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README.md
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# Silent Signals | Formal Potential Dogwhistles (Potential Instance Dataset)
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**A dataset of *potential* dogwhistle use cases in formal discourse.** A
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**This dataset contains over 1 million excepts from U.S. Congressional Records that contain a dogwhistle term, created via keyword search on terms in the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/)**. Therefore, many of the excerpts are likely using these terms in a non-coded sense. This dataset was used as input to our approach for word-sense disambiguation of
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*Although we collect over 7 million potential
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<p style="color:red;">Please note, this dataset contains content that may be upsetting or offensive to some readers.</p>
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**Published at ACL 2024!**
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π **Paper Link** - [Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.675/)<br>
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π» **Dataset webpage** - Coming soon π
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<!-- ![head_figure_large.png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632d02054a4991e711591c34/m70hfQTN2Aw7t3Ilkga4u.png) -->
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| <nobr>Field Name </nobr>| <nobr>Type</nobr> | <nobr>Example</nobr> | <nobr>Description</nobr> |
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|:------------|:------|:---------|:-------------|
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| <nobr>**dog_whistle**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"welfare"</nobr> | <nobr>
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| <nobr>**ingroup**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"welfare"</nobr> | <nobr>The community that uses the
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| <nobr>**content**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"You wonder how long can we keep spending money on <br>all kinds of pension and welfare programs and feel-good <br>programs and reward-people-for-not-working programs <br>and food stamp programs."</nobr> | <nobr>Text containing the
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| <nobr>**date**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"05/26/2010"</nobr> | <nobr>Date of comment, formatted as `mm/dd/yyyy`.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**speaker**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>W. AKIN</nobr> | <nobr>Speaker, included for U.S. Congressional speech <br>excerpts and Null for Reddit comments.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**chamber**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>H</nobr> | <nobr>Chamber of Congress, 'S' for Senate, <br>'H' for House of Representatives, and <br>Null for Reddit comments.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**source**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"Stanford Congressional Record"</nobr> | <nobr>The source or method of data collection.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**party**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>R</nobr> | <nobr>The political party affiliation of the speaker, <br>available only for U.S. Congressional excerpts.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**reference**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>CREC-2010-05-26-pt1-PgS11-8</nobr> | <nobr>The reference code for the Congressional record utterance, <br>available only for U.S. Congressional excerpts.</nobr> |
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> NOTE: The
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<br>
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# Silent Signals | Formal Potential Dogwhistles (Potential Instance Dataset)
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**A dataset of *potential* dogwhistle use cases in formal discourse.** A dogwhistle is a form of coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.
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**This dataset contains over 1 million excepts from U.S. Congressional Records that contain a dogwhistle term, created via keyword search on terms in the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/)**. Therefore, many of the excerpts are likely using these terms in a non-coded sense. This dataset was used as input to our approach for word-sense disambiguation of dogwhistles from standard speech using Large Language Models (LLMs). Please see the paper linked below for more details.
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*Although we collect over 7 million potential dogwhistle instances, due to resource constraints, we only sample 100,000 instances for the creation of the Silent Signals dataset. **Therefore, we release the Potential Dogwhistle Dataset to enable the open sourced expansion of the Silent Signals dataset.***
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<p style="color:red;">Please note, this dataset contains content that may be upsetting or offensive to some readers.</p>
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**Published at ACL 2024!**
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π **Paper Link** - [Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.675/)<br>
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ποΈ **Disambiguated Dogwhistles Dataset** - [Silent-Signals on HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/datasets/SALT-NLP/silent_signals)<br>
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π» **Dataset webpage** - Coming soon π
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<!-- ![head_figure_large.png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632d02054a4991e711591c34/m70hfQTN2Aw7t3Ilkga4u.png) -->
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| <nobr>Field Name </nobr>| <nobr>Type</nobr> | <nobr>Example</nobr> | <nobr>Description</nobr> |
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|:------------|:------|:---------|:-------------|
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| <nobr>**dog_whistle**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"welfare"</nobr> | <nobr>Dogwhistle word or term.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**ingroup**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"welfare"</nobr> | <nobr>The community that uses the dogwhistle.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**content**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"You wonder how long can we keep spending money on <br>all kinds of pension and welfare programs and feel-good <br>programs and reward-people-for-not-working programs <br>and food stamp programs."</nobr> | <nobr>Text containing the dogwhistle.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**date**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"05/26/2010"</nobr> | <nobr>Date of comment, formatted as `mm/dd/yyyy`.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**speaker**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>W. AKIN</nobr> | <nobr>Speaker, included for U.S. Congressional speech <br>excerpts and Null for Reddit comments.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**chamber**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>H</nobr> | <nobr>Chamber of Congress, 'S' for Senate, <br>'H' for House of Representatives, and <br>Null for Reddit comments.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**source**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"Stanford Congressional Record"</nobr> | <nobr>The source or method of data collection.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**party**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>R</nobr> | <nobr>The political party affiliation of the speaker, <br>available only for U.S. Congressional excerpts.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**reference**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>CREC-2010-05-26-pt1-PgS11-8</nobr> | <nobr>The reference code for the Congressional record utterance, <br>available only for U.S. Congressional excerpts.</nobr> |
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> NOTE: The dogwhistles terms and definitions that enabled this research and data collection were sourced from the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/).
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<br>
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