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+1
+00:00:04,359 --> 00:00:10,679
+cool so w models are pretty powerful for
+
+2
+00:00:08,200 --> 00:00:13,440
+solving many tasks mostly tax generation
+
+3
+00:00:10,679 --> 00:00:15,400
+tasks as you probably have seen a lot of
+
+4
+00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:18,279
+examples from
+
+5
+00:00:15,400 --> 00:00:20,560
+CH4 um but however our language model is
+
+6
+00:00:18,279 --> 00:00:23,840
+good enough for everything and my
+
+7
+00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:26,400
+personal answer is no so if you look at
+
+8
+00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:28,480
+some scenarios that uh langage models
+
+9
+00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:31,080
+are actually not very good at it so for
+
+10
+00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:34,399
+example first when some is asked about
+
+11
+00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:36,360
+complex reasoning uh for example if you
+
+12
+00:00:34,399 --> 00:00:38,600
+want the language model to do math
+
+13
+00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:40,600
+calculation it's not probably not going
+
+14
+00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:42,800
+to do it very efficiently or very
+
+15
+00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:45,680
+accurately for example the common
+
+16
+00:00:42,800 --> 00:00:49,199
+approach like here is like using a Chain
+
+17
+00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:52,079
+of Thought like to Pro process in very
+
+18
+00:00:49,199 --> 00:00:54,120
+detail um and may not get the correct
+
+19
+00:00:52,079 --> 00:00:56,320
+answer uh however if you have a
+
+20
+00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:59,039
+calculator tool you can just directly
+
+21
+00:00:56,320 --> 00:01:01,320
+input the expression into the calculator
+
+22
+00:00:59,039 --> 00:01:02,879
+and get the founder result
+
+23
+00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:05,280
+that's a first scenario and there are
+
+24
+00:01:02,879 --> 00:01:07,960
+other scenarios for example if you need
+
+25
+00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:10,360
+to access real world information that
+
+26
+00:01:07,960 --> 00:01:12,240
+language model itself may not be or
+
+27
+00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:14,600
+fundamentally unable to answer that
+
+28
+00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:16,560
+question for example if you ask what is
+
+29
+00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:18,720
+the current time the current time is
+
+30
+00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:21,079
+probably not in the model training data
+
+31
+00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:23,439
+and depending on the time they ask this
+
+32
+00:01:21,079 --> 00:01:25,920
+question the answer to this question is
+
+33
+00:01:23,439 --> 00:01:27,880
+probably different so the only way the
+
+34
+00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:30,600
+language models can answer this is by
+
+35
+00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:33,240
+using an external tool for example
+
+36
+00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:35,479
+calling the API called get time to get
+
+37
+00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:37,759
+the current time so that's the
+
+38
+00:01:35,479 --> 00:01:40,600
+motivation of why people started to get
+
+39
+00:01:37,759 --> 00:01:44,040
+interested in tools and start using them
+
+40
+00:01:40,600 --> 00:01:46,840
+and there are a lot of interest in tool
+
+41
+00:01:44,040 --> 00:01:49,799
+related work so you may have heard of to
+
+42
+00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:53,079
+former which is maybe one of the most uh
+
+43
+00:01:49,799 --> 00:01:55,680
+like first works that like explicitly uh
+
+44
+00:01:53,079 --> 00:01:58,759
+propos the term tool to language models
+
+45
+00:01:55,680 --> 00:02:01,320
+and what they do is they uh propose five
+
+46
+00:01:58,759 --> 00:02:04,320
+tools including like a calculator or
+
+47
+00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:06,640
+Wiki search engine to provide external
+
+48
+00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:09,679
+access to the language
+
+49
+00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:12,520
+model but there are many Works after
+
+50
+00:02:09,679 --> 00:02:14,400
+this and you can see this works are all
+
+51
+00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:17,200
+interested in like two augmented
+
+52
+00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:20,080
+language models however if you look
+
+53
+00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:22,000
+closer they all evaluate they all use in
+
+54
+00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:24,599
+different tools and evaluate on
+
+55
+00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:27,800
+different data sets for example this
+
+56
+00:02:24,599 --> 00:02:30,599
+tool formare and art uh paper they use
+
+57
+00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:32,120
+software as as tools such as calculator
+
+58
+00:02:30,599 --> 00:02:35,000
+or Wiki search
+
+59
+00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:37,360
+engine and for this to Works they use
+
+60
+00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,440
+apis as tools for example the apis that
+
+61
+00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:41,120
+you can scrap from the website like get
+
+62
+00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:43,560
+weather or get
+
+63
+00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:45,879
+time and there are also works that use
+
+64
+00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:48,239
+neurom models as tools for example they
+
+65
+00:02:45,879 --> 00:02:52,080
+scraped like all the model names from
+
+66
+00:02:48,239 --> 00:02:54,280
+hugging F Hub or other places and uh use
+
+67
+00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:56,560
+like langage model or like other kinds
+
+68
+00:02:54,280 --> 00:03:00,000
+of models that are specialized for some
+
+69
+00:02:56,560 --> 00:03:03,200
+task and use them as tools and lastly
+
+70
+00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:05,239
+there are works that um use like mostly
+
+71
+00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:07,959
+locally defined and expert crafted
+
+72
+00:03:05,239 --> 00:03:10,480
+functions tools so with all this
+
+73
+00:03:07,959 --> 00:03:12,959
+different virus of tools uh a natural
+
+74
+00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:16,440
+confusion at least for me is what are
+
+75
+00:03:12,959 --> 00:03:19,920
+tools anyway are this all tools so to
+
+76
+00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:21,840
+answer this question we had a survey but
+
+77
+00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:24,239
+I'll briefly cover this in three
+
+78
+00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:26,440
+dimensions today one is what is the
+
+79
+00:03:24,239 --> 00:03:28,599
+basic of tools what is the definition
+
+80
+00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:31,640
+and what are the main functionalities of
+
+81
+00:03:28,599 --> 00:03:33,519
+tools and second uh what are scenarios
+
+82
+00:03:31,640 --> 00:03:36,400
+where you can use tools what tools do we
+
+83
+00:03:33,519 --> 00:03:38,200
+have what task can we apply this tool
+
+84
+00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:41,080
+and also using what
+
+85
+00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:44,040
+method and lastly I'll cover the
+
+86
+00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:46,799
+evaluation aspect what tasps and what
+
+87
+00:03:44,040 --> 00:03:48,799
+evaluation metrics we can use and also
+
+88
+00:03:46,799 --> 00:03:51,879
+um what's the empirical benefit where if
+
+89
+00:03:48,799 --> 00:03:56,200
+they have any empirical benefit at all
+
+90
+00:03:51,879 --> 00:03:56,200
+so I'll first dive into the two
+
+91
+00:03:57,079 --> 00:04:03,120
+Basics so from definition
+
+92
+00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:05,159
+uh we think tools are actually a program
+
+93
+00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:09,079
+that you can like language models can
+
+94
+00:04:05,159 --> 00:04:12,879
+leverage and um like called the program
+
+95
+00:04:09,079 --> 00:04:15,599
+to exert some functions uh however for a
+
+96
+00:04:12,879 --> 00:04:18,720
+tool to be a uh for a program to be a
+
+97
+00:04:15,599 --> 00:04:22,639
+tool it needs to satify satisfy two
+
+98
+00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:25,320
+properties one is external if we refer
+
+99
+00:04:22,639 --> 00:04:28,919
+back to the definition of animal use
+
+100
+00:04:25,320 --> 00:04:32,280
+tools provide by this um like literature
+
+101
+00:04:28,919 --> 00:04:35,639
+and they say like tools are external
+
+102
+00:04:32,280 --> 00:04:38,120
+employment of like environmental object
+
+103
+00:04:35,639 --> 00:04:41,199
+so like similarly for language model use
+
+104
+00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:43,360
+tools this tools should also be external
+
+105
+00:04:41,199 --> 00:04:46,880
+to the employer which in this scenario
+
+106
+00:04:43,360 --> 00:04:49,240
+is the language model so in that s the
+
+107
+00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:52,360
+program should be external to language
+
+108
+00:04:49,240 --> 00:04:55,759
+model and the second property is
+
+109
+00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:59,120
+functional um so what we mean by
+
+110
+00:04:55,759 --> 00:05:01,199
+functional is this um program should be
+
+111
+00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:03,199
+a function can be applied to other
+
+112
+00:05:01,199 --> 00:05:05,440
+objects in the environment and then
+
+113
+00:05:03,199 --> 00:05:08,360
+change the state of the environment or
+
+114
+00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:10,720
+like just yell an output so a simple
+
+115
+00:05:08,360 --> 00:05:13,479
+example is like this if in the
+
+116
+00:05:10,720 --> 00:05:15,840
+environment we have like a blend canvas
+
+117
+00:05:13,479 --> 00:05:18,680
+which is an object and we also have a
+
+118
+00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:21,800
+tool which is a brush here and the
+
+119
+00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:24,680
+function of this brush is to uh paint on
+
+120
+00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:27,120
+the canvas and change like yield and
+
+121
+00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:30,199
+result which is the
+
+122
+00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:33,000
+picture so combining this uh two
+
+123
+00:05:30,199 --> 00:05:35,639
+properties we give AER definition of
+
+124
+00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:38,319
+what is a tool which is a function
+
+125
+00:05:35,639 --> 00:05:40,919
+interface to computer program that runs
+
+126
+00:05:38,319 --> 00:05:43,479
+external to the language model and in
+
+127
+00:05:40,919 --> 00:05:46,240
+short how the language model used the to
+
+128
+00:05:43,479 --> 00:05:49,240
+is by uh generat the function calls and
+
+129
+00:05:46,240 --> 00:05:53,160
+the input arguments to about that
+
+130
+00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:57,639
+to any questions so
+
+131
+00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:59,639
+far cool so after knowing the definition
+
+132
+00:05:57,639 --> 00:06:02,160
+um what are the main functionalities
+
+133
+00:05:59,639 --> 00:06:04,560
+tools we summarized uh the main
+
+134
+00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:07,080
+functionality we summarize three main
+
+135
+00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:10,000
+functionalities one is uh perception
+
+136
+00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:12,400
+tool perception tool is used to collect
+
+137
+00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:16,680
+data from the environment without
+
+138
+00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:19,759
+changing its dat so for example um like
+
+139
+00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:21,639
+a search engine may be a perception tool
+
+140
+00:06:19,759 --> 00:06:24,160
+you can just like search on the web and
+
+141
+00:06:21,639 --> 00:06:25,800
+collect the pieces of data that are most
+
+142
+00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:28,479
+relevant to your
+
+143
+00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:30,720
+query um and also another example could
+
+144
+00:06:28,479 --> 00:06:33,440
+be like get weather you can get like for
+
+145
+00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:35,160
+example by calling the get weather API
+
+146
+00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:38,919
+um on the
+
+147
+00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:42,639
+web and the second uh functionality is
+
+148
+00:06:38,919 --> 00:06:44,880
+action so action tools are used to exert
+
+149
+00:06:42,639 --> 00:06:48,080
+action in the environment and change the
+
+150
+00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:50,039
+state of the environment so this is we
+
+151
+00:06:48,080 --> 00:06:54,520
+can re use the example that we' seen in
+
+152
+00:06:50,039 --> 00:06:57,400
+the last uh slide that um actually so if
+
+153
+00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:59,199
+you see the canvas as a object that
+
+154
+00:06:57,400 --> 00:07:01,520
+belongs to the environment then the
+
+155
+00:06:59,199 --> 00:07:05,000
+brush just like painting the canvas and
+
+156
+00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:07,720
+change the state of the
+
+157
+00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:10,560
+environment a third uh calegory is
+
+158
+00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:13,080
+computation tool they keep mean simple
+
+159
+00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:15,919
+like Computing uh computation activities
+
+160
+00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:18,120
+such as as ma math population but here
+
+161
+00:07:15,919 --> 00:07:21,440
+we mean like more General acts of
+
+162
+00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:24,319
+computing which includes like any other
+
+163
+00:07:21,440 --> 00:07:27,879
+source of computing instead of just like
+
+164
+00:07:24,319 --> 00:07:30,879
+number of calculations for example
+
+165
+00:07:27,879 --> 00:07:33,280
+um uh a transl or could also be like a
+
+166
+00:07:30,879 --> 00:07:35,080
+computation tool because uh you need to
+
+167
+00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:36,039
+like translate from this language to
+
+168
+00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:38,840
+another
+
+169
+00:07:36,039 --> 00:07:41,879
+language um another example yeah here's
+
+170
+00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:46,039
+the like simple example the calculator
+
+171
+00:07:41,879 --> 00:07:47,319
+example however there are like this like
+
+172
+00:07:46,039 --> 00:07:51,360
+different categories or different
+
+173
+00:07:47,319 --> 00:07:54,039
+functionalities are not like um disjoint
+
+174
+00:07:51,360 --> 00:07:57,440
+so one two may have one functionality or
+
+175
+00:07:54,039 --> 00:07:59,919
+more functionality so does anyone have
+
+176
+00:07:57,440 --> 00:08:02,599
+any ideas for example have I know what
+
+177
+00:07:59,919 --> 00:08:04,360
+tool can serve as like other for example
+
+178
+00:08:02,599 --> 00:08:06,639
+perception and computation tool at the
+
+179
+00:08:04,360 --> 00:08:06,639
+same
+
+180
+00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:20,879
+time yeah maybe to give a um answer uh
+
+181
+00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:22,759
+the first one I mentioned the wiki
+
+182
+00:08:20,879 --> 00:08:25,440
+Search tool it can be both a
+
+183
+00:08:22,759 --> 00:08:27,080
+interception tool and a computation tool
+
+184
+00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:29,159
+so we have explained that you can
+
+185
+00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:31,199
+collect relevant documents from the web
+
+186
+00:08:29,159 --> 00:08:33,959
+so that's like getting information from
+
+187
+00:08:31,199 --> 00:08:37,640
+the web but also as a competition tool
+
+188
+00:08:33,959 --> 00:08:39,919
+if you think deeply in uh the process of
+
+189
+00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:42,519
+how the search engine uh returns those
+
+190
+00:08:39,919 --> 00:08:45,040
+socks back to you given the query it
+
+191
+00:08:42,519 --> 00:08:48,200
+calculat the similarity scores of your
+
+192
+00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:50,120
+query to many other documents and uh
+
+193
+00:08:48,200 --> 00:08:52,959
+like rank them by their scores and
+
+194
+00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:58,240
+return to top PR lines so that process
+
+195
+00:08:52,959 --> 00:08:58,240
+also involves uh Computing yeah
+
+196
+00:09:01,160 --> 00:09:05,920
+yeah that's a great question that's
+
+197
+00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:08,920
+actually my next CL is about so what's
+
+198
+00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:11,839
+the relationship between um tools and
+
+199
+00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:14,760
+agents uh but maybe a brief answer to
+
+200
+00:09:11,839 --> 00:09:16,680
+that is uh I think language models can
+
+201
+00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:19,680
+use tools and not like language model
+
+202
+00:09:16,680 --> 00:09:22,040
+based agents but uh tools are on the
+
+203
+00:09:19,680 --> 00:09:24,760
+other hand tools are pretty important to
+
+204
+00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:28,160
+help agents to achieve like success on
+
+205
+00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:30,519
+many tasks so here's a de diab on the
+
+206
+00:09:28,160 --> 00:09:35,120
+relationship between tools
+
+207
+00:09:30,519 --> 00:09:37,720
+agents um so again what's that agents
+
+208
+00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:40,640
+anyway so here we have a pretty good
+
+209
+00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:42,839
+definition of agent which is um anything
+
+210
+00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:45,079
+that can be viewed as perceiving its
+
+211
+00:09:42,839 --> 00:09:47,760
+environment through sensors and acting
+
+212
+00:09:45,079 --> 00:09:50,440
+upon that environment through actuators
+
+213
+00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:54,120
+so connecting back to the functionality
+
+214
+00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:56,480
+of tools an agent can use um P
+
+215
+00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:59,680
+perception tools to perceive the world
+
+216
+00:09:56,480 --> 00:10:03,200
+as um uh to get information from it and
+
+217
+00:09:59,680 --> 00:10:05,720
+also use action tools to um take action
+
+218
+00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:08,040
+on the environment um but there's a
+
+219
+00:10:05,720 --> 00:10:10,720
+caveat here that for example language
+
+220
+00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:13,000
+model that only uses computation tools
+
+221
+00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:14,920
+but do not use perception action tools
+
+222
+00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:19,000
+or actually do not fall into the
+
+223
+00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:19,000
+category of Agents Alle by this
+
+224
+00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:29,240
+definition example it's acep and
+
+225
+00:10:37,560 --> 00:10:44,360
+yeah that's a good question I think um
+
+226
+00:10:40,880 --> 00:10:47,920
+for I think for now the like to
+
+227
+00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:51,360
+using build is not very mature yet so
+
+228
+00:10:47,920 --> 00:10:54,279
+mostly the data sets uh only support
+
+229
+00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:56,320
+like multi-term to usage so like you can
+
+230
+00:10:54,279 --> 00:10:58,200
+split a task into multiple task that
+
+231
+00:10:56,320 --> 00:11:00,639
+multiple steps but each step only used
+
+232
+00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:02,480
+one CH there's not necessarily a lot of
+
+233
+00:11:00,639 --> 00:11:04,440
+like interaction between those
+
+234
+00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:07,680
+two yeah but that could be an
+
+235
+00:11:04,440 --> 00:11:07,680
+interesting diretion to
+
+236
+00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:18,040
+Mo cool so that's the basic of um tools
+
+237
+00:11:14,800 --> 00:11:19,839
+so we'll dive into like more detail like
+
+238
+00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:21,120
+what scenarios and what task can we
+
+239
+00:11:19,839 --> 00:11:24,560
+apply this
+
+240
+00:11:21,120 --> 00:11:27,000
+in so we start with like basic tool
+
+241
+00:11:24,560 --> 00:11:30,639
+using Paradigm so how that can like
+
+242
+00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:34,079
+language models use a tool um so first
+
+243
+00:11:30,639 --> 00:11:36,480
+um or in a nutshell is basically a shift
+
+244
+00:11:34,079 --> 00:11:39,760
+in between tax generation and Tool
+
+245
+00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:43,560
+execution modes so for example in the
+
+246
+00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:45,959
+example on the right that a user asks um
+
+247
+00:11:43,560 --> 00:11:47,480
+how is the weather today so the langage
+
+248
+00:11:45,959 --> 00:11:51,000
+model start with the standard tax
+
+249
+00:11:47,480 --> 00:11:53,120
+generation process by doning S and when
+
+250
+00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:55,240
+the model feels like needing like extra
+
+251
+00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:58,399
+he from tools it starts to generate
+
+252
+00:11:55,240 --> 00:12:00,760
+tokens that forms um the call expression
+
+253
+00:11:58,399 --> 00:12:03,839
+to that tool for example the call uh
+
+254
+00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:06,160
+check weather here and after this uh
+
+255
+00:12:03,839 --> 00:12:08,720
+expression is completed this uh
+
+256
+00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:11,399
+completed uh expression will trigger the
+
+257
+00:12:08,720 --> 00:12:14,320
+remote um to excution server which is
+
+258
+00:12:11,399 --> 00:12:16,639
+the weather server here and then we'll
+
+259
+00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:18,800
+shift to the two execution mode where
+
+260
+00:12:16,639 --> 00:12:21,880
+the server will execute the call and
+
+261
+00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:24,240
+return to result which is sunny here and
+
+262
+00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:28,000
+return that back to the loc model in
+
+263
+00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:29,880
+Lage model replaces the API call by this
+
+264
+00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:32,560
+returned execution output
+
+265
+00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:34,760
+and continue like shift back to the text
+
+266
+00:12:32,560 --> 00:12:35,959
+generation mode and continues generating
+
+267
+00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:38,720
+the rest of the
+
+268
+00:12:35,959 --> 00:12:40,760
+token and after finish all this process
+
+269
+00:12:38,720 --> 00:12:43,519
+we will return the final response and
+
+270
+00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:47,600
+the sing today to the original
+
+271
+00:12:43,519 --> 00:12:51,240
+user and this process is not it's pretty
+
+272
+00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:54,760
+like intuitive and the method for
+
+273
+00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:56,920
+current methods to use like teach model
+
+274
+00:12:54,760 --> 00:13:00,000
+to use tools like this is also pretty
+
+275
+00:12:56,920 --> 00:13:02,600
+straightforward so there are two uh
+
+276
+00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:05,880
+categories of approaches one is uh
+
+277
+00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:08,079
+inference time counting so basically you
+
+278
+00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:10,360
+can provide for example natural language
+
+279
+00:13:08,079 --> 00:13:13,440
+instructions and instruct the model to
+
+280
+00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:15,680
+do this kind of process also in context
+
+281
+00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:18,199
+examples with like natural language
+
+282
+00:13:15,680 --> 00:13:20,480
+input and also to involved solution
+
+283
+00:13:18,199 --> 00:13:22,560
+outputs and also there are other works
+
+284
+00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:25,440
+that provide like documentation of tools
+
+285
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:27,279
+to help models inter in this tool and
+
+286
+00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:30,240
+the second category is learning by
+
+287
+00:13:27,279 --> 00:13:32,560
+training which is uh more here that you
+
+288
+00:13:30,240 --> 00:13:36,480
+can just turn on examples of natural
+
+289
+00:13:32,560 --> 00:13:36,480
+language quaries and to L
+
+290
+00:13:37,680 --> 00:13:44,720
+solution and using this methods many
+
+291
+00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:47,800
+people have applied um tools um in many
+
+292
+00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:50,880
+scenarios and here are the major five
+
+293
+00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:54,040
+scenarios you have sumarized the first
+
+294
+00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:56,399
+is um knowledge access so that's aimed
+
+295
+00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:58,480
+to solve like The Limited knowledge and
+
+296
+00:13:56,399 --> 00:13:59,880
+knows can memorize or slore during the
+
+297
+00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:01,680
+training time
+
+298
+00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:05,880
+uh for example current time is probably
+
+299
+00:14:01,680 --> 00:14:09,079
+not involved in Sharing data and uh one
+
+300
+00:14:05,880 --> 00:14:11,600
+um there could be like many sources a
+
+301
+00:14:09,079 --> 00:14:13,600
+model can access Knowledge from one a
+
+302
+00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:15,920
+structured um knowledge bases with
+
+303
+00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,680
+knowledge graphs but people can useal
+
+304
+00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:21,519
+executor or spal executor to execute
+
+305
+00:14:18,680 --> 00:14:24,720
+over the structured data to get the um
+
+306
+00:14:21,519 --> 00:14:27,079
+final result and uh more generally on
+
+307
+00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:28,839
+like free from tags people are using
+
+308
+00:14:27,079 --> 00:14:31,600
+like search engines to search over the
+
+309
+00:14:28,839 --> 00:14:35,160
+that uh Internet and get the information
+
+310
+00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:37,920
+that want and more like generally maybe
+
+311
+00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:40,680
+related to like retrieval generation if
+
+312
+00:14:37,920 --> 00:14:43,199
+I have heard of it uh all like the
+
+313
+00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:45,759
+retrieval models can be seen as like
+
+314
+00:14:43,199 --> 00:14:48,320
+knowledge accessing to
+
+315
+00:14:45,759 --> 00:14:49,680
+here and the second category is
+
+316
+00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:53,079
+computation
+
+317
+00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:56,320
+activities so there's also this aims to
+
+318
+00:14:53,079 --> 00:14:58,399
+solve the issue that for complex for aqu
+
+319
+00:14:56,320 --> 00:15:00,000
+that required complex reasoning models
+
+320
+00:14:58,399 --> 00:15:03,279
+are probably
+
+321
+00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:05,199
+not good at it like solving cannot solve
+
+322
+00:15:03,279 --> 00:15:07,759
+the problem very efficiently but
+
+323
+00:15:05,199 --> 00:15:10,480
+accurately so for example there are
+
+324
+00:15:07,759 --> 00:15:13,320
+people that use calculator to solve math
+
+325
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:16,040
+pattern or more generally for more
+
+326
+00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:19,079
+complex operations to use py interpreter
+
+327
+00:15:16,040 --> 00:15:21,519
+by wring like more complex P programs
+
+328
+00:15:19,079 --> 00:15:24,440
+and lastly they're also like you can
+
+329
+00:15:21,519 --> 00:15:27,720
+also leverage existing softw like uh
+
+330
+00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:30,000
+Google uh work sheet uh Google sheet
+
+331
+00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:33,759
+where like frally and like take the
+
+332
+00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:36,120
+actions from there and uh exert the
+
+333
+00:15:33,759 --> 00:15:38,880
+actions and the third category is
+
+334
+00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:41,319
+interacting with the world so what
+
+335
+00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:44,160
+language model can think is pretty
+
+336
+00:15:41,319 --> 00:15:46,399
+Limited in this training data and how do
+
+337
+00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:49,880
+we leverage language models to for
+
+338
+00:15:46,399 --> 00:15:52,600
+example navigating the web so a lot of
+
+339
+00:15:49,880 --> 00:15:55,319
+uh we're like getting access to re World
+
+340
+00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:57,680
+information so there are some cases for
+
+341
+00:15:55,319 --> 00:16:00,440
+example getting get weather or get
+
+342
+00:15:57,680 --> 00:16:02,399
+location to get the current uh
+
+343
+00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:03,519
+information in the current time when
+
+344
+00:16:02,399 --> 00:16:06,920
+your
+
+345
+00:16:03,519 --> 00:16:11,120
+location so it can also manipulate your
+
+346
+00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:14,000
+calendar um events to like help automize
+
+347
+00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:15,800
+your work or so it can also help like
+
+348
+00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:19,199
+manage your
+
+349
+00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:22,279
+email um the fourth category is non-
+
+350
+00:16:19,199 --> 00:16:24,519
+taxure modalities so this is targeting
+
+351
+00:16:22,279 --> 00:16:28,199
+another lotion that language models have
+
+352
+00:16:24,519 --> 00:16:30,759
+as they're like mainly processing Tas
+
+353
+00:16:28,199 --> 00:16:33,920
+they can only take tax input and
+
+354
+00:16:30,759 --> 00:16:36,199
+generate tax outputs but if we provide
+
+355
+00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:38,800
+like tools that connect with other
+
+356
+00:16:36,199 --> 00:16:42,120
+modalities we can enable language models
+
+357
+00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:45,040
+to uh access other modal data from other
+
+358
+00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:48,720
+modalities or interact with them for
+
+359
+00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:51,279
+example there are API for example called
+
+360
+00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:55,399
+Tad image where you can access images of
+
+361
+00:16:51,279 --> 00:16:59,199
+Tad or like uh delete them and also you
+
+362
+00:16:55,399 --> 00:17:03,839
+can like listen to audios um by like the
+
+363
+00:16:59,199 --> 00:17:07,880
+Spotify play music at API but also uh
+
+364
+00:17:03,839 --> 00:17:10,000
+like Beyond um just viewing where simply
+
+365
+00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:12,880
+when you're mutilating the data you can
+
+366
+00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:15,439
+also like use for example a visual QA
+
+367
+00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:18,319
+tool which probably involves your other
+
+368
+00:17:15,439 --> 00:17:20,120
+to answer questions about this data and
+
+369
+00:17:18,319 --> 00:17:23,839
+other
+
+370
+00:17:20,120 --> 00:17:27,480
+modalities and lastly there's a special
+
+371
+00:17:23,839 --> 00:17:29,520
+category called uh that use tools um
+
+372
+00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:33,640
+based on your model
+
+373
+00:17:29,520 --> 00:17:37,760
+so for example you can load a QA model
+
+374
+00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:41,880
+and uh assign QA T specifically to this
+
+375
+00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:44,799
+model and also another um example is the
+
+376
+00:17:41,880 --> 00:17:46,640
+translation uh model where you can load
+
+377
+00:17:44,799 --> 00:17:49,679
+in your model and plug in PH and do
+
+378
+00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:52,760
+translation for you um and also like for
+
+379
+00:17:49,679 --> 00:17:56,280
+the visual QA here it also LS like a vqa
+
+380
+00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:57,840
+model from plugin Shades and um do the
+
+381
+00:17:56,280 --> 00:18:01,520
+things you want
+
+382
+00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:04,159
+here so yeah these are uh also again
+
+383
+00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:06,120
+like tools can fall into like modle
+
+384
+00:18:04,159 --> 00:18:10,679
+categories for example visual Cod can be
+
+385
+00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:13,039
+both a special one also like non Capal
+
+386
+00:18:10,679 --> 00:18:13,039
+vality
+
+387
+00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:21,120
+tools um another limitation maybe not a
+
+388
+00:18:18,919 --> 00:18:23,200
+limitation but just like shared property
+
+389
+00:18:21,120 --> 00:18:25,799
+of this tools are they're all designed
+
+390
+00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:29,400
+by human experts before we even tackle
+
+391
+00:18:25,799 --> 00:18:32,120
+the test so like with all this uh tools
+
+392
+00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:34,720
+pretty fun we can when we want to tackle
+
+393
+00:18:32,120 --> 00:18:37,720
+a task we can just adopt those tools and
+
+394
+00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:39,559
+use them but there are also tasks that
+
+395
+00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:43,480
+don't have this predesigned tools
+
+396
+00:18:39,559 --> 00:18:45,480
+available so another question of can we
+
+397
+00:18:43,480 --> 00:18:47,679
+automatically make tools for example
+
+398
+00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:49,480
+using langage models without like
+
+399
+00:18:47,679 --> 00:18:52,559
+relying on human
+
+400
+00:18:49,480 --> 00:18:55,480
+experts so in our previous work we
+
+401
+00:18:52,559 --> 00:19:00,120
+export this a bit on pratic T and our
+
+402
+00:18:55,480 --> 00:19:03,360
+answer is yes so to give a brief
+
+403
+00:19:00,120 --> 00:19:06,840
+overview so for the standard way of
+
+404
+00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:08,840
+solving program molecules so maybe
+
+405
+00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:11,480
+before that like a programmatic test
+
+406
+00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:13,039
+like you given an actra language problem
+
+407
+00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:15,080
+and you ask the language models to
+
+408
+00:19:13,039 --> 00:19:17,320
+generate a program then you execute the
+
+409
+00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:19,840
+result to get the final
+
+410
+00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:22,640
+answer so the similar way of doing this
+
+411
+00:19:19,840 --> 00:19:25,120
+you have a stream of um Tex examples and
+
+412
+00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:27,559
+you pass that you to the C langage model
+
+413
+00:19:25,120 --> 00:19:29,919
+and usually generate uh solutions for
+
+414
+00:19:27,559 --> 00:19:33,000
+each of this programs but they usually
+
+415
+00:19:29,919 --> 00:19:35,159
+look like this so um maybe much longer
+
+416
+00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:38,840
+than this but it's usually a long
+
+417
+00:19:35,159 --> 00:19:41,720
+program um what issue of this is that it
+
+418
+00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:44,679
+may be PL to error for example here it
+
+419
+00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:46,760
+like just like Miss type one character
+
+420
+00:19:44,679 --> 00:19:50,400
+that CA the entire program solution to
+
+421
+00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:52,400
+be the our motivation is what if we ask
+
+422
+00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:57,039
+po language models to additionally
+
+423
+00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:58,960
+generate a toolbox and now with uh for
+
+424
+00:19:57,039 --> 00:20:01,720
+example you have like a calculate rate
+
+425
+00:19:58,960 --> 00:20:04,559
+of change tool now solution become very
+
+426
+00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:07,280
+simple it's just like one tool calling
+
+427
+00:20:04,559 --> 00:20:09,960
+expression all you need to figure out is
+
+428
+00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:12,480
+um the argument they input into this
+
+429
+00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:15,960
+function and that could alleviate the
+
+430
+00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:18,600
+errors that we seen but also it could be
+
+431
+00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:22,039
+like benefit humans say it's easier for
+
+432
+00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:22,039
+humans to verify the
+
+433
+00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:29,080
+solution so how does show like our
+
+434
+00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:31,640
+method work
+
+435
+00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:31,640
+this might be a
+
+436
+00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:39,360
+little so in general here's the type
+
+437
+00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:42,280
+that we have a stre of examples we
+
+438
+00:20:39,360 --> 00:20:45,600
+output Solutions in the tool box and to
+
+439
+00:20:42,280 --> 00:20:49,400
+start we initiate uh mt2 bo and prepare
+
+440
+00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:52,679
+the examples and when we encounter A New
+
+441
+00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:54,760
+U examples with unseen functionality we
+
+442
+00:20:52,679 --> 00:20:56,720
+ask the along with model to First
+
+443
+00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:58,600
+generate a reusable tool and then
+
+444
+00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:01,840
+generate solution using the tool that
+
+445
+00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:04,120
+that it just generated and because we're
+
+446
+00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:06,799
+like operating purely in task time
+
+447
+00:21:04,120 --> 00:21:09,280
+without turning to provision we to
+
+448
+00:21:06,799 --> 00:21:12,960
+improve the quality of the pairs we do
+
+449
+00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:15,840
+sampling inly select the best and then
+
+450
+00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:18,400
+we add the DAT the solution and also add
+
+451
+00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:21,039
+the tool to our tool box for future use
+
+452
+00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:24,000
+so that allign to the first create mode
+
+453
+00:21:21,039 --> 00:21:26,640
+the model can create a new function um
+
+454
+00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:30,400
+when it see
+
+455
+00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:34,840
+example and the second
+
+456
+00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:36,679
+scenario is um using the import mode so
+
+457
+00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:39,559
+now suppose we have many functions in
+
+458
+00:21:36,679 --> 00:21:41,960
+our tool box and next time the when the
+
+459
+00:21:39,559 --> 00:21:46,679
+model sees an example that uses similar
+
+460
+00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:50,159
+functions without a setad of
+
+461
+00:21:46,679 --> 00:21:53,240
+um instead of regenerate a new tool we
+
+462
+00:21:50,159 --> 00:21:57,039
+can ask one model
+
+463
+00:21:53,240 --> 00:22:00,880
+to uh directly import the tool from the
+
+464
+00:21:57,039 --> 00:22:03,000
+tool box so it will like reuse the tool
+
+465
+00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:05,120
+which aligns with the second import mode
+
+466
+00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,400
+and similarly generate Solutions using
+
+467
+00:22:05,120 --> 00:22:09,080
+that
+
+468
+00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:12,480
+tool and lastly you also support a skip
+
+469
+00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:15,440
+mode where you can uh not generate the
+
+470
+00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:18,720
+tool because you think if you think the
+
+471
+00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:22,559
+um problem is too easy to use
+
+472
+00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:25,559
+to and the results are pretty good my
+
+473
+00:22:22,559 --> 00:22:28,720
+oping so compared to the Basel lines on
+
+474
+00:22:25,559 --> 00:22:31,039
+the two blocks on the top are actually
+
+475
+00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:34,360
+is we can our method can like improve
+
+476
+00:22:31,039 --> 00:22:36,799
+the accuracy a lot but also maintains a
+
+477
+00:22:34,360 --> 00:22:39,960
+reasonably small size of libraries as
+
+478
+00:22:36,799 --> 00:22:41,880
+you see here and also if you look at the
+
+479
+00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:44,760
+middle line which measures the number of
+
+480
+00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:47,440
+operations as a representative of how
+
+481
+00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:49,360
+complex his solution is our me the
+
+482
+00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:51,240
+solutions generated by our method is
+
+483
+00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:54,400
+much uh
+
+484
+00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:57,559
+simpler this is the results with Judy me
+
+485
+00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:59,760
+model and also related to simpler
+
+486
+00:22:57,559 --> 00:23:01,919
+Solutions of that method we did an
+
+487
+00:22:59,760 --> 00:23:04,440
+interesting human verification study
+
+488
+00:23:01,919 --> 00:23:07,200
+where we asked the humans uh first to
+
+489
+00:23:04,440 --> 00:23:10,320
+verify the correctness of the stion
+
+490
+00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:12,600
+whether it's correct or not and second
+
+491
+00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:16,440
+we ask we measure the time that humans
+
+492
+00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:18,440
+take to verify every single solution and
+
+493
+00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:21,360
+from here you can see that our methods
+
+494
+00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:23,960
+leat to 10% more accurate um
+
+495
+00:23:21,360 --> 00:23:26,679
+verification process but also make the
+
+496
+00:23:23,960 --> 00:23:30,400
+process 30 to 40%
+
+497
+00:23:26,679 --> 00:23:33,440
+faster so that's like overview of the
+
+498
+00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:35,679
+toot making methods so just to as event
+
+499
+00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:38,000
+scenarios for toot using even if we
+
+500
+00:23:35,679 --> 00:23:41,159
+don't have human use tools we can still
+
+501
+00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:44,320
+leverage L models to make tools and
+
+502
+00:23:41,159 --> 00:23:48,320
+finally benefit from those
+
+503
+00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:48,320
+tools any questions so
+
+504
+00:23:55,000 --> 00:24:02,480
+far so yeah it I'll go on to the next
+
+505
+00:23:58,799 --> 00:24:05,039
+section which talks about um evaluation
+
+506
+00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:08,600
+and empirical benefits of using
+
+507
+00:24:05,039 --> 00:24:11,880
+tools so how do we currently evaluate to
+
+508
+00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:15,200
+use the current benchmarks are Mally in
+
+509
+00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:18,120
+two category one is reusing existing
+
+510
+00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:19,679
+benchmarks that um they use two
+
+511
+00:24:18,120 --> 00:24:22,720
+augmented language model as the
+
+512
+00:24:19,679 --> 00:24:25,200
+alternative approach to solop the task
+
+513
+00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:29,279
+um so for example this task usually
+
+514
+00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:32,120
+involve reasoning um simple form like
+
+515
+00:24:29,279 --> 00:24:35,279
+the most simple text form are like
+
+516
+00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:38,880
+mathematical reasoning like math data
+
+517
+00:24:35,279 --> 00:24:42,679
+set or big bench data set there are also
+
+518
+00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:45,039
+um like a level up as tasks that require
+
+519
+00:24:42,679 --> 00:24:48,840
+structured data such as table or
+
+520
+00:24:45,039 --> 00:24:51,760
+knowledge Bo and data sets for this
+
+521
+00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:54,120
+category are like um there are data sets
+
+522
+00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:56,039
+for like we key table for more like
+
+523
+00:24:54,120 --> 00:24:58,679
+complex structur
+
+524
+00:24:56,039 --> 00:25:01,320
+tables and lastly there are also that
+
+525
+00:24:58,679 --> 00:25:04,760
+involve other modalities like visual QA
+
+526
+00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:07,760
+problems where you can like generate or
+
+527
+00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:10,039
+re use existing program tools to execute
+
+528
+00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:13,120
+over an image to answer some questions
+
+529
+00:25:10,039 --> 00:25:16,399
+about it or do some editing on the
+
+530
+00:25:13,120 --> 00:25:19,360
+image and another category of benchmarks
+
+531
+00:25:16,399 --> 00:25:22,600
+are called like aggregated API
+
+532
+00:25:19,360 --> 00:25:26,399
+benchmarks they mainly focus on the API
+
+533
+00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:27,880
+category of tools and the like process
+
+534
+00:25:26,399 --> 00:25:28,840
+how they create this benchmarks are
+
+535
+00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:31,480
+pretty
+
+536
+00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:34,880
+much the same that you find a website
+
+537
+00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:37,520
+that provide a lot of like public apis
+
+538
+00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:41,080
+you scrip the API as well as in like
+
+539
+00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:44,320
+metadata about it and there are actually
+
+540
+00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:47,200
+a lot of like data sets in this type uh
+
+541
+00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:50,559
+however there are like two issues that
+
+542
+00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:54,960
+we find when we analyze this data
+
+543
+00:25:50,559 --> 00:25:57,399
+set one is um the naturalness issue so
+
+544
+00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:59,720
+if you look deeper deeper into the
+
+545
+00:25:57,399 --> 00:26:02,279
+process of how they examples using this
+
+546
+00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:07,480
+apis they usually just theistically
+
+547
+00:26:02,279 --> 00:26:10,640
+select like one or more apis um and then
+
+548
+00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:13,880
+ask for example GPT models to synthesize
+
+549
+00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:16,919
+examples of using this apis so the
+
+550
+00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:19,200
+naturalness issue are two fold one is
+
+551
+00:26:16,919 --> 00:26:21,799
+the selected tools may not be used
+
+552
+00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,480
+together in practice and the second is
+
+553
+00:26:21,799 --> 00:26:25,960
+the example that they created may not
+
+554
+00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:30,000
+reflect the natural use case of this
+
+555
+00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:33,640
+examples so um this the issue the first
+
+556
+00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:36,399
+issue is existing benchmarks and second
+
+557
+00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:40,520
+really relatedly to the first one is
+
+558
+00:26:36,399 --> 00:26:42,399
+executability of the tools so like based
+
+559
+00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:45,679
+on our definition that tools are
+
+560
+00:26:42,399 --> 00:26:48,039
+programs you probably think that tools
+
+561
+00:26:45,679 --> 00:26:51,480
+can be executed because they programs
+
+562
+00:26:48,039 --> 00:26:53,880
+but actually not so if you look at this
+
+563
+00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:57,760
+table actually more than half the data
+
+564
+00:26:53,880 --> 00:27:00,440
+sets uh their tools are not executable
+
+565
+00:26:57,760 --> 00:27:02,360
+um this may be related or at least
+
+566
+00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:04,799
+partially related to how they create the
+
+567
+00:27:02,360 --> 00:27:06,799
+examples but they just synthesize
+
+568
+00:27:04,799 --> 00:27:09,360
+examples and sometimes the example
+
+569
+00:27:06,799 --> 00:27:12,120
+outputs so without actually executing
+
+570
+00:27:09,360 --> 00:27:13,520
+the tools so to evaluate on this data
+
+571
+00:27:12,120 --> 00:27:16,399
+State you don't necessarily need to
+
+572
+00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:18,520
+execute the tools they kind of like skip
+
+573
+00:27:16,399 --> 00:27:21,440
+the step but there are also other
+
+574
+00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:23,480
+reasons for example uh hosting this
+
+575
+00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:25,880
+tools usually hundreds of thousands of
+
+576
+00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:29,080
+apis are pretty costly especially if
+
+577
+00:27:25,880 --> 00:27:31,480
+they involve like large Neo models
+
+578
+00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:34,399
+and also some of those tools are not
+
+579
+00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:36,320
+like stable for example the get weather
+
+580
+00:27:34,399 --> 00:27:39,480
+get time tool they return different
+
+581
+00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:41,159
+results at different times so it's very
+
+582
+00:27:39,480 --> 00:27:43,799
+hard for people to create static
+
+583
+00:27:41,159 --> 00:27:47,360
+benchmarks with a single reference tax
+
+584
+00:27:43,799 --> 00:27:47,360
+answer for this kind of
+
+585
+00:27:48,120 --> 00:27:55,760
+problems and the evaluation benchmarks
+
+586
+00:27:50,679 --> 00:27:57,760
+are um I think pretty like basic now one
+
+587
+00:27:55,760 --> 00:28:00,640
+is the task completion rate where
+
+588
+00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:03,000
+basically just they just uh compare the
+
+589
+00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:06,039
+model generated response with the
+
+590
+00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:09,440
+annotated reference response and check
+
+591
+00:28:06,039 --> 00:28:12,200
+the overlap of them and the second is
+
+592
+00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:15,159
+because some of the works um the tools
+
+593
+00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:16,840
+are not executable so they cannot like
+
+594
+00:28:15,159 --> 00:28:18,960
+ask the the tool and get a final
+
+595
+00:28:16,840 --> 00:28:21,960
+response so instead they just compare
+
+596
+00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:25,600
+the two selection or like the to color
+
+597
+00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:28,960
+expression match to see uh the
+
+598
+00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:31,399
+correctness of the mod generation
+
+599
+00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:34,919
+and third for especially for like to
+
+600
+00:28:31,399 --> 00:28:37,559
+making Works um there like our works
+
+601
+00:28:34,919 --> 00:28:39,919
+evaluate the to usability to encourage
+
+602
+00:28:37,559 --> 00:28:41,720
+the students to have more like General
+
+603
+00:28:39,919 --> 00:28:45,159
+functionalities as well as like
+
+604
+00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:48,880
+encouraging the efficiency in Practical
+
+605
+00:28:45,159 --> 00:28:52,559
+you however there may be several aspects
+
+606
+00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:54,640
+missing um on this evalution Dimension
+
+607
+00:28:52,559 --> 00:28:56,360
+can anyone think of some Dimensions that
+
+608
+00:28:54,640 --> 00:29:00,039
+you think are important for tools but
+
+609
+00:28:56,360 --> 00:29:00,039
+not covered here
+
+610
+00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:22,840
+yeah yeah that's a good
+
+611
+00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:22,840
+okay any other
+
+612
+00:29:29,919 --> 00:29:34,159
+maybe that question is a bit too hard
+
+613
+00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:36,360
+but yeah I think the Contrition c one is
+
+614
+00:29:34,159 --> 00:29:38,039
+a good one and that's like related to
+
+615
+00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:41,039
+the first point and second point that
+
+616
+00:29:38,039 --> 00:29:43,720
+was it here so I'll go over each of them
+
+617
+00:29:41,039 --> 00:29:47,760
+so one is the efficiency part it's
+
+618
+00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:51,240
+basically comparing like um the
+
+619
+00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:54,480
+computation cost that um you spend for
+
+620
+00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:56,840
+langage models to learn those tools uh
+
+621
+00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:58,559
+like intuitively we know using tools to
+
+622
+00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:01,679
+improve the performance
+
+623
+00:29:58,559 --> 00:30:03,919
+uh but like in on the other hand how
+
+624
+00:30:01,679 --> 00:30:06,960
+much computation cost do you need to pay
+
+625
+00:30:03,919 --> 00:30:09,799
+for example extra tokens in your pump or
+
+626
+00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:12,360
+uh extra training steps uh are this
+
+627
+00:30:09,799 --> 00:30:13,519
+competion cost worthy of the Improvement
+
+628
+00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:16,080
+that the tool
+
+629
+00:30:13,519 --> 00:30:19,880
+brought and the second is the quality of
+
+630
+00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:21,519
+tools so instead of the task performance
+
+631
+00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:24,080
+there Al it's also pretty important to
+
+632
+00:30:21,519 --> 00:30:26,159
+measure the tool performance itself how
+
+633
+00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:28,039
+quick can this tool return the response
+
+634
+00:30:26,159 --> 00:30:31,000
+to you do you need to wait one second
+
+635
+00:30:28,039 --> 00:30:33,720
+and wor 10 minutes where um how
+
+636
+00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:38,279
+computation efficient of tools how much
+
+637
+00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:38,279
+like GPU Sayes to cause where
+
+638
+00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:45,480
+mely and the third is reliability of
+
+639
+00:30:42,559 --> 00:30:47,919
+tools this uh maely involves unstable
+
+640
+00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:50,840
+tools that involves neur models or other
+
+641
+00:30:47,919 --> 00:30:53,480
+randomized modules so for example if you
+
+642
+00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:56,279
+remember the visual QA example it
+
+643
+00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:58,679
+actually loads a vqa model and answer a
+
+644
+00:30:56,279 --> 00:31:00,200
+question about the image but some times
+
+645
+00:30:58,679 --> 00:31:02,200
+it's in your model you can answer the
+
+646
+00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:05,039
+cor question correctly but sometimes
+
+647
+00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:07,240
+incorrectly so how do you are users
+
+648
+00:31:05,039 --> 00:31:10,600
+aware of this certainty of correctness
+
+649
+00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:13,880
+of this food and if so what should we do
+
+650
+00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:16,519
+to like like manage
+
+651
+00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:19,120
+it and the fourth is reproducible
+
+652
+00:31:16,519 --> 00:31:22,039
+testing as we have shown with the issues
+
+653
+00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:23,840
+of the evaluation Benchmark if we ask we
+
+654
+00:31:22,039 --> 00:31:26,320
+have a question asking what is the
+
+655
+00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:28,559
+current time what is the current weather
+
+656
+00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:30,399
+having a static reference result is
+
+657
+00:31:28,559 --> 00:31:32,960
+probably not going to work not going to
+
+658
+00:31:30,399 --> 00:31:35,080
+make it a reliable Benchmark so maybe
+
+659
+00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:37,840
+another approach is to have a reference
+
+660
+00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:41,480
+solution trajectory that for example
+
+661
+00:31:37,840 --> 00:31:43,639
+includes get weather um this calling
+
+662
+00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:45,960
+expression and when the model generates
+
+663
+00:31:43,639 --> 00:31:48,480
+it's solution they can like run the two
+
+664
+00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,519
+solutions in parallel and check if their
+
+665
+00:31:48,480 --> 00:31:53,880
+response
+
+666
+00:31:49,519 --> 00:31:56,519
+is and lastly is to save usage of tools
+
+667
+00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:58,919
+so for example a lot of tools are apis
+
+668
+00:31:56,519 --> 00:32:03,080
+hosted by unknown
+
+669
+00:31:58,919 --> 00:32:05,880
+uh do you trust his to uh sometimes you
+
+670
+00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:08,639
+like send your personal information to
+
+671
+00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:10,600
+the tools um are you like confident
+
+672
+00:32:08,639 --> 00:32:12,480
+enough that your personal expiration
+
+673
+00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:15,159
+will be
+
+674
+00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:18,200
+protected this are all like interesting
+
+675
+00:32:15,159 --> 00:32:21,720
+aspects but like no one the tool area
+
+676
+00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:24,919
+has really looked into
+
+677
+00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:28,679
+yet and we specifically did an C study
+
+678
+00:32:24,919 --> 00:32:32,039
+on the side that we compare
+
+679
+00:32:28,679 --> 00:32:33,600
+for each method We compare the
+
+680
+00:32:32,039 --> 00:32:36,960
+performance Improvement and the
+
+681
+00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:40,399
+computation cost that they have so we
+
+682
+00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:44,120
+did analysis from two aspects one is
+
+683
+00:32:40,399 --> 00:32:47,760
+the um like what path benefit the most
+
+684
+00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:50,279
+from tools so for example on this figure
+
+685
+00:32:47,760 --> 00:32:52,279
+this is the like single method the two
+
+686
+00:32:50,279 --> 00:32:55,000
+form method so they evaluate on
+
+687
+00:32:52,279 --> 00:32:58,080
+different data sets for different tasks
+
+688
+00:32:55,000 --> 00:33:00,480
+you can see from the like top right
+
+689
+00:32:58,080 --> 00:33:03,880
+corner here the mass data sets benefit a
+
+690
+00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:06,039
+lot they have like a huge Improvement um
+
+691
+00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:08,919
+but also here if you look at the
+
+692
+00:33:06,039 --> 00:33:11,200
+multilingual task it actually it's not
+
+693
+00:33:08,919 --> 00:33:13,880
+zero it decreases the performance but it
+
+694
+00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:16,240
+still use a lot of competition TS so
+
+695
+00:33:13,880 --> 00:33:20,559
+there's like multilingual that we may
+
+696
+00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:23,799
+not use have it's like help that we use
+
+697
+00:33:20,559 --> 00:33:25,840
+to sometimes and the other dimension is
+
+698
+00:33:23,799 --> 00:33:28,240
+what methods are efficient in using
+
+699
+00:33:25,840 --> 00:33:30,519
+tools even on the same data that to
+
+700
+00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:32,639
+compare on the MTH and table data sets
+
+701
+00:33:30,519 --> 00:33:35,080
+there those three different making
+
+702
+00:33:32,639 --> 00:33:35,960
+methods and there are methods that use a
+
+703
+00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:38,720
+w the
+
+704
+00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:40,600
+computation um and sometimes without
+
+705
+00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:44,519
+getting much improvement but there are
+
+706
+00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:47,080
+also methods that use like much fewer
+
+707
+00:33:44,519 --> 00:33:48,760
+computation cause but which is similar
+
+708
+00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:52,240
+am of
+
+709
+00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:55,080
+gin so yeah this kind of evaluation is
+
+710
+00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:56,880
+probably um very important to show the
+
+711
+00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:59,840
+whole picture where at least the more
+
+712
+00:33:56,880 --> 00:34:03,559
+comprehensive picture of the treat
+
+713
+00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:05,919
+meod so that's an overview of um the
+
+714
+00:34:03,559 --> 00:34:08,960
+things that IAL talked about today the
+
+715
+00:34:05,919 --> 00:34:11,000
+basics of tool scenarios and also the
+
+716
+00:34:08,960 --> 00:34:14,720
+evaluation other
+
+717
+00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,720
+aspects any final
+
+718
+00:34:14,839 --> 00:34:19,879
+questions and tools and agents are
+
+719
+00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:22,200
+really closely related also so I think
+
+720
+00:34:19,879 --> 00:34:23,879
+we can also have some time uh to ask
+
+721
+00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:27,000
+questions at the end after we covered
+
+722
+00:34:23,879 --> 00:34:29,079
+both but um you know while while Frank
+
+723
+00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:31,320
+comes up if you have any questions for
+
+724
+00:34:29,079 --> 00:34:35,320
+Zora
+
+725
+00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:35,320
+so we'll we'll set up the
+
+726
+00:34:50,720 --> 00:34:56,240
+screen hello everyone I'm Frank and
+
+727
+00:34:53,879 --> 00:34:58,359
+continueing the topic continuing the
+
+728
+00:34:56,240 --> 00:35:02,119
+topic about the language model using
+
+729
+00:34:58,359 --> 00:35:05,440
+tools I'm going to talk about
+
+730
+00:35:02,119 --> 00:35:08,040
+uh going to talk about langage Model S
+
+731
+00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:09,599
+agents these two are super closely
+
+732
+00:35:08,040 --> 00:35:13,200
+related
+
+733
+00:35:09,599 --> 00:35:13,200
+so as
+
+734
+00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:18,880
+sorry hang on one
+
+735
+00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:24,520
+second
+
+736
+00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:24,520
+not they not muted but it would be nice
+
+737
+00:35:28,599 --> 00:35:33,200
+so first what are agents I think Zora
+
+738
+00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:35,240
+covered this a little bit but basically
+
+739
+00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:37,280
+anything that can be viewed as you know
+
+740
+00:35:35,240 --> 00:35:39,800
+perceiving uh environments through
+
+741
+00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:42,880
+sensors and acting upon them through
+
+742
+00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:45,359
+actuators if you look at this uh plot
+
+743
+00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:48,280
+here you can see you the agent will take
+
+744
+00:35:45,359 --> 00:35:50,800
+in observations from the environment and
+
+745
+00:35:48,280 --> 00:35:53,000
+perform actions on it and the agent
+
+746
+00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:55,640
+themselves will have some sort of
+
+747
+00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:58,839
+abilities or knowledge goals preference
+
+748
+00:35:55,640 --> 00:36:01,839
+or any preference uh prior knowledge
+
+749
+00:35:58,839 --> 00:36:05,280
+since it's uh the topic is about LM
+
+750
+00:36:01,839 --> 00:36:08,960
+agents now we usually use l the large NE
+
+751
+00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:10,720
+models themselves as the agent itself
+
+752
+00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:14,119
+and all the
+
+753
+00:36:10,720 --> 00:36:17,319
+tools are covered about can be used as
+
+754
+00:36:14,119 --> 00:36:19,119
+perceptors you know or actuators for
+
+755
+00:36:17,319 --> 00:36:22,640
+example if you play music that's kind of
+
+756
+00:36:19,119 --> 00:36:25,880
+an actuator and all these um aties prior
+
+757
+00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:28,079
+knowledge or observations P experience
+
+758
+00:36:25,880 --> 00:36:31,079
+can be seen as um
+
+759
+00:36:28,079 --> 00:36:34,359
+data or training data for your langage
+
+760
+00:36:31,079 --> 00:36:37,560
+model so to get started on langage model
+
+761
+00:36:34,359 --> 00:36:41,079
+agents I'm going to cover four stages of
+
+762
+00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:43,960
+get yourself a large L model agent first
+
+763
+00:36:41,079 --> 00:36:46,240
+to cover a bit of tasks and applications
+
+764
+00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:48,720
+second some trainingfree methods for
+
+765
+00:36:46,240 --> 00:36:51,160
+building agents so that you can use with
+
+766
+00:36:48,720 --> 00:36:53,880
+API based models and evaluation
+
+767
+00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:56,720
+environment and Benchmark which is a
+
+768
+00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:58,760
+super important topic in research and
+
+769
+00:36:56,720 --> 00:37:00,680
+finally I'm going to briefly cover some
+
+770
+00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:03,800
+of the training methods for improving
+
+771
+00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:06,480
+agents and since it's a pretty ongoing
+
+772
+00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:09,440
+area some of these training methods
+
+773
+00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:12,520
+might not be the
+
+774
+00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:14,480
+best so first uh what are task and
+
+775
+00:37:12,520 --> 00:37:17,640
+applications for large langage model
+
+776
+00:37:14,480 --> 00:37:19,480
+agents so to answer this question to
+
+777
+00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:22,040
+cover this we need to answer why do we
+
+778
+00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:24,000
+want agents imagine if things can be
+
+779
+00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:26,960
+done by just talking that's what human
+
+780
+00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:29,960
+agents do you talk to some real estate
+
+781
+00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:32,839
+agent toy buy and house for you so
+
+782
+00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:35,640
+nowadays when we are interacting with
+
+783
+00:37:32,839 --> 00:37:38,720
+computers traditionally you know you use
+
+784
+00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:41,160
+um graphical user interface or you write
+
+785
+00:37:38,720 --> 00:37:44,040
+code manually with your hand using
+
+786
+00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:45,920
+keyboard and mouse but what if you know
+
+787
+00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:49,560
+everything in the future can be just
+
+788
+00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:51,960
+done we are talking to some Alexa or
+
+789
+00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:54,760
+Google Assistant it's safe time it is
+
+790
+00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:57,119
+natural it is accessible and it there's
+
+791
+00:37:54,760 --> 00:38:00,119
+no need to browse or any of those
+
+792
+00:37:57,119 --> 00:38:03,040
+programs learning curve nowadays there
+
+793
+00:38:00,119 --> 00:38:05,480
+are some agents that help you do task we
+
+794
+00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:08,560
+are the um like Natural Energy interface
+
+795
+00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:10,280
+computers for example there are Siri um
+
+796
+00:38:08,560 --> 00:38:12,200
+there are like Google Assistant Alexa
+
+797
+00:38:10,280 --> 00:38:14,560
+you can set an alarm that's actually an
+
+798
+00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:17,520
+agent because it actually set an alarm
+
+799
+00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:19,960
+for you and there are some natural
+
+800
+00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:22,359
+language programming tools I think a lot
+
+801
+00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:24,680
+not of a lot of us are using like GitHub
+
+802
+00:38:22,359 --> 00:38:27,160
+co-pilot plugins to help you write code
+
+803
+00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:29,400
+you can just say I want to sort my list
+
+804
+00:38:27,160 --> 00:38:33,240
+in descending order it will generate
+
+805
+00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:35,960
+code that does it for you um and
+
+806
+00:38:33,240 --> 00:38:38,720
+also I think many people also use chat
+
+807
+00:38:35,960 --> 00:38:41,760
+GPT in their daily life uh they once
+
+808
+00:38:38,720 --> 00:38:44,319
+throw out the feature of having ability
+
+809
+00:38:41,760 --> 00:38:46,440
+to include plugins into the chat GP so
+
+810
+00:38:44,319 --> 00:38:49,440
+the tool Integrations into chat box can
+
+811
+00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:52,960
+help you book PRS or you know uh buy
+
+812
+00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:57,599
+inst create insta card orders and in
+
+813
+00:38:52,960 --> 00:39:01,319
+some other areas um where
+
+814
+00:38:57,599 --> 00:39:04,720
+agent could work which is in robotics um
+
+815
+00:39:01,319 --> 00:39:07,520
+here in this example um the agent can
+
+816
+00:39:04,720 --> 00:39:09,839
+see the surroundings uh as it in the
+
+817
+00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:14,400
+like those Google Street View you have
+
+818
+00:39:09,839 --> 00:39:16,560
+those Vision um surroundings and you ask
+
+819
+00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:18,319
+the agent to you know turn and go with
+
+820
+00:39:16,560 --> 00:39:20,440
+the FL track but you give some natural
+
+821
+00:39:18,319 --> 00:39:21,920
+language instructions these task are
+
+822
+00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:24,040
+traditional called natural language
+
+823
+00:39:21,920 --> 00:39:26,160
+navigation which is given the natural
+
+824
+00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:28,119
+language prompt you you ask to go
+
+825
+00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:31,200
+through a streets
+
+826
+00:39:28,119 --> 00:39:34,319
+uh and there's also some data set a data
+
+827
+00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:38,200
+set called Alward where you can you are
+
+828
+00:39:34,319 --> 00:39:40,760
+given a simulated environment here and
+
+829
+00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:42,760
+you're also given a textual description
+
+830
+00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:45,079
+like you are in the middle of room you
+
+831
+00:39:42,760 --> 00:39:47,119
+look around you can see what's
+
+832
+00:39:45,079 --> 00:39:49,440
+surrounding you and there's a bed
+
+833
+00:39:47,119 --> 00:39:51,680
+there's drawer and you ask
+
+834
+00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:55,400
+it you ask
+
+835
+00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:58,800
+that uh the task is to examine an alarm
+
+836
+00:39:55,400 --> 00:40:02,160
+clock with the desk uh with the desk SL
+
+837
+00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:04,920
+and then ideally the if this langage
+
+838
+00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:07,240
+model agent can't interact with this
+
+839
+00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:09,440
+environment it should predict oh I
+
+840
+00:40:07,240 --> 00:40:13,079
+should go to the Dex one which is my
+
+841
+00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:15,960
+here in red fs and then you arrive and
+
+842
+00:40:13,079 --> 00:40:18,800
+new you arrived at a new location and
+
+843
+00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:21,119
+then you get a new observation so this
+
+844
+00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:24,000
+kind of task you can already get a sense
+
+845
+00:40:21,119 --> 00:40:27,440
+of how this agent is usually interacting
+
+846
+00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:29,280
+with your surrounding um surrounding uh
+
+847
+00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:32,440
+environment you have some sort of
+
+848
+00:40:29,280 --> 00:40:34,079
+observation you have some sort of action
+
+849
+00:40:32,440 --> 00:40:36,599
+to
+
+850
+00:40:34,079 --> 00:40:38,880
+perform and there are of course other
+
+851
+00:40:36,599 --> 00:40:42,839
+applications in games for example there
+
+852
+00:40:38,880 --> 00:40:45,160
+are many uh benchmarks or applications
+
+853
+00:40:42,839 --> 00:40:48,040
+for example this one's called Mind Dojo
+
+854
+00:40:45,160 --> 00:40:49,960
+it works on like creating a agent that
+
+855
+00:40:48,040 --> 00:40:51,440
+can you know listen to your in natural
+
+856
+00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:54,000
+language instructions and perform
+
+857
+00:40:51,440 --> 00:40:56,680
+Minecraft tasks for you there are also
+
+858
+00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:59,480
+recent work in from Deep Mind called
+
+859
+00:40:56,680 --> 00:41:01,720
+Sema that uh you know given a natural
+
+860
+00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:04,040
+language um instruction program that
+
+861
+00:41:01,720 --> 00:41:08,800
+shoot asteroid it will just help you
+
+862
+00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:10,839
+shoot an asteroid in the game and also
+
+863
+00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:13,079
+uh LM agents can be also used in
+
+864
+00:41:10,839 --> 00:41:16,720
+software development uh recently there's
+
+865
+00:41:13,079 --> 00:41:20,720
+a startup called Devon that created a um
+
+866
+00:41:16,720 --> 00:41:24,400
+AI so-called AI software engineer that
+
+867
+00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:27,359
+the alation is this um you have this
+
+868
+00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:29,760
+code editor you have an terminal that
+
+869
+00:41:27,359 --> 00:41:31,800
+could sorry code editor and a terminal
+
+870
+00:41:29,760 --> 00:41:33,520
+that you could execute command and there
+
+871
+00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:36,319
+also a web browser where you can search
+
+872
+00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:37,280
+for documentations ideally if everything
+
+873
+00:41:36,319 --> 00:41:39,359
+is
+
+874
+00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:42,160
+automated this you can just give a
+
+875
+00:41:39,359 --> 00:41:45,400
+natural instruction on create like
+
+876
+00:41:42,160 --> 00:41:47,720
+finish 711 homework for me and it will
+
+877
+00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:50,359
+just uh the agent will just compete the
+
+878
+00:41:47,720 --> 00:41:52,800
+homework for you in these workspace so
+
+879
+00:41:50,359 --> 00:41:55,599
+in this scenario the observation will be
+
+880
+00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:58,440
+this string basically it contains four
+
+881
+00:41:55,599 --> 00:42:00,800
+three like terminal web Ed web browser
+
+882
+00:41:58,440 --> 00:42:03,599
+and editor and the action you take is
+
+883
+00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:05,880
+just like you can issue commands to the
+
+884
+00:42:03,599 --> 00:42:07,760
+terminal or you can search in the web
+
+885
+00:42:05,880 --> 00:42:10,839
+browser or you can write code in the
+
+886
+00:42:07,760 --> 00:42:13,680
+code editor there's of course UI
+
+887
+00:42:10,839 --> 00:42:17,599
+automation where you can browse web and
+
+888
+00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:23,800
+like P some songs or um you know zooming
+
+889
+00:42:17,599 --> 00:42:27,960
+zoom out all these GOI navigation I are
+
+890
+00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:30,680
+so so so now that we have a brief
+
+891
+00:42:27,960 --> 00:42:34,319
+overview of what task and applications
+
+892
+00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:38,119
+could be enabled uh say we have a pretty
+
+893
+00:42:34,319 --> 00:42:41,160
+good LM agents so now the topic becomes
+
+894
+00:42:38,119 --> 00:42:43,359
+uh can we have some methods to build
+
+895
+00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:44,599
+these agents now I'm going to at the
+
+896
+00:42:43,359 --> 00:42:50,720
+beginning I'm going to cover some
+
+897
+00:42:44,599 --> 00:42:52,760
+trainingfree methods so how to um you
+
+898
+00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:54,480
+know how to let an LM become agent
+
+899
+00:42:52,760 --> 00:43:00,200
+basically that's the question we want to
+
+900
+00:42:54,480 --> 00:43:02,400
+answer so um the usually an an Al agent
+
+901
+00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:05,599
+needs to take as an agent it needs to
+
+902
+00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:08,520
+take into take in an observation of the
+
+903
+00:43:05,599 --> 00:43:10,319
+current environment usually the envir
+
+904
+00:43:08,520 --> 00:43:12,480
+the observation can be you know of
+
+905
+00:43:10,319 --> 00:43:16,520
+multiple modalities you could have a
+
+906
+00:43:12,480 --> 00:43:18,640
+text input as a you know as a
+
+907
+00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:22,079
+observation for example in this
+
+908
+00:43:18,640 --> 00:43:24,720
+example you know I'm just GNA it's like
+
+909
+00:43:22,079 --> 00:43:26,720
+a description of the previous afterward
+
+910
+00:43:24,720 --> 00:43:29,800
+example what's surrounding you I have a
+
+911
+00:43:26,720 --> 00:43:31,480
+desk I have a chair here and there and
+
+912
+00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:33,400
+what should I if I want to grab the
+
+913
+00:43:31,480 --> 00:43:36,160
+chair what should I do next that's the
+
+914
+00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:39,000
+text input visual input of course if you
+
+915
+00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:40,880
+are building an Alm agent for games of
+
+916
+00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:43,400
+course you are going to have a capture
+
+917
+00:43:40,880 --> 00:43:45,839
+or a current screenshot of your
+
+918
+00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:48,400
+character and surrounding environment
+
+919
+00:43:45,839 --> 00:43:50,359
+sometimes we may also have audio input
+
+920
+00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:53,520
+like if you're playing games you want to
+
+921
+00:43:50,359 --> 00:43:56,119
+hear uh what's happening surrounding you
+
+922
+00:43:53,520 --> 00:44:00,079
+or behind you that is not seeing on the
+
+923
+00:43:56,119 --> 00:44:03,079
+uh uh on the screen and uh of course we
+
+924
+00:44:00,079 --> 00:44:05,880
+also have structured uh input take uh
+
+925
+00:44:03,079 --> 00:44:09,119
+for example if you are
+
+926
+00:44:05,880 --> 00:44:12,240
+building say U like an agent for
+
+927
+00:44:09,119 --> 00:44:15,599
+websites or for other like desktop
+
+928
+00:44:12,240 --> 00:44:18,640
+applications the website usually are
+
+929
+00:44:15,599 --> 00:44:21,599
+written in HTML code reference layout of
+
+930
+00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:24,520
+its UI so it might be like a tree like
+
+931
+00:44:21,599 --> 00:44:28,119
+structure as you that you can take into
+
+932
+00:44:24,520 --> 00:44:32,319
+as input for LM agent so this also kind
+
+933
+00:44:28,119 --> 00:44:35,480
+of uh the need for LM agent also uh says
+
+934
+00:44:32,319 --> 00:44:39,960
+that we need pretty good multimodel LMS
+
+935
+00:44:35,480 --> 00:44:43,800
+for this to work and uh I'm going to
+
+936
+00:44:39,960 --> 00:44:46,839
+cover how to let our become agent by
+
+937
+00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:50,040
+first you need to plan and reason
+
+938
+00:44:46,839 --> 00:44:52,839
+because in order to perform a complex
+
+939
+00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:55,760
+task that the human issue to them you
+
+940
+00:44:52,839 --> 00:44:57,839
+have to uh usually have to decompose
+
+941
+00:44:55,760 --> 00:45:01,440
+them into subtance
+
+942
+00:44:57,839 --> 00:45:04,640
+um the there are many many existing
+
+943
+00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:07,960
+methods in I that tackle this reasoning
+
+944
+00:45:04,640 --> 00:45:10,559
+problem and one the most famous of which
+
+945
+00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:12,640
+is the Chain of Thought reasoning which
+
+946
+00:45:10,559 --> 00:45:15,760
+uh famously is just prompt the language
+
+947
+00:45:12,640 --> 00:45:18,920
+model to that is Sy step by step here's
+
+948
+00:45:15,760 --> 00:45:20,160
+um so basically the goal here is to let
+
+949
+00:45:18,920 --> 00:45:22,720
+the langage model generate some
+
+950
+00:45:20,160 --> 00:45:25,040
+reasoning traces so that it has a
+
+951
+00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:28,400
+roughly a good plan of how to perform
+
+952
+00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:31,160
+cion tasks
+
+953
+00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:34,000
+here is an example from alord which is
+
+954
+00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:35,760
+you are given a texal description of
+
+955
+00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:37,160
+your surroundings you know you're in the
+
+956
+00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:39,760
+middle of
+
+957
+00:45:37,160 --> 00:45:42,599
+room and what's surrounding you and your
+
+958
+00:45:39,760 --> 00:45:46,400
+task is to put some paper Sher on a
+
+959
+00:45:42,599 --> 00:45:50,119
+drawer and if you want to let an L to
+
+960
+00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:52,680
+reason to how to perform this task into
+
+961
+00:45:50,119 --> 00:45:56,559
+subtasks you ask what should I do next
+
+962
+00:45:52,680 --> 00:45:59,000
+let's things step by step and Lang model
+
+963
+00:45:56,559 --> 00:46:02,640
+if it's good langage model it will say
+
+964
+00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:05,359
+first I need to find a pepper shaker and
+
+965
+00:46:02,640 --> 00:46:09,200
+they a pepper sh Shaker more likely to
+
+966
+00:46:05,359 --> 00:46:12,640
+be appear in cabinets counter chops and
+
+967
+00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:16,520
+after I find pepper shaker one I need to
+
+968
+00:46:12,640 --> 00:46:19,240
+put it and say your so here you can
+
+969
+00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:21,079
+actually rely on large Lang models to
+
+970
+00:46:19,240 --> 00:46:25,119
+generate reasoning traces basically
+
+971
+00:46:21,079 --> 00:46:27,760
+decompose this find uh put pepper shaker
+
+972
+00:46:25,119 --> 00:46:29,960
+on drawer T into two s STS first you
+
+973
+00:46:27,760 --> 00:46:34,760
+need to find them and then you have to
+
+974
+00:46:29,960 --> 00:46:36,559
+put it but it is not enough to just have
+
+975
+00:46:34,760 --> 00:46:38,760
+this kind of planning and reasoning to
+
+976
+00:46:36,559 --> 00:46:40,920
+generate some of these natural langues
+
+977
+00:46:38,760 --> 00:46:42,040
+because you can't execute them uh if you
+
+978
+00:46:40,920 --> 00:46:45,440
+just have
+
+979
+00:46:42,040 --> 00:46:48,680
+this bunch of text uh an actual robot
+
+980
+00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:51,119
+will not be able to perform this testt
+
+981
+00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:54,079
+and that's why we also need the language
+
+982
+00:46:51,119 --> 00:46:57,240
+model to have this tool use ability so
+
+983
+00:46:54,079 --> 00:47:00,200
+not only it should generate um reasing
+
+984
+00:46:57,240 --> 00:47:03,280
+traces it can it needs to also interact
+
+985
+00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:05,800
+with environment here we focus on action
+
+986
+00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:08,000
+here so it need to generate some action
+
+987
+00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:10,960
+cause asks you the action cause in
+
+988
+00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:13,119
+environment and then supposedly if your
+
+989
+00:47:10,960 --> 00:47:15,520
+action is Meaningful enough it will
+
+990
+00:47:13,119 --> 00:47:17,599
+change the environment a little bit and
+
+991
+00:47:15,520 --> 00:47:20,559
+then supposedly you should have new
+
+992
+00:47:17,599 --> 00:47:22,400
+observation to put it back in your PRT
+
+993
+00:47:20,559 --> 00:47:25,160
+do the same
+
+994
+00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:28,800
+example you you ask it what should I do
+
+995
+00:47:25,160 --> 00:47:32,240
+Lessing step by step you find you you
+
+996
+00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:34,680
+say oh first I need to find this pepper
+
+997
+00:47:32,240 --> 00:47:38,599
+shaker and it is more likely to appear
+
+998
+00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:42,400
+in cabinets then the like with proper
+
+999
+00:47:38,599 --> 00:47:45,880
+prompting you know the uh Al should be
+
+1000
+00:47:42,400 --> 00:47:48,200
+able to uh produce an action like go to
+
+1001
+00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:51,240
+Cabinet one and then you actually
+
+1002
+00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:52,559
+execute this in this virtual environment
+
+1003
+00:47:51,240 --> 00:47:55,040
+and now your
+
+1004
+00:47:52,559 --> 00:47:56,960
+observation so you you go to Cabinet one
+
+1005
+00:47:55,040 --> 00:48:00,720
+you actually see what's inside cabinet
+
+1006
+00:47:56,960 --> 00:48:02,960
+one and oh having a one there's a was
+
+1007
+00:48:00,720 --> 00:48:05,119
+which you know is not pepper spray so
+
+1008
+00:48:02,960 --> 00:48:08,359
+then you can do further reasoning and
+
+1009
+00:48:05,119 --> 00:48:11,559
+further action planning so this is how
+
+1010
+00:48:08,359 --> 00:48:15,040
+uh so this this General framework is
+
+1011
+00:48:11,559 --> 00:48:16,960
+called react and is quite uh popular in
+
+1012
+00:48:15,040 --> 00:48:18,839
+creating language model agents so
+
+1013
+00:48:16,960 --> 00:48:20,800
+basically to let a language model become
+
+1014
+00:48:18,839 --> 00:48:23,079
+an agent it needs to have planning and
+
+1015
+00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:25,319
+reasoning ability some of those mostly
+
+1016
+00:48:23,079 --> 00:48:28,480
+achieved by Chain of La prompting and
+
+1017
+00:48:25,319 --> 00:48:30,599
+Tool usability by uh also you know
+
+1018
+00:48:28,480 --> 00:48:35,200
+providing prompting to let it generate
+
+1019
+00:48:30,599 --> 00:48:39,319
+API cost here's a real world example um
+
+1020
+00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:42,599
+so H to you may ask how should I you
+
+1021
+00:48:39,319 --> 00:48:44,200
+know generate actions proper actions
+
+1022
+00:48:42,599 --> 00:48:47,520
+that can be
+
+1023
+00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:50,280
+executed um without training you can
+
+1024
+00:48:47,520 --> 00:48:53,520
+just do prompting so you are given
+
+1025
+00:48:50,280 --> 00:48:57,040
+supposed you have the following apis the
+
+1026
+00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:59,720
+um the text that are not in um not in
+
+1027
+00:48:57,040 --> 00:49:01,480
+Blue uh sorry green are the prompts
+
+1028
+00:48:59,720 --> 00:49:05,040
+given to the langage model and the texts
+
+1029
+00:49:01,480 --> 00:49:07,119
+in blue are generated by gp4 and you
+
+1030
+00:49:05,040 --> 00:49:10,599
+just ask them you provide them with four
+
+1031
+00:49:07,119 --> 00:49:13,799
+apis get weather get location you know
+
+1032
+00:49:10,599 --> 00:49:16,319
+bus rout or count characters and the
+
+1033
+00:49:13,799 --> 00:49:18,680
+question is you know is it okay to go
+
+1034
+00:49:16,319 --> 00:49:20,599
+hiking today to answer this question you
+
+1035
+00:49:18,680 --> 00:49:23,440
+know you can see the language model can
+
+1036
+00:49:20,599 --> 00:49:25,480
+actually reason a good way of solving
+
+1037
+00:49:23,440 --> 00:49:30,079
+this task by first checking your
+
+1038
+00:49:25,480 --> 00:49:33,200
+location okay I'm in Seattle and then um
+
+1039
+00:49:30,079 --> 00:49:34,520
+so it the API call is you know it calls
+
+1040
+00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:38,400
+weather
+
+1041
+00:49:34,520 --> 00:49:40,559
+Seattle and then cloudy equals to you
+
+1042
+00:49:38,400 --> 00:49:43,440
+know like it's chance of ring and then
+
+1043
+00:49:40,559 --> 00:49:45,440
+based on this observation information it
+
+1044
+00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:48,119
+is not recommended to go hiking so this
+
+1045
+00:49:45,440 --> 00:49:51,799
+is kind of a actual example of how
+
+1046
+00:49:48,119 --> 00:49:54,400
+you're going to call this a uh how you
+
+1047
+00:49:51,799 --> 00:49:57,640
+are going to enable a to generate
+
+1048
+00:49:54,400 --> 00:50:01,599
+executable actions you PL examples or
+
+1049
+00:49:57,640 --> 00:50:04,000
+you give instructions of what these apis
+
+1050
+00:50:01,599 --> 00:50:05,040
+looks like in the prompt and if you just
+
+1051
+00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,400
+continue
+
+1052
+00:50:05,040 --> 00:50:10,400
+generation it also have a previous
+
+1053
+00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:14,160
+example as a like a three shot example
+
+1054
+00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:14,160
+where you can ask new
+
+1055
+00:50:15,040 --> 00:50:20,400
+questions there's besides you know this
+
+1056
+00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:23,640
+kind of natural back and force
+
+1057
+00:50:20,400 --> 00:50:26,359
+generating code sorry generating actions
+
+1058
+00:50:23,640 --> 00:50:27,559
+there's also oh actually that's a
+
+1059
+00:50:26,359 --> 00:50:31,119
+question
+
+1060
+00:50:27,559 --> 00:50:34,359
+what if there's a lot of apis uh say now
+
+1061
+00:50:31,119 --> 00:50:37,720
+I have four apis here for the language
+
+1062
+00:50:34,359 --> 00:50:41,440
+model to choose but in reality I might
+
+1063
+00:50:37,720 --> 00:50:44,359
+have um a thousand possible actions to
+
+1064
+00:50:41,440 --> 00:50:47,760
+perform and if I just present them in
+
+1065
+00:50:44,359 --> 00:50:50,440
+this way like describe what each API
+
+1066
+00:50:47,760 --> 00:50:53,480
+takes in as an argument what they do
+
+1067
+00:50:50,440 --> 00:50:56,920
+they might extend uh they might you know
+
+1068
+00:50:53,480 --> 00:50:59,920
+like exceed the context that
+
+1069
+00:50:56,920 --> 00:51:02,960
+so I don't or they might cost a lot of
+
+1070
+00:50:59,920 --> 00:51:06,359
+money because you know token is money so
+
+1071
+00:51:02,960 --> 00:51:09,400
+do you have anyone else suggestions if
+
+1072
+00:51:06,359 --> 00:51:14,440
+there's a lot of apis how should I still
+
+1073
+00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:14,440
+let a uh Lang model generate apis
+
+1074
+00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:24,160
+PA yeah so basically yeah that's a good
+
+1075
+00:51:21,480 --> 00:51:28,000
+answer so you have kind of a external
+
+1076
+00:51:24,160 --> 00:51:30,319
+memory where you can query based on your
+
+1077
+00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:33,480
+current context what are the most
+
+1078
+00:51:30,319 --> 00:51:35,720
+necessary required apis from that
+
+1079
+00:51:33,480 --> 00:51:38,200
+external and provide the documentations
+
+1080
+00:51:35,720 --> 00:51:42,240
+for them yeah that's a good
+
+1081
+00:51:38,200 --> 00:51:44,119
+answer besides these we also have
+
+1082
+00:51:42,240 --> 00:51:46,960
+another scenario where we can actually
+
+1083
+00:51:44,119 --> 00:51:49,520
+just generate code to perform certain
+
+1084
+00:51:46,960 --> 00:51:51,880
+tasks this way we are combining
+
+1085
+00:51:49,520 --> 00:51:55,119
+reasoning ability planning ability plus
+
+1086
+00:51:51,880 --> 00:51:56,839
+this action calling ability o one
+
+1087
+00:51:55,119 --> 00:51:59,200
+previously we have to generate natur
+
+1088
+00:51:56,839 --> 00:52:02,880
+language traces and transform natural
+
+1089
+00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:05,400
+language traces into actions so this is
+
+1090
+00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:08,000
+how you would solve this test so
+
+1091
+00:52:05,400 --> 00:52:11,160
+assuming you know you just ask chat gbd
+
+1092
+00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:13,640
+assuming you can use Python you you have
+
+1093
+00:52:11,160 --> 00:52:16,640
+some common apis install you have done
+
+1094
+00:52:13,640 --> 00:52:18,880
+the authentication steps ask answers the
+
+1095
+00:52:16,640 --> 00:52:22,200
+following questions like set up a
+
+1096
+00:52:18,880 --> 00:52:26,040
+meeting with someone tomorrow at 10:00
+
+1097
+00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:27,720
+a.m. and actually chat GP can generate a
+
+1098
+00:52:26,040 --> 00:52:30,839
+python code
+
+1099
+00:52:27,720 --> 00:52:33,520
+um that that's this task for you and
+
+1100
+00:52:30,839 --> 00:52:37,160
+then you probably have guessed it you
+
+1101
+00:52:33,520 --> 00:52:39,119
+can just execute then probably you won't
+
+1102
+00:52:37,160 --> 00:52:41,960
+actually need it because nowadays you
+
+1103
+00:52:39,119 --> 00:52:44,040
+know open ey or other jamni those
+
+1104
+00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:46,359
+documents have building like code
+
+1105
+00:52:44,040 --> 00:52:48,319
+interpreter functionality where they
+
+1106
+00:52:46,359 --> 00:52:50,359
+generate code but basically they
+
+1107
+00:52:48,319 --> 00:52:54,160
+generate a code based on your task
+
+1108
+00:52:50,359 --> 00:52:57,119
+instruction and execute them and this
+
+1109
+00:52:54,160 --> 00:53:00,440
+way you are still doing promply but and
+
+1110
+00:52:57,119 --> 00:53:04,960
+your reasoning or all of these Logics
+
+1111
+00:53:00,440 --> 00:53:08,520
+are more likely to be handled by this
+
+1112
+00:53:04,960 --> 00:53:12,599
+code so these are an overview previously
+
+1113
+00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:15,880
+we touched a bit about um how we going
+
+1114
+00:53:12,599 --> 00:53:18,559
+to prompt Lage models to perform task
+
+1115
+00:53:15,880 --> 00:53:20,559
+then we are going to touch a bit about
+
+1116
+00:53:18,559 --> 00:53:23,640
+evaluation environment and
+
+1117
+00:53:20,559 --> 00:53:27,040
+Benchmark this is a research oriented
+
+1118
+00:53:23,640 --> 00:53:29,720
+class we are definitely going to uh
+
+1119
+00:53:27,040 --> 00:53:32,480
+think about you know reproducible
+
+1120
+00:53:29,720 --> 00:53:35,119
+environments or like evaluations other
+
+1121
+00:53:32,480 --> 00:53:37,400
+than just products so evalation of
+
+1122
+00:53:35,119 --> 00:53:41,200
+langage model agents are actually quite
+
+1123
+00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:45,720
+hard existing there are several existing
+
+1124
+00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:48,599
+work on this area many of them contain
+
+1125
+00:53:45,720 --> 00:53:51,599
+simplified environments and basic tasks
+
+1126
+00:53:48,599 --> 00:53:54,079
+and if you are performing like basic
+
+1127
+00:53:51,599 --> 00:53:56,119
+test performance is saturating you have
+
+1128
+00:53:54,079 --> 00:53:58,920
+already seen the example I previously
+
+1129
+00:53:56,119 --> 00:54:01,599
+presented it to ask it to whether it is
+
+1130
+00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:04,720
+okay to go hiking today to check whether
+
+1131
+00:54:01,599 --> 00:54:06,640
+it is super easy for chat GPT to do that
+
+1132
+00:54:04,720 --> 00:54:10,200
+and even just to book a meeting through
+
+1133
+00:54:06,640 --> 00:54:11,880
+the Google API uh Google Calender API uh
+
+1134
+00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:14,319
+actually that code I verified is
+
+1135
+00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:17,079
+actually correct in the pre previous
+
+1136
+00:54:14,319 --> 00:54:19,599
+slide so you can see if it's simple task
+
+1137
+00:54:17,079 --> 00:54:22,480
+simple envirment the performance is
+
+1138
+00:54:19,599 --> 00:54:25,400
+saturating a 100% accuracy won't tell
+
+1139
+00:54:22,480 --> 00:54:27,079
+you any further progress in LM agent
+
+1140
+00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:30,520
+research
+
+1141
+00:54:27,079 --> 00:54:34,160
+so but still it's nice to know some of
+
+1142
+00:54:30,520 --> 00:54:36,839
+these existing um evaluation benchmarks
+
+1143
+00:54:34,160 --> 00:54:39,839
+the first Ty them are usually stateless
+
+1144
+00:54:36,839 --> 00:54:42,880
+with non-interactive environment uh for
+
+1145
+00:54:39,839 --> 00:54:47,400
+example does mind to what work um
+
+1146
+00:54:42,880 --> 00:54:49,640
+focused on like uh dumping web pages and
+
+1147
+00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:53,200
+then what actions can be performed on
+
+1148
+00:54:49,640 --> 00:54:53,960
+them to get them transformed into other
+
+1149
+00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:57,200
+uh
+
+1150
+00:54:53,960 --> 00:54:59,880
+stages and sometimes they are valuated
+
+1151
+00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:01,599
+by checking action sequence
+
+1152
+00:54:59,880 --> 00:55:03,680
+accuracy sometimes they are just
+
+1153
+00:55:01,599 --> 00:55:06,040
+checking the stepwise or Surface form
+
+1154
+00:55:03,680 --> 00:55:08,920
+only accuracy here is an example from
+
+1155
+00:55:06,040 --> 00:55:10,599
+mind to web so the task is to you know
+
+1156
+00:55:08,920 --> 00:55:13,480
+for one of the team
+
+1157
+00:55:10,599 --> 00:55:16,000
+leaders um of the one of the follow the
+
+1158
+00:55:13,480 --> 00:55:19,760
+team leaders of one of the NL teams from
+
+1159
+00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:19,760
+Atlantic division and
+
+1160
+00:55:19,799 --> 00:55:25,280
+supposedly this action sequence is the
+
+1161
+00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:27,920
+ground shoes action sequence you should
+
+1162
+00:55:25,280 --> 00:55:32,240
+have you have this uh starting website
+
+1163
+00:55:27,920 --> 00:55:36,000
+of pro possibly NHL and you click on uh
+
+1164
+00:55:32,240 --> 00:55:38,520
+you hover the link click on some click
+
+1165
+00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:42,480
+on something eventually you will arrive
+
+1166
+00:55:38,520 --> 00:55:45,280
+at the final designed state but um these
+
+1167
+00:55:42,480 --> 00:55:48,359
+previous uh Benchmark like M2 web they
+
+1168
+00:55:45,280 --> 00:55:51,119
+evaluate based on the accuracy of how
+
+1169
+00:55:48,359 --> 00:55:54,079
+these actions predicted matches the
+
+1170
+00:55:51,119 --> 00:55:57,119
+ground choose one and they only check
+
+1171
+00:55:54,079 --> 00:56:00,400
+you know click if cck if is correct or
+
+1172
+00:55:57,119 --> 00:56:02,359
+if the if the argument is correct anyone
+
+1173
+00:56:00,400 --> 00:56:05,319
+have idea why this might not be
+
+1174
+00:56:02,359 --> 00:56:08,520
+desirable a desirable way of evaluating
+
+1175
+00:56:05,319 --> 00:56:08,520
+El agents yeah go
+
+1176
+00:56:11,440 --> 00:56:17,200
+ahead different
+
+1177
+00:56:14,440 --> 00:56:19,720
+way yeah yeah that's a good that's a
+
+1178
+00:56:17,200 --> 00:56:22,839
+good answer and also possibly other
+
+1179
+00:56:19,720 --> 00:56:25,039
+reasons are so you first have to go
+
+1180
+00:56:22,839 --> 00:56:27,240
+through in this order but you know you
+
+1181
+00:56:25,039 --> 00:56:29,359
+can sometimes these orders are not
+
+1182
+00:56:27,240 --> 00:56:32,799
+strictly dependent on each other so you
+
+1183
+00:56:29,359 --> 00:56:36,240
+can perform one task like say this task
+
+1184
+00:56:32,799 --> 00:56:38,760
+is composed of two subtask you can do
+
+1185
+00:56:36,240 --> 00:56:40,400
+these two in parallel or in any order
+
+1186
+00:56:38,760 --> 00:56:43,359
+then if you are just given a ground
+
+1187
+00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:45,280
+choose action sequence and you WR based
+
+1188
+00:56:43,359 --> 00:56:47,839
+on you know if the action is correct and
+
+1189
+00:56:45,280 --> 00:56:50,119
+if the argument is correct then you are
+
+1190
+00:56:47,839 --> 00:56:51,880
+going to miss out you know basically
+
+1191
+00:56:50,119 --> 00:56:54,359
+miss out a lot of opportunity where the
+
+1192
+00:56:51,880 --> 00:56:58,319
+agent actually does it correctly but you
+
+1193
+00:56:54,359 --> 00:57:00,640
+know it didn't cover in this task and
+
+1194
+00:56:58,319 --> 00:57:03,079
+there are other T So previous I was
+
+1195
+00:57:00,640 --> 00:57:05,200
+thinking you know I was previously I was
+
+1196
+00:57:03,079 --> 00:57:07,359
+talking about these kind of stateless
+
+1197
+00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:09,359
+non interacting environment but then
+
+1198
+00:57:07,359 --> 00:57:11,079
+there are also some environment
+
+1199
+00:57:09,359 --> 00:57:14,160
+interactive environment here already
+
+1200
+00:57:11,079 --> 00:57:16,839
+available but usually they are short
+
+1201
+00:57:14,160 --> 00:57:19,839
+Horizon for example there's webshop and
+
+1202
+00:57:16,839 --> 00:57:23,119
+many water with bits here here's an
+
+1203
+00:57:19,839 --> 00:57:27,039
+example of an actual interactive web
+
+1204
+00:57:23,119 --> 00:57:29,440
+environment for agents so it's
+
+1205
+00:57:27,039 --> 00:57:31,559
+simple web pages where you can click you
+
+1206
+00:57:29,440 --> 00:57:35,920
+can enter stuff so there are simple
+
+1207
+00:57:31,559 --> 00:57:40,319
+tasks for example let's say in this this
+
+1208
+00:57:35,920 --> 00:57:45,200
+example I just asked you to um submit I
+
+1209
+00:57:40,319 --> 00:57:47,119
+love 711 in this text box and submit so
+
+1210
+00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:50,280
+as you can imagine these tasks usually
+
+1211
+00:57:47,119 --> 00:57:53,440
+just take one or two or three steps
+
+1212
+00:57:50,280 --> 00:57:57,160
+actions to perform so that's why we call
+
+1213
+00:57:53,440 --> 00:58:00,000
+short Horizon and they the enironment is
+
+1214
+00:57:57,160 --> 00:58:01,280
+pretty simple because it's just like the
+
+1215
+00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:03,640
+websites from
+
+1216
+00:58:01,280 --> 00:58:08,000
+1990s
+
+1217
+00:58:03,640 --> 00:58:11,680
+so and also there are uh and also there
+
+1218
+00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:14,480
+are um like webshop Benchmark which is a
+
+1219
+00:58:11,680 --> 00:58:16,680
+simplified version of Amazon basically
+
+1220
+00:58:14,480 --> 00:58:22,599
+Amazon is you know it
+
+1221
+00:58:16,680 --> 00:58:25,119
+is 20 years ago and there is um like you
+
+1222
+00:58:22,599 --> 00:58:27,680
+can search for jacket your favorite
+
+1223
+00:58:25,119 --> 00:58:31,160
+jacket the the question here is still
+
+1224
+00:58:27,680 --> 00:58:34,520
+you know I'm looking for extra red color
+
+1225
+00:58:31,160 --> 00:58:36,400
+womon some like warm jacket coat and
+
+1226
+00:58:34,520 --> 00:58:39,319
+price lower than $70 you have a lot of
+
+1227
+00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:41,839
+instructions here the goal is to find
+
+1228
+00:58:39,319 --> 00:58:43,480
+the correct uh item that suits your
+
+1229
+00:58:41,839 --> 00:58:46,160
+instruction me you still have to
+
+1230
+00:58:43,480 --> 00:58:49,599
+navigate through this um simplified
+
+1231
+00:58:46,160 --> 00:58:52,799
+version of Amazon but you know the same
+
+1232
+00:58:49,599 --> 00:58:56,160
+rule the same issue applies it is a
+
+1233
+00:58:52,799 --> 00:58:58,319
+pretty simple environment and it is uh
+
+1234
+00:58:56,160 --> 00:59:00,359
+like short Horizon just to give you a
+
+1235
+00:58:58,319 --> 00:59:04,599
+example I just just give you like a
+
+1236
+00:59:00,359 --> 00:59:08,039
+feeling like she asked gp4 to perform on
+
+1237
+00:59:04,599 --> 00:59:09,880
+these kind of u w shop with proper up
+
+1238
+00:59:08,039 --> 00:59:15,960
+tuning it can already achieve my
+
+1239
+00:59:09,880 --> 00:59:20,200
+basically fa of task so um it's getting
+
+1240
+00:59:15,960 --> 00:59:23,640
+there so that's why we think there are
+
+1241
+00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:26,240
+if you are interested in building agent
+
+1242
+00:59:23,640 --> 00:59:29,119
+benchmarks there are several key con
+
+1243
+00:59:26,240 --> 00:59:31,760
+considerations so first you have to have
+
+1244
+00:59:29,119 --> 00:59:33,440
+a interactive environment because
+
+1245
+00:59:31,760 --> 00:59:36,280
+without environment you know you can
+
+1246
+00:59:33,440 --> 00:59:39,319
+just you are stuck with uh evaluation
+
+1247
+00:59:36,280 --> 00:59:41,160
+metrics that are just B uh checking if
+
+1248
+00:59:39,319 --> 00:59:44,119
+the action is correct rather than the
+
+1249
+00:59:41,160 --> 00:59:46,119
+final execution results so uh and also
+
+1250
+00:59:44,119 --> 00:59:47,200
+you know you you need to have kind of
+
+1251
+00:59:46,119 --> 00:59:49,520
+diverse
+
+1252
+00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:51,960
+functionality previously like you are
+
+1253
+00:59:49,520 --> 00:59:53,559
+just focused on shopping and then you
+
+1254
+00:59:51,960 --> 00:59:56,440
+know if I want to cheat on this
+
+1255
+00:59:53,559 --> 00:59:59,760
+Benchmark I would just overfit to this
+
+1256
+00:59:56,440 --> 01:00:02,240
+shopping functionality and then you need
+
+1257
+00:59:59,760 --> 01:00:05,400
+to have Rich and realistic content to
+
+1258
+01:00:02,240 --> 01:00:08,680
+make it adaptive uh to like basically
+
+1259
+01:00:05,400 --> 01:00:10,599
+closer to Modern websites so you can
+
+1260
+01:00:08,680 --> 01:00:13,720
+transfer your performance in these
+
+1261
+01:00:10,599 --> 01:00:15,680
+benchmarks better to a real website it
+
+1262
+01:00:13,720 --> 01:00:18,400
+has to be interactive and easy
+
+1263
+01:00:15,680 --> 01:00:22,240
+extendable and reproducible reproducible
+
+1264
+01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:26,640
+is quite important for um creating a
+
+1265
+01:00:22,240 --> 01:00:29,200
+benchmark uh in research community
+
+1266
+01:00:26,640 --> 01:00:32,119
+that's why we don't use uh we we don't
+
+1267
+01:00:29,200 --> 01:00:35,359
+want use live websites as an environment
+
+1268
+01:00:32,119 --> 01:00:37,440
+because they change so often you got 90%
+
+1269
+01:00:35,359 --> 01:00:40,240
+accuracy yesterday today you will only
+
+1270
+01:00:37,440 --> 01:00:43,720
+get 20% accuracy because the websites
+
+1271
+01:00:40,240 --> 01:00:47,280
+become much much hotter just because of
+
+1272
+01:00:43,720 --> 01:00:50,240
+today and tasks we ideally want long
+
+1273
+01:00:47,280 --> 01:00:53,480
+Horizon tasks with enough difficulty and
+
+1274
+01:00:50,240 --> 01:00:56,160
+also IDE involves M website because
+
+1275
+01:00:53,480 --> 01:00:58,799
+that's more realistic you are not going
+
+1276
+01:00:56,160 --> 01:01:01,760
+to stuck your whole day browsing Amazon
+
+1277
+01:00:58,799 --> 01:01:04,799
+website alone you sometimes go to you
+
+1278
+01:01:01,760 --> 01:01:07,559
+know other websites like Reddit to
+
+1279
+01:01:04,799 --> 01:01:11,079
+search for some reviews so it is nice to
+
+1280
+01:01:07,559 --> 01:01:13,839
+involve them and also for
+
+1281
+01:01:11,079 --> 01:01:17,160
+evaluation it's nice to have reliable
+
+1282
+01:01:13,839 --> 01:01:19,760
+metrics so that it encourages final goal
+
+1283
+01:01:17,160 --> 01:01:22,240
+rather than partial satisfaction and
+
+1284
+01:01:19,760 --> 01:01:24,400
+also it encourages you know the agent to
+
+1285
+01:01:22,240 --> 01:01:26,400
+actually perform the task right instead
+
+1286
+01:01:24,400 --> 01:01:28,240
+of just following you know the provided
+
+1287
+01:01:26,400 --> 01:01:30,559
+BR choose action because you you can
+
+1288
+01:01:28,240 --> 01:01:32,480
+have multiple ways of achieving the same
+
+1289
+01:01:30,559 --> 01:01:35,599
+correct uh final
+
+1290
+01:01:32,480 --> 01:01:38,920
+goal so here present uh one of the
+
+1291
+01:01:35,599 --> 01:01:42,799
+latest work in this uh area called Web
+
+1292
+01:01:38,920 --> 01:01:45,720
+Arina and it's environment to S it we
+
+1293
+01:01:42,799 --> 01:01:48,799
+try to satisfy this environment uh
+
+1294
+01:01:45,720 --> 01:01:51,359
+requirement we previously put out which
+
+1295
+01:01:48,799 --> 01:01:53,640
+is a setbox internet it is open source
+
+1296
+01:01:51,359 --> 01:01:56,240
+and production ready implementation of
+
+1297
+01:01:53,640 --> 01:01:58,160
+websites and the data of popular created
+
+1298
+01:01:56,240 --> 01:02:01,079
+from Real World websites we basically
+
+1299
+01:01:58,160 --> 01:02:04,559
+scrap Amazon say for example and put it
+
+1300
+01:02:01,079 --> 01:02:07,400
+in our fake Amazon website it is also
+
+1301
+01:02:04,559 --> 01:02:11,400
+easily distributable we use you know
+
+1302
+01:02:07,400 --> 01:02:13,640
+Dockers to use them so since we want it
+
+1303
+01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:16,000
+to reproducible to be reproducible we
+
+1304
+01:02:13,640 --> 01:02:18,599
+don't use right websites and that kind
+
+1305
+01:02:16,000 --> 01:02:21,359
+of means that uh the website selection
+
+1306
+01:02:18,599 --> 01:02:24,599
+is going to be limited no matter what
+
+1307
+01:02:21,359 --> 01:02:26,520
+however we try to make it you know as
+
+1308
+01:02:24,599 --> 01:02:28,760
+diverse as possible by including a
+
+1309
+01:02:26,520 --> 01:02:33,039
+shopping website a cent management
+
+1310
+01:02:28,760 --> 01:02:36,880
+website as well as a Reddit like forum
+
+1311
+01:02:33,039 --> 01:02:39,799
+and plus a g l so it covers um like
+
+1312
+01:02:36,880 --> 01:02:42,000
+social media some of the development of
+
+1313
+01:02:39,799 --> 01:02:44,880
+work related things as well as content
+
+1314
+01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:47,520
+management and shopping we also have a
+
+1315
+01:02:44,880 --> 01:02:51,240
+Wikipedia and some other toolbox like we
+
+1316
+01:02:47,520 --> 01:02:53,760
+even have a map here in our in this
+
+1317
+01:02:51,240 --> 01:02:56,799
+Benchmark called Web so and then you
+
+1318
+01:02:53,760 --> 01:02:59,720
+need to collect realistic intents
+
+1319
+01:02:56,799 --> 01:03:01,599
+so of course a good way of collecting
+
+1320
+01:02:59,720 --> 01:03:05,920
+these is just checking our own browser
+
+1321
+01:03:01,599 --> 01:03:07,520
+history or checking others then uh we
+
+1322
+01:03:05,920 --> 01:03:10,119
+then categorize them into three
+
+1323
+01:03:07,520 --> 01:03:12,839
+different types first is information
+
+1324
+01:03:10,119 --> 01:03:15,279
+seeking a lot of our browser histories
+
+1325
+01:03:12,839 --> 01:03:17,440
+or like what we do on internet is check
+
+1326
+01:03:15,279 --> 01:03:21,079
+information for example when was the
+
+1327
+01:03:17,440 --> 01:03:25,160
+last time I bought shampoo so to remind
+
+1328
+01:03:21,079 --> 01:03:28,599
+myself and then a lot some other things
+
+1329
+01:03:25,160 --> 01:03:31,279
+just navigation you know as a human how
+
+1330
+01:03:28,599 --> 01:03:34,079
+to get there for example I want to check
+
+1331
+01:03:31,279 --> 01:03:37,599
+out merge requests that are assed to me
+
+1332
+01:03:34,079 --> 01:03:40,520
+as my new day out work started and then
+
+1333
+01:03:37,599 --> 01:03:43,559
+there's some content and configuration
+
+1334
+01:03:40,520 --> 01:03:46,640
+operations so here's an example like uh
+
+1335
+01:03:43,559 --> 01:03:49,119
+these type of task are usually you are
+
+1336
+01:03:46,640 --> 01:03:52,200
+going to modify the environment somewhat
+
+1337
+01:03:49,119 --> 01:03:54,839
+because previously as we previously
+
+1338
+01:03:52,200 --> 01:03:57,559
+discussed a agent not only can perceive
+
+1339
+01:03:54,839 --> 01:04:00,200
+or get information from the environment
+
+1340
+01:03:57,559 --> 01:04:01,799
+you sometimes have to do actuations back
+
+1341
+01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:04,760
+to the environment for example if I want
+
+1342
+01:04:01,799 --> 01:04:07,559
+to post a question is a car necessary in
+
+1343
+01:04:04,760 --> 01:04:10,039
+New York City in a subreddit where I'm
+
+1344
+01:04:07,559 --> 01:04:12,400
+most likely to get an answer here you if
+
+1345
+01:04:10,039 --> 01:04:15,480
+you think about the U you know the we
+
+1346
+01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:18,000
+size as an environment you actually make
+
+1347
+01:04:15,480 --> 01:04:18,880
+a dent made a dent to the environment
+
+1348
+01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:23,880
+this
+
+1349
+01:04:18,880 --> 01:04:26,559
+way so here's an example task in this uh
+
+1350
+01:04:23,880 --> 01:04:29,640
+depos uh in this benchmark Mark uh
+
+1351
+01:04:26,559 --> 01:04:32,520
+create a plan to visit Pittsburgh uh
+
+1352
+01:04:29,640 --> 01:04:36,160
+museums with minimal driving distance
+
+1353
+01:04:32,520 --> 01:04:41,279
+starting from shy Park log the order in
+
+1354
+01:04:36,160 --> 01:04:45,359
+my uh you know awesome Northeast US
+
+1355
+01:04:41,279 --> 01:04:48,960
+Travel repository uh so here you can
+
+1356
+01:04:45,359 --> 01:04:52,319
+think of it as pretty complex uh task it
+
+1357
+01:04:48,960 --> 01:04:56,839
+involves if you just B market it will at
+
+1358
+01:04:52,319 --> 01:04:59,520
+least be 20 pages of 20 times of page
+
+1359
+01:04:56,839 --> 01:05:02,440
+transitions some you also have to cover
+
+1360
+01:04:59,520 --> 01:05:04,400
+several websites so you first have to
+
+1361
+01:05:02,440 --> 01:05:06,000
+search for museums and P where probably
+
+1362
+01:05:04,400 --> 01:05:09,079
+you're going to use Google or you
+
+1363
+01:05:06,000 --> 01:05:11,760
+probably use um Wikipedia and then after
+
+1364
+01:05:09,079 --> 01:05:15,119
+you get that you are going to search for
+
+1365
+01:05:11,760 --> 01:05:17,680
+each Art Museum on a map software and
+
+1366
+01:05:15,119 --> 01:05:19,319
+finally you check you know minimal
+
+1367
+01:05:17,680 --> 01:05:21,520
+driving distance so there are some even
+
+1368
+01:05:19,319 --> 01:05:23,680
+some mathematic reasoning here you have
+
+1369
+01:05:21,520 --> 01:05:26,599
+to gather the driving distance and find
+
+1370
+01:05:23,680 --> 01:05:30,400
+the minimal one and Rec them in the
+
+1371
+01:05:26,599 --> 01:05:32,960
+repository and then that involves gitl
+
+1372
+01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:34,880
+operations and then for these kind of
+
+1373
+01:05:32,960 --> 01:05:37,559
+complex tasks we are definitely not
+
+1374
+01:05:34,880 --> 01:05:40,119
+going to rely on uh like action sequence
+
+1375
+01:05:37,559 --> 01:05:42,279
+based evaluation so our goal is to
+
+1376
+01:05:40,119 --> 01:05:44,920
+directly validate the correctness of the
+
+1377
+01:05:42,279 --> 01:05:47,760
+execution for example when was the last
+
+1378
+01:05:44,920 --> 01:05:50,079
+time I bought shampoo the answer is can
+
+1379
+01:05:47,760 --> 01:05:53,359
+be directly answered by you
+
+1380
+01:05:50,079 --> 01:05:56,240
+know if it's just like this some date
+
+1381
+01:05:53,359 --> 01:05:59,319
+because the data in the we know ahead of
+
+1382
+01:05:56,240 --> 01:06:01,720
+time what data we have in this Benchmark
+
+1383
+01:05:59,319 --> 01:06:04,640
+so you have the correct answer to check
+
+1384
+01:06:01,720 --> 01:06:06,559
+and for others if they are more tricky
+
+1385
+01:06:04,640 --> 01:06:09,480
+for example the previous question of is
+
+1386
+01:06:06,559 --> 01:06:12,480
+a car necessary in New York City uh you
+
+1387
+01:06:09,480 --> 01:06:16,440
+actually have to check oh I got in at
+
+1388
+01:06:12,480 --> 01:06:18,640
+New York uh New York City in page URL
+
+1389
+01:06:16,440 --> 01:06:20,440
+and then if the content is a car
+
+1390
+01:06:18,640 --> 01:06:24,760
+necessary in New York City actually
+
+1391
+01:06:20,440 --> 01:06:28,039
+inside the uh document page or the HTML
+
+1392
+01:06:24,760 --> 01:06:30,480
+page so with these kind of verifiers you
+
+1393
+01:06:28,039 --> 01:06:32,599
+can think of it as unit test in software
+
+1394
+01:06:30,480 --> 01:06:35,799
+development we are only checking the
+
+1395
+01:06:32,599 --> 01:06:37,760
+output or the outcome of the final State
+
+1396
+01:06:35,799 --> 01:06:40,240
+uh of the environment and check if it is
+
+1397
+01:06:37,760 --> 01:06:43,119
+correct then it alleviates the issue of
+
+1398
+01:06:40,240 --> 01:06:45,720
+you know relying on checking
+
+1399
+01:06:43,119 --> 01:06:49,200
+actions the obervation and action space
+
+1400
+01:06:45,720 --> 01:06:51,559
+for these kind of task can be multimodel
+
+1401
+01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:54,680
+you can use screenshot of course of the
+
+1402
+01:06:51,559 --> 01:06:58,440
+website or you can use a Tex space like
+
+1403
+01:06:54,680 --> 01:07:01,799
+directly you just using raw HTML source
+
+1404
+01:06:58,440 --> 01:07:04,839
+code or you could use a slightly more
+
+1405
+01:07:01,799 --> 01:07:07,200
+structured version called accessib tree
+
+1406
+01:07:04,839 --> 01:07:10,000
+where it is a tree based structure to
+
+1407
+01:07:07,200 --> 01:07:13,000
+represent the website structure and for
+
+1408
+01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:15,920
+the action space you we can use keyboard
+
+1409
+01:07:13,000 --> 01:07:20,559
+to import or Mouse to click hover and
+
+1410
+01:07:15,920 --> 01:07:24,200
+scroll and use browser to go back
+
+1411
+01:07:20,559 --> 01:07:26,119
+so we can perform previously we disc
+
+1412
+01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:28,400
+discussed a bit about using
+
+1413
+01:07:26,119 --> 01:07:30,720
+prompting few shot in context learning
+
+1414
+01:07:28,400 --> 01:07:34,200
+to provide a bit of General guidance and
+
+1415
+01:07:30,720 --> 01:07:37,119
+two examples so just to let you know
+
+1416
+01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:38,880
+about the performance about GP how gp4
+
+1417
+01:07:37,119 --> 01:07:41,480
+would perform in this kind of complex
+
+1418
+01:07:38,880 --> 01:07:44,279
+task we just provide the gp4 with this
+
+1419
+01:07:41,480 --> 01:07:47,119
+kind of instruction we we are we let it
+
+1420
+01:07:44,279 --> 01:07:48,839
+know it's an atomous intelligent engine
+
+1421
+01:07:47,119 --> 01:07:51,000
+and you can observe the following
+
+1422
+01:07:48,839 --> 01:07:52,520
+information we describe a little bit of
+
+1423
+01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:54,240
+what the observation space would look
+
+1424
+01:07:52,520 --> 01:07:56,920
+like and you can do the following
+
+1425
+01:07:54,240 --> 01:07:59,640
+actions what the actions space are and
+
+1426
+01:07:56,920 --> 01:08:01,640
+provide them a little bit of examples
+
+1427
+01:07:59,640 --> 01:08:04,079
+like what the observation here would be
+
+1428
+01:08:01,640 --> 01:08:07,079
+you can see the observation here is like
+
+1429
+01:08:04,079 --> 01:08:09,520
+a tree based a tree tree like structure
+
+1430
+01:08:07,079 --> 01:08:11,839
+of basically a filtered down version of
+
+1431
+01:08:09,520 --> 01:08:14,279
+the HTML a representation of the web
+
+1432
+01:08:11,839 --> 01:08:17,400
+page you have URL of course you have the
+
+1433
+01:08:14,279 --> 01:08:19,719
+objective or the task description and an
+
+1434
+01:08:17,400 --> 01:08:21,440
+example output here you can see we are
+
+1435
+01:08:19,719 --> 01:08:23,839
+using uh Chain of Thought based
+
+1436
+01:08:21,440 --> 01:08:26,400
+reasoning uh seeing step by step what
+
+1437
+01:08:23,839 --> 01:08:29,120
+you should do and act here because
+
+1438
+01:08:26,400 --> 01:08:31,640
+action space is previously provided this
+
+1439
+01:08:29,120 --> 01:08:34,199
+kind of action we can are something we
+
+1440
+01:08:31,640 --> 01:08:37,520
+can accure in the environment you can
+
+1441
+01:08:34,199 --> 01:08:39,880
+see web arena is very a challenging task
+
+1442
+01:08:37,520 --> 01:08:42,159
+um for humans we ask humans to perform
+
+1443
+01:08:39,880 --> 01:08:47,480
+these tasks they can easily achieve
+
+1444
+01:08:42,159 --> 01:08:49,719
+about 78% accuracy within like a time
+
+1445
+01:08:47,480 --> 01:08:53,920
+limit of two minutes we give human 2
+
+1446
+01:08:49,719 --> 01:08:56,359
+minutes but with GPT 3.5 or Advanced
+
+1447
+01:08:53,920 --> 01:08:58,719
+prompting techniques or even like gp4
+
+1448
+01:08:56,359 --> 01:09:01,960
+with Advanced Tech prompting techniques
+
+1449
+01:08:58,719 --> 01:09:04,759
+we can only solve about 14% of the test
+
+1450
+01:09:01,960 --> 01:09:07,400
+so chain off L indeed helps but it
+
+1451
+01:09:04,759 --> 01:09:09,199
+provides limited benefits and gp4
+
+1452
+01:09:07,400 --> 01:09:11,880
+remains significantly behind human
+
+1453
+01:09:09,199 --> 01:09:15,120
+performance and prompt engineering you
+
+1454
+01:09:11,880 --> 01:09:18,239
+know sometimes emphasizes large J models
+
+1455
+01:09:15,120 --> 01:09:20,839
+sensitivity to sub subtle instruction
+
+1456
+01:09:18,239 --> 01:09:22,600
+changes because prompt engineering
+
+1457
+01:09:20,839 --> 01:09:26,199
+sometimes actually is
+
+1458
+01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:28,359
+hard and here are some failure cases
+
+1459
+01:09:26,199 --> 01:09:29,920
+for example if sometimes the langage
+
+1460
+01:09:28,359 --> 01:09:32,040
+model just don't know what button to
+
+1461
+01:09:29,920 --> 01:09:34,279
+click show me the customers who have
+
+1462
+01:09:32,040 --> 01:09:37,279
+expressed this satisfaction this
+
+1463
+01:09:34,279 --> 01:09:39,319
+satisfaction in a zip jacket then the
+
+1464
+01:09:37,279 --> 01:09:41,000
+correct one as a human you know you
+
+1465
+01:09:39,319 --> 01:09:43,679
+should probably go to the catalog
+
+1466
+01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:45,440
+product page and check reviews or just
+
+1467
+01:09:43,679 --> 01:09:47,799
+go to the review sections and search for
+
+1468
+01:09:45,440 --> 01:09:50,239
+the jacket but you know sometimes the
+
+1469
+01:09:47,799 --> 01:09:52,400
+gp4 without these kind of Common Sense
+
+1470
+01:09:50,239 --> 01:09:55,960
+knowledge they would just go to
+
+1471
+01:09:52,400 --> 01:09:57,840
+customers sections so this one is
+
+1472
+01:09:55,960 --> 01:09:59,760
+basically means that the language model
+
+1473
+01:09:57,840 --> 01:10:02,120
+does not have good enough reasoning or
+
+1474
+01:09:59,760 --> 01:10:04,520
+planning ability without a basic
+
+1475
+01:10:02,120 --> 01:10:07,360
+information a basic knowledge sometimes
+
+1476
+01:10:04,520 --> 01:10:10,480
+it's just uh simply not being accurate
+
+1477
+01:10:07,360 --> 01:10:13,120
+for example you ask it to uh enter a due
+
+1478
+01:10:10,480 --> 01:10:15,239
+date it enters a wrong format and then
+
+1479
+01:10:13,120 --> 01:10:18,760
+you know if the website is not designed
+
+1480
+01:10:15,239 --> 01:10:21,480
+really well I would just stop at this
+
+1481
+01:10:18,760 --> 01:10:24,120
+point because it is a incorrect format
+
+1482
+01:10:21,480 --> 01:10:26,679
+ideally you should use this state peer
+
+1483
+01:10:24,120 --> 01:10:28,239
+State peer like vdet but sometimes the
+
+1484
+01:10:26,679 --> 01:10:31,600
+language model will just figure out to
+
+1485
+01:10:28,239 --> 01:10:35,560
+enter some text itself and sometimes
+
+1486
+01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:39,440
+it's trivial errors like in our study
+
+1487
+01:10:35,560 --> 01:10:42,840
+gb4 in with gb4 about 21% of examples
+
+1488
+01:10:39,440 --> 01:10:44,760
+fil due to repeated typing I we think
+
+1489
+01:10:42,840 --> 01:10:47,280
+this is probably related to
+
+1490
+01:10:44,760 --> 01:10:50,280
+hallucination effects in large common in
+
+1491
+01:10:47,280 --> 01:10:53,320
+large rank models they will just enter a
+
+1492
+01:10:50,280 --> 01:10:55,960
+bunch of you know DMV area DMV era DMV
+
+1493
+01:10:53,320 --> 01:10:59,239
+area and then these two Arrow
+
+1494
+01:10:55,960 --> 01:11:01,199
+sometimes they are not so trivial errors
+
+1495
+01:10:59,239 --> 01:11:04,880
+here's a very interesting one assign
+
+1496
+01:11:01,199 --> 01:11:08,360
+this issue to myself this is a gitlab um
+
+1497
+01:11:04,880 --> 01:11:11,600
+page and if you ask Lang uh like gp4 to
+
+1498
+01:11:08,360 --> 01:11:16,040
+perform this Tas for you it doesn't know
+
+1499
+01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:18,560
+myself it just enters myself as a stram
+
+1500
+01:11:16,040 --> 01:11:21,159
+to this assigning it actually needs to
+
+1501
+01:11:18,560 --> 01:11:24,719
+query what's you itself it probably
+
+1502
+01:11:21,159 --> 01:11:27,480
+needs to enter me or its own use
+
+1503
+01:11:24,719 --> 01:11:30,560
+username in this field so it's kind of
+
+1504
+01:11:27,480 --> 01:11:33,040
+interesting finally I'm going to touch a
+
+1505
+01:11:30,560 --> 01:11:35,440
+little bit of training methods for
+
+1506
+01:11:33,040 --> 01:11:38,080
+improving the agents previously we have
+
+1507
+01:11:35,440 --> 01:11:40,120
+what we have covered tests and
+
+1508
+01:11:38,080 --> 01:11:43,280
+applications I presented some of the
+
+1509
+01:11:40,120 --> 01:11:44,440
+prompting techniques and also uh one of
+
+1510
+01:11:43,280 --> 01:11:46,880
+the state-ofthe-art
+
+1511
+01:11:44,440 --> 01:11:49,320
+uh uh one of the state-ofthe-art you
+
+1512
+01:11:46,880 --> 01:11:52,480
+know um like Benchmark so you have this
+
+1513
+01:11:49,320 --> 01:11:55,480
+playground you have this environment now
+
+1514
+01:11:52,480 --> 01:11:57,600
+but you are still not satisfied with uh
+
+1515
+01:11:55,480 --> 01:12:00,480
+the performance like even if you do all
+
+1516
+01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:01,639
+the like Chain of Thought prompting and
+
+1517
+01:12:00,480 --> 01:12:04,560
+all that
+
+1518
+01:12:01,639 --> 01:12:07,120
+stuff so the learning this topic for the
+
+1519
+01:12:04,560 --> 01:12:10,159
+learning of language model learn agents
+
+1520
+01:12:07,120 --> 01:12:12,239
+I'm going to cover mainly three uh types
+
+1521
+01:12:10,159 --> 01:12:15,080
+of learning first is Inc context
+
+1522
+01:12:12,239 --> 01:12:18,679
+learning some may argue oh this is just
+
+1523
+01:12:15,080 --> 01:12:21,760
+prompting yes I agree but you can still
+
+1524
+01:12:18,679 --> 01:12:24,920
+probably get most of it out of it by
+
+1525
+01:12:21,760 --> 01:12:26,920
+providing better um viewshot examples
+
+1526
+01:12:24,920 --> 01:12:29,440
+and of course there's supervised F
+
+1527
+01:12:26,920 --> 01:12:31,760
+tuning and learning from basically this
+
+1528
+01:12:29,440 --> 01:12:34,560
+is learning from experts supposedly if
+
+1529
+01:12:31,760 --> 01:12:36,800
+you have good ground choose trajectories
+
+1530
+01:12:34,560 --> 01:12:39,760
+of how a human would perform a task you
+
+1531
+01:12:36,800 --> 01:12:42,080
+probably can do use these data and
+
+1532
+01:12:39,760 --> 01:12:44,199
+finally if you thinking about agents
+
+1533
+01:12:42,080 --> 01:12:48,159
+that interact with um
+
+1534
+01:12:44,199 --> 01:12:50,600
+enironment um you know a quite popular
+
+1535
+01:12:48,159 --> 01:12:52,840
+technique for uh these type of tastics
+
+1536
+01:12:50,600 --> 01:12:54,480
+using reinforcement learning because if
+
+1537
+01:12:52,840 --> 01:12:57,440
+you have a good enough environment you
+
+1538
+01:12:54,480 --> 01:13:00,960
+probably can learn from the environment
+
+1539
+01:12:57,440 --> 01:13:03,800
+so first a little bit of uh background
+
+1540
+01:13:00,960 --> 01:13:06,440
+on in context learning so the language
+
+1541
+01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:08,480
+model they basically language model can
+
+1542
+01:13:06,440 --> 01:13:11,400
+perform a task by just conditioning on
+
+1543
+01:13:08,480 --> 01:13:14,199
+input output examples without optimizing
+
+1544
+01:13:11,400 --> 01:13:16,719
+other parameters sometimes it is because
+
+1545
+01:13:14,199 --> 01:13:19,520
+we don't have access to these parameters
+
+1546
+01:13:16,719 --> 01:13:22,520
+sometimes it is too costly to train but
+
+1547
+01:13:19,520 --> 01:13:25,719
+nonetheless this is a very popular way
+
+1548
+01:13:22,520 --> 01:13:28,080
+of doing uh learning
+
+1549
+01:13:25,719 --> 01:13:30,159
+just like previously shown example on
+
+1550
+01:13:28,080 --> 01:13:32,520
+where how we get the Benchmark
+
+1551
+01:13:30,159 --> 01:13:35,639
+performance on like Baseline performance
+
+1552
+01:13:32,520 --> 01:13:38,360
+on web Arena tasks uh we provide a
+
+1553
+01:13:35,639 --> 01:13:41,800
+little bit of example of what the
+
+1554
+01:13:38,360 --> 01:13:46,120
+observation would look like and what the
+
+1555
+01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:48,960
+actions should be given a task so just
+
+1556
+01:13:46,120 --> 01:13:52,719
+like this if you are doing in context
+
+1557
+01:13:48,960 --> 01:13:55,679
+Durning we can just provide some uh like
+
+1558
+01:13:52,719 --> 01:13:57,880
+user example user observation here like
+
+1559
+01:13:55,679 --> 01:14:00,760
+for example this observation represents
+
+1560
+01:13:57,880 --> 01:14:04,719
+a web page uh it is a trm down version
+
+1561
+01:14:00,760 --> 01:14:06,840
+of the HTML document tree and then the
+
+1562
+01:14:04,719 --> 01:14:09,159
+example assistant part is basically kind
+
+1563
+01:14:06,840 --> 01:14:12,560
+of the you can think of it as a output
+
+1564
+01:14:09,159 --> 01:14:14,920
+label where you you know you think step
+
+1565
+01:14:12,560 --> 01:14:17,600
+by step you you you kind of show it how
+
+1566
+01:14:14,920 --> 01:14:20,960
+to do this uh Chain of Thought reasoning
+
+1567
+01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:23,800
+and also you show it how to kind of uh
+
+1568
+01:14:20,960 --> 01:14:27,080
+what a what what format it will be like
+
+1569
+01:14:23,800 --> 01:14:30,239
+to issue the kind of uh stop for stop
+
+1570
+01:14:27,080 --> 01:14:33,719
+action usually with proper instruction
+
+1571
+01:14:30,239 --> 01:14:35,920
+tuning sorry usually with proper
+
+1572
+01:14:33,719 --> 01:14:39,040
+instruction instructions providing all
+
+1573
+01:14:35,920 --> 01:14:41,199
+the action space and all the format and
+
+1574
+01:14:39,040 --> 01:14:44,520
+a good several you know few shot
+
+1575
+01:14:41,199 --> 01:14:47,880
+examples of these kind of obervation and
+
+1576
+01:14:44,520 --> 01:14:50,520
+action um pairs you would at least the
+
+1577
+01:14:47,880 --> 01:14:52,880
+language model are good enough to figure
+
+1578
+01:14:50,520 --> 01:14:56,159
+out the format they will usually just
+
+1579
+01:14:52,880 --> 01:14:58,440
+generate um like these kind of of uh
+
+1580
+01:14:56,159 --> 01:15:01,480
+like stop action kind of this kind of
+
+1581
+01:14:58,440 --> 01:15:03,840
+action plus a parenthesis with arguments
+
+1582
+01:15:01,480 --> 01:15:06,159
+format so it is really in context
+
+1583
+01:15:03,840 --> 01:15:09,760
+learning sometimes is really good to
+
+1584
+01:15:06,159 --> 01:15:12,560
+tune the language model to your like
+
+1585
+01:15:09,760 --> 01:15:15,800
+specification of how this this
+
+1586
+01:15:12,560 --> 01:15:21,840
+format however there
+
+1587
+01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:24,199
+are a couple oh okay yeah so then we
+
+1588
+01:15:21,840 --> 01:15:25,920
+have like supervised fine tuning where
+
+1589
+01:15:24,199 --> 01:15:28,880
+you can collect L amount of expert
+
+1590
+01:15:25,920 --> 01:15:30,320
+directories from like human adapation
+
+1591
+01:15:28,880 --> 01:15:32,600
+like for example you have this task
+
+1592
+01:15:30,320 --> 01:15:35,400
+intent observation action observation
+
+1593
+01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:38,080
+action pairs but then finally you can
+
+1594
+01:15:35,400 --> 01:15:41,120
+find find elements with like the cross
+
+1595
+01:15:38,080 --> 01:15:44,880
+entropy loss like for example like a lot
+
+1596
+01:15:41,120 --> 01:15:47,520
+of existing work try to optimize Lang
+
+1597
+01:15:44,880 --> 01:15:50,560
+model agents by just collecting human
+
+1598
+01:15:47,520 --> 01:15:53,199
+annotations it is super uh it is going
+
+1599
+01:15:50,560 --> 01:15:55,199
+to work super well but it is St hungry
+
+1600
+01:15:53,199 --> 01:15:57,360
+and cannot learn much from fa
+
+1601
+01:15:55,199 --> 01:16:00,600
+trajectories for example if you have a
+
+1602
+01:15:57,360 --> 01:16:04,320
+success in the failed trajectory uh you
+
+1603
+01:16:00,600 --> 01:16:06,440
+probably would not be able to um uh you
+
+1604
+01:16:04,320 --> 01:16:08,800
+probably will not be able you kind of
+
+1605
+01:16:06,440 --> 01:16:10,520
+wasted the failed the trory even if say
+
+1606
+01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:13,440
+only the last step is
+
+1607
+01:16:10,520 --> 01:16:16,440
+incorrect and you know there are several
+
+1608
+01:16:13,440 --> 01:16:18,679
+like data augmentation techniques where
+
+1609
+01:16:16,440 --> 01:16:22,480
+for example in this Minecraft playing
+
+1610
+01:16:18,679 --> 01:16:24,639
+example you can just let it uh do dat
+
+1611
+01:16:22,480 --> 01:16:25,679
+augmentation based on you know YouTube
+
+1612
+01:16:24,639 --> 01:16:28,480
+video
+
+1613
+01:16:25,679 --> 01:16:30,440
+or Wiki pedia or RIT
+
+1614
+01:16:28,480 --> 01:16:32,760
+threats and
+
+1615
+01:16:30,440 --> 01:16:35,000
+finally uh we have this uh like
+
+1616
+01:16:32,760 --> 01:16:38,199
+reinforcement learning based methods a
+
+1617
+01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:41,880
+lot of like uh ongoing research in this
+
+1618
+01:16:38,199 --> 01:16:44,080
+area but previously we have like R
+
+1619
+01:16:41,880 --> 01:16:47,120
+resarch uh research learning from Human
+
+1620
+01:16:44,080 --> 01:16:49,199
+feedback but then this time uh without
+
+1621
+01:16:47,120 --> 01:16:52,760
+human feedback we probably can just
+
+1622
+01:16:49,199 --> 01:16:55,800
+replace all these rewards with a real
+
+1623
+01:16:52,760 --> 01:16:58,120
+environment for example if you are do
+
+1624
+01:16:55,800 --> 01:17:01,239
+uh you have access to web Arena whether
+
+1625
+01:16:58,120 --> 01:17:03,600
+or not a task is successful can be
+
+1626
+01:17:01,239 --> 01:17:06,080
+automatically determined with that
+
+1627
+01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:09,440
+environment so it provides a natural
+
+1628
+01:17:06,080 --> 01:17:11,840
+feedback from the environment so you
+
+1629
+01:17:09,440 --> 01:17:14,520
+know with some I also listed some of the
+
+1630
+01:17:11,840 --> 01:17:16,840
+reference here if you are interested you
+
+1631
+01:17:14,520 --> 01:17:19,679
+can go to the course website or check
+
+1632
+01:17:16,840 --> 01:17:21,800
+the slides for some of these ongoing
+
+1633
+01:17:19,679 --> 01:17:25,040
+research but I'm going not going to
+
+1634
+01:17:21,800 --> 01:17:27,159
+cover much in details here due to the
+
+1635
+01:17:25,040 --> 01:17:32,199
+the time constraint but these are
+
+1636
+01:17:27,159 --> 01:17:35,600
+generally the methods for so I
+
+1637
+01:17:32,199 --> 01:17:40,000
+think yeah if you have any questions
+
+1638
+01:17:35,600 --> 01:17:42,800
+about anything tools and agents uh feel
+
+1639
+01:17:40,000 --> 01:17:45,199
+free to ask yeah thanks a lot we have
+
+1640
+01:17:42,800 --> 01:17:48,880
+time for maybe one or one or two quick
+
+1641
+01:17:45,199 --> 01:17:52,719
+questions um I'd like to prasis with um
+
+1642
+01:17:48,880 --> 01:17:54,840
+saying that uh Frank gave a really good
+
+1643
+01:17:52,719 --> 01:17:57,120
+example of web Arena and I think web
+
+1644
+01:17:54,840 --> 01:17:59,440
+arena is a good example of some of the
+
+1645
+01:17:57,120 --> 01:18:01,320
+challenges in the whole agent space uh
+
+1646
+01:17:59,440 --> 01:18:03,000
+not just like web agents but also code
+
+1647
+01:18:01,320 --> 01:18:05,600
+generation agents
+
+1648
+01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:08,159
+robots um you know embodied environments
+
+1649
+01:18:05,600 --> 01:18:10,560
+and stuff which is that there's a lot of
+
+1650
+01:18:08,159 --> 01:18:13,000
+really simple ones that are that were
+
+1651
+01:18:10,560 --> 01:18:15,080
+interesting a few years ago but are kind
+
+1652
+01:18:13,000 --> 01:18:16,400
+of like solved now or close enough to
+
+1653
+01:18:15,080 --> 01:18:18,520
+solve that they don't test the really
+
+1654
+01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:20,239
+hard things like planning you know
+
+1655
+01:18:18,520 --> 01:18:22,360
+ability to handle diverse environments
+
+1656
+01:18:20,239 --> 01:18:25,199
+and stuff like that and so weing is just
+
+1657
+01:18:22,360 --> 01:18:27,040
+one example and then even if you're
+
+1658
+01:18:25,199 --> 01:18:28,600
+interested in other varieties of things
+
+1659
+01:18:27,040 --> 01:18:32,480
+you're going to be facing the same props
+
+1660
+01:18:28,600 --> 01:18:34,400
+of evaluation so um evaluation and model
+
+1661
+01:18:32,480 --> 01:18:36,280
+cool um any any things people would like
+
+1662
+01:18:34,400 --> 01:18:38,520
+to ask we can also take things up front
+
+1663
+01:18:36,280 --> 01:18:38,520
+if
\ No newline at end of file