized proteins in CNS lysates from OK371-GAL4>UAS-dMetRSL262G-EGFP>2 × UAS-GARS_WT and OK371-GAL4>UAS-dMetRSL262G-EGFP>2 × UAS-GARS_G240R larvae. After biotin–alkyne affinity tagging, total protein concentrations were determined and samples were diluted so that each sample contained equal total protein concentrations. Part of the samples was used for NeutrAvidin affinity purification and subsequent western blotting using anti-biotin antibodies detected biotinylated proteins before (B) and after (A) purification. The full-length blot is shown inSupplementary Fig. 16a.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8520_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12420", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fluorescent images of the frame capture just before the fixation, × 100 and × 10 DIC images of the fixed cells are shown. Red box in × 10 DIC image indicates the cell of interest.\nB: Magnification of the area within the green boxes inf(i–iii). Shown are theXYview from the middle of the ATG13 signal, and orthogonalXZandYZviews along the thin white lines.\nC: Image of the resin-embedded sample. Cell of interest located in red box.\nD: 3D Opacity rendering of the cropped FIB-SEM stacks ingwith overlay of the ATG13 signal (red). Rendered in green are the membranes detected in the FIB-SEM stack that are in proximity of the ATG13 particle. Stars indicate mitochondrial membranes. Bars: 10 μm (a), 50 μm (b), 5 μm (d–e), 1 μm (f) and 0.25 μm (g).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12420_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11856", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Typical bioluminescence (BL) images of lung metastasis developed after intravenous injection of LLC/luc cells. Three-dimensional BLI (right panels) showed metastasis developed in deep lung tissues. The images were acquired after intraperitoneal injection of AkaLumine-HCl (33 mM).\nB: Ex vivoBLI of metastatic lesions in the lung after removing sternum (left panel) and removed lung (right panel) of the mouse shown ina.\nC: Representative BL images of LLC/luc disseminated in the lung (left panel) and quantitative analysis of BL production (right panel) at peak time after intraperitoneal injection of 100 μl of 5 mM substrates.n=8, *P<0.05 (t-test). Error bars indicate s.e.m.\nD: Representative BL images of lung metastasis of LLC/luc (left panel) and quantitative analysis of BL production (right panel) at peak time after intraperitoneal injection of 100 μl of 5 mM substrates.n=8, *P<0.05 (t-test). Error bars indicate s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11856_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12281", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Progression of quality factorsRnoiseandRduring the CLEAN reconstruction of an N–CO plane containing weak signals at HN of 7.50 p.p.m.\nB: Modelled signal components by CLEAN with different stopping thresholds for the N–CO plane at HN of 7.50 p.p.m.\nC: Progression of the quality factorsRnoiseandRduring the CLEAN reconstruction of an N–CO plane containing strong signals at HN of 7.90 p.p.m.\nD: Modelled signal components by CLEAN with different stopping thresholds for the N–CO plane at HN of 7.90 p.p.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12281_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Timing diagram used for the gated acquisition of images. From top to bottom: TTL initialization trigger, lung airway pressure, TTL ventilator timing, acquisition time window at the end of the expiration, ECG, timing window showing the QRS complex, end-diastolic acquisition time with minimal left ventricular motion, TTL line scan data obtained from the microscope (relative to the image acquired), a section of the image from within the timing window corresponding to a specific portion of the ECG cycle as well as to a well-defined phase of the respiratory cycle.\nB: The acquisition of multiple consecutive images leads to a varied collection of sampled regions. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nC: Reconstructed image of the beating heart. Red represents the fluorescence lectin signal from stained capillaries; blue represents the fluorescence signal produced by the blood pool imaging agent Angiosense-680; and green represents the GFP-expressing cells. The heart sustained an ischaemia reperfusion injury (for 30 min) before being injected with GFP-expressing cells in the apex. Imaging was performed 24 h post injury; the image shows migrating cells in the inflamed zone. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nD: Fluorescence reflectance image of the heart shown in (d). Green represents the fluorescence signal of the GFP-expressing cells injected into the heart's apex. The red circle indicates the effective area where the stabilizer was positioned. All images were taken with the stabilizer placed on equivalent areas. Scale bar, 2 mm. Images for (d) were acquired using a ×10 air objective (Olympus, UPlanFL N NA 0.30), and for (b,c) using a ×6 MicroProbe objective (Olympus, IV-OB13F20W20).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2060_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9808", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Quantification of unique mtDNA mutations in adult compound heterozygous flies without and with maternally transmitted mutations. Compound heterozygous flies with maternally transmitted D263A exo−allele (black bar) showed increase in the number of unique mtDNA mutations as compared with compound heterozygous flies that inherited the exo−allele paternally (grey bar). One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’spost hoctest. ***P<0.001, **P<0.01. Error bars represent s.d.n=3–6. (d,e) An increase in the mtDNA mutation load affects fly development. Developmental time of different complementation groups is shown.\nB: Quantification of unique mtDNA mutations in compound heterozygous larvae. The homozygous exo−larvae had significantly more unique mtDNA mutations in comparison with compound heterozygous larvae. Both genotypes inherited mtDNA mutations maternally for one generation. Tukey's Multiple Comparison test. ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05. Error bars represent s.d.n=3.\nC: Wild-type (WT) flies carrying mtDNA mutations showed a severe developmental delay. Compound heterozygous flies used indwere outcrossed twice to replacetamasmutant alleles with wild-typetamasallele and clean the nuclear background. All flies had a WT nuclear background with or without maternally inherited mtDNA mutations.\nD: Comparison of body weight between differentDmPOLγAcompound-heterozygous larvae. AllDmPOLγAcompound heterozygous larvae had wild-type-like body size. Body weight of 20 larvae (5-day old) was measured and average body weight is shown. Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test. ***P<0.001, **P<0.01. Error bars represent s.d.n=20.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9808_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8872", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Cyclability test at different charge/discharge rates.\nB: Charge/discharge voltage profiles with the 1st, 250th and 500th cycling.\nC: Cycling life and the corresponding Coulombic efficiency during 500 cycles. The charge/discharge rate was set at 1 C.\nD: Delithiation capacity evolution by varying charge/discharge rates ranging from 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 C and back to 0.1 C.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8872_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7952", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of hCFPNA2 forming a PNA/DNA/PNA triplex. J represents pseudoisocytosine, a C analog for improved triplex formation at physiologic pH.\nB: Gel shift assay to test the binding of each designed PNA to the respective target site inCFTR: results for hCFPNA2. PNA was incubated with plasmid DNA with the targeted binding site, the binding region excised and the product analysed on PAGE gel with silver stain.\nC: Human CFBE cells were treated with 2 mg ml−1nanoparticles for 24 h, and then harvested for genomic DNA extraction. AS-PCR was performed to detect the corrected sequence.\nD: Overall strategy for PNA-induced recombination and gene correction, and detection of modification by AS-PCR.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7952_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7753", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Strains expressing single genomic copies offrq–lucandvvd–lucreporter genes were exposed to a 1-min LP of the indicated intensity. Luciferase activity was determinedin vivo90 min after the LP (±s.e.m.;n=3). Maximalfrq–lucandvvd–luclevels were normalized to 100%.\nB: Controlled activation of fractions of the WCC by titration with light. The phosphorylation state of the WC1 subunit in response to a 1 min LP of the indicated intensity is shown. Samples were collected 30 min after the light pulse and WC1 was analysed by western blot. (b,c) Differential saturation offrqandvvdpromoters by the light-activated WCC.\nC: qRT–PCR offrqandvvdRNA. ChIP–qPCR of (e) WC2 and (f) Pol II Ser5-P. (±s.e.m.,n=3 to 5; n.s.: not significant; **P<0.005, unpaired two-tailedt-test).\nD: Neurosporawas exposed to 1 min LPs of the indicated intensity. Samples were collected after 15 min andfrqandvvdRNA was quantified by qRT–PCR. Maximal levels offrqandvvdRNA were normalized to 100% (±s.e.m.;n=3). (d–f) Light-dependent recruitment of WCC and Pol II Ser5-P tofrqandvvd. Mycelia were exposed to a 2 μmol m−2s−1low LP (black lines and bars) or a 50 μmol m−2s−1high LP (red lines and bars) and analysed after the indicated time periods.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7753_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2040", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Optical images of (left) the solution of2(0.6 wt%, pH 7.4) and (right) the hydrogel of3by treating2(0.6 wt%) with ALP (20 U ml−1) at pH 7.4.\nB: The confocal fluorescent microscope image (×63 oil objective lens) shows the appearance of bright spots in the solution of2(500 μM, pH 7.4 in PBS buffer) with the treatment of ALP (20 U ml−1).\nC: TEM image shows that a fluorescent spot shown in (c) consists of the network of nanofibres. (Scale bar,b, 100 nm;c, 25 μm;d, 100 nm.)\nD: The TEM image of the negatively stained nanofibres in the hydrogel of3.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2040_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12190", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Example estimations on the same recording (OGB) using MLspike, Peeling, MCMC, CD and SMS algorithms. MLspike and Peeling estimate a unique spike train, therefore ER value can be computed based on misses and false detections, while the other algorithms estimate spiking probability (up to a scaling factor in the case of CD). In the case of MCMC, this spiking probability is obtained from 400 sample spike trains (the first and last are displayed as well), from which an average ER value can be computed. Correlations between true spike train and estimations are also displayed. Each algorithm was run using the parameter values obtained with its own autocalibration procedure, except Peeling, which was run using a fix set of parameters (OGB: literature, GECIs: mean optimized from our data). SeeSupplementary Fig. 8for two additional examples. (b-d) Comparisons of the five algorithms’ performance on the whole population, separately for each data set and on all data pooled together (same graphic conventions as inFig. 5d).\nB: Spike estimation delay (mean temporal error) obtained using the different algorithms. The rightmost graph plots the delay as a function of spike assignment time constant. Note that even for time constants down to∼50 ms the mean temporal error was much lower than the maximally allowed one. This difference obviously decreased for very small time constants and finally converged to the maximal allowed value of 10 ms for a 20 ms time window.\nC: Same comparisons asb, but using correlation as a measure of estimation accuracy rather than ER.\nD: First line shows performance quantification as mean ER using a spike-assignment time constant of 500 ms (an estimated spike was considered as correct if there was a yet unassigned recorded spike <500 ms away). Second line displays the mean ER as a function of correspondence window.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12190_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1467", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Quantile–Quantile plots for both naïve and mixed model for plant height in all samples.\nB: Boxplot showing the differences in plant height among subpopulations. Box edges represent the upper and lower quantile with median value shown as bold line in the middle of the box. Whiskers represent 1.5 times the quantile of the data. Individuals falling outside the range of the whiskers shown as open dots.\nC: Genome-wideP-values from the mixed model and naïve method.xaxis shows the SNPs along each chromosome;yaxis is the −log10(P-value) for the association. Coloured dots in (a) and (c) indicate SNPs withP-values <1×10−4in the mixed model and the top 50 SNPs in the naïve method; SNPs within 200 kb range of known genes are in red; other significant SNPs are in blue. Candidate gene locations shown as red vertical dashed lines with names on top.\nD: Histogram of plant height in all samples. Dashed black line represents the null distribution.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1467_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13132", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative isochrone map of AP conduction in an electrically stimulated anisotropic monolayer of E-HDFs stably co-expressing Kir2.1, NavSheP D60N and Cx43 (compare also withFig. 1j). *P<0.001 versus RosDm (i–k). All electrophysiological data obtained at 37 °C, unless otherwise specified. Error bars indicate s.e.m; statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’spost-hoctest to calculateP-values.\nB: BacNav-based strategy for E-Fib customization.\nC: Experimental (n=8) and modelling peakINa–Vcurves. Cell membrane was held at −80 mV before stepping the voltage from −50 to 60 mV in 10 mV increments.\nD: NavSheP D60X expressions in anisotropic E-HDF monolayers yield faster CV than RosDm expression (n=5–10).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13132_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11212", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Distribution of lowly or highly abundant candidate RBPs. Highly abundant IC-only candidates mostly lack RNA-binding domains.\nB: K562 nuclear abundance of the RBPs detected by serIC or in IC only, as measured by LC–MS/MS14,15. IC-only candidates are subdivided into proteins with similar abundance as serIC-derived RBPs from the same class, and proteins with reduced abundance.\nC: The combined number of individual LC–MS/MS peptide identifications in all serIC replicates and in all IC replicates from HeLa15. Indicated are peptides from proteins with classic, non-classic or no RBD. Only peptides from proteins that are enriched over the control are shown for each experiment.\nD: Domain composition of the nuclear RNA interactome. Proteins identified by IC in HeLa15and HEK293 (ref.14) were filtered for expression in K562 nuclei or cytoplasm. All nuclear, only highly abundant nuclear, and cytoplasmic IC-derived candidates are included in the comparison, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11212_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1225", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Voltage-dependent activation of ensemble HCN channel activity (IC-A) in a cell-attached patch recorded from the apical dendrite of a layer 5 pyramidal neuron (850 μm from the soma). The lower traces show the intracellular voltage responses simultaneously recorded under whole-cell current-clamp (Vm; 9 μm separation between pipettes). Note the generation of AP firing.\nB: Linear relationship between the amplitude of ensemble HCN channel activity in cell-attached patches and intracellular depolarization at apical dendritic sites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Data were gathered at room (23–24 °C, filled symbols) or near physiological (35–37 °C, open symbols) temperatures, and were fit by linear regression (lines).\nC: Pooled data demonstrating the linear relationship between HCN channel activity in cell-attached patches and intracellular depolarization, when measured at steady-state (filled symbols, fit by linear regression, line), but the minimal voltage deviation apparent at the peak of HCN tail currents (open symbols). Pooled data (n=7) represent mean±s.e.m.\nD: Intracellular voltage change (Vm) evoked by ensemble HCN channel activity (IC-A) simultaneously recorded from the apical dendrite of a layer 5 pyramidal neuron (840 μm from the soma, separation between cell-attached and whole-cell pipette=10 μm).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1225_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12568", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Cartoon showing the proposed model for the initiation of NER. Dimeric UvrA, with ATP bound in the distal site, scans the genome for lesions making transient interactions with DNA. At putative lesions (represented as a kink), UvrA performs a damage verification step lasting∼3 s. After positive damage identification, UvrA hydrolyses ATP in the proximal site to recruit either one or two UvrB molecules to the lesion. Subsequent hydrolysis of the distal site ATP facilitates the release of UvrA from the pre-incision complex.\nB: Fraction of immobile UvrB-PAmCherry molecules recruited to DNA after exposure to UV light. Unlabelled UvrA or UvrA mutants were expressed from a plasmid in ΔuvrA. SeeSupplementary Fig. 7for fittedD*distributions. Errors represent s.e.m. of three experimental repeats.\nC: Fraction of immobile UvrA-PAmCherry mutants before and after exposure to ultraviolet light (UV). SeeSupplementary Fig. 6for fittedD*distributions. UvrA mutants were expressed from a plasmid in ΔuvrA, Δmfdcells. As a control, WT UvrA-PAmCherry expressed from a plasmid was used. Errors represent s.e.m. of three experimental repeats.\nD: Cartoon of the UvrA dimer showing the ATPase mutations used.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12568_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2059", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Design of the screen. MEFs were transduced with the four mouse-reprogramming factors (4F) for 2 days and reseeded into 96-well plates. Drugs were added at a final concentration of 2 μM on day 3. The medium was changed every other day until day 13, when cells were collected for colony counting and AP staining.\nB: Representative barrier kinase hits. Oct4-GFP+ colony numbers were dramatically increased following treatment with some of the inhibitors. GFP+ colonies were quantified and images were taken on day 14 post-4F transduction. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nC: Representative 96-well plate showing quantification of Oct4-GFP+ colonies. GFP+ colonies were counted directly under a fluorescence microscope. *Indicates an identified hit. Columns 1 and 12 contain control DMSO-treated cells. Potential candidates were determined by GFP+ colony number, morphology and AP staining.\nD: Representative hits of essential kinases. Essential hits were identified by loss of AP staining in the absence of cell death. Scale bar, 200 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2059_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3848", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: γH2AX ChIP showing telomere-specific DNA damage signalling upon dox induction. Representative dot blot analysis is shown; s.d. are indicated. Average values are derived from three independent clones.\nB: POT1 messenger RNA depletion analysis by qPCR after 4 days of induction. Error bars correspond to s.d. of three independent experiments.\nC: Western blot analysis revealing TRF2 depletion and H2AX phosphorylation after 4 days of dox induction. Asterisk: unspecific signal (two clones analysed).\nD: Lentiviral vector-based strategy allowing dox-regulatable expression of shRNAs using tTR-KRAB repressor. (b–e) Characterization of HeLa cells upon induction of TRF2 or POT1 knockdown.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3848_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2119", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The RNA motifs selected to bindHL-1.\nB: The RNA motifs selected to bindHL-2. In the RNA identifiers, 'B' indicates a bulge, whereas 'HP' indicates a hairpin. Each experiment was completed in triplicate, and the error bars are the standard deviations.\nC: The RNA motifs selected to bindDL-1.\nD: The RNA motifs selected to bindPL-1.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2119_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1742", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Simulated current response (red) for a PE:PC bilayer in symmetric NaCl solution at a holding potential of +200 mV, based on the temporal profile of temperature response to a 10 ms (7.3 mJ) infrared pulse. An experimental current response for the same set of conditions is shown in black.\nB: Q–V curves measured experimentally for PE:PC bilayers after (ANS) and before (Ctrl) the addition of 100 μM ANS.N=5 per measurement.\nC: Q–V curves predicted by the model for PE:PC:PS bilayers with symmetric NaCl solution (Ctrl), and with 14 mM MgCl2(Mg2+) or 1 mM GdCl3(Gd3+) added to the 'outside' solution.\nD: Simulated I–V response for the ANS condition in (h).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1742_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15760", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: γH2AX 3D-clusters per nucleus. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s correction; ***P<10−3.\nB: γH2AX nano-foci per 3D-clusters. Kruskal–Wallisχ2=1,926.3, df=3,P<2.2 × 10−16.\nC: DNA content distributions of γH2AX 3D-clusters during DDR. The DNA content of each nano-focus belonging to a given cluster is summed. The dashed line depicts the distribution of γH2AX 3D-clusters before IR. Kruskal–Wallisχ2=5,964.1, df=3,P<2.2 × 10−16. Statistics are presented as inFig. 2. All boxes and whiskers are as inFig. 1.n: number of analysed cells (c) or 3D-clusters (d).\nD: Exemplary 3D-SIM images of γH2AX immunofluorescence before and during DDR. Shown are the mid-nuclear section with DAPI and γH2AX signals, and magnified view from the yellow frame. Scale bars, 2 μm and 400 nm for main micrographs and magnified regions, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15760_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1629", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Displacement of125I-Echistatin from integrin αVβ3on C32 cells by c(RGDfK) and DNA:PNA-D5.Kdc(RGDfK)=6.3×10−8M;KdDNA:PNA-D5=1.6×10−10M. Error bars represent 2 s.d. (n=3).\nB: Lungs of killed mice after fixation with tumour lesions indicated by dark spots. The mice treated with DNA:PNA-D5had visibly fewer tumour colonies present after 14 days compared with the control or c(RGDfK) alone. Each row corresponds to three mice out of a group of eight.\nC: Absorbance c(s) distributions obtained from sedimentation velocity data collected at 50 krpm and 20 °C for DNA:PNA-B5at loading concentrations of 0.35 (blue), 0.78 (red) and 1.47 (green) A260. The complex was prepared using a slight excess of PNA seen at ~1.0 S.\nD: The effect of DNA:PNA-D5on metastatic potential of B16F10 cells based on the tumour development in C57BL/6NCr mice. All mice were injected with 5×105B16F10 cells. Error bars represent 1 s.d. (n=8 mice).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1629_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12139", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Gene expression correlation for bulk, 10, 5 and 1 cell samples (Spearman’s correlation; genes expressed at⩾1 RPKM in at least one sample were used).\nB: Mean number of genes detected in the distinct groups of different cell numbers; bulk (179.7±30.8 cells), 10, 5 and 1 MN (displayed as mean±s.e.m.).\nC: Human MNs expressed the MN-specific markersISLET-1/2,MNX1,CHAT,NEFHandPRPH.\nD: PCA of bulk, 10, 5 and 1 MN groups and bulk mDA neurons, based on the top 500 variable genes.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12139_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6871", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Overlap between clones present in the tumour (M8) that arose at the site of injection (black) and in simultaneously assessed liver metastases (brown).\nB: Comparison of the distributions of the 52 overlapping clones identified in panel c (upper panel) and for the 816 and 140 clones detected simultaneously at the injection site (black) and liver (brown), respectively (lower panel). Thex-axis represents the size of clones binned in log2-increments.\nC: An inverse linear relationship is seen between the numbers of cells transplanted and the number of clones detected, for both cell lines tested (Δ SUM-149 cells;○MDA-MB-231 cells). Values shown are the geometric mean±s.e.m. of the frequency of CICs calculated for each of the tumours identified inFig. 1.\nD: Cumulative distributions of clone sizes in primary xenografts generated from different numbers of S1–S4 (upper panel) and M1–M9 cells (lower panel).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6871_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1114", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Ac2O, dry pyridine, DMAP, N2, room temperature, 16 h (95%);\nB: AcCl, dry MeOH, dry DCM, 5 °C to room temperature, 48 h;\nC: DBU, dry DCM, N2, room temperature, 8 h (91% over steps d and e, based on recovered starting material);\nD: Bu3SnAll, AIBN, dry toluene, N2, 100 °C, 8 h (57%);", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1114_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11800", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The implantable abdominal window integrated with the graphene sensor.\nB: Simultaneous multiphoton microscopy and electrical potential (EP) recordingin vivo, inPirt-GCaMP3mouse. GCaMP3 fluorescence (green) and electrical potential (blue) are plotted, with absolute value of each signal normalized to 100%.\nC: Schematic ofin vivooptical/electrical recording. The graphene sensor is in close proximity to the small intestine, within the titanium ring of the surgical implant.\nD: Mouse with integrated graphene sensor and abdominal window, several days after abdominal window implantation surgery.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11800_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10161", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biological techniques", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Reaction time (ms) for each group (amygdala lesion and control) as a function of face feature (eyes, nose and mouth) for intact stimuli, collapsed across emotions.\nB: Reaction time (ms) for each subject (top panel control and bottom amygdala lesion) as a function of face feature (eyes, nose and mouth) for intact stimuli.\nC: Reaction time (ms) to saccade to the peripheral target for the intact mouth stimuli as a function of group (amygdala lesion and control) and emotions (threat, neutral, affiliative and submissive). Error bars in all plots represent ±1 s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. TheseP-values are based on a mixed-effects ANOVA test.\nD: Reaction time (ms) to saccade to the peripheral target for each group (four amygdala lesions and four controls) as a function of face feature (eyes, nose and mouth) for scrambled stimuli, collapsed across emotions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10161_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1518", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A photograph of the synapse microarray in multiwell format.\nB: Neuronal cells are loaded and cultured in compartment (cmpt) 1.\nC: Neurites extend through the microchannels (325 μm long and 10 μm wide) and form a dense network in cmpt 2. Cmpt 2 is covered by a layer of 80-μm thick PDMS membrane containing 30-μm diameter through-holes (see inset in (a)). The membrane is held 3 μm above the substrate via dispersed 10-μm diameter posts (see inset in (a)).\nD: Fabrication of the synapse microarray. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer is poured onto a mould made from photoresist (SU-8) patterned on a silicon (Si) wafer. A plastic transparency is lowered onto the prepolymer. The mould/prepolymer/transparency stack is then clamped by two flat metal blocks, on which high pressure is applied to squeeze out extra prepolymer. A micropatterned PDMS membrane is released from the wafer after curing PDMS, and then sandwiched between a glass coverslip and multiwell-formatted culture wells to form the synapse microarrays. Each assay unit consists of three connected wells (also seeSupplementary Fig. S3).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1518_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3241", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: andchange withpwhenn=5,000,ρ=0.1,r−=0.85 andr+=0.00001.\nB: changes withnandρwhenp=0.1,r−=0.85 andr+=0.00001.\nC: changes withnandρwhenp=0.1.\nD: changes withr+andr−whenn=5,000,ρ=0.1 andp=0.1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3241_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6695", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Detailed visualization of the sampling algorithm implemented in GRAAL at three different stages:\nB: Real-time visualization of both the new scaffolds (left) and the corresponding contact maps (right) allows visual monitoring of the progress of the assembly (see Supplementary Movie 1).\nC: stabilization and fine-tuning of the structure (iteration 4,500). Because of the huge jumps in likelihood space performed by GRAAL, different scales are used for each of the three windows represented inc–e. The likelihoods on thezaxis are represented using the same colour scale for windows w1, w2 and w3 (right panel). Hi-C reads are aligned on a reference genomeGand the algorithm is initialized withG0, the set of contigs obtained by splittingGinto bins of two or more restriction fragments (as determined by the user). At each iteration, a bin is picked at random. This bin is used to explore the local genomic landscape of structural variations around the current genomic structure, whose distribution is represented along thexandyaxes. The planes occupied by the different structural variants are detailed ine: single insertion (a, b), insertion and split of contigs (c–f) and translocations (g–j). On the basis of the likelihoods computed for these structures (zaxis), the sampling algorithm selects the next genomic structure, and a new set of nuisance parameters is sampled (white circles with the letter P, see methods). The algorithm reaches an equilibrium after ~3,000 iterations, which corresponds to the target distribution of optimum genome structures as displayed inb.\nD: rapid increase in likelihood (iterations 500–502);", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6695_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6490", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Box plots showing the effect of tissue-specific enhancer-binding master regulators on their CGI+ (black boxes) or CGI− (red) targets. Specific cell types and tissue-specific master regulators are indicated. Target genes were assigned within±5 kb from the centre of the binding sites. FPKM, fragments per kilobase per million. *ρ<2.2e−16 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).\nB: GSEA using gene expression profile fromMyoDinduction in MEF cells (GSE6487)64and MYOD targets (GSE36024)59.\nC: Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) using gene expression profile from conditionalOct4KO ES cells (GSE10477; ref.62). Gene sets for enhancers (Fig. 5a) and OCT4 targets (±5 kb from TSS, GSM288354; ref.13) were used. NES (normalized enrichment score).\nD: A model of CGI-mediated global gene regulatory modes in ES cells. The MYC and PRC classes reciprocally regulate CGI+ genes, whereas the Core class regulates both CGI+ and CGI− target genes. A majority of CGI− genes are silent with DNA methylation while only a small subset of them are activated by the Core and MYC classes.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6490_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12832", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Schematic illustration of reconstitution modes of WT and RP mutant opsins. All opsins are purified in DDM as monomers. Opsin-DDM micelles are combined with DDM-destabilized vesicles and detergent withdrawal is initiated by adding SM2 BioBeads. When detergent is withdrawn WT opsin dimerizes (or multimerizes), while still within DDM micelles. As DDM continues to be removed from the system, the dimers insert into the available vesicles. For opsin RP mutants, dimerization does not occur and the proteins enter vesicles directly, as monomers.\nB: As inc, for the F45L mutant. The trace for the WT sample is fromc.\nC: As ind, for the V209M mutant.\nD: Scramblase activity as a function of the amount of WT opsin reconstituted. Scramblase assays were performed for 400 s with vesicles reconstituted at different PPRs (PPR*, in units of grams of protein per mole of phospholipid, obtained by scaling the measured PPR as described in ‘Methods’). The plot represents the dependency ofp(≥1) scramblase (the probability of a vesicle having at least one scramblase) on the PPR*. The line represents the data fit calculated as described in ‘Methods’ and inSupplementary Notes 2 and 3. The data are from five independent protein preparations.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12832_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12477", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The quantile scorespRfor each residue are mapped onto the surface of caspase-1. The active-site ligand is shown in green. The allosteric binding site is identified as a hotspot of high propensity. When a coarse-grained RRIN with cutoff of 6 Å is used (right), the allosteric binding site is not identified.\nB: High quantile score bonds (pb≥0.99) are shown on the structure. Bonds between R286:E390, R240:D336, R286:N337, A284:S332 and S332:S339 have large quantile scores and form contiguous pathways between the active and allosteric sites. The active-site ligand is shown in green and the allosteric ligand is shown as yellow spheres.\nC: The propensities of all residues ΠRare plotted against their distance from the active site. The lines correspond to the quantile regression estimates for thep-th quantilesQp, withp=0.1,0.2,…,0.8,0.9. The dashed red line indicates theQ0.90cutoff used for identifying important residues.\nD: The propensities of bonds Πbare plotted against their distance from the active site with theQ0.99quantile indicated by the dashed line.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12477_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13666", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Prediction of AR promoter methylation in test samples in prostate cancer. The axes are similar toa. (c,d) Top 20 variables as ranked based on the variable importance score from Random Forest model of ESR1 promoter methylation in breast cancer (c) and AR promoter methylation in prostate cancer (d). Variables in the SGOC network (including the met cycle enzymes and other SGOC enzymes) are shown in red and all other variables are shown in black.\nB: Sub-network of SGOC genes contributing to DNA methylation in multiple cancer types (at least four and three cancers based on Elastic Net and Random Forests models, respectively). Red and white nodes represent genes and metabolite, respectively. Solid edges denote direct biochemical links and dashed edges denote indirect biochemical links through enzymatic reactions not shown. Node sizes for the gene nodes correspond to the number of cancer types wherein each enzyme contributed significantly to cancer gene methylation. (Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH)=6, MAT (MAT2B and MAT2A)=5, glycine amidinotransferase (GATM)=5, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and SHMT2)=4, sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH)=4, alanyl aminopeptidase (ANPEP)=4,L-amino acid oxidase (IL4I1)=4 and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH)=4.)\nC: Prediction of ESR1 promoter methylation in test samples of breast cancer. Thexaxis shows the methylation value at ESR1 promoter, while theyaxis shows the corresponding predicted values by Elastic Net.\nD: Schematic depicting the ranking of all variables based on combined results of promoter and gene body methylation at cancer loci. (f,g) Variables that were most predictive of cancer gene methylation on average (top 15%) are ranked in order of increasing contribution (variable score=per cent usage by Elastic Net). Green arrows point to previously published factors associated with variations in DNA methylation (positive controls). (Variable names: official gene symbols are used to show gene expression variables (‘methionine cycle enzymes’, ‘other SGOC enzymes’, ‘transcription factors’, ‘chromatin remodelling factors’ and ‘ SAM metabolizing enzymes’), while ‘_mut’ and ‘_cn’ suffixes following gene symbols denote ‘mutations’ and ‘copy number variations’, respectively. For ‘clinical factors’, variable names match the descriptors used in the TCGA data files.) SeeSupplementary Fig. 11for additional cancer types.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13666_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7847", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Number of regulated genes, interaction genes and the proportion of interaction genes with different stimuli combinations at 1, 6 and 24 h. BMP4, bone morphogenetic protein 4; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; MDP=muramyl dipeptide; mLP, 19 kDa mycobacterial lipopeptide.\nB: Evolution of interaction genes classification over time.\nC: Distribution of the integration modes proportions for the combination of MDP and mLP at 6 and 24 h (c), respectively. Inh, inhibits; Res, restores.\nD: Expression of example genes belonging to the different interaction modes. Low stab, low stabilization; mLP rest MDP, mLP restores MDP; pos syn, positive synergy; emer pos syn, emergent positive synergy; high stab, high stabilization; MDP inh mLP, MDP inhibits mLP; mLP inh MDP, mLP inhibits MDP; neg syn, negative synergy; Emer neg syn, emergent negative synergy. Error bars represent s.e.m. of five independent replicates.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7847_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-37991-y", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Various types of less common staining methods, left to right: Giemsa, Gram, Alcian Blue Stain, and Warthin-Starry (silver) stain. All images have the same scale.\nB: Example of the same colon tissue from MIDI and FLASH scanners (scanners specified in detail in Methods). Both images have the same scale.\nC: Example of the consecutive slides. Both images have the same scale.\nD: Prostate cancer biopsy image has been stained with hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanned at 20×, resulting in resolution of approximately 100,000 px × 200,000 px.", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-37991-y_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14362", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: The average metagene coefficients of cells from the C1, C2 and C3 clusters were illustrated using the barplot. In contrast to C2 where both MG1 (endothelium) and MG3 (endocardium) had high intensity, C1 and C3 were dominated by MG3 and MG1, respectively.\nB: Immunohistochemical analysis of Etv2-EYFP transgenic hearts at E7.75 and E8.5 supports the existence of the C2 cell population and the notion that they are progenitors of the cardiac cushion. Fluorescent images are pseudo-coloured after photographing in black and white. Large arrowheads point to EYFP+Endomucin+endothelial cells. Small arrowheads denote EYFP+Endomucin+angioblasts. Small arrows highlight EYFP+Tbx20+Endomucin−C1 cells (a: common atrium, cc: cardiac crescent, ec: endocardium, ivs: intraventricular septum, la: left atrium, lv: left ventricle, nt: neural tube, oft: outflow tract, ra: right atrium, rv: left ventricle). Scale bars indicate 100 μm. (c,d) The expression patterns of Runx1 and Gata1 were illustrated on the metacell landscape. Green: high expression. Black: low expression. (e,f) The aggregated expression pattern of genes related to primitive erythrocyte differentiation (GO:0060215) and definitive erythrocyte differentiation (GO:0060216) were illustrated on the metacell landscape. Yellow: high expression. Blue: low expression.\nC: A schematic diagram represents the ES/EB differentiation model system (using Etv2-EYFP transgenic cell lines) and the exposure to the SHH agonist (SAG) or SHH antagonist cyclopamine from days 2 to 4.5.\nD: FACS quantification indicates that sonic hedgehog agonist (SAG) (or cyclopamine) significantly promotes (or suppresses) endothelial and haematopoietic progenitors (EYFP+/CD41+/Tie2+), compared with dimethyl sulfoxide control (*Student’st-testPvalue <0.05.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14362_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12990", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Models fora178detecta178populations.\nB: Identification of the population that each model best identifies (besides itself) reveals phenotypic similarities and corroborates known relationships. Empty circles represent cases where some genetic or phenotypic relationship is known. Coloured nodes are instances where known genetic relationships are confirmed in the network analysis. (a176-R2is a different imaging set froma176, several generations later,a178(x3)is a three times outcrosseda178). Sample sizes, statistical analysis for model creation and feature selection are listed inSupplementary Information.\nC: SWLR model fora178distinguishes onlya178populations, and barely populationa163. Bar plots represent the averagea178average phenotypic probability of each population.\nD: Sensitivity (top) and specificity (bottom) of each SWLR and BF model. SWLR models are more sensitive and more specific than the best possible single-feature model. Genotypes are ordered from most identifiable to less identifiable, from each group (refer toFig. 3a).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12990_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9554", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A ‘novel’ tumour suppressor geneAMOTis not significantly mutated based on frequency-based methods, butAMOTis enriched in loss-of-function mutations (tumour suppressor gene probabilityP(TSG)=0.92).\nB: The predictedcis-effect loss-of-function mutations across 12 tumour types (P(D)≥0.8 in at least one tumour type).\nC: The histograms of posterior marginals of mutations and genes across tumour types.\nD: The loss-of-function mutations inSTAG2typically correlate with lower expression, except for a splice donor site mutation GT→GC mutation (both GT and GC are used by the splicing machinery). MuSiC SMG, significantly mutated genes predicted by MuSiC; TF, transcription factor; TSG probability, tumour suppressor gene probability.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9554_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15873", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: (I) U-shaped CCP with clathrin coat (red), endocytic proteins under the coat (not depicted). SNX9 molecules (green), partially associated with dynamin (blue) are bound to PI(3,4)P2. (I→II): Clathrin-associated PI3KC2α catalyses PI(4)P→PI(3,4)P2conversion at CCPs leading to selective recruitment of SNX9 from the cytosol to the CCP neck. (II) SNX9 forms oligomers that (II→III) enwrap the CCP neck as rings or spirals and bend the membrane, driving constriction from U-shaped to Ω-shaped endocytic intermediates. (III→IV) Dynamin associates with the narrow neck and oligomerizes to drive further constriction. (IV→V) Superconstricted membrane neck breaks as a result of neck constriction83,84. (V) Release of endocytic vesicle.\nB: Dnm2-eGFP lifetimes and (d) levels of Dnm2-eGFP of randomly chosen CCPs (mean±s.e.m.,n=120 CCP cells from eight cells from two independent experiments) Statistical test fora,c,dwas performed with one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison Test with siSNX9/18 SNX9 wt set as reference ***P<0.001, **P<0.01 and *P<0.05.\nC: Impaired CME of transferrin in Cos7 cells depleted of endogenous SNX9 and its close paralogue SNX18 is rescued by re-expression of wild-type (wt) eGFP–SNX9 but not of SNX9 mutants lacking the SH3 domain (dSH3), the ability to bind to PI(3,4)P2/PI(4,5)P2via their PX domain (RYK and K267N, K327N; refs29,41), or carrying mutations within the amphipathic helix (F208A, F211A), or the BAR domain (K522A, K528A)62. Bar diagrams represent the ratio of internalized (10 min, 37 °C) to surface transferrin (45 min, 4 °C) (mean±s.e.m;n=3–5 experiments).\nD: Representative kymographs of CCP-lifetimes in genome-edited SK-MEL-2 cells expressing clathrin light chain-mRFP (mRFP-CLC) and dynamin 2-eGFP (Dnm2-eGFP) from endogenous loci. Cells were depleted of endogenous SNX9/18 followed by re-expression of iRFP-SNX9 wt or mutant proteins as indicated.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15873_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12144", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: e-Karyotyping analysis of samples from RNA-Seq studies. Shown are moving average plots of representative examples of chromosomal aneuploidies in pluripotent and pluripotent-derived cells. The grey background represents statistically significant aneuploidy as recognized by the piecewise constant fit algorithm.\nB: eSNP-Karyotyping for the red sample analysed inc.\nC: eSNP-Karyotyping of the aberrant samples shown ina. Colour bars represent the FDR-correctedPvalue. Positions with aPvalue lower than 0.01 are marked by a black line.\nD: Two representative samples from the e-Karyotyping analysis for PSC-derived pancreatic progenitor cells.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12144_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-19542-x", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Hierarchical clustering and corresponding heatmap of cell-to-cell consensus clustering scores cells portioning the dataset intok= 4 clusters. Consensus score ranges from 0 (white: never clustered together) to 1 (dark blue: always clustered together). Cluster membership is color-coded above the heatmap.\nB: Table of cluster memberships.P-value column results from Pearson’s Chi-squared goodness of fit test without correction, checking if the observed distribution of samples in each cluster differs from a random distribution. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.\nC: t-SNE representations after correlation filtering (n= 903 cells), colored by cluster or sample of origin.\nD: Barplot displaying the -log10 of adjustedp-values from pathway analysis for cells of cluster C2 compared to all other cells in depleted loci. Only the top 15 significant gene sets, ranked by adjustedp-values, are indicated.", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-020-19542-x_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3464", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A schematic of FGFR2 expression systems used to derive the gene expression signatures Exp1–3.\nB: RNA levels detected by RT–PCR and (e) protein secretion of IL8 after FGF10.E2 stimulation of MCF-7 cells versus E2 treatment only. Error bars show the s.d. from three biological replicates. (*P<0.05, multiple testing corrected two samplet-test) UT: untreated; E2: estradiol; PD: FGFR2-kinase inhibitor PD173074.\nC: gene expression as measured by two IL8 microarray probes (ILM-1666733 and ILMN_2184373) in arbitrary units;\nD: Venn diagram depicting the overlap between the genes deregulated after FGFR2 signalling in the experimental systems Exp1–3. Each list of FGFR2-regulated genes was derived as a contrast between the FGFR2 stimulus with estradiol versus estradiol only treatment to obtain the FGFR2-specific response. Limma analytical contrasts to derive the expression signatures were Exp1: E2.FGF10 versus E2, Exp2: E2.AP20187 versus E2 and Exp3: TET.E2.FGF10 versus TET.E2. (c–e) Confirmation of gene expression microarray response by RT–PCR and protein expression:", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3464_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12388", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Radial distribution plots of corneas att=1,000 undergoing 0, 5 and 10% stem cell leakage. Mean proportions of each cell generation at each distance from the centre of the cornea are shown (n=25 simulations).\nB: The clonal lineage maps corresponding to the generation maps inc.\nC: A scenario that might result in stem cell leakage from the limbus. The death of a LESC (left) stimulates neighbouring LESCs to replace it. Usually, only one neighbour successfully completes symmetrical cell division, leading to a one-for-one replacement (top). However, 5 or 10% of the time both neighbours respond synchronously, producing two stem cells to replace the dead cell (bottom). The excess stem cell is pushed into the cornea, becoming a CESC. Cj=conjunctiva; Co=cornea.\nD: The generation maps of three corneas, representative of 0, 5 and 10% stem cell leakage att=250 andt=1,000, showing the accumulation of a small number of CESCs near the central cornea.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12388_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14614", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Average EMPIRIC PC1 scores based on the four-fold alignment correlate linearly with average four-fold IGPS conservation (R=0.842).\nB: By construction, the first principal component (PC1) of the EMPIRIC PCA is linearly related to average fitness (R=0.996, 'open circle' odd numbered libraries, 'filled circle' even numbered libraries).\nC: The values of EMPIRIC PC1 vary with four-fold aligned positions, implicating structure in fitness determination. The canonical secondary structures are indicated above the plot. The green line indicates the average score. Highest scores were observed at both ends of the library positions, associated with the αβ and βα-loops (red boxes). Lowest average scores were observed in the intermediate positions, associated with the β-strands (blue boxes).\nD: A linear relationship between EMPIRIC PC1 and IGPS conservation of varying strength was observed for each orthologue. A linear correlation ofR=0.408 was observed if all three orthologues were considered together.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14614_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14306", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A component ofPrevotella salivaecontig connection graph is extracted to illustrate the increasing process of target contig recovery. Green nodes represent the seed contigs, which have matches to target genome bins in meta-S. The contigs recovered in the increase and decrease steps are shown in orange nodes. Moreover, in the connection step, target contigs are recovered based on path extension, which are also shown in orange nodes. Blue nodes are the target contigs that cannot be recovered by MGA.\nB: Target contig recovery and contaminated contig filtering during the increase, decrease and connection steps, as illustrated by using a component ofPseudomonas aeruginosacontig connection graph.\nC: Sensitivity and specificity of target contig recovery in the three key steps of MGA. ‘I’, ‘d’ and ‘c’ represents the increase, decrease and connections step, respectively.\nD: MGA assembly of the genomes enriched in meta-S. Heatmap shows the normalized sequencing depth of the genomes in four mini-metagneomes data sets of meta-S (S1-S4) and meta-O. Bar-plot represents the genome coverage in the meta-O, meta-S and MGA assemblies. The increased NGA75 after MGA assembly is shown in the right panel.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14306_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1510", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Control (gfp) (left) andAt-hh(right) pRNAi embryos at late stage 5 stained forAt-opatranscripts.\nB: Control (gfp) (left) andAt-opa(right) pRNAi embryos at germ band-forming stages stained forAt-hh(purple) andAt-Dfd(red) transcripts. The boxed areas in the upper panels are magnified in the lower panels; the right ones are fluorescence images of DNA staining. The right embryo is∼6 holder than the left embryo (seeMethods). Note that the number ofAt-hhstripes for the L4 (black dots) and more posterior segments is an alternative indicator of developmental stage.\nC: Detection ofAt-opatranscripts inAt-otdeRNAi (upper panels) andAt-cieRNAi (lower panels) embryos. Staining and photographing were performed in the same way as ind. White dots indicate the anterior margin of the germ band, and black dots indicate theAt-hhstripe in the L4 segment (c,e). Embryos shown ind–fwere at early or mid stage 7. Scale bars, 20 μm in the lower panel ofc, 100 μm in other panels.\nD: At-opaeRNAi embryo stained forAt-hhtranscripts (purple) and the cell lineage tracer FITC–dextran (pink). The boxed area in the left panel is magnified in the right panel.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1510_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11306", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Relationship between methylation value and OM distribution in a representative region of M1. Delta (OM) values were scaled to 0–1.\nB: Rounded quantile distribution of OM values. COMETs are called using the dynamic OMg threshold which is defined by significant deviations in the OM distribution, representing roughly 8% of the OM values for the methylomes included here.\nC: Patterns of oscillations as estimated by OM. Values were scaled to 0–1.\nD: Quantile distribution of OM values. Most oscillations are around 0, significant oscillations represent a deviation from the co-methylation and are used to call the successive COMET boundaries.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11306_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13197", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Induction ofLINC00942,RP11-284F21.7andRP11-345L23.1inKEAP1mutated compared with wild type tumours. Error bars indicate s.e.m.\nB: Validation of select transcripts by RT-qPCR, comparing cells treated withNFE2L2siRNAs or control siRNA as described ina, with additional results from H838 lung cancer cells. Values were normalized toACTB,and are shown relative to the controls.P-values were determined using Student’st-test.\nC: Total RNA sequencing of A549 lung cancer cells treated withNFE2L2siRNAs (n=3 transfections using three unique sequences) or control siRNAs (n=4 transfections using two unique sequences) during 48 h. Left panel: volcano plot showing 56 lncRNAs (black dots) altered atq<0.01 (DESeq2), with aggregation of predictedNFE2L2-responsive lncRNAs (red circles) among top repressed transcripts. Right panel: predictedNFE2L2-responsive lncRNAs are repressed 48 h postNFE2L2inhibition. Thex-axis shows expression ratios inNFE2L2mutated compared with wild type tumours for cancer types with associationP<0.001 (Wilcoxon rank sum test). Vertical bars indicate, for each gene, the mean log2ratio across the relevant cancer types and coloured dots show the individual cancers using colours fromFig. 1b. The plot includes 11/15 predicted lncRNAs detectable in A549 cells (10 reads in one sample).\nD: Induction ofLINC00942,RP11-284F21.7andRP11-345L23.1inNFE2L2mutated compared with wild type tumours (cancers withP<0.05 are shown, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Genomic contexts are shown; blue, lncRNAs; green, coding genes. *P<0.05;**P<0.001;***P<1e-4.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13197_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13229", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Performance as a function of the timescale as well as stimulus duration.\nB: Spiking responses from an example regular afferent to repeated presentations of three different stimulus waveforms.\nC: Confusion matrices showing the conditional probability of assigning a response caused by stimulusias actually caused by stimulusjcomputed from metric-space analysis using Victor–Purpura measure with timescales (1/q) of 1 ms (left), 26 ms (middle) and 100 ms (right). Also shown (top) are the discrimination performance values.\nD: Average responses with standard error bands (shaded grey) to the three different stimulus waveforms at 1 ms (left), 26 ms (middle) and 100 ms (right) timescales. The responses were obtained by convolving the spike trains with exponential kernels (top insets) that decay with these time constants. To facilitate the comparison, the responses are shown using the same scale (right and middle panels, bottom insets).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13229_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Relationship between discordance and fraction of missing genotypes when altering the genotype likelihood (GL) threshold used for filtering the imputed genotypes, ranging from 0.33 (no filter) to 0.999 across SV classes. Thresholds used for further analyses, including panels (c,d), are circled in red. Increasing the minimum GL results in fewer discordant genotypes but increases the number of missing genotypes. Imputation of inversions had the highest rate of discordance and missing genotypes, whereas the tandem duplications and deletions had lower rates of discordant and missing genotypes for those events with a high GL.\nB: Histogram on the number of gold standard genotype calls per SV class.\nC: Discordance rates for deletions, complex indels and MEIs stratified by minor allele frequencies for 20 bins (width=0.025). Bin boundaries are indicated by grey lines. The number of calls per bin are shown by dashed lines.\nD: Same as (c), but restricted calls where the gold standard genotype contains at least one copy of the rare allele.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12989_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14061", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Duplications occur within near-clonal strains. Plot showing average read coverage in 1 kb windows for two clonal strains (JB760, JB886) with the duplication (red), five strains without duplication (green) and two reference strains (h+, and h−) (black). Genes (with exons as red rectangles) and retrotransposon LTRs (blue rectangles) are shown on top (seeSupplementary Table 3for details).\nB: Eight pairs of closely related strains, differing by one or more large duplications, selected for expression analysis. The tree indicates the relatedness of these strain pairs (dots coloured as ind). The position of the reference strain (Leupold’s 972, JB22) is indicated with a black arrow. The scale bar shows the length of 0.003 insertions per site.\nC: Summary of expression arrays 1–8, with strains indicated as coloured dots (as inb), showing number of SNP differences between strains, sizes of duplications in kb (DUP, where ‘+X+Y’ indicates two duplications with lengthsXandY, respectively). We show total numbers of induced (up) and repressed (down) genes, both inside and outside the duplicated regions. Arrays 2,3 and 7,8 (in yellow shading) are replicates within the same clonal population that contain the same duplications, so we list the number of up- and downregulated genes that are consistent between both arrays. SeeSupplementary Tables 3 and 4for details.\nD: Gene expression increases for most genes within duplicated regions. For each tested strain pair, we show the relative gene expression (strains with duplication/strains without duplication) for all genes outside the duplication (as boxplot) and for all genes within the duplication (red strip chart). In all but one case (array 4), the genes within the duplication tend to be more highly expressed than the genes outside of the duplication (all Wilcoxon rank sum testPvalues <1.5 × 10−3). Box plots indicate the first quartile, the median and the third quartile; whiskers extend to the most extreme data point, which is no more than 1.5 × the interquartile range from the box.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14061_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5342", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Percentages of curve knots that have visible spatial difference (≥ 2 voxels) (mean±s.d.). 2D/2.5D: manual generation of a 3D curve based on first mouse-clicking on 2D cross-sectional XY planes in a 3D image, or using all three XY, YZ and ZX cross-sectional planes (2.5D), and then concatenating these locations sequentially. 3D PPA: manual generation of a 3D curve based on first mouse-clicking in the 3D-rendered image using PPA to produce a series of 3D locations, and then concatenating them. Data are based on tracing the primary projection tracts in five 3D dragonfly confocal images where the curve generation is possible for all the 2D/2.5D, 3D PPA and 3D CDA methods.\nB: Distances between the 3D neurite tracts (curves), which are generated from different angles and different zooms, and the ground truth. Data is based on 1,470 measurements of 7 tracts in the image ina.\nC: Speed of 3D curve generation using different methods (mean±s.d.). c-time, computing time for CDA; t-time, total time (including human-machine interaction and c-time) for CDA. Image data are the same inc.\nD: CDA generates consistent 3D neurite tracts (curves) (green and blue) that are very close to the ground truth (red) regardless of different viewing angles. Image: 3D confocal image of a heavy-noise-contaminated dragonfly thoracic ganglion neuron. The ‘ground–truth’ curves were generated using Vaa3D-Neuron1 (ref.8) and were also manually inspected to ensure that they are correct.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5342_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6330", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Energies of designed sequences relative to corresponding native sequences for 40 target proteins of different fold classes. The energies were calculated withESEF.\nB: Same as inc, but the energies were calculated with Rosetta.\nC: Fractions of highly target-like models in structures predictedab initiousing native and using different designed sequences. The fold classes of targets are indicated. For each fold class, results are averages over ten targets.\nD: Sequence identities between native proteins, proteins designed with SEF, proteins designed with SEF_v and proteins obtained with Rosetta fixed backbone design (Ros_fb). Results are averages over 40 target proteins.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6330_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14665", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Computational biology and bioinformatics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Quick-freeze deep-etch replica TEM imaging of aM. pneumoniaecell. Scale bar, 200 nm.\nB: A DAPI-stained image showing the subcellular localization of DNA inM. pneumoniae. Scale bar, 1 μm.\nC: Distribution and median volume of aM. pneumoniaecell based on electron microscopy over 25 cells (0.075 μm3; in yellow), on an estimation over 1,000 chromosome models (0.074 μm3; in blue), and on DAPI-based three-dimensional super-resolution microscopy over 130 cells (0.042 μm3; in orange).\nD: Comparison of the estimated lengths and widths of both the DAPI and the estimated chromosome models in nanometre. Boxplot distribution and median values of length (775 nm) and width (482 nm) over 900 cells, here shown in orange, are estimated from the DAPI images. Boxplot distribution and median values of length (874 nm) and width (568 nm), estimated over 1,000 chromosome models are shown in blue.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14665_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4814", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: TAT-p53LZ2 but not TAT-GCN4LZ induces p53 target genes in cancer cells bearing WT p53 in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA levels of p53, p21CIP1/WAF1, HDM2 and MIC-1 in cancer cells were determined by the TaqMan RT-qPCR assays. Data represent the mean±s.d. of three independent experiments.\nB: TAT-p53LZ2 stabilizes endogenous p53 and elevates protein levels of p53 targets, p21CIP1/WAF1and HDM2. Three wild-type p53, SJSA-1, HCT 116 and MCF7, and two mutant p53, A-431 and MDA-MB-231, cancer cells were incubated with TAT-p53LZ2, TAT-GCN4LZ or Nutlin-3 and then analysed by western blotting.\nC: Exogenously introduced TAT-p53LZ2 does not induce genotoxic response in cancer cells. Cells were incubated with 10 μM of TAT-p53LZ2 or 1 μM of doxorubicin for 24 h and then the phosphorylated p53 at S15 were determined by western blotting.\nD: Cell viability of four wild-type p53, SJSA-1, HCT 116, MCF7 and A549, and two mutant p53, A-431 and MDA-MB-231, cancer cell lines was measured by the CellTiter-Glo (CTG) assay after 5-d incubation with TAT-p53LZ2. Data represent the mean±s.d. of three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4814_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2035", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Time course of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (mean±s.e.m.,n=3).\nB: Calibration curve using recombinant purified TN-XXL dilutions (mean±s.d,n=4).\nC: Functionality of TN-XXL in cultured MKF (mean±s.e.m,n=3). Fibroblasts from TN-XXL transgenic mice and from wild-type mice acutely transfected overnight with TN-XXL were compared. (e, left) Ratio for basal calcium of transgenic (TN-XXL) and wild-type MKF (WT) expressing TN-XXL. (e, right) Comparison of average agonist evoked responses for application of ATP in fibroblasts.\nD: Estimation of TN-XXL protein concentrations in cells of acute slices (400 μm) from brain (Ves., blood vessels; Neur, hippocampal neurons), kidney, liver, and for low, medium (med) and high expressing fibers of muscle (M) and heart (H). (c,d) FRAP experiments in cultured MKF of TN-XXL transgenic mice.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2035_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10848", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Optical trap assay (for details, see Methods).\nB: Opening rate as a function of force for different Mg-AP5A concentrations (colours as inc) (see alsoSupplementary Fig. 3). The solid line is a fit extrapolating the opening rate to zero force (asterisk).\nC: Comparison of two binding and closing models for AdK and AP5A adapted from Okazaki and Takada45. Binding and unbinding of the inhibitor is represented as the jump between a ligand-free and ligand-bound energy landscape. Exemplary routes from open ligand-free to closed ligand-bound form are shown for the conformational selection (blue) and induced-fit model (red). For the ligand-bound energy landscape, distances from open and closed state to the transition state from optical trap experiments are shown.\nD: Sample traces of the closing and opening fluctuations of AdK at different Mg-AP5A concentrations and force biases. The grey and black dashed lines indicate the position of the closed (contracted) and open (extended) state, respectively (see alsoSupplementary Fig. 2).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10848_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5841", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Free energy profile of the unfolding steps (2→3 and 3→4) for C terminus-first translocation at +140 mV. A pre-exponential factor of 10−8s−1, and ΔG(N→U)=−90 kJ mol−1and ΔG(N→I)=−55 kJ mol−1were assumed, where: N, folded protein; U, unfolded protein; I, unfolding intermediate.\nB: Event histogram of the dwell times in level 3 (step 3→4) for Trx oligo(dC)30-S1C-V5 at +140 mV. The fit is to a double exponential function and yields rate constants k3a→4=0.47 s−1and k3b→4=0.0087, s−1. The dashed line is the deconvolution into single exponentials.\nC: Event histogram of the dwell times in level 3 (step 3→4) for Trx V5-C109-oligo(dC)30at +140 mV (ref.11). The fit is to a single exponential function and yields a rate constant k3→4=1.7 s−1.\nD: Event histogram of the dwell times in level 2 (step 2→3) for Trx oligo(dC)30-S1C-V5 at +140 mV. The fit is to a single exponential function and yields a rate constant k3→4=690 s−1.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5841_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15090", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Outline of the RT11-i, TMab4-i, and/or cetuximab treatment regimen.\nB: Immunohistochemical analysis showing the levels of p-ERK1/2, p-Akt, p-STAT3 (Y705) and p-STAT3 (S727) in LoVo tumour tissues excised from mice following the treatment described inb. Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). Scale bar, 100 μm. Images are representative of at least two independent experiments. The right panel shows the percent relative fluorescence intensity compared to that of the vehicle-treated control group. Error bars,±s.d. of five random fields for each tumour (two tumours per group). Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman–Keuls post-test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; NS, not significant.\nC: Kaplan–Meier survival curves with median survival time listed for LoVo xenograft mice for the vehicle, Ctx, Ctx+TMab4-i and Ctx+RT11-i treatment groups (n=8 per group). **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 by Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test for significance. Animals were killed when tumours reached∼1,000 mm3in size.\nD: Tumour growth was analysed by measuring the tumour volume during treatment with vehicle, cetuximab (Ctx), Ctx plus TMab4-i or Ctx plus RT11-i in Lovo xenograft mice. Error bars,±s.d. (n=8 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls post-test. ***P<0.001 versus Ctx alone.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15090_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11438", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Host and non-host genes’ frequency according to their ages. Single exon genes were excluded to avoid new gene bias in non-host genes due to excess of retrogenes.\nB: Age relationships among intragenic miRNAs and their host genes. Horizontal line lengths are proportional to the frequency of miRNAs and host genes of each age.\nC: Ka/Ks cumulative distributions for host and non-host genes. Distribution for old genes (age=1) is shown in detail.\nD: Number of human inter- and intragenic miRNAs across the vertebrate lineage. Numbers of miRNAs per million years (Myr ago) were calculated by the ratio of inter- or intragenic miRNAs emerged in each branch to the time elapsed from the previous branch. For example, the gain rate of intergenic miRNAs in branch 2 (chicken) is given byNinter/Db12−b1−Db12−b2, whereNinteris the number of intergenic miRNAs emerged in branch 2;Db12−b1is the divergence time between branches 12 (human) and 1 (fish) andDb12−b2is the divergence time between branches 12 and 2. Divergence times were obtained from timetree.org.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11438_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9692", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Macrophages accumulate the most TNP per cell. Using flow cytometry, uptake of both the TNP vehicle and its payload were quantified by fluorescence for each of the cell populations shown inb, 24 h post injection. CD45−host cells, neutrophils and ‘other’ CD45+leukocytes did not accumulate significant TNP vehicle or payload. Fluorescence values normalized to the average macrophage values, after subtracting background autofluorescence of each cell population measured from control-treated tumours.\nB: Intravital imaging of subcutaneous HT1080–53BP1-mApple tumours 24 h post injection with TNP (payload shown in yellow). TAMs (white) were labelled by dextran-coated nanoparticles injected 24 h prior. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nC: Most TNP accumulates in tumour cells and macrophages within the bulk tumour mass. TNP uptake measurements fromcwere weighted against the relative prevalence of each cell population inbto calculate the total fraction of TNP uptake within each cell population. Forb–d, error bars denote standard error (n≥4).\nD: Single-cell suspensions of the bulk tumour mass were immunostained and gated into various cell-populations, quantified here as fractions of the total number of cells analysed.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9692_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5496", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: IDS–time plot for data in the region indicated by the dashed box inc.\nB: IDS–time plot for a sensor mounted on the wrist.\nC: IDS–time plot for the sensor while reading pressure on the wrist before, during and after application of pressure on the arm using a commercial pneumatic cuff.\nD: IDS–time plot for data in the region indicated by the dashed box ine. Photograph of a sensor placed on (g; scale bar, 1 cm) neck during measurement of transient blood pressure waves and (h; scale bar, 2 cm) the middle of the throat during speaking.IDS–time plot of the response of the sensor from (i) blood pressure from the neck and (j) vibrations of the throat (location in between croid cartilage and thyroid gland) associated with speech with recording of the subject’s overt responses (/a/) (top graph). The bottom graph corresponds to the black dashed rectangular region in top graph.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5496_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5945", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The MBD-BIND biofilms were analysed by FE-SEM. Scale bar is 250 μm.\nB: Magnification of the boxed area incof a false-coloured FE-SEM showing a zoomed-in view of the cell bodies. Because of the vigorous washing process, some of the cell bodies appear damaged. Scale bar is 2 μm.\nC: Magnification of the boxed area inbof a false-coloured FE-SEM showing MBD-BIND cells adhered to the 304L surface. Scale bar is 10 μm.\nD: Adhesion of PHL628 ΔcsgAcells producing no CsgA (left), wild-type CsgA (middle) and CsgA-MBD (right) was tested by spotting induced cultures onto a 304L steel coupon and incubating for 48 h at 4 °C. The ring formation is due to cells being drawn to the edges of the droplet during drying, known as the ‘coffee ring effect’.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5945_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13173", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: At 12 weeks after injection, BM was analysed for both total human CD45+cell content and human CD34+levels.\nB: The level of gene-modified human cells in both PB and BM of each recipient was determined by quantitative PCR.\nC: Human CD34+cells were obtained from mobilized PB after HPC-A. Adult NSG mice ranging between 8 and 12 weeks of age received a sub-lethal dose (270 cGy) of radiation 4 h before intravenous injection of 1 × 106gene-modified human CD34+cells. Mice were then followed for 12 weeks post transplant. At 12 weeks, animals were killed and lymphoid tissues were analysed for total human cell levels as well as frequency of genet modification.\nD: Human CD45+cell engraftment levels in PB of individual adult NSG mice receiving LV-transduced CD34+cells from human apheresis (HPC-A) donors.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13173_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5414", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A confocal volume projection of a cyprid antennule labelled with a membrane dye showing the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments of the antennule, the adhesive disc (a.d.) and setae of the 4th segment (IV).\nB: Confocal micrograph of a cyprid adhesive plaque stained for proteins. Embedded within the plaque are the adhesive discs appearing as dark central regions and setae of the 4th segment. When viewed this way, the plaque appears to approximate the homogeneously proteinaceous, low-density structure originally described by Walker17, surrounded by a more protein-dense ‘skin’ (white arrow).\nC: A schematic of the anterior section of a barnacle cypris larva, with particular focus on the cementation apparatus: c.g., cement gland; m.s., muscular sac; c.d., cement duct; a.d., adhesive disc; o., oil bodies; c.e., compound eye; IV, fourth antennular segment, as per Walker17.\nD: An isosurface rendering ofcshowing its 3D structure.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5414_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15544", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Side view of DBAT with DT, showing Gly38;\nB: Side view of DBATG38R/F301Vwith DT, showing Arg38. The increased hydrophilic properties of Arg38compared to that of Gly38favors the entry of both DT and 10-DAB substrates and leads to an elevated catalytic efficiency in the G38R mutant.\nC: Opposite side view of DBATG38R/F301Vwith DT, Showing Val301. Val301maintains the hydrophobicity but has a smaller volume (98.71 Å3) than that of Phe (131.1 Å3), which leads to an increased catalytic efficiency in the F301V mutant due to the reduced hindrance.\nD: Opposite side view of DBAT with DT, showing Phe301.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15544_figure_10.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7216", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Oblique-, (b) bottom- and (c) cross-sectional-viewed SEM images of fractured surfaces from theC. pyramidatashell, showing the helical assembly with curved fibrous building blocks. Inaandc, the corresponding structures are shown alongside the proposed 3D models.\nB: A 3D model that represents the hypothesized helical assembly scheme of curved fibrous building blocks. Note that the curved fibres are not necessarily complete helices through the thickness. Characteristic dimensions of this helical assembly includeR, radius of helix;λ, pitch of helix;α, inclination angle with respect to the horizontal plane.\nC: A 3D rendering of the helical assembly with a vertically cut cross-section. Two representative helices are highlighted in purple and the one on the right is partially cut by the cross-sectional plane. P and T are regions where the fibrous building blocks are parallel and transversely cut, respectively.\nD: Mapping dimensional parameters (dtotal,λandn) along the entire shell cross-section (total number of measurements: 204).n, number of periods. From top to bottom, cross-sectional SEM image,dtotal,λandn. The histograms on the right show the statistical distribution of each parameter. N, normal; A, apical; C, circumferential.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7216_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3989", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: New type of current signature caused by the translocation of DNA5–Bzim, which contains double 5hmC sites. The mean duration of 110 double-spike events is 536±161 μs. All the data were acquired in the buffer of 1 M KCl and 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, with the transmembrane potential held at +40 mV.\nB: Histograms of the conductance differences between level 1–3 and the open-pore levelG0inb(118 events in total).\nC: 5hmC modification scheme: oxidation28of 5hmC to 5fC followed by oxidative condensation with 1,2-phenylenediamine to afford 5C–Bzim. The R group is DNA.\nD: A typical multilevel current signature and diagram showing molecular mechanism of DNA2–Bzim translocation through SWCNT nanopore. Level 1: DNA2–Bzim entering the nanopore before Bzim-modified part reaches the pore; level 2: the Bzim part entering and sliding through the nanopore; level 3: translocation of the rest of DNA2–Bzim. The mean duration of 118 single-spike events is 406±111 μs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3989_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: DNA square pyramid designs were constructed either by rearranging the modules within a prescribed linear topology (black box) or by a circular permutation of the polynucleotide sequence of P1 (red-shaded area). Each line segment depicts one module and is identified with a letter below. Line thickness graphically reflects the stability of complementary module pairs, the order of which was estimated based on the hPin melting curves (Supplementary Fig. 2). The stabilities are depicted on a scale from 1 to 10 and were calculated according to equation (2). Designed folding pathways (a series of connection-forming steps) are depicted for each 4 Py. Connections drawn in red correspond to topologically or kinetically frustrated steps violating the ‘free-end’ rule.\nB: A topography image of P1 particles deposited on mica. Scale bar, 100 nm.\nC: Denaturing gradient PAGE after the Mung bean nuclease digestion of the slowly temperature annealed P1. Lines 1, 2 and 3 depict samples after 10, 100 and 300 min of digestion, respectively.\nD: The denaturing gradient PAGE of P1 digestion using distinct endonucleases. Fragments produced from the digestion of end-trimmed double-stranded P1 (ds) served as controls for fragments produced after the digestion of the folded single-chain P1 (ss). Contributions from the antisense (−) strand digestion present in the control samples yet absent from the single-chain P1 containing samples result in additional bands in ds lanes. Experiments were repeated at least twice with comparable results.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10803_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7649", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Disordered arrangement of curved collagen fibres (SEM).\nB: Collagen fibrils at notched side are delaminated, aligning close to the tension direction after loading. The loading direction is shown by the arrow, (f) collagen fibrils at unnotched side are delaminated/relaxed after loading/unloading. (g–j) Schematic of mechanisms of fibril deformation and failure under tension:\nC: original configuration; (h,i) straightening and reorientation of fibres with projected length in tensile direction increasing fromL0toL1, andL2(j) separation into fibrils; elastic stretching through the increase in collagendspacing fromd0tod3, and sliding (schematically shown byS), increasing length in tensile direction toL3.R0−R2are the radii of curvature of collagen during stretching. Scale bars ina–fand the picture inset incare 50 μm, 500 nm, 500 nm, 500 nm, 1 μm, 2 μm and 200 nm, respectively.\nD: High magnification ofa, collagen fibrils (~50 nm diameter) comprising each fibre (~1–10 μm diameter; SEM). (c,d) Collagen fibrils in section plane parallel to skin surface including detail of sectioned fibrils (inset inc) and wavy structure (TEM).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7649_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6486", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: In vitroDNA cleavage assay using recombinant Cas9 with gRNAs. Negative controls are the linearized plasmid alone or with Cas9 protein. Both gRNA/Cas9 complexes generated the expected DNA fragments (black arrowheads).\nB: Workflow for homologous recombination-mediated transgenesis inNematostellabased on the conversion of the endogenous red fluorescence into eGFP. The ease of visual screening allows efficient isolation of precise genomic integration of a transgene (TG,grey).\nC: Confocal image of two representative eGFP/mcherry-positive animals co-injected with anin vitroassembled gRNA-Exon2/Cas9 complex and a variant of theNvFP-7R::eGFP–MHC-mCherrydonor plasmid. Polyp #1 displays a substitution ofNvFP-7RbyNvFP-7R::eGFPin one domain, while polyp #2 shows two domains ofNvFP-7R::eGFPexpression (white arrowheads). Polyp #1 also exhibits ectopic expression ofNvFP-7R::eGFP(yellow arrowhead). Asterisk (*) indicates the position of the mouth. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: gRNA-NvFP-7R Exon2/Cas9-induced mutations recovered from a single polyp that exhibited mosaic expression ofNvFP-7R. The back line indicates the target site of gRNA-NvFP-7R Exon2with its PAM sequence.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6486_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3509", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Ratio of ampicillin-resistant colonies to total colonies isolated following the positive selection.\nB: Number of ampicillin-resistant colonies recovered from the negative selection.\nC: The substrate used to select for accurate variants—recombination ofloxPandloxBaitsites would result in loss of ampicillin resistance and would place the toxicccdBgene in frame with the promoter.\nD: The substrate used to select for functional variants; proper recombination would place the ampicillin resistance gene (ampR) under the lac promoter (Plac) conferring resistance. TheccdBgene is crossed out to indicate that it’s out of frame with respect to the ampR start codon.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3509_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-35807-7", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: , (g) and (i) Statistical significances are expressed as ****p< 0.0001. Unpaired t test. Data are presented as mean values ± SDs.n= 10 independent experiments.\nB: Lengths (x-y plane) of minimum squares of volumetrically printed 2.5% SS and 2.5% SF arrays of cubes. SS: silk sericin. SF: silk fibroin. Ru: ruthenium (II) hexahydrate. CAD: computer-aided design.\nC: Fiber diameter of volumetrically printed 5% SS and 5% SF hollow mesh tubes. (h(i)and(ii)) CAD image of the radially arranged array of cubes. (h(iii)and(iv)) Microscopic images of the printed arrays of cubes of (iii) 2.5% SS and (iv) 2.5% SF. The printing parameters were 0.5-mM Ru/5-mM SPS for SS, 0.25-mM Ru/2.5-mM SPS for SF, light intensity: 3 mW cm−2.\nD: Statistical significances are expressed as **p= 0.00591. Two-way ANOVA. Data are presented as mean values ± SDs.n= 3 independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "s41467-023-35807-7_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1120", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Plasmids are selected by appropriate antibiotics and verified by restriction digestion.\nB: Donor and acceptor plasmids are created from this collection of regulatory elements.\nC: Plasmids are then used to transfect mammalian cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: One to four donor vectors are fused to one acceptor vector in a single step or in an iterative process.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1120_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7006", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Fundus photos from a treated and an untreated eye ofPde6brd1/rd1-F3 mouse and a normal eye of a WT-F3 control. Note that retinal vessels (arrowheads) are clearly visible in the treated (bottom)Pde6brd1/rd1-F3 mouse and WT-F3 mouse (top), whereas vessels in the untreated eye are not very visible (middle). Instead, areas of pigmentation (asterisks) are visible in the untreated eye ofPde6brd1/rd1-F3 mouse.\nB: Histological retinal sections from the mid-central retina of a treated and an untreated eye ofPde6brd1/rd1-F3 and a normal eye of a WT-F3 control. Quantification of number of DAPI labelled photoreceptor (PR) rows (left) and number of cones per section (PNA+ cells—right). ***P<0.0001 One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test,n=5 for control,n=6 for treated and untreated animals. Data represent mean±s.e.m. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Retinal flatmount stained with isolectin B4. Note retinal vessels (arrowhead) are severely attenuated in the untreatedPde6brd1/rd1-F3 retina (middle panel) compared with the treated (right panel) or the WT-F3 control retina (left panel).Scale bar,250 μm.\nD: OCT images from a treated and an untreated eye ofPde6brd1/rd1-F3 and normal eye of a WT-F3 control. Quantification of retinal thickness: individual measurements obtained from six animals (n=5 for WT control) are shown. ***P<0.0001 One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Data represent mean±s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7006_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1817", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Relative expression levels ofGli1andPtch1during the first 5 days of Activin or control treatment.\nB: Immunoblot analysis of Gli1 and Cyclin D1 levels during the first 4 days of Activin or control treatment illustrating how Activin represses the expression of these proteins.\nC: Immunostaining (left panels) and quantifications (right panel) indicating that Shh promotes and cyclopamine inhibits proliferation in neural precursors (Nestin+/β-III-tubulin+cells in cyclopamine 49±4.3/35.1±1.8%, Shh 80.3±3.2/14.8±0.7% and control cultures 68.4±7.2/20.1±2.8%;n=3, mean±s.e.m.).\nD: Normalized mRNA levels ofGli1andPtch1after 24 h exposure to the indicated conditions illustrating how Shh induces the expression of these genes and Activin inhibits their expression (n=3, mean±s.e.m. Student'st-test. *P<0.005 and **P<0.05). ESCs were differentiated for 5 days as a monolayer, then replated into poly-D-lysine/laminin-coated dishes and cultured in NBB27 media (controls), NBB27+10 ng ml−1Activin, NBB27+100 ng ml−1Shh, NBB27+10 μm cyclopamine or NBB27 + 10 ng ml−1Activin + 100 ng ml−1Shh. Scale bar=50 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1817_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5394", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: At least one of these pairs allows for bivalent binding with negligible strain resulting in static bivalent binding (cf.Fig. 2e).\nB: Dwell time (Fig. 2) of antibody residence on S-layers showed that the single bond lifetime (τ1) of a bivalently bound antibody is reduced when compared with the corresponding monovalently bound Fab.\nC: Accessible epitope pairs on PM.\nD: The paratopes exhibit twofold symmetry viewed down the IgG’s Fc axes (yellow asterisk). The paratopes intrinsic orientation with respect to the Fab arm represents an additional degree of freedom (projection on thex–yaxes; white arrows). Stress-free bivalent binding can be accomplished by binding to an epitope pair schematized by red arrows (orientations of white and red arrows match). In contrast, the epitope pair schematized as black arrows requires adjustment via rotation which might result in tension.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5394_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5047", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biotechnology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Higher magnification of a typical 3D RC with an NR epithelium continuous with the adjacent RPE bundled at the tip (arrowheads). (e,f) The pseudostratified neural epithelium within the RC showed the typical polarity, with mitosis (Phospho-Histone H3 (PH3)-positive) occurring at the apical side and postmitotic neuronal precursors (HU C/D-positive) accumulating at the basal side. (g–i) NR cells proliferated actively (EdU-positive,g) and co-expressed transcription factors characteristic of neural retina progenitor cells (h,i). (j–k) Retinal progenitors within the NR epithelium underwent interkinetic nuclear migration.\nB: Three-dimensional volume rendering of the cells shown in (j); red dot: cell undergoing mitosis; yellow dot: cell nucleus migrating from the apical to the basal side of the neuroepithelium; blue dots: cells undergoing apoptosis. Scale bars, 100 μm (aandc); 50 μm (d–i).\nC: Detached NR domains cultured in suspension formed 3D RCs, composed of an NR epithelium and RPE (arrow).\nD: One NR domain (top panel) is being detached with a tungsten needle (arrowhead in bottom panel).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5047_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2184", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic of the human NaV1.7 channel topology showing the mutations S241T, V400M and F1449V.\nB: Close-up cytosolic view of the boxed area of panelc. S241, V400 and F1449 are shown as stick and coloured grey, red and yellow, respectively.\nC: Close-up intra-membrane view of the area containing S241, V400 and F1449 residues.\nD: Intra-membrane view of structural model of NaV1.7 channel transmembrane domains. Domain I, light blue; Domain II, salmon; Domain III, cyan; Domain IV, lime.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2184_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1450", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: (x,y) Fluctuations of the bead as a function of magnet position. The position of the cylindrical magnet was scanned at a constant height of 3 mm across the flow cell surface in steps of 250 μm inxandy. Position of the bead relative to the magnet is indicated on the outer plot axes. At each magnet position, fluctuations of the same DNA-tethered bead were recorded and are plotted in the small square coordinate systems (scale bar is 2 μm). A systematic variation of the (x,y)-fluctuation pattern with magnet position resembling a cyclone or vortex is apparent. For a well-centered magnet, the bead's (x,y) fluctuations trace out a circular trajectory, plotted in the centre of the plot. This trace was recorded in a separate experiment after aligning the magnets in smaller steps about the centre and is shown for illustration in this plot.\nB: (x,y) Fluctuations of a bead tethered to a 7.9 kb DNA under a well-aligned cylindrical magnet with a fitted circle.\nC: The preferred magnetization axism0of the bead aligns with the field along thezaxis. In this geometry, the bead can freely rotate about thezaxis, tracing out a circle of radiusRcircle.\nD: In the FOMT, a superparamagnetic bead is tethered to a flow cell surface via a dsDNA construct with multiple attachment points at both ends. A cylindrical magnet exerts a magnetic field that is predominantly aligned in thezdirection. A reference bead is attached to the flow cell surface and tracked simultaneously to correct for mechanical drift.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1450_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11130", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The TRPV2 atomic model is superimposed onto two subunits of the tetrameric full-length TRPV2 cryo-EM map.\nB: Final full-length TRPV2 cryo-EM map.\nC: Superimposition of representative regions of the full-length TRPV2 cryo-EM map (mesh) with the atomic model (ribbons and sticks), including α helix and β strand.\nD: Schematic depiction of full-length rat TRPV2 shown as a dimer with its ankyrin repeat domain (ARD), S1–S4 helices, S5–P–S6 pore domain and C terminus. Missing densities in the corresponding full-length TRPV2 cryo-EM map are depicted in grey.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11130_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4356", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Similar toc, except that data incwere divided into four groups based on Cm decay: (1) decay to baseline in 15 s (165 spots, 11 cells), (2) decay by >80% in 30 s except group 1 (101 spots, 10 cells), (3) decay by 30–80% in 30 s (173 spots, 18 cells) and (4) decay by <30% in 30 s (197 spots, 21 cells).\nB: Examples showing net exo– and endocytosis (lower: exo–endo, see also Methods) reconstructed from fluorescence changes (upper:F647,F488) during Ω-close, Ω-shrink-close, Ω-enlarge-close, Ω-stay, Ω-shrink-stay, Ω-enlarge-stay and Ω-shrink fusion (left to right).\nC: Pore closure time (from open to close, not from stimulation time to closure) distribution for three ‘close’ modes (312 spots).\nD: The mean Cm (±s.e.m., every 1 s, baseline subtracted, upper),Nexo–endoper cell (middle upper) and ICa (lower) induced by depol1s(to +10 mV). Cm (black) andNexo–endo(red) traces are also normalized and superimposed for comparison (middle lower). Data were from 636 spots in 60 cells.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4356_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3137", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Current-voltage plot for MscS reconstituted in azolectin liposomes in the presence of symmetrical KCl 200 mM, CaCl2100 mM, BaCl2100 mM and BaCl2200 mM, HEPES 5 mM, pH 7.4. Current-voltage plot generated from amplitudes of fully open channels. There is a larger degree of rectification at negative pipette potentials in the presence of Ba2+and Ca2+than when K+is the major permeant cation. Applied pressures were between 40 and 60 mm Hg.\nB: Unitary conductance of MscS (fully open state) at positive pipette potentials plotted against corresponding measured bulk conductivities of recording solutions fitted with a linear regression line (R2=0.644).\nC: Illustration of how MscS rectification (plotted as ratio of conductance at positive potentials against negative potentials of fully open channels) changes with the hydrated ionic radii of the major permeant cation.\nD: Current-voltage plots for MscS in the presence of equimolar alkali metal chlorides. An increase in rectification is seen as the hydrated ionic radius of the major permeant cation is increased. Current-voltage plot generated from amplitudes of fully open channels.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3137_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4319", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Graph of actin polymerization dynamics after cAMP stimulation measured at 12 °C using the phalloidin assay. Graph represents a mean of 15 measurements and error bars represent standard error of the mean (s.e.m.).\nB: Confocal images of a cell expressing LifeAct-RFP at different time points after cAMP stimulation. The 1-s, 3-s, 7-s time points correspond to the 1st phase of actin polymerization, 15 and 25 s to the actin depolymerization phase, 60 and 120 s to the 2nd polymerization phase. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nC: Distribution of Gene Ontology (GO) term annotations in the filtered data set of detected proteins showing reproducible temporal enrichment profiles. Values indicate number of proteins in each GO component annotation group and percentage of the total number of proteins in the filtered data set.\nD: Protein incorporation dynamics of the major structural components of the cytoskeleton. Graphs show temporal enrichment profiles for actin (red—same as ine), Arp2/3 (green), Cap32/34 (blue) and myosin II (purple) protein complexes. All the graphs except for actin, represent means of the enrichment values for all the subunits of each protein complex from two biological replicates of the SILAC experiment, error bars represent s.e.m.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4319_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4750", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Model simulation of current (black) and fluorescence (red) for KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel using the indicated voltage protocol (top). Note that all parameters in the model are determined by the estimates of the different rate constants and their voltage dependences fromFig. 6(Supplementary Table 1). Current and fluorescence traces were simulated using Berkeley Madonna (Berkeley, CA, USA).\nB: Model simulation for activation time course of current (black) and fluorescence (red) at 0 mV (fromb) in KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels.\nC: Model simulation of gating currents in KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels using the indicated voltage protocol (top) and same parameters as inb.\nD: Model simulation of current (black) and fluorescence (red) for KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel in the presence of UCL 2077 using the indicated voltage protocol (top). Same parameters as inb, except thatγ=0 to prevent channel opening.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4750_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8413", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A proposed mechanism of OCT4+ annulus formation on the patterns relies on cell condensation during the EMT, via a combination of cell migration and proliferation, to generate a high-cell-density annulus adjacent to the pattern perimeter. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nB: EdU staining to visualize the cell proliferation on 400-μm diameter patterns.\nC: Confocal images of 200-μm patterns treated with CHIR and different compounds that modulate cell mechanotransduction.\nD: Gene expression for cells on the 200- and 600-μm diameter circle patterns, normalized to the 400-μm diameter patterns, before and after CHIR treatment.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8413_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Selected residue pair H372ECL3–H89ECDfor cysteine substitution is shown in the closed state of apo-GCGR, with the average Cβ–Cβ distance in the last 1,000 ns simulation.\nB: Time dependences of the Cβ–Cβ distance between H372ECL3and H89ECDin the MD simulations on glucagon-GCGR (blue) and apo-GCGR (red).\nC: Modes 1 and 2 of the NMA on the open structure (top, orange arrow), and modes 3 and 4 of the NMA on the closed structure (bottom, yellow arrow) based on representative open state (confopen) and closed state (confclosed) structures (Fig. 3). The vectors representing both the amplitudes and directions of residues during the conformational changes are mapped on the ECD.\nD: MS/MS spectra of the HCD fragmentation of the doubly charged disulfide-containing peptide are shown;b,y, BandYindicate types of fragment ions. Graphical fragment map correlates the fragmentation ions to the peptide sequence in which the disulfide-linked cysteine residues C89 and C372 are shown in red. The top-right panel shows a LC-MS analysis-extracted ion chromatogram of GCGR fromSpodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells with chymotrypsin and trypsin digestion, representing the doubly charged crosslinked peptide between YLPWHC(89)K and AFVTDEC(372)AQGTLR through a disulfide bond.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8859_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8271", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: fiveab initiobead models and their filtered average (grey);\nB: Porod exponents (LogI(s) versus Logsoffset on log scale; linear regression analysis (black dashed lines)) fitted to the mid-sdata range (white squares with black outline).\nC: distance distribution functionsP(r) and (d) cross-sectional distance distribution functionsPc(r) (for presentation purposes,P(r) andPc(r) have been scaled relative to construct length);\nD: Schematic of SasG inS. aureusstrain NCTC 8325-4; signal sequence (S; cleaved), adhesion domain (A), E-G5 repeats, C-terminal wall (W) region and LPKTG signal for cell wall attachment; expression constructs are illustrated below. (b–f) SAXS studies of G51–G52, G51–G53, G51–G54, G51–G55, G51–G56and G51–G57(colour legend defined inc):", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8271_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5913", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Histogram ofRgyrfor all WT tracks ina(N=3315). The (red) line is a fit to a normal distribution centred at 2.6 μm. (inset) Expanded view of the fraction ofRgyr>10 μm.\nB: MSD versus time for representative WT orbiting (○) and roaming cells (□). The red line is a model fit to the MSD of the orbiting cell. Average MSD of all ΔmshAmutants (Δ;NΔmshA=2,030) and ΔflaAmutants (◊;NΔflaA=6). Error bars represent 1 s.d. The numbers represent the slopes of the two lines.\nC: Number of surface-adhered cells as a function of time for WT (○) and ΔmshA(Δ) with same initial cell number density.\nD: ΔmshAmutant trajectories extracted from a high-speed movie of 100 s at 5 ms resolution during the first 5 min after inoculation. (e, lower) Lower half of the same field of view showing only a subset of all cells to enable better visualization.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5913_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9400", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Simulation of cell growth using the experimental wall areal expansion as growth input and mechanical build-up of circumferential anisotropy. Left: schematic of cell end curvature evolution through time at the simulated OE/NE (top/bottom). Right: simulated curvature kymographs for the OE/NE (top/bottom; compare withFig. 1d).\nB: Simulation of the septum-NE transition with the relaxed septum shown as a dashed line.\nC: Canonical wall expansion profile at the OE. The meridional and circumferential strain rates were inferred from the best fit of the wall displacement field shown inb.\nD: Predicted NE curvature following the septum-NE transition (compare withFig. 1b).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9400_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12940", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Snapshot of NhaA with a bent TM V.\nB: Probability distribution of the minimum distance between the carboxylate oxygen of Asp163 and the amine nitrogen of Lys300 when TM V is bent (magenta) and straight (cyan). The data are from pH conditions 9–11.5 where TM V bending was observed. In all panels, the simulation run 2 starting from the previous crystal structure (PDB ID: 1ZCD) was used.\nC: Occupancy of the TM V-bent state versus fraction of the deprotonated Lys300. A configuration is considered as in the TM V-bent state if the TM V bending angle is greater than 28° (cutoff based on data shown inSupplementary Fig. 15). Data used all pH conditions (2.5–11.5).\nD: Snapshot of NhaA with a straight TM V.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12940_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1668", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The long-to-short axis ratio (a/b, black curve) and the projected area (green curve), corresponding to the green dashed area in the cartoon presented ina, were plotted as a function of the CSI for SA=1,600 μm2. Data are given as mean±s.d. with 8≤n≤12.\nB: Schematic representation of the long axis (a, in red), the short axis (b, in blue), the height (c, in black) and the projected area (dashed green zone) of a nucleus assuming a spheroidal morphology. Quantitative measurements ofa,bandcfor 1,600 μm2shaped cells (1≥CSI≥0.26) were carried out by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The evolution ofa/2 (in red),b/2 (in blue) andc/2 (in black) was plotted as a function of the CSI. Data are given as mean±s.d. with 8≤n≤12.\nC: Superimposed nuclear outlines show clearly the increase in the long-to-short axis ratio, whereas the nuclear projected area decreases.\nD: The nucleus was fitted with an ellipsoidal morphology to calculate the evolution of the nuclear volume (in black) and the nuclear surface area (in blue) versus CSI. During cell elongation, both volume and surface area of the nucleus decrease. Data are given as mean±s.d. with 8≤n≤12.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1668_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6849", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The maxima of the equilibrium 2AP fluorescence emission, measured at 365 nm, are plotted as a function of temperature for DNA alone (black) and Rad4–DNA complexes (red;left: AN3;right: AN4). Open and filled symbols are for two independent sets of measurements on each sample. In each panel, the intensities for free DNA and DNA in complex have been normalized to match at the lowest temperature.\nB: 2AP (X in the schematic representation of DNA substrates) was placed within 3-bp mismatch DNA (AN3) and matched DNA (AN4;Supplementary Table 1). The 2AP fluorescence emission spectra were measured for DNA alone (black) and Rad4–DNA complexes (red) with excitation at 314 nm at 25 °C (left: AN3;right: AN4). The 2AP fluorescence emission intensities increase 4.0 (±0.7)-fold and 1.4 (±0.1)-fold on Rad4 binding to mismatch and matched DNA, respectively. All measurements were done with untethered Rad4. Protein and DNA concentrations were 10 μM each.\nC: Relaxation kinetic traces measured in response to a ~7 °C T-jump show (left) single-exponential kinetics, with relaxation time 5.1±0.5 ms (at final temperature 26 °C) for Rad4–mismatch DNA, and (right) much slower kinetics, with relaxation time 190±42 ms (at final temperature 29 °C) for Rad4–matched DNA. The uncertainties in the relaxation times are sample s.d. from two sets of measurements. Note that theKdvalues of Rad4 bound to mismatch or matched DNA are in nanomolar range (Supplementary Fig. 1), well below the 60 μM concentrations used in the T-jump experiments.\nD: Relaxation kinetics measured on the DNA-only samples: AN3 alone, in response to a 6 °C T-jump (left), and AN4 alone, in response to a 10 °C T-jump (right), exhibit much slower kinetics, with relaxation times 341±70 and 240±35 ms, respectively, consistent with the T-jump recovery kinetics (see alsoSupplementary Fig. 4d). The relaxation times for samples that exhibit only the slow kinetics were determined by making measurements over a longer time window, up to 80–320 ms.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6849_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Experimentally observed GV data points for Phe and F3-Phe (open and blue circles, respectively; reproduced fromFig. 1f) overlaid by the simulated data based on kinetic modelling using the ZHA model (red lines);\nB: GVs for Phe and F3-Phe introduced on the Ile372Leu, Ser376Thr (LT) double-mutant background (open and blue circles, respectively). The fit for the WT GV is shown in grey, insets show representative currents. Scale bar (horizontal), 20 ms; Scale bar (vertical), 4 μA.\nC: Experimentally observed deactivation rates for Phe and F3-Phe (open and blue circles, respectively; reproduced fromFig. 2f) compared with the simulated deactivation rates for Phe and F3-Phe based on kinetic modelling using the ZHA model (red lines);\nD: Bar diagram comparing the free energy difference between Phe and F3-Phe incorporated at position 481 on the WT (empty bar) or LT double-mutant background (black bar). All experimental data=mean±s.e.m.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2761_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2507", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (k)?\nA: Prototypical single-molecule western blot measurement. 298 nM mCherry-HRas was used as target protein. With 32.5 nM eGFP-HRas as the probe, the target protein concentration was measured to be 288±1.4 nM. Error bar denotes s.d. (n=20).\nB: kbindas a function of HRas pull-down. Error bars denote s.e. (n>180).\nC: Schematic of single-molecule western blot analysis. Competition between cellular and probe Ras for binding to the primary antibody reduces the number of probe Ras specifically bound to the surface, which consequently reduces the number of fluorescent spots. Note that as each primary antibody binds to two Ras proteins, one fluorescent spot disappears when both of two light-chain arms are occupied by cellular Ras.\nD: Schematic ofkbindinflation. Under sparse conditions of active baits on surface, a constant, single-moleculekbindis obtained even when the surface pull-down of baits is increased (left two panels). However, past the threshold at 0.6 active baits per μm2, more than one baits are present per ROI on average. These multiple baits have the effect of increasingkbindmeasured from each ROI (right panel).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2507_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10260", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Representative traces showing the number of replicated base pairs versus time in the presence of 1-mM dNTP (each) under 12, 8 and 6 pN. For clarity, traces have been shifted along the time axis. The dotted lines indicate the lesion position. Note that at 6 pN, DNAP excised DNA from the 3′ end.\nB: A denaturing PAGE analysis of primer extension by DNAP on either an unmodified template (no CPD lesion, denoted as ‘U’) or a CPD-containing DNA template (denoted as ‘CPD’).\nC: Schematic representation of primer extension on a DNA template containing a single CPD lesion in ensemble studies. A 25-mer primer labelled with 5′ fluorescein was annealed to a 71-mer template containing a single CPD lesion at nucleotides 46 and 47.\nD: Schematic representation of the single-molecule configuration. Two ssDNA arms were held at a constant force, while the motion of a T7 DNAP was monitored by the fork location. A single CPD lesion (red star) was located on the template strand.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10260_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6937", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: MDCK cells transfected or not with 1 μg of Myc 2-p110δ were grown on matrigel and fixed after 24 h for AMIS, after 48 h for PAP and after 72 h for open lumen. Cells were stained with laminin (green), actin (red) and Hoechst (blue) as indicated in the pictures. A confocal section through the middle of cyst is shown. Scale bar, 10 μm. 3D reconstruction from allxzsections is presented in a grey background. Laminin signal intensity of individual cell is analysed with ImageJ software for 30 cells and represented as histogram inb. Values are expressed as mean±s.e.m. ***P<0.0001 (Student’st-test). (c,d) Same asaandb, respectively, for type IV collagen staining (green) and signal intensity.\nB: Total RNA from cells grown or not on Matrigel for 4 days were analysed by qRT–PCR for p110δ expression and normalized to GAPDH (see Methods). Values from three independent experiments are expressed as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nC: MDCK cells grown for 24 h on fibronectin, poly-D-lysine, collagen or laminin coated coverglasses and non coated coverglass (Ctrl) were analysed by immunoblot for p110δ expression using p110δ-specific antibody (sc7176). Actin was used as a loading control. Relative densitometry analysis of p110δ from three different experiments was analysed and presented in histograms below. Values are expressed as mean±s.e.m.\nD: Total RNA from cells inewere analysed by qRT–PCR for p110δ expression and normalized to GAPDH. Values from three independent experiments are expressed as mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.001 (Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6937_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The angle between the cell boundary (dashed line), labelled for Discs Large (Dlg; white) and the AP axis (yellow arrow) was defined asθ(blue and red arcs). Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Rose diagrams indicating the frequency of external genitalia orientation in adult maleDE-Cadknockdown flies. White arrow indicates the direction from the analia to the external genitalia.\nC: Frequency of cell boundaries with an angleθof −90° to 0° or of 0° to 90° to the AP axis in controls,myoID,DE-Cadknockdown andsqhknockdown flies at 23 and 29 h APF.\nD: First image in a time-lapse series showing genitalia rotation. Cells were assigned different numbers and colours, and their rightward velocity with respect to the AP axis was tracked (yellow arrow). Rightward movement was defined as positive unidirectional motion (white arrow). A time-lapse series fordis shown ind’. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10074_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8277", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Mean-squared displacement of an ensemble of TALE proteins diffusing along non-specific DNA templates at 90 mM KCl. The values are averages ofn=50 trajectories.\nB: Single-molecule trajectory at 90 mM KCl over long timescales (>5 s) shows periods of rapid diffusion interspersed with periods of diminished diffusion.\nC: Distribution of characteristic TALE bound times at 30 mM KCl and (inset) 80 mM KCl with corresponding double-exponential fits. The number of events recorded,n, is equal to 70 and 250 for 30 and 80 mM KCl, respectively.\nD: Single-molecule trajectories of TALE diffusion events over short timescales (∼1 s) at 90 mM KCl. (b,c) Histograms of TALE step sizes along non-specific DNA at 30 and 90 mM KCl, respectively. The number of trajectories,n, is 50 for both conditions.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8277_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7481", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Detailed interactions between mC5a helices H1–H2 and the Spiegelmer G-quadruplex.\nB: Direct SPR measurement of the binding affinities of NOX-D20 for relevant mC5a mutants compared with WT mC5a using immobilized mC5a and increasing NOX-D20 concentrations. The weak interaction with mC5a S697A is shown in the magnified inset.\nC: NOX-D20 binding of mC5a WT and mutants analysed by competitive SPR measurement with immobilized mC5a on the sensor chip surface, a fixed NOX-D20 concentration and increasing competitor concentrations.\nD: Detailed interactions between mC5a helix H3 and the Spiegelmer stem domain.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7481_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9167", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Biophysics", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Following RosettaRelax, all side chains in the Env trimer within 5 Å of the antibody CDR loops are shown here. The gp41 residue-forming part of the SOS bond (C605) is also in close proximity.\nB: On the basis of the docking of crystal structures into the EM reconstruction (white surface), 3BC315 Fab (white cartoon) interacts with gp41 (gp41-1, light green) and gp120 (gp120, pink) within a single gp140 protomer, as well as with the adjacent gp41 (gp41-2, dark green) of the neighbouring protomer. A close up view of this region is shown in the inset.\nC: Residues and regions of the trimer that are contacted or buried by the Fab (listed in (b)) are shown on gp120 and gp41 (represented in black and dark grey, respectively) of one protomer, as well as on the adjacent gp41 (white). The 3BC315 epitope is coloured by region as in (b) on the surface rendering of the trimer.\nD: M535 in gp41 is surrounded by aromatic residues from CDRH3 (purple) and CDRL1 (pink).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9167_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14132", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Overall structure, discovery map (inset, green mesh,Fo−Fccontoured at 3σ), and phosphorus anomalous signal (inset, magenta, contoured at 3σ). Only one subunit (the crystallographic asymmetric unit) is shown for clarity; the biological assembly is a homodimer. A stereo image of the final 2Fo−Fcmap around the bound ligand is shown inSupplementary Fig. 1.\nB: Induced-fit conformational change accompanying FPP binding. The apo-enzyme structure is shown in grey (PDB ID 2F7M). (f–h) Allosteric pocket in unliganded, FPP-bound and fully closed states, respectively.\nC: FPP in space-filling representation. The surface of the binding pocket is also represented.\nD: Binding interactions by IPP pyrophosphate (PDB ID 4H5E).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14132_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5068", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: AF2299 is a dimer of two subunits each with six TM helices and an N-terminal domain of the cytidyltransferase fold. The protein is depicted with one subunit in grey and the other in rainbow coloured ribbon representation, from blue (N terminus) to red (C terminus), viewed (on the left) in the plane of the membrane, and (on the right) from the extracellular side of the membrane down the dimer interface.\nB: CDP-alcohol phosphotransferases catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group, with donor substituent R1 (where R1 may represent choline, ethanolamine, or diacylglycerol, amongst others) to an alcohol, with substituent R2 (where R2 may represent inositol, inositol-1-phosphate, glycerol-3-phosphate choline or diacylglycerol, for example).\nC: The CDP-AP signature motif is absolutely conserved across all kingdoms of life. Alignment of eight CDP-APs of divergent sequence shows that the CDP-AP signature motif (D1xxD2G1xxAR…G2xxxD3xxxD4) is absolutely conserved, and is present in AF2299. Alignment performed using PROMALS3D48. Sequences, from top, (as species—protein; Uniprot ID) are:A. fulgidus—AF2299; O27985,E. coli—PGP synthase PgsA; P0ABF8,A. thaliana—choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase; O82567,H. sapiens—choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase; Q9Y6K0,H. sapiens—choline phosphotransferase; Q8WUD6,S. cerivisiae—phosphatidylinositol synthase; P06197,A. thaliana—phosphatidylinositol synthase; Q8LBA6,H. sapiens—phosphatidylinositol synthase; O14735.\nD: Each subunit of AF2299 possesses six TM helices arranged in two repeats of three. TM5 is noticeably shorter than the rest. Intracellular loops are represented by blue lines and extracellular loops by black lines. The juxtamembrane helix and N-terminal domain are not shown. The left half of this panel is represented in an open form such that the two repeats are side by side.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5068_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6880", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Left, HSQC overlay of 0.05 mM15N-F12,L22-RIAM-N in the absence (black) and presence of 0.2 mM talin-F3 (blue) and excess (0.4 mM in red and 1.2 mM in green, respectively) of β3 CT. The arrows indicate that on adding β3 CT, the RIAM-N resonance moves to a different direction instead of shifting back to the free-form position, suggesting the formation of a ternary complex. Right, the control HSQC spectra of 0.05 mM15N-F12,L22-RIAM peptide in the absence (black) and presence of 0.4 mM β3 CT showing that RIAM does not bind to integrin β3 CT.\nB: Structural alignment of RIAM-N/talin-F3 complex with β1D CT/talin-F2F3 complex (PDB code 3G9W) indicates that RIAM-N (red cartoon) binds to a neighbouring region of the β1D integrin CT (green cartoon);\nC: Pull-down assay to show the formation of RIAM/talin-F3/integrin β3 CT ternary complex (top left). Top middle panel shows the control that integrin β3 CT has little binding to RIAM (see alsob). GST as a control does not bind to integrin β3 CT/talin-F3 complex (lower left) and integrin β3 CT (lower middle), respectively.\nD: HSQC overlay of 0.025 mM15N-labelled β3 CT in the absence (black) and presence of 0.025 mM talin-F3 (red) and 0.025 mM talin-F3 plus 0.05 mM RIAM-1–306 (green). The inset shows further line broadening or peak shifting of β3 CT resonance, which is consistent with formation of the larger ternary complex.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6880_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1237", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Superposition of the CFP1 CXXC domain (salmon) and the MLL1 CXXC domain (green) of the MLL–DNA and CFP1–DNA complexes.\nB: Overall structure of CFP1-CpG DNA shown in salmon cartoon representation.\nC: Overall structure of MLL1-CpG DNA shown in green cartoon representation.\nD: Superimposition of the CpG DNA from the CFP1–DNA complex (salmon) and the standard 12-mer B-form DNA (cyan; PDB id: 1HQ7). The protein is shown in grey cartoon representation. The widths of major grooves and minor grooves of both DNAs are marked in red (CFP1 DNA) and cyan (B-DNA), respectively.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1237_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4622", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: rPres R399S is insensitive to salicylate. Representative NLC recordings measured in control (contr) conditions (black) and from the same cells during application of 10 mM extracellular salicylate (blue).\nB: Representative NLC recordings from the rPres mutants indicated.\nC: Average fold changes in peak NLC amplitudes obtained from experiments as ine.\nD: Altered divalent selectivity of S404 mutants. Data were obtained from experiments as shown ing. The number of experiments (individual cells) is given in all bar graphs. Error bars indicate s.e.m. All described rPres and cPres mutants showed normal membrane localization, indicating intact folding and processing of the protein.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4622_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9843", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Four three-dimensional sub-particle class averages (pink, resolution 12 Å) of the densities under the threefolds and the P1 shell, averaged from all of the sub-particles to provide a frame of reference (blue, resolution 12 Å), are shown. The view is from the inside of the particle. Three classes revealed clear P2 density in the three possible orientations relative to the symmetry axis (0°, 120° and 240°). For another class no P2 density was evident (asterisk). Incorrectly averaged P2 density in the original threefold symmetrized reconstruction is indicated with an arrowhead.\nB: Icosahedral reconstruction of the polymerase complex particle at 4.8-Å resolution is shown along the icosahedral threefold axis of symmetry. The P1 monomers around fivefolds are coloured in blue and the P1 monomers around twofolds and threefolds in red.\nC: Localized reconstruction of the P2 density at 7.9-Å resolution with a fitted X-ray structure of P2 (PDB:1HHS) is shown from three different orthogonal orientations. Colouring of the X-ray structure follows the canonical polymerase domain architecture (fingers, red; palm, green; thumb, blue; C terminus, yellow; connecting chains, mauve)27. Two small densities, not accounted by the P2 X-ray crystallographic structures, are indicated with arrowheads.\nD: P2 density, reconstructed together with the P1 shell, is shown in the same orientation as inc. Densities connecting the P2 polymerase to the surrounding P1 shell are marked with arrowheads, and correspond to the densities marked inc. (e–g) Possible contact sites between P2 (the coloured ribbon) and P1 (grey ribbon) are shown and the corresponding amino acid residues labelled.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9843_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14932", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Hydrogen bond interactions (black dashed lines) betweenC. elegansiPGM andCe-2d. Direct interactions and (b) water (red spheres) mediated contacts.\nB: Enlarged region from d showing the relative locations of the 2-PG andCe-2das cylinder models with transparent van der Waals surfaces and alignment residue side chains clustering around 2-PG.\nC: Distance from the C-terminal amide of Tyr11 and the Zn2+and Mn2+ion centres.\nD: Superimposed structure ofC. elegansiPGM·Ce-2dwith that ofStaphylococcus aureusiPGM in 2-phosphoglyceric acid bound form (PDB: 4NWX). The following,S. Aureus:C. elegansresidue pairs were used for alignment: 123His147, 153-154Asp177-178, 191Arg216, 185Arg210, 257Arg284 and 260Arg287.Ce-2dand 2-PG are shown as CPK space filling models. The purple spheres are the Mn2+ions ofS. aureusiPGM and the blue and tan spheres are the Mn2+and Zn2+ion, respectively ofC. elegansiPGM.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14932_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Close-up ofSUBP, which is defined by residues of the +domain (particularly the K-K-G motif), λ1650–1666and the CR-VI domain. Residues involved in ligand binding are shown as sticks. GTP is fitted in different orientations into the density in the PDB 4UCZ structure (main figure, and top figure to the right, where the guanosine ring is turned 180°) and in the PDB 4UCI structure (bottom right, where the ligand lays in the opposite direction), highlighting that the ligand can bind in different orientations within the spacious pocket.\nB: SAMP andNSP containing a SAM and ADN ligand, respectively (PDB 4UCI, in whichSUBP is also occupied). Residues lining the pockets are shown as sticks. The loops delineatingSAMP (β1λ,β2λ andβ4λ) and the β-strands they originate from are shown in magenta. The dashed yellow lines show putative hydrogen bonds.\nC: . Superposition of three other CR-VI+ structures onto that inc, highlighting the flexibility ofβ1λ (especially E1697),β2λ andβ4λ. The structure in blue (PDB 4UCK) contains SAM, whereas those in yellow (4UCL) and aquamarine (4UCJ) have emptySAMPs (this suggests that there is no strict correlation betweenSAMP occupancy and the position ofβ2λ).NSP is empty in the three superposed structures, which apparently affects the position of theirβ4λ loops and especially of the R1785side group, which closes the pocket when occupied. All overlaid structures have emptySUBPs.\nD: The relative positions of the pockets in the protein.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9749_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1301", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: 3C assays to detectIrx3andIrx5interactions in zebrafish embryos. The fixed primer is located at theIrx3promoter and the background interaction was calculated as the average of the interactions between the fixed position and two flanking regions at a distance of 30 kbp from theIrx5promoter. A clear interaction is detected between theIrx3andIrx5promoters (green bars), which is significantly reduced in CTCF morphant embryos (orange bars). Graphs show means from at least three independent experiments: *P<0.05; **P<00; Student'st-test. Error bars indicate s.e.m.\nB: Model of the 3D architecture of theIrxclusters. The proximity of the promoters of the first two genes is probably facilitated by CTCF (green circle). Similar access of enhancers to these genes is shown with coloured thick arrows. Restricted access of an enhancer to the third gene of the cluster is shown by the discontinuous thin blue arrow. Coloured boxes: relative positions of the enhancers analysed by 3C. Grey boxes: relative positions of other enhancers identified in this study.\nC: Expression of zebrafishIrxAagenes in control and CTCF morphant embryos. Note that the levels ofirx3aandirx5aexpression are increased, especially in spinal cord (red arrowheads), whereasirx6ais downregulated in midbrain and hindbrain (black and yellow arrowheads, respectively) and upregulated in the otic vesicle and lateral epidermis (blue and green arrowheads, respectively).\nD: Distribution of CTCF binding within theIrxclusters as determined by ChIP-seq in different cell types in the ENCODE project. In most cell types, CTCF is bound to theIrxpromoters (coloured boxes). Note that the first two genes of each complex (orange boxes) are bound by CTCF in more cell types than the promoter of the third gene (grey boxes).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1301_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5244", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The effect of increasing monovalent cation (K+, Rb+, NH4+, Na+, Li+or Cs+) concentration on the activity of TmCdsA. The lowest dark curve is measured with variable K+concentration and in the absence of Mg2+ion, whereas the other curves are measured in the presence of 2 mM Mg2+and variable concentrations of different monovalent cations.n=3 for the following data points measured with 2 mM Mg2+: [K+]=50, 200 mM; [Na+]=200 mM; [NH4+]=0 mM; [Li+]=0, 200 mM; [Cs+]=0, 25, 50 mM; [Rb+]=0, 50 mM.n=4 for the others.\nB: Mutagenesis analyses on the functional role of the charged residues around the di-metal centre. The activity of the wild-type enzyme was normalized as 100% relative activity after being subtracted with the negative control data (parallel reactions without enzyme added), whereas those of mutants and WT+EDTA are presented as relative percentage activity in comparison to the wild-type enzyme. The error bars denote s.e.m.,n=3 for the wild type, D249A, D219A, D246A and K167A, orn=4 for WT+EDTA, D144A, E222A, K226A and R166A.\nC: The key amino-acid residues surrounding the Mg2+-K+di-metal centre in TmCdsA.\nD: Isomorphous difference Fourier peaks of theFBa−FMg(4.5 Å, magenta) andFTl−FK(4.5 Å, blue) maps contoured at +8.0 × σ level. Green mesh is the 3.4 Å-resolution 2Fo−Fcmap (contoured at +2.0 × σ level) of the crystal containing both Mg2+and K+ions. The Mg2+and K+ions are shown as silver bullets. The peak of Ba2+ion deviates slightly from the positions of Mg2+site because of minor changes in the unit cell dimensions of the Ba2+-soaked crystal.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5244_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15744", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic representation showing the proposed process of axial force generation. Detachment of BSEs from neighbouring stalks release the conformational flexibility of the BSE-stalk region. As stalks are still associated together, movement of BSEs will generate mechanic forces that may include an axial fraction. More GTP turnover cycles can boost the axial force output that eventually pushes the neighbouring rungs away from each other. In this case, the helical MxA/dynamin polymer exhibits a ‘poppase’ feature43. Helical polymers are depicted as green spirals around brown substrates. Part of the GDs and BSEs are omitted for clarity.\nB: Schematic representation of the process of shear force output in the GTP hydrolysis cycle. GDs and BSEs are coloured as inFig. 1a, and stalks are omitted for clarity.\nC: Random transient GD interactions and subsequent GTP hydrolysis-dependent conformational changes in the GD-BSE region collectively drive the twisting/constriction of the MxA/dynamin polymer. Two neighbouring rungs are shown as two linear oligomers. The opposing molecules from upper and lower oligomers are numbered 1–4 and A–D, respectively. The BSE-stalk interactions are indicated by yellow diamonds. (I) Loading of GTP promotes domain movement. The GDs of molecule 4 and A associate at open conformation. (II) Stimulated GTP hydrolysis releases the potential of conformational alternation in the GD-BSE region of molecule 4 and A, and the GDs move back to closed conformation, thereby generating latitudinal shear force. Other isolated GDs do not interfere with the relative movement of neighbouring rungs. (III) The shear force leads to the relative movement of the two rungs. Molecule 4 and A may be quickly reloaded with GTP, and the GTP-loaded GDs may randomly form inter-rung contact again, as for molecule 2 and D. (IV) Stimulated GTP hydrolysis occurs and shear force is continually generated as in (II).\nD: Possible mechanism for the release of BSEs from the neighbouring stalks. The MxA/dynamin helical polymer are shown in an intersection view. Constriction leads to decreased number of molecules in a helical rung and increased angular separation between the neighbouring building block dimers, which causes detachment of BSEs and stalks. GDs are omitted for clarity.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15744_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3465", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Background-corrected dipolar evolution data (black lines) and the fits to the DEER data obtained by Tikhonov regularization (coloured lines).\nB: The first derivative absorption cw-EPR spectra of PROXYL spin-labelled detergent-solubilized NavMs constructs are depicted in coloured lines, with A221C and A223C spin-labelled mutants in a liposome environment overlaid (black lines) in the top two panels. Additional shoulders present in the low-field region for A223C and I241C are indicated by ‘*’. In the bottom panel, the spectrum of the A221C/D250C double mutant (red line) is compared to the 1:1 summation (black line) of the spectra of the A221C and D250C single mutants. Spectra were normalized to reflect approximately equal numbers of spins.\nC: Distance distributions obtained by: Tikhonov regularization (different coloured lines for each mutant spectrum), except for the A221C–D250C double mutant (bottom panel) where two Rice distributions were used; MMM predictions based on the first static model structure are represented as orange lines and those based on the first dynamic model are thick grey lines; MMM predictions based on the final dynamic model are in black dotted lines. All plots are normalized by amplitude.\nD: Three-dimensional structure of the NavMs transmembrane pore crystal structure with the CTD as determined by the DEER spectroscopy/molecular dynamics approach.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3465_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6209", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Additional features observed in complex 1 from the RPTPσ Ig1–3:TrkC LRRIg12Qcrystal structure. Residues within the 63–77 loop that were not present in the P2 crystal structure are coloured blue and the remaining missing residues are indicated by dotted lines. View rotated relative tobas indicated. TrkC LRR, magenta; RPTPσ, cyan.\nB: SigmaA weighted 2Fo−Fcelectron density map (grey) contoured at 1σ and carved at 2.2 Å around loop residues 69–76.\nC: SPR analysis of chicken RPTPσ Ig1–3 binding to immobilized chicken TrkC LRRIg1cryst, LRRIg12Nand LRRIg12Q. Measured binding values: TrkC LRRIg1cryst,Kd=4.8 μM andBmax=761 RU; LRRIg12N,Kd=216 nM andBmax=416 RU; LRRIg12Q,Kd=38 nM andBmax=590 RU. For sensograms seeSupplementary Fig. 8g–h.\nD: Alignment of the two RPTPσ:TrkC complexes observed in the chicken RPTPσ Ig1–2:TrkC LRRIg1cryst(P2 space group) and three in the chicken RPTPσ Ig1–3:TrkC LRRIg12Q(P1 space group) crystal structures. The orientation of the structures is identical toFig. 2b(lower panel).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6209_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7655", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: FRET efficiency for the G193C-G309C mutant versus fluorescence lifetime of the donor in the presence of the acceptor. Multiple populations can be observed. The solid red line describes the expected relationship between donor lifetime and FRET efficiency when the populations are static, whereas the dashed green line indicates the theoretical curve when molecules undergo dynamic transitions between populations within a burst. In the absence of Hsps, the bursts fall symmetrically about the static line. In the presence of Hsps, a small deviation from the static line is observed for part of the population, suggesting there may be dynamic transitions between populations during a burst.\nB: SpFRET efficiency plots of the mutants in panel (b). The 20 pM Sti1 was measured alone or mixed together with 10 μM Hsp90 or/and 25 μM Hsp70. The area under the curves was normalized.\nC: Scheme of the different cysteine double mutants. The star marks the position of the fluorescent dye.\nD: Representative data from spFRET TIRF experiments. Time traces of the donor and acceptor intensity (upper graph), total intensity corrected for the differences in sensitivity between the donor and acceptor channels (IT=γID+IAwhere γ is the detection correction factor, middle graph) and FRET efficiency (lower graph) of the G193C–G309C Sti1 mutant in the absence and presence of Hsp70 and Hsp90. Left: a representative spFRET trace for the G193C–G309C Sti1 mutant in the absence of Hsps. Most of the traces of Sti1 in the absence of Hsps show a static FRET efficiency until either the donor or acceptor molecule photobleaches. In this case, the acceptor fluorophore photobleached first. Right: representative spFRET traces for the G193C–G309C Sti1 mutant in the presence of 25 μM Hsp70 and 10 μM Hsp90. A dynamic FRET signal is detectable in a significant fraction of the measured molecules. The fluctuations in the donor and acceptor fluorescence intensities indicate changes in the FRET efficiency due to the movement of Sti1 between different conformations. The donor fluorophore photobleached before the acceptor molecule and the total intensity dropped to background levels (see alsoSupplementary Fig. 6).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7655_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3965", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Surface representation of the residues that interact with Bud are shown in yellow and the positively charged H135 is shown in blue.\nB: ‘Ribbon’ representation of the Smo CRD. The backbone thickness of the ribbon is directly proportional to the weighted sum (in p.p.m.) of the1H and15N chemical shifts on binding to the ligand Bud. (c,d) Results of the HADDOCK docking of Bud on Smo CRD.\nC: The aromatic side chains of the Bud contacting Smo CRD residues are shown.\nD: CSPs of Smo CRD on addition of Bud are plotted versus residue numbers. The red line indicates CSP greater than 0.01 p.p.m. The residues labelled in black form the Bud-binding pocket on Smo CRD as analysed from the HADDOCK-docking experiments. The mouse FzD8–Wnt interacting ‘site 1’ and ‘site 2’ residues are shown in orange and green, respectively. The corresponding secondary structure elements of theDrosophilaSmo CRD are represented below the plot.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3965_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2126", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Significantly more apoptotic SY5Y mAng1HA C39W cells (*P<0.05,n=6, ANOVA with Tukey'spost hoc) were found after differentiation when compared with untransfected SY5Y and SY5Y expressing WT or K40I mAng1HA. Cleaved caspase 3 and DAPI-positive cells were counted in six randomly selected fields (660×490 μm2) from two independent experiments. Fields of undifferentiated and differentiated cells contained an average of 480 cells (s.d.±198) and 415 cells (s.d.±252), respectively. Error bars±s.e.m.\nB: The lengths of neurofilament-positive neurites were measured in six randomly selected fields (660×490 μm2) from two independent experiments (median bars). Neurites of SY5Y cells expressing WT-mAng1HA are significantly longer than those of both untransfected SY5Y and SY5Y-expressing C39W or K40I mAng1HA (*P<0.05, SY5Yn=736, WTn=715, C39Wn=822, K40In=659, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey'spost hoc).\nC: Immunostaining for neurofilament expression in differentiated untransfected SY5Y and SY5Y cells expressing WT, C39W and K40I mAng1HA. SY5Y cells were differentiated by co-culturing with PA6 stromal cells in the presence of retinoic acid and dibutyryl-cAMP as described in Methods. Cells were immunostained for neurofilament expression using the 2H3 mAb (DSHB). Scale bar, 75 μm.\nD: Undifferentiated cultures show no significant difference between the percentages of apoptotic cells present in each cell line. Scale bar, 25 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2126_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1717", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: FRET measurements for H6-C in the absence (green solid line and circles) and presence (green dashed line and squares) of S1904L. The dashed black line in panels (b) through (d) represents no FRET.\nB: Model of the NaV1.5 structured C-T as shown inFigure 4. The locus of the LQT3 mutation (S1904) is represented as a cyan space-filling side chain on H6.\nC: WT (light grey), S1904L (grey) and H6-C S1904L (black) traces shown at low gain and high gain to show similarly increased late current in both S1904L and H6-C S1904L. Introduction of H6-C (Q1918H) does not affect the SL mutant phenotype. Zero shown as broken line. Vertical scale bars represent 10% peak current for low-gain and 2% peak current for high-gain insets. Horizontal scale bars represent 25 ms for low-gain and 32 ms for high-gain insets.\nD: FRET measurements for H6-M in the absence (red solid line and circles) and presence (red dashed line and squares) of the S1904L mutation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1717_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5439", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A patch of hydrophobic amino acids (shown in stick model) is located around the FALDH substrate funnel entrance, originating from loop V88-L92, helix G434-L438 (both in lightblue) and the gatekeeper helix 446–456 in green. Correct orientation of the gatekeeper helix is supported by coordination of K447 to the backbone of Y440 (distance: 2.7 Å). The transmembrane domain linker indicates the position of the C-terminal transmembrane membrane domain.\nB: Proposed model for FALDH membrane interaction. FALDH dimer is anchored into lipid bilayers via two transmenbrane domains. Hydrophobic patches (including the gatekeeper helix) around the substrate funnel reach into the membrane and allow efficient substrate (shown in yellow) turnover in the active site (AS). Positively charged residues around these patches increase membrane interaction (seeSupplementary Fig. 6a,b). NAD-binding pockets are directed away from the membrane and fully accessible.\nC: Sequence alignment of human and mouse class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes for loop V88-L92, helix G434-L438 and the gatekeeper helix S446-L456 (with Clustal Omega, see Methods). Residue colour scheme: hydrophobic, red; polar, green; charged (neg.), blue; charged (pos.), violet. Secondary structure was predicted with the human FALDH structure and the Stride software (http://webclu.bio.wzw.tum.de/stride/). Grey areas indicate (when present) corresponding regions in different isozymes. The introduced K463X stop codon in the FALDH expression construct is highlighted with a star. Cysteine residues in ALDH3B1 (indicated by green areas) represent lipidation sites for subsequent membrane anchoring.\nD: Comparison of the catalytic capacity (Vmax/KM) of FALDH with (K463X) and without (Q445X) the gatekeeper helix to metabolize octanal, dodecanal and hexadecanal. No difference was found for octadecanal. With hexadecanal, theVmax/KMin Q445X was 10-fold lower (P=0.0003,t-test). Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (calculated with error propagation,n=3).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5439_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: ACh affinities (+0.59 lnKd) of C4-swapped constructs in AChRs having a single functional agonist binding site (exp, from electrophysiology; sim, from MD simulations; seeSupplementary Table 1). Dashed lines, WT affinities measured by using electrophysiology15. The C4 mutations exchange affinity.\nB: Swapping C4 at both adult sites (αɛ+αδ) in two-site AChRs. Example single-channel currents (openings are down, scale bar: vertical, 7 pA; horizontal, 50 ms).\nC: Total ACh binding energy from both sites combined; *, the doubly swapped adult AChR (ɛC4γ+δC4γ) has even-more favourable ACh binding energy than the WT fetal AChR.\nD: Effects of swapping C4 side chains one at a time in one-site receptors.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11352_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13557", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Structural models of the EBV B-cell entry-triggering complex. A hybrid crystal structure generated by aligning the gp42 C-domain, observed in the crystal structure described here, with the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex (1KG0)25.\nB: A hypothetical model for the epithelial-cell entry complex, based on docking the gH ‘KGD’ motif onto the ‘RGD’ motif in the αvβ6 crystal structure with TGF-β (4UM9)49.\nC: This composite of crystal structures closely mirrors the ‘closed’ state of gHgL/gp42/HLA complex observed by previous negative stain single-particle EM22. This result and a variation of this figure appeared in a previous publication22.\nD: Schematic of the host-cell tropism mediated by gHgL complexes converging on the activation of gB-mediated membrane fusion.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13557_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7895", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Superimposed structures of GP-free (light magenta) and non-covalently GP-bound HcgF (blue). Cys9 is presumably kept in the more reactive thiolate form by Lys79 in the resting state and attacks activated GP (green) after its binding.\nB: The GP-binding site with GP covalently bound to Cys9.\nC: The thioester bond between GP and Cys9. The extra S (yellow) indicates the second conformation of the Cys9 side chain.\nD: Structure of HcgF in complex with GP (green). In the two active sites of the homodimer, the Cys9 sulfur and the GP acyl carbon either contact each other or partially form a covalent bond.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7895_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12837", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Surface plasmon resonance analysis showing that the preincubation of CD36 with IT4var45 CIDRα2.9 prevents the binding of oxidized LDL particles (oxLDL) to CD36.\nB: Surface plasmon resonance analysis showing that the preincubation of CD36 with IT4var45 CIDRα2.9 does not affect the binding of thrombospondin (TSP) to CD36.\nC: SPR data showing the inhibition of oxLDL binding to CD36 by a panel of CIDRα2-6 domains.\nD: Demonstration by surface plasmon resonance that the F153A mutation blocks the binding of oxLDL to CD36.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12837_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10457", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Critical A1492 and A1492/G530 of 16S rRNA stabilize the sugar phosphate backbones of the U·U mismatch at the first (left) and second (right) positions of the codon–anticodon duplex by A-minor groove interactions as is the case for any canonical Watson–Crick pair29,30. 2Fo−Fcelectron density maps are contoured at 1.5σ. (b,c) Geometries of the U·U mismatch at the first (b) and second (c) positions of the codon anticodon duplex; van der Waals surfaces (left) together with interatomic distances (right) are presented. Inb, the table describes standard categories of hydrogen bonds.\nB: Conformation of the wobble S34·A(+6) pair in the complex 3 (seeFig. 1c). The absence of two hydrogen bonds expected for the mnm5s2U·A pair can reflect (i) a deformation of the codon–anticodon minihelix induced by the mismatch and (ii) the specific influence of the tRNA modification at position 34 known to counteract misreading of the genetic code.\nC: The near-cognate duplex composed of the tRNALysSUUanticodon and the ochre stop codon is significantly weakened compared with the cognate version on the AAA codon with the full set of canonical Watson–Crick interactions. The described weakening of the near-cognate duplex would imply dissociation of tRNALysSUUfrom the ribosome or, in other terms, rejection.\nD: Formation of a strong U·U pair would necessitate a shift in the keto-enol equilibrium from abundant keto form (left panel) to a rare enol form (red frame) and the 3-Å distance between Watson–Crick surfaces of opposing uridines (right panel).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10457_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9346", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Superimposition of the structure of P[11] BRV VP8*(pink) or P[11] HRV VP8*(grey) in complex with LNnT (type II). The interacting residues are shown in stick model. The interacting residues is presented in stick model, and the glycan residues are labelled as ina.\nB: The schematic diagram of glycan recognition in both HRV and BRV VP8*s shows how the amino acid changes in P[11] BRV lead to loss of binding to type I glycan LNT, and how both VP8*s recognize type II glycan LNnT in a similar manner.\nC: Structural overlay of P[11] BRV VP8*(pink)/LNnT complex with P[11] HRV VP8*(grey)/LNT complex.\nD: Structure of P[11] BRV VP8*(pink) in complex with LNnT (type II). The VP8* protein is shown in grey ribbon and surface (inlet figure) representations. The glycans are shown in stick representation with the β-D-Galactose (Gal) coloured yellow, the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in green and the β-D-Glucose (Glc) in blue. Molecular interactions of LNnT with BRV N155 P[11] VP8* were analysed using LIGPLOT (also seeSupplementary Fig. 2c).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9346_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3963", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Supercoiling within the α2:α2′ interface (abcdefg/abcd/abcd=7/4/4).\nB: Domain architecture of human STIM1. Amino terminus (N); signal peptide (S); canonical EF-hand (EF1); non-canonical EF-hand (EF2); SAM; TM; putative CC1, CC2 and CC3, respectively; Pro/Ser-rich region; Lys-rich region (poly-K); carboxy terminus (C). Residue ranges are indicated above the domain diagram. Constructs employed in this study are shown below (cyan rectangles) with the residue range (black font) and nomenclature (cyan font) indicated.\nC: Zoomed view of the SOAP shown inf(broken black boxes). The N-terminal α2 and C-terminal α2′ side chains (sticks) forming one Orai1-binding site are coloured teal. The side chains (sticks) of the Orai1 C272–292peptide, which pack into the pocket, are coloured salmon.\nD: Supercoiling within the α1:α1′ interface (defg/abcdefg/a=4/7/1).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3963_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5801", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Side view of the active receptor Ops* crevice (black ribbons and sticks) with bound GtαCT-HA peptide (blue ribbon and sticks; PDB entry 3DQB).\nB: Side view of the active receptor Ops* crevice (orange ribbons and sticks) with bound ArrFL-1 peptide (purple ribbon and sticks).\nC: Stabilization of Meta II by the high-affinity peptide GtαCT-HA and (d) ArrFL-1 peptide.\nD: Competition against rod photoreceptor arrestin for binding to phosphorylated opsin by GtαCT-HA and (f) ArrFL-1 peptide. In panelsc–f, data points from independent experiments are represented as differently shaped symbols. The peptide titration experiments which measure Meta II-stabilization (c,dandSupplementary Fig. 9a,b,c) yield an apparentKD, from which the trueKDvalue of peptide binding to Meta II can be derived. Further experimental details are given in the Methods.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5801_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Rapid temperature quenching of P1 and P4 with liquid nitrogen (LN2), ice or by transfer to RT. Contrary to P4, the folding of P1 is independent of the annealing protocol.\nB: P1cp6 and P1cp11 result in distinct patterns depending on the temperature quenching.\nC: Samples were annealed slowly with an additional 12 h isothermal hold (IH) at 60 °C. Left: dashed lines indicate the position of IH relative to the ‘rate-of-folding’ data of designs annealed at −0.2 °C min−1and a concentration of 50 nM in 1 × TAE/Mg2+(measured at 260 nm). Right: an increase in the intensity of the band with mobility comparable to P1 was observed in the case of P4 and P1cp11. P1cp6 required an IH at higher temperatures (65 °C; Supplementary Fig. 10).\nD: The isothermal annealing of P1 and P4 from 8 M urea (u) or 70% formamide (f) in 1 × TAE/Mg2+. Samples were folded quickly (Q) with rapid dilution to 10 × of the initial volume or slowly (S) via dialysis against the 1 × TAE/Mg2+supplemented with 0.8 M urea (or 7% formamide), to ensure equivalent end conditions. Experiments were repeated at least twice with comparable results.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10803_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6423", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Overview of the PTPδ Ig1–3/Slitrk1 LRR1 complex. The Ig1, Ig2 and Ig3 domains in PTPδ Ig1–3 and Slitrk1 LRR1 are coloured red, yellow, green and blue, respectively. The PTPδ splice inserts, MeA and MeB, are shown in cyan and magenta, respectively. The interacting regions are divided into the A, B and C patches as shown.\nB: Close-up views of each binding interface. The residues involved in the interaction are displayed as sticks and labelled. Hydrogen and ionic bonds are indicated by dashed red lines.\nC: Sequence conservations were calculated by the Consurf server16and are presented on the surfaces of Slitrk1 LRR1 (left) and PTPδ Ig1–3 (right). Dark green represents higher conservation. The structures are shown in the open-book view and the orientation of the surface view of LRR1 is identical to that ina(top).\nD: Key amino acid residues involved in the interactions within the A, B and C patches. Residues of PTPδ and the corresponding residues of PTPσ are listed on the left, and the residues of Slitrk1 are listed on the right. Interactions between residue partners are indicated by red (ionic interaction), black (hydrogen bond), blue (hydrophobic interaction) and green (main-chain interaction) lines.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6423_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4106", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Extracellular view on inner helices S5 and S6, which twist slightly counter-clockwise on ligand binding.\nB: Side view of the CNBD region. Upon ligand binding, CNBDs interacts with the N-terminal region of its own monomer’s S1 helix and the S3 helix of its neighbour.\nC: The VSD rearrangement viewed from the side. Helices are shown as cylinders.\nD: Cross-section through the transmembrane pore and CNBD regions.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4106_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15368", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Stereo view image showing the simulated annealing omit map of AAT bound in the PDAC active site contoured at 3σ. Selected active site residues are indicated; hydrogen bonds are indicated by dashed red lines and metal coordination interactions are represented by solid black lines. Zn2+is a blue sphere.\nB: The catalytic PDAC domain and the smaller, noncatalytic ΨDAC domain assemble with butterfly-like architecture. The unique 310-helix ηA2 (P23ACE) found in the L1 loop of HDAC10 orthologues is purple. Percentages indicate sequence identity/similarity between zebrafish and human HDAC10 domains. The inhibitor AAT (stick figure, C=yellow, N=blue) binds to the PDAC domain.\nC: Stereo view image showing the superposition of zHDAC10 PDAC domain (blue), zHDAC6 CD1 (wheat, PDB 5EEF) and zHDAC6 CD2 (light blue, PDB 5EFH). The 310-helix ηA2 inserted in loop L1 (purple) is unique to zHDAC10 and serves to constrict the PDAC active site.\nD: Superposition of the PDAC domain (blue) with the ΨDAC domain (green). Selected secondary structure elements are labelled: helix ηA2 is purple; helices αF, αG and the loop connecting helices αH1 and αH2 mediate domain–domain interactions; helices αB2 and αB3, as well as loops L1–L5, comprise and flank the active site of PDAC but are absent in ΨDAC (for clarity, only loops L2, L3 and L5 are labelled). Zn2+is a blue sphere.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15368_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7402", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Zoom-in view of BN localization in the conserved catalytic core of ThrRS. The classical motifs 2 and 3 in class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are coloured in orange and green, respectively. BN and interacting residues are shown as sticks.\nB: BN is deeply buried in an induced-fit pocket of human threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS). The compound is shown as orange sticks; the surface view of one human ThrRS monomer is shown in grey.\nC: Chemical structure of BN.\nD: Two-dimensional presentation of BN binding in human ThrRS. BN and hydrogen-bonding residues are shown in stick representations, and other residues within 4.5 Å of BN are shown in grey.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7402_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8108", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Nucleosome-stimulated ATPase activity of the INO80-Carp8subcomplex.\nB: Selected class averages of negatively stained INO80-Carp8subcomplex. Top view (left panel) and side view (middle and right panels). Side length of individual panels is 57.3 nm.\nC: DNA-stimulated ATPase activity of the INO80-Carp8subcomplex. Each error bar represents the standard deviation from three independent experiments. WT, wild type.\nD: SDS–PAGE gel of INO80-C, INO80-Carp8and INO80-Cies6subcomplexes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8108_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15959", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Structural biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Time evolution of the capsid’s cross-section, and the moving average with a 10 ns window size is shown in blue.\nB: Time evolution of the root mean squared deviation (r.m.s.d.) for hexamers and pentamers, and the moving average with a window size of 10 ns is shown in blue.\nC: For all area and height calculations, the three principal moments of inertia of the entire capsid define thex,yandzaxes. The cross-sectional area is estimated as the area of an ellipse where the major and minor axes are the maximal distance between parts of the capsid along theandaxes. The height of the capsid is defined as the longest distance from the tip (bottom) to the base (top) along theaxis.\nD: Time evolution of the height of the HIV-1 capsid; the moving average with a 10 ns window size is shown in blue.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15959_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3455", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Thin intercalation of radiolarian-rich clay (NH52-R4) in the upper sublayer claystone.\nB: Microspherules from the lower sublayer claystone (NH52-R2).\nC: Homogeneous upper claystone (NH52-R3) having no microspherules just above the lower subylayer.\nD: Abundant radiolarians contained in NH52-R4. (e,f) Crudely laminated clay (NH52-R5) showing no sediment disturbance in the upper sublayer. Scale bars, 500 μm. Plane-polarized light.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3455_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6133", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: unmanipulated sediment cores. Error bars represent s.d. (n=6 per treatment).\nB: low meiofauna+macrofauna;\nC: high meiofauna+macrofauna;\nD: high meiofauna;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6133_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8368", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Linear extension (one way ANOVA,n=15, F3,56=0.62,P>0.05).\nB: Skeletal porosity (one way ANOVA,n=3, F3,8=11.05,P<0.05). Data are means±s.e.m. Asterisk (*) indicates values that are significantly different for treatment with pH 8 (P<0.05).\nC: Bulk skeletal density (one way ANOVA,n=7, F3,24=16.44,P<0.001).\nD: Net calcification rate (one way ANOVA,n=12, F3,44=4.11,P<0.05).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8368_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9767", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Lake and stream haplotype decay (EHHS) around representativeFSTextremes (flagged by asterisks ina) identified in the lake–NIDFSTscan (left panel) and in the lake–GRA scan (right panel).\nB: Lake and stream haplotype decay around two representative positive Rsb extremes identified in the lake–BOH Rsb scan (left panel) and in the lake–GRA scan (right panel). Note that the scale of thexaxis varies inb–d.\nC: Haplotype decay in the lake and the NID stream population around a representative negative Rsb extreme identified in the lake–NID Rsb scan (left panel). For the same Rsb extreme, the right panel displays allele-specific haplotype decay (EHH) around each allele within each population separately (both alleles occur in both populations; the allele predominant in the lake is labelled ‘Lake allele’).\nD: Allele frequencies within each population at the 25FSTextremes (columns). The proportion of the SNP alleles predominant in the lake are shown in white, while the proportion of the alleles predominant in the streams are either black (when the extremeFSTvalue emerged from the lake–GRA genome scan,N=23) or dark grey (extremeFSTvalue observed in the lake–NID scan,N=2). On the bottom, the genomic position and the highestFSTvalue observed across all lake–stream comparisons are given for eachFSTextreme.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9767_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15172", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Purpureocillium lilacinum(N=180 per treatment, Cox mixed effects model,P<0.001 compared with all controls), (b)Trichoderma harzianum(N=20 per treatment, Mantel–Cox log rank test,P<0.01 compared with untreated control andP<0.001 compared with reinfected controls) and (c)Beauveria bassiana(N=20 per treatment, Mantel–Cox log rank test,P<0.01 compared with reinfected controls).\nB: The growth ofP. lilacinumon the egg has a negative effect on the survival of the larvae during the first days after hatching (N=180 per treatment, Cox mixed effects model,P<0.001).\nC: Picture of a representative symbiotic and aposymbiotic egg after 4 days of exposure toP. lilacinumspores. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.\nD: In vitroco-cultivation ofB. gladioliLv-StA (left) andP. lilacinum(right) on potato dextrose agar showing inhibitory activity ofB. gladioliLv-StA. Statistically significant differences: **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. (a–c,e) Estimated survival curves (Kaplan–Meier) and the corresponding standard error are shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15172_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9438", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Paleogene subsampled biodiversity versus palaeolatitudinal centroid.\nB: Middle Neogene (Ng2) log10-transformed subsampling curves. Dashed arrows denote notable changes in biodiversity between consecutive time intervals within a single continental region. K, Cretaceous; Ng, Neogene; Tr, Triassic.\nC: Neogene subsampled biodiversity versus palaeolatitudinal centroid.\nD: Early Neogene (Ng1) log10-transformed subsampling curves.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9438_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12468", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The relationship between sway acceleration and type of SWS in flight for all birds combined. Data from (a) are partitioned according to the type of SWS as defined in the main text; ASWS-L, ASWS-R and bihemispheric SWS (BSWS).\nB: Relationship between flight mode (sway acceleration) and SWS in flight for data from (a) partitioned according to the interhemispheric asymmetry in gamma activity (30–80 Hz power); asymmetric gamma with greater gamma in the left (AGamma-L; AI⩾0.1) or right (AGamma-R; AI≤−0.1) hemisphere and bihemispheric (symmetric) gamma (BGamma; −0.1<0.1). The overall relationship between circling flight, brain state and probable eye state18is summarized in (b); awake hyperpallium (green) and sleeping hyperpallium (blue) and the corresponding relative difference in EEG SWA. The green arrows show the general direction of visual flow while circling to the left.\nC: Recording showing the relationship between asymmetric SWS (ASWS) and acceleration along the sway axis; during ASWS with greater EEG slow wave activity (SWA; 0.75–4.5 Hz power) in the left hemisphere (ASWS-L) the sway axis showed high values corresponding to circling to the left, and when SWA was greater in the right hemisphere (ASWS-R), the sway axis showed low values corresponding to circling to the right. Same bird as inFig. 2.\nD: Distribution of awake and SWS 4 s epochs (all birds combined) occurring at different sway accelerations (0.02g0bins) on land and in flight at night. On land (top), the values were clustered around zero while awake and in SWS indicating that the birds held their head straight during both states. Although the birds also held their head and wings straight while awake in flight, SWS, in most cases (70.57%), occurred with circling flight to the left and right, as reflected by sway acceleration <−0.175g0and >0.175g0(dashed vertical lines).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12468_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2415", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: AM records (Hulu-Dongge)15,45and boreal summer (JJA) insolation47.\nB: Botuverá cave δ18O records, southern Brazil18,19and ASI (DJF)47. Two large vertical bars depict the early-mid Holocene and the LGM, respectively. Yellow bars show H events. Numbers indicate Greenland interstadials. The striking anti-phase relationship over the last precession cycle is apparent between eastern Amazonia-northeastern Brazil and western Amazonia-southern Brazil (Fig. 1). Despite the difference on orbital scale (Fig. 2), the millennial events show a coherent pattern in tropical–subtropical South America, which is anti-phased with their AM counterparts (Fig. 4).\nC: Rio Grande do Norte record, northeastern Brazil (brown)21and the typical LGM, mid Holocene and modern δ18O values (red squares) obtained from Paraíso cave, eastern Amazonia. Red curve is ASI (DJF)47.\nD: Western Amazon records (blue-the NAR record, green-the ELC record). Red curve shows ASI (DJF)47.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2415_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4835", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: close-up of a small CaCO3deposit emerging from the cuticle (see microanalysis inSupplementary Fig. 1cconfirming the presence of CaCO3);\nB: View of the fenestrated morphology of the seagrass cuticle and its sunken shape around each epidermal cell;\nC: general view of a dense CaCO3deposit formed on an old leaf fragment;\nD: close-up of this deposit allowing imaging of aragonite needles and its thickness (leaf cuticle is hardly seen deep into the holes). (e,f) Images of intermediate leaf fragments showing minimal presence of crystals on the external surface, but significant presence in the internal side (the images show the seagrass leaf cuticle turned up at the edge and placing the internal side(Int)on the top of the external side(Ex).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms4835_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6436", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: 1.3%;\nB: population growth for founding population of 400 individuals, as used in model presented in paper, at annual growth rates as shown. Short dash vertical line, extinction of eastern lowland moa populations; long dash vertical line; extinction of moa in South Island.\nC: 2.2%;\nD: 1.4%;", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6436_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12860", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Oal domains PL15 and PL17, and Aly domain PL6;\nB: Normalized distribution of isolates obtained from algal detritus particles and zooplankton handpicked under a dissecting microscope and phylogenetically categorized by multilocus gene analysis for two seasonal samples. (d,e) Phylogenetic reconciliation (Methods) by comparison of pathway-specific gene trees (Supplementary Figs 6–9) and a timed ‘species’ tree showing the history of each of four lyase gene families embedded in the reference species phylogeny:\nC: Aly domain PL7. Acquisition represents an independent entry of a subfamily into a clade within our collection. Solid and dashed lines on the phylogenetic tree indicate clades represented in our collection or obtained from Genbank, respectively. Numbers within symbols indicate multiple independent occurrences of the represented event. Within-population HGT and duplication are not depicted. Lowercase Roman numeral i indicates the crown group consisting of seven closely related populations.\nD: Relative timed maximum-likelihood phylogeny ofVibrionaceaepopulations co-occurring in the same water samples. Species names are assigned if a previously described type strain falls within the population; otherwise, the designationVibriosp. is given.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12860_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6239", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Equivalent toawith a grain scale of 40 m (black solid line) for the conditions corresponding to the ROMS model configuration (November month) along with the density function of the DS extracted from the modelled pycnocline depth (green dashed line; grain scale: 500 m). Ina,b, the left and rightyaxes correspond to grain scale of 40 and 500 m, respectively.\nB: Daytime density function (normalized) of the cumulative DS (black), zooplankton biovolume (red solid line) and fish biomass (blue) of the space-scale structures (grain scale: 40 m) and density function of the ARS sizes of Peruvian booby (green) and guanay cormorant (pink). Inset plot focuses on structures larger than 1.5 km. Leftyaxis corresponds to DS, the first rightyaxis corresponds to zooplankton and fish, while the second rightyaxis corresponds to seabirds.\nC: Equivalent tocbut for nighttime data. Shaded areas represent the confidence intervals.\nD: Density function (normalized) of the cumulative downward DS (in m2m−1) of space-scale structures extracted from the lower oxycline with a grain scale of 500 m (black dashed line) and 40 m (black solid line).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6239_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2071", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Injection of the 17-22-nt complementary ssRNAs (DsrA ssRNAs) intoPdpy-30::F42G9.6::gfpworms. The 17-nt ssRNA suppressed the expression ofPche-2::che-2::gfp. Scramble small RNA (scRNA NC) was used as a negative control. GFP images were taken with same parameters.N=20 worms for each group. The log-rank test was used to calculatePvalues for longevity assays. The Student'st-test was used to calculate thePvalues for other data. *Pvalue <0.05; **Pvalue <0.01. All data are from three repeat experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m.\nB: ABC transporterhaf-2but nothaf-6mutant showed a similar longevity effect as N2 worms.N=60 worms for each group.\nC: rde-4 (ne301)worms did not show marked changes in longevity when fed with K12 or DsrA mutant (NM6003)E. colicomparing with N2 worms, suggesting thatrde-4is involved in the effect of DsrA RNA inC. elegans.\nD: Real-time PCR revealed that DsrA had no effect on the level ofF42G9.6mRNA inhaf-6worms, whereas the increase on the level ofF42G9.6mRNA was seen inhaf-2and N2 worms when fed with DsrA mutant NM6003.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2071_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2749", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: transverse section at the junction of the posterior supraorbital and postorbital sutures;\nB: frontal section;\nC: transverse section at the frontoparietal suture. Note the low-void (vascular) space, the high density (light colour) and the lack of frontal–frontal or frontoparietal sutures.\nD: Sagittal section;", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2749_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1124", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Small gastropods (P. griegi) populating a chimney wall, with an individual shown as an inset picture (∼3 mm across).\nB: Close-up of a∼1.5 cm juvenile Melitid amphipod.\nC: Scanning electron microscopic image of chemoautotrophic gill symbionts from the Melitid amphipod (the scale bar is 3 μm). Based on 16S rDNA clone libraries, the two most abundant sequences are affiliated with a gamma proteobacterium, known as a sulphur oxidizer in the bivalveAnodontia fragilis, and sequences with 98% similarity to an uncultured Methylococcaceae known as a methanotrophic ectosymbiont on the vent crabShinkaia crosnieri.\nD: Siboglinid tubeworms (S. contortum) associated with low-temperature diffuse venting at the flank of the hydrothermal mound. White microbial mats and small barite chimneys in the back.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1124_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16094", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Ecology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Tidal flow in the study site is restricted by high embankments over most of its perimeter with two inlets from the Hunter River and a number of internal channels and culverts. Topographic elevations range from −1 to 3.5 mAHD, but most of the tidal flats are within 0–1 mAHD (c) The 2004 survey of the site show mangrove establishment in the lower wetland and saltmarsh at higher elevations, with considerable areas of mudflat and tidal pools. (d,e) When no flow attenuation is considered the annual values of hydroperiod andDduring spring tides are only governed by the tidal cycle and the topography.\nB: Map of the Hunter estuary showing, in yellow, the location of the wetland used in this study.\nC: The predicted vegetation distribution based on unattenuated values of hydroperiod andDgrossly overestimates the extent of mangrove when compared to the distribution observed inc. (g,h) When flow attenuation is considered the annual values of hydroperiod andDduring spring tides show more areas that are permanently inundated (0.80.05). All experiments were repeated three times.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms15125_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5697", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Expression of various endothelial markers including vWF, TIE2, ICAM1 and CD105 in Twist1-overexpressing OECM1 cells. Fold change of the levels of various endothelial markers was shown.\nB: Expression ofEFNB2, NRP1andEPHB4in Twist1-overexpressing OECM1 cells with knockdown of Jagged1.\nC: Co-expression of Twist1 and CD31 in Twist1-overexpressing cells with knockdown of Jagged1. Green: hCD31; red: Twist1; blue: DAPI. Data shown in panelsa–dare mean±s.d. of three independent experiments. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance (P<0.05 by Student’st-test) between experimental and control (cont.) clones. The OECM1-Twist1 control clone was selected as the control group in panelsa–f.\nD: Expression of CD144 in GFP-labelled Twist1-overexpressing OECM1 cells with knockdown of Jagged1. Green: GFP; red: CD144; blue: DAPI. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5697_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11288", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Cross-sections of 28 hpfsox17:dsredtransgenic embryos whose gut is labelled in red and the PGCs membrane with EGFP. In control embryos (upper panel;N=5) bilateral PGC clusters form on either side of the gut tube. In embryos lacking the gut (Sox32-deficient;N=4) the PGC clusters fuse (lower panel). Nuclei counterstained with Hoechst. Scale bars, 25 μm.\nB: Generation of mosaic embryos lacking Sox32 function in all cells whose endoderm is restored by providing Sox17 function to a group of cells (Scheme). The Sox32-deficient PGC clusters (green) are separated by the gut tissue at 28 hpf (red in lower panel, arrow;N=13), while in control embryos lacking endodermal tissues fused PGC clusters are observed (upper panel;N=24). Anterior is up.\nC: Whole-mountin situhybridization on 30 hpf wild-type (N=420) andsox32mutant embryos (N=89). PGCs are labelled withnanos3(nos3, arrows) and the gut withfoxa3probe (arrowhead, missing insox32mutant embryos), both in blue. Unlike the separated PGC clusters in wild-type embryos, clusters are fused at the midline insox32mutant embryos (upper and lower panel images, respectively). Lateral (left panels) and dorsal (right panels) views are shown.\nD: PGC clusters in wild-type (N=20) andsox32mutant (N=7) embryos lacking the gut tissue at 18, 24 and 28 hpf showing the dynamics of the fusion.Nis the number of embryos analysed. Scale bar, 50 μm. Anterior is up.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11288_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3829", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: The GFP signal in truck somite was restored when themiR-1target site onsars-3′UTR was mutated.\nB: The reduced GFP caused by EGFP-sars-3′UTR could be restored by coinjection ofmiR-1-MO1.\nC: In the control group, the GFP signal was observed throughout the embryos injected withegfp-mRNA plus control-MO.\nD: The reduced GFP caused by EGFP-sars-3′UTR could not be restored by coinjection ofmiR-206-MO.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3829_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8476", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Zic1 knockdown (Zic1-MO injection) reducesLPGDS,Foxi1candSix1expression.\nB: Quantification of the Zic1GR injection results. Three independent experiments were performed. The number of embryos analysed (n) is indicated on the top of each bar.\nC: In situhybridization forLPGDSandZic1in stage-matched embryos (upper panels).LPGDSandZic1co-localize at the anterior neural plate (arrowheads), while Zic1 is also expressed in neural crest progenitors (arrows). Doublein situhybridization (lower panels) shows overlapping expression ofLPGDSandZic1at the anterior neural plate (arrowheads; left panel), whileLPGDSandSnail2(right panel) have adjacent but non-overlapping expression domains (black arrowheads). Frontal views.\nD: Quantification of the Zic1-MO injection results. Three independent experiments were performed. The number of embryos analysed (n) is indicated on the top of each bar. Scale bars, 200 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8476_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7315", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Expression profiles of genes associated with dsDMRs from GO enrichment analysis across different developmental stages.\nB: Averaged vertebrate PhastCons scores of 10 kb regions centred on dsDMRs were plotted.\nC: A weighted Venn diagram of dsDMRs overlapping with different histone modification peaks from 24 hpf embryo.\nD: Histone modification signature of dsDMRs. Average ChIP-seq RPKM values from 24 hpf embryos were plotted over 10 kb regions centred on the dsDMRs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7315_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10660", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: , a magnified ssDNA gap;\nB: Frequency of reversed replication forks isolated from ESC and ESC-d. The number of replication intermediates analysed is indicated in parentheses. Similar results were obtained in an independent experiment.\nC: Frequency of replication forks isolated from ESCs and differentiating ESCs (ESC-d) with the indicated number of ssDNA gaps.\nD: , the four-way junction at the reversed fork. Scale bar, 500 bp (=217 nm), 200 bp in inset.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10660_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1424", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Change in the FC diameter (measured as a difference between FC diameter immediately before the speed peak and at the timepoint when the speed peak reaches its maximum) correlates with the amplitude of the accompanying speed peak. The Pearson correlation coefficient calculated for these measurements is 0.595 and is statistically significant (P<0.0001).\nB: Peaks of the mean cytoplasmic speed in the fertilized mouse egg (blue) correlate with the beginning of a decrease in the FC diameter (green). The FC diameter was measured as shown in (a) from the point of maximum symmetry on the edge of the FC to the other edge of the cell.\nC: Intensity of MyoRLC–GFP fluorescence in the lower and upper shoulder of the FC (blue line and blue line with crosses, respectively) fluctuates as the FC changes its shape (as shown by changes in the FC diameter (red)). Intensity values are presented as a ratio between UtrCH–EGFP and Gap43–RFP fluorescence. Asterisks mark the regions in which intensities of MyoRLC–GFP and Gap43–RFP were measured. Scale bar 10 μm.\nD: Mean cytoplasmic speed in representative zygotes treated with taxol (blue line) and jasplakinolide (red line). The peak visible at approx. 90 min is due to a shift in focus.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1424_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1232", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Shedding of HB-EGF fromAdam17−/−cells expressing FGFR2b and inactive ADAM17E>A (white bar), wild-type ADAM17 (dark grey bar), ADAM17Δ-cyto lacking its cytoplasmic domain (black bar) or ADAM17-CD62L with the transmembrane domain of CD62L30(light grey bar), treated with or without FGF7. The western blots show controls for expression of FGFR2b, and of ADAM17E>A and ADAM17wt, detected with anti-cytoplasmic domain antibodies47and wild-type ADAM17, ADAM17Δ-cyto and ADAM17-CD62L, detected by western blot for an HA tag at the carboxy-terminus of these constructs. Please note that expression of ADAM17Δ-cyto is usually weaker than ADAM17wt, even though it can fully rescueAdam17−/−mEFs27,30,49.\nB: Shedding of the ADAM17-substrates CD40, TNFα and TGFα from Cos-7 cells co-transfected with FGFR2b in the absence or presence of FGF7 (white and dark bars, respectively).\nC: Effect of signalling inhibitors on HB-EGF shedding from FGF7-stimulated Cos-7 cells transfected with FGFR2b. Constitutive and FGF7-stimulated shedding (white and dark bars, respectively) was assessed either without further additions or in the presence of 10 μM of the Src-family kinase inhibitors Dasatinib or PP2, or the inactive PP2 analog PP3, the p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor SB202190 (10 μM), the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μM), the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 (1 μM), the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 (10 μM) or MM (5 μM). Panelsa,b,dandeinclude controls to document comparable expression of alkaline phosphatase-tagged substrates and of FGFR2b. Ina,candd, an asterisk indicates significantly increased shedding in FGF7-treated cells compared with untreated controls. Ine, an asterisk indicates a significant decrease in FGF7-stimulated shedding in the presence of an inhibitor compared with cells treated with FGF7 only.n=3, ±s.e.m; Student'st-test *P≤0.05.\nD: To measure activation of ADAM17 by FGF7/FGFR2b, Cos-7 cells were transfected with the alkaline phosphatase (AP)-tagged ADAM17-substrate HB-EGF14and FGFR2b, and stimulated with 0.1–20 ng ml−1FGF7.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1232_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4661", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: IKKα-overexpressed and control (vector) CNE2 cells were subjected to western blot, immunofluorescence staining of p65 and real-time PCR analysis. TNF-α was used as a positive control.\nB: Phase contrast images of CNE2 cells expressing either control vector (pBabe) or pBabe-IKKα.\nC: IKKα-overexpressed and control (vector) CNE2 cells (3 × 105cells per mouse) were injected into nude mice subcutaneously, and tumour volume was determined (n=9), ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests. Scale bars, 50 μm (a,f); 25 μm (b,eandg). Error bars represent mean±s.d.\nD: Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis with indicated antibodies in control (vector) and IKKα-overexpressed CNE2 cells. (c–f) IKKα-overexpressed and control (vector) CNE2 cells were subjected to determining the number of cells (n=3), ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests (c), colony formation (n=3), ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests (d), immunofluorescence staining of Ki67 (n=3), *P<0.05, two-tailed Student’st-tests (e) and SA-β-Gal staining (n=5), ***P<0.001, two-tailed Student’st-tests (f).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4661_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7404", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Representative ChIP-Seq signal tracks for H3K27ac and CHD8 from hNSCs at the high-confidence ASD genePOGZ. CHD8 peak calls from hNSCs and midfetal human brain are indicated by horizontal bars. CHD8 binding is coincident with strong H3K27ac signal surrounding the transcription start site in hNSCs.\nB: List of ASD risk genes identified by Liuet al. with shared CHD8 binding between hNSCs and midfetal human brain (n=47).\nC: Reproducible CHD8-binding sites identified in two biological replicates of hNSC and midfetal human brain. The number of reproducible sites in each tissue and the subset identified in both tissues are indicated in each section of the Venn diagram. The number of ASD risk genes from Liuet al. bound by CHD8 in each subset is noted in parentheses.\nD: Histogram showing the results of ASD risk gene label permutations (n=10,000, green bars) assessing enrichment of ASD risk genes reported by Liuet al. within targets of CHD8 shared in hNSCs and midfetal human brain. The observed number of ASD risk genes identified is indicated by a vertical red line.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7404_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10288", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Melanoblast diffusion coefficients (D) forKit+/+;Nf1+/+(n=21),KitW-v/+;Nf1+/+(n=12),Kit+/+;Nf1+/−(n=7) andKit+/+;Nf1−/−(n=14) embryos. Diffusion is increased inKitW-v/+;Nf1+/+mice despite the failure of the melanoblast population to completely colonize the dorsoventral domain (one-way ANOVAP<0.0001, Tukey’s HSDP<0.01).\nB: Plot ofDagainst density forKit+/+;Nf1+/+(n=20),KitW-v/+;Nf1+/+(n=12),Kit+/+;Nf1+/−(n=7) andKit+/+;Nf1−/−(n=14) embryos. Pearson’s product-moment correlation indicates a significant negative association (r=−0.62, df=51,P<0.0001).\nC: A heat map generated from a parameter sweep comparing colonization in the model for different values of diffusion (normalized with respect toD0, the diffusion coefficient used in our simulations) and cell cycle time (Tc). The model is substantially more sensitive to changes inTcthan in diffusion as indicated by the red region (blue: low probability of colonization; red: high probability of colonization). In all, 100 repeats of the model were performed for each combination.\nD: An increase inTc(from 7 to 10 h) results in a ventral belly spot in our simulations qualitatively similar to the pattern observed inKitW-v/+mice (t=5 days, equivalent to E15.5). Each plot represents one side of the embryo extending from the dorsal most aspect on the left to the ventrum on the right. Scale bars inf, 500 μm. Wt, wild type. Whiskers in b, c=maximum and minimum of all data. The boxes enclose the 2nd and 3rd quartiles.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10288_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1240", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Dynamic appearance of 5hmC during early preimplantation development. Shown are representative images of embryos stained with DNA (blue mouse monoclonal from Millipore) and 5hmC (red rabbit polyclonal from Active Motif) antibodies.\nB: Comparison of paternal and maternal 5mC signal (maternal signal set to 1) normalized against DNA antibody signal. Asterisks show significant changes of paternal or maternal 5hmC/5mC signals calculated using Student'st-tests (*=P<0.05, **=<0.01, ***=P<0.001). Error bars represent standard deviations. Blue line, paternal; red line, maternal signal; ♂, male; ♀, female pronucleus; Pb, polar body; scale bar, 20 μm.\nC: Quantification of 5mC signal normalized against DNA antibody signal. A total of 3–9 precisely staged embryos per pronuclear stage from 2 to 3 IVF experiments were analysed.\nD: Quantification of 5hmC signal normalized against DNA antibody signal. A total of 12–18 precisely staged embryos per pronuclear stage from 3 to 5in vitrofertilization (IVF) experiments were analysed.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1240_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7188", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Top panel—Scheme of the experiment: siRNA transfections targeting genes identified as key downregulated nodes or control (anti-luciferase) were performed on days +1, +4 and +7. Cells were treated with AA between day 0 and day 2 before switching to DMSO containing media until day 10. Bottom panel—Quantification of Nanog-GFP-positive cells obtained on day 10. Dotted line represents Nanog-GFP-positive levels obtained in control treatment (AA switched to 2i). Error bars represent standard deviation from three to five biological replicates. Asterisk indicates significance *P<0.05 assessed byt-test.\nB: Top panel—Scheme of the experiment: siRNA transfections targeting genes identified as key downregulated nodes or control (anti-luciferase) were performed on days +1, +4 and +7. Day of exposure to media containing AA alone was day 0. Bottom panel—Quantification of Nanog-GFP-positive cells obtained on day 10. Dotted line represents the per cent Nanog-GFP-positive cell levels obtained in control treatment (AA+2i). Error bars represent standard deviation from two to four biological replicates. **P<0.01 assessed byt-test.\nC: Bar graph of downregulated nodes shared by 2i (blue) and AA+2i (green). The number of edges for each node is indicated on theyaxis.\nD: Networks generated from overlaying downregulated gene expression data onto protein interaction from the STRING database. A zoomed-in view of the Egfr node and its edges is presented. Orange=shared between the AA+2i and AA network, blue=shared between the AA+2i and 2i networks, green=unique to the AA+2i network, pink=shared in all networks.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7188_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10328", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Endogenous ROS levels were quantified by photometric assay of NBT formazan. The amount of NBT formazan in control (PBS; white bars) and NAC-treated embryos (grey bars) are shown as mean± s.e. of three embryos. Statistical differences were assessed with Student’st-test, andPvalues were shown.\nB: The number of γ-H2AX-positive and cleaved Caspase 3-positive cells on a section prepared from the anterior neural plate (fore–midbrain level) of wild-type (white bars),Tcof1mutant (grey bars) and NAC-treatedTcof1mutant embryos (light grey bars) are shown as means±s.e. of 12 sections prepared from four embryos. Statistical differences were assessed with Student’st-test, andPvalues were shown.\nC: Pregnant dams were treated with the NAC through intraperitoneal injection from E5.5 to E8.5. DNA damaged and apoptotic cells were detected by immunostaining of γ-H2AX and cleaved Caspase 3 using cryosections of anterior neural plate (fore–midbrain level). Scale bar, 100 μm.\nD: Pregnant dams were treated with the NAC through intraperitoneal injection at E8.5. After 1 h, endogenous oxidation was visualized by NBT staining. Scale bar, 100 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10328_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3916", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Caspase activity was measured from 14 h RPF control anddUTX1salivary glands using DEVD-AMC as a substrate. Data are mean from three independent experiments each using at least 20 salivary glands from control anddUTX1for preparing cell extracts. The error bars represent s.e.m. *P-value<0.05 (Student’st-test).\nB: Cleaved caspase-3 antibody (green) and Lamin antibody (red) staining are shown in control anddUTX1salivary glands at 14 h RPF. Scale bar represents 50 μm.\nC: Histological analysis of paraffin sections at 14 h and 24 h RPF shows intact salivary glands present indUTX1compared with control at 24 h RPF. Ovals indicate the position of salivary glands and fragments. Scale bar represent 50 μm. Quantification of the salivary gland phenotypic data was at 24 h RPF. (b,c) Caspase staining and activity are reduced indUTX1salivary glands at 14 h RPF.\nD: Autophagy puncta examined using mCherry-Atg8a (red) and nuclei stained with Hoechst (blue). Scale bar represents 100 μm. The quantitation of the mCherry-Atg8a puncta as the mean fluorescent pixel intensity per cell (controln=242,dUTX1n=224), with error bars representing s.e.m. *P-value<0.05 (Student’st-test).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3916_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Sprout length from the tip to the base of the sprout (n≥4).\nB: Sprout length from the tip to the base of the sprout (n≥4).\nC: Vessel width (n≥4).\nD: Vascular branch points per unit area (n≥4).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8935_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5058", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Extracts of E13, E14 and E15 proprioceptive axons obtained from DRG insert cultures were analysed by western blot with antibodies against ADAM10 (middle) and ADAM17 (up). Anti-tubulin βIII (neuronal specific) immunoblot (down) served as a loading control. Molecular weight markers (kDa) are indicated on the right. Full-scanned western blots are presented inSupplementary Fig. 7.\nB: Flag-Nrp1 and shRNA constructs targeting ADAM10, or scramble shRNA as control, were co-transfected into HEK293T cells. Nrp1 levels both in the supernatants and lysates were analysed by western blot against the Flag epitope. shRNA silencing efficiency was validated by examining the lysates for ADAM10 expression levels. Total protein coomassie staining of both the sup and the lysate served as loading control.\nC: Flag-tagged Nrp1 and five Myc-tagged ADAMs, or an empty vector as control, were co-transfected into HEK293T cells. Supernatants and cell lysates were analysed by western blot with antibodies against the Flag epitope, the Myc epitope and actin, as indicated. The constitutive (ADAM10) cleavage product is indicated by an arrow. ADAM17 cleavage product is marked by an arrowhead. In the anti-Myc (ADAMs) immunoblot, where two bands appear in a single lane, the upper band represents the ADAM pro-protein, while the lower indicates the mature and active MP.\nD: HEK-293T cells were transfected with plasmids encoding Nrp1, Flag-tagged on its extracellular (N-terminal) end. Cultures were supplemented with TAPI-1 (20 μM), GI254023X (5 μM) or DMSO (carrier). After 24 h incubation, supernatants (sup) were analysed by western blot with antibodies against the Flag epitope for the presence of Nrp1’s ectodomain.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5058_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6042", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Morphology of colonies formed by the indicated lines. Cells were grown with LIF for three passages after zeocin selection. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Quantitative analysis of colony formation assay in the indicated lines. Cells were plated at clonal density and cultured for 6 days with LIF. Colonies were fixed and stained for AP and scored as undifferentiated (undiff.), mixed or differentiated (diff.). (f,g) qRT–PCR analyses of germ layer (f) and pluripotency (g) marker expression levels in the indicated lines cultured with LIF. All data are normalized toGapdhand shown relative to WT ESCs (set at 1.0).\nC: Immunofluorescence analysis of Oct4 (green) and Gata6 (red) in the indicated lines. Cells were cultured with LIF for 5 days and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 100 μm. Data ina,d–gare represented as mean±s.d.;n=3. *P<0.05; **P<0.01. AllPvalues were calculated using Student’st-test.\nD: ESCs (200 cells per cm2in 12-well plates) were cultured for 5 days with LIF and cell numbers were counted.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms6042_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7048", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Puromycin and GFP levels with (h) quantification in rAAV6:LacZ shRNA and rAAV6:YAP shRNA-treated sham and denervated muscles (mean±s.e.m.,n=3, * indicates significant difference compared with sham muscle, # indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA denervated muscle,P<0.05; two-way ANOVA with Bonferronipost hoctest.\nB: Ankrd1, (j)Murf1and (k)Musa1mRNA expression in rAAV6:LacZ shRNA and rAAV6:YAP shRNA-treated sham and denervated muscles (mean±s.e.m.,n=6 except rAAV6:YAP shRNA denervated group wheren=5, * indicates significant difference compared to contralateral sham muscles,P<0.05 respectively; two-way ANOVA with Bonferronipost hoctest.\nC: Muscle mass and (c) myofibre CSA in sham or denervated muscles treated with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA or rAAV6:YAP shRNA (mean±s.e.m.,n=6 except rAAV6:YAP shRNA denervated group wheren=5, * indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA sham muscle, # indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:LacZ-shRNA-treated denervated muscle, $ indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:YAP shRNA-treated sham muscle,P<0.05; two-way ANOVA with Bonferronipost hoctest. (d,e) Representative images of muscles administered rAAV6:LacZ shRNA and rAAV6:YAP shRNA before denervation. Scale bar, 50 μm.n=6 except rAAV6:YAP shRNA denervated group wheren=5.\nD: Representative western blots of YAP and GAPDH levels in sham or denervated muscles treated with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA or rAAV6:YAP shRNA with quantification below (mean±s.e.m.,n=6 except rAAV6:YAP shRNA denervated group wheren=5, * indicates significant difference compared with sham rAAV6:LacZ muscle, # indicates significant difference compared with rAAV6:LacZ shRNA denervated muscle,P<0.05; two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferronipost hoctest.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7048_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3879", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Active caspase-3 expression was located in both Pax6+(VZ) and Tbr2+(basal VZ and SVZ) zones. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Western blotting shows that the brain cortex of Cdh1-deficient mice expressed pH2AX and both total (p53) and phosphorylated forms (pp53) of p53, which were absent in Cdh1+/+mice.\nC: Double labelling revealed that neural precursor cells (Sox2+/Nestin+cells) underwent apoptotic cell death. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Replicative stress and activation of capase-3 in the VZ/SVZ of the Cdh1−/−mice were further confirmed by pH2AX and active caspase-3 immunostaining in histological brain sections. Scale bar, 20 μm. Field: 0.25 mm2. *P<0.05 versus Cdh1+/+(Student’st-test;n=4 mice). Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3879_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1242", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Developmental biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Model describing the mechanism underlying the physical and functional interaction between Sox9, Wwp2 and Med25. Sox9 regulates the transcription ofWwp2and mediates the nuclear translocation of Wwp2, resulting in the formation of a transcriptional complex, including RNA polymerase II and Sox 5/6, which regulates the expression of theCol2a1gene.\nB: EMSA using nuclear protein from C3H10T1/2 cells that were co-transfected with Flag-taggedSox9, myc-taggedWwp2and HA-taggedMed25. The 48-bpCol2a1enhancer oligonucleotide probe was used. Nuc-protein, nuclear protein.\nC: ChIP assay detected recruitment of Sox9, Wwp2 and Med25 to the chondrocyte-specific enhancer region of theCol2a1gene. Cell lysate extracted from C3H10T1/2 cells that were co-transfected with Flag-taggedSox9, myc-taggedWwp2and HA-taggedMed25was immunoprecipitated with antibodies for each tag.\nD: Luciferase reporter assay using the p89/4×48Col2a1reporter andCol11a2reporter plasmid in C3H10T1/2 cells.Wwp2-CAincludes a mutation in the HECT domain ofWwp2. (mean ± s.d.;n=5). (b,c) Knockdown ofWwp2(b) orMed25(c) using siRNAs led to the downregulation ofCol2a1transcription in C3H10T1/2 cells detected by qRT–PCR. (mean ± s.d.; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001;n=4).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1242_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4973", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Elliptical Jl18.\nB: Elliptical Jr18.\nC: Leaf-like Kl8.\nD: Four pairs of prints of Type J.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4973_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5222", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Morphology of tumorous (tumour), normal (control) and oogenesis-induced (female) polyps ofH. oligactisandP. robusta. Abnormal tumorous tissue (T), developing female gonad at oogenesis stage 3–4 (♀) and mature egg (E) are indicated.\nB: Cross-sections through polyp body column demonstrate swelling of the ectodermal tissue in tumorous polyps (T), resembling female gonad (♀) at early oogenesis stages (1–3). InH. oligactis, tumour tends to be localized to one side of the body column, whereas inP. robustamultiple local accumulations of interstitial-like cells can be seen on histological sections. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Immunostaining reveals abundant cells positive for germline marker periculin inside the tumour tissue and female gonads. In control polyps only rare periculin-positive germline cells are observed (outlined). Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: ISC are accumulated in the ectodermal tissue layer (EC) in tumorous polyps and in females undergoing oogenesis. Scale bar, 15 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms5222_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12233", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic cross-section of a leaf fragment, with the lignin-rich midrib shown in red.\nB: Substrate-specific changes in the number of cultivar CAZyme genes for the two major plant cell wall-degrading enzyme classes (hemi) celluloses and lignins. TheC. costatuscultivar gene numbers (‘Lower attines’) are transcriptome-based to be comparable to those of the higher attine and leaf-cutting ant cultivars.\nC: Percentage of all annotated genes in the main CAZy classes: AA, auxiliary activities; CBM, carbohydrate-binding modules; CE, carbohydrate esterases; GH, glycoside hydrolases; GT, glycosyltransferases; PL, polysaccharide lyases. Background colours as inFig. 1; free-living fungi grey.\nD: The loss of genes encoding a fungal ligninase domain in higher attine cultivars. Free-livingA. bisporushas one copy of the ligninase gene (orange) surrounded by up- and downstream genes (grey and blue). TheC. costatuscultivar maintains the gene order but has three tandemly arrayed copies, whereas ligninase genes have been lost inL. gongylophorus.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12233_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1819", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Close-up of brownish matter located in the orbit; position of the area analysed by SEM, TEM, ToF-SIMS and IR microspectroscopy indicated by an arrow. Scale bar: 1 mm.\nB: Optical photograph of the specimen. Scale bar: 10 mm.\nC: A semi-transparent ion image showing the distribution of melanin-derived ions (identified from natural and synthetic melanin standard spectra;Table 1;Supplementary Fig. S3) superimposed onto a SEM image of tightly packed melanosome-like bodies. The added signal intensity from C3N−(m/z50), C3NO−(m/z66) and C5N−(m/z74) is shown in orange-yellow, whereas areas high in signal from peaks atm/z145 andm/z146 are shown in green (seeTable 1for assignments). The purple line demarcates the area from which the mass spectrum presented in (e) ('fossil fish eye') was collected. Scale bar: 2 μm.\nD: Detail of the eye (SEM image) showing closely spaced, elongate and oblate melanosome-like structures preserved as solid bodies. Scale bar: 2 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1819_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Optimal competence distribution.\nB: Optimal pliancy distribution.\nC: The first 2,500 generations of the optimization algorithm, (b) competence-pliancy values depicted on a unit square. Each dot represents an agent.\nD: Comparison of the group efficienciesPeafter 20 steps of iteration for the one we find and a selection of commonly assumed distributions. From left to right: optimized/continuous, two-valued (allowed competence values were 0.1 and 0.9), uniform, Gaussian and constant. To demonstrate the effect of the distribution of the competence values more clearly, the pliancy values were set to be antagonistic for all the five cases (according toλi=(1-Coi)+ξ).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3484_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Example of highly methylated gene displaying strong differential expression. Under normal conditions, gene 13617 (encoding a serine/threonine protein kinase) is methylated with no expression but expressed specifically under silicate-deplete conditions25. Heights of the peak represent the normalized log ratio (score) of the m5C probes. Genes and TE annotations are indicated.\nB: Example of highly methylated gene.\nC: Region on chromosome 32 containing a methylated gene bordering a cluster of methylated TEs.\nD: Example of highly methylated gene cluster. Region on chromosome 8, isolated from methylated TEs, containing a cluster of methylated genes. Note that gene 12452, encoding a P-type ATPase, is also targeted by small RNAs (data from Huanget al.42).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms3091_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4584", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Principal component analysis based on normalized intensities of 1,314 annotated mass spectrometric peaks corresponding to 63 metabolic categories. Each circle represents an individual: blue, Asians; grey, Africans; red, Europeans; black, chimpanzees.\nB: The distribution of lipid concentration divergence estimates measured between chimpanzees and humans of African (AF,n=4 individuals), Asian (AS,n=5 individuals) and European (EU,n=5 individuals) descent for metabolic categories directly linked to LCP genes (red,n=1,090 mass spectrometric peaks) and metabolites in other metabolic pathways (grey,n=163 mass spectrometric peaks). To minimize the influence of environmental differences among populations, metabolic divergence in the LCP term was normalized to the divergence of all other metabolic pathways within the same population. The numbers above the red boxplots show the proportion of values from the LCP divergence distribution obtained by 1,000 bootstraps over individuals within populations that were smaller than, or equal to, the divergence values calculated based on other metabolic pathways represented by the grey boxplots. All boxes in this and the other panels show quartiles and the median of the data, the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum data values located within 0.5 interquartile range from the box.\nC: The distribution of gene expression divergence estimates measured between chimpanzees and human populations for LCP genes directly linked to seven metabolic categories shown in panelb(red,n=6 expressed genes) and other LCP genes (grey,n=26 expressed genes). Normalization procedure and significance estimation were conducted the same way as for metabolite data presented in panelb.\nD: Principal component analysis based on the expression levels of 25,813 genes. Each circle represents an individual; colours are as in panela.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4584_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14444", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Systematic length variation in p150Glued. * indicates the regions that appear to have undergone significant contraction (Mann–WhitneyU-test,P-values<10−3) in the two yeast-containing groups (highlighted with grey background). This figure is complemented bySupplementary Fig. 7a, which shows length distribution of contracted domains.\nB: The cartoon depicts the structure the Dynactin complex. Components shown in red were identified as CM-associated.\nC: Substitution rate analysis of dynein regulators. For the indicated proteins, the degree of sequence divergence compared with the Pezizomycotina is determined by substitution rate and indicated by the greyscale. A lighter shade indicates greater divergence from the Pezizomycotina. Red text indicates proteins identified by our search for CM-associated sequences. This figure is complemented bySupplementary Fig. 5, which shows substitution rate analysis of dynein complex components.\nD: Graphical representation of the p150Gluedmultiple sequence alignment. On the vertical axis, a positive score represents greater similarity betweenNeolectaand Pezizomycotina homologues while a negative score represents greater similarity betweenNeolectaand Saccharomycotina homologues (see Methods). The grey box indicates the range of score that could be generated by chance. The dotted line represents regions missing in yeast sequences. Red background indicates residues conserved inNeolectaand both reference groups. p150Glueddomains are indicated on top of the plot based on the structure of mammalian p150Glued(ref.87).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14444_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1045", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Schematic drawing ofcshowing occipital nerves (Oc, red, orange and brown ind) exiting through occipital foramen (OcF) located anterior to the cranio–vertebral junction, and spinal nerves (Sp, black ind) exiting through vertebrae (V).\nB: Embryonic alignment of caudal hindbrain, fourth ventricle, otic vesicle (OV) and myotomes (M) (includes blue lipophilic dye injection in fin buds; midshipman fish). The location of pectoral motoneurons is also indicated. NE, neuroepithelium. Images are dorsal (a,b,e) and ventral (c,d) views with anterior to the left. Scale bars are 1 cm (a), 200 μm (b), 500 μm (c,d) and 100 μm (e).\nC: Cranio–vertebral junction (asterisk) in a juvenile midshipman stained with alcian blue and alizarin red.\nD: Hindbrain–spinal cord boundary (yellow hatching) demarcated in the zebrafishhoxb4aenhancer trap line.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1045_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1593", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: shape associated to positive PC1 scores;\nB: shape associated to positive PC2 scores;\nC: Shape associated to negative PC1 scores;\nD: shape associated to negative PC2 scores.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1593_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14614", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: By construction, the first principal component (PC1) of the EMPIRIC PCA is linearly related to average fitness (R=0.996, 'open circle' odd numbered libraries, 'filled circle' even numbered libraries).\nB: The values of EMPIRIC PC1 vary with four-fold aligned positions, implicating structure in fitness determination. The canonical secondary structures are indicated above the plot. The green line indicates the average score. Highest scores were observed at both ends of the library positions, associated with the αβ and βα-loops (red boxes). Lowest average scores were observed in the intermediate positions, associated with the β-strands (blue boxes).\nC: Average EMPIRIC PC1 scores based on the four-fold alignment correlate linearly with average four-fold IGPS conservation (R=0.842).\nD: A linear relationship between EMPIRIC PC1 and IGPS conservation of varying strength was observed for each orthologue. A linear correlation ofR=0.408 was observed if all three orthologues were considered together.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14614_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6029", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative western blotting showing total accumulation of NAGA/17and NAGA/20 (H275Y)proteins with sequentially added substitutions (sub), the order is the same in next panel; NAs were expressed by equal quantities (0.5 μg) of respective plasmids.\nB: NA Km values of rgBR/59/07 viruses carrying the NAGA/17and NAGA/20 (H275Y)with sequentially added substitutions. Dotted and dashed lines indicate Km values of NAGA/17and NAGA/20 (H275Y), respectively. All graphs show mean±s.e.m. of three to five times independent experiments. *P<0.05, two-tailedt-test, versus NAGA/17;†P<0.05, two-tailedt-test, versus NAGA/20 (H275Y).\nC: Representative western blotting showing total accumulation of the NC99-like NA proteins (NAGA/17and NAGA/20 (H275Y)) with the indicated single substitutions; the variant NAs were expressed by equal quantities (0.5 μg) of the respective plasmids. Black and grey indicate wt and H275Y-mutant NA proteins, respectively.\nD: NA Km values of rgBR/59/07 viruses carrying NAGA/17or NAGA/20 (H275Y)with the indicated single substitutions. Dotted and dashed lines indicate Km values of NAGA/17and NAGA/20 (H275Y), respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6029_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2897", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: As inabut for Fe/Ca.\nB: Fe/K scanning counts and absolute Fe/K versus depth over the calibrations interval.\nC: As incbut for Fe/Ca.\nD: Fe/K XRF scanning counts versus absolute Fe/K ratios.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2897_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1687", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The RNA production rate is reduced to a baseline level att=0 min. The resulting RNA decay curves with transiently and constantly elevated decay rates are very similar.\nB: RNA levels measured after adding 2% glucose to Δgal80, PGAL4-with-MutatedMig1pBS–GAL4cells att=0 min. The cells were precultured in raffinose medium. Symbols of the genes are indicated as inb.\nC: TheGAL2mRNA decay was measured after adding 2 μM doxycycline to dissociate the TetR–Gal4AD from thetetoperators inserted into theGAL2promoter. Half-lives of 2.33±0.39 and 2.23±0.31 min were fitted for cells cultured in raffinose (black) and glucose (orange) media, respectively.\nD: Mean RNA half-lives were fitted from experiments shown inbandd. Error bars indicate standard deviation,n=3. The difference between the half-lives for theGAL2mRNA measured inbanddis denoted by a yellow arrow. (f,g) Top panels: the default value of RNA decay rate (green line) was increased transiently (grey line) or constantly (red line). Bottom panels: the corresponding RNA levels were calculated. For the red curves, higher production rates were used to compensate the faster decay.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1687_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4163", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: PC analysis of 308,771 SNPs in 302 individuals from Western RHG and AGR populations. Numbers in brackets inb–dcorrespond to the population locations represented ina.\nB: PC analysis of 310,883 SNPs in 481 sub-Saharan Africans. PC1 and PC2 are presented with the proportion of variance explained.\nC: Geographic locations of African populations studied here, including the RHG and AGR populations of this study and a selection of populations (in italics) retrieved from previous studies26,29.\nD: Admixture analysis of 310,883 SNPs in 481 sub-Saharan Africans. Each vertical line is an individual. The colours represent the proportion of inferred ancestry fromKancestral populations. The minimal cross-validation error was observed forK=3.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4163_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Correlation between chemogenomic profile similarity and overlap in the set of accumulated mutations during laboratory evolution (Spearman’sρ=0.67,P<10−5,N=36).\nB: Antibiotic pairs that frequently display cross-resistance interactions show relatively high overlap in their chemogenomic profiles (Spearman’sρ=0.77,P<10−7,N=36). Dashed red curves on scatterplots A–C indicate smooth curves fitted by Loess regression56.\nC: Predicting antibiotic resistance phenotypes from genome sequences. Prediction performance for each antibiotic based on the set of accumulated mutations was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). This gives an overall measure of accuracy by taking into account both true positive and false positive rates across all possible cutoffs of the prediction score. Random prediction gives an AUC of 0.5. Variation in resistance among evolved strains can be predicted with 55–88% (76% average) accuracy, depending on the antibiotic studied. Special care was taken to avoid circularity in the predictions.\nD: Weak association between chemical structural similarity between antibiotic pairs and cross-resistance frequency (Spearman’sρ=0.40,P<10−3,N=66), which disappears when aminoglycosides are excluded (ρ=0.21,P=0.18,N=45). Structural similarity between antibiotics was estimated by the Tanimoto similarity of their molecular fingerprints.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5352_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14994", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Cumulative proportion of recombination in the genetic map versus the proportion of sequence.\nB: Mean recombination rate around hotspots defined in the LD-based HapMap map before and after refinement.\nC: Localization of recombination events before and after refinement by the MCMC procedure.\nD: Sex-specific recombination rates in the refined map around HapMap recombination hotspots.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14994_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Evolution", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: continuously shaking;\nB: shaking-static;\nC: static-shaking. Population density data (CFU ml−1) were log10(x+1)-transformed. Values are mean±s.e.m. (n=6).\nD: Continuously static;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3102_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8243", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Ectopic expression of seed maturation genes inscl15mutant seedlings.\nB: Expression of seed maturation genes in siliques at the embryo morphogenesis stage (left), the mature (middle) and post-mature stages of embryo development (right). RNA levels are relative to the wild type (onefold). Results represent the mean (±s.d.) of three biological replicates (Student’st-test, *P<0.05; **P<0.01).\nC: Derepression of embryonic genes inscl15-1seedlings is restored to the wild-type levels by complementation withSCL15pro::SCL15-sGFP(Compl-6 and −8).\nD: Immunoblot analysis with monoclonal anti-CRA1 antibody showing that accumulation of proglobulin (p12S) and 12S globulin species inscl15-1seedlings is increased by treatment with 50 μM ABA for 2 days.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8243_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8395", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Co-immunoprecipitation analysis of the interaction of LRT2 with OsIAA11 and OsIAA13 in wild-type (Nipponbare or NPB, Kasalath and Taichung 65 or TC65),lrt2,osiaa11andosiaa13seedlings.\nB: Analysis of the interaction of LRT2 with OsIAA11 and OsIAA13 transiently expressed in tobacco leaves by the luciferase complementation imaging assay.\nC: Analysis of the interaction of LRT2 with OsIAA11 and OsIAA13 by the yeast two-hybrid assay.\nD: GST-LRT2 directly interacts with His-OsIAA11 (OsIAA11) and His-OsIAA13 (OsIAA13) as analysed by the pull-down experiment. GST protein is served as a negative control.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8395_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5636", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Direct binding of PIF4/PIF5 to the promoters ofABI5,EELandEIN3by ChIP assays. Values were normalized to the values forPP2Aas a non-binding control. Data are means±s.d. of two biological replicates. (e–g) Delayed senescence ofabi5,eel,abi5 eel,ein3andpifQmutants. Light-grown 7-day-old seedlings were transferred to darkness for 10 days (e). Total Chl levels were measured at 10 DDI (f). Data are means±s.d. of at least four biological replicates. Detached leaves of 3-week-old plants were transferred to darkness and photographed at 7 DDI (g). (h–j) Regulation ofABI5, EELandEIN3expression by ELF3 and PIF4/5. The mRNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR using light-grown 7-day-old seedlings transferred to darkness for 0, 2 and 4 DDI.GAPDHwas used as a control. DDI indicates day(s) of dark incubation. Data are means±s.d. of four biological replicates. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nB: Significant overlap between DEGs (twofold, FDR<0.05) of PIF-induced genes (WT/pifQ, this study) and DIS genes (previous microarray data39). Light-grown 7-day-old WT andpifQseedlings were transferred to darkness for 2 days (WT versuspifQ), and 4-week-old adult WT plants were transferred to darkness for 0 and 2 days (2 DDI versus 0 DDI). The number in parentheses indicates the PIF4/PIF5-direct target genes retrieved from the previous ChIP-seq database34,40.\nC: Enrichment of the G-box motifs in the PIF-direct target promoters and the ABRE-like element in the PIF-indirect target promoters, identified by the MEME software using 500 bp promoter sequences.\nD: Heat map showing the expression ofEIN3,EIL1and group A bZIPs in the microarray analysis from this study (WT/pifQ) and two independent sets of DIS microarray data from previous studies39,69. Black circles indicate the PIF4/PIF5-direct target genes according to previous ChIP-seq analyses34,40. The scale bar (bottom) indicates fold changes as log2values. TheABF2probe is absent in the DIS microarray (Affymetrix).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5636_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7450", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Adaxial L2 and L3 cells are forced to divide periclinally, whereas cells in other positions undergo longitudinal division. Simulations inhandiare performed with the same initial status. Adaxial and abaxial L1 cells are shaded blue and yellow, respectively. Magenta indicates the concentration of cell division-promoting morphogen, which diffuses from the boundary of adaxial and abaxial L1 cells. Darker shade represents higher concentration. Preset division planes of cell layers are indicated on the left side: L, longitudinal division; P, periclinal division.\nB: Summary of cell division condition and orientation according to cell position.\nC: Cells in the outermost three layers are forced to divide longitudinally.\nD: Example of classification of cell positions, which are distinguished by colours corresponding to those ina. Cells in squares are examples of L1, L2/L3 and inner cells, which are illustrated ine,fandg, respectively. Distribution of morphogensv(c) andw(d), with the darker shade representing a higher concentration. L1 cells divide longitudinally (blue line) in coordination with inner cell proliferation (e), L2/L3 cells divide longitudinally (blue line) or periclinally (magenta line) in response to the presence of a morphogen (green) (f) and more inner cells divide perpendicular to their long axisL0(blue line) (g).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7450_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12699", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Schematic showing how cells in biofilms adapt to high-intensity light by reducing their concentration of light-absorbing pigments. This reduction in pigment concentration results in a more transparent biofilm which allows light to penetrate deeper allowing the biofilm to grow thicker and support more cells.\nB: Schematic of micro-scaled light delivery through waveguides to attached biofilms. Light from an LED is coupled into a slab waveguide and undergoes total internal reflection. Where cells are present on the waveguide surface, light can be scattered out or coupled directly into the photosynthetic apparatus, driving photosynthesis. The inset below shows experimental growth patterns achieved using this design.\nC: Graph showing the optimal culture density under different light irradiances (circles—270 μmolphm−2s−1, squares—740 μmolphm−2s−1, diamonds—1,200 μmolphm−2s−1, downwards triangle—2,000 μmolphm−2s−1, upwards triangle—6,000 μmolphm−2s−1, rightward triangle, 8,000 μmolphm−2s−1).\nD: Adapted from ref.67, (b) adapted from ref.72with permission from Taylor&Francis Ltd, (c) reproduced from ref.73with permission from Elsevier, (d) reproduced from ref.79, copyright Wanget al.; licensee BioMed Central 2015, (e) adapted from ref.84with permission from Elsevier, (f) adapted with permission from ref.86, copyright 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12699_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1482", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Row of bilobates grading into polylobate or crenate short cells (Pseudosasa usawai).\nB: Row of horizontally oriented oblong bilobates (Ehrhartasp.).\nC: ,Rhynchoryzasp.\nD: .", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1482_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1926", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Ion leakage after inoculation was measured at the indicated time points in leaves of wild-type (WT; black line) andcas-1knockout (red line) plants. Data are the means±s.e.m. of six discs from three replicates.\nB: HR lesions on the left side of leaves at 14 h.\nC: NbCAS-silencedN. benthamianaplants display a delay of cell death. Four- to five-week-oldNbCAS-silenced plants were infiltrated withAgrobacteriumcontaining theNtMEK2DDexpression vector. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was used as an experimental control. Pictures are taken at 3 days after inoculation.\nD: Ion leakage at 3 days after infiltration withAgrobacteriumcontainingGUSorNtMEK2DDwas measured in silenced leaves. Data are the means±s.e.m. of six discs from three replicates. Significance was determined using Student'st-test (*P<0.05).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1926_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5518", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Microconidium germination on plant surfaces was examined by SEM at 72 h post inoculation. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nB: Colonies formed by germinated microconidia transferred from water agar to CM. Most of them failed to develop into colonies.\nC: Germinated conidia were stained with Hoechst 33258 after incubation for 72 or 120 h. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: The time lapse images of the same microconidia showing the germination and arrest of germ tube growth. Germ tubes appeared to be dead and empty of cytoplasm or highly vacuolated 120 h. M, microconidium; GT, germ tube. Scale bar, 5 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5518_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13018", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: In vitroGST pull-down assay showing that ENAP1 interacts with histone H3 and H2B.\nB: GST-labelled ENAP1 interacts with histone H3 in nucleosomes isolated from cow cell extracts. Purified GST-ENAP1 fromE. coliwas incubated with calf thymus nucleosomes, the pull-down products were subjected to immunoblotting with anti-histone H3 antibody.\nC: Total histone extractions from 3-day-old etiolated seedlings of Col-0 andENAP1oxseedlings were subjected to the immunoblotting with antibodies indicated. Immunoblotting with anti-histone H3 antibody served as a loading control.\nD: RNA-seq data collected fromFig. 3ginENAP1oxor wild-type (Col-0) plants treated with air or 4 h ethylene was analyzed for the up- and down-regulated gene numbers.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13018_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10654", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The capacity of GAME9 to transactivate 12 different promoters of candidate downstream genes was evaluated in protoplasts prepared from tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells (n=4). A validation experiment (n=8) was performed, confirming the transactivation of theC5-SDpromoter (Supplementary Fig. 2). Values in the y-axis are normalized fold-changes relative to protoplasts co-transfected with the reporter constructs and a pCaMV35S:GUS (GUS) control plasmid. For the normalization procedure, see Materials and Methods. Details for each promoter are provided inSupplementary Table 5. Student’st-test was used to assess whether the transgenic lines significantly differ from wild-type plants: *Pvalue<0.05; ***Pvalue<0.001.GAME1: UDP-galactosyltransferase;GAME2: UDP-xylosyltransferase;GAME4: CYP88D;GAME6: CYP72A;GAME7: CYP72A;GAME17: UDP-glucosyltransferase;GAME18: UDP-glucosyltransferase;HMGR1: HMG CoA reductase 1;HMGR2: HMG CoA reductase 2;SQMO: Squalene monooxygenase;SMO1: Methylsterol monooxygenase 2-2-like;C5-SD: Δ(7)-sterol-C5(6)-desaturase;GAME9: Ethylene responsive transcription factor.\nB: In vitrobinding of the GAME9 and SlMYC2 proteins to the G- and GCC-boxes located in the promoters of theC5-SDandSSR2genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed with probes containing a GCC- or a G-box were separated on a 1% agarose gel without additional treatment (lane 1) or with 200 ng of the purified protein (lane 2). Controls: a sequence containing a mutated version of the box was loaded (lane 3) and incubated with protein (lane 4).\nC: Transactivation ofC5-SDpromoter with deletions (d) and/or mutations (m). The -, (+) and+symbols point to activation of the promoter by GAME9/SlMYC2:—no activation (LUC activity below 1.5); (+) limited activation (LUC between 1.5 and 2-fold);+strong promoter activation (LUC activity larger than 2-fold).\nD: Transactivation of SGA-related gene promoters with GAME9, SlMYC2 and the combination of both.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10654_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4274", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: and (b) Fluorescence distribution when35S::EGFP-AtABCG14(a) or35S::EGFP(b) was expressed in tobacco leaf protoplasts (left); autoflorescence of chloroplasts and merged images are shown in the middle and right, respectively. Scale bar, 5 μm.\nB: Distribution of EGFP-AtABCG14 fluorescence in rosette leaf epidermal cells (left), PI staining (middle) and merged image (right). Scale bar, 5 μm.\nC: Distribution of EGFP-AtABCG14 fluorescence in leaf epidermal cells (left), FM4-64 staining (middle) and merged image (right). Scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: Immunoblot analysis of membrane fractions from EGFP-AtABCG14 expressing seedlings by probing with antibodies against GFP,Arabidopsisplasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM-H+-ATPase) and vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase, tonoplast marker).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4274_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2479", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification of cell death by measuring electrolyte leakage before (white bars) and 24 h after inoculation (grey bars) of the indicated lines withPst AvrRpm1(5 × 106cfu ml−1). Cell death values are related to the value displayed by wild-type Col-0 plants, which is set at 100%. Statistical differences using multiple factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P<10−4) are indicated by letters.\nB: Expression analysis of the MYB30 target genesKCS1andFDHin the indicated Arabidopsis lines after inoculation withPst AvrRpm1(5 × 107cfu ml−1). Expression values of the individual genes were normalized usingSANDfamily andβ-tubulin4as internal standards. Statistical differences according to a Student’st-testP-value <0.05 are indicated by letters. 0 and 1 indicate hours postinoculation.\nC: Growth ofPst AvrRpm1in the indicated Arabidopsis lines. Bacterial growth 0 (white bars) and 3 days (grey bars) was measured after inoculation (5 × 105cfu ml−1). Mean bacterial densities were calculated from six independent experiments with six individual plants (four leaves per plant). Statistical differences according to a Multiple Factor ANOVA test (P<0.01) are indicated by letters.\nD: Symptoms developed by the indicated Arabidopsis lines 64 hpi withPst AvrRpm1(2 × 106cfu ml−1). Pictures are representative of three independent experiments in which five plants of each line were infiltrated.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2479_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7914", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The graph of the pan-genome. The rectangles represent genomic sequence. Red rectangles are sequences from the core genome, in which sequences are present in all individuals. Blue rectangles are sequences from the variable distributed genome, which show structural variations. Individual genomes are represented by these rectangles connected with arrows.\nB: Contig assembly using reads. The contigs are usually generated with k-mers usingde Bruijngraph-based algorithms.\nC: Individual genome is randomly sheared and sequenced using either short or long read sequencing technologies.\nD: Scaffold/chromosome assembly on the basis of contigs.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7914_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15060", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Time course images showing two example lineages (labelled 1 and 2) where both daughters of a division can be tracked through an entire cycle. Colours indicate cell identities (upper row) and outer cell surface area (lower row). Lineage 1 shows equal division of the parent cell. Lineage 2 shows unequal division of the parent cell. Scale bar represents 10 μm. (b,c) Cell sizes over time of daughters of lineages 1 and 2, which divide synchronously and asynchronously respectively. The daughter with the largest birth size is shown in red and the daughter with the smaller birth size is shown in blue.\nB: Mean cell size at birth and mean cell cycle length of cells grouped by developmental zones where CZ=central zone, PZ=peripheral zone,i=incipient primordia andP=primordia. Means calculated from three stems. Error bars represent s.d.\nC: Mean difference in size at birth (black), calculated as area of larger daughter at birth—area smaller daughter at birth, and mean difference in total growth (red) calculated as increase in area of larger daughter at birth minus the increase in area of smaller daughter at birth. Negative growth difference values indicate that the smaller daughter grew by the largest amount. Data grouped by difference in cell cycle length (nvaries by group,n=1, 1, 3, 17, 41, 62, 49, 7, 1). Synchronously (S) dividing sisters show little difference in size at birth or in growth, but asynchronously dividing sister cells (A) show larger differences in size at birth and undergo different amounts of growth. Error bars represent s.d.\nD: Frequency distribution of differences in cell cycle length between daughter cells from the same division, calculated as the cycle length of the largest daughter at birth minus the cycle length of the smallest daughter at birth.n=182.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15060_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4352", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Semi-thin cross sections of ventral sutures in pods of F2plant withGmSHAT1-5/GmSHAT1-5homozygotic genotype.\nB: Semi-thin cross sections of ventral sutures in pods of F2plant withGsSHAT1-5/GsSHAT1-5homozygotic genotype. The FCC is indicated by a double-headed arrow. Upper panels of (a–c) showGlycineSHAT1-5genotyped with a SNP (G versus T).\nC: Semi-thin cross sections of ventral sutures in pods of F2plant withGmSHAT1-5/GsSHAT1-5heterozygotic genotype.\nD: Comparative expression analysis ofGlycineNST1andGlycineSHAT1-5in the Fcc of F2homozygotic plants withGmSHAT1-5 and GsSHAT1-5allele. Note:GmSHAT1-5expressed at ~13.34-fold the level ofGsSHAT1-5whileGmNST1~1.72-fold ofGsNST1in the FCC of F2segregants,GlycineNST1andGlycineSHAT1-5denote the two gene loci, respectively. Error bars in (c,d) indicate s.d. of four biological replicates. Scale bars in (a–c), 70 μm.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4352_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1801", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Plant sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: SEM image showing the different meristem types in a wild-type inflorescence. The SAM is a primary inflorescence (I1) meristem that has produced secondary inflorescence (I2) meristems, one of which has produced a floral meristem (F).\nB: Schematic representation of meristem identity in thepiminflorescence.\nC: Inflorescence of a pea wild-type plant. The inflorescence apex (arrowhead) exhibits indeterminate growth.\nD: In situhybridization ofVEG1mRNA in the inflorescence apex of the wild type.VEG1is expressed in the lateral I2meristems, not in the I1neither in the floral meristem (F).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1801_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12317", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Respiration in platelets (plts) with rotenone-induced mitochondrial complex I (CI) inhibition.\nB: Effect on respiration in platelets with addition of the cell-permeable complex II inhibitor NV161, * indicate significant difference between NV161 and vehicle,n=4.\nC: Structure of NV161, malonate highlighted in red.\nD: Respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with rotenone-induced CI inhibition,n=4.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12317_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-33367-w", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: average energy expenditure per 12-hour phase;\nB: cumulative locomotor activity;\nC: hourly energy expenditure;\nD: average food intake per 12-h phase;", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-022-33367-w_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1043", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Rat proximal tubule cells were treated with 10 nM ouabain or vehicle for 24 h. Three-point calibration using sodium ionophores was performed to measure the baseline sodium concentration (0–5 min). There were no differences between the initial sodium concentrations in ouabain-treated cells compared with cells treated with vehicle. Ouabain trace is an average of 20 cells. Control trace is an average of 40 cells.\nB: Histogram of the number of waves per cell during the observation period of 26 min.\nC: Box plot of the relative frequency of cells that displayed multiple (five or more) calcium waves during the observation period of 26 min. Statistical significance was estimated using the Mann–WhitneyU-test,P<0.05,z=−2.0831,n= 7 for vehicle-treated (white box) andn= 8 for ouabain-treated (grey box) kidneys. (c,d) Chronic effect of ouabain. The kidneys were serum deprived (0.2% FBS) and treated with vehicle (white bars) or 10 nM ouabain (grey bars) for the last 24 h of culture.\nD: Histogram of the number of waves per cell during the observation period of 26 min.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1043_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9803", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Haemodynamic and volumetric parameters obtained by pressure–volume (PV) catheterization in male mice. Data in animals at 3–4 months (3–4 m,n=12), 11–12 months (11–12 m,n=14), 24–25 months (24–25 m,n=15) and 30–35 months (30–35 m,n=19) are shown as mean±s.e.m. and scatter plots. LVEDPV, LV end-diastolic PV relation; P, pressure. *P<0.05 versus 3–4 m, **P<0.05 versus 11–12 m, ***P<0.05 versus 24–25 m (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’spost hoctest and Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks with Dunn’spost hoctest); m, months; NP, non-parametric analysis.\nB: Short axis views by MRI of young (3 months, 3 m) and old (30 months, 30 m) male mouse hearts.\nC: Quantitative data obtained by MRI imaging in 3 months (3 m,n=6) and 30 months (30 m,n=5) male mice are shown as mean±s.e.m. and scatter plots. *P<0.05 versus 3 m (Student’st-test and Mann–Whitney rank sum test); NP, non-parametric analysis.\nD: Transmitral flow Doppler echocardiograms obtained in young (3 months, 3 m) and old (30 months, 30 m) male mice show early passive filling (E) and active filling (A) waves.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9803_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10764", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Left: distances from HMGB1 Box B residues pTyr 116 and pTyr 162 (numbering according to PDB file: 2YRQ, corresponding to residues 109 and 155, respectively, in the human sequence) to PK M2 K433 for the best ranked docked pose and of PK M2 Y105 to the nearest charged residue from the HMGB1 box B. Right: a rotated view with electrostatic isopotential contours (+1 kT/e: blue; −1 kT/e: red) of PK M2.\nB: Electrostatic isopotential contours (+1 kT/e: blue; −1 kT/e: red) of the HMGB1 A and B boxes with: leftmost) A box, unphosphorylated tyrosines; centre left) A box, phosphorylated tyrosines; centre right) B box, unphosphorylated tyrosines; rightmost) B box, phosphorylated tyrosines.\nC: The calculations was performed as outlined ina, here in the presence of FBP (left) or with Tyr 105 phosphorylated (centre) or in the absence of FBP and with unphosphorylated Tyr 105 (right).\nD: The calculations were performed for the following HMGB1 constructs: leftmost: A box (magenta), tyrosines unphosphorylated; centre left: A box, tyrosines phosphorylated; centre right: B box (green), tyrosines unphosphorylated; rightmost: B box, tyrosines phosphorylated. PK M2 monomer, yellow; three additional PK M2 domains in the PK M2 tetramer, cyan.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10764_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12180", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: H4IIE cells were transfected withsiCONorsiCRY1. Relative mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR and normalized tocyclophilinmRNA levels. Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=3 for each group. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 (Student’st-test).\nB: Mouse primary hepatocytes isolated fromCRY1+/+andCRY1−/−mice were infected with Ad-MOCK or Ad-SREBP1c. Relative glucose production was measured using a glucose oxidase (GO) kit. Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=8 for each group. ***P<0.001 versus Ad-MOCK,###P<0.001 versusCRY1+/+(Student’st-test). (l,m) Pyruvate tolerance test (l) inSREBP1c+/+mice injected with Ad-MOCK and inSREBP1c−/−mice injected with either Ad-MOCK or Ad-CRY1. Results were converted to AUC (m). All mice were fasted at ZT 10 and performed PTT at ZT 3. Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=7–10 for each group. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versusSREBP1c+/+, Ad-MOCK,#P<0.05,###P<0.001 versusSREBP1c−/−, Ad-MOCK (Student’st-test).\nC: C57BL/6mice were infected with Ad-G6Pase-luc and either Ad-MOCK or Ad-SREBP1c.G6Pasepromoter activity was measured by opticalin vivoimaging and photon density. (c,d)C57BL/6mice were infected with Ad-MOCK or Ad-SREBP1c and performed pyruvate tolerance test (c). All mice were fasted at ZT 10 and performed PTT at ZT 3. Results were converted to area-under-the curve (AUC) (d). Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=5 for each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test). (e,f) Pyruvate tolerance test (e) was performed inSREBP1c−/−andSREBP1c+/+mice. All mice were fasted at ZT 10 and performed PTT at ZT 3. Results were converted to AUC (f). Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=5 for each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (Student’st-test).\nD: Mouse primary hepatocytes were infected with Ad-MOCK or Ad-SREBP1c. Relative glucose production was measured using a glucose oxidase (GO) kit as described in Methods. Data represent mean ±s.d.,N=3 for each group. *P<0.05 (Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12180_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Quantification of key DHA-derived lipid mediators, with their respective biosynthetic pathways indicated (LOX, lipoxygenase).\nB: Quantification nuclear:non-nuclear 5-LOX ratio by confocal microscopy in macrophages incubated as ine, with two additional groups, NAC alone and 7KC+NAC. Images were acquired on a Leica confocal microscope, and nuclear:non-nuclear 5-LOX MFI was quantified using Image J. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=4 separate donors). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with the Kruskal–Wallis test with the Dunn’s multiple comparisonpost-hocanalysis, *P<0.05.\nC: Quantification of RvD1 by ELISA in human macrophages that were incubated for 5 h with vehicle control, or 35 μM of 7KC, followed by Veh or 10 μM DHA, for an additional 40 min, and then the media were assayed for RvD1 with or without a 1 h pre-incubation with 10 μM NAC. Data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=4 separate donors). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparisonpost-hocanalysis, *P<0.05 ofn=4 separate donors.\nD: Comparison of 5-LOX-derived SPMs (RvD1 and LXA4) and the SPM:LT ratio in vulnerable versus stable regions. For (b–d),t-test, *P<0.05,n=15 donors.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12859_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10492", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Induction of calcification of aortaex vivorevealed enhancement of VC by Pi. Alizarin red S staining. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Both 10 nM TSA and 50 nM apicidin potentiated Pi-induced induction ofRunx2. Quantitative real-time RT–PCR was performed. Each sample was measured in duplicate and counted as one case (n=5–7 from two sets).\nC: TSA (0.6 mg kg−1, intraperitoneally for 9 days) potentiated VC induced by VD3(5 × 105IU kg−1per day, subcutaneous administered for the first 3 days). Calcification was determined with Alizarin red S staining. Scale bar, 3 mm.\nD: Quantification results of calcium content in the proximal aorta. Calcium contents from four to five mice in one experimental set were measured. Error bars represent s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, Numerals in bar graphs are the numbers of samples.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10492_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7643", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: RT–qPCR based quantification of primary 35S rRNA levels (5′ETS probe 4) in6myc-rio1TEVcdc14-3carrying pPGAL10(blue) or pPGAL10-TEV Protease(red) arrested in anaphase (37 °C) after release from a metaphase arrest (nocodazole) underPGAL10-inducing conditions. Reported values are normalized to the 35S levels measured forcdc15-2 6myc-rio1TEVpPGAL10cells, as indicated with a dashed line (Fig. 6b). Error bars, s.d.’s.n=3.\nB: The6myc-rio1TEVpPGAL10and6myc-rio1TEVpPGAL10-TEV Proteasestrains, carrying thecdc14-3allele and marked with a 256xtetO∼TetR-GFP array flankingRDN1(rDNA-GFP) were arrested in G1 (2% raffinose medium, 23 °C). Cells were then released into the cell cycle (2% raffinose medium, 37 °C) and arrested in early anaphase by inactivation of Cdc14-3. 2% Galactose was then added to inducePGAL10while the Cdc14-3 protein was re-activated in parallel (downshift to 23 °C). rDNA-GFP movement and segregation of the sister rDNA loci was tracked through anaphase by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. Left plots: single-cell rDNA segregation profiles. Projected movements of the sister rDNA arrays are shown in dark and light blue or in dark and light red colours. Right plots: percentage of cells with segregated sister rDNA-GFP loci, and the maximum length of their late-anaphase spindles. Error bars, s.d.’s.n=Indicated.\nC: ChIP–qPCR based measurement of Rpa43 levels at the rDNA ofcdc15-2 6myc-rio1TEVpPGAL10(blue) andcdc15-2 6myc-rio1TEVpPGAL10-TEV Proteasecells (red) arrested in anaphase following release from a metaphase arrest (37 °C, 2% galactose medium). Rpa43 levels across the rDNA unit were measured with probes 2–5.\nD: Sketch of 35S pre-RNA processing into 20S and 27SA2pre-rRNA. The graphs show the quantification of primary 35S rRNA levels measured by RT–qPCR (5′ETS probe 4) or by northern blot analysis (+1-A0probe) of cDNA or total RNA, respectively.6myc-rio1TEVcdc15-2cells carrying pPGAL10(blue) or pPGAL10-TEV Protease(red) were released from a metaphase arrest (nocodazole) underPGAL10-inducing conditions (37 °C). Error bars, s.d.’s.n=2. The northern blot with the +1-A0probe is shown underneath the graph.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7643_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5993", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: CS activity inLkb1-mutant SCs infected with empty vector (control virus) or pBABE-puro-CS (*P=0.001). CS activities ina–fwere normalized to protein content of cell lysates and are expressed as nmol min−1per μg protein. Data are representative of two to three independent experiments. Error bars show s.d. Student’st-test was used to calculate statistical significance. Cont, control.\nB: CS activity in HEK 293T cells transfected with four independent pBABE-puro CS clones (*P≤0.01).\nC: CS activity duringin vitroproliferation and differentiation of WT SCs infected with NT orLkb1shRNA (*P=0.0004).\nD: CS activity in NIH 3T3 cells stably infected with lentiviral NT shRNA or three independentLkb1shRNA clones. The extent of knockdown is shown by western analysis in inset (*P≤0.01).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5993_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15652", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Box plot showing the value of the eigengene for the 168 open chromatin genes in islets from non-diabetic (ND;n=45) and T2D donors (n=19). The box shows averages±s.e.m. and the error bars denote the tenth and ninetieth percentile, respectively. (c–e) The module eigengene of the 168 open chromatin genes displayed against HbA1c (c;n=52), glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (d;n=48) and K+-stimulated insulin secretion (e;n=26). Statistical comparisons using linear regression.\nB: Symmetrically arranged heatmap of the topological overlap matrix for which the rows and columns are sorted by the hierarchical clustering tree used to define modules. The red square denotes the T2D-associated co-expression module.\nC: Cumulative density function (CDF) plots of log2-transformed gene expression fold-change in freshly isolated versus expanded islets in microarrays from GSE15543. The blue line denotes the fold-change of the 168 open chromatin genes in GSE15543 and the purple line denotes the fold-change of the remaining genes in the array.\nD: CDF plot of log2-transformed expression fold-change of genes in the T2D signature in Pdx1+/Inslow(immature) versus Pdx1high/Inshigh(mature) human β-cells. The CDF plot of the 168 signature genes in T2D islets is also displayed.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15652_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7790", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Liver sections were immunostained for γ-H2AX 24 h after SacI AdV tail-vein injection either without (left panel) or with (right panel) DOX administration, and old (28 months) mice as a control. Scale bar, 100 μM.\nB: Schematic of the experimental timeline and mouse ages at which DSBs were induced.\nC: Results were quantified and data shown as mean percentage of nuclei positively stained±s.d.; Virusn=3, Virus+Doxn=2, Oldn=3.\nD: Schematic of the SacI adenoviral construct (SacI AdV) and its activation by DOX.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7790_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Number of neutrophils recovered by lavage from the peritoneum at the indicated time after intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate.\nB: Number of neutrophils recovered by lavage from air pouches 4 h after injection with saline, CXCL1 or CXCL2.\nC: ROS generated in response to PMA by air-pouch neutrophils recovered 4 h after injection of CXCL1.\nD: Number of neutrophils, quantified by myeloperoxidase staining, in ear sections 6 h or 16 h after topical application of croton oil.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms15196_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8433", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of wild-type (open symbols,n=5) and transgenic female mice (filled symbols,n=5) living at thermoneutrality on chow diet analysed with indirect calorimetry at 30 °C as described in Methods. Thin lines indicate s.e.m. The arrow indicates i.p. injection of Cl 316,243 at a dose of 1 mg kg−1body weight. (d–e) Representative western blots (d) and protein levels (e) of ATGL, CGI-58 and HSL in eWAT of wild-type (white bars) and transgenic mice (black bars) that have been on chow (wt,n=4–9; tg,n=5) or high-fat diet (wt,n=7; tg,n=6) at thermoneutrality for 28 weeks. Values are means±s.e.m. *Significant difference between genotypes; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 by Student’st-test.#Significant difference between diets;#P<0.05;##P<0.01 by Student’st-test.\nB: Respiratory exchange ratio of wild-type (open symbols,n=11) and transgenic mice (filled symbols,n=11) living on high-fat diet at thermoneutrality for 6 months was analysed with indirect calorimetry at 30 °C as described in Experimental Procedures. Thin lines indicate s.e.m.\nC: Respiratory exchange ratio of wild-type (open symbols,n=6) and transgenic mice (filled symbols,n=7) living on high-fat diet at thermoneutrality for 5–6 months was analysed with indirect calorimetry at 30 °C as described in Methods. Food was removed at 2000 hours and given back the next day at 1100 hours (as indicated). Thin lines indicate s.e.m.\nD: Lipolytic response of wild-type (open symbols,n=3) and transgenic mice (filled symbols,n=4) to CL316,243 injection (1 mg per kg body weight, i.p). Mice were living at thermoneutrality (on chow diet) for 2 months. Blood free fatty acids (FFA; top panel) and glycerol levels (lower panel) following CL316,243 injection.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8433_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1153", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Physiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Immunostaining of mouse sperm by α-CATSPERδ (α-δ446). Left, phase contrast image. The head (H), midpiece (MP) and principal piece (PP) of the sperm are indicated. Middle, immunofluorescence; right, merged signal. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: Hydrophilicity plots (window size, 11) of mouse (upper) and human (lower) CATSPERδ. The predicted signal peptide and single transmembrane domain (TM) are marked by arrows. The alternative start site ofTmem146-sis marked by the arrowhead.\nC: Interaction of CATSPER1, CATSPERβ and CATSPERδ inwttestes (wt). CATSPERδ is associated with CATSPERβ regardless of CATSPER1 expression (1−/−). α-Tubulin; input control.\nD: Absence of CATSPERδ protein inCatSper1-nullspermatozoa.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1153_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Time slices are from 0 to 30 s, one spectrum per 6 s.\nB: Blue: 430 nm, red: 460 nm, dark yellow: 477 nm.\nC: Catalytic reaction of TBPH.\nD: Red line: obtained spectrum. Blue line: the spectrum of [Mn(TPP)Cl] combined with TBPH.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2196_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5981", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: E. coligrowth curves after being treated with different Cu(I)–ligands. Blank,E. colicells without Cu(I) treatment. The data are representative of three independent experiments.\nB: Fluorescence of PI-stainedE. colicells after being treated with Cu(I) ligands for 1 h. Blank,E. colicells without Cu(I) treatment. Error bars, s.d. from three independent experiments.\nC: Detection of intracellular generation of ROS fromE. colicells using DCFH-DA as the reporter. Blank,E. colicells without Cu(I) treatment. Error bars, s.d. from three independent experiments.\nD: Metal uptake of Cu(I)–ligand complexes in theE. colicytoplasm. Both the whole-cell fraction (blue columns) and the cytoplasmic fraction (red columns) were subjected to copper content measurement by ICP–AES. Error bars, s.d. from three independent experiments.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5981_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1097", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Biolayer interferometry profile of the titration of CyaY with increasing concentrations of IscS in the absence of IscU.\nB: Plot of the interferometry response obtained by immobilizing IscS as a function of increasing concentrations of cluster-free (circle) and cluster-loaded (diamond) IscU_D39A mutant.\nC: As in b, but in the presence of IscU. Because the complex is stabilized, lower concentrations of IscS are needed to reach saturation.\nD: Kinetics rates of Fe–S cluster formation on IscU. The experiments are all conducted under the same conditions (1 μM IscS or IscS mutants, 25 μM Fe2+, 50 μM IscU, 250 μM Cys, 2 mM DTT and 5 μM of CyaY or CyaY mutants). Green curve: control experiment in the absence of CyaY; red curve: control experiment in the presence of wild-type CyaY; blue, magenta, orange and cyan curves: experiments carried out by substituting wild-type proteins with CyaY_E18K_E19K_E22K, IscS_R220E_R223E_R225E, CyaY_W61R and IscS_I314E_M315E, respectively.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1097_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14043", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: NIH/3T3 cells were treated with purmorphamine (1.5 μM) for 2 h followed by addition of vismodegib (2 μM),14q(5 μM) and14r(5 μM), and further incubation for 12 h. Cells were then fixed and stained to visualize the nuclei (DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; blue), Smo (red) and cilia (acetylated tubulin; green). Inset: representative single cilia. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nB: 14qand14rdisplace BODIPY-cyclopamine from Smo. HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with Smo expressing plasmid or empty vector. Forty-eight hours later cells were treated with BODIPY-cyclopamine (5 nM, green) followed by addition of 10 μM of14qor14ror vismodegib (5 μM) and DMSO as controls. Cells were incubated for 1 h before fixation and staining with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) to visualize the nuclei (blue). Scale bar, 20 μm.\nC: Influence of14qand14ron the Gli-mediated reporter gene expression on Hh pathway activation in Shh Light II cells by SAG (0.1 and 1 μM). Nonlinear regression analysis was performed using a four parameter fit. Data are mean values of three independent experiments (n=3)±s.d. and were normalized to cells treated with the respective concentration of SAG (set to 100%).\nD: HEK 293T cells ectopically expressing Smo were treated with different concentration of the compounds (14qand14r), vismodegib or DMSO as controls in the presence of BODIPY-cyclopamine (5 nM) for 5 h. The graph shows the percentage of cell-bound BODIPY-cyclopamine as detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Data are mean values of three independent experiments (n=3)±s.d.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14043_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6935", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Coupled-enzyme assay in which AMSDH (200 nM) oxidizes 2-AMS, producedin situas shown inbin 50 s, to 2-AM (λmax325 nm).\nB: Reaction scheme showing the enzymatic generation of 2-AMS, the reaction catalysed by AMSDH, and the competing non-enzymatic decay of 2-AMS to picolinic acid.\nC: Representative assay showing the ACMSD (1 μM)-catalysed conversion of ACMS (λmax360 nm) to 2-AMS (λmax380 nm), which decays to picolinic acid (transparent).\nD: Reaction scheme showing 2-HMS oxidation by AMSDH.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6935_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3802", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: C3aR-binding affinities of compound17(squares) versus C3a (circles) measured by displacement of125I-C3a (80 pM) (n>3), the higher affinity of the latter owing to the additional helical domain of C3a.\nB: Unlike C3a (not shown),17(circles) was intact in rat plasma after 4 h (at 37 °C, pH 7.4, initial concentration 1 μM), whereas linear peptide4(squares) was rapidly degraded and undetectable after 10 min, as measured by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) (n=3). Error bars are means±s.e.m.\nC: iCa2+mobilization induced in HMDMs by compound17(squares) versus C3a (circles) at various concentrations, relative to 100% fluorescence for 1 μM C3a (n≥3). Agonist17is >5-fold more potent than C3a.\nD: Concentration–response for agonist17±antagonist SB290157 at various concentrations (zero, closed circles; 0.1 μM, triangles; 0.3 μM, inverted triangles; 1.0 μM, diamonds; 2.0 μM, squares; 3 μM, open circles; 4 μM cross;n=3).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3802_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7122", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Recovered mutant alleles ofgpr56—stl13representing a 6-bp deletion andstl14representing a 26 bp deletion.\nB: Cross-section through the spinal cord (white dashed line incdepicts approximate location) ofgpr56WISH embryo at 2 dpf showsgpr56expression in the spinal cord midline (white arrow) and in bands consistent with neural precursors (black arrows).\nC: Diagram of the zebrafishgpr56gene (top) and protein (bottom) structures. TALENs used to generategpr56zebrafish mutants targeted between the 8th and 9th exons (text in red). Gpr56 contains a signal sequence (ss), GPCR Autoproteolysis-Inducing Domain (GAIN), GPCR Proteolytic Site (GPS) and the canonical 7-Transmembrane Domain (7TM).\nD: Amino-acid sequence alignment of the GPS motif from representative species showing perfect conservation of the Trp residue that is deleted in thegpr56stl13/stl13allele (highlighted yellow). Mutation of the second, highly conserved Trp residue within the GPS causes BFPP (black arrowhead).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms7122_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5521", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Cell-based transport assays of wild-type full-length XylE as well as D27, R133 and E206 mutants. (3H)-D-xylose uptake was normalized to wild type based on protein amount using western blot analysis. Error bars (n⩾5) represent s.e.m.\nB: In the crystal structure of the inward open conformation at an acidic pH, Asp27 is partially protonated and no longer interacts with Arg133. (d,e) Movements of the backbone of four different subdomains from TMD simulations measured as RMSF from the initial conformation with deprotonated Asp27 indand protonated Asp27 ine. Each subdomain and the corresponding RMSF line are shown with the same colour code: periplasmic N-subdomain (blue); cytoplasmic N-subdomain (green); periplasmic C-subdomain (red); cytoplasmic C-subdomain (orange). Protonation of Asp27 is likely the trigger for the rapid conformational change and substrate release.\nC: In the crystal structure of the outward partially occluded conformation at a basic pH, the deprotonated Asp27 interacts with Arg133.\nD: A possible mechanism for proton release from Asp27 through a water wire trapped inside the solvent cavity of XylE to the cytoplasm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5521_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13042", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: In-gel fluorescence analysis of HEK293T cells transiently transfected with WT BACE1 or WT CatD and photolabelled with 1 μM PF-7802 (top).\nB: In-gel fluorescence analysis of ARPE-19 cells transfected with CatD siRNA (si-CatD) or control siRNA (si-control) and photolabelled with 100 nM PF-7802. Cells treated with si-CatD showed a reduction in PF-7802 labelling relative to mock and si-control transfected cells. For CatD and actin western blots seeSupplementary Fig. 4.\nC: SILAC mass spectrometry ratios for proteins identified from live ARPE-19 cells pretreated with DMSO or 2 μM PF-9283 and photolabelled with 100 nM PF-7802, followed by click chemistry with biotin-azide, enrichment with streptavidin, and on-bead trypsin digest. Light (n=3) or heavy (n=1) cells were pretreated with PF-9283 and the corresponding control cells were treated with DMSO. SILAC ratios are the median of at least five peptides per protein identification for four independent experiments.\nD: MS2spectrum of peptide MGMDIPPPSGPL covalently modified within the sequence MGMD by incubation of 2.2 μM purified human CatD with 2 μM PF-7802. PF-7802 only modified CatD at this sequence (indicated by + 562 Da in b4+daughter ionm/z), which is not conserved in BACE1 (see alsoSupplementary Figs 6–8).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13042_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2822", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Binding model of FTO-m6A.\nB: Binding model comparison of m6A overlay with m3T.\nC: Binding model comparison of hm6A overlay with m3T. Positions of the targeting methyl in m6A and hm6A are highlighted in dashed blue and red circles, respectively; the targeting methyl in m3T is highlighted in dashed magenta circles. Protein structure is shown in cartoon and active-site residues in sticks. Left panels use the m3T coordinate as in the FTO crystal structure (PDB ID: 3LFM) to prepare the initial location of the base in the FTO simulation through the following steps: fix the sugar ring position in 3LFM and mutate m3T to m3C, m6A, and hm6A, respectively. Right panels use the base coordinates from aligned AlkB crystal structures (PDB ID: 3O1P for εA, and 3O1O for m3T): align FTO and AlkB, take the aligned positions of m3T and εA as the starting point and mutate εA to m6A and hm6A, respectively.\nD: Binding model of FTO-hm6A. m6A and hm6A is highlighted in dashed blue and red circles.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2822_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9076", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: As in (a), but with 100 ms intervals.\nB: Quantification of coincidence detection. Relative number of spikes compared with condition ZERO, when both stimuli were applied together (n=11 cells). Statistics were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (*P<0.05,**P<0.01, ***P<0.001).\nC: As in (a), but with 50 ms intervals.\nD: Antidromic stimulation (black bars) of the postsynaptic cell 10 ms before, during and 10 ms after the light stimulation (purple trace).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9076_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12074", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Determination of detection sensitivity through analysis of RP using 0.6% agarose gel electrophoresis.\nB: Analysis of assay specificity using the colourimetric assay. The gram-negative bacteria used wereSerratia fonticola(SF),Achromobacter xylosoxidans(AX),Yersinia ruckeri(YR) andHafnia alvei(HA). The gram-positive bacteria used wereLeuconostoc mesenteroides(LM) andPediococcus acidilactici(PA).\nC: RCA reactions of rD2C1 in the presence ofE. coli(105cells ml−1) analyzed using 0.6% agarose gel electrophoresis. Note every reaction also contained PNK and dNTPs. L, DNA ladders ranging from 1 to 10 kbp; RP, RCA product.\nD: Determination of detection sensitivity via the colourimetric assay enabled by PW17 peroxidase DNAzyme.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12074_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14633", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: iSBH(0B)SAM-ASOλ-HBG1 and iSBH(0B)SAM-ASOτ-IL1B containing different ASO-sensing loops were supplemented with decoy ASO, ASOλ, ASOτ or a combination of ASOλ+ASOτ. Orthogonal regulation ofHBG1andIL1Btranscription was observed in the presence of matching ASOs compared with a control nv-SCR sgRNA. For (b,d)n=3 biological replicates for each condition (mean±s.d.). Quantification of cell fractions expressing EYFP, ECFP or both EYFP and ECFP relevant to conditions inb,dis displayed inSupplementary Fig. 8. For (c,e)n=3 biological replicates (× 3 technical replicates) (mean±s.d.).\nB: Parallel activation of target genes using ASO-responsive iSBH-sgRNAs (branching module). iSBH(0B)ASOδ-CTS1 and iSBH(0B)ASOδ-CTS2 containing a shared sensing loop were co-transfected with dCas9-VP64 and the dual-reporter system. Decoy ASO or trigger ASOδ were delivered to cells 24 h post transfection. Parallel experiments using iSBH-sgRNAs with mutant sensing loops (iSBH(0B)ASOm-CTS1 and iSBH(0B)ASOm-CTS2) were carried out to confirm the specificity of the observed effects.\nC: Schematic of theiSBHfoldalgorithm. Based on user-specified spacer sequences and desired iSBH secondary structure, the software employs a genetic algorithm to evolve a pool of potential ASO sensing loops. The resulting sequences are compatible with optimal iSBH structures across multiple spacers.\nD: Implementation of an orthogonal gene activation module using ASO-responsive iSBH-sgRNAs. iSBH(0B)ASOβ-CTS1 and iSBH(0B)ASOα-CTS2 containing distinct sensing loop were supplemented 24 h post transfection with a decoy ASO, ASOβ, ASOα or a combination of ASOβ+ASOα.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14633_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3767", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Chemical ritualization turned the cue into a signal. (−)-iridomyrmecin and minor components are actively released by virgin females. The relative composition of (−)-iridomyrmecin and the minor components increases the reliability of the signal and creates a species-specific signal. Males ofL. heterotomadiscriminate between species and show courtship behaviour only towards conspecific females.\nB: (−)-iridomyrmecin is used as a defensive compound by females ofL. heterotomaandL. boulardi.\nC: (−)-iridomyrmecin is leaking from the reservoir in small amounts in non-defensive contexts. Females ofL. heterotomause (−)-iridomyrmecin as a semiochemical cue to avoid competition with con- and heterospecific females.\nD: Males ofL. heterotomause (−)-iridomyrmecin as a semiochemical cue to locate females. At this ancestral stage, males are not yet able to discriminate between the species based on the chemical cue.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3767_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7481", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Zoom-in on the detailed interactions of mC5a helix H2 with NOX-D20 at the bottom of the Spiegelmer’s binding cavity.\nB: Detailed interactions between mC5a helix H3 and the Spiegelmer stem domain.\nC: Direct SPR measurement of the binding affinities of NOX-D20 for relevant mC5a mutants compared with WT mC5a using immobilized mC5a and increasing NOX-D20 concentrations. The weak interaction with mC5a S697A is shown in the magnified inset.\nD: Detailed interactions between mC5a helices H1–H2 and the Spiegelmer G-quadruplex.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7481_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1114", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: 1 M aq. NaOH, MeOH, 5 °C to room temperature, 12–16 h (5and6, 60%, based on recovered starting material, and 94%, respectively).\nB: AcCl, dry MeOH, dry DCM, 5 °C to room temperature, 48 h;\nC: NBS, DMSO/H2O (2.5:1), −30 °C, 2 h (38% di-equatorial bromohydrin8, 28% di-axial bromohydrin);\nD: Bu3SnAll, AIBN, dry toluene, N2, 100 °C, 8 h (57%);", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms1114_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2900", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Chemical biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Ball-and-stick representation showing AChBP residues on principal and complementary subunits interacting with the double stack of VUF9432 (colours as ina).\nB: Superposition of the four ligand binds site binding triple stacks of VUF9432 (grey cartoon and sticks) and the one binding the double stack of molecule (yellow cartoon and sticks), showing the movement of the Y186 to accommodate the third molecule of the stack.\nC: Electron density map displaying VUF9432 molecules in the ligand-binding site formed by subunit B and C (experimental density contoured at 1 σ).\nD: Interaction of an AChBP-VUF9432 molecule with the symmetry-related molecule that form intermolecular contacts. The open C-loop of subunit B contacts the F-loop of a symmetry-related molecules. The bound VUF9432 molecules are shown in ball and sticks.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2900_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13419", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Blinded histological score of inflammation (n=6 to 7 per group; crosses indicate the mean while horizontal lines indicate the median; comparison by Mann–Whitney two-tailed test; *P<0.05).\nB: Representative histological sections of the distal colon of germ-free (GF)Il10−/−mice mono-associated with or withoutA. parvulum.\nC: Representative histological sections of the cecum and colon ofIl10−/−mice under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions that were either associated with (+) or without (−)A. parvulum.\nD: Macroscopic monitoring of inflammation with a murine endoscope (data is representative of two animals).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13419_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6223", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Salt-bridge interactions that occur in the 3QDG/DMF5 orientation of the RD1-MART1:MART1/HLA-A2 complex.\nB: Insertion of tryptophan W101α of RD1-MART1 into the interface between MART1 and HLA-A2 in the 3QDG/DMF5 orientation.\nC: Specific hydrogen bonding and salt-bridge interactions are shown for A6-c134:Tax/HLA-A2.\nD: The absence of tryptophan insertion in RD1-MART1 when Tax replaces MART1 in the HLA-A2 complex (4FTV/A6-c134 orientation).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6223_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13858", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Complex logic function for the 3-input system showing the concentration-dependent correlation between inducers (Ara, IPTG, 3OC6-HSL) and output signals. The maximum GFP output is achieved by IPTG only (cI5C6Aactivates GFP expression) and the minimum GFP output by arabinose only (cI represses GFP expression). In an analogous manner, the maximum mCherry output is obtained by 3OC6-HSL (cI5G6G,Pactivates mCherry expression) and the minimum mCherry output is with Ara only (cI represses mCherry expression). As expected, combinations of the inducers resulted in intermediate GFP and mCherry expression levels, in an inducer-dependent manner. The three inducer concentrations used for the on state (1) were 0.1% Ara, 0.01 mM IPTG and 1.0 μM 3OC6-HSL. All data represent the average of four replicates and error bars correspond to 1 s.d. between the measurements.\nB: Experimental data for the 2-input system illustrating the concentration-dependent response of GFP and mCherry.\nC: Design of a 3-input network. This network consists of three sensors, an integrated circuit with three cI variants operating on two unidirectional promoters, and two reporter genes.\nD: Design of a 2-input gene network. Two sensors act on an integrating circuit with two cI variants operating on a bidirectional promoter and two reporter genes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13858_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4102", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CRD to wire outputs of RAG (conditioned response) andPSal-gfp(unconditioned response) together. Salicylate (Sal) evokes the GFP expression regardless of theMemorystate, while arabinose (Ara)-induced GFP expression isMemory-dependent. Inset: simplified diagram for the CRD. The inducers in (c) and (d) were arabinose (10−3, 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, 10−8and 10−9M) and salicylate (10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, 10−8, 10−9and 10−10M). Cells were assayed using flow cytometry in all the above experiments. Measurements are from three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d.\nB: Memoryreading-out performed by the sub-circuit comprising GTS and RAG. Arabinose (Ara) triggers GFP expression if and only ifMemoryis ON; on the other hand, salicylate (Sal) cannot evoke output regardless of theMemorystate. Inset: simplified diagram for theMemoryreading-out sub-circuit.\nC: The LD to perform the input/Memoryfunction. Different association degrees of Sal (Food) and Ara (Ring) cause corresponding fractions ofMemory-ON cells in a single simultaneous exposure. The flipping fraction tends to decrease when combinations of lower salicylate and/or arabinose concentrations were applied. The exposure induction was saturated (overnight) to maximize theMemoryflipping. The inducers were arabinose (Ara; 10−3, 10−4, 10−5and 10−6M) and salicylate (Sal; 10−4, 10−5, 10−6and 10−7M). The scale bar shows the fraction ofMemory-ON cells.\nD: The dynamics of the LD under periodic ‘training’ (induction-relaxation treatment). For each session of training, cells were exposed to salicylate and arabinose (Ara+Sal) for 2 h; then, inducers were washed away and the cells were relaxed by at least 10-hour growth in fresh medium. The percentage ofMemory-ON cells was assayed after overnight growth. As controls, ‘training’ using arabinose only (Ara), salicylate only (Sal) and water only were also performed. The concentrations of salicylate and arabinose were 10−4M and 10−3M, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4102_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2939", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: A perturbation to a given initial condition (magenta arrow) results in a perturbation of its orbit (green arrow) at the point of closest approach to the target. At every step, we seek to identify a perturbation to the initial condition that brings the closest-approach point of the orbit closer to the target.\nB: State space portrait. In the absence of control, the network at an initial statex0evolves to an undesirable equilibriumxuin then-dimensional state space (red curve). By perturbing the initial state (orange arrow), the network reaches a new statethat evolves to the desired target statex*(blue curve).\nC: This process generates orbits that are increasingly closer to the target (dashed curves), and is repeated until a perturbed stateis identified that evolves to the target. The resulting compensatory perturbationx0→(orange arrow) brings the system to the attraction basin of the target without anya prioriinformation about its location, and allows directing the network to a state that is not directly accessible by any eligible perturbation.\nD: Network portrait. The goal is to drive the network to a desired state by perturbing nodes in acontrol set—a set consisting of one or more nodes accessible to compensatory perturbations.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms2939_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3503", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Growth of five integration clones on 2% degraded alginate medium. BAL 1075 was used as a negative control for these growth assays. Clones 1–3 were derived through the plasmid delivery method, and clones 4–5 were obtained through phage delivery.\nB: Relationship between integration efficiency and cassette length. Efficiency is represented as the percent of kanamycin-resistant colonies that also exhibited sensitivity to chloramphenicol by either plasmid delivery (red squares) or phage delivery (blue diamonds). Error bars represent s.d. from at least three replicate platings.\nC: Colony PCR verification of integrated strains across the ldhA junction. BAL 1075ldhA::loxP-cat-lox5171was used as a negative control for the PCR reactions. Expected product sizes are as follows—A (left end verification): 588 bp; B (right end verification): 608 bp; C (ldhA::loxP-cat-lox5171cassette): no product expected if correct or 471 bp if integration failed. Because similar results were found for all 10 strains tested, only one representative set is shown.\nD: In the first step, thecatgene flanked by two mutually exclusiveloxsites (‘targeting cassette’) is incorporated into the bacterial genome through arabinose induction of the λ-RED recombination genes (on pKD46). With plasmid delivery, this strain is subsequently transformed with both pJW168 and the donor plasmid carrying thelox-flanked genetic fragment (in this case, pALG3.4), then grown at 30 °C with IPTG to induce Cre recombinase expression. With phage delivery, P1virlysates are prepared from a recipient strain containing pALG3.4 and subsequently used to infect a recipient strain induced for Cre recombinase expression. In both cases, the temperature-sensitive plasmid pJW168 is lost following plating on kanamycin and growth at 37 °C.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3503_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15028", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The survival rate of each treatment group was quantified until all the nematodes in the infection group had died (96 h). The significance of the results was determined by the Mantel–Haenszel log-rank test followed by Bonferroni’s correction. Statistically significant differences in survival among the groups were not observed. The data from three independent experiments are shown (n=80–100). *P<0.001.\nB: At 24 h post-infection, the nematodes were divided into the following treatment groups; untreated (PA); treated with engineered EcN SED and its control that expresses either E7 alone, S5 & E7 only (SE), DspB & E7 (dspB) or Sensor mutant (disrupted lasR with S5, E7 and dspB gene intact). Representative images of nematodes treated with all the variants of EcN are shown to demonstrate the clearance ofP. aeruginosa(GFP). The scale bars represent 100 μm.\nC: C. eleganswere given the following for 24 h and viewed by fluorescence microscopy:\nD: Fluorescence images ofC.elegansshow the localization of (i) wild-type Nissle expressing mRFP1; (ii)P. aeruginosa(PA) expressing GFP. m=mouth. The scale bars represent 100 μm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms15028_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1687", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: The GFP fluorescence distribution of the cells containing the P[tetO]1-in-GAL1–rtTA (green dashed lines) and P[tetO]3-in-GAL1–rtTA (red lines) constructs was measured at high and intermediate doxycycline concentrations.\nB: The direct effect of the number of activator binding sites. The reporter lacZ under P[tetO]1-in-GAL1or P[tetO]3-in-GAL1was activated by constitutively expressed rtTA. (f–h) The retroactive effect of the number of activator binding sites. P[tetO]1-in-GAL1and P[tetO]3-in-GAL1feedback circuits were activated with doxycycline in raffinose medium for 6 h.\nC: The ON cell percentages measured at 5 μM doxycycline; displayed as inb,n=6.\nD: Schemes of the synthetic gene circuits. BS stands for binding sites.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1687_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4612", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Systems biology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Relative GFP output of the Deg-On system as a function of tetracycline concentration and TetR half-life.\nB: Relative GFP output of theeDeg-On system as a function of tetracycline concentration assuming tTA half-life of 1, 3 and 5 h.\nC: Relative GFP output of theeDeg-On system as a function of tTA half-life and assuming exposure to 0.3, 0.1 and 0.05 μg ml−1tetracycline.\nD: Relative GFP output of the Deg-On system as a function of TetR half-life assuming cell exposure to 0.3, 0.1 and 0.05 μg ml−1tetracycline.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4612_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14240", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: PfPARE is expressed in asexual parasites. Live fluorescence microscopy with GFP-tagged PfPARE shows the protein is in the cytoplasm. Scale bar 5 μm.\nB: Structural model of PfPARE generated by the Robetta Protein Structure Prediction Server. The gradual colour changes (from blue N-terminus to red) trace the sequence. The side-chains of the three catalytic residues (S179, D308, H338) are drawn as red sticks. Residues mutated in resistant parasites are in grey.\nC: Concentration-responses of parental parasites (black), wild-type allelic replacement (blue), L357P allelic replacement (green) or active-site S179T allelic replacement (orange) to PHE. EC50values were measured with a flow cytometry-based assay. Inhibition data (parent, wild-type) were fit to a sigmoidal concentration-response curve. Error bars show s.d. ± indicates standard errors calculated for the biological triplicates of the experiment shown.N=2.\nD: Western blot of wild-type, L357P or S179T GFP-tagged PfPARE using an α-GFP antibody. The protein is expressed from the endogenous promoter. The predicted MW of the PfPARE-GFP fusion is 69 kDa. HAD1 (33 kDa) is a loading control.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14240_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4739", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Toxicity of six test compounds against THLE-2 cells expressing multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes on the chip: scanned image of the chip containing THLE-2 cells exposed to adenoviruses and compounds.\nB: Dose-response curves for the six compounds (n=3, replicated 4 times).\nC: Toxicity of six test compounds against THLE-2 cells expressing single drug-metabolizing enzymes on the TeamChip: scanned image of the chip containing THLE-2 cells exposed to adenoviruses and compounds.\nD: Dose-response curves for the six compounds (n=3, replicated four times). UGT1A4, P450 Mix and All Mix were expressed in THLE-2 cells on the chip by exposing Ad-UGT1A4 (15 MOI), Ad-P450 Mix (3 MOI each) and Ad-All Mix (3 MOI each). Adenovirus carrying CMV promoter alone (Ad-Null, no drug-metabolizing enzyme expressed) was used as a parent compound-alone control.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4739_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14859", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Body weight of pair-fed andad libitum-fed animals.\nB: Lipid tolerance tests were performed by oral gavage of 200 μl olive oil and subsequent determination of acylglycerol levels in plasma of control and ATGLi mice (n=5 per group).\nC: Faeces of mice were sampled on 3 consecutive days and analysed for the excreted energy using a bomb calorimeter (n=8 per group).\nD: Lipid absorption was determined on 3 consecutive days using sucrose polybehenate (5% of dietary fat, w/w) as internal standard in the HFD. Fat absorption is calculated from the ratios of behenic acid to other FA in diet and faeces, analysed by gas chromatography of FA methyl esters (n=9 per group).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14859_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15398", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: as in (b) using parental HEK293T (lane 1–3) or two independent pools of HEK293T cells with genetic inactivation of CRBN by CRISPR/Cas9 (shown is one representative experiment out of two replicates).\nB: MM.1S cells were treated with increasing concentrations of lenalidomide or with DMSO. Following 24 h of incubation, ZFP91 and GAPDH levels were detected by anti-ZFP91 and anti-GAPDH western blot (shown is one representative experiment out of three replicates).\nC: as in (b) but with co-treatment of bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor, lanes 4, 5) or MLN4924 (inhibitor of the NEDD8-activating enzyme, lanes 6,7). Shown is one representative experiment out of three replicates.\nD: HEK293T cells were treated with 50μg ml−1cycloheximide and increasing concentrations of lenalidomide, thalidomide or with DMSO, and cells were incubated for 6 h. ZFP91 and GAPDH levels were detected using anti-ZFP91 or anti-GAPDH immunoblotting (shown is one representative experiment out of five replicates).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15398_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6736", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: EXE, LTZ and ANA (all 100 μM) increase the CGRP-LI outflow from spinal cord slices obtained fromTrpa1+/+, but not fromTrpa1−/−mice. Results are mean±s.e.m. of at least four independent experiments. Veh is the vehicle of EXE, LTZ and ANA, dash (-) indicates the vehicle of HC and CPS.§P<0.05 versus Veh, *P<0.05 versus EXE, LTZ or ANA; ANOVA followed by Bonferronipost hoctest.#P<0.05 versus EXE-, LTZ-, ANA-Trpa1+/+, Student’st-test.\nB: In C57BL/6 mice intraplantar (i.pl.) injection (20 μl) of EXE (10 nmol), LTZ (20 nmol) or allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; 10 nmol) induces paw oedema, which peaks at 60 min and fades 120 min after injection (c, upper insets), and is attenuated by pretreatment with HC (100 mg kg−1intraperitoneal, i.p.) or the combination of the selective antagonists of the neurokinin-1 receptor, (NK1-RA), L-733,060, and of the CGRP receptor (CGRP-RA), CGRP8-37, (both, 2 μmol kg−1, intravenous).\nC: Injection (50 μl) of EXE (5 nmol) or LTZ (10 nmol) in the rat knee increases CGRP-LI levels in the synovial fluid, an effect that is markedly attenuated by pretreatment with HC (100 mg kg−1, i.p.). Results are mean±s.e.m. of at least five mice for each group. Veh is the vehicle of EXE and LTZ, dash (-) indicates the vehicle of HC.§P<0.05 versus Veh, *P<0.05 versus EXE, LTZ; ANOVA followed by Bonferronipost hoctest.\nD: Exemestane (EXE), letrozole (LTZ) and anastrozole (ANA) (all 100 μM) increase the CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) outflow from slices of rat dorsal spinal cord. This effect is prevented by HC-030031 (HC; 30 μM) or after exposure to capsaicin (10 μM, 20 min; CPS-des).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6736_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12761", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Covalent binding of ligation product after epoxide opening.\nB: Deconvoluted ESI-mass spectrum of the 3C protease after incubation with warhead1and fragment2. Main mass signal at 21,811.5 Da corresponds to the mass of the protein complex +1+2. (d–f) Three-dimensional illustrations of fragment binding to the S1 pocket of CV3B 3C protease obtained by docking experiments.\nC: Over-additive inhibition of Coxsackie virus protease by combination of warhead1and fragment2.1and2alone are virtually inactive.\nD: Non-covalent binding of the fragment ligation product.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12761_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15482", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative ITC experiments showing the binding of3towards the indicated BD. The values indicated forKdandNrepresent the mean and s.d. from three independent experiments. See alsoSupplementary Table 1.\nB: Dose–response experiments showing the effect of3on Bdf1 mutant strains. Met/Cys or doxycyline were added to repress expression from thepMET(top) orpTetO(bottom) promoter, respectively. Data represent mean and s.d. values from three independent experiments.\nC: Chemical structure of compound3.\nD: Crystal structure ofCaBdf1 BD1 (violet) bound to3(Senantiomer) and alignment with CaBdf1 BD1 bound to1and with human Brd4 BD1 (green). Side chains are shown forCaBdf1 residues in contact with3and for the corresponding Brd4 residues if divergent fromCaBdf1. Inset, simulated-annealing omitFo-Fcdensity for compound3contoured at 3σ.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15482_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3196", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Glutamate uptake analysis showing that both types of astroglia were capable of glutamate uptake. Notice that NPC-Astros showing glutamate uptake at a higher rate at the 30-min time point than Olig2PC-Astros (n=4). This uptake capability is Na+-dependent and can be abolished by the Na+-free solution.\nB: Left panels, representative Olig2PC-Astros and NPC-Astros cultured in adhesion. Notice the different morphology of the two types of astroglial cells. Middle panels, representative Olig2PC-Astros and NPC-Astros cultured in suspension. Right panels, representatives showing that both Olig2PC-Astros and NPC-Astros are supportive for the growth of hESC-derived neurons. Scale bars represent 250 μm. (b–d) The expression of HOXB4, OTX2 and NKX2.1 in S100β+Olig2-Astros and NPC-Astros. Blue, DAPI-stained nuclei. Scale bars represent 50 μm.\nC: Quantitative analysis of the proliferation rate of Olig2PC-Astro and NPC-Astros relative to HEK 293 cells. Notice that NPC-Astros proliferate more robustly than Olig2PC-Astros when cultured with either BMP4 or FBS (n=4).\nD: Using Cs+internal solution, the outward current is eliminated. The inward currents in Olig2PC-Astros are then recorded with the cells held at −70 mV. To maximally activate the inward currents, a 100-ms preconditioning pulse at −100 mV is delivered to the recorded cells before voltage steps (stepped from −70 to +50 mV at 10 mV increments for 50 ms). The representative traces show that the inward currents are reversibly blocked by TTX. The traces are presented after leak subtraction. Student’st-test, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. NS represents no significance. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3196_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1499", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Drug discovery", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: ISAandIEOAlimit accessibility of haem to small molecules. A typical low-temperature (77 K) EPR spectrum of cytc/TOCL complexes in the presence of Angeli's salt (left panel). Effects ofISAandIEOAon haem-nitrosylation of cytc/TOCL induced by nitroxyl (HNO) generated from Angeli's salt (right panel). Data are means±s.d.,n=3, *P<0.05 versus control (noISAandIEOAadded).\nB: Liquid-He EPR evidence for ligation change in cytchaem-iron. X-band liquid-He (20 K) EPR spectra of cytc.\nC: A typical low-temperature EPR spectrum of protein-immobilized (tyrosine) radicals (left panel). Assessments of protein-immobilized (tyrosine) radicals by low-temperature (77 K) EPR spectroscopy (right panel).\nD: A typical EPR spectrum of etoposide phenoxyl radicals (left panel). Assessments of peroxidase activity of cytc/TOCL by H2O2-induced oxidation of etoposide using EPR spectroscopy (right panel).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1499_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8140", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Schematic outline of the shRNA screen against corresponding genes of the satellite cell proteome. Phenotypic scores are calculated as ratios of Pax7+/DAPI+nuclei for each well.\nB: Mass spectrometry (MS)-based identification of MuSC-enriched proteins (Proteome SC) using samples from fractionated skeletal muscles including purified myotubes, Pax7-GFP−mononuclear cells, percoll-gradient purified and Pax7-GFP+MuSC.\nC: Immunofluorescence validation of identified proteins (red) counterstained with Pax7 antibody (green) and DAPI (blue; scale bar, 20 μm).\nD: shRNA knockdown identifies 90 and 30 candidate genes causing down- and upregulation of Pax7+/DAPI+ratios, respectively. P.i., post infection; Pos, positive.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8140_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7170", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: NR2F1 inhibits MMTV-Myc tumour sphere formation capacity. MMTV-myc cells stably expressing an empty vector control or murine NR2F1 cDNA were inoculated orthotopically in syngeneic FvB mouse (1,000 cells per mouse). Tumour size was measured daily and the final tumour size is shown. In all panels, experiments were performed a minimum of two times. V, vector, *P<0.05, unpairedt-test.N=6 per condition,y=tumour volume.\nB: Same cells as in panelc, were cultured in mammosphere conditions and quantified (top left), and 8 days later cells were analysed by FACS for CD29 high and CD24-low markers (top right), and quantified and imaged (bottom left and right). Pictures show MMTV-myc mammoespheres. V, vector, ***P<0.0005, unpairedttest.n=3 wells per condition,y=number of spheres per conditions. Scale bars, 200 μm. Unless stated, all data are representative of at least triplicate independent experiments±s.d. and QPCR:n=3 RNA replicates per condition. Mann–Whitney test was used forin vivoexperiments.\nC: Expression of SOX2 and NANOG in proliferative versus dormant HEp3 sublines. Cells were grown in complete medium and RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA. SOX2 and NANOG mRNA levels were measured by QPCR. ***P<0.0005, *P<0.05, **P<0.005, unpairedt-test. Lung: a line derived from HEp3 lung DTCs (proliferative). BM: a line derived from HEp3 BM DTCs (dormant).\nD: AzaC+atRA treatment requires NR2F1 to induce SOX2 and NANOG. T-HEp3 cells treated with AzaC+atRA or PBS/DMSO were transfected with siControl or siNR2F1, and SOX2 and NANOG mRNAs were detected by QPCR.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7170_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10774", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: ISL1+CVP clone transfected with siRNAs targetingEDN1,EDNRAorEDNRBshowed∼≥60% decrease in the number of ISL1+/CD24−/Pan-Neuronal−cells compared with control RNAi, where a non-targeting siRNA was transfected. The CVP cells were transfected on alternate days with a final concentration of 60 nM of respective siRNAs. Cells were collected for flow cytometric analysis on day 10. Bars, s.d.;n=3 experiments. *P=0.0002 and **P=0.0001, evaluated by Student’st-test.\nB: Immunocytochemistry demonstrating high expressions of EDNRA and EDNRB receptors (stained red) for EDN1 in ISL1+CVPs. EDNRA and EDNRB staining in siRNA-treated ISL1+CVPs serves as negative control. Cell nuclei (blue) were stained with 4,6-diamindino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Flow cytometric analysis of ISL1+cells in EBs. Human ESCs differentiated in media containing EDN1 showed high percentages (≥70%) of cells, which were negative for both CD24 and Pan-Neuronal surface antigens. Error bars indicate s.d.,n=3 experiments. **P<0.001, evaluated by Student’st-test.\nD: Immunofluorescence on week 11 human fetal heart shows strong expression of EDN1 (stained red) at both OFT and right ventricle (RV). Enlarged images (indicated by yellow boxes) show small clusters of ISL1+CVPs in the walls of OFT.n=3 experiments. Scale bars, 100 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10774_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10924", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Cumulative data of the frequency of GFP+LSK cells in GFP+ cells (left) and GFP+SLAM LSK cells in GFP+ cells (right);N=4–5 mice.Pvalues were calculated using two-tailed unpairedt-test.\nB: Contribution of EV, WT, R882H and R882C to PB chimerism in primary competitive transplants, measured at monthly intervals. (N=5–6 mice).Pvalues were calculated using two-tailed unpairedt-test.\nC: Cell cycle analysis shows the percentage of cells in G0 status is increasing (left) and the percentage of Ki67 positive cells is decreasing in R882 mutant-transduced HSCs (gated by GFP+LSK) (right) compared with EV- and WT-transduced ones. (EV and R882H:N=5; WT:N=4; and R882C:N=3 mice).Pvalues were calculated using two-tailed unpairedt-test.\nD: Cumulative data of the frequency of GFP+SLAM LSK cells in GFP+ cells in secondary transplantation. (EV:N=5; WT:N=4; and R882H:N=10 mice).Pvalues were calculated using two-tailed unpairedt-test. EV indicates empty vector; PB, peripheral blood; w, weeks; WT, wild-type; SLAM LSK, CD150+, CD48−, Lineage−, Sca1+, c-kit+. Data are mean±s.d. values. *P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms10924_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13096", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Experimental design for partial body irradiation. Mice exposed to AIR were treated with WT orPorcn-null BMMΦ CM at 1 and 24 h post exposure.\nB: HE-stained representative transverse sections of duodenum, jejunum and ileum fromCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice (n=3 per group). Note, restitution on crypt villus structure in irradiatedCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice receiving WT BMMΦ CM. However, treatment withPorcn-null BMMΦ CM or αMEM growth medium showed significant loss of crypts along with villi denudation.\nC: Histogram demonstrating number of crypts mm−1in duodenal, jejuna, and illeul sections ofCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice. IrradiatedCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice receiving WT BMMΦ CM showed less crypt loss compared with mice receivingPorcn-null BMMΦ CM (Duodenum *P<6.86E−07, Jejunum **P<7.89E−08 and Ileum ***P<8.16E−08) or αMEM growth medium (Duodenum *P<7.92E−08, Jejunum **P<8.26E−07 and Ileum ***P<8.96E−09; unpairedt-test, two-tailed).\nD: Kaplan–Meier survival analysis ofCsf1r.iCre;Porcnfl/flmice (n=10 per group) receiving CM (500 μl per mice i.v.) derived from WT orPorcn-null BMMΦ at 1 h and 48 h post AIR (18 Gy). Mice receiving WT BMMΦ CM showed 60% survival beyond 20 days compared with mice receivingPorcn-null BMMΦ CM or EV-depleted WT BMMΦ CM, where 100% of mice died within 12 days after irradiation (P<0.002 andP<0.003, respectively, Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test). Reagent used for chemical depletion of EV did not confer any toxicity to normal mice.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13096_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7188", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Top panel—Scheme of the experiment: siRNA transfections targeting genes identified as key downregulated nodes or control (anti-luciferase) were performed on days +1, +4 and +7. Cells were treated with AA between day 0 and day 2 before switching to DMSO containing media until day 10. Bottom panel—Quantification of Nanog-GFP-positive cells obtained on day 10. Dotted line represents Nanog-GFP-positive levels obtained in control treatment (AA switched to 2i). Error bars represent standard deviation from three to five biological replicates. Asterisk indicates significance *P<0.05 assessed byt-test.\nB: Top panel—Scheme of the experiment: siRNA transfections targeting genes identified as key downregulated nodes or control (anti-luciferase) were performed on days +1, +4 and +7. Day of exposure to media containing AA alone was day 0. Bottom panel—Quantification of Nanog-GFP-positive cells obtained on day 10. Dotted line represents the per cent Nanog-GFP-positive cell levels obtained in control treatment (AA+2i). Error bars represent standard deviation from two to four biological replicates. **P<0.01 assessed byt-test.\nC: Bar graph of downregulated nodes shared by 2i (blue) and AA+2i (green). The number of edges for each node is indicated on theyaxis.\nD: Networks generated from overlaying downregulated gene expression data onto protein interaction from the STRING database. A zoomed-in view of the Egfr node and its edges is presented. Orange=shared between the AA+2i and AA network, blue=shared between the AA+2i and 2i networks, green=unique to the AA+2i network, pink=shared in all networks.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7188_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14091", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (n)?\nA: Lgr5+progeny cells (mT−/mG+) formed clones in newly formed epithelium at PWD-30. (o,p) Lgr5+progeny cells participated in the neogenic HF in wounds (o), and the number of Lgr5+progeny cells in different neogenic HFs varied greatly as follows: the neogenic HFs without or with less than 3% of Lgr5+lineage cells comprised 53% of all analysed neogenic HFs (50 in 94), and those with 3–30%, 30–60%, 60–90% and over 90% of Lgr5+lineage cells comprised 16% (15 in 94), 19% (18 in 94), 8% (7 in 94) and 4% (4 in 94) of all analysed neogenic HFs, respectively (p). All 94 neogenic HFs were analysed from 5 different Lgr5+cell lineage tracing mice. Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are expressed as the mean±s.e.m. **P<0.01, ***P<0.005, unpairedt-test, two-tailed.\nB: Lgr5+progeny cells (mT−/mG+) migrated from the HF toward the wound area at PWD-7.\nC: Lgr5+cells (mTomato+/mGFP+, mT+/mG+) were mainly located in the ORS of the anagen hair follicle (Anagen V), and the Lgr5+cell lineage cells (mT−/mG+) contributed to all the cellular components of the hair bulb. Lgr5+, Lgr5 expressing cells. Lgr5-L, Lgr5+cell lineage tracing. Scale bars, 20 μm.\nD: Subcutaneous injection of tamoxifen induced HF TAT at the injection site inLgr5-Cre:Ptenflox/floxmice (n=6).", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14091_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14126", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Average expression of 16 pluripotency/differentiation markers in each condition.\nB: ES distribution of miR-294 target genes across miRNA transfected, Dgcr8−/−or WT cells.\nC: Scheme of the bioinformatics and statistical pipeline for single-cell sequence analysis. Briefly, (i) reads are aligned with TopHat software and then (ii) cells with low coverage or with no evidence of miRNA transfection are removed and (iii) finally non-expressed genes are filtered out. Remaining genes are used (iv) for downstream analysis. Details provided in material and methods section.\nD: PCA analysis on filtered and normalized data showing individual cells colour coded by condition. The PCA analysis separates cells according to their condition.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14126_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11164", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Per cent Ki67+ mesenchymal cells are not different betweenM. musculusandA. cahirinusat D10, D15 and D20 (n=5 biological replicates for all time points except D10 and D15,A. cahirinus n=4).\nB: Immunostaining for p27 shows positive nuclear staining inM. musculusmesenchymal cells (i). Cells in the blastemal region ofA. cahirinusare negative for nuclear p27.\nC: Quantification of per cent total p27 nuclear staining in the mesenchyme ofA. cahirinusandM. musculus(n=3 biological replicates for all time points). SeeSupplementary Fig. 9for positive controls (f,i).\nD: Per cent pRb+ mesenchymal cells are greater inA. cahirinusat all time points (n=3 biological replicates for both species at each time point).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11164_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13724", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Representative images showing lectin-labelled blood vessels (green) in control PBS- and Control MP1- or CMMP-treated hearts at 4 weeks. The lectin fluorescent intensities were quantified.n=3 animals per group. Scale Bar, 100 μm.\nB: Representative images showing Ki67-positive cardiomyocyte nuclei (green) in control PBS-, Control MP1- or CMMP-treated hearts at 4 weeks. The numbers of Ki67-positive nuclei were quantified.n=3 animals per group. Scale Bar, 20 μm.\nC: Representative images showing alpha sarcomeric actin (αSA)-positive cardiomyocyte nuclei (green) in control PBS-, Control MP1- or CMMP-treated hearts at 4 weeks. The numbers of αSA-positive nuclei were quantified.n=3 animals per group. Scale Bar, 100 μm.\nD: Representative images showing arterioles stained with alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA, red) in control PBS-, Control MP1- or CMMP-treated hearts at 4 weeks. The numbers of αSMA positive vasculatures were quantified.n=3 animals per group. Scale Bar, 50 μm. * indicatesP<0.05 when compared with CMMP group. All data are mean±s.d. Comparisons among more than two groups were performed using one-way ANOVA followed bypost hocBonferroni test.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13724_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8107", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Stem cells", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: links between germ cell flux and IIS (the effects of germ cell flux that are DAF-16/FOXO dependent may occur through DAF-2/IIR, as indicated by dotted arrow); (ii) relevant DAF-16/FOXO targets in the proximal somatic gonad that signal to the distal stem/progenitor cell pool; and (iii) mechanism by which germ cell flux influences germline progenitors that is independent of proximal somatic gonad DAF-16/FOXO activity. DIC, differential interference contrast.\nB: Representative DIC images of D1 wild-type,daf-16(−),fog-2(−)anddaf-16(−); fog-2(−)germ lines. Arrowhead: normal oocytes. Arrow: stacked oocytes. Alldaf-16(−); fog-2(−)animals show the oocyte stacking phenotype (n>50). Scale bars, 20 μm.\nC: Average number of proliferative zone nuclei in D12fog-2(−)andrde-1(−), fog-2(−); Is[Pfos-1a::rde-1(+)]animals treated with control anddaf-16RNAi. Error bar indicates s.e.m.; *P<0.05; **P<0.01 by two-tailed Student’st-test. Alleles used are as follows:fog-2(oz40),daf-16(mu86)andrde-1(ne219). SeeSupplementary Table 3for complete genotypes and data.\nD: Average number of proliferative zone nuclei in D12 wild-type,daf-16(−),fog-2(−)anddaf-16(−); fog-2(−)animals.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8107_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11484", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Colubrid mimicry arose after both arrival in the NW (oldest black points) and sympatry with coral snakes (red arrow), with increasing accumulation of mimetic lineages over time.\nB: Addition of missing taxa to a single clade recovers greater colour variation and faster phenotypic evolution. Tip state symbols show presence and absence of the red and black colour pattern components, with bicoloured points representing colour polymorphism (grey for absence). Asterisks denote co-occurrence with coral snakes.\nC: Ancestral state reconstructions show that RBB colouration has evolved independently at least 26 times across snakes, including six times outside of New World (NW) colubrids and Elapid coral snakes. Numbers denote phylogenetic placement of corresponding snake images. Species 3 and 6 have sympatric colour polymorphism.\nD: Trait mapping of intraspecific colour variation shows that polymorphism is the most common state and that RBB coloration does not depend on sympatry with coral snakes. Righthand images show four sympatric colour morphs found in populations with RBB polymorphism. The species names, photo credits (used with permission), and field collector/tissue numbers (when available) for the images inaare as follows: (1)Oxyrhopus trigeminus, Laurie J. Vitt, LJV-17825; (2)Erythrolamprus mimus, Edmund D. Brodie III; (3)Sonora mutabilis, Thomas J. Devitt, JAC-23362 and JAC-23363; (4)Micrurus brasiliensis, Donald B. Shepard; (5)Micrurus diastema, Jonathan A. Campbell, JAC-23126; (6)Micrurus multifasciatus, Edmund D. Brodie III; (7)Anilius scytale, Donald B. Shepard. FordtheSonora semiannulatacolour morphs have the following credits from top to bottom: (1) mimetic morph, Yann Surget-Groba, ADR-BAL1M; (2) banded morph, Yann Surget-Groba, ADR-HIL1B; (3) striped morph, Yann Surget-Groba, ADR-Tor1S; (4) uniform morph, Alison R. Davis Rabosky and Christian L. Cox, CLC-291.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11484_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10247", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Field test set-up around the entrance slit of a hive. The landing board, small wooden walls and plastic roof form the sides of the box (open here) used to create a stable atmosphere for odour delivery, which is done through the Falcon tubes. The black leather flag is jiggled via a small motor (not visible on the picture). Two aroused bees can be seen under the flag. Scale bar, 1.5 cm.\nB: Number of stingers embedded on the leather flag depending on the odours blown in front of the hive, normalized per colony (mean±s.e.m.). Lol significantly decreases the number of bees engaging into defence of the colony. ANOVA with repeated measures, Bonferroni-corrected thresholdα=0.017; NS, not significant;P>α, *P<α,n=16 trials per odour treatment.\nC: Percentage of aggressive trials recorded as a function of the odours blown inside the arena. ‘Controls’ include TEC (solvent), IAA (main component of the alarm pheromone) and SAP (sting alarm pheromone). The floral compounds have similar effects when presented alongside SAP (‘SAP+Odourants’) than when they were presented alongside IAA. GLM; NS, not significant;P>0.1, #P=0.067, *P<0.05, **P<0.01,n=48 pairs of bees in each group.\nD: Percentage of aggressive trials recorded as a function of the odours blown inside the arena. ‘Controls’ include TEC (solvent), IAA (alarm pheromone) and None (no odour). ‘Odourants alone’ shows that when the compounds were not associated with IAA, none of them had an impact on aggression. In the ‘IAA+Odourants’ section of the graph, the same compounds are presented alongside the alarm pheromone. PhE and Lol significantly decrease the response to IAA and Lavender to a lesser extent. GLM; NS, not significant;P>0.1, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001,n=128 pairs of bees in the TEC and IAA groups, andn=32 pairs in all the other groups.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10247_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11034", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Maximum pack energy gain per kill (EPK_In) divided by total daily pack energy expenditure including one kill (EP_total) for different pack sizes and compositions (sustainability line at 1).\nB: Total daily hunting time based on number of kills required; based on kill rate and time between hunts (22.58 min), red line indicated 3 h daily hunting boundary.\nC: Number of kills necessary to fulfil daily energy requirement of pack (basal metabolic cost+ranging cost+xtimes kill cost).\nD: Maximum pack energy gain per kill (EPK_In) divided by pack energy expenditure per kill (EPK_Out) for different pack sizes and compositions (40 kg impala, 3.5 kg dog stomach capacity).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11034_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1510", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: At-cieRNAi embryos; the lower one was stained forAt-otdtranscripts (purple) and the cell-lineage tracer FITC–dextran (pink). All embryos in this figure were at germ band-forming stages (corresponding to stage 7) except the embryo in right and middle panels ofd, which was at stage 8. Boxed areas in the upper panels are magnified in the lower panels (b,c,e, left column ofd). White dots indicate the anterior margin (b,d,e), and black dots indicate theAt-hhstripe at the L4 segment (b–f). Scale bars, 100 μm.\nB: Control (gfp) eRNAi embryo stained forAt-hhtranscripts (purple) and the cell-lineage tracer FITC–dextran (pink), which was detected in the presumptive head ectoderm. Embryos shown in the following panels were stained in the same way as this embryo, unless otherwise indicated.\nC: TwoAt-otdeRNAi embryos that experienced having a labelled clone (pink) at the anterior margin of the nascent germ band at stages 6 and 7. The embryo in the left panel was fixed at stage 7, and that in the middle and right was allowed to develop until stage 8 and fixed for staining. The right panel shows the DNA fluorescence image.\nD: At-otdeRNAi embryo in which the labelled cell clone (pink) extended from the L4 segment to the caudal lobe.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1510_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13698", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Zoology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The lengths of legs including the radiusr, and the length of tibia plus tarsuslt.\nB: A water strider (maleAquarius paludumwith a body mass of 37.2 mg and an average length of middle and hind legs of 22.1 mm) that rests and jumps on water. (b–d) Definitions of various lengths considered in this study.\nC: Vertical velocity of the body centreν(open circles) and the average downward velocity of the four legs with respect to the horizontal plane through the body centreνs(filled circles). Error bars indicate standard deviation among four legs.\nD: The wetted length of the leglw.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13698_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12327", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Softmax functions of subjects’ actual (blue) and RL-simple predicted (green) stay rates plotted against lastRR–avgRR illustrates that, overall, subjects’ choices were influenced by the reward rate change in contrast to RL-simple. Overlaid are binned actual and RL-predicted stay rates.\nB: GLM predicting stay choices. As ina,reward rate trend-guided behaviour can be explained by a positive effect of a patch’s most recent value (lastRR) in combination with a negative effect of reward rates in the past (avgRR). RL-predicted choices (green) captured part of the positive influence of lastRR on human subjects (blue), but failed to represent avgRR negatively.\nC: GLM predicting stay choices. Binning the reward history into bins of three time steps relative to the LSD (LSD-1-3, LSD-4-6 and so on) revealed the influence of discrete previous time steps on choice. Opposing effects of recent and past rewards emerged gradually in subjects’ behaviour (blue). A simple-RL model (green) captured positive effects of recent rewards but failed to represent distant rewards as negatively as subjects did. Inset: the reason for the negative impact of early rewards becomes particularly clear when keeping recent rewards stable. The reward trajectory points more upwards the lower its starting position.\nD: Stay rates plotted by optimal choice and categorical reward rate trend. The simple-RL model’s choices (green) were close to random when the reward rate trend was predictive of the optimal choice (stay/increasing and leave/decreasing). It performed similar to subjects (blue) when the reward rate trend had to be ignored. (*P<0.0001; error bars are s.e.m. between subjects).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12327_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13098", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Beta rebound averaged across the prestimulus period is not significantly different after correct and incorrect choices (P=0.84, two-tailed paired permutation test,n=20).\nB: Time-frequency analysis of motor cortex activity contralateral minus ipsilateral to previous trial’s button-press in pairs of consecutive trials. Data from previous trial is aligned to button-press. Data from the current trial are aligned to stimulus onset. Data from consecutive trials are concatenated according to median ITI.Z-scores across subjects (n=20).\nC: Time-course of beta power (12–30 Hz) in motor cortex contra- and ipsilateral to previous trial’s button-press. Activity is normalized by the mean across trials. Shaded areas indicate SEM across participants. Black bar marks a significant difference from 0.7 s after the previous button-press to 4.6 s in the current trial (P=0.002, two-tailed one-sample cluster permutation tests,n=20).\nD: Time-course of the difference in beta power contra- and ipsilateral to the previous trial’s button-press.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms13098_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13526", "category": "Biological sciences", "subject": "Psychology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The non-linear transfer function relating a unit’s input to its corresponding output. The global gain parametergdetermines the slope of this function.\nB: Activation of the losing accumulator at decision commitment plotted as a function of commitment time for each speed regime.\nC: The model represented as a simple two-layer network in which choice-determining accumulation units are subject to recurrent excitation (orange), lateral inhibition (red) and leakage, and all connection strengths are modulated by global network gain (green).\nD: gas a function of elapsed decision time in each speed regime. Informed by the pupil diameter results, there is a static offset ingat the beginning of a DL trial coupled with a time-dependent increase in the DL but not FR regime. All other model parameters are fixed across regimes. Main plot showsgtime courses when the effective time constant of accumulationτis unconstrained and takes a long value (555 ms); inset shows evolution ofgwhenτis constrained to equal 167 ms (see ref.52). (d,e) Observed and fitted RT distributions and conditional accuracy functions. Points inedepict mean±s.e.m. accuracy of trials sorted by RT into 25 equal-sized bins. (f,g) Activation time-courses of the winning and losing accumulator units, simulated using fitted model parameters with unconstrainedτand aligned to motion onset (f) and decision commitment (g, sorted by RT into 3 bins). Global gain modulation qualitatively produces both a pre-motion offset in activation of both accumulators and a time-dependent increase in common activation of both accumulators under deadline.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13526_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2774", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Graph showing LOX activity in blood in mice treated with LOX inhibitor BAPN (n=10, *P<0.01, unpairedT-test).\nB: ECM structure in the control versus BAPN or LOX DNA-treated mouse lungs.top, light (Haematoxylin and eosin-stained) micrographs showing ECM structure of decellularized lung treated with BAPN or LOX DNA (bar, 3 μm).2nd, Immunofluorescence micrographs showing Collagen VI distribution in the control versus BAPN or LOX DNA-treated decellularized lung (bar, 4 μm).3rd, birefringence (Picrosirius Red-stained) micrographs showing collagen structure of decellularized lung treated with BAPN or LOX DNA (bar, 3 μm).Bottom, TEM images showing endothelial cell–cell junctional integrity in the lung treated with BAPN or LOX DNA (bar, 500 nm). Arrowheads show the region of cell–cell junctions.\nC: mRNA levels of LOX in mouse lungs treated with control DNA (con DNA, vector only) or LOX DNA (n=9, *,P<0.05, unpairedT-test). All error bars are s.e.m.\nD: Graph showing lung stiffness measured by the tensile loading assay in the mice treated with BAPN, control DNA (con DNA, vector only) or LOX DNA (n=10, *,P<0.05, unpairedT-test).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2774_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2950", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Expressions ofTgand endogenousEpomRNA were detected separately by semi-quantitative RT–PCR analysis. E12.5 fetal livers from line-458 littermate embryos were analysed.HPRTwas used as an internal control.\nB: Structure of the wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) alleles of theEpogene and3.3 K-Epo3′ transgene (Tg). In theKOallele, exons II–IV are replaced withGFPcDNA.Tgspans from 3.3-kb upstream to 4.5-kb downstream from the transcriptional start site, including the liver-specific enhancer EpoE-3′ (grey circle) with a 0.3-kb deletion in exon V. The open and solid boxes indicate untranslated and translated regions, respectively.\nC: Hct of the rescued (solid bars) and control mice (open bars) at 8–14 weeks of age. Data are the means±s.d. (n=4–37). **P<0.005 compared withEpo+/+mice (Student’st-test).\nD: Representative data on genotyping PCR of offspring from transgenic rescue experiments using tail DNA (line-458). Positions of primer pairs (x, y and z) are indicated ina. The C57BL/6-specific sequence (asterisk ina) was detected with a primer pair z to distinguish theWTallele (C57BL/6) fromKOallele andTg(both are derived from the 129/Sv genome).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2950_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2032", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: aSynL:total transcript ratios in cortical tissue samples from unaffected non-PD individuals (n=365) are presented as a function of rs356168 PD-associated risk allele load. Individuals harbour 0 PD-risk alleles ('CC', left), 1 PD-risk allele ('CT', middle) or 2 PD risk alleles ('TT', right). Association between the allelic load of the T causative variant and the aSynL:total ratio was evaluated by linear regression.\nB: Northern blot analysis of RNA from human brain or SH-SY5Y cells, as indicated. Blots were hybridized with probes targeting the aSyn CDS (left panel) or the 3′UTR (right panel). Nucleotide length is presented on the right; the corresponding 3′UTR size (colour coded as per a) is indicated on left.\nC: Ratio of long 3′UTR aSyn mRNA to short 3′UTR aSyn mRNA species counts, evaluated by pA-RNAseq of cortical samples from unaffected individuals (n=17, black diamonds) and from PD patients (n=17, red triangles). Ratio corresponds to the long 3′UTR species (1,070 and 2,520 nt) read count divided by the shorter 3′UTR species (290, 480 or 560 nt) read count. Horizontal bars represent the means. *P<0.05, two-tailedt-test.\nD: Relative abundance of the different aSyn 3′UTR species, determined by pA-RNAseq in 17 cortical brain samples from unaffected individuals. The frequency of 3′UTR species is expressed as the percentage of total aSyn transcript, with short species (290, 480 or 560 nt) in shades of green; medium (1,070 nt) in orange and long (2,520 nt) in red.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms2032_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8360", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Immunoblot analysis of ASC in the Triton X-soluble and -insoluble fractions of LPS-primed murine peritoneal macrophages that were pretreated with LFM-A13 and then stimulated with ATP or poly(dA:dT) for 2 h.\nB: Immunostaining of ASC of LPS-primed murine peritoneal macrophages that were pretreated with LFM-A13 and then stimulated with nigericin for 30 min. Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33342. ASC, green; nuclei, blue. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nC: In-situproximity-ligation assay of BTK–NLRP3 complexes in LPS-primed murine peritoneal macrophages pretreated with LFM-A13 and then stimulated with nigericin for 30 min. BTK–NLRP3 complexes, red; nuclei, blue. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bars, 10 μm.\nD: Immunoblot analysis of human NLRP3, BTK and ASC in the Triton X-soluble and -insoluble fractions of HEK 293T cells transfected with Flag-ASCWTor -ASCY146F, T7-NLRP3, or HA-BTK. Six hours after the transfection, LFM-A13 was added to the cell culture. Data are representative of three independent experiments.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8360_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7532", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Quantification of cells positive for CD3, a T cell marker.\nB: Isolated pockets of these CD3+ areas were considered ‘lesion’ areas and quantified.\nC: Quantification of cells positive for both p-eIF2α and tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP), a mature oligodendrocyte marker. Unpairedt-test, *P<0.05, **P<0.005, ***P<0.0005. Data ind–grepresent an average of five to six mice per group, presented as mean±s.e.m.\nD: LFB staining. Note the demyelinated focal areas (dotted areas) in vehicle-treated EAE mice only.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7532_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4828", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: HeLa cells were immunostained for endogenous ATG9A and VPS35 and subjected to confocal microscopy. Magnified areas are shown on the right of the pictures.\nB: Colocalization between TGN and ATG9A is expressed in terms of the Pearson’s Coefficient.n=25 cells (WT) and 33 cells (D620N). Error bars represent s.e.m. and **P=0.01 by 2-tailed Student’st-test. Scale bars in (a–d), 10 μm.\nC: HeLa cells were transfected with ATG9A-GFP as inb, but immunostained instead for endogenous FAM21.\nD: HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-VPS35 WT and D620N were depleted of endogenous VPS35 using 40 nM of siRNA, and subsequently immunostained for TGN46 and endogenous ATG9A and subjected to confocal microscopy.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4828_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3359", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Immunofluorescence images of MHC class I expression shown by W6/32 labelling of U2OS (p53+/+) and Saos-2 (p53−/−) cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nB: Immunofluorescence images of MHC class I expression shown by W6/32 labelling of HCT116 (p53+/+) and HCT116 (p53−/−) cells. DAPI and Brightfield images confirm the relatively equal number of cells captured. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nC: Flow cytometric analysis of MHC class I (W6/32 labelling) and MHC class II (L243 labelling) expression in U2OS (p53+/+) (magenta) and Saos-2 (p53−/−) (cyan) cells.\nD: Flow cytometric analysis of MHC class I (HLA-ABC, W6/32 labelling) and MHC class II (HLA-DR, L243 labelling) expression on HCT116 (p53+/+) (red) and HCT116 (p53−/−) (blue) cells. Cells incubated with fluorescence-labelled secondary antibodies alone served as background controls (Grey).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3359_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7717", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Location of Vác, Hungary.\nB: Record of Terézia Hausmann’s death (©Hungarian Natural History Museum).\nC: Mummified remains of Terézia Hausmann (©Hungarian Natural History Museum).\nD: Dominican church housing Vác mummies (©András Tumbász).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7717_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11256", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: . Histogram of the frequency of reduced copy number with reduced mRNA expression for the top 20 most-altered GIS genes in ovarian cancer.\nB: . Pie charts showing the % of ovarian (left) and colorectal (right) cancer samples with different combinations of mutations, reduced copy number with reduced expression and silencing among all samples for which any type of genomics data were available. Analysis of LOF mutations alone (Top) and LOF+predicted deleterious missense mutations (Bottom) are presented separately. Note that 19% of the ovarian and 25% of the colorectal cancer cases were not analysed for all types of potential alterations, and consequently the values presented are an underestimate.\nC: . Histogram of the frequency of mutations in the top 20 most-altered GIS genes in colorectal cancer. Data forMSH2,MSH6andMLH1were excluded as defects in these genes predominantly cause increased rates of accumulation of point mutations. Predicted deleterious missense mutations are those that scored as deleterious in 5 or 6 out of 6 functional prediction tests.\nD: . Box plot of the RNA Seq data for the copy number (GISTIC −2, Homozygous Deletion; GISTIC −1, Heterozygous Loss; GISTIC 0, Diploid; GISTIC 1, Gain) versus theZ-score for mRNA expression ofRAD17in ovarian cancer.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms11256_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4885", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification of Wdr62 protein expression from experiments similar tob. Mean±s.e.m. of data from three separate experiments in which two embryos per group are included for each experiment (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, student’st-test). rel., relative; exp., expression.\nB: TheWdr62deficient cortex shows a decreased radial thickness in all regions. All data represent mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments (two embryos per group per experiment; *P<0.05, Student’st-test).\nC: Wdr62mutant and its WT littermate on postnatal day 8 (P8).\nD: Relative weights of different organs from P8 wild-type and mutant mice. Mean±s.e.m. of data from five separate experiments (P<0.01, Student’st-test).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4885_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10594", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Activation of TrkB by 7,8-DHF injection (12.5 mg kg−1). TrkB-immunoprecipitates and hippocampal lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. Representative blots (upper) and quantification of phospho-TrkB levels (lower; eachn=9, correctedP=0.0014, Mann–WhitneyU-test with the Ryan’s correction). The pY-TrkB levels of vehicle-KO, DHF-WT and DHF-KO were normalized to that of vehicle-WT (The averaged vehicle-WT value was set to 100%). Bars show median values.\nB: Rescue of the impaired open-field habituation inARHGAP33KO mice after treatment with 7,8-DHF on the test day (day 4; vehicle-WT,n=20, vehicle-KO,n=16, DHF-WT,n=17, DHF-KO,n=14, correctedP=0.0052 (vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO), correctedP=0.035 (vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Mann–WhitneyU-test with the Ryan’s correction). *P<0.05. NS, not significant. Bars show median values.\nC: Rescue of the impaired working memory inARHGAP33KO mice during the Y-maze test after treatment with 7,8-DHF (vehicle-WT,n=12, vehicle-KO,n=16, DHF-WT,n=16, DHF-KO,n=15, DHF treatment × genotype interaction, F1,55=4.60,P=0.036, two-way ANOVA;P=4.6 × 10−3(vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO),P=1.1 × 10−3(vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Tukey–Kramerpost hoctests). Bars show mean values.\nD: Rescue of the decreased number of spines inARHGAP33KO neurons after 2 weeks of daily treatment with 7,8-DHF. Examples of dentate granule Golgi staining (upper). Scale bars, 10 μm. Quantification of the total spine density and the percentage of mature spines (vehicle-WT,n=29 cells, vehicle-KO,n=30, DHF-WT,n=28 cells, DHF-KO,n=31 cells, eachn=4 mice; spine density, F1,114=19.7,P=2.1 × 10−5, two-way ANOVA;P=9.7 × 10−10(vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO),P=3.6 × 10−10(vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Tukey–Kramerpost hoctests; mature spine density, F1,114=83.7,P=2.6 × 10−15, two-way ANOVA;P=7.3 × 10−26(vehicle-WT versus vehicle-KO),P=4.9 × 10−21(vehicle-KO versus DHF-KO), Tukey–Kramerpost hoctests; lower). Bars show mean values.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10594_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5715", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Graphical summary of the whole study. Breast cancer cells secrete IL6 that interacts with IL6 receptor on LECs within the lungs and LNs. Activated IL6 receptors transduce the signals through gp130, phosphorylating lymphatic Stat3. pStat3 translocates into the nucleus to form the pStat3-pc-Jun-pATF-2 ternary complex, which is essential for CCL5 expression by targeting the CRE region in its promoter. pStat3 also induces HIF-1α to ultimately express VEGF in LECs. LEC-secreted CCL5 recruits CCR5-positive breast cancer cells into the lymphatic system. The secreted VEGF enhances lung vascular permeability and induces LN angiogenesis to promote metastatic extravasation and colonization. The four possible targets in the overall mechanism were blocked as follows: by anti-IL6 antibody (to target IL6), by maraviroc (to interrupt the CCL5-CCR5 axis), by anti-VEGF antibody (to block LN angiogenesis and lung vascular leakiness) and by Stattic/S3I-201 (to inhibit pStat3). Treatments are marked with red and green circles, which represent ‘testedin vivo’ and ‘testedin vitro’ respectively.\nB: Representative images of live animals in the IVIS imager, and images of collected lungs. Black arrows represent tumour nodules.\nC: Immunohistochemistry with anti-cytokeratin antibodies on the lungs and LNs (cortex and medulla). Metastatic colonies are delineated with red-dotted curves. Scale bar, 500 μm.\nD: There are four groups described: SFM treated, tumour conditioned (GF-dep-TCM), tumour conditioned without IL6 and pStat3 inhibited (by using a pStat3 inhibitor, ‘S3I-201’). After 2 weeks of these treatments, inguinal primary tumour was established, and thoracic metastasis was monitored for 5 weeks (as described inSupplementary Fig. 20b). The number of mice in each group with thoracic metastasis is shown. Lung metastasis was blocked by both IL6 depletion and S3I–201 treatment (n=9, **P<0.01). LN metastasis was blocked by IL6 depletion and by S3I–201 treatment (n=28–32, *P=0.027, **P=0.0007).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5715_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9554", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A ‘novel’ tumour suppressor geneAMOTis not significantly mutated based on frequency-based methods, butAMOTis enriched in loss-of-function mutations (tumour suppressor gene probabilityP(TSG)=0.92).\nB: The loss-of-function mutations inSTAG2typically correlate with lower expression, except for a splice donor site mutation GT→GC mutation (both GT and GC are used by the splicing machinery). MuSiC SMG, significantly mutated genes predicted by MuSiC; TF, transcription factor; TSG probability, tumour suppressor gene probability.\nC: The predictedcis-effect loss-of-function mutations across 12 tumour types (P(D)≥0.8 in at least one tumour type).\nD: The posterior marginals of mutations separated based on copy number status.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9554_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14262", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Respective performances of the OT mini-classifier and of the RAS/RAF mutation status in predicting cetuximab sensitivity in the following cohorts OT-PDX (OT) (cross-validation), EPO PDX, the Gaoet al.,12PDX (NV) and Khambata-Fordet al.,46primary tumours (KF). The mutation status was defined by mutations in codon 12 and 13 ofKRASor detected activating mutations inKRAS,BRAForNRAS(BRAFmutations: V600E;KRAS/NRASmutations: G12, G13, Q22, Q61, A146). In an additional setup, stable disease (SD) samples were excluded. The dot plot shows the specificity, sensitivity and balanced accuracy of the predictions. The 0.8 value is highlighted.with a black dotted line.\nB: Hierarchical clustering of 48 PDX samples based on the mini-classifier (n=16 genes) obtained by SVM-based machine learning.\nC: Distribution of the predicted responders and resistant patient tumours (tumour purity ≥40%) in the three molecular groups (ECM/EMT, ASCL2/MYC, Entero/Goblets).\nD: Same as in (c) but taking as validation cohort 164 samples merged from OT, EPO, NV and KF.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14262_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11303", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: A WT transgenic atrium at larval stage (5 d.p.f.) in theTg(myl7:LifeAct-GFP)s974background shows GFP-labelled F-actin, with myofibrils organized linearly across the atrium, either up-and-down or left-to-right. The myofibrils have a ‘dotted line’ pattern, with well-demarcated box-like shapes indicating normal arrangement of F-actin in the myofibrils. The non-fluorescent gaps (arrows) represent the actin-poor H-zones.\nB: Electron microscopy of E17K transgenic atrium shows preserved H-zones but absent Z-disks (arrows). H, H-zone. Z, Z-disk.\nC: Electron microscopy of adult WT zebrafish atrium shows clear H-zones and Z-disks.\nD: In an E17K transgenic larval atrium, some myofibrils appear unaffected (arrows), but there are large areas where myofibrils are not linearly organized and actin localization appears abnormal, giving a stippled appearance to the sarcomeres without clear H-zones (arrowheads).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11303_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14570", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (i)?\nA: Expression of RANKL, SMAD3, p-SMAD3 and TUBULIN in WT andSmurf2−/−neonatal calvarial osteoblasts with or without 10 μM SB525334.\nB: Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous VDR and SMAD3 in calvarial osteoblasts. (e,f) 293T cells were transfected with the HA-VDR or Flag SMAD3 construct, and 48 h post transfection, total cell lysates (TCLs) were recovered to perform GST pull-down analysis with the indicated GST-fusion proteins. (g,h) mRNA and protein level of RANKL in C3H10 T1/2 cells infected with SMAD3- and VDR-expressing lentivirus.\nC: C3H10 T1/2 cells were transiently co-transfected with a RANKL 2-kb promoter luciferase reporter and pRL-Renilla plasmids together with empty vector or Smad3 or VDR. The cells were collected for dual-luciferase reporter assay after transfection for 48 h.\nD: Expression of RANKL, SMAD3 and TUBULIN in WT andSmurf2−/−neonatal calvarial osteoblasts infected with shRNA lentivirus targetingSmad3orEgfpshRNA.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14570_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3883", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Serial changes in glucose levels after intraperitoneal injection of glucose into miR-33+/+Srebf1+/+, miR-33+/+Srebf1+/−, miR-33−/−Srebf1+/+and miR-33−/−Srebf1+/−mice (n=11–12 each). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 versus miR-33−/−Srebf1+/−mice.#P<0.05,##P<0.01 and###P<0.001 versus miR-33+/+Srebf1+/+mice in one-way analysis of valiance test.\nB: Representative microscopic images of the liver of miR-33+/+Srebf1+/+, miR-33+/+Srebf1+/−, miR-33−/−Srebf1+/+and miR-33−/−Srebf1+/−mice fed HFD. Scale bars, 200 μm.\nC: Serum leptin levels of miR-33+/+Srebf1+/+, miR-33+/+Srebf1+/−, miR-33−/−Srebf1+/+and miR-33−/−Srebf1+/−mice fed HFD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 in one-way analysis of valiance test. Values are the means±s.e.m.\nD: Representative microscopic images of the adipose tissue of miR-33+/+Srebf1+/+, miR-33+/+Srebf1+/−, miR-33−/−Srebf1+/+and miR-33−/−Srebf1+/−mice fed HFD. Scale bars, 200 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3883_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-16230-8", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: p= 0.0116.\nB: d4p= 0.0015, d6p< 0.00;\nC: d23p= 0.0286, d24p= 0.0082, d25p= 0.0070, d26p= 0.150;\nD: d22p= 0.0019, d23p= 0.0006, d24p= 0.0004, d25p= 0.0009;", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-020-16230-8_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4475", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: H&E staining of the cerebellum of 8-week-oldClcn2−/−,Glialcam−/−double-mutant mice.\nB: H&E staining of the cerebellum of 17-week-oldClcn2hyp/hyp,Glialcam−/−double-mutant mice. Scale bar, 400 μm (a,c,d). For each genotype and age, two animals (≥4 sections each) were analysed.\nC: Haematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining of sagittal paraffin sections of the cerebellum of 8, 16 and 52-week-old mice.\nD: Ultrastructural analyses of myelin vacuolization. Myelin vacuolization at different magnifications. asterisk, myelin vacuole; arrow, aberrant myelin sheet inside vacuole; a, axon; bv, blood vessel; o, oligodendrocyte. Scale bars, 5 μm (upper row); 2 μm (middle row); 1 μm (bottom row).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4475_figure_8.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3685", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Kruskal–Wallis (K–W) test,P=0,002, Dunn’s *P<0.05, **P<0.01;\nB: K–W test,P=0.001, Dunn’s **P<0.01, Mann–Whitney test#P<0.05;\nC: K–W test,P=0.0008, Dunn’s ***P<0.001;\nD: K–W (M-W) test,P=0,009, Dunn’s **P<0.01. (Contr.n=14, ANn=12 and obesen=14, error bars, s.e.m.).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3685_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7706", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: DNA fragmentation. The attached and floating LS180 cells 48 h (left) and 2 weeks (right) after treatment were collected, and their genomic DNA was prepared and analysed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis with λ/HindIII and φ-X174/HaeIII size markers.\nB: Immunoblotting. Forty-eight hours (left) and 2 weeks (right) after the treatment, whole-cell lysates were prepared and subjected to immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. Actin was used as a loading control.\nC: Cell cycle distribution analysis. Forty-eight hours (top) and two weeks (bottom) after treatment, cells were subjected to FACS analysis, and the DNA contents of each sample were analysed and depicted following the manufacturer's instructions.\nD: SA-β-gal staining. LS180 cells were exposed to DMSO, KR12 or #6 (at a final concentration of 50 nM). Forty-eight hours after treatment, phase-contrast microphotographs were taken (top panels) and the cells were washed in PBS, fixed in 2% formaldehyde plus 0.05% glutaraldehyde and incubated with SA-β-gal staining solution containing X-gal for 24 h at 37 °C (bottom panels).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7706_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13781", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: siRNA-mediated RAF1 silencing in Hep3B cells increases YAP1 and GP130 expression and STAT3 activation without impacting ERK phosphorylation or β-catenin expression/localization. Immunoblot analysis of post-nuclear fraction (PNF; 20 μg, about 8% of total) and nuclear fraction (Nuclei; 20 μg, about 15% of total).\nB: Silencing of YAP1 in RAF1-proficient and -deficient Hep3B cells (left panel, representative immunoblot analysis) downregulates the expression of the YAP1 target gene CTGF (middle panel, qPCR analysis) and reduces proliferation (right panel).\nC: Treatment with the JAK inhibitor P6 abrogates STAT3 phosphorylation without impacting ERK phosphorylation or YAP1 expression (left panel, representative immunoblot analysis), decreases BIRC5 expression (middle panel, qPCR analysis) and reduces proliferation in RAF1-deficient Hep3B cells (right panel). (d,e) Similar results are obtained by subjecting RAF1-proficient and -deficient DIH to YAP1 silencing (d) or P6 treatment (e).\nD: GP130 silencing decreases STAT3 phosphorylation but does not affect YAP1 expression or phosphorylation. Proliferation was assessed 48 h after siRNA transfection (with the exception ofc, in which P6 was added 24 h after transfection and proliferation was measured after additional 48 h), gene expression after 24 h, and for immunoblotting cells were lysed after 1 h inhibitor treatment. In (f) DIH were treated for 30 min with the indicated concentration of IL6. Experiments were performed in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Hep3B cells) or in DIH medium supplemented with 5% FBS (DIH). The immunoblots are representative of two independent experiments; TUBA was used as loading control. The plots represent the mean±s.e.m. of three independent experiments. *P≤0.05, **P<0.01 according to Student’sttest.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13781_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15932", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Analysis of component-based PTGS scores versus concentration-dependent cytotoxicity was used to determine (i) a cut-off, plotted here against the proportion of instances above the GI50-level. Dashed red line indicates the threshold at the GI50-level and the dashed black line the cut-off at 0.12 when∼50% of CMap instances are above GI50.\nB: Correlation of the number of differentially expressed genes with the concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Colour and size indicate amount of transcriptional variation explained by the PTGS that is, the component-based score (n=492). (e,f) Instances with a small number of differentially expressed genes tend to have cytotoxicity below the TGI level (blue oval), whereas (g) compounds profiled at cell-killing doses (>LC50) show greater differences (green circle).\nC: The cut-off was set at 25% (cf.Supplementary Figs 4 and 5, for data seeSupplementary Data 1).\nD: Selecting the number of probabilistic components to retrieve as many biologically significant associations with as few components as possible.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15932_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4147", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: A co-transfection reporter assay was performed in the H441 cell line using vectors expressing a series ofAIMpromoter deletion mutants and a MafB expression vector. The relative luciferase activities of the reporter constructs induced by the co-expression of MafB are shown on the right and are presented as fold values relative to the basal activity. The term ‘mut’ denotes a substitution mutation in the MARE site (seeMethods). Data are from one experiment representative of three independent experiments and presented as mean+s.e.m. of duplicate.\nB: The 5′-flanking region of theAIMgene was analyzed with the UCSC Genome Browser to identify MafB-binding sites (Maf Recognition Element; MARE). The MARE site in theAIMpromoter (mouse: −54/−41, bold) is highly conserved among mammalian species.\nC: EMSA with a probe for the MARE site in theAIMpromoter. MafB and mock-control proteins were prepared by transfecting 293 T cells with MafB and mock expression vectors. The consensus MARE sequences were described previously12.\nD: Chromatin from the pool of fetal liver macrophages (WT,n=6) with or without agonist treatment (T1317 and 9cRA) was precipitated with anti-MafB, anti-AcH4 and IgG and then analyzed by qPCR to amplify the MARE sequences in theAIMpromoter region. The s.d. was representative of the variation in the technical triplicates of samples. Data are from one experiment representative of two independent experiments.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4147_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14656", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Effect of TGFβ1 blocker SB525334 on Ep3-mediatedVEGFandCX3CR1mRNA expression in cultured Mps.Mp-Ep3Tg, Mp-specificEp3αtransgenic mice. Data represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05 versus wild-type (WT), **P<0.01 versus indicated (unpaired two-tailedt-test);n=5.\nB: Effect of SB525334 onEp3-mediated VEGF and CX3CR1 protein expression in cultured Mps.\nC: Effect of SB525334 on PGE2/Ep3-mediated Mp migrationin vitro. Data represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05 versus WT,#P<0.05 as indicated (unpaired two-tailedt-test);n=4–6.\nD: Representative immunostaining of CD68 (red) and VEGF (green) in peri-infarct zones of hearts fromMp-Ep3Tgmice at day 14 post MI. The solid box outlines the region enlarged below. Yellow arrow, CD68+/VEGF+cells. Scale bar 20 μm. IZ, infarct zone.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14656_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11387", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Central cross-section of the unfiltered HPeV3 asymmetric reconstruction.\nB: Enlargement of the VP3 (green) and VP1 (red) atomic model in intimate contact with an RNA model (magenta, R1) within its asymmetric unit. The VP3N terminus also interacts with a neighbouring RNA molecule within the pentamer. The fit of one of the RNA models in the RNA EM density (transparent isosurface) is shown. The RNA interacting regions in VP1 and VP3 are coloured black.\nC: The inner surface of a pentamer of the HPeV3 model shown as an electrostatic potential surface with the conserved RNA motif (magenta) shown in ribbon. The scale for the charge distribution is also shown. The RNA interaction with the capsid protein does not appear to be driven by electrostatics as the interacting region on the capsid proteins appear to be a mix of positive (blue), negative (red) and neutral charges (white).\nD: VP1 and VP3 interaction with the RNA is shown in the context of the inner surface of a pentamer. The N terminus of VP3 (B1) and regions of VP1 (A1) interact with the RNA (R1) within its asymmetric unit and also with an RNA (R3) from the next-but-one asymmetric unit within a pentamer. The proteins are marked as inFig. 1c. The RNA models are marked R1-R5 for their respective asymmetric units as inFig. 1c).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11387_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5934", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Tissue lysates prepared from the same mice without insulin injection were subjected to immunoblotting. Numbers below immunoblot bands indicate the fold changes normalized to control bands. (‘*’ indicates comparison between imatinib and control: ‘#’ indicates comparison between trehalose and control).\nB: One hour after intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg kg−1leupeptin to C57BL/6 mice, 25 mg kg−1of imatinib (Ima) was injected intraperitoneally. Three hours later, tissue lysate was prepared from the liver and subjected to immunoblot analysis.\nC: Imatinib (25 mg kg−1), trehalose (2 g kg−1) or PBS was injected intraperitoneally into 12-week-old diabeticAtg7+/−-ob/obmice 3 times a week, and the blood glucose level was monitored. ***P<0.001,###P<0.001; two-way ANOVA. (c,d) IPGTT (c) and ITT (d) were performed after treatment ofAtg7+/−-ob/obmice with imatinib or trehalose for 8 weeks.#P<0.05;##Por **P<0.01;###Por ***P<0.001; Student’st-test.\nD: Regular insulin (Ins) was injected into the tail vein ofAtg7+/−-ob/obmice that were treated with imatinib or PBS for 8 weeks. Seven minutes later, tissue lysates were prepared and subjected to immunoblotting.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5934_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13710", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Correlation between serum LOXL2 and TIMP-1 measured by ELISA. The two-tailedPvalue for Pearson correlation was calculated using GraphPad Prism.\nB: Correlation between serum LOXL2 and TIMP-1 measured by ELISA. (j,k) Serum troponin I level in HFrEF (j) and HFpEF (k). The mean of each group is indicated by a horizontal line in the graph. *P<0.05 using unpaired Student’st-test.\nC: Correlation between serum LOXL2 and ST-2 measured by ELISA. The two-tailedPvalue for Pearson correlation was calculated using GraphPad Prism.\nD: Serum LOXL2 versus the degree of EF recovery of patients following LVAD therapy. The red-dashed line represents a cutoff level of LOXL2 at 100 pg ml−1. The two-tailedPvalue for Pearson correlation was calculated using GraphPad Prism.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13710_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8307", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Nuclear lysates and acid-extracted histones prepared from transfected cells were subjected to western blotting.\nB: 293T cells were mock transfected or transfected with mammalian expression vectors encoding BAP1, full-length ASXL1, or both. Expression of ASXL1 and BAP1 was confirmed by western blotting carried out on nuclear lysates. Acid-extracted histones were probed with antibodies against the indicated proteins and histone modifications. As shown, co-transfection of ASXL1+BAP1 results in marked reduction in levels of H2AK119Ub but not H2BK120Ub. (c,d) HEK293T cells were co-transfected with mammalian expression vectors encoding BAP1 with full-length ASXL1 or ASXL1 truncations/mutations as indicated. Western blottings to examine expression of ASXL1 and ASXL1 mutations are shown inSupplementary Fig. 1c.\nC: Cells were fixed 48 h post transfection, permeabilized and stained with anti-ASXL1 (red) or anti-FLAG (red) and anti-H2AK119Ub (green) antibodies. Scale bar, 10 μm.\nD: ASXL1 interacts with BAP1 to form a deubiquitinase complex that acts on H2AK119Ub. ASXL1 is the regulatory subunit of this complex and BAP1 is the deubiquitinase. The ubiquitin-carboxyl hydrolase (UCH) domain of BAP1 is at its N terminus. ASXL1 has a C-terminal atypical PHD Zinc-finger, a putative N-terminal DNA-binding domain and three PRRs that are thought to facilitate protein–protein interactions. Shown below are three cancer-associated ASXL1 mutations and two ASXL1 truncations, ASXL1(1–1305), and ASXL1(1–479), which we have employed in our studies.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8307_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9282", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Histological sections of distal femur from sham and CD3+T-cell-reconstituted mice. Mineralized bone stains blue (red arrows indicate trabeculae in the metaphysis and yellow arrows in the epiphysis). White bar represents 200 μm. Serum ELISAs were used to quantify:\nB: In vitroosteoclastogenesis assay. TRAP+ multinucleated (⩾3 nuclei) cells were generated from bone marrow from four individual mice per group with five wells per mouse averaged per data point. Data representative of two independent experiments and presented as individual wells with median (black line). *P<0.05 by Mann–Whitney test.\nC: micro-computed tomography of representative femoral cortical (upper panels) and trabecular (lower panels) high-resolution (6 μm) 3D reconstructions. White bar represents 500 μm.\nD: CTx, (h) osteocalcin, (i) RANKL, (j) OPG and (k) TNFα. Data points represent individual animals with median (black line),n=8 mice per group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 or ***P<0.001 by Mann–Whitney test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9282_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14677", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (j)?\nA: Dual luciferase assay shows the inhibitory effect of Smad3 binding on E4BP4 3′ UTR reporter activity. Data represent mean±s.e.m. for three independent experiments, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 compared with the control group (b–d,i) or Smad3+/+cells (a,f);#P<0.05,##P<0.01,###P<0.001 compared with the TGF-β1-treated group (c,d), individual controls (f) or E4BP4-mutant (j) analysed by analysis of variance.\nB: Real-time PCR detects the effect of TGF-β1 (1 ng ml−1) on the transcription of E4BP4 in Smad3+/+and Smad3−/−bone marrow cells at 3 h. (c,d) Effect of SIS3 (2 μM) on TGF-β1-mediated E4BP4 mRNA expression in bone marrow or spleen-derived NK cells.\nC: Quantitative results of CD244+cells from flow cytometry analysis.\nD: Western blotting analysis shows the expression of E4BP4 in the NK cells isolated from the bone marrow and spleen of the B16F10 tumour-bearing Smad3+/+and Smad3−/−mice on day 10 after tumour inoculation.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms14677_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4386", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: N2a cells treated with DMSO or YM201636 were analysed by western blotting with antibodies to APP, Nct and α-tubulin (mNct, mature Nct; imNct, immature Nct). (e,f) Effect of knockdown of Pikfyve on secreted Aβ levels from N2a cells (n=6, mean±s.e.m., **P<0.005 by Student’st-test) (e), Aβ42/total Aβ ratio (f) (n=6, mean±s.e.m., **P<0.005 by Student’st-test).\nB: Effect of YM201636 on the localization of LAMP1-positive compartment and the endogenous γ-secretase in HeLa cells. Bar, 10 μm. (b,c) Levels of secreted Aβ from N2a cells (n=3, mean±s.e.m) (b) and Aβ42/total Aβ ratio (c) treated with DMSO or YM201636 (n=3, mean±s.e.m., *P<0.05 by Student’st-test).\nC: Levels (left) and Aβ42/total Aβ ratio (right) inde novoAβ generated in cell-free assay using membranes obtained from APP695-expressing HEK293 cells pretreated with DMSO or YM201636 (n=3, mean±s.e.m., **P<0.005 by Student’st-test).\nD: N2a cells treated with APP or Pikfyve siRNA duplexes were analysed by western blotting with antibodies to APP, Nct and α-tubulin.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4386_figure_9.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5777", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: severe curvature (type 4) with extreme trunk, tail and medio-lateral rotations. Scale bars, 1 mm. (i–m) Lateral and (i′–m′) dorsal views of three-dimensional microCT renderings of adult (i)ptk7heterozygote as well as (j) type 1, (k) type 2, (l) type 3 and (m) type 4 Zptk7mutant zebrafish.\nB: moderate curvature (type 2) primarily isolated to the tail;\nC: mild curvature (type 1);\nD: Graph depicting phenotypic and gender distributions for type 1–4 classification based on curve severity at sexual maturity (~3 months of age). Quantification is represented as a percentage of the total for male (n=92) and female (n=58) zebrafish. (d–h) Adultptk7/+and Zptk7mutant zebrafish representative of each curve severity class:", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5777_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10055", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Diseases", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Schematics illustrating ME dissection and explant preparation. Hypothalamic MEs were microdissected from adult diestrous or ovariectomized (OVX) female rats.\nB: Whole-cell current recording of a GnRH neuron in the presence of AAB and tetrodotoxin (TTX). **Spontaneous synaptic currents blocked by AAB+TTX. Dots indicate truncated currents induced by the ramp voltage protocol.\nC: MEs dissected from OVX rats (n=4 each group). One-way analysis of variance, F(3,15)=30.9,P<0.0001. ***P<0.0001, **P<0.001 Fisher’s least significant differencepost hoctest. All the experiments were replicated at least three times.\nD: Quantification of GnRH secretion from ME explants of P120 diestrous rats stimulated or not with 125 nM AMH (Die,n=4; Die+AMH,n=4). GnRH mean concentration±s.e.m. Unpaired Student’st-test,t(6)=−6.01, ***P<0.001.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10055_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9528", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Hematoxylin/eosin stainings of control and mutant TA muscles.\nB: Quantification of fibrosis, based on Sirius Red staining (control:n=8 TA, 6 mice, 18.90±0.33% fibrosis per unit area;Numbnull mutant:n=6 TA, 3 mice, 21.97±0.92;Numb:p53double mutant:n=8 TA, 4 mice, 18.63±0.67 cells per unit area; MW control versusNumbmutantP=0.0205,Numbmutant versusNumb:p53double mutantP=0.0401).\nC: Quantification of the number of p53+and p21+cells. The number of p53+/mGFP+cells increases in mutant compared with control (control:n=8 sections, 4 mice, mGFP+2.24±0.22 cells per unit area, mGFP−0.37±0.19 cells per unit area; mutant:n=8 sections, 4 mice, mGFP+4.18±0.48 cells per unit area, mGFP−0.48±0.06 cells per unit area; MW control mGFP+versus mutant mGFP+P=0.0145). Similarly, the number of p21+/mGFP+cells increases in mutant compared with control (control:n=10 sections, 4 mice, mGFP+1.24±0.06 cells per unit area, mGFP−0.1±0.06 cells per unit area: mutant:n=10 sections, 3 mice, mGFP+1.96±0.17 cells per unit area, mGFP−0.15±0.05 cells per unit area; MW control mGFP+versus mutant mGFP+P=0.0094).\nD: Sirius Red stainings of control and mutant TA muscles. Quantifications are presented as mean±s.e.m. Scale barsc,e: 50 μM,c”,e”: 125 μM;h,j: 100 μM.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9528_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14478", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: The morphology of the ovary was disturbed, (o) and eggs were deformed. (p–u)1c(5 μM; 9-day treatment);\nB: After 13-day treatment, the diameter of the testicular lobes was reduced. (t,u) Gut swelling and tegument invagination appeared. Morphology of ovary was disturbed and number of mature oocytes reduced. (s–u) Degradation aggregates appeared within gut lumen and oesophagus area. After 9 days, precipitates were larger in males (s,t) compared with females (u). E, egg; F, female; G, gut; Ga, gastrodermis; Gy, gynecophoral canal; Hs, head sucker; M, male; T, testis; Te, tegument; Tu, tubercle: O, ovary; Oe, oesophagus; mO, mature oocytes; iO, immature oocytes; Oo, ootype; Sv, seminal vesicle; Vs, ventral sucker. Scale bars, 100 μm, exceptd(400 μm) ando(50 μm).\nC: The number of mature oocytes was reduced, some occurred within the anterior part of the ovary, which normally only contains immature oocytes. (g,h) After 13- day treatment, swellings, invaginations and the size of the aggregates increased.\nD: The gut lumen is surrounded by the gastrodermis.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14478_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4329", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Left: image of a 3D-MIM with μ-ILEDs array in optical mapping experiments. Inset shows a magnified view of area around a representative μ-ILED. Right: comparison of optical signals from a representative pixel (blue dot on the left inset) recorded during excitation using μ-ILEDs on 3D-MIM and external optical excitation, respectively. Scale bar, 3 mm.\nB: Responses of a Si strain sensor under representative physiological conditions, compared with simultaneous ECG recordings.\nC: Application of a 3D-MIM for temperature monitoring during cold perfusion. Left: image of a 3D-MIM with 4 × 4 temperature sensors array integrated on a Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. Middle: temperature recordings from a representative sensor illustrated in the left inset. Right: temperature maps at representative time points in the middle inset with corresponding heart rate calculated from ECG. Each pixel in the colour map corresponds to recording from one temperature sensor. Scale bar, 1 cm.\nD: Temperature measurements during an ablation experiment. Positions of the sensor array and cautery pen are shown in the left inset. Temperature map during ablation (upper right) and recordings from representative sensors (bottom right) are shown respectively. Scale bar, 7 mm.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4329_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14108", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Experimental illustration for acclimatization hypoxic adenosine response.\nB: eENT1 activity (n=4, *P<0.05).\nC: eENT1 changes during hypoxia treatment as judged by immunofluorescence, red: ENT1, green: Biotin; scale bar, 5 μm.\nD: Plasma adenosine levels.n=4 for all groups, *between normoxia and first hypoxia,P<0.05;+between Post3 normoxia and Post3 re-hypoxia,P<0.05;++between Post50 normoxia and Post50 re-hypoxia,P<0.05; **between first hypoxia and Post3 re-hypoxia,P<0.05. Error bars: mean±s.d.,t-test.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14108_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-39836-0", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: WLVS (with four ASA24 records within 1 year);\nB: DMAS (dietary intake data collected using ASA24 dietary assessment tool daily over 17 consecutive days);\nC: NHS (with FFQ administrated every 4 years and with total eight time points).eHPFS (with FFQ administrated every 4 years and with total seven time points). Columns: (1) food profiles; (2) nutrient profiles. For DMAS, we plot the food and nutrient profiles of 30 participants who have ASA24 data available for all the 17 days. For the WLVS, MLVS, and NHS datasets, we plot the food and nutrient profiles of 50 randomly chosen individuals. In the visualization of nutrient profiles, we only show the top-15 most abundant nutrients, while the remaining nutrients (after excluding amino acids, total fatty acids of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated) are summarized as others.\nD: MLVS (with four ASA24 records within 1 year);", "answer": "A", "image": "s41467-023-39836-0_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2675", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CD81 is enriched at myotubes tips, which make frequent contacts with neighbouring muscle cells (arrow) (f). Scale bar inc–fis 25 μm.\nB: Two examples of CD81 localization in differentiated myoblasts as determined by fluorescence confocal microscopy: CD81 (red) partially colocalizes with M-cadherin (M-Cadh, green), in myoblast/myotubes and myotube/myotube contact areas (arrow).\nC: Myoblasts isolated from 8-week-old littermate control and CD9/CD81 null mice were plated at equal density and induced to differentiate. After 3 days of differentiation, cells were fixed and stained with May Grundwald Giemsa. Representative microscopic fields are presented. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nD: Flow cytometry analysis shows that CD9 and CD81 are expressed at the surface of undifferentiated myoblasts and that their expression levels increase after induction of differentiation (Ctl: nonspecific fluorescence).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms2675_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11672", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Inhibition of proliferation of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines (XTT assay). Cells were treated for 96 h with 6L1G or 9L1H, non-binding DARPin control (OL1O), trastuzumab (TZB), pertuzumab (PZB) or PBS alone (mock); (*Pvalue plateau 6L1G versus plateau TZB, two-sided, unpaired Student’st-test).\nB: Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay of BT474 cells after 24 h treatment with 100 nM of indicated agents. Early apoptotic cells were monitored by Annexin V-FITC detection (upper left and right quadrants). Staining for membrane permeability (PI at 1 μg ml−1) indicates the late stages of cell death (upper and lower right quadrants).\nC: Caspase activity in cell extracts from BT474 cells treated with 100 nM 6L1G or TZB for 72 h or 1 μM GDC-0941 or 10 ng ml−1TRAIL for 12 h, determined by assays using specific chemiluminescent substrates for Caspase-3/7, 8 and 9 (*Pvalue versus TZB, two-sided, unpaired Welch’st-test).\nD: Colony growth of BT474 cells, treated for 96 h with 100 nM of indicated agents. The capacity of single cells to initiate colony outgrowth was determined by a clonogenic assay after 5-week re-culturing (two-sided, unpaired Student’st-test).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11672_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8530", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: 14-3-3σ expression decreased energy production in p53-deficient colorectal carcinoma cells. ATP measurements were shown. Bars represent means±95% CI; Student’st-test, *P<0.05.\nB: 14-3-3σ reduced ECAR of p53-null H1299 cells. ECAR, which reflects glycolytic activity, was measured in induced and noninduced H1299 TetR 14-3-3σ cells.\nC: 14-3-3σ reduced expression of c-Myc as well as c-Myc glycolytic and glutaminolytic targets in p53-null H1299 lung cancer cells. Flag-14-3-3σ expression was induced in the cells. c-Myc, HK2, PFK1, PKM2 and GLS1 protein levels of induced and noninduced H1299 cells were compared.\nD: 14-3-3σ suppressed oxygen consumption and mitochondrial respiration in p53-deficient cells. Oxygen consumption and mitochondrial respiration of induced and noninduced H1299 TetR 14-3-3σ were measured.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8530_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7722", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The experimentawas repeated with mut mNE. Data shown are the mean±s.e.m. of all experiments (n=5) and was normalized to the time point (100%) showing the highest activity. Mut mNE shows some minor autoprocessing activity for the second internal site, but a highly stable activity for more than 24 h after enterokinase-mediated conversion of its zymogen.\nB: At time zero, enterokinase (25–50 μg ml−1) was added to mouse neutrophil elastase (1–2 mg ml−1) and processing of the mouse neutrophil elastase zymogen was analysed over 24 h by SDS–PAGE and Coomassie blue staining. Activity at the same points in time were recorded using Abz-GAVVASELR-Y(NO2)-D as a fluorogenic substrate. Data shown are the mean±s.e.m. of all experiments (n=5) and was normalized to the time point (100%) showing the highest activity. Self-cleavage of mouse neutrophil elastase started immediately and continued even in the presence of an enterokinase specific inhibitor (not shown). Activity declined in particular with the appearance of band 3 and 4 of the tc neutrophil elastase.\nC: Recombinant wt mNE and inactive mutant S195A mNE (0.47 mg ml−1) were incubated with enterokinase EK (15 μg ml−1) at 37 °C for 24 h. Tc-mNE was only found with active wt mNE.\nD: Bovine cationic trypsin (bTRYP, upper row) was aligned with mNE. The self-cleavage position of the so-called pseudotrypsin with chymotrypsin-like activity is indicated by the grey arrow head pointing downward. C-ter, C-terminal; N-ter, N-terminal.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7722_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12754", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: S-3 F-ISG15 mut or wt cells were treated with 1,000 IU ml−1of human IFN-β for 16 h, and then infected with 10 p.f.u. per cell of wt virus for 24 h. Denatured cell extracts were subject to double-affinity purification using anti-Flag M2 agarose and S-protein agarose. The purified proteins were detected by silver staining after SDS page.\nB: S-3F-ISG15 A549 cells were transfected with control (ctrl) siRNA or E1(UbelL)-specific siRNA for 24 h, followed by treatment with 1,000 IU ml−1of human IFN-β for 12 h. Cells were then infected with 10 p.f.u. per cell of either wt or 67 mutant virus for 18 h. Cell extracts were analysed by immunoblots probed with Flag Ab.\nC: S-3F-ISG15 A549 cells were either untreated or treated with 1,000 IU ml−1of human IFN-β for 24 h. Cell extracts were analysed by immunoblots probed with Flag Ab.\nD: The cell extracts that were analysed in lanes 1 and 3 of panelcwere instead immunoprecipitated with NS1B Ab, and the immunoprecipitates were then analysed by immunoblots probed with Flag Ab and NS1B Ab.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12754_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10782", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Western blot for HDAC5 STAT3 and pSTAT3T705following immunoprecipitation with HDAC5 antibody from control CLU177 cells.\nB: Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with total STAT3 antibody reveals diminished STAT3 recruitment to the POMC promoter in CLU177 cells with HDAC5 KD, compared with WT controls (n=3). Values represent means±s.e.m. Statistical analyses were done either by two-tailed unpaired Student’st-tests (b,d,e,j,k,l) or one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferronipost hoctests (g). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01.\nC: Hypothalamic slices of male POMC–GFP mice were subjected to immunostaining with anti-rabbit HDAC5 antibody, and revealed widespread HDAC5 expression and colocalization to∼68.62% of all POMC neurons. (n=4 slices, Scale bar, 50 μm) (b) Hypothalamic mRNA levels ofPomcandAgrpin rats 2 h after 3rd ventricular injection of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PB) or vehicle (n=8). (c,d) Western blot and densitometric analysis of POMC and ACTIN protein levels in CLU177 cells 24 h after treatment with the selective class IIa HDAC inhibitor MC1568 (n=3).\nD: The number of stained cells in hypothalamic slices after immunohistochemical detection of POMC was counted in male HDAC5 WT and KO mice subjected to 10 weeks of HFD feeding (n=3). (f,g) Representative western blot and densitometric analysis of reference protein ACTIN, HDAC5 and total STAT3, Ac-STAT3K685and p-STAT3T705in primary hypothalamic neurons isolated from KO and WT mice that were subjected to saline or leptin (100 ng ml−1) treatment for 30 min (n=3).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10782_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7745", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Immunostaining of cross-sections of TA muscle for BF-45 (red), laminin (green) and DAPI (blue) at day 3 after CTX injection. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nB: Haematoxylin and eosin staining of cross-sections of TA muscle at day 3 after CTX injection. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nC: Time course of CTX and G-CSF administration, and examination in 8-week-oldmdxmice.\nD: The percentages of central nuclear myocytes in cross-sections of TA muscle at day 3 after CTX injection. Data are shown as mean±s.d. *P<0.05; unequal variance Student’st-test.n=4 per group.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms7745_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8671", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Expression profile of remaining 14-3-3 isoforms in inguinal white adipose tissue from WT and 14-3-3ζOE mice (n=5 per group). (h,i) Glucose tolerance (2 g kg−1b.w.;h) and insulin tolerance (1.5 U kg−1b.w.;i) tests were administered to WT or 14-3-3ζOE mice after 8 weeks of high-fat diet exposure (n=6–8 per group, *P<0.05 when comparing WT-LFD with WT-HFD, $P<0.05 when comparing 14-3-3ζOE-LFD with 14-3-3ζOE-HFD, assessed by one-way ANOVA). (j,k) Glucose tolerance (j) and insulin tolerance (0.75 U kg−1b.w.;k) tests were administered to WT or 14-3-3ζOE mice after 2 weeks of high-fat diet exposure (n=5–9 per group; *P<0.05, assessed by two-way ANOVA when comparing WT-LFD with 14-3-3ζOE–LFD). Error bars represent s.e.m.\nB: Weekly body weights of 12 week old WT and 14-3-3ζOE mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) or the corresponding control diet (LFD, 10% fat) for 8 weeks (n=6–8 per group, *P<0.05 when comparing HFD-WT to HFD-14-3-3ζOE mice, assessed by Student’st-test). (d,e) WT or 14-3-3ζOE mice were subject to DEXA body composition analysis before exposure to high-fat diet (d) or after 8 weeks (e) (n=6–8 per group, *P<0.05, assessed by Student’st-test).\nC: Body weights of WT and 14-3-3ζ-over-expressing transgenic (14-3-3ζOE) mice were measured for 1 year (n=4–9 per group; *P<0.05, assessed by Student’st-test).\nD: Expression of the TAP-tagged 14-3-3ζ (50 kDa) and endogenous 14-3-3ζ (30 kDa) in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) and skeletal muscle (n=3 per group).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms8671_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11386", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Treatment with siRNAs targeting DNAJC14 and Hsc70 cooperatively reduced the surface expression of unconventionally transported H723R-pendrin.**P<0.01 by one-way ANOVA, difference from Arf1-Q71L alone (lane 2),n=3.\nB: An siRNA screen was performed in PANC-1 cells transfected with plasmids encoding H723R-pendrin and Arf1-Q71L to identify J proteins or nucleotide exchange factors involved in the unconventional transport of H723-pendrin. Cells were treated with siRNA 24 h before transfection with plasmids. Surface biotinylation assays were performed 24 h after plasmid transfection, and the surface-to-lysate ratio was calculated by densitometry. A summary of multiple experiments is shown, and representative immunoblots are presented inSupplementary Fig. 4.**P<0.01 by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA),n=4–7.\nC: Quantitative PCR analyses of DNAJC14 in PANC-1 cells. Arf1-Q71L or thapsigargin did not significantly alter the mRNA levels of DNAJC14.\nD: Proteins samples from PANC-1 cells transfected with indicated plasmids were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag (DNAJC14) and immunoblotted. Arf1-Q71L-mediated ER-to-Golgi blockade induced the association of DNAJC14 with H723R-pendrin. The data are representative of three independent experiments. Unprocessed original scans of western blots are shown inSupplementary Fig. 10.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11386_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4591", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: The results of ExoScreen detection of circulating EVs (left panel) and purified circulating EVs (right panel) in sera from healthy donors (n=10) and colorectal cancer patients (n=35) using CD147 and CD9 antibodies. The panels show the signal intensities from each samples measured for CD147/CD9 double-positive EVs using ExoScreen.\nB: Receiver operating characteristic curves between healthy donors and colorectal cancer patients assesing by CD147/CD9 double-positive EVs (left panel), CEA and CA19-9 (right panel). left panel, CD147/CD9 double-positive EVs (healthy donors versus colorectal cancer patients; AUC: 0.820); right panel, CEA (AUC: 0.669); CA19-9 (AUC: 0.622) Data are representative of at least three independent experiments each. AUC, area under the curve.\nC: Changes in serum levels of CD147/CD9 double-positive EVs in colorectal cancer patients (stage I or II:n=15) before (preoperation) and after (postoperation after 7–34 days) surgical removal of the tumor. Box lengths represent the interquartile range (first to third quartiles). The line in the center of the boxes represents the median value. Data represented by the asterisks are extreme values (greater than three times the interquartile range over the third quartile). TheP-value was calculated by using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.\nD: Serum levels of CD147/CD9 double-positive EVs in colorectal cancer patients without any purification. The panel shows a scatter plot for healthy donors (n=191) and colorectal cancer patients (n=194). TheP-value was calculated by using Wilcoxon rank-sum test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4591_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9126", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: GST–pull-down with GST–YAP1 fusion peptides. The binding of AR protein to GST–YAP1 peptide was probed with WB using the AR specific antibody. Total cell lysate from LNCaP was used as a source of AR in GST–pull-down experiment. M, Marker.\nB: AR-responsive PSA promoter reporter activity;*P<5.6E−06. LNCaP cells were transiently transfected with PSA-Luc and Vector control, YAP1–WT, YAP1-ΔN (58-504 residues), or YAP1-ΔC (2–290 residues) construct, followed by EtOH vehicle or androgen (10 nM DHT) treatment for 48 h.\nC: Quantitative PCR analysis of YAP1 and well-characterized AR responsive genes KLK3, PSMA, FKBP5 and TMPRSS2 in LNCaP cells that were transiently transfected with control shRNA or two different YAP1 shRNAs, followed by DHT treatment in CSS growth condition; *P<0.002. Quantitative RT–PCR with total RNA was performed at 24 h post DHT treatment or at 72 h post transfection. Data (±s.e.) are from two independent experiments in triplicate.\nD: Co-IP and WB analysis of endogenous YAP1 interacting with the exogenous HA–AR full-length (FL), HA–AR–NTD or AR–DBD–LBD deletion mutant in C4-2 cells.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9126_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3740", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: BMS scores after SCI.\nB: Schematic diagram of GAG synthesis. The steps in CS synthesis are as follows: (1) synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker that is attached to core proteins; (2) attachment of anN-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to the linker; (3) addition of glucuronic acid (GlcA) to GalNAc and subsequent polymerization of the disaccharide backbone (GalNAc-GlcA); and (4) sulphation of several sites (a). During CS or HS synthesis T1 transfers GalNAc (CS) to the linker, whereas Ext1/Ext2 transfers GlcNAc (HS). T1 is primarily responsible for the catalysis of the first unique step in CS chain formation21,22,26,28(a); therefore, T1 is the most important enzyme for regulation of CS synthesis. SeeSupplementary Table S2for a description of enzyme abbreviations. Gal, galactose; GalNAc,N-acetylgalactosamine; GlcNAc,N-acetylglucosamine; GlcA, glucuronic acid; Xyl, xylose.\nC: Footfall tests after SCI. (b,c) T1KO versus WT and ChABC.Post hocanalyses were conducted using the Bonferroni–Dunn test for repeated-measures ANOVA. Inbandc, data are expressed as the mean±s.e.m; *P<0.05; **P<0.01 (n=9; ANOVA).\nD: Immunohistochemistry of 5HT(+) axon terminals in mice 8 weeks after SCI. 5HT (green) and CS (red). Scale bars, 1 mm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms3740_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1491", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Medical research", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Collagen-binding activity of various strains ofS.aureus. Phillips and Cowan 1 are reported to have high collagen-binding activity in variousS. aureusstrains. The activity was evaluated under fixed conditions of 2 mg of Type I collagen and 1×1010bacterial cells. The results for each strain are expressed as a percentage of TW871 activity as 100%. Each column represents mean±s.d. from 3–5 independent experiments.\nB: Platelet aggregation activity of various strains ofS. mutans. The assays were performed using whole blood obtained from mice with an aggregometer under fixed conditions of 4 μg of Type I collagen and 1×107bacterial cells. The results for each strain are expressed as a percentage based on that with collagen but no bacterial cells as 100%. Each column represents mean±s.d. from 3–5 independent experiments.\nC: Correlation between collagen-binding activity and collagen-induced platelet aggregation (regression analysis;R2=0.6432). Each point represents mean±s.e.m. from the data of each treatment.\nD: Size of the haemorrhagic areas of mice infected with the two strains ofS. aureusin a mouse stroke model. Each column represents mean±s.e.m. from 6–7 independent experiments. NS; no statistical significance versus control (Bonferroni's method after ANOVA).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms1491_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9457", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Myc-taggedwtMer or Myc-taggedΔ2–4Mer was expressed in HCCLM3 cells, and an anti-Myc antibody was used for immunofluorescence staining. (Scale bar, 20 μm).\nB: The fractionation ofwtMer andΔ2–4Mer expressing HCCLM3 cells was performed and analysed by immunoblotting for β-catenin expression with the indicated antibodies.\nC: Immunoprecipitation assay forwtMer orΔ2–4Mer with ERM and β-catenin.\nD: Δ2-4Mer- orwtMer-expressing HCCLM3 cells were injected into the caudal veins of BALB/C nude mice. The lung metastatic tumours were stained by H&E; Scale bar, 100 μm. The tumour numbers were counted and are shown to the right of the graphs (five mice per group). *P<0.05; **P<0.01, based on the student’st-test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9457_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13796", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (k)?\nA: The indicated 231-LM2 cells were introduced intravenously into immunocompromised mice. Lung colonization was analysed by BLI. Left: Bioluminescent signals from the lungs normalized to signals at day 0. Right: Representative bioluminescent images of mice and histological staining (H&E) of lung sections. Scale bar, 5 mm.\nB: Experimental lung metastasis assays with 231-Par cells expressing control vector (VEC), wild-type (WT) or catalytic mutant (MUT)GALNT14. Left: Normalized lung BLI signals. Middle: a scatter plot of normalized lung BLI signals at day 59. Right: Representative images of mice and histological staining (H&E) of lung sections. Scale bar, 5 mm. (g,h) Relative lung colonization by MCF7 cells expressing control vector (VEC) or wild-typeGALNT14(WT) (g). Kaplan–Meier survival curves of mice injected with these cells are shown in (h).Pvalues inhwere calculated using a log rank test. (i,j) The indicated 231-Par cells were inoculated into mice via intracardiac injection. Normalized BLI signals in the hind limbs (i) and extracted brains at day 51 post the injection (j) are shown.n=9 (VEC) and 6 (WT).\nC: Comparison of brain-metastatic activities of the indicated 231-BrM2 cells. Normalized BLI signals in extracted brains at day 31 after intracardiac injection are shown.n=19 (shCntr) and 17 (shGALNT14).Pvalues: one-tailed Mann–Whitney test unless indicated otherwise. *P<0.05; **P<0.001; n.s.P>0.05. Data are mean±s.e.m. qRT-PCR data shown inais a representative of two independent experiments, each with triplicate samples. qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR.\nD: Fold changes in the expression ofGALNT1throughGALNT20in 231-LM2 relative to 231-Par. N.D.: Not detected. Relative GALNT14 protein levels in these cell lines are also shown.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13796_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8058", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Diagram showing the germarium ofDrosophilaovary. GSCs (GSC, pink) indicated by anterior spectrosomes (SS, red) are located at the anterior end of the germarium adjacent to the niche cap cells (CpC, light green). Escort stem cell (ESC, lavender), differentiated CB (blue), germ cell cyst marked by the presence of branched fusomes (BS, red), somatic stem cells (SSCs, violet), follicle cells (FC, light blue). (b–d) w- germarium representative of three experiments* from 2 h, 3 days and 7 days post 50 Gy gamma-irradiation (IR). White dashed circles mark the GSCs. Brackets indicate stages 1 and 2A. Adducin and LaminC (red); cleaved caspase 3 (green); DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; blue). Scale bar, 20 μm.\nB: Schematic diagram of theDrosophilamale GSC niche. SC, spermatocytes. Dotted and branched fusomes are indicated in red in GSCs and differentiated cells. (l–m)Drosophilatestis before and after 10 μM maytansinol feeding. Cleaved caspase3 (red). Scale bar, 75 μm. (n-o) Male GSC niche before and after 3 days 10 μM maytansinol treatments. Arrow points at GSC adjacent to the niche; arrowhead points at differentiated germline cell with cleaved caspase3 expression. Scale bar, 20 μm. *All figures are representative of at least three experiments unless stated otherwise.\nC: Mean percentage of cleaved caspase3+ cells in ISC/EB (n=197), ee (n=251), and EC cell types (n=818) respectively. Error bar, s.e.m.\nD: Mean percentage of germaria with branched fusomes in w-females at 0 h (n=398), 2 h (n=173), 1 day (n=203), 3 days (n=148) and 7 days (n=171) post 50 Gy IR.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms8058_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-020-18081-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Dynamin-mediated internalization of EVs and EE formation. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Model created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). (**pvalue < 0.01, ***pvalue < 0.001n= 3). Data are represented as mean ± SD in (b) and (d). Statistical analysis including two-way ANOVA multiple comparisons was carried out using GraphPad Prism 6.01.\nB: EV-HSPG interaction;\nC: αvβ3 recruitment;\nD: pFAK-DYNAMIN recruitment to endocytosis complex;", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-020-18081-9_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8882", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Pyruvate kinase (PK) enzymatic activity in lysates of Huh7, Hep3B and Snu-449 cells stably expressing shNS or shPARP14. WBs showing the levels of PARP14 and PKM2 proteins in matching cell lysates.\nB: Glucose consumption and lactate production in Hep3B cells left untreated (ctr.) or treated with 10 μM PJ-34 for 48 h.\nC: PK enzymatic activity and lactate production in Hep3B cells stably expressing FLAG-PKM1 (pWPI-FLAG-PKM1) or control empty vector (pWPI). WBs showing the levels of endogenous PKM2 and exogenous PKM1 in cell lysates.\nD: PK enzymatic activity in PARP14-depleted HCC cells co-expressing either PKM2 (shPARP14/shPKM2) or control NS (shPARP14/shNS) shRNAs. WBs analyses with antibodies against endogenous (endog.) proteins in co-silenced HCC cells used for the corresponding assay. Lysates of HEK293T cells overexpressing FLAG-PKM1 or FLAG-PKM2 were used as positive controls (pos. ctr).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8882_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14209", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: CARMIL2 immunoblot of HD and family 2 members with vinculin loading control.\nB: Schematic representation of chromosome 16, cytogenetic band 16q22.1 and the homozygous region (blue box and bp interval) identified by SNP chip that harbourCARMIL2(black vertical line).\nC: Electropherograms of family 1 members forCARMIL2Wt/Mut, Mut/Mut and Wt/Wt alleles.\nD: Pedigree of family 1 with father (F1), mother (M1), siblings (S1.1 and S1.2) and patients (P1.1 and P1.2). Grey symbols and diagonal bars indicate diseased and deceased subjects, respectively, andCARMIL2wildtype (Wt) andCARMIL2c.489insG mutated (Mut) alleles are depicted for each patient.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14209_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14290", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Effect of THZ1 500 nM treatment for 24 h on the GI50of obatoclax and ABT-737 expressed as ratio between post and pre-THZ1 in PTCL cell lines. Red dotted line at 1.00 indicates unchanged ratio and points below the line indicates a reduced GI50after THZ1 at 48 h.\nB: Schedule of administration forin vivotreatment of OCI-Ly12 mice (top). AUC of tumour growth from day 1 to day 21 in OCI-Ly12 xenografted mice treated as shown in the schedule. Data are presented as mean with 95% CI.P-values obtained fromT-test.\nC: Response-surface analysis for the combination of eight concentrations of THZ1 and obatoclax on the viability of the primary ALCL culture. Darker shades of red indicate higher killing effect. Effect of THZ1 (at 1:5 ratio) on the GI50of obatoclax. Data are presented as mean with 95% CI for triplicates.\nD: Effect of THZ1 and obatoclax on the viability of an ALCL primary culture. The GI50for each drug is shown between parentheses.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14290_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13354", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Suggested model for the bivalent interaction of tremelimumab with CTLA-4. Tremelimumab binds two CTLA-4 molecules in the vicinity of the two binding site of IgG, spanning 150–190 Å in the perpendicular direction from the T-cell membrane.\nB: Suggested model for an alternating periodic arrangement of bivalent dimers of CTLA-4 and B7-1 at the interface between a T-cell and cancer cell, imposing an intercellular distance of∼140 Å23,24.\nC: Structure of CTLA-4 dimer (purple) binding to two B7-1 molecules (green) (PDB code 1i8l).\nD: Structure of CTLA-4 dimer (purple) binding to two tremelimumab Fab fragments (heavy chain: blue, light chain: cyan) in the crystal.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms13354_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13166", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: for cullins Cul2, Cul3 and Cul4A;\nB: for F-box proteins Fbxw7 and Fbxo3.\nC: Immunoblottings for Cul1 and its CRL components Rbx and Skp1;\nD: for F-box protein βTrCP and the SCFβTrCPsubstrates Wee1 and pIκBα;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms13166_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12943", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Oncology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Scheme for labelling Bmi1+ cells before castration.\nB: Ki67 does not co-localize with YFP+ CARBs in the regressed prostate.\nC: Bar graph shows the quantification of YFP+, Nkx3.1+, and YFP+Nkx3.1+ cells in the anterior prostate (n=3). # No overlap between YFP+ cells and Nkx3.1+ cells (CARNs) was observed.\nD: Scheme for labelling of castration-resistant Bmi1+ cells (CARBs) in mouse prostate. (b–f) Co-localization of YFP in CARBs with CK8 (b,c), CK5 (d,e), or CK14 (f) expressing cells in regressed prostates. Arrows and arrowheads indicate YFP-labelled cells that are positive and negative for basal cell markers, respectively.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12943_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9873", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Relative levels of non-essential and essential amino acids.\nB: Schematic tracing the fate of13C atoms from U-13C5-glutamine in reductive carboxylation.\nC: Percentage of13C-labelled M2 isotopomers of intermediates in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.\nD: Percentage of13C-labelled isotopomers of amino acids.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9873_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11939", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Microbiota profiles in stool samples from 12 subjects (n=202;∼17 sampling days per subject), temporally ordered from left to right. Each row represents taxonomic groups at the family level. The top 15 families are displayed and sorted according to relative abundance. Abundances are represented using the colour scale.\nB: Temporal shift from Staphylococcaceae- or Enterobacteriaceae-dominant microbiota to Bifidobacteriaceae-dominant microbiota. S, Staphylococcaceae-dominated (yellow); E, Enterobacteriaceae-dominated (blue); B, Bifidobacteriaceae-dominated (red); NT, not tested; —, sample not provided.\nC: Box plots showing the relative abundances of the main contributors to each cluster. Different letters (a–c) above the boxes indicate significant differences between clusters (P<0.05, Mann–WhitneyU-test with Bonferroni’s correction).\nD: Characteristics of infant gut microbiota, illustrated by PCoA and PAM clustering analyses. Data from individuals (points) were clustered, and the centres of gravity (rectangles) were computed for each class. The coloured ellipses encompass 67% of the samples in each cluster.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11939_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10248", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Volcano plot displaying univariate Cox PH model results using innate immune lineage CLSs as variables. Innate immune cell subtypes consist of CD11b+ myeloid (CD11b my), DC, macrophages (Mac), monocytes (Mon), NK and pDC.\nB: Kaplan–Meier plot depicting the survival probability over time for an example CD8+ memory T cell and CD8+ effector T cell. For all Kaplan–Meier plots, samples were stratified into high and low groups based on whether their CLS was above or below the modal frequency of the CLS distribution for the given cell type.P-values were calculated using the log-rank test. Vertical hash marks indicate censored data.\nC: Volcano plot displaying results from univariate Cox PH models that used adaptive immune lineage CLSs as variables. Adaptive immune cell subtypes include B, CD4+ memory T (CD4 mem), CD4+ naive T (CD4 nve), CD8+ effector T (CD8 eff), CD8+ memory T (CD8 mem), CD8+ naive T (CD8 nve), γδ T, NKT, regulatory T (T-reg) and Th cells.\nD: Kaplan–Meier plot depicting the survival probability over time for samples with high (red) and low (blue) CLSs for two example dedifferentiated cell types, the multi-lineage progenitor from fetal liver and Fr.D pre-B cell.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms10248_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5765", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Height of the energy barriers. Similar to the findings of the group analysis (Fig. 1e), in the bistable session the three major local minimums were separated by energy barriers higher than unity.\nB: Relationship between the size of basin and duration. We compared the basin sizes of the three major local minimums with the mean duration of perception across participants. The subject with a larger basin of local min 1 tended to show shorter duration (that is, more frequent switches), whereas those with a smaller basin of Visual-area local min tended to have more stable perception. The basin size of Intermediate local min had no significant correlation with duration. *Significant difference in correlation coefficients (r) between the bistable and replay sessions (P<0.05,N=18). Red circles and blue crosses represent data for each participant in the bistable and replay sessions, respectively.\nC: Size of basin. Similar to the sizes of basins observed in the group analysis (Fig. 1f), the three major local minimums (Frontal-area, Visual-area and Intermediate) had significantly larger sizes of basins than the average basin size of the other local minimums in the bistable session. In contrast, the size of Intermediate local min was not large in the replay session. **P<0.01 in signed-rank Wilcoxon tests (N=18). Error bars represent the s.d.\nD: Comparison of the occurrence probability of the local minimums in single-participant-level analysis. Even for single participants, the pairwise MEM accurately reproduced the occurrence probability of the local minimums in the empirical data. The scatter plot shows the case of participant 1 and the averaged relative error was 17/22% in the bistable/replay sessions, respectively.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms5765_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3584", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Fluorescence microscopy of infected muscle tissue. A cluster of vanco-800CW-labelled Gram-positive cocci (that is,S. aureus) is indicated in the right panel (red) and a chain of Gram-negative rods (that is,E. coli) is indicated in the left panel (green). DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained cell nuclei are labelled green. Scale bar, 10 μm. Vanco-800CW imaging: excitation 710 nm, emission >785 nm; DAPI imaging: excitation 360 nm and emission >458 nm. See alsoSupplementary Fig. S6.\nB: Micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging of the mouse shown inawith bioluminescence (BLI; rainbow scale) and fluorescence (FLI; red–yellow scale) coregistration. A fluorescent signal from the bladder is detectable behind the spine. SeeSupplementary Fig. S4and theSupplementary Movie 1for the separate BLI and FLI images.\nC: Imaging of a mouse withE. coli(Xen16)-induced myositis in the left hind limb andS. aureus(Xen36)-induced myositis in the right hind limb was performed with the IVIS SpectrumCT Imaging System at 8 and 24 h after intravenous administration of 1.8 mg kg−1vanco-800CW. Left side: bioluminescence imaging (open filter, field of view (FOV) 12.8 cm, F-stop 1, 30 s acquisition time); right side: fluorescence imaging (excitation 745 nm, emission 840 nm, field of view (FOV) 12.8 cm, F-stop 2, 0.5 s acquisition time).\nD: Excised muscle tissue of theE. coli-infected left leg (left) and theS. aureus-infected right leg (right) of the mouse shown ina.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms3584_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9918", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (g)?\nA: Concentration-dependent effects of P5 and Ex4 toward GLP-1R desensitization (n=3). The data are mean±s.e.m. of a typical experiment that was performed independently at least three times. Statistic by two-tailedt-test: *P<0.05; **P<0.01.\nB: Concentration–response curves for P5- and Ex4-induced changes in cellular impedance in CHO cells expressing the human GLP-1R.\nC: Concentration–response curves for P5, and Ex4-induced calcium mobilization in CHO cells expressing the human GLP-1R. (d,e) Concentration–response curves for P5, and Ex4-induced β-arrestin 1 (d) and β-arrestin 2 (e) recruitment in CHO cells expressing the human GLP-1R.\nD: Biased factors (β) from an equiactive comparison indicate bias for P5.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms9918_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4065", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The targeting dynamics, targeting mechanism and anti-inflammatory action of [S]-rHDL in apoE-KO mice were investigated by analysing the dynamics of phospholipids and hydrophobic cargos of [S]-rHDL in the blood using NIRF and flow cytometry. The biodistribution was evaluated in organs with NIRF.\nB: The efficacy of low-dose long-term (12 weeks) [S]-rHDL treatment on disease progression was evaluated in the abdominal aortas with MRI and in aortic roots with histology.\nC: The efficacy of high-dose short-term (1 week) [S]-rHDL treatment was evaluated in aortic roots with histology.\nD: Magnetic resonance imaging, NIRF, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to validate the plaque macrophage-targeting efficiency of [S]-rHDL. The effect of [S]-rHDL on the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes of plaque macrophages was determined in macrophages isolated with laser capture microdissection. Fluorescence molecular tomography and computed tomography were used to assess the effect of [S]-rHDL on inflammatory protease activity in aortic root plaques.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms4065_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6181", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Health care", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Quantification of ROS amounts (integrative fluorescence intensity measurements, expressed in arbitrary units (a.u.)).n=3 independent experiments. Scale bars, 5 μm (a,c). Data are represented as mean±s.d. #P<10−4; Kruskal–Wallis test.\nB: Time-course analysis of ΔΨm (JC-1 fluorescence ratio) in the axonal chambers of microfluidic cultures of mock-, BDV-Xwt- and BDV-XA6A7-infected neurons after axonal treatment with 1 μM rotenone, showing that only BDV-Xwtstabilizes the mitochondrial membrane potential.n=3 independent experiments.\nC: Representative example of confocal analysis of axonal chambers of microfluidic devices loaded with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicator H2-CFDA (green). Neurons were treated as described above. The positive control, that is, treatment with the ROS inducer tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) is also shown.\nD: Representative example of confocal analysis of axonal chambers of microfluidic devices loaded with the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) indicator JC-1. Neurons were mock treated, infected with wt recombinant BDV (BDV-Xwt) or recombinant BDV bearing mutations in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of X protein (BDV-XA6A7). They were either left untreated (−Rot) or treated with 1 μm Rotenone (+Rot) added for 16 h in the axonal chamber. The JC-1 signals for JC-1 monomeric form (green fluorescence) and aggregated form (red fluorescence) are shown, together with the merged image (bottom panels). Inserts show the resulting red/green fluorescent ratio, whose drop upon rotenone exposure is indicative of mitochondrial depolarization.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms6181_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4125", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Preincubation (30 min) of LPS (3 μg ml−1) with polymyxin B (PMB; 300 ng ml−1) abrogated responses in mTRPA1 cells to LPS. The same incubation had minimal effects on the response to AITC (100 μM).\nB: Mean±s.e.m. amplitude of the response to LPS in CLI-095 (n=24) and vehicle (n=13) was not significantly different (unpairedt-test).\nC: Representative example of responses to LPS in nodose neurons following preincubation for 10 min with CLI-095 (1 μM).\nD: The amplitude of calcium response to MO was minimally reduced by PMB (mean±s.e.m.,n>100 cells).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4125_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8314", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: Whole brains from both genotypes immediately before mincing.\nB: Densitometry of αS60 and αS14 in the TX fractions (N=2 mice of each genotype analysed on different days in triplicates of separate brain bits, totaln=6); values relative to those of hWT αS14. *P<0.05, **P<0.01; Student’st-test (see Methods) for all quantifications shown; error bars, s.d.\nC: Minced brain bits from both genotypes: TX-100 total homogenates (cytosolic and membrane proteins). Untreated (-), DSP/βME-treated (DSPr) and DSG-treated samples in triplicates (Syn1 mAb, right panel). Left panel, Ponceau-staining of the membrane.\nD: DSG crosslinked mouse brain samples: cytosols blotted for αS (Syn1, 15G7, C20) and DJ-1; Ponceau-staining of the blot membrane is on left. DJ-1 served as control for equal crosslinking efficiency and equal loading.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms8314_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4551", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Frequencies of IFN-γ+, IL-4+, IL-17A+, GM-CSF+and IL-10+cells in TH1, TH2 and TH17 cultures.\nB: CD4+T cells from the indicated congenic mice were mixed prior to culturing in non-polarizing conditions for 4 days, followed by ICS. Cells were gated based on their expression of CD45.1 or CD45.2. Representative ICS for IL-10 and GM-CSF is shown.\nC: Representative ICS for the indicated cytokines.\nD: Representative ICS for the indicated cytokines.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4551_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6637", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: In vitrogrowth of GaLa1949 melanoma cells expressing either scrambled shRNA or Beclin 1 shRNA upon ablation of Mcl-1 with doxycycline-inducible shRNA. Results are representative of at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m. (n=3 for all graphs).\nB: Beclin 1 and Mcl-1 levels in patient-derived melanomas compared with primary melanocytes.\nC: Beclin 1 and Mcl-1 protein levels in xenografts isolated from animals in (c).\nD: In vivogrowth of xenograft tumours derived from cells transduced with the indicated shRNA. Error bars indicate s.e.m. (n=8 per group). After establishment of xenografts, NSG mice were kept on 1 mg ml−1Dox supplemented in the drinking water to induce Mcl-1 shRNA.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms6637_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7377", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Pathogenesis", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: The resistantEGFRmutant SCLC cell lines MGH131-1 and MGH131-2, and a resistantEGFRmutant NSCLC cell line that harbour T790M, MGH121, were treated with indicated concentrations of Gefitinib (GEF) or the third-generation EGFR inhibitor WZ4002 (WZ) for 72 h. Cell viability was measured with the CellTiter-Glo assay. Experiments were performed in quadruplicate and error bars depict the standard error of the mean for each data point.\nB: Patient-derived TKI-resistant cell lines from resistant SCLC (MGH131-1 and MGH131-2), and T790M-positive NSCLC (MGH121 and MGH134) were treated with indicated concentrations of ABT-263 for 72 h and cell viability was measured with the CellTiter-Glo assay. Each data point was repeated in quadruplicate and error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Bottom—IC50values for ABT-263 for each cell line.\nC: IHC staining for total EGFR on a representative pair of matched pre- and post-resistant samples from a patient whose resistantEGFRmutant cancer transformed from NSCLC to SCLC (Patient #3, left and middle) and a resistantEGFRmutant cancer that remained NSCLC (patient #18, right). The yellow circle indicates EGFR-positive endothelial cells in the resistantEGFRmutant SCLC.\nD: Representative blot of lysates from a panel of patient-derived resistantEGFRmutant cell lines and classical SCLC cell lines was probed with antibodies specific to total EGFR and actin (MGH119 was derived from a TKI naïve patient). Lysates from this panel were also probed inSupplementary Fig. 1c.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms7377_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms2032", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Northern blot analysis of RNA from human brain or SH-SY5Y cells, as indicated. Blots were hybridized with probes targeting the aSyn CDS (left panel) or the 3′UTR (right panel). Nucleotide length is presented on the right; the corresponding 3′UTR size (colour coded as per a) is indicated on left.\nB: Ratio of long 3′UTR aSyn mRNA to short 3′UTR aSyn mRNA species counts, evaluated by pA-RNAseq of cortical samples from unaffected individuals (n=17, black diamonds) and from PD patients (n=17, red triangles). Ratio corresponds to the long 3′UTR species (1,070 and 2,520 nt) read count divided by the shorter 3′UTR species (290, 480 or 560 nt) read count. Horizontal bars represent the means. *P<0.05, two-tailedt-test.\nC: Manhattan plot representing the association of 380,157 SNPs with the aSynL:total ratio in the non-PD brain tissue cohort as in (e).Xaxis represents chromosomal location,yaxis represents −log10 of the unadjustedP-value of association for each SNP with elevated aSyn transcript ratio. The aSyn 3′ locus SNP rs356168 (arrow) exhibits the highest association. Error bars represent the s.e.m.\nD: aSynL:total transcript ratios in cortical tissue samples from unaffected non-PD individuals (n=365) are presented as a function of rs356168 PD-associated risk allele load. Individuals harbour 0 PD-risk alleles ('CC', left), 1 PD-risk allele ('CT', middle) or 2 PD risk alleles ('TT', right). Association between the allelic load of the T causative variant and the aSynL:total ratio was evaluated by linear regression.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms2032_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms8737", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (k)?\nA: RCA-1 binding was measured in healthy human platelets following incubation with anti-GPIbα (ITP-1 to ITP-12) or anti-GPIIbIIIa (ITP-a to ITP-l) antibody-positive ITP patient plasma.\nB: FcγRII/III blocker IV.3 was incubated with mAbs (9D2, M1 or HUTA B) and platelets, RCA-1 binding was assessed following. Only the healthy donor platelets that were significantly desialylated in the presence of these mAbs were tested;n=4.\nC: anti-GPIbα-mediated RCA-1 binding was assessed following removal of GPIbα with OSGE.\nD: Representative western blot of RCA-1 binding (left), and probing with commercial anti-GPIbα antibody (right) to confirm the identity of the RCA-1-positive band following incubation with anti-GPIbα mAb (NIT F). RCA-1 binding on GPIbα was also quantified by protein densitometry in the presence of DANA. All flow cytometry data are expressed as fold change from nonspecific murine IgG (murine)- or IVIG (human)-treated control platelets (CTRL). Anti-GPIbα mAbs shown as mean±s.e.m. of individual mAbs. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus CTRL as analysed by the Student’st-test (a–c,e,f) or one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferronipost hoc(d,g–k). NS, not significant.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms8737_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11776", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (h)?\nA: 4E-BP3 WT or KO MiaPaCa-2 cells were incubated for the indicated days. Live-cell numbers were counted automatically using a BioRad TC10 automated cell counter. (d,e) 4E-BP3 WT or KO cells were treated with mTOR inhibitors for 72 h. Scale bar, 200 μm. Live cells were counted automatically using a BioRad TC10 automated cell counter. Error bars indicate±s.d. (n=3). **P<0.01.\nB: The WT or KO cells were treated with the mTOR inhibitors for 72 h. Cell proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation. Error bars indicate±s.d. (n=3). **P<0.01.\nC: 4E-BP3 WT or KO cells were grown on a monolayer and focus formation was determined after 10 days by crystal violet staining. Scale bar, 2 mm.\nD: Number of foci >1 mm was counted using ImageJ. Results represent the mean cell number relative to control (set to 100%)±s.d. (n=3). **P<0.01. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA. (c–h) A representative result of three independent experiments is shown.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms11776_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9792", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: A comparison of the tumour weights.\nB: A comparison of the number of fibrocyte-like cells (collagen type 1+/CXCR4+cells) (n=6–7 per group). *P<0.01 by the Mann–Whitney-U-test. Allin vivoandin vitrodata are shown as the means±s.e.m.\nC: Representative images of the migrated fibrocyte-like cellsin vitro. Fibrocyte-like cells were cultured with or without a CXCR4 inhibitor (AMD3100) in the upper chamber, and those that migrated towards the lower chamber were stained. The lower chamber contained Y-MESO-14 cells cultured under normoxia or chemical hypoxia. Scale bar, 200 μm.\nD: Assessment of hypoxic lesion in the tumour with immunohistochemistry using anti-CA9 antibody. (left) representative images of the hypoxic lesion stained in brown in the tumour produced by Y-MESO-14 cells treated with or without bevacizumab (bev). Tumours were harvested 28 days after the tumour cell-injection. Scale bar, 200 μm. (right) Evaluation of CA9-positive area (n=6 per group). *P<0.05 by the Mann–Whitney-U-test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms9792_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1033", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Biomarkers", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Miller cohort.\nB: Chang cohort.\nC: Metadata containing 1,009 ER+ samples from Affymetrix data sets minus the training set (Wang cohort). Green, blue and dark orange curves represent low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups, respectively.P-values were obtained from theχ2-test.\nD: Wang cohort.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms1033_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms7241", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Western blot analysis. The amounts of β-catenin in the aortic tissues from SMMHC-CreERT2:Ctnnb1+/+mice (SMMHC-β-catenin wild type (WT)) and SMMHC-CreERT2:Ctnnb1flox/floxmice (SMMHC-β-catenin CKO) were analysed in aortic tissues isolated 6 days after the final tamoxifen treatment.\nB: PCR analysis of aortic tissue DNA. DNA extracted from aortic tissues of tamoxifen-treated SMMHC-β-catenin WT and SMMHC-β-catenin CKO mice were amplified with a PCR primer set designed for detecting the null allele.\nC: Real-time PCR analysis for the expression level of theAxin2gene (one of the major Wnt/β-catenin target genes) in the aortic tissue isolated from tamoxifen-treated SMMHC-β-catenin WT and SMMHC-β-catenin CKO mice. The values are shown as fold induction over SMMHC-β-catenin WT mice. **P<0.01 versus SMMHC-β-catenin WT mice.\nD: TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining of aortic tissue and percentage of TUNEL-positive cells. TUNEL staining of aortic tissue from SMMHC-β-catenin WT and SMMHC-β-catenin CKO mice 1 week after AngII infusion. The DNase (TACS nuclease)-treated section is presented as a positive control. Percentage of TUNEL-positive cells per total cells in aortic media was calculated. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms7241_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12862", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Hirudin-anticoagulated blood from 14-3-3ζ-wt and 14-3-3ζ-deficient (14-3-3ζ-null) mice was perfused through collagen-coated (250 μg ml−1Type I) microslides at 1,800 s−1for 5 min.\nB: PAR4P:n=10; CRP:n=5), whereNSP>0.05. Note: no significant difference was observed in the geometric mean of fluorescence intensity for the same experiments. (g–i) Resting whole cell lysates were prepared from 14-3-3ζ-wt (wt) and 14-3-3ζ-null (null) washed platelets.\nC: Aggregation of washed mouse platelets in the presence of human VWF (10 μg ml−1) and botrocetin (10 μg ml−1), with stirring. The graph depicts aggregation traces from one representative of three independent experiments.\nD: Comparative aggregation of washed 14-3-3ζ-wt and 14-3-3ζ-null platelets in response to CRP or ADP ((i) ADP 1 μM; (ii) CRP 20 ng ml−1). Results are taken from one representative experiment. A histogram depicting the mean±s.e.m. (n=3; analysed using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’spost hoctesting), is presented inSupplementary Fig. 2b. (e,f) Diluted whole blood samples from 14-3-3ζ-wt (black bars) or 14-3-3ζ-null (white bars) mice were incubated with PE-JON/A (e) or FITC-anti P-selectin antibody (f), as described under ‘Methods’, to examine integrin αIIbβ3and degranulation of platelet α-granules, respectively, and analysed by flow cytometry, following incubation with the indicated agonist/concentration for 15 min. Results depict the % of gated platelets positive for antibody binding and are expressed as the mean±s.e.m. ((e) PAR4P:n=10; CRP:n=3; ADP:n=4;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms12862_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms13035", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Analysis of firing frequency confirmed the inhibitory effect of cervical VagX on AngII-induced SSNA (nmice=5; paired samples Student’st-test,t(4)=8.524, ***P<0.001).\nB: Yet, no effect of coeliac VagX on the mean amplitude gain of spikes was observed, further supporting that this pattern of SSNA was regulated by pathways different from the vagus nerve (nmice=5; paired samples Student’st-test,t(4)=−1.518,P=0.204).\nC: Mice infused with AngII were subjected to cervical vagotomy (VagX) while recording SSNA. As shown by the representative raw signals of SSNA, cervical VagX completely abolishes splenic nerve activity.\nD: Conversely, no effect of cervical VagX on the mean amplitude gain of spikes was observed, suggesting that this pattern of SSNA was regulated by pathways different from the vagus nerve (nmice=5; paired samples Student’st-test,t(4)=−2.764,P=0.051).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms13035_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15104", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Cardiology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Heart, lung, and body weight of Sham- or TAC-operatedXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice were weighed 8 weeks after the TAC surgery (n=8, 9, 12, 7, respectively). Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey–Kramer HSD test. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 between arbitrary two groups.\nB: Macroscopic and echocardiographic images of Sham- or TAC-operatedXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice. Scale bar, 2 mm.\nC: Survival curve ofXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice after the TAC surgery (n=26, 33, respectively). Statistical significance was determined by Wilcoxon test.#P<0.05 versusXrcc1f/fmice.\nD: TAC surgery was performed toXrcc1f/fandXrcc1αMHC-Cremice and cardiac function after the operation was assessed by echocardiogram. LVDd, LV end-diastolic dimension; LVDs, LV end-systolic dimension; LVPWd, LV posterior wall dimension; LVFS, LV fractional shortening (Xrcc1f/fmice:n=80, 22, 30, 11, 10;Xrcc1αMHC-Cremice:n=85, 28, 40, 13, 9 at each time point, respectively). Statistical significance was determined by Student’st-test at each time point.#P<0.05;##P<0.01 versusXrcc1f/fmice.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15104_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms9768", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Pie–bar–pie representation showing number of ESRP2-regulated splicing events that exhibit a developmental shift towards the neonatal pattern inEsrp2KO livers, and their cell type specificity during normal development.\nB: qRT–PCR analysis showing complete loss ofEsrp2mRNA in liver tissue fromEsrp2knockout (KO) mice. Data (mean±s.d.,n=4) were normalized toGapdh(left). Western blot analysis demonstrating complete loss of ESRP2 inEsrp2knockout livers. GAPDH was used as loading control (right).\nC: Schematic showing the fullEsrp2gene replaced by homologous recombination to generate a knockout mouse. Coloured arrows indicate the positions of primers designed to determine the genotype of Wild-type andEsrp2KO mice.\nD: Representative gel images for the developmentally regulated splicing events (E18 versus adult; FVB/NJ strain) in the adult wild-type andEsrp2KO livers (C57BL/6 strain). Four representative splicing events that exhibit failure of neonatal-to-adult switch, and one representative event that remains unchanged inEsrp2KO livers.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms9768_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11606", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Antibiotic-treated mice (n=5) were infected with N16961 by oral gavage (∼107cells). At 2 days post-infection, mice were killed and the number ofVccells recovered from the small intestine (SI) of each mouse was determined. Values are presented as means±s.e.m. and are displayed on a log scale. ***P<0.001 versusVcCFUs detected in the control group.\nB: Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. Female CD-1 mice (5 to 6 weeks old) were treated with streptomycin (SM) and vancomycin (VAN) daily by oral gavage for 7 days. The daily doses administered were 1 mg for SM and 250 μg for VAN. At day 7 post-treatment, a subset of each treatment group was challenged withVcfor 2 days.\nC: After antibiotic treatment, mouse faeces were collected and homogenized in PBS. The microbial cells in each suspension were visualized using a Live/Dead bacterial staining kit. Scale bar, 20 μm.\nD: Relative quantities of theVc16S rRNA gene in SI tissue homogenates (n=5) as determined by real-time PCR. Values were normalized to those of thegapdhgene. The ratios of theVc16S rRNA genes to the hostgapdhgene are displayed on a log scale (means±s.e.m.). *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 versus the control group.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms11606_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14509", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: The percentages determined inbare shown as means±s.e.m. from two independent experiments (n=12 per group).Pvalue was determined with Student’st-test.\nB: Representative plots of bacterial flow cytometry. Faeces were collected from the chimeric mice indicated and suspended in PBS. Bacteria recognized by IgA were detected and their percentages determined.\nC: Comparison of anti-Y. enterocolitica-specific IgA production after long-term infection. Serial diluted faecal extracts prepared fromY. enterocolitica-infected mice were subjected to ELISA by usingY. enterocolitica-coated plates. Data are means±s.e.m. from one experiment representative of two independent experiments (n=4 per group). *P<0.05, determined with Student’st-test.\nD: Quantification of total IgA after long-term infection withY. enterocolitica. Faeces were prepared from the indicated chimeric mice on day 28 after infection. Concentrations of total IgA were determined by ELISA. Data are means±s.e.m. from two independent experiments (n=6 per group).Pvalue was determined with Student’st-test.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms14509_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms15375", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Gastroenterology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Confluent monolayer of Caco-2 cells was subjected toin vitroscratch-wound assay. Quantification of the kinetics of wound closure shows slower movement ofACF7-deficient cells. Error bar represents standard deviation (s.d.). Sample sizen=3 (three independent tests).\nB: Western blot analysis verified CRISPR-mediated deletion ofACF7in Caco-2 cells. Blot of vinculin servers as a loading control.\nC: WT orACF7KO cells or WT cells treated with nocodazole were stained for tight junctions with antibody against ZO-1, before or after calcium depletion. Cell nuclei are counter-stained with DAPI. Scale bar, 50 μm.\nD: WT orACF7KO caco-2 cells were subjected to immunofluorescence staining with different antibodies as indicated. Boxed areas are magnified as insets. Scale bar, 50 μm.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms15375_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-023-41519-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: : left all < 0.0001, right 0.0127, 0.0236, 0.0588;\nB: : all uninfected < 0.0001 infected 0.0247 and 0.0001 the rest;\nC: : 0.0034;\nD: : middle all < 0.0001, right 0.0190, 0.0005, 0.0040;", "answer": "B", "image": "s41467-023-41519-9_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16052", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Group differences in food value signals. NIR demonstrated increased food value signals in the left NAc relative to non-food signals compared to insulin-resistant individuals (IR). Plotted contrast: NIRfood>non-food>IRfood>non-food. The bar graph shows group means and s.e.m. of mean parameter estimates extracted from the ROI of the left NAc. All peaks areP<0.05 FWE corrected. Activations are overlaid on the mean structural image of all participants (display thresholdP<0.005 uncorrected).\nB: Categorical effect of food stimulus presentation. Greater activity in the insula, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, VTA and hypothalamus was observed in the food compared to the non-food condition across both groups.\nC: Mesolimbic ROI in the NAc (red) and the VTA (blue) overlaid on the mean structural image of all participants.\nD: Neural representation of preference values (parametric analysis). Regions in which the correlation with the preference value was significant in both the food and the non-food conditions across all participants included the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and the bilateral NAc.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms16052_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14147", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Endocrinology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Whole-body energy expenditure and (c) mean value of cold-induced energy expenditure of mice mentioned above (n=6).\nB: Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. Male 4-week-old A-FABP KO mice and WT littermates fed with HFD for 4 weeks were replenished with rA-FABP (1 μg h−1) or PBS for 14 days. Mice were then subcutaneously injected with T4 (400 μg kg−1; 5 days) at the last 5 days of recombinant protein administration followed by cold exposure (6 °C) for 24 h (n=6).\nC: The mRNA abundance ofLXRα, Dio2 and UCP-1in BAT of above mice (n=6). Circulating levels of (f) T4 and (g) T3 and (h) T3 level in BAT of mice mentioned above (n=6). Data are represented as mean±s.e.m.*P<0.05, **P<0.01 (one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.)\nD: Representative H&E staining, IHC staining and densitometry analysis for the expression of UCP-1 (right panel) in BAT, scale bar, 20 μM, with magnification of 400 × . Representative images from three independent experiments are shown (n=6).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms14147_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms1568", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Image of the surgically exposed DRG injected with a mixture of plasmid DNA and fast-green dye (yellow arrow and inset).\nB: Image of a surgically exposed L4 DRG (yellow arrow and inset) on one side of the spinal cord.\nC: Image of the electrodes used in the study.\nD: Image of the surgically exposed DRG being electroporated with the tweezer-like electrodes.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms1568_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4673", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Protocol for BrdU labelling of reserve zone cells (stem-like chondrocytes).\nB: Sections from control (Gsα fl/fl) and Gsα cKO (Col2-CreERt; Gsα fl/fl) mice treated as shown indwere stained with both BrdU and EdU. Double BrdU- and EdU-labelled cells (arrows) were observed in Gsα cKO mice but almost never in control mice. ep=epiphyseal bone. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nC: Modified protocol for BrdU labelling of stem-like chondrocytes aiming to detect stem-like cell proliferation. Mice were labelled with BrdU exactly as ina, but were killed earlier and were labelled with EdU 4 and 20 h before death.\nD: Representative images of the growth plates of control (Gsα fl/fl) and Gsα cKO (Col2-CreERt; Gsα fl/fl) mice shown ina,c. Sections are stained with H&E.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms4673_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5093", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Determination of Sdh (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II) and Cox (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV) activities in ingWAT of Ctrl and Tg mice. BAT of Ctrl mice was used as a positive control.\nB: Haematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) of interscapular BAT, epididymal (epWAT) and inguinal (ingWAT) WAT of control (Ctrl) and LSD1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Black arrows indicate beige fat islets. Scale bar, 100 μm.\nC: Mitochondrial density determined from ultrastructure analysis of ingWAT of Ctrl and Tg mice.\nD: Ultrastructure analysis of ingWAT of Ctrl and Tg mice. Black arrows indicate mitochondria. LV, lipid vesicle. Magnified regions are delimited by squares. Scale bars, 5 μm (upper panels) or 2 μm (lower panels).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms5093_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5639", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Anatomy", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: Pdx-1, Nkx6.1, MafA,Glut2, Arx, Pax6andMafBmRNA levels assessed by qPCR in islets isolated from control mice (black bars) and 4-week-diabetic βV59M mice (white bars). Data are mean values±s.e.m.,n=6–7 mice per genotype. (*P<0.05; Mann–Whitney test).\nB: Inset shows an ins+/glu+cell that expresses Glut2.\nC: Nkx6.1, MafA, Glut2, ArxandMafBmRNA levels in FAC-sorted RFP+cells isolated from control mice (black bars) and 4-week-diabetic βV59M mice (white bars). Data are mean values±s.e.m.,n=4 mice per genotype. (*P<0.05; Mann–Whitney test).\nD: Inset shows an ins+/glu+cell that does not express MafA.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5639_figure_6.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10465", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: MNs of τONhFUSWT(left), τONhFUSR521C(centre) and τONhFUSP525L(right) animals immunostained with anti-myc (red, top) and anti-FUS (green, bottom) antibodies. White arrows indicate cells with no nuclear staining for myc-hFUS (red) and endogenous mFUS (green). Scale bar, 25 μm.\nB: Western blot analysis of total brain extracts from p0 wild-type (WT/WT), heterozygous FUS null (WT/KO*) and homozygous FUS null (KO*/KO*). No protein products were observed in FUSKO*/KO*animals using N-terminal anti-FUS antibody (ab84078). Similar results were obtained using antibodies raised to the middle and the C-terminus of the FUS protein (Supplementary Fig. 4D).\nC: Percentage of MNs in the L5 spinal cord normalized to control (top) and the percentages of innervated NMJs in the TA muscle (bottom) in p360 control (dark grey) and FUS-KOMN(light grey) animals.N=4. (Forf–h: Control=FUSFLOX/WT;ChAT-Cre+/−and FUS-KOMN=FUSFLOX/KO;ChAT-Cre+/−).\nD: Immunostaining of L5 spinal cords from p360 control (left) and FUS-KOMN(right) animals for FUS (red) and ChAT (white). Boxed area is reproduced at higher magnification in the bottom panels. Scale bar, 100 μm (top), 25 μm (bottom).", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms10465_figure_5.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10119", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: A cell surface biotinylation assay shows that adenoviral overexpression of RCAN1.4 attenuates NGF-dependent TrkA internalization in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. Membrane proteins were subjected to cell-surface biotinylation. Internalized TrkA receptors were detected by surface stripping of biotin, neutravidin precipitation and TrkA immunoblotting. Supernatants were probed for p85 for normalization of protein amounts.\nB: Uptake of biotin-labelled transferrin (biotin-Tfn) is unaffected by RCAN1 overexpression in rat sympathetic neuron cultures. After internalization at 37 °C and acid washes to remove surface-bound transferrin, internalized biotin-Tfn was detected in neuronal lysates by neutravidin precipitation and immunoblotting using a transferrin antibody. Supernatants were probed for p85 for normalization of protein amounts.\nC: Densitometric quantification of internalized biotin-Tfn. Results are means±s.e.m. from five independent experiments. *P<0.05 significantly different from corresponding controls at 4 °C.\nD: In situhybridization shows endogenous expression ofRCAN1mRNA in the developing mouse superior cervical ganglia at P0.5. Sense control is shown inb. Scale bar: 100 μm. (c–e) RCAN1 protein is localized to both cell bodies (d) and axons (e) of cultured sympathetic rat neurons as detected using a RCAN1 antibody. Staining with pre-immune serum control is shown inc. Scale bar, 10 μm forc,dand 5 μm fore.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10119_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms6472", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Neurology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Threshold to mechanical von Frey stimuli applied to the paw plantar surface before and at various time points after DTX administration in mice with inducible oligodendrocyte ablation (oDTR) and DTX-treated control littermates. The area under the curve (AUC) of the curves representing frequency of responses to the intensity of applied von Frey stimuli is shown in the right hand panel to demonstrate sensitivity over the entire range of applied mechanical forces before and up to 30 days after DTX treatment (†P<0.05 as compared with the corresponding basal states; *P<0.05 as compared with control mice; repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA),post-hocFisher’s test;n=5 or 6 mice per group.).\nB: Analysis of sensitivity to non-noxious cold (18 °C) in terms of time spent on a 18 °C cold plate versus a plate at 30 °C. DTX-induced drop indicates development of hypersensitivity to non-noxious cold (cold allodynia;n=6 mice per group). (d,e) Analysis of latency of withdrawal responses to infrared heat applied to the plantar paw surface in oDTR and control mice. AUC for each of the individual curves shown indis represented ine(*P<0.05, unpaired, two-tailed,ttest;n=10 mice per group).\nC: Analysis of latency of withdrawal responses on a noxious cold plate (0 °C) in oDTR and control mice before and after DTX treatment. The AUC of each of the two curves shown in the left panel is represented in the right panel (*P<0.05, unpaired, two tailed,ttest;n=7 mice per group.).\nD: Analysis of motor function using the Rotarod test in oDTR and control mice before and up to 30 days after DTX treatment (n=5 mice per group). In all panels, unless otherwise indicated above,†P<0.05 as compared with the corresponding basal states; *P<0.05 as compared with control mice; ANOVA,post-hocFisher’s test.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms6472_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12863", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Molecular medicine", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (d)?\nA: Histograms of the unbinding forces between GPIb–IX and A1 under a pulling rate of∼150 nm s−1. In each histogram, theYaxis is normalized by the total number of unbinding events (n=71–90). Error bars are Poisson noise.\nB: Force-extension plots for the MSD unfolding in the absence and presence of botrocetin. Extension distances were sorted by unfolding force into 4-pN bins.\nC: Plot of lifetimes of the GPIb–IX/A1 bond as a function of force. Error bars are Poisson noise68.\nD: Representative force-distance traces of pulling A1 on GPIb–IX. For GPIb–IX, frequencies of observing MSD unfolding were 19% in the absence of botrocetin, and 68% in its presence.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms12863_figure_1.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12616", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Molecular medicine", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Recalcification clotting times triggered by Ca2+ionophore (A23187, 5 μM) or collagen (33 μg ml−1) in PRP of WT orF12−/−mice in the presence (+) or absence (−) of PPX or PPX_Δ12 (500 μg ml−1each). Clotting time reduction is given relative to untreated plasma. Mean±s.e.m.,n=4. Insert: collagen failed to initiate zymogen FXII activation in PPP, while dextran sulfate (DXS; 100 μg ml−1) activated all plasma FXII.\nB: FXIIa formation in human plasma was stimulated with buffer, LC (1 μg ml−1), SC (10 μg ml−1) or LC and SC polyP preincubated with PPX or PPX_Δ12 (100 μg ml−1each). FXIIa was measured by conversion of the chromogenic substrateD–Pro–Phe–Arg–p nitroanilide (S-2302) atλ=405 nm andt=60 min in the presence of inhibitors specified in the methods. Mean±s.e.m.,n=6, ***P<0.001 by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). (f–h) Targeting polyP interferes with activated platelet-driven coagulation.\nC: Real-time thrombin generation in collagen- (3.3 μg ml−1) stimulated PRP in the absence or presence of PPX or PPX_Δ12 (500 μg ml−1each).\nD: Recalcification clotting times in Trap6- (30 μM) or collagen- (33 μg ml−1) stimulated human PRP dependent on addition of anti-FXIIa antibody (3F7; 375 nM), PPX, PPX_Δ12 or polyP pre-bound-PPX_Δ12 (500 μg ml−1each). Mean±s.e.m.,n=4, ***P<0.001 versus buffer by one-way ANOVA.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms12616_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "s41467-022-28119-9", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: as in (b) but the SNPGIPaffects bothIandPthrough a single exposureE;\nB: association of a SNP (GIP) withPconditional onIsuch that the SNPGIPhas direct effects on bothIandP;\nC: association of a SNP (GI.) with an outcomePconditional on a traitIsuch that the SNPGI.affectsIwith no direct effect onP;\nD: association of a SNP (G.P) withPconditional onIsuch that the SNPG.PaffectsPwith no effect onI;", "answer": "C", "image": "s41467-022-28119-9_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms16052", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Risk factors", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Categorical effect of food stimulus presentation. Greater activity in the insula, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, VTA and hypothalamus was observed in the food compared to the non-food condition across both groups.\nB: Mesolimbic ROI in the NAc (red) and the VTA (blue) overlaid on the mean structural image of all participants.\nC: Neural representation of preference values (parametric analysis). Regions in which the correlation with the preference value was significant in both the food and the non-food conditions across all participants included the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and the bilateral NAc.\nD: Group differences in food value signals. NIR demonstrated increased food value signals in the left NAc relative to non-food signals compared to insulin-resistant individuals (IR). Plotted contrast: NIRfood>non-food>IRfood>non-food. The bar graph shows group means and s.e.m. of mean parameter estimates extracted from the ROI of the left NAc. All peaks areP<0.05 FWE corrected. Activations are overlaid on the mean structural image of all participants (display thresholdP<0.005 uncorrected).", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms16052_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms10959", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Rheumatology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (c)?\nA: Semiserial histological sections of hiPSC-derived cartilage particles treated with or without 300 μM pterosin B were stained with safranin O-fast green-iron haematoxylin and von Kossa and immunostained for COL2 and COL10. Boxed regions in the left panels are shown in the right. The images are representative of three pellets each.\nB: Semiserial histological sections of cultured pellets of human articular cartilage in the presence or absence of 300 μM pterosin B were stained with safranin O-fast green-iron haematoxylin and von Kossa and immunostained for COL10. Boxed regions in the left panels are shown in the right. Area of von Kossa-positive regions per total area of pellets are shown;n=3 pellets.\nC: Real-time RT–PCR expression analysis of marker genes in hiPSC-derived cartilage particles in the presence or absence of 300 μM pterosin B;n=3 pellets. Error bars denote means±s.d. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and NS, not significantly different by thet-test. Scale bars, 100 μm.\nD: Real-time RT–PCR expression analysis of marker genes in pellet culture of human articular chondrocytes in the presence or absence of 300 μM pterosin B;n=3 pellets.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms10959_figure_4.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms12973", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: Top panel: mouse urine was collected over 3 h after the inoculation of human LCN2 monomers and dimers of mutant proteins were excreted into the urine, whereas native human LCN2 was not excreted. The urine was analysed using anti-human LCN2 antibodies under non-reducing conditions to visualize both monomeric and dimeric species. Middle panel: all of the LCN2 species were immunoreactive with human specific LCN2 antibodies. Reducing conditions. Bottom panel: as a loading control, each mutant was also detected by Coomasie staining (100 ng per lane); reducing conditions.\nB: Urine was collected over 6 h and LCN2 was quantified by immunoblot. Note that the excretion of K3Cys exceeded native LCN2 by nearly 10-fold (72±19%;n=68 versus 4.9±3%;n=6;P=0.0001). Mean±s.d. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’st-test.\nC: Urinary excretion of Alexa568-labelled native, K3 and K3Cys proteins (100 μg protein per mouse with equal fluorescent intensity). The image shows urine collected from 0–20 min, and from 20 to 180 min.\nD: Comparison of native, K3 and K3Cys mutants. Native and K3 formed dimers, but K3Cys produced only monomersin vitro(left panel) andin vivo(right panel). K3 and K3Cys were excreted to a much greater extent than native LCN2. Urine was collected for 3 h after i.p. innoculation (100 μg in 100 μl PBS, right panel). Non-reducing conditions. Anti-human LCN2 antibodies.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms12973_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms14181", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Nephrology", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: Tubular lumen area in the same groups as ina.\nB: Urinary NGAL levels in the same groups as ina. Data indicate mean±s.e.m. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.n=6 animals per group. Statistical analysis by two-tailt-test. Green arrows denote tubules with significant dilatation. Yellow asterisks: cast formation in tubes.\nC: Representative periodic acid-Schiff-stained images in the same groups as ina. Scale bar: black 300 μm, red 100 μm.\nD: Serum creatinine levels in vehicle and luteolin-treated wild-type mice at 24 h post-ischaemic insult.", "answer": "C", "image": "ncomms14181_figure_7.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms11753", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (o)?\nA: Bar graphs of the percentage of RhebCA-electroporated mice displaying seizure activity that were treated with vehicle (black) or rapamycin (red), or following rapamycin withdrawal (green).\nB: Plot of the body mass as a function of postnatal days of the animals treated with vehicle (N=7) or rapamycin (N=6). Mean (solid black line)±s.e.m. (colour shaded areas).P<0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with Sidak's multiple comparisons post-test). Significance starts at P13 of age. (p,q) Images of littermates at P5 (p) and 2 months (q) of age treated with vehicle or rapamycin. Error bars, s.e.m.\nC: Bar graphs of the percentage of tdTomato+RhebCAneurons in layer 2/3 in mice treated with vehicle (N=7) or rapamycin (N=6), or following rapamycin withdrawal (N=5).P<0.0007, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukeypost hoc, *P<0.05; ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001. (f,g) Bar graphs of tdTomato+RhebCAneuron soma size (f) and pS6 immunoreactivity per cell (g) in mice treated with vehicle (N=7) or rapamycin (Rapa,N=6), or following rapamycin withdrawal (N=5).P<0.0001 andP<0.0026, respectively, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc. (h–j) Images of RhebCA-electroporated neurons expressing tdTomato and co-stained for pS6 (green and B&W for pS6 only) in coronal sections from mice treated with either vehicle (h) or rapamycin (i), or following rapamycin withdrawal (j). Scale bar, 100 μm. (k–m) Representative examples of EEG recordings in mice containing RhebCA-electroporated cells treated with either vehicle (k) or rapamycin (l), or following rapamycin withdrawal (m). Scale bars, 14 s, 500 μV.\nD: Diagram illustrating the experimental protocol, including rapamycin treatment at 1 mg kg−1every 48 h. (b–d) B&W images of RhebCA-electroporated neurons expressing tdTomato in coronal sections from mice treated with either vehicle (b) or rapamycin (c), or following rapamycin withdrawal (d). Scale bar: 100 μm.", "answer": "B", "image": "ncomms11753_figure_3.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms5212", "category": "Health sciences", "subject": "Signs and symptoms", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (e)?\nA: The backbone of the HSDN with shared genes/PPIs. We observe highly clustered regions of diseases that belong to the same broad disease category.\nB: Integrating both disease–gene associations and PPI databases to obtain shared genes/PPIs between diseases. We consider shared PPIs of 1st order (directly connected proteins) and of 2nd order (proteins are connected by a path of length two).\nC: Extracting the disease–symptom relationships from PubMed bibliographic literature database. The association between symptoms and diseases are based on their co-occurrence in the MeSH metadata fields of PubMed.\nD: Resulting disease network in which links represent shared genes/PPIs.", "answer": "A", "image": "ncomms5212_figure_0.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms3269", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Social sciences", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (b)?\nA: mono-dominant old-growth forest. In black: the three-parameter exponential height–diameter (H:D) model optimized for the YGB site. In red: regional models for Central Africa. Weibull H:D, F, Feldpauschet al.14model; Weibull H:D, L, model used by Lewiset al.11(dashed); 3-p exp H:D, B, Baninet al.17model (dotted). The use of regional models results in an overestimate of tree heights and the biomass estimates are thus affected.\nB: Fallow;\nC: mixed old-growth forest;\nD: Young regrowth forest;", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms3269_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4953", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Agriculture", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (f)?\nA: Stable isotope trends in cereal kernels (carbon isotope discrimination, Δ13C, and nitrogen isotope composition,δ15N), including individual data points and locally weighted least-squares regression curves (LOESS) fitted to the data.\nB: Oxygen isotope composition (δ18O, in ‰) recorded in Greenland ice core GISP2 (refs53,54). More negative values indicate a cooler/drier climate.\nC: δ18O in carbonates from Soreq cave in Israel55,56. Lowerδ18O values in cave carbonates are interpreted as being due to higher freshwater inputs and, thus, a wetter climate.\nD: Summary of modelled trends in the present study: water status, derived from Δ13C in cereal kernels; kernel size, as estimated from kernel dimensions; grain yield, calculated for domestic forms of wheat and barley, from Δ13C and kernel size. Rescaled to relative units, with 0 and 100 standing for the minimum and maximum values of the record, respectively. The bar on the right indicates the major climate periods: B-A, Bølling-Allerød interstadial; YD, Younger Dryas. Radiocarbon calibrated dates obtained from CalPal 2007 (ref.59).", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4953_figure_2.png" }, { "uid": "ncomms4163", "category": "Scientific community and society", "subject": "Agriculture", "question": "which of the following options best describes the content in sub-figure (a)?\nA: PC analysis of 310,883 SNPs in 481 sub-Saharan Africans. PC1 and PC2 are presented with the proportion of variance explained.\nB: Admixture analysis of 310,883 SNPs in 481 sub-Saharan Africans. Each vertical line is an individual. The colours represent the proportion of inferred ancestry fromKancestral populations. The minimal cross-validation error was observed forK=3.\nC: PC analysis of 308,771 SNPs in 302 individuals from Western RHG and AGR populations. Numbers in brackets inb–dcorrespond to the population locations represented ina.\nD: Geographic locations of African populations studied here, including the RHG and AGR populations of this study and a selection of populations (in italics) retrieved from previous studies26,29.", "answer": "D", "image": "ncomms4163_figure_0.png" } ] ]