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+WEBVTT
+
+00:00:04.359 --> 00:00:10.679
+cool so w models are pretty powerful for
+
+00:00:08.200 --> 00:00:13.440
+solving many tasks mostly tax generation
+
+00:00:10.679 --> 00:00:15.400
+tasks as you probably have seen a lot of
+
+00:00:13.440 --> 00:00:18.279
+examples from
+
+00:00:15.400 --> 00:00:20.560
+CH4 um but however our language model is
+
+00:00:18.279 --> 00:00:23.840
+good enough for everything and my
+
+00:00:20.560 --> 00:00:26.400
+personal answer is no so if you look at
+
+00:00:23.840 --> 00:00:28.480
+some scenarios that uh langage models
+
+00:00:26.400 --> 00:00:31.080
+are actually not very good at it so for
+
+00:00:28.480 --> 00:00:34.399
+example first when some is asked about
+
+00:00:31.080 --> 00:00:36.360
+complex reasoning uh for example if you
+
+00:00:34.399 --> 00:00:38.600
+want the language model to do math
+
+00:00:36.360 --> 00:00:40.600
+calculation it's not probably not going
+
+00:00:38.600 --> 00:00:42.800
+to do it very efficiently or very
+
+00:00:40.600 --> 00:00:45.680
+accurately for example the common
+
+00:00:42.800 --> 00:00:49.199
+approach like here is like using a Chain
+
+00:00:45.680 --> 00:00:52.079
+of Thought like to Pro process in very
+
+00:00:49.199 --> 00:00:54.120
+detail um and may not get the correct
+
+00:00:52.079 --> 00:00:56.320
+answer uh however if you have a
+
+00:00:54.120 --> 00:00:59.039
+calculator tool you can just directly
+
+00:00:56.320 --> 00:01:01.320
+input the expression into the calculator
+
+00:00:59.039 --> 00:01:02.879
+and get the founder result
+
+00:01:01.320 --> 00:01:05.280
+that's a first scenario and there are
+
+00:01:02.879 --> 00:01:07.960
+other scenarios for example if you need
+
+00:01:05.280 --> 00:01:10.360
+to access real world information that
+
+00:01:07.960 --> 00:01:12.240
+language model itself may not be or
+
+00:01:10.360 --> 00:01:14.600
+fundamentally unable to answer that
+
+00:01:12.240 --> 00:01:16.560
+question for example if you ask what is
+
+00:01:14.600 --> 00:01:18.720
+the current time the current time is
+
+00:01:16.560 --> 00:01:21.079
+probably not in the model training data
+
+00:01:18.720 --> 00:01:23.439
+and depending on the time they ask this
+
+00:01:21.079 --> 00:01:25.920
+question the answer to this question is
+
+00:01:23.439 --> 00:01:27.880
+probably different so the only way the
+
+00:01:25.920 --> 00:01:30.600
+language models can answer this is by
+
+00:01:27.880 --> 00:01:33.240
+using an external tool for example
+
+00:01:30.600 --> 00:01:35.479
+calling the API called get time to get
+
+00:01:33.240 --> 00:01:37.759
+the current time so that's the
+
+00:01:35.479 --> 00:01:40.600
+motivation of why people started to get
+
+00:01:37.759 --> 00:01:44.040
+interested in tools and start using them
+
+00:01:40.600 --> 00:01:46.840
+and there are a lot of interest in tool
+
+00:01:44.040 --> 00:01:49.799
+related work so you may have heard of to
+
+00:01:46.840 --> 00:01:53.079
+former which is maybe one of the most uh
+
+00:01:49.799 --> 00:01:55.680
+like first works that like explicitly uh
+
+00:01:53.079 --> 00:01:58.759
+propos the term tool to language models
+
+00:01:55.680 --> 00:02:01.320
+and what they do is they uh propose five
+
+00:01:58.759 --> 00:02:04.320
+tools including like a calculator or
+
+00:02:01.320 --> 00:02:06.640
+Wiki search engine to provide external
+
+00:02:04.320 --> 00:02:09.679
+access to the language
+
+00:02:06.640 --> 00:02:12.520
+model but there are many Works after
+
+00:02:09.679 --> 00:02:14.400
+this and you can see this works are all
+
+00:02:12.520 --> 00:02:17.200
+interested in like two augmented
+
+00:02:14.400 --> 00:02:20.080
+language models however if you look
+
+00:02:17.200 --> 00:02:22.000
+closer they all evaluate they all use in
+
+00:02:20.080 --> 00:02:24.599
+different tools and evaluate on
+
+00:02:22.000 --> 00:02:27.800
+different data sets for example this
+
+00:02:24.599 --> 00:02:30.599
+tool formare and art uh paper they use
+
+00:02:27.800 --> 00:02:32.120
+software as as tools such as calculator
+
+00:02:30.599 --> 00:02:35.000
+or Wiki search
+
+00:02:32.120 --> 00:02:37.360
+engine and for this to Works they use
+
+00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:39.440
+apis as tools for example the apis that
+
+00:02:37.360 --> 00:02:41.120
+you can scrap from the website like get
+
+00:02:39.440 --> 00:02:43.560
+weather or get
+
+00:02:41.120 --> 00:02:45.879
+time and there are also works that use
+
+00:02:43.560 --> 00:02:48.239
+neurom models as tools for example they
+
+00:02:45.879 --> 00:02:52.080
+scraped like all the model names from
+
+00:02:48.239 --> 00:02:54.280
+hugging F Hub or other places and uh use
+
+00:02:52.080 --> 00:02:56.560
+like langage model or like other kinds
+
+00:02:54.280 --> 00:03:00.000
+of models that are specialized for some
+
+00:02:56.560 --> 00:03:03.200
+task and use them as tools and lastly
+
+00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:05.239
+there are works that um use like mostly
+
+00:03:03.200 --> 00:03:07.959
+locally defined and expert crafted
+
+00:03:05.239 --> 00:03:10.480
+functions tools so with all this
+
+00:03:07.959 --> 00:03:12.959
+different virus of tools uh a natural
+
+00:03:10.480 --> 00:03:16.440
+confusion at least for me is what are
+
+00:03:12.959 --> 00:03:19.920
+tools anyway are this all tools so to
+
+00:03:16.440 --> 00:03:21.840
+answer this question we had a survey but
+
+00:03:19.920 --> 00:03:24.239
+I'll briefly cover this in three
+
+00:03:21.840 --> 00:03:26.440
+dimensions today one is what is the
+
+00:03:24.239 --> 00:03:28.599
+basic of tools what is the definition
+
+00:03:26.440 --> 00:03:31.640
+and what are the main functionalities of
+
+00:03:28.599 --> 00:03:33.519
+tools and second uh what are scenarios
+
+00:03:31.640 --> 00:03:36.400
+where you can use tools what tools do we
+
+00:03:33.519 --> 00:03:38.200
+have what task can we apply this tool
+
+00:03:36.400 --> 00:03:41.080
+and also using what
+
+00:03:38.200 --> 00:03:44.040
+method and lastly I'll cover the
+
+00:03:41.080 --> 00:03:46.799
+evaluation aspect what tasps and what
+
+00:03:44.040 --> 00:03:48.799
+evaluation metrics we can use and also
+
+00:03:46.799 --> 00:03:51.879
+um what's the empirical benefit where if
+
+00:03:48.799 --> 00:03:56.200
+they have any empirical benefit at all
+
+00:03:51.879 --> 00:03:56.200
+so I'll first dive into the two
+
+00:03:57.079 --> 00:04:03.120
+Basics so from definition
+
+00:04:00.360 --> 00:04:05.159
+uh we think tools are actually a program
+
+00:04:03.120 --> 00:04:09.079
+that you can like language models can
+
+00:04:05.159 --> 00:04:12.879
+leverage and um like called the program
+
+00:04:09.079 --> 00:04:15.599
+to exert some functions uh however for a
+
+00:04:12.879 --> 00:04:18.720
+tool to be a uh for a program to be a
+
+00:04:15.599 --> 00:04:22.639
+tool it needs to satify satisfy two
+
+00:04:18.720 --> 00:04:25.320
+properties one is external if we refer
+
+00:04:22.639 --> 00:04:28.919
+back to the definition of animal use
+
+00:04:25.320 --> 00:04:32.280
+tools provide by this um like literature
+
+00:04:28.919 --> 00:04:35.639
+and they say like tools are external
+
+00:04:32.280 --> 00:04:38.120
+employment of like environmental object
+
+00:04:35.639 --> 00:04:41.199
+so like similarly for language model use
+
+00:04:38.120 --> 00:04:43.360
+tools this tools should also be external
+
+00:04:41.199 --> 00:04:46.880
+to the employer which in this scenario
+
+00:04:43.360 --> 00:04:49.240
+is the language model so in that s the
+
+00:04:46.880 --> 00:04:52.360
+program should be external to language
+
+00:04:49.240 --> 00:04:55.759
+model and the second property is
+
+00:04:52.360 --> 00:04:59.120
+functional um so what we mean by
+
+00:04:55.759 --> 00:05:01.199
+functional is this um program should be
+
+00:04:59.120 --> 00:05:03.199
+a function can be applied to other
+
+00:05:01.199 --> 00:05:05.440
+objects in the environment and then
+
+00:05:03.199 --> 00:05:08.360
+change the state of the environment or
+
+00:05:05.440 --> 00:05:10.720
+like just yell an output so a simple
+
+00:05:08.360 --> 00:05:13.479
+example is like this if in the
+
+00:05:10.720 --> 00:05:15.840
+environment we have like a blend canvas
+
+00:05:13.479 --> 00:05:18.680
+which is an object and we also have a
+
+00:05:15.840 --> 00:05:21.800
+tool which is a brush here and the
+
+00:05:18.680 --> 00:05:24.680
+function of this brush is to uh paint on
+
+00:05:21.800 --> 00:05:27.120
+the canvas and change like yield and
+
+00:05:24.680 --> 00:05:30.199
+result which is the
+
+00:05:27.120 --> 00:05:33.000
+picture so combining this uh two
+
+00:05:30.199 --> 00:05:35.639
+properties we give AER definition of
+
+00:05:33.000 --> 00:05:38.319
+what is a tool which is a function
+
+00:05:35.639 --> 00:05:40.919
+interface to computer program that runs
+
+00:05:38.319 --> 00:05:43.479
+external to the language model and in
+
+00:05:40.919 --> 00:05:46.240
+short how the language model used the to
+
+00:05:43.479 --> 00:05:49.240
+is by uh generat the function calls and
+
+00:05:46.240 --> 00:05:53.160
+the input arguments to about that
+
+00:05:49.240 --> 00:05:57.639
+to any questions so
+
+00:05:53.160 --> 00:05:59.639
+far cool so after knowing the definition
+
+00:05:57.639 --> 00:06:02.160
+um what are the main functionalities
+
+00:05:59.639 --> 00:06:04.560
+tools we summarized uh the main
+
+00:06:02.160 --> 00:06:07.080
+functionality we summarize three main
+
+00:06:04.560 --> 00:06:10.000
+functionalities one is uh perception
+
+00:06:07.080 --> 00:06:12.400
+tool perception tool is used to collect
+
+00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:16.680
+data from the environment without
+
+00:06:12.400 --> 00:06:19.759
+changing its dat so for example um like
+
+00:06:16.680 --> 00:06:21.639
+a search engine may be a perception tool
+
+00:06:19.759 --> 00:06:24.160
+you can just like search on the web and
+
+00:06:21.639 --> 00:06:25.800
+collect the pieces of data that are most
+
+00:06:24.160 --> 00:06:28.479
+relevant to your
+
+00:06:25.800 --> 00:06:30.720
+query um and also another example could
+
+00:06:28.479 --> 00:06:33.440
+be like get weather you can get like for
+
+00:06:30.720 --> 00:06:35.160
+example by calling the get weather API
+
+00:06:33.440 --> 00:06:38.919
+um on the
+
+00:06:35.160 --> 00:06:42.639
+web and the second uh functionality is
+
+00:06:38.919 --> 00:06:44.880
+action so action tools are used to exert
+
+00:06:42.639 --> 00:06:48.080
+action in the environment and change the
+
+00:06:44.880 --> 00:06:50.039
+state of the environment so this is we
+
+00:06:48.080 --> 00:06:54.520
+can re use the example that we' seen in
+
+00:06:50.039 --> 00:06:57.400
+the last uh slide that um actually so if
+
+00:06:54.520 --> 00:06:59.199
+you see the canvas as a object that
+
+00:06:57.400 --> 00:07:01.520
+belongs to the environment then the
+
+00:06:59.199 --> 00:07:05.000
+brush just like painting the canvas and
+
+00:07:01.520 --> 00:07:07.720
+change the state of the
+
+00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:10.560
+environment a third uh calegory is
+
+00:07:07.720 --> 00:07:13.080
+computation tool they keep mean simple
+
+00:07:10.560 --> 00:07:15.919
+like Computing uh computation activities
+
+00:07:13.080 --> 00:07:18.120
+such as as ma math population but here
+
+00:07:15.919 --> 00:07:21.440
+we mean like more General acts of
+
+00:07:18.120 --> 00:07:24.319
+computing which includes like any other
+
+00:07:21.440 --> 00:07:27.879
+source of computing instead of just like
+
+00:07:24.319 --> 00:07:30.879
+number of calculations for example
+
+00:07:27.879 --> 00:07:33.280
+um uh a transl or could also be like a
+
+00:07:30.879 --> 00:07:35.080
+computation tool because uh you need to
+
+00:07:33.280 --> 00:07:36.039
+like translate from this language to
+
+00:07:35.080 --> 00:07:38.840
+another
+
+00:07:36.039 --> 00:07:41.879
+language um another example yeah here's
+
+00:07:38.840 --> 00:07:46.039
+the like simple example the calculator
+
+00:07:41.879 --> 00:07:47.319
+example however there are like this like
+
+00:07:46.039 --> 00:07:51.360
+different categories or different
+
+00:07:47.319 --> 00:07:54.039
+functionalities are not like um disjoint
+
+00:07:51.360 --> 00:07:57.440
+so one two may have one functionality or
+
+00:07:54.039 --> 00:07:59.919
+more functionality so does anyone have
+
+00:07:57.440 --> 00:08:02.599
+any ideas for example have I know what
+
+00:07:59.919 --> 00:08:04.360
+tool can serve as like other for example
+
+00:08:02.599 --> 00:08:06.639
+perception and computation tool at the
+
+00:08:04.360 --> 00:08:06.639
+same
+
+00:08:13.960 --> 00:08:20.879
+time yeah maybe to give a um answer uh
+
+00:08:18.520 --> 00:08:22.759
+the first one I mentioned the wiki
+
+00:08:20.879 --> 00:08:25.440
+Search tool it can be both a
+
+00:08:22.759 --> 00:08:27.080
+interception tool and a computation tool
+
+00:08:25.440 --> 00:08:29.159
+so we have explained that you can
+
+00:08:27.080 --> 00:08:31.199
+collect relevant documents from the web
+
+00:08:29.159 --> 00:08:33.959
+so that's like getting information from
+
+00:08:31.199 --> 00:08:37.640
+the web but also as a competition tool
+
+00:08:33.959 --> 00:08:39.919
+if you think deeply in uh the process of
+
+00:08:37.640 --> 00:08:42.519
+how the search engine uh returns those
+
+00:08:39.919 --> 00:08:45.040
+socks back to you given the query it
+
+00:08:42.519 --> 00:08:48.200
+calculat the similarity scores of your
+
+00:08:45.040 --> 00:08:50.120
+query to many other documents and uh
+
+00:08:48.200 --> 00:08:52.959
+like rank them by their scores and
+
+00:08:50.120 --> 00:08:58.240
+return to top PR lines so that process
+
+00:08:52.959 --> 00:08:58.240
+also involves uh Computing yeah
+
+00:09:01.160 --> 00:09:05.920
+yeah that's a great question that's
+
+00:09:02.720 --> 00:09:08.920
+actually my next CL is about so what's
+
+00:09:05.920 --> 00:09:11.839
+the relationship between um tools and
+
+00:09:08.920 --> 00:09:14.760
+agents uh but maybe a brief answer to
+
+00:09:11.839 --> 00:09:16.680
+that is uh I think language models can
+
+00:09:14.760 --> 00:09:19.680
+use tools and not like language model
+
+00:09:16.680 --> 00:09:22.040
+based agents but uh tools are on the
+
+00:09:19.680 --> 00:09:24.760
+other hand tools are pretty important to
+
+00:09:22.040 --> 00:09:28.160
+help agents to achieve like success on
+
+00:09:24.760 --> 00:09:30.519
+many tasks so here's a de diab on the
+
+00:09:28.160 --> 00:09:35.120
+relationship between tools
+
+00:09:30.519 --> 00:09:37.720
+agents um so again what's that agents
+
+00:09:35.120 --> 00:09:40.640
+anyway so here we have a pretty good
+
+00:09:37.720 --> 00:09:42.839
+definition of agent which is um anything
+
+00:09:40.640 --> 00:09:45.079
+that can be viewed as perceiving its
+
+00:09:42.839 --> 00:09:47.760
+environment through sensors and acting
+
+00:09:45.079 --> 00:09:50.440
+upon that environment through actuators
+
+00:09:47.760 --> 00:09:54.120
+so connecting back to the functionality
+
+00:09:50.440 --> 00:09:56.480
+of tools an agent can use um P
+
+00:09:54.120 --> 00:09:59.680
+perception tools to perceive the world
+
+00:09:56.480 --> 00:10:03.200
+as um uh to get information from it and
+
+00:09:59.680 --> 00:10:05.720
+also use action tools to um take action
+
+00:10:03.200 --> 00:10:08.040
+on the environment um but there's a
+
+00:10:05.720 --> 00:10:10.720
+caveat here that for example language
+
+00:10:08.040 --> 00:10:13.000
+model that only uses computation tools
+
+00:10:10.720 --> 00:10:14.920
+but do not use perception action tools
+
+00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:19.000
+or actually do not fall into the
+
+00:10:14.920 --> 00:10:19.000
+category of Agents Alle by this
+
+00:10:22.800 --> 00:10:29.240
+definition example it's acep and
+
+00:10:37.560 --> 00:10:44.360
+yeah that's a good question I think um
+
+00:10:40.880 --> 00:10:47.920
+for I think for now the like to
+
+00:10:44.360 --> 00:10:51.360
+using build is not very mature yet so
+
+00:10:47.920 --> 00:10:54.279
+mostly the data sets uh only support
+
+00:10:51.360 --> 00:10:56.320
+like multi-term to usage so like you can
+
+00:10:54.279 --> 00:10:58.200
+split a task into multiple task that
+
+00:10:56.320 --> 00:11:00.639
+multiple steps but each step only used
+
+00:10:58.200 --> 00:11:02.480
+one CH there's not necessarily a lot of
+
+00:11:00.639 --> 00:11:04.440
+like interaction between those
+
+00:11:02.480 --> 00:11:07.680
+two yeah but that could be an
+
+00:11:04.440 --> 00:11:07.680
+interesting diretion to
+
+00:11:10.480 --> 00:11:18.040
+Mo cool so that's the basic of um tools
+
+00:11:14.800 --> 00:11:19.839
+so we'll dive into like more detail like
+
+00:11:18.040 --> 00:11:21.120
+what scenarios and what task can we
+
+00:11:19.839 --> 00:11:24.560
+apply this
+
+00:11:21.120 --> 00:11:27.000
+in so we start with like basic tool
+
+00:11:24.560 --> 00:11:30.639
+using Paradigm so how that can like
+
+00:11:27.000 --> 00:11:34.079
+language models use a tool um so first
+
+00:11:30.639 --> 00:11:36.480
+um or in a nutshell is basically a shift
+
+00:11:34.079 --> 00:11:39.760
+in between tax generation and Tool
+
+00:11:36.480 --> 00:11:43.560
+execution modes so for example in the
+
+00:11:39.760 --> 00:11:45.959
+example on the right that a user asks um
+
+00:11:43.560 --> 00:11:47.480
+how is the weather today so the langage
+
+00:11:45.959 --> 00:11:51.000
+model start with the standard tax
+
+00:11:47.480 --> 00:11:53.120
+generation process by doning S and when
+
+00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:55.240
+the model feels like needing like extra
+
+00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:58.399
+he from tools it starts to generate
+
+00:11:55.240 --> 00:12:00.760
+tokens that forms um the call expression
+
+00:11:58.399 --> 00:12:03.839
+to that tool for example the call uh
+
+00:12:00.760 --> 00:12:06.160
+check weather here and after this uh
+
+00:12:03.839 --> 00:12:08.720
+expression is completed this uh
+
+00:12:06.160 --> 00:12:11.399
+completed uh expression will trigger the
+
+00:12:08.720 --> 00:12:14.320
+remote um to excution server which is
+
+00:12:11.399 --> 00:12:16.639
+the weather server here and then we'll
+
+00:12:14.320 --> 00:12:18.800
+shift to the two execution mode where
+
+00:12:16.639 --> 00:12:21.880
+the server will execute the call and
+
+00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:24.240
+return to result which is sunny here and
+
+00:12:21.880 --> 00:12:28.000
+return that back to the loc model in
+
+00:12:24.240 --> 00:12:29.880
+Lage model replaces the API call by this
+
+00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:32.560
+returned execution output
+
+00:12:29.880 --> 00:12:34.760
+and continue like shift back to the text
+
+00:12:32.560 --> 00:12:35.959
+generation mode and continues generating
+
+00:12:34.760 --> 00:12:38.720
+the rest of the
+
+00:12:35.959 --> 00:12:40.760
+token and after finish all this process
+
+00:12:38.720 --> 00:12:43.519
+we will return the final response and
+
+00:12:40.760 --> 00:12:47.600
+the sing today to the original
+
+00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:51.240
+user and this process is not it's pretty
+
+00:12:47.600 --> 00:12:54.760
+like intuitive and the method for
+
+00:12:51.240 --> 00:12:56.920
+current methods to use like teach model
+
+00:12:54.760 --> 00:13:00.000
+to use tools like this is also pretty
+
+00:12:56.920 --> 00:13:02.600
+straightforward so there are two uh
+
+00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:05.880
+categories of approaches one is uh
+
+00:13:02.600 --> 00:13:08.079
+inference time counting so basically you
+
+00:13:05.880 --> 00:13:10.360
+can provide for example natural language
+
+00:13:08.079 --> 00:13:13.440
+instructions and instruct the model to
+
+00:13:10.360 --> 00:13:15.680
+do this kind of process also in context
+
+00:13:13.440 --> 00:13:18.199
+examples with like natural language
+
+00:13:15.680 --> 00:13:20.480
+input and also to involved solution
+
+00:13:18.199 --> 00:13:22.560
+outputs and also there are other works
+
+00:13:20.480 --> 00:13:25.440
+that provide like documentation of tools
+
+00:13:22.560 --> 00:13:27.279
+to help models inter in this tool and
+
+00:13:25.440 --> 00:13:30.240
+the second category is learning by
+
+00:13:27.279 --> 00:13:32.560
+training which is uh more here that you
+
+00:13:30.240 --> 00:13:36.480
+can just turn on examples of natural
+
+00:13:32.560 --> 00:13:36.480
+language quaries and to L
+
+00:13:37.680 --> 00:13:44.720
+solution and using this methods many
+
+00:13:40.880 --> 00:13:47.800
+people have applied um tools um in many
+
+00:13:44.720 --> 00:13:50.880
+scenarios and here are the major five
+
+00:13:47.800 --> 00:13:54.040
+scenarios you have sumarized the first
+
+00:13:50.880 --> 00:13:56.399
+is um knowledge access so that's aimed
+
+00:13:54.040 --> 00:13:58.480
+to solve like The Limited knowledge and
+
+00:13:56.399 --> 00:13:59.880
+knows can memorize or slore during the
+
+00:13:58.480 --> 00:14:01.680
+training time
+
+00:13:59.880 --> 00:14:05.880
+uh for example current time is probably
+
+00:14:01.680 --> 00:14:09.079
+not involved in Sharing data and uh one
+
+00:14:05.880 --> 00:14:11.600
+um there could be like many sources a
+
+00:14:09.079 --> 00:14:13.600
+model can access Knowledge from one a
+
+00:14:11.600 --> 00:14:15.920
+structured um knowledge bases with
+
+00:14:13.600 --> 00:14:18.680
+knowledge graphs but people can useal
+
+00:14:15.920 --> 00:14:21.519
+executor or spal executor to execute
+
+00:14:18.680 --> 00:14:24.720
+over the structured data to get the um
+
+00:14:21.519 --> 00:14:27.079
+final result and uh more generally on
+
+00:14:24.720 --> 00:14:28.839
+like free from tags people are using
+
+00:14:27.079 --> 00:14:31.600
+like search engines to search over the
+
+00:14:28.839 --> 00:14:35.160
+that uh Internet and get the information
+
+00:14:31.600 --> 00:14:37.920
+that want and more like generally maybe
+
+00:14:35.160 --> 00:14:40.680
+related to like retrieval generation if
+
+00:14:37.920 --> 00:14:43.199
+I have heard of it uh all like the
+
+00:14:40.680 --> 00:14:45.759
+retrieval models can be seen as like
+
+00:14:43.199 --> 00:14:48.320
+knowledge accessing to
+
+00:14:45.759 --> 00:14:49.680
+here and the second category is
+
+00:14:48.320 --> 00:14:53.079
+computation
+
+00:14:49.680 --> 00:14:56.320
+activities so there's also this aims to
+
+00:14:53.079 --> 00:14:58.399
+solve the issue that for complex for aqu
+
+00:14:56.320 --> 00:15:00.000
+that required complex reasoning models
+
+00:14:58.399 --> 00:15:03.279
+are probably
+
+00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:05.199
+not good at it like solving cannot solve
+
+00:15:03.279 --> 00:15:07.759
+the problem very efficiently but
+
+00:15:05.199 --> 00:15:10.480
+accurately so for example there are
+
+00:15:07.759 --> 00:15:13.320
+people that use calculator to solve math
+
+00:15:10.480 --> 00:15:16.040
+pattern or more generally for more
+
+00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:19.079
+complex operations to use py interpreter
+
+00:15:16.040 --> 00:15:21.519
+by wring like more complex P programs
+
+00:15:19.079 --> 00:15:24.440
+and lastly they're also like you can
+
+00:15:21.519 --> 00:15:27.720
+also leverage existing softw like uh
+
+00:15:24.440 --> 00:15:30.000
+Google uh work sheet uh Google sheet
+
+00:15:27.720 --> 00:15:33.759
+where like frally and like take the
+
+00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:36.120
+actions from there and uh exert the
+
+00:15:33.759 --> 00:15:38.880
+actions and the third category is
+
+00:15:36.120 --> 00:15:41.319
+interacting with the world so what
+
+00:15:38.880 --> 00:15:44.160
+language model can think is pretty
+
+00:15:41.319 --> 00:15:46.399
+Limited in this training data and how do
+
+00:15:44.160 --> 00:15:49.880
+we leverage language models to for
+
+00:15:46.399 --> 00:15:52.600
+example navigating the web so a lot of
+
+00:15:49.880 --> 00:15:55.319
+uh we're like getting access to re World
+
+00:15:52.600 --> 00:15:57.680
+information so there are some cases for
+
+00:15:55.319 --> 00:16:00.440
+example getting get weather or get
+
+00:15:57.680 --> 00:16:02.399
+location to get the current uh
+
+00:16:00.440 --> 00:16:03.519
+information in the current time when
+
+00:16:02.399 --> 00:16:06.920
+your
+
+00:16:03.519 --> 00:16:11.120
+location so it can also manipulate your
+
+00:16:06.920 --> 00:16:14.000
+calendar um events to like help automize
+
+00:16:11.120 --> 00:16:15.800
+your work or so it can also help like
+
+00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:19.199
+manage your
+
+00:16:15.800 --> 00:16:22.279
+email um the fourth category is non-
+
+00:16:19.199 --> 00:16:24.519
+taxure modalities so this is targeting
+
+00:16:22.279 --> 00:16:28.199
+another lotion that language models have
+
+00:16:24.519 --> 00:16:30.759
+as they're like mainly processing Tas
+
+00:16:28.199 --> 00:16:33.920
+they can only take tax input and
+
+00:16:30.759 --> 00:16:36.199
+generate tax outputs but if we provide
+
+00:16:33.920 --> 00:16:38.800
+like tools that connect with other
+
+00:16:36.199 --> 00:16:42.120
+modalities we can enable language models
+
+00:16:38.800 --> 00:16:45.040
+to uh access other modal data from other
+
+00:16:42.120 --> 00:16:48.720
+modalities or interact with them for
+
+00:16:45.040 --> 00:16:51.279
+example there are API for example called
+
+00:16:48.720 --> 00:16:55.399
+Tad image where you can access images of
+
+00:16:51.279 --> 00:16:59.199
+Tad or like uh delete them and also you
+
+00:16:55.399 --> 00:17:03.839
+can like listen to audios um by like the
+
+00:16:59.199 --> 00:17:07.880
+Spotify play music at API but also uh
+
+00:17:03.839 --> 00:17:10.000
+like Beyond um just viewing where simply
+
+00:17:07.880 --> 00:17:12.880
+when you're mutilating the data you can
+
+00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:15.439
+also like use for example a visual QA
+
+00:17:12.880 --> 00:17:18.319
+tool which probably involves your other
+
+00:17:15.439 --> 00:17:20.120
+to answer questions about this data and
+
+00:17:18.319 --> 00:17:23.839
+other
+
+00:17:20.120 --> 00:17:27.480
+modalities and lastly there's a special
+
+00:17:23.839 --> 00:17:29.520
+category called uh that use tools um
+
+00:17:27.480 --> 00:17:33.640
+based on your model
+
+00:17:29.520 --> 00:17:37.760
+so for example you can load a QA model
+
+00:17:33.640 --> 00:17:41.880
+and uh assign QA T specifically to this
+
+00:17:37.760 --> 00:17:44.799
+model and also another um example is the
+
+00:17:41.880 --> 00:17:46.640
+translation uh model where you can load
+
+00:17:44.799 --> 00:17:49.679
+in your model and plug in PH and do
+
+00:17:46.640 --> 00:17:52.760
+translation for you um and also like for
+
+00:17:49.679 --> 00:17:56.280
+the visual QA here it also LS like a vqa
+
+00:17:52.760 --> 00:17:57.840
+model from plugin Shades and um do the
+
+00:17:56.280 --> 00:18:01.520
+things you want
+
+00:17:57.840 --> 00:18:04.159
+here so yeah these are uh also again
+
+00:18:01.520 --> 00:18:06.120
+like tools can fall into like modle
+
+00:18:04.159 --> 00:18:10.679
+categories for example visual Cod can be
+
+00:18:06.120 --> 00:18:13.039
+both a special one also like non Capal
+
+00:18:10.679 --> 00:18:13.039
+vality
+
+00:18:15.480 --> 00:18:21.120
+tools um another limitation maybe not a
+
+00:18:18.919 --> 00:18:23.200
+limitation but just like shared property
+
+00:18:21.120 --> 00:18:25.799
+of this tools are they're all designed
+
+00:18:23.200 --> 00:18:29.400
+by human experts before we even tackle
+
+00:18:25.799 --> 00:18:32.120
+the test so like with all this uh tools
+
+00:18:29.400 --> 00:18:34.720
+pretty fun we can when we want to tackle
+
+00:18:32.120 --> 00:18:37.720
+a task we can just adopt those tools and
+
+00:18:34.720 --> 00:18:39.559
+use them but there are also tasks that
+
+00:18:37.720 --> 00:18:43.480
+don't have this predesigned tools
+
+00:18:39.559 --> 00:18:45.480
+available so another question of can we
+
+00:18:43.480 --> 00:18:47.679
+automatically make tools for example
+
+00:18:45.480 --> 00:18:49.480
+using langage models without like
+
+00:18:47.679 --> 00:18:52.559
+relying on human
+
+00:18:49.480 --> 00:18:55.480
+experts so in our previous work we
+
+00:18:52.559 --> 00:19:00.120
+export this a bit on pratic T and our
+
+00:18:55.480 --> 00:19:03.360
+answer is yes so to give a brief
+
+00:19:00.120 --> 00:19:06.840
+overview so for the standard way of
+
+00:19:03.360 --> 00:19:08.840
+solving program molecules so maybe
+
+00:19:06.840 --> 00:19:11.480
+before that like a programmatic test
+
+00:19:08.840 --> 00:19:13.039
+like you given an actra language problem
+
+00:19:11.480 --> 00:19:15.080
+and you ask the language models to
+
+00:19:13.039 --> 00:19:17.320
+generate a program then you execute the
+
+00:19:15.080 --> 00:19:19.840
+result to get the final
+
+00:19:17.320 --> 00:19:22.640
+answer so the similar way of doing this
+
+00:19:19.840 --> 00:19:25.120
+you have a stream of um Tex examples and
+
+00:19:22.640 --> 00:19:27.559
+you pass that you to the C langage model
+
+00:19:25.120 --> 00:19:29.919
+and usually generate uh solutions for
+
+00:19:27.559 --> 00:19:33.000
+each of this programs but they usually
+
+00:19:29.919 --> 00:19:35.159
+look like this so um maybe much longer
+
+00:19:33.000 --> 00:19:38.840
+than this but it's usually a long
+
+00:19:35.159 --> 00:19:41.720
+program um what issue of this is that it
+
+00:19:38.840 --> 00:19:44.679
+may be PL to error for example here it
+
+00:19:41.720 --> 00:19:46.760
+like just like Miss type one character
+
+00:19:44.679 --> 00:19:50.400
+that CA the entire program solution to
+
+00:19:46.760 --> 00:19:52.400
+be the our motivation is what if we ask
+
+00:19:50.400 --> 00:19:57.039
+po language models to additionally
+
+00:19:52.400 --> 00:19:58.960
+generate a toolbox and now with uh for
+
+00:19:57.039 --> 00:20:01.720
+example you have like a calculate rate
+
+00:19:58.960 --> 00:20:04.559
+of change tool now solution become very
+
+00:20:01.720 --> 00:20:07.280
+simple it's just like one tool calling
+
+00:20:04.559 --> 00:20:09.960
+expression all you need to figure out is
+
+00:20:07.280 --> 00:20:12.480
+um the argument they input into this
+
+00:20:09.960 --> 00:20:15.960
+function and that could alleviate the
+
+00:20:12.480 --> 00:20:18.600
+errors that we seen but also it could be
+
+00:20:15.960 --> 00:20:22.039
+like benefit humans say it's easier for
+
+00:20:18.600 --> 00:20:22.039
+humans to verify the
+
+00:20:22.480 --> 00:20:29.080
+solution so how does show like our
+
+00:20:25.760 --> 00:20:31.640
+method work
+
+00:20:29.080 --> 00:20:31.640
+this might be a
+
+00:20:33.600 --> 00:20:39.360
+little so in general here's the type
+
+00:20:37.480 --> 00:20:42.280
+that we have a stre of examples we
+
+00:20:39.360 --> 00:20:45.600
+output Solutions in the tool box and to
+
+00:20:42.280 --> 00:20:49.400
+start we initiate uh mt2 bo and prepare
+
+00:20:45.600 --> 00:20:52.679
+the examples and when we encounter A New
+
+00:20:49.400 --> 00:20:54.760
+U examples with unseen functionality we
+
+00:20:52.679 --> 00:20:56.720
+ask the along with model to First
+
+00:20:54.760 --> 00:20:58.600
+generate a reusable tool and then
+
+00:20:56.720 --> 00:21:01.840
+generate solution using the tool that
+
+00:20:58.600 --> 00:21:04.120
+that it just generated and because we're
+
+00:21:01.840 --> 00:21:06.799
+like operating purely in task time
+
+00:21:04.120 --> 00:21:09.280
+without turning to provision we to
+
+00:21:06.799 --> 00:21:12.960
+improve the quality of the pairs we do
+
+00:21:09.280 --> 00:21:15.840
+sampling inly select the best and then
+
+00:21:12.960 --> 00:21:18.400
+we add the DAT the solution and also add
+
+00:21:15.840 --> 00:21:21.039
+the tool to our tool box for future use
+
+00:21:18.400 --> 00:21:24.000
+so that allign to the first create mode
+
+00:21:21.039 --> 00:21:26.640
+the model can create a new function um
+
+00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:30.400
+when it see
+
+00:21:26.640 --> 00:21:34.840
+example and the second
+
+00:21:30.400 --> 00:21:36.679
+scenario is um using the import mode so
+
+00:21:34.840 --> 00:21:39.559
+now suppose we have many functions in
+
+00:21:36.679 --> 00:21:41.960
+our tool box and next time the when the
+
+00:21:39.559 --> 00:21:46.679
+model sees an example that uses similar
+
+00:21:41.960 --> 00:21:50.159
+functions without a setad of
+
+00:21:46.679 --> 00:21:53.240
+um instead of regenerate a new tool we
+
+00:21:50.159 --> 00:21:57.039
+can ask one model
+
+00:21:53.240 --> 00:22:00.880
+to uh directly import the tool from the
+
+00:21:57.039 --> 00:22:03.000
+tool box so it will like reuse the tool
+
+00:22:00.880 --> 00:22:05.120
+which aligns with the second import mode
+
+00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:06.400
+and similarly generate Solutions using
+
+00:22:05.120 --> 00:22:09.080
+that
+
+00:22:06.400 --> 00:22:12.480
+tool and lastly you also support a skip
+
+00:22:09.080 --> 00:22:15.440
+mode where you can uh not generate the
+
+00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:18.720
+tool because you think if you think the
+
+00:22:15.440 --> 00:22:22.559
+um problem is too easy to use
+
+00:22:18.720 --> 00:22:25.559
+to and the results are pretty good my
+
+00:22:22.559 --> 00:22:28.720
+oping so compared to the Basel lines on
+
+00:22:25.559 --> 00:22:31.039
+the two blocks on the top are actually
+
+00:22:28.720 --> 00:22:34.360
+is we can our method can like improve
+
+00:22:31.039 --> 00:22:36.799
+the accuracy a lot but also maintains a
+
+00:22:34.360 --> 00:22:39.960
+reasonably small size of libraries as
+
+00:22:36.799 --> 00:22:41.880
+you see here and also if you look at the
+
+00:22:39.960 --> 00:22:44.760
+middle line which measures the number of
+
+00:22:41.880 --> 00:22:47.440
+operations as a representative of how
+
+00:22:44.760 --> 00:22:49.360
+complex his solution is our me the
+
+00:22:47.440 --> 00:22:51.240
+solutions generated by our method is
+
+00:22:49.360 --> 00:22:54.400
+much uh
+
+00:22:51.240 --> 00:22:57.559
+simpler this is the results with Judy me
+
+00:22:54.400 --> 00:22:59.760
+model and also related to simpler
+
+00:22:57.559 --> 00:23:01.919
+Solutions of that method we did an
+
+00:22:59.760 --> 00:23:04.440
+interesting human verification study
+
+00:23:01.919 --> 00:23:07.200
+where we asked the humans uh first to
+
+00:23:04.440 --> 00:23:10.320
+verify the correctness of the stion
+
+00:23:07.200 --> 00:23:12.600
+whether it's correct or not and second
+
+00:23:10.320 --> 00:23:16.440
+we ask we measure the time that humans
+
+00:23:12.600 --> 00:23:18.440
+take to verify every single solution and
+
+00:23:16.440 --> 00:23:21.360
+from here you can see that our methods
+
+00:23:18.440 --> 00:23:23.960
+leat to 10% more accurate um
+
+00:23:21.360 --> 00:23:26.679
+verification process but also make the
+
+00:23:23.960 --> 00:23:30.400
+process 30 to 40%
+
+00:23:26.679 --> 00:23:33.440
+faster so that's like overview of the
+
+00:23:30.400 --> 00:23:35.679
+toot making methods so just to as event
+
+00:23:33.440 --> 00:23:38.000
+scenarios for toot using even if we
+
+00:23:35.679 --> 00:23:41.159
+don't have human use tools we can still
+
+00:23:38.000 --> 00:23:44.320
+leverage L models to make tools and
+
+00:23:41.159 --> 00:23:48.320
+finally benefit from those
+
+00:23:44.320 --> 00:23:48.320
+tools any questions so
+
+00:23:55.000 --> 00:24:02.480
+far so yeah it I'll go on to the next
+
+00:23:58.799 --> 00:24:05.039
+section which talks about um evaluation
+
+00:24:02.480 --> 00:24:08.600
+and empirical benefits of using
+
+00:24:05.039 --> 00:24:11.880
+tools so how do we currently evaluate to
+
+00:24:08.600 --> 00:24:15.200
+use the current benchmarks are Mally in
+
+00:24:11.880 --> 00:24:18.120
+two category one is reusing existing
+
+00:24:15.200 --> 00:24:19.679
+benchmarks that um they use two
+
+00:24:18.120 --> 00:24:22.720
+augmented language model as the
+
+00:24:19.679 --> 00:24:25.200
+alternative approach to solop the task
+
+00:24:22.720 --> 00:24:29.279
+um so for example this task usually
+
+00:24:25.200 --> 00:24:32.120
+involve reasoning um simple form like
+
+00:24:29.279 --> 00:24:35.279
+the most simple text form are like
+
+00:24:32.120 --> 00:24:38.880
+mathematical reasoning like math data
+
+00:24:35.279 --> 00:24:42.679
+set or big bench data set there are also
+
+00:24:38.880 --> 00:24:45.039
+um like a level up as tasks that require
+
+00:24:42.679 --> 00:24:48.840
+structured data such as table or
+
+00:24:45.039 --> 00:24:51.760
+knowledge Bo and data sets for this
+
+00:24:48.840 --> 00:24:54.120
+category are like um there are data sets
+
+00:24:51.760 --> 00:24:56.039
+for like we key table for more like
+
+00:24:54.120 --> 00:24:58.679
+complex structur
+
+00:24:56.039 --> 00:25:01.320
+tables and lastly there are also that
+
+00:24:58.679 --> 00:25:04.760
+involve other modalities like visual QA
+
+00:25:01.320 --> 00:25:07.760
+problems where you can like generate or
+
+00:25:04.760 --> 00:25:10.039
+re use existing program tools to execute
+
+00:25:07.760 --> 00:25:13.120
+over an image to answer some questions
+
+00:25:10.039 --> 00:25:16.399
+about it or do some editing on the
+
+00:25:13.120 --> 00:25:19.360
+image and another category of benchmarks
+
+00:25:16.399 --> 00:25:22.600
+are called like aggregated API
+
+00:25:19.360 --> 00:25:26.399
+benchmarks they mainly focus on the API
+
+00:25:22.600 --> 00:25:27.880
+category of tools and the like process
+
+00:25:26.399 --> 00:25:28.840
+how they create this benchmarks are
+
+00:25:27.880 --> 00:25:31.480
+pretty
+
+00:25:28.840 --> 00:25:34.880
+much the same that you find a website
+
+00:25:31.480 --> 00:25:37.520
+that provide a lot of like public apis
+
+00:25:34.880 --> 00:25:41.080
+you scrip the API as well as in like
+
+00:25:37.520 --> 00:25:44.320
+metadata about it and there are actually
+
+00:25:41.080 --> 00:25:47.200
+a lot of like data sets in this type uh
+
+00:25:44.320 --> 00:25:50.559
+however there are like two issues that
+
+00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:54.960
+we find when we analyze this data
+
+00:25:50.559 --> 00:25:57.399
+set one is um the naturalness issue so
+
+00:25:54.960 --> 00:25:59.720
+if you look deeper deeper into the
+
+00:25:57.399 --> 00:26:02.279
+process of how they examples using this
+
+00:25:59.720 --> 00:26:07.480
+apis they usually just theistically
+
+00:26:02.279 --> 00:26:10.640
+select like one or more apis um and then
+
+00:26:07.480 --> 00:26:13.880
+ask for example GPT models to synthesize
+
+00:26:10.640 --> 00:26:16.919
+examples of using this apis so the
+
+00:26:13.880 --> 00:26:19.200
+naturalness issue are two fold one is
+
+00:26:16.919 --> 00:26:21.799
+the selected tools may not be used
+
+00:26:19.200 --> 00:26:23.480
+together in practice and the second is
+
+00:26:21.799 --> 00:26:25.960
+the example that they created may not
+
+00:26:23.480 --> 00:26:30.000
+reflect the natural use case of this
+
+00:26:25.960 --> 00:26:33.640
+examples so um this the issue the first
+
+00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:36.399
+issue is existing benchmarks and second
+
+00:26:33.640 --> 00:26:40.520
+really relatedly to the first one is
+
+00:26:36.399 --> 00:26:42.399
+executability of the tools so like based
+
+00:26:40.520 --> 00:26:45.679
+on our definition that tools are
+
+00:26:42.399 --> 00:26:48.039
+programs you probably think that tools
+
+00:26:45.679 --> 00:26:51.480
+can be executed because they programs
+
+00:26:48.039 --> 00:26:53.880
+but actually not so if you look at this
+
+00:26:51.480 --> 00:26:57.760
+table actually more than half the data
+
+00:26:53.880 --> 00:27:00.440
+sets uh their tools are not executable
+
+00:26:57.760 --> 00:27:02.360
+um this may be related or at least
+
+00:27:00.440 --> 00:27:04.799
+partially related to how they create the
+
+00:27:02.360 --> 00:27:06.799
+examples but they just synthesize
+
+00:27:04.799 --> 00:27:09.360
+examples and sometimes the example
+
+00:27:06.799 --> 00:27:12.120
+outputs so without actually executing
+
+00:27:09.360 --> 00:27:13.520
+the tools so to evaluate on this data
+
+00:27:12.120 --> 00:27:16.399
+State you don't necessarily need to
+
+00:27:13.520 --> 00:27:18.520
+execute the tools they kind of like skip
+
+00:27:16.399 --> 00:27:21.440
+the step but there are also other
+
+00:27:18.520 --> 00:27:23.480
+reasons for example uh hosting this
+
+00:27:21.440 --> 00:27:25.880
+tools usually hundreds of thousands of
+
+00:27:23.480 --> 00:27:29.080
+apis are pretty costly especially if
+
+00:27:25.880 --> 00:27:31.480
+they involve like large Neo models
+
+00:27:29.080 --> 00:27:34.399
+and also some of those tools are not
+
+00:27:31.480 --> 00:27:36.320
+like stable for example the get weather
+
+00:27:34.399 --> 00:27:39.480
+get time tool they return different
+
+00:27:36.320 --> 00:27:41.159
+results at different times so it's very
+
+00:27:39.480 --> 00:27:43.799
+hard for people to create static
+
+00:27:41.159 --> 00:27:47.360
+benchmarks with a single reference tax
+
+00:27:43.799 --> 00:27:47.360
+answer for this kind of
+
+00:27:48.120 --> 00:27:55.760
+problems and the evaluation benchmarks
+
+00:27:50.679 --> 00:27:57.760
+are um I think pretty like basic now one
+
+00:27:55.760 --> 00:28:00.640
+is the task completion rate where
+
+00:27:57.760 --> 00:28:03.000
+basically just they just uh compare the
+
+00:28:00.640 --> 00:28:06.039
+model generated response with the
+
+00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:09.440
+annotated reference response and check
+
+00:28:06.039 --> 00:28:12.200
+the overlap of them and the second is
+
+00:28:09.440 --> 00:28:15.159
+because some of the works um the tools
+
+00:28:12.200 --> 00:28:16.840
+are not executable so they cannot like
+
+00:28:15.159 --> 00:28:18.960
+ask the the tool and get a final
+
+00:28:16.840 --> 00:28:21.960
+response so instead they just compare
+
+00:28:18.960 --> 00:28:25.600
+the two selection or like the to color
+
+00:28:21.960 --> 00:28:28.960
+expression match to see uh the
+
+00:28:25.600 --> 00:28:31.399
+correctness of the mod generation
+
+00:28:28.960 --> 00:28:34.919
+and third for especially for like to
+
+00:28:31.399 --> 00:28:37.559
+making Works um there like our works
+
+00:28:34.919 --> 00:28:39.919
+evaluate the to usability to encourage
+
+00:28:37.559 --> 00:28:41.720
+the students to have more like General
+
+00:28:39.919 --> 00:28:45.159
+functionalities as well as like
+
+00:28:41.720 --> 00:28:48.880
+encouraging the efficiency in Practical
+
+00:28:45.159 --> 00:28:52.559
+you however there may be several aspects
+
+00:28:48.880 --> 00:28:54.640
+missing um on this evalution Dimension
+
+00:28:52.559 --> 00:28:56.360
+can anyone think of some Dimensions that
+
+00:28:54.640 --> 00:29:00.039
+you think are important for tools but
+
+00:28:56.360 --> 00:29:00.039
+not covered here
+
+00:29:16.080 --> 00:29:22.840
+yeah yeah that's a good
+
+00:29:18.600 --> 00:29:22.840
+okay any other
+
+00:29:29.919 --> 00:29:34.159
+maybe that question is a bit too hard
+
+00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:36.360
+but yeah I think the Contrition c one is
+
+00:29:34.159 --> 00:29:38.039
+a good one and that's like related to
+
+00:29:36.360 --> 00:29:41.039
+the first point and second point that
+
+00:29:38.039 --> 00:29:43.720
+was it here so I'll go over each of them
+
+00:29:41.039 --> 00:29:47.760
+so one is the efficiency part it's
+
+00:29:43.720 --> 00:29:51.240
+basically comparing like um the
+
+00:29:47.760 --> 00:29:54.480
+computation cost that um you spend for
+
+00:29:51.240 --> 00:29:56.840
+langage models to learn those tools uh
+
+00:29:54.480 --> 00:29:58.559
+like intuitively we know using tools to
+
+00:29:56.840 --> 00:30:01.679
+improve the performance
+
+00:29:58.559 --> 00:30:03.919
+uh but like in on the other hand how
+
+00:30:01.679 --> 00:30:06.960
+much computation cost do you need to pay
+
+00:30:03.919 --> 00:30:09.799
+for example extra tokens in your pump or
+
+00:30:06.960 --> 00:30:12.360
+uh extra training steps uh are this
+
+00:30:09.799 --> 00:30:13.519
+competion cost worthy of the Improvement
+
+00:30:12.360 --> 00:30:16.080
+that the tool
+
+00:30:13.519 --> 00:30:19.880
+brought and the second is the quality of
+
+00:30:16.080 --> 00:30:21.519
+tools so instead of the task performance
+
+00:30:19.880 --> 00:30:24.080
+there Al it's also pretty important to
+
+00:30:21.519 --> 00:30:26.159
+measure the tool performance itself how
+
+00:30:24.080 --> 00:30:28.039
+quick can this tool return the response
+
+00:30:26.159 --> 00:30:31.000
+to you do you need to wait one second
+
+00:30:28.039 --> 00:30:33.720
+and wor 10 minutes where um how
+
+00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:38.279
+computation efficient of tools how much
+
+00:30:33.720 --> 00:30:38.279
+like GPU Sayes to cause where
+
+00:30:38.440 --> 00:30:45.480
+mely and the third is reliability of
+
+00:30:42.559 --> 00:30:47.919
+tools this uh maely involves unstable
+
+00:30:45.480 --> 00:30:50.840
+tools that involves neur models or other
+
+00:30:47.919 --> 00:30:53.480
+randomized modules so for example if you
+
+00:30:50.840 --> 00:30:56.279
+remember the visual QA example it
+
+00:30:53.480 --> 00:30:58.679
+actually loads a vqa model and answer a
+
+00:30:56.279 --> 00:31:00.200
+question about the image but some times
+
+00:30:58.679 --> 00:31:02.200
+it's in your model you can answer the
+
+00:31:00.200 --> 00:31:05.039
+cor question correctly but sometimes
+
+00:31:02.200 --> 00:31:07.240
+incorrectly so how do you are users
+
+00:31:05.039 --> 00:31:10.600
+aware of this certainty of correctness
+
+00:31:07.240 --> 00:31:13.880
+of this food and if so what should we do
+
+00:31:10.600 --> 00:31:16.519
+to like like manage
+
+00:31:13.880 --> 00:31:19.120
+it and the fourth is reproducible
+
+00:31:16.519 --> 00:31:22.039
+testing as we have shown with the issues
+
+00:31:19.120 --> 00:31:23.840
+of the evaluation Benchmark if we ask we
+
+00:31:22.039 --> 00:31:26.320
+have a question asking what is the
+
+00:31:23.840 --> 00:31:28.559
+current time what is the current weather
+
+00:31:26.320 --> 00:31:30.399
+having a static reference result is
+
+00:31:28.559 --> 00:31:32.960
+probably not going to work not going to
+
+00:31:30.399 --> 00:31:35.080
+make it a reliable Benchmark so maybe
+
+00:31:32.960 --> 00:31:37.840
+another approach is to have a reference
+
+00:31:35.080 --> 00:31:41.480
+solution trajectory that for example
+
+00:31:37.840 --> 00:31:43.639
+includes get weather um this calling
+
+00:31:41.480 --> 00:31:45.960
+expression and when the model generates
+
+00:31:43.639 --> 00:31:48.480
+it's solution they can like run the two
+
+00:31:45.960 --> 00:31:49.519
+solutions in parallel and check if their
+
+00:31:48.480 --> 00:31:53.880
+response
+
+00:31:49.519 --> 00:31:56.519
+is and lastly is to save usage of tools
+
+00:31:53.880 --> 00:31:58.919
+so for example a lot of tools are apis
+
+00:31:56.519 --> 00:32:03.080
+hosted by unknown
+
+00:31:58.919 --> 00:32:05.880
+uh do you trust his to uh sometimes you
+
+00:32:03.080 --> 00:32:08.639
+like send your personal information to
+
+00:32:05.880 --> 00:32:10.600
+the tools um are you like confident
+
+00:32:08.639 --> 00:32:12.480
+enough that your personal expiration
+
+00:32:10.600 --> 00:32:15.159
+will be
+
+00:32:12.480 --> 00:32:18.200
+protected this are all like interesting
+
+00:32:15.159 --> 00:32:21.720
+aspects but like no one the tool area
+
+00:32:18.200 --> 00:32:24.919
+has really looked into
+
+00:32:21.720 --> 00:32:28.679
+yet and we specifically did an C study
+
+00:32:24.919 --> 00:32:32.039
+on the side that we compare
+
+00:32:28.679 --> 00:32:33.600
+for each method We compare the
+
+00:32:32.039 --> 00:32:36.960
+performance Improvement and the
+
+00:32:33.600 --> 00:32:40.399
+computation cost that they have so we
+
+00:32:36.960 --> 00:32:44.120
+did analysis from two aspects one is
+
+00:32:40.399 --> 00:32:47.760
+the um like what path benefit the most
+
+00:32:44.120 --> 00:32:50.279
+from tools so for example on this figure
+
+00:32:47.760 --> 00:32:52.279
+this is the like single method the two
+
+00:32:50.279 --> 00:32:55.000
+form method so they evaluate on
+
+00:32:52.279 --> 00:32:58.080
+different data sets for different tasks
+
+00:32:55.000 --> 00:33:00.480
+you can see from the like top right
+
+00:32:58.080 --> 00:33:03.880
+corner here the mass data sets benefit a
+
+00:33:00.480 --> 00:33:06.039
+lot they have like a huge Improvement um
+
+00:33:03.880 --> 00:33:08.919
+but also here if you look at the
+
+00:33:06.039 --> 00:33:11.200
+multilingual task it actually it's not
+
+00:33:08.919 --> 00:33:13.880
+zero it decreases the performance but it
+
+00:33:11.200 --> 00:33:16.240
+still use a lot of competition TS so
+
+00:33:13.880 --> 00:33:20.559
+there's like multilingual that we may
+
+00:33:16.240 --> 00:33:23.799
+not use have it's like help that we use
+
+00:33:20.559 --> 00:33:25.840
+to sometimes and the other dimension is
+
+00:33:23.799 --> 00:33:28.240
+what methods are efficient in using
+
+00:33:25.840 --> 00:33:30.519
+tools even on the same data that to
+
+00:33:28.240 --> 00:33:32.639
+compare on the MTH and table data sets
+
+00:33:30.519 --> 00:33:35.080
+there those three different making
+
+00:33:32.639 --> 00:33:35.960
+methods and there are methods that use a
+
+00:33:35.080 --> 00:33:38.720
+w the
+
+00:33:35.960 --> 00:33:40.600
+computation um and sometimes without
+
+00:33:38.720 --> 00:33:44.519
+getting much improvement but there are
+
+00:33:40.600 --> 00:33:47.080
+also methods that use like much fewer
+
+00:33:44.519 --> 00:33:48.760
+computation cause but which is similar
+
+00:33:47.080 --> 00:33:52.240
+am of
+
+00:33:48.760 --> 00:33:55.080
+gin so yeah this kind of evaluation is
+
+00:33:52.240 --> 00:33:56.880
+probably um very important to show the
+
+00:33:55.080 --> 00:33:59.840
+whole picture where at least the more
+
+00:33:56.880 --> 00:34:03.559
+comprehensive picture of the treat
+
+00:33:59.840 --> 00:34:05.919
+meod so that's an overview of um the
+
+00:34:03.559 --> 00:34:08.960
+things that IAL talked about today the
+
+00:34:05.919 --> 00:34:11.000
+basics of tool scenarios and also the
+
+00:34:08.960 --> 00:34:14.720
+evaluation other
+
+00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:14.720
+aspects any final
+
+00:34:14.839 --> 00:34:19.879
+questions and tools and agents are
+
+00:34:17.240 --> 00:34:22.200
+really closely related also so I think
+
+00:34:19.879 --> 00:34:23.879
+we can also have some time uh to ask
+
+00:34:22.200 --> 00:34:27.000
+questions at the end after we covered
+
+00:34:23.879 --> 00:34:29.079
+both but um you know while while Frank
+
+00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:31.320
+comes up if you have any questions for
+
+00:34:29.079 --> 00:34:35.320
+Zora
+
+00:34:31.320 --> 00:34:35.320
+so we'll we'll set up the
+
+00:34:50.720 --> 00:34:56.240
+screen hello everyone I'm Frank and
+
+00:34:53.879 --> 00:34:58.359
+continueing the topic continuing the
+
+00:34:56.240 --> 00:35:02.119
+topic about the language model using
+
+00:34:58.359 --> 00:35:05.440
+tools I'm going to talk about
+
+00:35:02.119 --> 00:35:08.040
+uh going to talk about langage Model S
+
+00:35:05.440 --> 00:35:09.599
+agents these two are super closely
+
+00:35:08.040 --> 00:35:13.200
+related
+
+00:35:09.599 --> 00:35:13.200
+so as
+
+00:35:13.920 --> 00:35:18.880
+sorry hang on one
+
+00:35:17.320 --> 00:35:24.520
+second
+
+00:35:18.880 --> 00:35:24.520
+not they not muted but it would be nice
+
+00:35:28.599 --> 00:35:33.200
+so first what are agents I think Zora
+
+00:35:30.680 --> 00:35:35.240
+covered this a little bit but basically
+
+00:35:33.200 --> 00:35:37.280
+anything that can be viewed as you know
+
+00:35:35.240 --> 00:35:39.800
+perceiving uh environments through
+
+00:35:37.280 --> 00:35:42.880
+sensors and acting upon them through
+
+00:35:39.800 --> 00:35:45.359
+actuators if you look at this uh plot
+
+00:35:42.880 --> 00:35:48.280
+here you can see you the agent will take
+
+00:35:45.359 --> 00:35:50.800
+in observations from the environment and
+
+00:35:48.280 --> 00:35:53.000
+perform actions on it and the agent
+
+00:35:50.800 --> 00:35:55.640
+themselves will have some sort of
+
+00:35:53.000 --> 00:35:58.839
+abilities or knowledge goals preference
+
+00:35:55.640 --> 00:36:01.839
+or any preference uh prior knowledge
+
+00:35:58.839 --> 00:36:05.280
+since it's uh the topic is about LM
+
+00:36:01.839 --> 00:36:08.960
+agents now we usually use l the large NE
+
+00:36:05.280 --> 00:36:10.720
+models themselves as the agent itself
+
+00:36:08.960 --> 00:36:14.119
+and all the
+
+00:36:10.720 --> 00:36:17.319
+tools are covered about can be used as
+
+00:36:14.119 --> 00:36:19.119
+perceptors you know or actuators for
+
+00:36:17.319 --> 00:36:22.640
+example if you play music that's kind of
+
+00:36:19.119 --> 00:36:25.880
+an actuator and all these um aties prior
+
+00:36:22.640 --> 00:36:28.079
+knowledge or observations P experience
+
+00:36:25.880 --> 00:36:31.079
+can be seen as um
+
+00:36:28.079 --> 00:36:34.359
+data or training data for your langage
+
+00:36:31.079 --> 00:36:37.560
+model so to get started on langage model
+
+00:36:34.359 --> 00:36:41.079
+agents I'm going to cover four stages of
+
+00:36:37.560 --> 00:36:43.960
+get yourself a large L model agent first
+
+00:36:41.079 --> 00:36:46.240
+to cover a bit of tasks and applications
+
+00:36:43.960 --> 00:36:48.720
+second some trainingfree methods for
+
+00:36:46.240 --> 00:36:51.160
+building agents so that you can use with
+
+00:36:48.720 --> 00:36:53.880
+API based models and evaluation
+
+00:36:51.160 --> 00:36:56.720
+environment and Benchmark which is a
+
+00:36:53.880 --> 00:36:58.760
+super important topic in research and
+
+00:36:56.720 --> 00:37:00.680
+finally I'm going to briefly cover some
+
+00:36:58.760 --> 00:37:03.800
+of the training methods for improving
+
+00:37:00.680 --> 00:37:06.480
+agents and since it's a pretty ongoing
+
+00:37:03.800 --> 00:37:09.440
+area some of these training methods
+
+00:37:06.480 --> 00:37:12.520
+might not be the
+
+00:37:09.440 --> 00:37:14.480
+best so first uh what are task and
+
+00:37:12.520 --> 00:37:17.640
+applications for large langage model
+
+00:37:14.480 --> 00:37:19.480
+agents so to answer this question to
+
+00:37:17.640 --> 00:37:22.040
+cover this we need to answer why do we
+
+00:37:19.480 --> 00:37:24.000
+want agents imagine if things can be
+
+00:37:22.040 --> 00:37:26.960
+done by just talking that's what human
+
+00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:29.960
+agents do you talk to some real estate
+
+00:37:26.960 --> 00:37:32.839
+agent toy buy and house for you so
+
+00:37:29.960 --> 00:37:35.640
+nowadays when we are interacting with
+
+00:37:32.839 --> 00:37:38.720
+computers traditionally you know you use
+
+00:37:35.640 --> 00:37:41.160
+um graphical user interface or you write
+
+00:37:38.720 --> 00:37:44.040
+code manually with your hand using
+
+00:37:41.160 --> 00:37:45.920
+keyboard and mouse but what if you know
+
+00:37:44.040 --> 00:37:49.560
+everything in the future can be just
+
+00:37:45.920 --> 00:37:51.960
+done we are talking to some Alexa or
+
+00:37:49.560 --> 00:37:54.760
+Google Assistant it's safe time it is
+
+00:37:51.960 --> 00:37:57.119
+natural it is accessible and it there's
+
+00:37:54.760 --> 00:38:00.119
+no need to browse or any of those
+
+00:37:57.119 --> 00:38:03.040
+programs learning curve nowadays there
+
+00:38:00.119 --> 00:38:05.480
+are some agents that help you do task we
+
+00:38:03.040 --> 00:38:08.560
+are the um like Natural Energy interface
+
+00:38:05.480 --> 00:38:10.280
+computers for example there are Siri um
+
+00:38:08.560 --> 00:38:12.200
+there are like Google Assistant Alexa
+
+00:38:10.280 --> 00:38:14.560
+you can set an alarm that's actually an
+
+00:38:12.200 --> 00:38:17.520
+agent because it actually set an alarm
+
+00:38:14.560 --> 00:38:19.960
+for you and there are some natural
+
+00:38:17.520 --> 00:38:22.359
+language programming tools I think a lot
+
+00:38:19.960 --> 00:38:24.680
+not of a lot of us are using like GitHub
+
+00:38:22.359 --> 00:38:27.160
+co-pilot plugins to help you write code
+
+00:38:24.680 --> 00:38:29.400
+you can just say I want to sort my list
+
+00:38:27.160 --> 00:38:33.240
+in descending order it will generate
+
+00:38:29.400 --> 00:38:35.960
+code that does it for you um and
+
+00:38:33.240 --> 00:38:38.720
+also I think many people also use chat
+
+00:38:35.960 --> 00:38:41.760
+GPT in their daily life uh they once
+
+00:38:38.720 --> 00:38:44.319
+throw out the feature of having ability
+
+00:38:41.760 --> 00:38:46.440
+to include plugins into the chat GP so
+
+00:38:44.319 --> 00:38:49.440
+the tool Integrations into chat box can
+
+00:38:46.440 --> 00:38:52.960
+help you book PRS or you know uh buy
+
+00:38:49.440 --> 00:38:57.599
+inst create insta card orders and in
+
+00:38:52.960 --> 00:39:01.319
+some other areas um where
+
+00:38:57.599 --> 00:39:04.720
+agent could work which is in robotics um
+
+00:39:01.319 --> 00:39:07.520
+here in this example um the agent can
+
+00:39:04.720 --> 00:39:09.839
+see the surroundings uh as it in the
+
+00:39:07.520 --> 00:39:14.400
+like those Google Street View you have
+
+00:39:09.839 --> 00:39:16.560
+those Vision um surroundings and you ask
+
+00:39:14.400 --> 00:39:18.319
+the agent to you know turn and go with
+
+00:39:16.560 --> 00:39:20.440
+the FL track but you give some natural
+
+00:39:18.319 --> 00:39:21.920
+language instructions these task are
+
+00:39:20.440 --> 00:39:24.040
+traditional called natural language
+
+00:39:21.920 --> 00:39:26.160
+navigation which is given the natural
+
+00:39:24.040 --> 00:39:28.119
+language prompt you you ask to go
+
+00:39:26.160 --> 00:39:31.200
+through a streets
+
+00:39:28.119 --> 00:39:34.319
+uh and there's also some data set a data
+
+00:39:31.200 --> 00:39:38.200
+set called Alward where you can you are
+
+00:39:34.319 --> 00:39:40.760
+given a simulated environment here and
+
+00:39:38.200 --> 00:39:42.760
+you're also given a textual description
+
+00:39:40.760 --> 00:39:45.079
+like you are in the middle of room you
+
+00:39:42.760 --> 00:39:47.119
+look around you can see what's
+
+00:39:45.079 --> 00:39:49.440
+surrounding you and there's a bed
+
+00:39:47.119 --> 00:39:51.680
+there's drawer and you ask
+
+00:39:49.440 --> 00:39:55.400
+it you ask
+
+00:39:51.680 --> 00:39:58.800
+that uh the task is to examine an alarm
+
+00:39:55.400 --> 00:40:02.160
+clock with the desk uh with the desk SL
+
+00:39:58.800 --> 00:40:04.920
+and then ideally the if this langage
+
+00:40:02.160 --> 00:40:07.240
+model agent can't interact with this
+
+00:40:04.920 --> 00:40:09.440
+environment it should predict oh I
+
+00:40:07.240 --> 00:40:13.079
+should go to the Dex one which is my
+
+00:40:09.440 --> 00:40:15.960
+here in red fs and then you arrive and
+
+00:40:13.079 --> 00:40:18.800
+new you arrived at a new location and
+
+00:40:15.960 --> 00:40:21.119
+then you get a new observation so this
+
+00:40:18.800 --> 00:40:24.000
+kind of task you can already get a sense
+
+00:40:21.119 --> 00:40:27.440
+of how this agent is usually interacting
+
+00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:29.280
+with your surrounding um surrounding uh
+
+00:40:27.440 --> 00:40:32.440
+environment you have some sort of
+
+00:40:29.280 --> 00:40:34.079
+observation you have some sort of action
+
+00:40:32.440 --> 00:40:36.599
+to
+
+00:40:34.079 --> 00:40:38.880
+perform and there are of course other
+
+00:40:36.599 --> 00:40:42.839
+applications in games for example there
+
+00:40:38.880 --> 00:40:45.160
+are many uh benchmarks or applications
+
+00:40:42.839 --> 00:40:48.040
+for example this one's called Mind Dojo
+
+00:40:45.160 --> 00:40:49.960
+it works on like creating a agent that
+
+00:40:48.040 --> 00:40:51.440
+can you know listen to your in natural
+
+00:40:49.960 --> 00:40:54.000
+language instructions and perform
+
+00:40:51.440 --> 00:40:56.680
+Minecraft tasks for you there are also
+
+00:40:54.000 --> 00:40:59.480
+recent work in from Deep Mind called
+
+00:40:56.680 --> 00:41:01.720
+Sema that uh you know given a natural
+
+00:40:59.480 --> 00:41:04.040
+language um instruction program that
+
+00:41:01.720 --> 00:41:08.800
+shoot asteroid it will just help you
+
+00:41:04.040 --> 00:41:10.839
+shoot an asteroid in the game and also
+
+00:41:08.800 --> 00:41:13.079
+uh LM agents can be also used in
+
+00:41:10.839 --> 00:41:16.720
+software development uh recently there's
+
+00:41:13.079 --> 00:41:20.720
+a startup called Devon that created a um
+
+00:41:16.720 --> 00:41:24.400
+AI so-called AI software engineer that
+
+00:41:20.720 --> 00:41:27.359
+the alation is this um you have this
+
+00:41:24.400 --> 00:41:29.760
+code editor you have an terminal that
+
+00:41:27.359 --> 00:41:31.800
+could sorry code editor and a terminal
+
+00:41:29.760 --> 00:41:33.520
+that you could execute command and there
+
+00:41:31.800 --> 00:41:36.319
+also a web browser where you can search
+
+00:41:33.520 --> 00:41:37.280
+for documentations ideally if everything
+
+00:41:36.319 --> 00:41:39.359
+is
+
+00:41:37.280 --> 00:41:42.160
+automated this you can just give a
+
+00:41:39.359 --> 00:41:45.400
+natural instruction on create like
+
+00:41:42.160 --> 00:41:47.720
+finish 711 homework for me and it will
+
+00:41:45.400 --> 00:41:50.359
+just uh the agent will just compete the
+
+00:41:47.720 --> 00:41:52.800
+homework for you in these workspace so
+
+00:41:50.359 --> 00:41:55.599
+in this scenario the observation will be
+
+00:41:52.800 --> 00:41:58.440
+this string basically it contains four
+
+00:41:55.599 --> 00:42:00.800
+three like terminal web Ed web browser
+
+00:41:58.440 --> 00:42:03.599
+and editor and the action you take is
+
+00:42:00.800 --> 00:42:05.880
+just like you can issue commands to the
+
+00:42:03.599 --> 00:42:07.760
+terminal or you can search in the web
+
+00:42:05.880 --> 00:42:10.839
+browser or you can write code in the
+
+00:42:07.760 --> 00:42:13.680
+code editor there's of course UI
+
+00:42:10.839 --> 00:42:17.599
+automation where you can browse web and
+
+00:42:13.680 --> 00:42:23.800
+like P some songs or um you know zooming
+
+00:42:17.599 --> 00:42:27.960
+zoom out all these GOI navigation I are
+
+00:42:23.800 --> 00:42:30.680
+so so so now that we have a brief
+
+00:42:27.960 --> 00:42:34.319
+overview of what task and applications
+
+00:42:30.680 --> 00:42:38.119
+could be enabled uh say we have a pretty
+
+00:42:34.319 --> 00:42:41.160
+good LM agents so now the topic becomes
+
+00:42:38.119 --> 00:42:43.359
+uh can we have some methods to build
+
+00:42:41.160 --> 00:42:44.599
+these agents now I'm going to at the
+
+00:42:43.359 --> 00:42:50.720
+beginning I'm going to cover some
+
+00:42:44.599 --> 00:42:52.760
+trainingfree methods so how to um you
+
+00:42:50.720 --> 00:42:54.480
+know how to let an LM become agent
+
+00:42:52.760 --> 00:43:00.200
+basically that's the question we want to
+
+00:42:54.480 --> 00:43:02.400
+answer so um the usually an an Al agent
+
+00:43:00.200 --> 00:43:05.599
+needs to take as an agent it needs to
+
+00:43:02.400 --> 00:43:08.520
+take into take in an observation of the
+
+00:43:05.599 --> 00:43:10.319
+current environment usually the envir
+
+00:43:08.520 --> 00:43:12.480
+the observation can be you know of
+
+00:43:10.319 --> 00:43:16.520
+multiple modalities you could have a
+
+00:43:12.480 --> 00:43:18.640
+text input as a you know as a
+
+00:43:16.520 --> 00:43:22.079
+observation for example in this
+
+00:43:18.640 --> 00:43:24.720
+example you know I'm just GNA it's like
+
+00:43:22.079 --> 00:43:26.720
+a description of the previous afterward
+
+00:43:24.720 --> 00:43:29.800
+example what's surrounding you I have a
+
+00:43:26.720 --> 00:43:31.480
+desk I have a chair here and there and
+
+00:43:29.800 --> 00:43:33.400
+what should I if I want to grab the
+
+00:43:31.480 --> 00:43:36.160
+chair what should I do next that's the
+
+00:43:33.400 --> 00:43:39.000
+text input visual input of course if you
+
+00:43:36.160 --> 00:43:40.880
+are building an Alm agent for games of
+
+00:43:39.000 --> 00:43:43.400
+course you are going to have a capture
+
+00:43:40.880 --> 00:43:45.839
+or a current screenshot of your
+
+00:43:43.400 --> 00:43:48.400
+character and surrounding environment
+
+00:43:45.839 --> 00:43:50.359
+sometimes we may also have audio input
+
+00:43:48.400 --> 00:43:53.520
+like if you're playing games you want to
+
+00:43:50.359 --> 00:43:56.119
+hear uh what's happening surrounding you
+
+00:43:53.520 --> 00:44:00.079
+or behind you that is not seeing on the
+
+00:43:56.119 --> 00:44:03.079
+uh uh on the screen and uh of course we
+
+00:44:00.079 --> 00:44:05.880
+also have structured uh input take uh
+
+00:44:03.079 --> 00:44:09.119
+for example if you are
+
+00:44:05.880 --> 00:44:12.240
+building say U like an agent for
+
+00:44:09.119 --> 00:44:15.599
+websites or for other like desktop
+
+00:44:12.240 --> 00:44:18.640
+applications the website usually are
+
+00:44:15.599 --> 00:44:21.599
+written in HTML code reference layout of
+
+00:44:18.640 --> 00:44:24.520
+its UI so it might be like a tree like
+
+00:44:21.599 --> 00:44:28.119
+structure as you that you can take into
+
+00:44:24.520 --> 00:44:32.319
+as input for LM agent so this also kind
+
+00:44:28.119 --> 00:44:35.480
+of uh the need for LM agent also uh says
+
+00:44:32.319 --> 00:44:39.960
+that we need pretty good multimodel LMS
+
+00:44:35.480 --> 00:44:43.800
+for this to work and uh I'm going to
+
+00:44:39.960 --> 00:44:46.839
+cover how to let our become agent by
+
+00:44:43.800 --> 00:44:50.040
+first you need to plan and reason
+
+00:44:46.839 --> 00:44:52.839
+because in order to perform a complex
+
+00:44:50.040 --> 00:44:55.760
+task that the human issue to them you
+
+00:44:52.839 --> 00:44:57.839
+have to uh usually have to decompose
+
+00:44:55.760 --> 00:45:01.440
+them into subtance
+
+00:44:57.839 --> 00:45:04.640
+um the there are many many existing
+
+00:45:01.440 --> 00:45:07.960
+methods in I that tackle this reasoning
+
+00:45:04.640 --> 00:45:10.559
+problem and one the most famous of which
+
+00:45:07.960 --> 00:45:12.640
+is the Chain of Thought reasoning which
+
+00:45:10.559 --> 00:45:15.760
+uh famously is just prompt the language
+
+00:45:12.640 --> 00:45:18.920
+model to that is Sy step by step here's
+
+00:45:15.760 --> 00:45:20.160
+um so basically the goal here is to let
+
+00:45:18.920 --> 00:45:22.720
+the langage model generate some
+
+00:45:20.160 --> 00:45:25.040
+reasoning traces so that it has a
+
+00:45:22.720 --> 00:45:28.400
+roughly a good plan of how to perform
+
+00:45:25.040 --> 00:45:31.160
+cion tasks
+
+00:45:28.400 --> 00:45:34.000
+here is an example from alord which is
+
+00:45:31.160 --> 00:45:35.760
+you are given a texal description of
+
+00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:37.160
+your surroundings you know you're in the
+
+00:45:35.760 --> 00:45:39.760
+middle of
+
+00:45:37.160 --> 00:45:42.599
+room and what's surrounding you and your
+
+00:45:39.760 --> 00:45:46.400
+task is to put some paper Sher on a
+
+00:45:42.599 --> 00:45:50.119
+drawer and if you want to let an L to
+
+00:45:46.400 --> 00:45:52.680
+reason to how to perform this task into
+
+00:45:50.119 --> 00:45:56.559
+subtasks you ask what should I do next
+
+00:45:52.680 --> 00:45:59.000
+let's things step by step and Lang model
+
+00:45:56.559 --> 00:46:02.640
+if it's good langage model it will say
+
+00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:05.359
+first I need to find a pepper shaker and
+
+00:46:02.640 --> 00:46:09.200
+they a pepper sh Shaker more likely to
+
+00:46:05.359 --> 00:46:12.640
+be appear in cabinets counter chops and
+
+00:46:09.200 --> 00:46:16.520
+after I find pepper shaker one I need to
+
+00:46:12.640 --> 00:46:19.240
+put it and say your so here you can
+
+00:46:16.520 --> 00:46:21.079
+actually rely on large Lang models to
+
+00:46:19.240 --> 00:46:25.119
+generate reasoning traces basically
+
+00:46:21.079 --> 00:46:27.760
+decompose this find uh put pepper shaker
+
+00:46:25.119 --> 00:46:29.960
+on drawer T into two s STS first you
+
+00:46:27.760 --> 00:46:34.760
+need to find them and then you have to
+
+00:46:29.960 --> 00:46:36.559
+put it but it is not enough to just have
+
+00:46:34.760 --> 00:46:38.760
+this kind of planning and reasoning to
+
+00:46:36.559 --> 00:46:40.920
+generate some of these natural langues
+
+00:46:38.760 --> 00:46:42.040
+because you can't execute them uh if you
+
+00:46:40.920 --> 00:46:45.440
+just have
+
+00:46:42.040 --> 00:46:48.680
+this bunch of text uh an actual robot
+
+00:46:45.440 --> 00:46:51.119
+will not be able to perform this testt
+
+00:46:48.680 --> 00:46:54.079
+and that's why we also need the language
+
+00:46:51.119 --> 00:46:57.240
+model to have this tool use ability so
+
+00:46:54.079 --> 00:47:00.200
+not only it should generate um reasing
+
+00:46:57.240 --> 00:47:03.280
+traces it can it needs to also interact
+
+00:47:00.200 --> 00:47:05.800
+with environment here we focus on action
+
+00:47:03.280 --> 00:47:08.000
+here so it need to generate some action
+
+00:47:05.800 --> 00:47:10.960
+cause asks you the action cause in
+
+00:47:08.000 --> 00:47:13.119
+environment and then supposedly if your
+
+00:47:10.960 --> 00:47:15.520
+action is Meaningful enough it will
+
+00:47:13.119 --> 00:47:17.599
+change the environment a little bit and
+
+00:47:15.520 --> 00:47:20.559
+then supposedly you should have new
+
+00:47:17.599 --> 00:47:22.400
+observation to put it back in your PRT
+
+00:47:20.559 --> 00:47:25.160
+do the same
+
+00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:28.800
+example you you ask it what should I do
+
+00:47:25.160 --> 00:47:32.240
+Lessing step by step you find you you
+
+00:47:28.800 --> 00:47:34.680
+say oh first I need to find this pepper
+
+00:47:32.240 --> 00:47:38.599
+shaker and it is more likely to appear
+
+00:47:34.680 --> 00:47:42.400
+in cabinets then the like with proper
+
+00:47:38.599 --> 00:47:45.880
+prompting you know the uh Al should be
+
+00:47:42.400 --> 00:47:48.200
+able to uh produce an action like go to
+
+00:47:45.880 --> 00:47:51.240
+Cabinet one and then you actually
+
+00:47:48.200 --> 00:47:52.559
+execute this in this virtual environment
+
+00:47:51.240 --> 00:47:55.040
+and now your
+
+00:47:52.559 --> 00:47:56.960
+observation so you you go to Cabinet one
+
+00:47:55.040 --> 00:48:00.720
+you actually see what's inside cabinet
+
+00:47:56.960 --> 00:48:02.960
+one and oh having a one there's a was
+
+00:48:00.720 --> 00:48:05.119
+which you know is not pepper spray so
+
+00:48:02.960 --> 00:48:08.359
+then you can do further reasoning and
+
+00:48:05.119 --> 00:48:11.559
+further action planning so this is how
+
+00:48:08.359 --> 00:48:15.040
+uh so this this General framework is
+
+00:48:11.559 --> 00:48:16.960
+called react and is quite uh popular in
+
+00:48:15.040 --> 00:48:18.839
+creating language model agents so
+
+00:48:16.960 --> 00:48:20.800
+basically to let a language model become
+
+00:48:18.839 --> 00:48:23.079
+an agent it needs to have planning and
+
+00:48:20.800 --> 00:48:25.319
+reasoning ability some of those mostly
+
+00:48:23.079 --> 00:48:28.480
+achieved by Chain of La prompting and
+
+00:48:25.319 --> 00:48:30.599
+Tool usability by uh also you know
+
+00:48:28.480 --> 00:48:35.200
+providing prompting to let it generate
+
+00:48:30.599 --> 00:48:39.319
+API cost here's a real world example um
+
+00:48:35.200 --> 00:48:42.599
+so H to you may ask how should I you
+
+00:48:39.319 --> 00:48:44.200
+know generate actions proper actions
+
+00:48:42.599 --> 00:48:47.520
+that can be
+
+00:48:44.200 --> 00:48:50.280
+executed um without training you can
+
+00:48:47.520 --> 00:48:53.520
+just do prompting so you are given
+
+00:48:50.280 --> 00:48:57.040
+supposed you have the following apis the
+
+00:48:53.520 --> 00:48:59.720
+um the text that are not in um not in
+
+00:48:57.040 --> 00:49:01.480
+Blue uh sorry green are the prompts
+
+00:48:59.720 --> 00:49:05.040
+given to the langage model and the texts
+
+00:49:01.480 --> 00:49:07.119
+in blue are generated by gp4 and you
+
+00:49:05.040 --> 00:49:10.599
+just ask them you provide them with four
+
+00:49:07.119 --> 00:49:13.799
+apis get weather get location you know
+
+00:49:10.599 --> 00:49:16.319
+bus rout or count characters and the
+
+00:49:13.799 --> 00:49:18.680
+question is you know is it okay to go
+
+00:49:16.319 --> 00:49:20.599
+hiking today to answer this question you
+
+00:49:18.680 --> 00:49:23.440
+know you can see the language model can
+
+00:49:20.599 --> 00:49:25.480
+actually reason a good way of solving
+
+00:49:23.440 --> 00:49:30.079
+this task by first checking your
+
+00:49:25.480 --> 00:49:33.200
+location okay I'm in Seattle and then um
+
+00:49:30.079 --> 00:49:34.520
+so it the API call is you know it calls
+
+00:49:33.200 --> 00:49:38.400
+weather
+
+00:49:34.520 --> 00:49:40.559
+Seattle and then cloudy equals to you
+
+00:49:38.400 --> 00:49:43.440
+know like it's chance of ring and then
+
+00:49:40.559 --> 00:49:45.440
+based on this observation information it
+
+00:49:43.440 --> 00:49:48.119
+is not recommended to go hiking so this
+
+00:49:45.440 --> 00:49:51.799
+is kind of a actual example of how
+
+00:49:48.119 --> 00:49:54.400
+you're going to call this a uh how you
+
+00:49:51.799 --> 00:49:57.640
+are going to enable a to generate
+
+00:49:54.400 --> 00:50:01.599
+executable actions you PL examples or
+
+00:49:57.640 --> 00:50:04.000
+you give instructions of what these apis
+
+00:50:01.599 --> 00:50:05.040
+looks like in the prompt and if you just
+
+00:50:04.000 --> 00:50:07.400
+continue
+
+00:50:05.040 --> 00:50:10.400
+generation it also have a previous
+
+00:50:07.400 --> 00:50:14.160
+example as a like a three shot example
+
+00:50:10.400 --> 00:50:14.160
+where you can ask new
+
+00:50:15.040 --> 00:50:20.400
+questions there's besides you know this
+
+00:50:17.960 --> 00:50:23.640
+kind of natural back and force
+
+00:50:20.400 --> 00:50:26.359
+generating code sorry generating actions
+
+00:50:23.640 --> 00:50:27.559
+there's also oh actually that's a
+
+00:50:26.359 --> 00:50:31.119
+question
+
+00:50:27.559 --> 00:50:34.359
+what if there's a lot of apis uh say now
+
+00:50:31.119 --> 00:50:37.720
+I have four apis here for the language
+
+00:50:34.359 --> 00:50:41.440
+model to choose but in reality I might
+
+00:50:37.720 --> 00:50:44.359
+have um a thousand possible actions to
+
+00:50:41.440 --> 00:50:47.760
+perform and if I just present them in
+
+00:50:44.359 --> 00:50:50.440
+this way like describe what each API
+
+00:50:47.760 --> 00:50:53.480
+takes in as an argument what they do
+
+00:50:50.440 --> 00:50:56.920
+they might extend uh they might you know
+
+00:50:53.480 --> 00:50:59.920
+like exceed the context that
+
+00:50:56.920 --> 00:51:02.960
+so I don't or they might cost a lot of
+
+00:50:59.920 --> 00:51:06.359
+money because you know token is money so
+
+00:51:02.960 --> 00:51:09.400
+do you have anyone else suggestions if
+
+00:51:06.359 --> 00:51:14.440
+there's a lot of apis how should I still
+
+00:51:09.400 --> 00:51:14.440
+let a uh Lang model generate apis
+
+00:51:19.040 --> 00:51:24.160
+PA yeah so basically yeah that's a good
+
+00:51:21.480 --> 00:51:28.000
+answer so you have kind of a external
+
+00:51:24.160 --> 00:51:30.319
+memory where you can query based on your
+
+00:51:28.000 --> 00:51:33.480
+current context what are the most
+
+00:51:30.319 --> 00:51:35.720
+necessary required apis from that
+
+00:51:33.480 --> 00:51:38.200
+external and provide the documentations
+
+00:51:35.720 --> 00:51:42.240
+for them yeah that's a good
+
+00:51:38.200 --> 00:51:44.119
+answer besides these we also have
+
+00:51:42.240 --> 00:51:46.960
+another scenario where we can actually
+
+00:51:44.119 --> 00:51:49.520
+just generate code to perform certain
+
+00:51:46.960 --> 00:51:51.880
+tasks this way we are combining
+
+00:51:49.520 --> 00:51:55.119
+reasoning ability planning ability plus
+
+00:51:51.880 --> 00:51:56.839
+this action calling ability o one
+
+00:51:55.119 --> 00:51:59.200
+previously we have to generate natur
+
+00:51:56.839 --> 00:52:02.880
+language traces and transform natural
+
+00:51:59.200 --> 00:52:05.400
+language traces into actions so this is
+
+00:52:02.880 --> 00:52:08.000
+how you would solve this test so
+
+00:52:05.400 --> 00:52:11.160
+assuming you know you just ask chat gbd
+
+00:52:08.000 --> 00:52:13.640
+assuming you can use Python you you have
+
+00:52:11.160 --> 00:52:16.640
+some common apis install you have done
+
+00:52:13.640 --> 00:52:18.880
+the authentication steps ask answers the
+
+00:52:16.640 --> 00:52:22.200
+following questions like set up a
+
+00:52:18.880 --> 00:52:26.040
+meeting with someone tomorrow at 10:00
+
+00:52:22.200 --> 00:52:27.720
+a.m. and actually chat GP can generate a
+
+00:52:26.040 --> 00:52:30.839
+python code
+
+00:52:27.720 --> 00:52:33.520
+um that that's this task for you and
+
+00:52:30.839 --> 00:52:37.160
+then you probably have guessed it you
+
+00:52:33.520 --> 00:52:39.119
+can just execute then probably you won't
+
+00:52:37.160 --> 00:52:41.960
+actually need it because nowadays you
+
+00:52:39.119 --> 00:52:44.040
+know open ey or other jamni those
+
+00:52:41.960 --> 00:52:46.359
+documents have building like code
+
+00:52:44.040 --> 00:52:48.319
+interpreter functionality where they
+
+00:52:46.359 --> 00:52:50.359
+generate code but basically they
+
+00:52:48.319 --> 00:52:54.160
+generate a code based on your task
+
+00:52:50.359 --> 00:52:57.119
+instruction and execute them and this
+
+00:52:54.160 --> 00:53:00.440
+way you are still doing promply but and
+
+00:52:57.119 --> 00:53:04.960
+your reasoning or all of these Logics
+
+00:53:00.440 --> 00:53:08.520
+are more likely to be handled by this
+
+00:53:04.960 --> 00:53:12.599
+code so these are an overview previously
+
+00:53:08.520 --> 00:53:15.880
+we touched a bit about um how we going
+
+00:53:12.599 --> 00:53:18.559
+to prompt Lage models to perform task
+
+00:53:15.880 --> 00:53:20.559
+then we are going to touch a bit about
+
+00:53:18.559 --> 00:53:23.640
+evaluation environment and
+
+00:53:20.559 --> 00:53:27.040
+Benchmark this is a research oriented
+
+00:53:23.640 --> 00:53:29.720
+class we are definitely going to uh
+
+00:53:27.040 --> 00:53:32.480
+think about you know reproducible
+
+00:53:29.720 --> 00:53:35.119
+environments or like evaluations other
+
+00:53:32.480 --> 00:53:37.400
+than just products so evalation of
+
+00:53:35.119 --> 00:53:41.200
+langage model agents are actually quite
+
+00:53:37.400 --> 00:53:45.720
+hard existing there are several existing
+
+00:53:41.200 --> 00:53:48.599
+work on this area many of them contain
+
+00:53:45.720 --> 00:53:51.599
+simplified environments and basic tasks
+
+00:53:48.599 --> 00:53:54.079
+and if you are performing like basic
+
+00:53:51.599 --> 00:53:56.119
+test performance is saturating you have
+
+00:53:54.079 --> 00:53:58.920
+already seen the example I previously
+
+00:53:56.119 --> 00:54:01.599
+presented it to ask it to whether it is
+
+00:53:58.920 --> 00:54:04.720
+okay to go hiking today to check whether
+
+00:54:01.599 --> 00:54:06.640
+it is super easy for chat GPT to do that
+
+00:54:04.720 --> 00:54:10.200
+and even just to book a meeting through
+
+00:54:06.640 --> 00:54:11.880
+the Google API uh Google Calender API uh
+
+00:54:10.200 --> 00:54:14.319
+actually that code I verified is
+
+00:54:11.880 --> 00:54:17.079
+actually correct in the pre previous
+
+00:54:14.319 --> 00:54:19.599
+slide so you can see if it's simple task
+
+00:54:17.079 --> 00:54:22.480
+simple envirment the performance is
+
+00:54:19.599 --> 00:54:25.400
+saturating a 100% accuracy won't tell
+
+00:54:22.480 --> 00:54:27.079
+you any further progress in LM agent
+
+00:54:25.400 --> 00:54:30.520
+research
+
+00:54:27.079 --> 00:54:34.160
+so but still it's nice to know some of
+
+00:54:30.520 --> 00:54:36.839
+these existing um evaluation benchmarks
+
+00:54:34.160 --> 00:54:39.839
+the first Ty them are usually stateless
+
+00:54:36.839 --> 00:54:42.880
+with non-interactive environment uh for
+
+00:54:39.839 --> 00:54:47.400
+example does mind to what work um
+
+00:54:42.880 --> 00:54:49.640
+focused on like uh dumping web pages and
+
+00:54:47.400 --> 00:54:53.200
+then what actions can be performed on
+
+00:54:49.640 --> 00:54:53.960
+them to get them transformed into other
+
+00:54:53.200 --> 00:54:57.200
+uh
+
+00:54:53.960 --> 00:54:59.880
+stages and sometimes they are valuated
+
+00:54:57.200 --> 00:55:01.599
+by checking action sequence
+
+00:54:59.880 --> 00:55:03.680
+accuracy sometimes they are just
+
+00:55:01.599 --> 00:55:06.040
+checking the stepwise or Surface form
+
+00:55:03.680 --> 00:55:08.920
+only accuracy here is an example from
+
+00:55:06.040 --> 00:55:10.599
+mind to web so the task is to you know
+
+00:55:08.920 --> 00:55:13.480
+for one of the team
+
+00:55:10.599 --> 00:55:16.000
+leaders um of the one of the follow the
+
+00:55:13.480 --> 00:55:19.760
+team leaders of one of the NL teams from
+
+00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:19.760
+Atlantic division and
+
+00:55:19.799 --> 00:55:25.280
+supposedly this action sequence is the
+
+00:55:22.200 --> 00:55:27.920
+ground shoes action sequence you should
+
+00:55:25.280 --> 00:55:32.240
+have you have this uh starting website
+
+00:55:27.920 --> 00:55:36.000
+of pro possibly NHL and you click on uh
+
+00:55:32.240 --> 00:55:38.520
+you hover the link click on some click
+
+00:55:36.000 --> 00:55:42.480
+on something eventually you will arrive
+
+00:55:38.520 --> 00:55:45.280
+at the final designed state but um these
+
+00:55:42.480 --> 00:55:48.359
+previous uh Benchmark like M2 web they
+
+00:55:45.280 --> 00:55:51.119
+evaluate based on the accuracy of how
+
+00:55:48.359 --> 00:55:54.079
+these actions predicted matches the
+
+00:55:51.119 --> 00:55:57.119
+ground choose one and they only check
+
+00:55:54.079 --> 00:56:00.400
+you know click if cck if is correct or
+
+00:55:57.119 --> 00:56:02.359
+if the if the argument is correct anyone
+
+00:56:00.400 --> 00:56:05.319
+have idea why this might not be
+
+00:56:02.359 --> 00:56:08.520
+desirable a desirable way of evaluating
+
+00:56:05.319 --> 00:56:08.520
+El agents yeah go
+
+00:56:11.440 --> 00:56:17.200
+ahead different
+
+00:56:14.440 --> 00:56:19.720
+way yeah yeah that's a good that's a
+
+00:56:17.200 --> 00:56:22.839
+good answer and also possibly other
+
+00:56:19.720 --> 00:56:25.039
+reasons are so you first have to go
+
+00:56:22.839 --> 00:56:27.240
+through in this order but you know you
+
+00:56:25.039 --> 00:56:29.359
+can sometimes these orders are not
+
+00:56:27.240 --> 00:56:32.799
+strictly dependent on each other so you
+
+00:56:29.359 --> 00:56:36.240
+can perform one task like say this task
+
+00:56:32.799 --> 00:56:38.760
+is composed of two subtask you can do
+
+00:56:36.240 --> 00:56:40.400
+these two in parallel or in any order
+
+00:56:38.760 --> 00:56:43.359
+then if you are just given a ground
+
+00:56:40.400 --> 00:56:45.280
+choose action sequence and you WR based
+
+00:56:43.359 --> 00:56:47.839
+on you know if the action is correct and
+
+00:56:45.280 --> 00:56:50.119
+if the argument is correct then you are
+
+00:56:47.839 --> 00:56:51.880
+going to miss out you know basically
+
+00:56:50.119 --> 00:56:54.359
+miss out a lot of opportunity where the
+
+00:56:51.880 --> 00:56:58.319
+agent actually does it correctly but you
+
+00:56:54.359 --> 00:57:00.640
+know it didn't cover in this task and
+
+00:56:58.319 --> 00:57:03.079
+there are other T So previous I was
+
+00:57:00.640 --> 00:57:05.200
+thinking you know I was previously I was
+
+00:57:03.079 --> 00:57:07.359
+talking about these kind of stateless
+
+00:57:05.200 --> 00:57:09.359
+non interacting environment but then
+
+00:57:07.359 --> 00:57:11.079
+there are also some environment
+
+00:57:09.359 --> 00:57:14.160
+interactive environment here already
+
+00:57:11.079 --> 00:57:16.839
+available but usually they are short
+
+00:57:14.160 --> 00:57:19.839
+Horizon for example there's webshop and
+
+00:57:16.839 --> 00:57:23.119
+many water with bits here here's an
+
+00:57:19.839 --> 00:57:27.039
+example of an actual interactive web
+
+00:57:23.119 --> 00:57:29.440
+environment for agents so it's
+
+00:57:27.039 --> 00:57:31.559
+simple web pages where you can click you
+
+00:57:29.440 --> 00:57:35.920
+can enter stuff so there are simple
+
+00:57:31.559 --> 00:57:40.319
+tasks for example let's say in this this
+
+00:57:35.920 --> 00:57:45.200
+example I just asked you to um submit I
+
+00:57:40.319 --> 00:57:47.119
+love 711 in this text box and submit so
+
+00:57:45.200 --> 00:57:50.280
+as you can imagine these tasks usually
+
+00:57:47.119 --> 00:57:53.440
+just take one or two or three steps
+
+00:57:50.280 --> 00:57:57.160
+actions to perform so that's why we call
+
+00:57:53.440 --> 00:58:00.000
+short Horizon and they the enironment is
+
+00:57:57.160 --> 00:58:01.280
+pretty simple because it's just like the
+
+00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:03.640
+websites from
+
+00:58:01.280 --> 00:58:08.000
+1990s
+
+00:58:03.640 --> 00:58:11.680
+so and also there are uh and also there
+
+00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:14.480
+are um like webshop Benchmark which is a
+
+00:58:11.680 --> 00:58:16.680
+simplified version of Amazon basically
+
+00:58:14.480 --> 00:58:22.599
+Amazon is you know it
+
+00:58:16.680 --> 00:58:25.119
+is 20 years ago and there is um like you
+
+00:58:22.599 --> 00:58:27.680
+can search for jacket your favorite
+
+00:58:25.119 --> 00:58:31.160
+jacket the the question here is still
+
+00:58:27.680 --> 00:58:34.520
+you know I'm looking for extra red color
+
+00:58:31.160 --> 00:58:36.400
+womon some like warm jacket coat and
+
+00:58:34.520 --> 00:58:39.319
+price lower than $70 you have a lot of
+
+00:58:36.400 --> 00:58:41.839
+instructions here the goal is to find
+
+00:58:39.319 --> 00:58:43.480
+the correct uh item that suits your
+
+00:58:41.839 --> 00:58:46.160
+instruction me you still have to
+
+00:58:43.480 --> 00:58:49.599
+navigate through this um simplified
+
+00:58:46.160 --> 00:58:52.799
+version of Amazon but you know the same
+
+00:58:49.599 --> 00:58:56.160
+rule the same issue applies it is a
+
+00:58:52.799 --> 00:58:58.319
+pretty simple environment and it is uh
+
+00:58:56.160 --> 00:59:00.359
+like short Horizon just to give you a
+
+00:58:58.319 --> 00:59:04.599
+example I just just give you like a
+
+00:59:00.359 --> 00:59:08.039
+feeling like she asked gp4 to perform on
+
+00:59:04.599 --> 00:59:09.880
+these kind of u w shop with proper up
+
+00:59:08.039 --> 00:59:15.960
+tuning it can already achieve my
+
+00:59:09.880 --> 00:59:20.200
+basically fa of task so um it's getting
+
+00:59:15.960 --> 00:59:23.640
+there so that's why we think there are
+
+00:59:20.200 --> 00:59:26.240
+if you are interested in building agent
+
+00:59:23.640 --> 00:59:29.119
+benchmarks there are several key con
+
+00:59:26.240 --> 00:59:31.760
+considerations so first you have to have
+
+00:59:29.119 --> 00:59:33.440
+a interactive environment because
+
+00:59:31.760 --> 00:59:36.280
+without environment you know you can
+
+00:59:33.440 --> 00:59:39.319
+just you are stuck with uh evaluation
+
+00:59:36.280 --> 00:59:41.160
+metrics that are just B uh checking if
+
+00:59:39.319 --> 00:59:44.119
+the action is correct rather than the
+
+00:59:41.160 --> 00:59:46.119
+final execution results so uh and also
+
+00:59:44.119 --> 00:59:47.200
+you know you you need to have kind of
+
+00:59:46.119 --> 00:59:49.520
+diverse
+
+00:59:47.200 --> 00:59:51.960
+functionality previously like you are
+
+00:59:49.520 --> 00:59:53.559
+just focused on shopping and then you
+
+00:59:51.960 --> 00:59:56.440
+know if I want to cheat on this
+
+00:59:53.559 --> 00:59:59.760
+Benchmark I would just overfit to this
+
+00:59:56.440 --> 01:00:02.240
+shopping functionality and then you need
+
+00:59:59.760 --> 01:00:05.400
+to have Rich and realistic content to
+
+01:00:02.240 --> 01:00:08.680
+make it adaptive uh to like basically
+
+01:00:05.400 --> 01:00:10.599
+closer to Modern websites so you can
+
+01:00:08.680 --> 01:00:13.720
+transfer your performance in these
+
+01:00:10.599 --> 01:00:15.680
+benchmarks better to a real website it
+
+01:00:13.720 --> 01:00:18.400
+has to be interactive and easy
+
+01:00:15.680 --> 01:00:22.240
+extendable and reproducible reproducible
+
+01:00:18.400 --> 01:00:26.640
+is quite important for um creating a
+
+01:00:22.240 --> 01:00:29.200
+benchmark uh in research community
+
+01:00:26.640 --> 01:00:32.119
+that's why we don't use uh we we don't
+
+01:00:29.200 --> 01:00:35.359
+want use live websites as an environment
+
+01:00:32.119 --> 01:00:37.440
+because they change so often you got 90%
+
+01:00:35.359 --> 01:00:40.240
+accuracy yesterday today you will only
+
+01:00:37.440 --> 01:00:43.720
+get 20% accuracy because the websites
+
+01:00:40.240 --> 01:00:47.280
+become much much hotter just because of
+
+01:00:43.720 --> 01:00:50.240
+today and tasks we ideally want long
+
+01:00:47.280 --> 01:00:53.480
+Horizon tasks with enough difficulty and
+
+01:00:50.240 --> 01:00:56.160
+also IDE involves M website because
+
+01:00:53.480 --> 01:00:58.799
+that's more realistic you are not going
+
+01:00:56.160 --> 01:01:01.760
+to stuck your whole day browsing Amazon
+
+01:00:58.799 --> 01:01:04.799
+website alone you sometimes go to you
+
+01:01:01.760 --> 01:01:07.559
+know other websites like Reddit to
+
+01:01:04.799 --> 01:01:11.079
+search for some reviews so it is nice to
+
+01:01:07.559 --> 01:01:13.839
+involve them and also for
+
+01:01:11.079 --> 01:01:17.160
+evaluation it's nice to have reliable
+
+01:01:13.839 --> 01:01:19.760
+metrics so that it encourages final goal
+
+01:01:17.160 --> 01:01:22.240
+rather than partial satisfaction and
+
+01:01:19.760 --> 01:01:24.400
+also it encourages you know the agent to
+
+01:01:22.240 --> 01:01:26.400
+actually perform the task right instead
+
+01:01:24.400 --> 01:01:28.240
+of just following you know the provided
+
+01:01:26.400 --> 01:01:30.559
+BR choose action because you you can
+
+01:01:28.240 --> 01:01:32.480
+have multiple ways of achieving the same
+
+01:01:30.559 --> 01:01:35.599
+correct uh final
+
+01:01:32.480 --> 01:01:38.920
+goal so here present uh one of the
+
+01:01:35.599 --> 01:01:42.799
+latest work in this uh area called Web
+
+01:01:38.920 --> 01:01:45.720
+Arina and it's environment to S it we
+
+01:01:42.799 --> 01:01:48.799
+try to satisfy this environment uh
+
+01:01:45.720 --> 01:01:51.359
+requirement we previously put out which
+
+01:01:48.799 --> 01:01:53.640
+is a setbox internet it is open source
+
+01:01:51.359 --> 01:01:56.240
+and production ready implementation of
+
+01:01:53.640 --> 01:01:58.160
+websites and the data of popular created
+
+01:01:56.240 --> 01:02:01.079
+from Real World websites we basically
+
+01:01:58.160 --> 01:02:04.559
+scrap Amazon say for example and put it
+
+01:02:01.079 --> 01:02:07.400
+in our fake Amazon website it is also
+
+01:02:04.559 --> 01:02:11.400
+easily distributable we use you know
+
+01:02:07.400 --> 01:02:13.640
+Dockers to use them so since we want it
+
+01:02:11.400 --> 01:02:16.000
+to reproducible to be reproducible we
+
+01:02:13.640 --> 01:02:18.599
+don't use right websites and that kind
+
+01:02:16.000 --> 01:02:21.359
+of means that uh the website selection
+
+01:02:18.599 --> 01:02:24.599
+is going to be limited no matter what
+
+01:02:21.359 --> 01:02:26.520
+however we try to make it you know as
+
+01:02:24.599 --> 01:02:28.760
+diverse as possible by including a
+
+01:02:26.520 --> 01:02:33.039
+shopping website a cent management
+
+01:02:28.760 --> 01:02:36.880
+website as well as a Reddit like forum
+
+01:02:33.039 --> 01:02:39.799
+and plus a g l so it covers um like
+
+01:02:36.880 --> 01:02:42.000
+social media some of the development of
+
+01:02:39.799 --> 01:02:44.880
+work related things as well as content
+
+01:02:42.000 --> 01:02:47.520
+management and shopping we also have a
+
+01:02:44.880 --> 01:02:51.240
+Wikipedia and some other toolbox like we
+
+01:02:47.520 --> 01:02:53.760
+even have a map here in our in this
+
+01:02:51.240 --> 01:02:56.799
+Benchmark called Web so and then you
+
+01:02:53.760 --> 01:02:59.720
+need to collect realistic intents
+
+01:02:56.799 --> 01:03:01.599
+so of course a good way of collecting
+
+01:02:59.720 --> 01:03:05.920
+these is just checking our own browser
+
+01:03:01.599 --> 01:03:07.520
+history or checking others then uh we
+
+01:03:05.920 --> 01:03:10.119
+then categorize them into three
+
+01:03:07.520 --> 01:03:12.839
+different types first is information
+
+01:03:10.119 --> 01:03:15.279
+seeking a lot of our browser histories
+
+01:03:12.839 --> 01:03:17.440
+or like what we do on internet is check
+
+01:03:15.279 --> 01:03:21.079
+information for example when was the
+
+01:03:17.440 --> 01:03:25.160
+last time I bought shampoo so to remind
+
+01:03:21.079 --> 01:03:28.599
+myself and then a lot some other things
+
+01:03:25.160 --> 01:03:31.279
+just navigation you know as a human how
+
+01:03:28.599 --> 01:03:34.079
+to get there for example I want to check
+
+01:03:31.279 --> 01:03:37.599
+out merge requests that are assed to me
+
+01:03:34.079 --> 01:03:40.520
+as my new day out work started and then
+
+01:03:37.599 --> 01:03:43.559
+there's some content and configuration
+
+01:03:40.520 --> 01:03:46.640
+operations so here's an example like uh
+
+01:03:43.559 --> 01:03:49.119
+these type of task are usually you are
+
+01:03:46.640 --> 01:03:52.200
+going to modify the environment somewhat
+
+01:03:49.119 --> 01:03:54.839
+because previously as we previously
+
+01:03:52.200 --> 01:03:57.559
+discussed a agent not only can perceive
+
+01:03:54.839 --> 01:04:00.200
+or get information from the environment
+
+01:03:57.559 --> 01:04:01.799
+you sometimes have to do actuations back
+
+01:04:00.200 --> 01:04:04.760
+to the environment for example if I want
+
+01:04:01.799 --> 01:04:07.559
+to post a question is a car necessary in
+
+01:04:04.760 --> 01:04:10.039
+New York City in a subreddit where I'm
+
+01:04:07.559 --> 01:04:12.400
+most likely to get an answer here you if
+
+01:04:10.039 --> 01:04:15.480
+you think about the U you know the we
+
+01:04:12.400 --> 01:04:18.000
+size as an environment you actually make
+
+01:04:15.480 --> 01:04:18.880
+a dent made a dent to the environment
+
+01:04:18.000 --> 01:04:23.880
+this
+
+01:04:18.880 --> 01:04:26.559
+way so here's an example task in this uh
+
+01:04:23.880 --> 01:04:29.640
+depos uh in this benchmark Mark uh
+
+01:04:26.559 --> 01:04:32.520
+create a plan to visit Pittsburgh uh
+
+01:04:29.640 --> 01:04:36.160
+museums with minimal driving distance
+
+01:04:32.520 --> 01:04:41.279
+starting from shy Park log the order in
+
+01:04:36.160 --> 01:04:45.359
+my uh you know awesome Northeast US
+
+01:04:41.279 --> 01:04:48.960
+Travel repository uh so here you can
+
+01:04:45.359 --> 01:04:52.319
+think of it as pretty complex uh task it
+
+01:04:48.960 --> 01:04:56.839
+involves if you just B market it will at
+
+01:04:52.319 --> 01:04:59.520
+least be 20 pages of 20 times of page
+
+01:04:56.839 --> 01:05:02.440
+transitions some you also have to cover
+
+01:04:59.520 --> 01:05:04.400
+several websites so you first have to
+
+01:05:02.440 --> 01:05:06.000
+search for museums and P where probably
+
+01:05:04.400 --> 01:05:09.079
+you're going to use Google or you
+
+01:05:06.000 --> 01:05:11.760
+probably use um Wikipedia and then after
+
+01:05:09.079 --> 01:05:15.119
+you get that you are going to search for
+
+01:05:11.760 --> 01:05:17.680
+each Art Museum on a map software and
+
+01:05:15.119 --> 01:05:19.319
+finally you check you know minimal
+
+01:05:17.680 --> 01:05:21.520
+driving distance so there are some even
+
+01:05:19.319 --> 01:05:23.680
+some mathematic reasoning here you have
+
+01:05:21.520 --> 01:05:26.599
+to gather the driving distance and find
+
+01:05:23.680 --> 01:05:30.400
+the minimal one and Rec them in the
+
+01:05:26.599 --> 01:05:32.960
+repository and then that involves gitl
+
+01:05:30.400 --> 01:05:34.880
+operations and then for these kind of
+
+01:05:32.960 --> 01:05:37.559
+complex tasks we are definitely not
+
+01:05:34.880 --> 01:05:40.119
+going to rely on uh like action sequence
+
+01:05:37.559 --> 01:05:42.279
+based evaluation so our goal is to
+
+01:05:40.119 --> 01:05:44.920
+directly validate the correctness of the
+
+01:05:42.279 --> 01:05:47.760
+execution for example when was the last
+
+01:05:44.920 --> 01:05:50.079
+time I bought shampoo the answer is can
+
+01:05:47.760 --> 01:05:53.359
+be directly answered by you
+
+01:05:50.079 --> 01:05:56.240
+know if it's just like this some date
+
+01:05:53.359 --> 01:05:59.319
+because the data in the we know ahead of
+
+01:05:56.240 --> 01:06:01.720
+time what data we have in this Benchmark
+
+01:05:59.319 --> 01:06:04.640
+so you have the correct answer to check
+
+01:06:01.720 --> 01:06:06.559
+and for others if they are more tricky
+
+01:06:04.640 --> 01:06:09.480
+for example the previous question of is
+
+01:06:06.559 --> 01:06:12.480
+a car necessary in New York City uh you
+
+01:06:09.480 --> 01:06:16.440
+actually have to check oh I got in at
+
+01:06:12.480 --> 01:06:18.640
+New York uh New York City in page URL
+
+01:06:16.440 --> 01:06:20.440
+and then if the content is a car
+
+01:06:18.640 --> 01:06:24.760
+necessary in New York City actually
+
+01:06:20.440 --> 01:06:28.039
+inside the uh document page or the HTML
+
+01:06:24.760 --> 01:06:30.480
+page so with these kind of verifiers you
+
+01:06:28.039 --> 01:06:32.599
+can think of it as unit test in software
+
+01:06:30.480 --> 01:06:35.799
+development we are only checking the
+
+01:06:32.599 --> 01:06:37.760
+output or the outcome of the final State
+
+01:06:35.799 --> 01:06:40.240
+uh of the environment and check if it is
+
+01:06:37.760 --> 01:06:43.119
+correct then it alleviates the issue of
+
+01:06:40.240 --> 01:06:45.720
+you know relying on checking
+
+01:06:43.119 --> 01:06:49.200
+actions the obervation and action space
+
+01:06:45.720 --> 01:06:51.559
+for these kind of task can be multimodel
+
+01:06:49.200 --> 01:06:54.680
+you can use screenshot of course of the
+
+01:06:51.559 --> 01:06:58.440
+website or you can use a Tex space like
+
+01:06:54.680 --> 01:07:01.799
+directly you just using raw HTML source
+
+01:06:58.440 --> 01:07:04.839
+code or you could use a slightly more
+
+01:07:01.799 --> 01:07:07.200
+structured version called accessib tree
+
+01:07:04.839 --> 01:07:10.000
+where it is a tree based structure to
+
+01:07:07.200 --> 01:07:13.000
+represent the website structure and for
+
+01:07:10.000 --> 01:07:15.920
+the action space you we can use keyboard
+
+01:07:13.000 --> 01:07:20.559
+to import or Mouse to click hover and
+
+01:07:15.920 --> 01:07:24.200
+scroll and use browser to go back
+
+01:07:20.559 --> 01:07:26.119
+so we can perform previously we disc
+
+01:07:24.200 --> 01:07:28.400
+discussed a bit about using
+
+01:07:26.119 --> 01:07:30.720
+prompting few shot in context learning
+
+01:07:28.400 --> 01:07:34.200
+to provide a bit of General guidance and
+
+01:07:30.720 --> 01:07:37.119
+two examples so just to let you know
+
+01:07:34.200 --> 01:07:38.880
+about the performance about GP how gp4
+
+01:07:37.119 --> 01:07:41.480
+would perform in this kind of complex
+
+01:07:38.880 --> 01:07:44.279
+task we just provide the gp4 with this
+
+01:07:41.480 --> 01:07:47.119
+kind of instruction we we are we let it
+
+01:07:44.279 --> 01:07:48.839
+know it's an atomous intelligent engine
+
+01:07:47.119 --> 01:07:51.000
+and you can observe the following
+
+01:07:48.839 --> 01:07:52.520
+information we describe a little bit of
+
+01:07:51.000 --> 01:07:54.240
+what the observation space would look
+
+01:07:52.520 --> 01:07:56.920
+like and you can do the following
+
+01:07:54.240 --> 01:07:59.640
+actions what the actions space are and
+
+01:07:56.920 --> 01:08:01.640
+provide them a little bit of examples
+
+01:07:59.640 --> 01:08:04.079
+like what the observation here would be
+
+01:08:01.640 --> 01:08:07.079
+you can see the observation here is like
+
+01:08:04.079 --> 01:08:09.520
+a tree based a tree tree like structure
+
+01:08:07.079 --> 01:08:11.839
+of basically a filtered down version of
+
+01:08:09.520 --> 01:08:14.279
+the HTML a representation of the web
+
+01:08:11.839 --> 01:08:17.400
+page you have URL of course you have the
+
+01:08:14.279 --> 01:08:19.719
+objective or the task description and an
+
+01:08:17.400 --> 01:08:21.440
+example output here you can see we are
+
+01:08:19.719 --> 01:08:23.839
+using uh Chain of Thought based
+
+01:08:21.440 --> 01:08:26.400
+reasoning uh seeing step by step what
+
+01:08:23.839 --> 01:08:29.120
+you should do and act here because
+
+01:08:26.400 --> 01:08:31.640
+action space is previously provided this
+
+01:08:29.120 --> 01:08:34.199
+kind of action we can are something we
+
+01:08:31.640 --> 01:08:37.520
+can accure in the environment you can
+
+01:08:34.199 --> 01:08:39.880
+see web arena is very a challenging task
+
+01:08:37.520 --> 01:08:42.159
+um for humans we ask humans to perform
+
+01:08:39.880 --> 01:08:47.480
+these tasks they can easily achieve
+
+01:08:42.159 --> 01:08:49.719
+about 78% accuracy within like a time
+
+01:08:47.480 --> 01:08:53.920
+limit of two minutes we give human 2
+
+01:08:49.719 --> 01:08:56.359
+minutes but with GPT 3.5 or Advanced
+
+01:08:53.920 --> 01:08:58.719
+prompting techniques or even like gp4
+
+01:08:56.359 --> 01:09:01.960
+with Advanced Tech prompting techniques
+
+01:08:58.719 --> 01:09:04.759
+we can only solve about 14% of the test
+
+01:09:01.960 --> 01:09:07.400
+so chain off L indeed helps but it
+
+01:09:04.759 --> 01:09:09.199
+provides limited benefits and gp4
+
+01:09:07.400 --> 01:09:11.880
+remains significantly behind human
+
+01:09:09.199 --> 01:09:15.120
+performance and prompt engineering you
+
+01:09:11.880 --> 01:09:18.239
+know sometimes emphasizes large J models
+
+01:09:15.120 --> 01:09:20.839
+sensitivity to sub subtle instruction
+
+01:09:18.239 --> 01:09:22.600
+changes because prompt engineering
+
+01:09:20.839 --> 01:09:26.199
+sometimes actually is
+
+01:09:22.600 --> 01:09:28.359
+hard and here are some failure cases
+
+01:09:26.199 --> 01:09:29.920
+for example if sometimes the langage
+
+01:09:28.359 --> 01:09:32.040
+model just don't know what button to
+
+01:09:29.920 --> 01:09:34.279
+click show me the customers who have
+
+01:09:32.040 --> 01:09:37.279
+expressed this satisfaction this
+
+01:09:34.279 --> 01:09:39.319
+satisfaction in a zip jacket then the
+
+01:09:37.279 --> 01:09:41.000
+correct one as a human you know you
+
+01:09:39.319 --> 01:09:43.679
+should probably go to the catalog
+
+01:09:41.000 --> 01:09:45.440
+product page and check reviews or just
+
+01:09:43.679 --> 01:09:47.799
+go to the review sections and search for
+
+01:09:45.440 --> 01:09:50.239
+the jacket but you know sometimes the
+
+01:09:47.799 --> 01:09:52.400
+gp4 without these kind of Common Sense
+
+01:09:50.239 --> 01:09:55.960
+knowledge they would just go to
+
+01:09:52.400 --> 01:09:57.840
+customers sections so this one is
+
+01:09:55.960 --> 01:09:59.760
+basically means that the language model
+
+01:09:57.840 --> 01:10:02.120
+does not have good enough reasoning or
+
+01:09:59.760 --> 01:10:04.520
+planning ability without a basic
+
+01:10:02.120 --> 01:10:07.360
+information a basic knowledge sometimes
+
+01:10:04.520 --> 01:10:10.480
+it's just uh simply not being accurate
+
+01:10:07.360 --> 01:10:13.120
+for example you ask it to uh enter a due
+
+01:10:10.480 --> 01:10:15.239
+date it enters a wrong format and then
+
+01:10:13.120 --> 01:10:18.760
+you know if the website is not designed
+
+01:10:15.239 --> 01:10:21.480
+really well I would just stop at this
+
+01:10:18.760 --> 01:10:24.120
+point because it is a incorrect format
+
+01:10:21.480 --> 01:10:26.679
+ideally you should use this state peer
+
+01:10:24.120 --> 01:10:28.239
+State peer like vdet but sometimes the
+
+01:10:26.679 --> 01:10:31.600
+language model will just figure out to
+
+01:10:28.239 --> 01:10:35.560
+enter some text itself and sometimes
+
+01:10:31.600 --> 01:10:39.440
+it's trivial errors like in our study
+
+01:10:35.560 --> 01:10:42.840
+gb4 in with gb4 about 21% of examples
+
+01:10:39.440 --> 01:10:44.760
+fil due to repeated typing I we think
+
+01:10:42.840 --> 01:10:47.280
+this is probably related to
+
+01:10:44.760 --> 01:10:50.280
+hallucination effects in large common in
+
+01:10:47.280 --> 01:10:53.320
+large rank models they will just enter a
+
+01:10:50.280 --> 01:10:55.960
+bunch of you know DMV area DMV era DMV
+
+01:10:53.320 --> 01:10:59.239
+area and then these two Arrow
+
+01:10:55.960 --> 01:11:01.199
+sometimes they are not so trivial errors
+
+01:10:59.239 --> 01:11:04.880
+here's a very interesting one assign
+
+01:11:01.199 --> 01:11:08.360
+this issue to myself this is a gitlab um
+
+01:11:04.880 --> 01:11:11.600
+page and if you ask Lang uh like gp4 to
+
+01:11:08.360 --> 01:11:16.040
+perform this Tas for you it doesn't know
+
+01:11:11.600 --> 01:11:18.560
+myself it just enters myself as a stram
+
+01:11:16.040 --> 01:11:21.159
+to this assigning it actually needs to
+
+01:11:18.560 --> 01:11:24.719
+query what's you itself it probably
+
+01:11:21.159 --> 01:11:27.480
+needs to enter me or its own use
+
+01:11:24.719 --> 01:11:30.560
+username in this field so it's kind of
+
+01:11:27.480 --> 01:11:33.040
+interesting finally I'm going to touch a
+
+01:11:30.560 --> 01:11:35.440
+little bit of training methods for
+
+01:11:33.040 --> 01:11:38.080
+improving the agents previously we have
+
+01:11:35.440 --> 01:11:40.120
+what we have covered tests and
+
+01:11:38.080 --> 01:11:43.280
+applications I presented some of the
+
+01:11:40.120 --> 01:11:44.440
+prompting techniques and also uh one of
+
+01:11:43.280 --> 01:11:46.880
+the state-ofthe-art
+
+01:11:44.440 --> 01:11:49.320
+uh uh one of the state-ofthe-art you
+
+01:11:46.880 --> 01:11:52.480
+know um like Benchmark so you have this
+
+01:11:49.320 --> 01:11:55.480
+playground you have this environment now
+
+01:11:52.480 --> 01:11:57.600
+but you are still not satisfied with uh
+
+01:11:55.480 --> 01:12:00.480
+the performance like even if you do all
+
+01:11:57.600 --> 01:12:01.639
+the like Chain of Thought prompting and
+
+01:12:00.480 --> 01:12:04.560
+all that
+
+01:12:01.639 --> 01:12:07.120
+stuff so the learning this topic for the
+
+01:12:04.560 --> 01:12:10.159
+learning of language model learn agents
+
+01:12:07.120 --> 01:12:12.239
+I'm going to cover mainly three uh types
+
+01:12:10.159 --> 01:12:15.080
+of learning first is Inc context
+
+01:12:12.239 --> 01:12:18.679
+learning some may argue oh this is just
+
+01:12:15.080 --> 01:12:21.760
+prompting yes I agree but you can still
+
+01:12:18.679 --> 01:12:24.920
+probably get most of it out of it by
+
+01:12:21.760 --> 01:12:26.920
+providing better um viewshot examples
+
+01:12:24.920 --> 01:12:29.440
+and of course there's supervised F
+
+01:12:26.920 --> 01:12:31.760
+tuning and learning from basically this
+
+01:12:29.440 --> 01:12:34.560
+is learning from experts supposedly if
+
+01:12:31.760 --> 01:12:36.800
+you have good ground choose trajectories
+
+01:12:34.560 --> 01:12:39.760
+of how a human would perform a task you
+
+01:12:36.800 --> 01:12:42.080
+probably can do use these data and
+
+01:12:39.760 --> 01:12:44.199
+finally if you thinking about agents
+
+01:12:42.080 --> 01:12:48.159
+that interact with um
+
+01:12:44.199 --> 01:12:50.600
+enironment um you know a quite popular
+
+01:12:48.159 --> 01:12:52.840
+technique for uh these type of tastics
+
+01:12:50.600 --> 01:12:54.480
+using reinforcement learning because if
+
+01:12:52.840 --> 01:12:57.440
+you have a good enough environment you
+
+01:12:54.480 --> 01:13:00.960
+probably can learn from the environment
+
+01:12:57.440 --> 01:13:03.800
+so first a little bit of uh background
+
+01:13:00.960 --> 01:13:06.440
+on in context learning so the language
+
+01:13:03.800 --> 01:13:08.480
+model they basically language model can
+
+01:13:06.440 --> 01:13:11.400
+perform a task by just conditioning on
+
+01:13:08.480 --> 01:13:14.199
+input output examples without optimizing
+
+01:13:11.400 --> 01:13:16.719
+other parameters sometimes it is because
+
+01:13:14.199 --> 01:13:19.520
+we don't have access to these parameters
+
+01:13:16.719 --> 01:13:22.520
+sometimes it is too costly to train but
+
+01:13:19.520 --> 01:13:25.719
+nonetheless this is a very popular way
+
+01:13:22.520 --> 01:13:28.080
+of doing uh learning
+
+01:13:25.719 --> 01:13:30.159
+just like previously shown example on
+
+01:13:28.080 --> 01:13:32.520
+where how we get the Benchmark
+
+01:13:30.159 --> 01:13:35.639
+performance on like Baseline performance
+
+01:13:32.520 --> 01:13:38.360
+on web Arena tasks uh we provide a
+
+01:13:35.639 --> 01:13:41.800
+little bit of example of what the
+
+01:13:38.360 --> 01:13:46.120
+observation would look like and what the
+
+01:13:41.800 --> 01:13:48.960
+actions should be given a task so just
+
+01:13:46.120 --> 01:13:52.719
+like this if you are doing in context
+
+01:13:48.960 --> 01:13:55.679
+Durning we can just provide some uh like
+
+01:13:52.719 --> 01:13:57.880
+user example user observation here like
+
+01:13:55.679 --> 01:14:00.760
+for example this observation represents
+
+01:13:57.880 --> 01:14:04.719
+a web page uh it is a trm down version
+
+01:14:00.760 --> 01:14:06.840
+of the HTML document tree and then the
+
+01:14:04.719 --> 01:14:09.159
+example assistant part is basically kind
+
+01:14:06.840 --> 01:14:12.560
+of the you can think of it as a output
+
+01:14:09.159 --> 01:14:14.920
+label where you you know you think step
+
+01:14:12.560 --> 01:14:17.600
+by step you you you kind of show it how
+
+01:14:14.920 --> 01:14:20.960
+to do this uh Chain of Thought reasoning
+
+01:14:17.600 --> 01:14:23.800
+and also you show it how to kind of uh
+
+01:14:20.960 --> 01:14:27.080
+what a what what format it will be like
+
+01:14:23.800 --> 01:14:30.239
+to issue the kind of uh stop for stop
+
+01:14:27.080 --> 01:14:33.719
+action usually with proper instruction
+
+01:14:30.239 --> 01:14:35.920
+tuning sorry usually with proper
+
+01:14:33.719 --> 01:14:39.040
+instruction instructions providing all
+
+01:14:35.920 --> 01:14:41.199
+the action space and all the format and
+
+01:14:39.040 --> 01:14:44.520
+a good several you know few shot
+
+01:14:41.199 --> 01:14:47.880
+examples of these kind of obervation and
+
+01:14:44.520 --> 01:14:50.520
+action um pairs you would at least the
+
+01:14:47.880 --> 01:14:52.880
+language model are good enough to figure
+
+01:14:50.520 --> 01:14:56.159
+out the format they will usually just
+
+01:14:52.880 --> 01:14:58.440
+generate um like these kind of of uh
+
+01:14:56.159 --> 01:15:01.480
+like stop action kind of this kind of
+
+01:14:58.440 --> 01:15:03.840
+action plus a parenthesis with arguments
+
+01:15:01.480 --> 01:15:06.159
+format so it is really in context
+
+01:15:03.840 --> 01:15:09.760
+learning sometimes is really good to
+
+01:15:06.159 --> 01:15:12.560
+tune the language model to your like
+
+01:15:09.760 --> 01:15:15.800
+specification of how this this
+
+01:15:12.560 --> 01:15:21.840
+format however there
+
+01:15:15.800 --> 01:15:24.199
+are a couple oh okay yeah so then we
+
+01:15:21.840 --> 01:15:25.920
+have like supervised fine tuning where
+
+01:15:24.199 --> 01:15:28.880
+you can collect L amount of expert
+
+01:15:25.920 --> 01:15:30.320
+directories from like human adapation
+
+01:15:28.880 --> 01:15:32.600
+like for example you have this task
+
+01:15:30.320 --> 01:15:35.400
+intent observation action observation
+
+01:15:32.600 --> 01:15:38.080
+action pairs but then finally you can
+
+01:15:35.400 --> 01:15:41.120
+find find elements with like the cross
+
+01:15:38.080 --> 01:15:44.880
+entropy loss like for example like a lot
+
+01:15:41.120 --> 01:15:47.520
+of existing work try to optimize Lang
+
+01:15:44.880 --> 01:15:50.560
+model agents by just collecting human
+
+01:15:47.520 --> 01:15:53.199
+annotations it is super uh it is going
+
+01:15:50.560 --> 01:15:55.199
+to work super well but it is St hungry
+
+01:15:53.199 --> 01:15:57.360
+and cannot learn much from fa
+
+01:15:55.199 --> 01:16:00.600
+trajectories for example if you have a
+
+01:15:57.360 --> 01:16:04.320
+success in the failed trajectory uh you
+
+01:16:00.600 --> 01:16:06.440
+probably would not be able to um uh you
+
+01:16:04.320 --> 01:16:08.800
+probably will not be able you kind of
+
+01:16:06.440 --> 01:16:10.520
+wasted the failed the trory even if say
+
+01:16:08.800 --> 01:16:13.440
+only the last step is
+
+01:16:10.520 --> 01:16:16.440
+incorrect and you know there are several
+
+01:16:13.440 --> 01:16:18.679
+like data augmentation techniques where
+
+01:16:16.440 --> 01:16:22.480
+for example in this Minecraft playing
+
+01:16:18.679 --> 01:16:24.639
+example you can just let it uh do dat
+
+01:16:22.480 --> 01:16:25.679
+augmentation based on you know YouTube
+
+01:16:24.639 --> 01:16:28.480
+video
+
+01:16:25.679 --> 01:16:30.440
+or Wiki pedia or RIT
+
+01:16:28.480 --> 01:16:32.760
+threats and
+
+01:16:30.440 --> 01:16:35.000
+finally uh we have this uh like
+
+01:16:32.760 --> 01:16:38.199
+reinforcement learning based methods a
+
+01:16:35.000 --> 01:16:41.880
+lot of like uh ongoing research in this
+
+01:16:38.199 --> 01:16:44.080
+area but previously we have like R
+
+01:16:41.880 --> 01:16:47.120
+resarch uh research learning from Human
+
+01:16:44.080 --> 01:16:49.199
+feedback but then this time uh without
+
+01:16:47.120 --> 01:16:52.760
+human feedback we probably can just
+
+01:16:49.199 --> 01:16:55.800
+replace all these rewards with a real
+
+01:16:52.760 --> 01:16:58.120
+environment for example if you are do
+
+01:16:55.800 --> 01:17:01.239
+uh you have access to web Arena whether
+
+01:16:58.120 --> 01:17:03.600
+or not a task is successful can be
+
+01:17:01.239 --> 01:17:06.080
+automatically determined with that
+
+01:17:03.600 --> 01:17:09.440
+environment so it provides a natural
+
+01:17:06.080 --> 01:17:11.840
+feedback from the environment so you
+
+01:17:09.440 --> 01:17:14.520
+know with some I also listed some of the
+
+01:17:11.840 --> 01:17:16.840
+reference here if you are interested you
+
+01:17:14.520 --> 01:17:19.679
+can go to the course website or check
+
+01:17:16.840 --> 01:17:21.800
+the slides for some of these ongoing
+
+01:17:19.679 --> 01:17:25.040
+research but I'm going not going to
+
+01:17:21.800 --> 01:17:27.159
+cover much in details here due to the
+
+01:17:25.040 --> 01:17:32.199
+the time constraint but these are
+
+01:17:27.159 --> 01:17:35.600
+generally the methods for so I
+
+01:17:32.199 --> 01:17:40.000
+think yeah if you have any questions
+
+01:17:35.600 --> 01:17:42.800
+about anything tools and agents uh feel
+
+01:17:40.000 --> 01:17:45.199
+free to ask yeah thanks a lot we have
+
+01:17:42.800 --> 01:17:48.880
+time for maybe one or one or two quick
+
+01:17:45.199 --> 01:17:52.719
+questions um I'd like to prasis with um
+
+01:17:48.880 --> 01:17:54.840
+saying that uh Frank gave a really good
+
+01:17:52.719 --> 01:17:57.120
+example of web Arena and I think web
+
+01:17:54.840 --> 01:17:59.440
+arena is a good example of some of the
+
+01:17:57.120 --> 01:18:01.320
+challenges in the whole agent space uh
+
+01:17:59.440 --> 01:18:03.000
+not just like web agents but also code
+
+01:18:01.320 --> 01:18:05.600
+generation agents
+
+01:18:03.000 --> 01:18:08.159
+robots um you know embodied environments
+
+01:18:05.600 --> 01:18:10.560
+and stuff which is that there's a lot of
+
+01:18:08.159 --> 01:18:13.000
+really simple ones that are that were
+
+01:18:10.560 --> 01:18:15.080
+interesting a few years ago but are kind
+
+01:18:13.000 --> 01:18:16.400
+of like solved now or close enough to
+
+01:18:15.080 --> 01:18:18.520
+solve that they don't test the really
+
+01:18:16.400 --> 01:18:20.239
+hard things like planning you know
+
+01:18:18.520 --> 01:18:22.360
+ability to handle diverse environments
+
+01:18:20.239 --> 01:18:25.199
+and stuff like that and so weing is just
+
+01:18:22.360 --> 01:18:27.040
+one example and then even if you're
+
+01:18:25.199 --> 01:18:28.600
+interested in other varieties of things
+
+01:18:27.040 --> 01:18:32.480
+you're going to be facing the same props
+
+01:18:28.600 --> 01:18:34.400
+of evaluation so um evaluation and model
+
+01:18:32.480 --> 01:18:36.280
+cool um any any things people would like
+
+01:18:34.400 --> 01:18:38.520
+to ask we can also take things up front
+
+01:18:36.280 --> 01:18:38.520
+if