JK-TK/form · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 1 1.32M
CHEMISTRY FORM ONE NOTES
Introduction to chemistry
Chemistry is a branch of Science Science is basically the study of living and nonliving things The branch of science that study living things is called Biology The branch of science that study nonliving things is called Physical Science Physical Science is made up of
Physics the study of matter in relation to energy
Chemistry the study of the composition of matter
Chemistry is thus defined as the branch of science that deals with the structure composition properties and behavior of matter
Basic Chemistry involves studying
Statesphases of matter
Matter is anything that has weightmass and occupies spacevolume Naturally there are basically three states of matter
i Solideg soil sand copper metal bucket ice
iiLiquid eg water Petrol ethanolalcohol Mercury liquid metal
iii gas eg Oxygen Nitrogen Water vapour
A solid is made up of particles which are very closely packed It thus has a definitefixed shape and fixeddefinite volume occupies definite space It has a very high density
A liquid is made up of particles which have some degree of freedom It thus has no definitefixed shape It takes the shape of the container it is put A liquid has fixeddefinite volumeoccupies definite space
A gas is made up of particles free from each other It thus has no definitefixed shape It takes the shape of the container it is put It has no fixeddefinite volumeoccupies every space in a container
b Separation of mixture
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means Simple methods of separating mixtures at basic chemistry level include
i Sortingpickingthis involve physically picking one pure substance from a mixture with anotherother e g sorting maize from maize beans mixture
ii Decantationthis involve pouring out a liquid from a solid that has settled sinking solid in it e g Decanting water forms sand
iiiFiltrationthis involves sieving passing particles of a mixture through a filter containing small holes that allow smaller particle to pass through but do not allow bigger particle to pass through
iv Skimmingthis involve scooping floating particles Eg cream from milk
c Metals and nonmetals
Metals are shiny ductileable to form wires malleableable to form sheet and coil without breaking Eg Iron gold silver copper Mercury is the only liquid metal known
Nonmetals are dull not ductile do not form wires not malleable do not form sheet and break on coilingbrittle Eg Charcoal Sulphur plastics
d Conductors and nonconductors
A conductor is a solid that allow electric current to pass through A nonconductor is a solid that do not allow electric current to pass through
All metals conduct electricity All nonmetals do not conduct electricity except carbon graphite
e Drugs
A drug is a natural or syntheticmanmade substance that when taken changesalter the body functioning A natural or syntheticmanmade substance that when taken changesalter the abnormal body functioning to normal is called medicine Medicines are thus drugs intended to correct abnormal body functions Medicines should therefore be taken on prescription and dosage
A prescription is a medical instruction to a patientsick on the correct type of medicine to take and periodtime between one intake to the other
A dosage is the correct quantity of drug required to alter the abnormal body function back to normal This is called treatment It is the professional work of qualified doctorspharmacists to administer correct prescription and dosage of drugsmedicine to the sick Prescription and dosage of drugsmedicine to the sick use medical language
Example
i 2 x 4 means 2 tablets for solid drugsspoonfuls for liquid drugs taken 4 times for a duration of one day24 hours and then repeated and continued until all the drug given is finished
ii 1 x 2 means 1 tablets for solid drugsspoonfuls for liquid drugs taken 2 times for a duration of one day24 hours and then repeated and continued until all the drug given is finished
Some drugs need minimal prescription and thus are available without pharmacist doctors prescription They are called Over The Counter OTC drugs OTC drugs used to treat mild headaches stomach upsets common cold include
i Painkillers
ii Antiacids
iii coldflu drugs
All medicine requires correct intake dosage When a prescription dosage is not followed this is called drug misuseabuse Some drugs are used for other purposes other than that intended This is called drug abuse
Drug abuse is when a drug is intentionally used to alter the normal functioning of the body The intentional abnormal function of the drug is to make the victim have false feeling of well being The victim lack both mental and physical coordination
Some drugs that induce a false feeling of well being are illegal They include heroin cocaine bhang Mandrax and morphine
Some abused drugs which are not illegal include Miraa alcohol tobacco sleeping pills
The role of chemistry in society
a Chemistry is used in the following
i Washingcleaning with soap
Washingcleaning is a chemical process that involves interaction of water soap and dirt so as to remove the dirt from a garment
ii Understanding chemicals of life
Living thing grow respire and feed The formation and growth of cells involve chemical processes in living things using carbohydrates proteins and vitamins
iii Baking
Adding baking powder to dough and then heating in an oven involves interactions that require understanding of chemistry
iv Medicine
Discovery test prescription and dosage of drugs to be used for medicinal purposes require advanced understanding of chemistry
v Fractional distillation of crude oil
Crude oil is fractional distilled to useful portions like petrol diesel kerosene by applying chemistry
vi Manufacture of synthetic compoundssubstances
Large amounts of plastics glass fertilizers insecticides soaps cements are manufactured worldwide Advanced understanding of the chemical processes involved is a requirement
vii Diagnosistest for abnormal body functions
If the body is not functioning normally it is said to be sickill Laboratory test are done to diagnose the illnesssickness
b The following career fields require Chemistry as one of subject areas of advancedspecialized study
i Chemical engineeringchemical engineer
ii Veterinary medicineVeterinary doctor
iii MedicineMedical doctorpharmacistnurse
iv BeautyBeautician
v TeachingChemistry teacher
The School Chemistry Laboratory
Chemistry is studied mainly in a science room called a school chemistry laboratory The room is better ventilated than normal classroom It has electricity gas and water taps A school chemistry laboratory has a qualified professional whose called Laboratory technicianassistant
All students user in a school chemistry laboratory must consult the Laboratory technicianassistant for all their laboratory work A school chemistry laboratory has chemicals and apparatus
A chemical is a substance whose composition is known All chemical are thus labeled as they are This is because whereas physically a substance may appear similar chemically they may be different
All Chemicals which are not labeled should never be used Some chemicals are toxicpoisonous explosive corrosive caustic irritants flammable oxidizing carcinogenic or radioactive
Care should always be taken when handling any chemical which have any of the above characteristic properties
Common school chemistry laboratory chemicals include
i Distilled water
ii Concentrated mineral acid which are very corrosive on contact with skin they cause painful open wounds
iii Concentrated alkalibases which are caustic on contact with skin they cause painful blisters
iv Very many types of salts
The following safety guideline rules should be followed by chemistry laboratory users
i Enter the laboratory with permission in an orderly manner without rushingpushingscrabbling
ii Do not try unauthorized experiments They may produce flammable explosive or toxic substances that affect your health
iii Do not taste any chemical in the laboratory They may be poisonous
iv Waft gas fumes to your nose with your palm Do not inhalesmell gases directly They may be highly poisonoustoxic
v Boil substances with mouth of the test tube facing away from others and yourself Boiling liquids spurt out portions of the hot liquid Products of heating solids may be a highly poisonoustoxic gas
vi Wash with lots of water any skin contact with chemicals immediately Report immediately to teacherlaboratory technician any irritation cut burn bruise or feelings arising from laboratory work
vii Read and follow safety instruction All experiments that evolveproduce poisonous gases should be done in the open or in a fume chamber
viii Clean your laboratory work station after use Wash your hand before leaving the chemistry laboratory
ix In case of fire remain calm switch of the source of fuelgas tap Leave the laboratory through the emergency door Use fire extinguishers near the chemistry laboratory to put of medium fires Leave strong fires wholly to professional fire fighters
x Do not carry unauthorized item from a chemistry laboratory
An apparator apparatus are scientific toolsequipment used in performing scientific experiments The conventional apparator used in performing scientific experiments is called standard apparatorapparatus If the conventional standard apparatorapparatus is not available an improvised apparatorapparatus may be used in performing scientific experiments An improvised apparatorapparatus is one used in performing a scientific experiment for a standard apparatorapparatus Most standard apparatus in a school chemistry laboratory are made of glass because
iGlass is transparent and thus reactions interactions inside are clearly visible from outside
ii Glass is comparatively cheaper which reduces cost of equipping the school chemistry laboratory
iii Glass is comparatively easy to cleanwash after use iv Glass is comparatively unreactive to many chemicals
Apparatus are designed for the purpose they are intended in a school chemistry laboratory
Apparatus for measuring volume
1 Measuring cylinder
Measuring cylinders are apparatus used to measure volume of liquid solutions They are calibrated graduated to measure any volume required to the maximum Measuring cylinders are named according to the maximum calibratedgraduated volume eg
10ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 10mililitres 10 cubic centimetres
50ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 50mililitres 50 cubic centimetres
250ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 250mililitres 250 cubic centimetres
1000ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 1000mililitres 1000 cubic centimetres
2 Burette
Burette is a long and narrowthin apparatus used to measure small accurate and exact volumes of a liquid solution It must be clamped first on a stand before being used It has a tap to run out the required amount out They are calibrated graduated to run out small volume required to the maximum 50ml50cm3

CHEMISTRY FORM ONE NOTES

Introduction to chemistry

Chemistry is a branch of Science Science is basically the study of living and nonliving things The branch of science that study living things is called Biology The branch of science that study nonliving things is called Physical Science Physical Science is made up of

Physics the study of matter in relation to energy

Chemistry the study of the composition of matter

Chemistry is thus defined as the branch of science that deals with the structure composition properties and behavior of matter

Basic Chemistry involves studying

Statesphases of matter

Matter is anything that has weightmass and occupies spacevolume Naturally there are basically three states of matter

i Solideg soil sand copper metal bucket ice

iiLiquid eg water Petrol ethanolalcohol Mercury liquid metal

iii gas eg Oxygen Nitrogen Water vapour

A solid is made up of particles which are very closely packed It thus has a definitefixed shape and fixeddefinite volume occupies definite space It has a very high density

A liquid is made up of particles which have some degree of freedom It thus has no definitefixed shape It takes the shape of the container it is put A liquid has fixeddefinite volumeoccupies definite space

A gas is made up of particles free from each other It thus has no definitefixed shape It takes the shape of the container it is put It has no fixeddefinite volumeoccupies every space in a container

b Separation of mixture

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means Simple methods of separating mixtures at basic chemistry level include

i Sortingpickingthis involve physically picking one pure substance from a mixture with anotherother e g sorting maize from maize beans mixture

ii Decantationthis involve pouring out a liquid from a solid that has settled sinking solid in it e g Decanting water forms sand

iiiFiltrationthis involves sieving passing particles of a mixture through a filter containing small holes that allow smaller particle to pass through but do not allow bigger particle to pass through

iv Skimmingthis involve scooping floating particles Eg cream from milk

c Metals and nonmetals

Metals are shiny ductileable to form wires malleableable to form sheet and coil without breaking Eg Iron gold silver copper Mercury is the only liquid metal known

Nonmetals are dull not ductile do not form wires not malleable do not form sheet and break on coilingbrittle Eg Charcoal Sulphur plastics

d Conductors and nonconductors

A conductor is a solid that allow electric current to pass through A nonconductor is a solid that do not allow electric current to pass through

All metals conduct electricity All nonmetals do not conduct electricity except carbon graphite

e Drugs

A drug is a natural or syntheticmanmade substance that when taken changesalter the body functioning A natural or syntheticmanmade substance that when taken changesalter the abnormal body functioning to normal is called medicine Medicines are thus drugs intended to correct abnormal body functions Medicines should therefore be taken on prescription and dosage

A prescription is a medical instruction to a patientsick on the correct type of medicine to take and periodtime between one intake to the other

A dosage is the correct quantity of drug required to alter the abnormal body function back to normal This is called treatment It is the professional work of qualified doctorspharmacists to administer correct prescription and dosage of drugsmedicine to the sick Prescription and dosage of drugsmedicine to the sick use medical language

Example

i 2 x 4 means 2 tablets for solid drugsspoonfuls for liquid drugs taken 4 times for a duration of one day24 hours and then repeated and continued until all the drug given is finished

ii 1 x 2 means 1 tablets for solid drugsspoonfuls for liquid drugs taken 2 times for a duration of one day24 hours and then repeated and continued until all the drug given is finished

Some drugs need minimal prescription and thus are available without pharmacist doctors prescription They are called Over The Counter OTC drugs OTC drugs used to treat mild headaches stomach upsets common cold include

i Painkillers

ii Antiacids

iii coldflu drugs

All medicine requires correct intake dosage When a prescription dosage is not followed this is called drug misuseabuse Some drugs are used for other purposes other than that intended This is called drug abuse

Drug abuse is when a drug is intentionally used to alter the normal functioning of the body The intentional abnormal function of the drug is to make the victim have false feeling of well being The victim lack both mental and physical coordination

Some drugs that induce a false feeling of well being are illegal They include heroin cocaine bhang Mandrax and morphine

Some abused drugs which are not illegal include Miraa alcohol tobacco sleeping pills

The role of chemistry in society

a Chemistry is used in the following

i Washingcleaning with soap

Washingcleaning is a chemical process that involves interaction of water soap and dirt so as to remove the dirt from a garment

ii Understanding chemicals of life

Living thing grow respire and feed The formation and growth of cells involve chemical processes in living things using carbohydrates proteins and vitamins

iii Baking

Adding baking powder to dough and then heating in an oven involves interactions that require understanding of chemistry

iv Medicine

Discovery test prescription and dosage of drugs to be used for medicinal purposes require advanced understanding of chemistry

v Fractional distillation of crude oil

Crude oil is fractional distilled to useful portions like petrol diesel kerosene by applying chemistry

vi Manufacture of synthetic compoundssubstances

Large amounts of plastics glass fertilizers insecticides soaps cements are manufactured worldwide Advanced understanding of the chemical processes involved is a requirement

vii Diagnosistest for abnormal body functions

If the body is not functioning normally it is said to be sickill Laboratory test are done to diagnose the illnesssickness

b The following career fields require Chemistry as one of subject areas of advancedspecialized study

i Chemical engineeringchemical engineer

ii Veterinary medicineVeterinary doctor

iii MedicineMedical doctorpharmacistnurse

iv BeautyBeautician

v TeachingChemistry teacher

The School Chemistry Laboratory

Chemistry is studied mainly in a science room called a school chemistry laboratory The room is better ventilated than normal classroom It has electricity gas and water taps A school chemistry laboratory has a qualified professional whose called Laboratory technicianassistant

All students user in a school chemistry laboratory must consult the Laboratory technicianassistant for all their laboratory work A school chemistry laboratory has chemicals and apparatus

A chemical is a substance whose composition is known All chemical are thus labeled as they are This is because whereas physically a substance may appear similar chemically they may be different

All Chemicals which are not labeled should never be used Some chemicals are toxicpoisonous explosive corrosive caustic irritants flammable oxidizing carcinogenic or radioactive

Care should always be taken when handling any chemical which have any of the above characteristic properties

Common school chemistry laboratory chemicals include

i Distilled water

ii Concentrated mineral acid which are very corrosive on contact with skin they cause painful open wounds

iii Concentrated alkalibases which are caustic on contact with skin they cause painful blisters

iv Very many types of salts

The following safety guideline rules should be followed by chemistry laboratory users

i Enter the laboratory with permission in an orderly manner without rushingpushingscrabbling

ii Do not try unauthorized experiments They may produce flammable explosive or toxic substances that affect your health

iii Do not taste any chemical in the laboratory They may be poisonous

iv Waft gas fumes to your nose with your palm Do not inhalesmell gases directly They may be highly poisonoustoxic

v Boil substances with mouth of the test tube facing away from others and yourself Boiling liquids spurt out portions of the hot liquid Products of heating solids may be a highly poisonoustoxic gas

vi Wash with lots of water any skin contact with chemicals immediately Report immediately to teacherlaboratory technician any irritation cut burn bruise or feelings arising from laboratory work

vii Read and follow safety instruction All experiments that evolveproduce poisonous gases should be done in the open or in a fume chamber

viii Clean your laboratory work station after use Wash your hand before leaving the chemistry laboratory

ix In case of fire remain calm switch of the source of fuelgas tap Leave the laboratory through the emergency door Use fire extinguishers near the chemistry laboratory to put of medium fires Leave strong fires wholly to professional fire fighters

x Do not carry unauthorized item from a chemistry laboratory

An apparator apparatus are scientific toolsequipment used in performing scientific experiments The conventional apparator used in performing scientific experiments is called standard apparatorapparatus If the conventional standard apparatorapparatus is not available an improvised apparatorapparatus may be used in performing scientific experiments An improvised apparatorapparatus is one used in performing a scientific experiment for a standard apparatorapparatus Most standard apparatus in a school chemistry laboratory are made of glass because

iGlass is transparent and thus reactions interactions inside are clearly visible from outside

ii Glass is comparatively cheaper which reduces cost of equipping the school chemistry laboratory

iii Glass is comparatively easy to cleanwash after use iv Glass is comparatively unreactive to many chemicals

Apparatus are designed for the purpose they are intended in a school chemistry laboratory

Apparatus for measuring volume

1 Measuring cylinder

Measuring cylinders are apparatus used to measure volume of liquid solutions They are calibrated graduated to measure any volume required to the maximum Measuring cylinders are named according to the maximum calibratedgraduated volume eg

10ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 10mililitres 10 cubic centimetres

50ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 50mililitres 50 cubic centimetres

250ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 250mililitres 250 cubic centimetres

1000ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibratedgraduated volume of 1000mililitres 1000 cubic centimetres

2 Burette

Burette is a long and narrowthin apparatus used to measure small accurate and exact volumes of a liquid solution It must be clamped first on a stand before being used It has a tap to run out the required amount out They are calibrated graduated to run out small volume required to the maximum 50ml50cm3