diff --git "a/train_mcq/processbank_train.jsonl" "b/train_mcq/processbank_train.jsonl"
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+++ "b/train_mcq/processbank_train.jsonl"
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+{"context": ["During meiosis, homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, trade some of their alleles by crossing over. These homologous chromosomes and the alleles they carry are then distributed at random into gametes. Then, because myriad possible mating combinations exist in a population, fertilization brings together gametes that are likely to have different genetic backgrounds. The combined effects of these three mechanisms ensure that sexual reproduction rearranges existing alleles into fresh combinations each generation, providing much of the genetic variation that makes evolution possible."], "question": "What would happen without crossing over?", "options": ["A. homologous chromosomes would not trade some of their alleles", "B. homologous chromosomes would not carry alleles"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["During meiosis, homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, trade some of their alleles by crossing over. These homologous chromosomes and the alleles they carry are then distributed at random into gametes. Then, because myriad possible mating combinations exist in a population, fertilization brings together gametes that are likely to have different genetic backgrounds. The combined effects of these three mechanisms ensure that sexual reproduction rearranges existing alleles into fresh combinations each generation, providing much of the genetic variation that makes evolution possible."], "question": "What would happen without fertilization?", "options": ["A. gametes would not be brought together", "B. alleles would not be distributed at random into gametes"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["During meiosis, homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, trade some of their alleles by crossing over. These homologous chromosomes and the alleles they carry are then distributed at random into gametes. Then, because myriad possible mating combinations exist in a population, fertilization brings together gametes that are likely to have different genetic backgrounds. The combined effects of these three mechanisms ensure that sexual reproduction rearranges existing alleles into fresh combinations each generation, providing much of the genetic variation that makes evolution possible."], "question": "What is the result of sexual reproduction?", "options": ["A. rearrangement of alleles into fresh combinations", "B. crossing over"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When a molecule absorbs a photon of light, one of the molecule's electrons is elevated to an orbital where it has more potential energy. When the electron is in its normal orbital, the pigment molecule is said to be in its ground state. Absorption of a photon boosts an electron to an orbital of higher energy, and the pigment molecule is then said to be in an excited state. The only photons absorbed are those whose energy is exactly equal to the energy difference between the ground state and an excited state, and this energy difference varies from one kind of molecule to another."], "question": "what would happen if an electron was not boosted?", "options": ["A. the pigment molecule would not be in an excited state", "B. absorption of a photon would not occur"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When a molecule absorbs a photon of light, one of the molecule's electrons is elevated to an orbital where it has more potential energy. When the electron is in its normal orbital, the pigment molecule is said to be in its ground state. Absorption of a photon boosts an electron to an orbital of higher energy, and the pigment molecule is then said to be in an excited state. The only photons absorbed are those whose energy is exactly equal to the energy difference between the ground state and an excited state, and this energy difference varies from one kind of molecule to another."], "question": "What happens when a molecule absorbs a photon of light?", "options": ["A. the pigment molecule goes to an excited state", "B. the pigment molecule goes to its ground state"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Abnormal changes on the cell surface cause cancer cells to lose attachments to neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, allowing them to spread into nearby tissues. Cancer cells may also secrete signaling molecules that cause blood vessels to grow toward the tumor. A few tumor cells may separate from the original tumor, enter blood vessels and lymph vessels, and travel to other parts of the body. There, they may proliferate and form a new tumor. This spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site is called metastasis (see Figure 12.20)."], "question": "What can happen after cancer cells enter the blood vessels?", "options": ["A. The cancer cells can proliferate and form a new tumor", "B. The cancer cells secrete signaling molecules"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Abnormal changes on the cell surface cause cancer cells to lose attachments to neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, allowing them to spread into nearby tissues. Cancer cells may also secrete signaling molecules that cause blood vessels to grow toward the tumor. A few tumor cells may separate from the original tumor, enter blood vessels and lymph vessels, and travel to other parts of the body. There, they may proliferate and form a new tumor. This spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site is called metastasis (see Figure 12.20)."], "question": "What would necessarily not happen if cancer cells could not secrete signaling molecules?", "options": ["A. Blood vessels will not grow toward the tumor", "B. The cancer cells will not enter the blood vessels"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Abnormal changes on the cell surface cause cancer cells to lose attachments to neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, allowing them to spread into nearby tissues. Cancer cells may also secrete signaling molecules that cause blood vessels to grow toward the tumor. A few tumor cells may separate from the original tumor, enter blood vessels and lymph vessels, and travel to other parts of the body. There, they may proliferate and form a new tumor. This spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site is called metastasis (see Figure 12.20)."], "question": "How do cancer cells necessarily spread to distant tissues?", "options": ["A. By entering blood vessels and lymph vessels", "B. By secreting signaling molecules"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Abnormal changes on the cell surface cause cancer cells to lose attachments to neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, allowing them to spread into nearby tissues. Cancer cells may also secrete signaling molecules that cause blood vessels to grow toward the tumor. A few tumor cells may separate from the original tumor, enter blood vessels and lymph vessels, and travel to other parts of the body. There, they may proliferate and form a new tumor. This spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site is called metastasis (see Figure 12.20)."], "question": "New tumors are necessarily caused by the growth of blood vessels", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["During anaphase, MPF helps switch itself off by initiating a process that leads to the destruction of its own cyclin. The noncyclin part of MPF, the Cdk, persists in the cell, inactive until it becomes part of MPF again by associating with new cyclin molecules synthesized during the S and G2 phases of the next round of the cycle."], "question": "How does Cdk become active?", "options": ["A. Associating with cyclin", "B. Associating with MPF"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["During anaphase, MPF helps switch itself off by initiating a process that leads to the destruction of its own cyclin. The noncyclin part of MPF, the Cdk, persists in the cell, inactive until it becomes part of MPF again by associating with new cyclin molecules synthesized during the S and G2 phases of the next round of the cycle."], "question": "What is cyclin produced in S phase used for?", "options": ["A. G2 phase", "B. Anaphase"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["During anaphase, MPF helps switch itself off by initiating a process that leads to the destruction of its own cyclin. The noncyclin part of MPF, the Cdk, persists in the cell, inactive until it becomes part of MPF again by associating with new cyclin molecules synthesized during the S and G2 phases of the next round of the cycle."], "question": "Cdk associates with MPF to become cyclin.", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["During anaphase, MPF helps switch itself off by initiating a process that leads to the destruction of its own cyclin. The noncyclin part of MPF, the Cdk, persists in the cell, inactive until it becomes part of MPF again by associating with new cyclin molecules synthesized during the S and G2 phases of the next round of the cycle."], "question": "What would happen without cyclin?", "options": ["A. Cdk would not be synthesized", "B. MPF would always be switched off"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a specific place on the chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins. As the chromosome continues to replicate, one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell (Figure 12.12). While the chromosome is replicating, the cell elongates. When replication is complete and the bacterium has reached about twice its initial size, its plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the parent E. coli cell into two daughter cells."], "question": "What initiates E.coli division?", "options": ["A. DNA replication", "B. two daughter cells"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a specific place on the chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins. As the chromosome continues to replicate, one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell (Figure 12.12). While the chromosome is replicating, the cell elongates. When replication is complete and the bacterium has reached about twice its initial size, its plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the parent E. coli cell into two daughter cells."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Chromosome replication initiates, then the origins move to opposite ends of the cell.", "B. Origins move to opposite ends of the cell, then chromosome replication initiates."], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a specific place on the chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins. As the chromosome continues to replicate, one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell (Figure 12.12). While the chromosome is replicating, the cell elongates. When replication is complete and the bacterium has reached about twice its initial size, its plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the parent E. coli cell into two daughter cells."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Cell elongates, then the plasma membrane pinches inward, then two daughter cells are formed.", "B. Plasma membrane pinches inward, then the cell elongates, then two daughter cells are formed."], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a specific place on the chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins. As the chromosome continues to replicate, one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell (Figure 12.12). While the chromosome is replicating, the cell elongates. When replication is complete and the bacterium has reached about twice its initial size, its plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the parent E. coli cell into two daughter cells."], "question": "Which events happen at the same time?", "options": ["A. Cell elongation and plasma membrane pinching inward", "B. Cell elongation and chromosome replication"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a specific place on the chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins. As the chromosome continues to replicate, one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell (Figure 12.12). While the chromosome is replicating, the cell elongates. When replication is complete and the bacterium has reached about twice its initial size, its plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the parent E. coli cell into two daughter cells."], "question": "Which events happen at the same time?", "options": ["A. Chromosome replication and origin moving to the opposite end of the cell", "B. Origin moving to the opposite end of the cell and production of two origins"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, the process of cell division is initiated when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a specific place on the chromosome called the origin of replication, producing two origins. As the chromosome continues to replicate, one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell (Figure 12.12). While the chromosome is replicating, the cell elongates. When replication is complete and the bacterium has reached about twice its initial size, its plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the parent E. coli cell into two daughter cells."], "question": "What is caused by cell division in E. coli?", "options": ["A. The bacterium has reached about twice its initial size.", "B. The parent E. coli is divided into two daughter cells."], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. The contraction of the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of a drawstring. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two, producing two completely separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular structures."], "question": "What would happen without actin microfilaments?", "options": ["A. Each cell would not have myosin molecules", "B. The cleavage furrow would not deepen"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. The contraction of the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of a drawstring. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two, producing two completely separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular structures."], "question": "What do microfilament rings do?", "options": ["A. separate the nucleus from the cytosol", "B. Pinch the parent cell in two"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. The contraction of the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of a drawstring. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two, producing two completely separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular structures."], "question": "The cleavage furrow creates actin microfilaments", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. The contraction of the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of a drawstring. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two, producing two completely separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular structures."], "question": "What would happen if the cleavage furrow did not deepen?", "options": ["A. The nucleus of the parent cell would not be produced", "B. The parent cell would not divide"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Instead, during telophase, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they coalesce, producing a cell plate (Figure 12.10b). Cell wall materials carried in the vesicles collect in the cell plate as it grows. The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane along the perimeter of the cell. Two daughter cells result, each with its own plasma membrane. Meanwhile, a new cell wall arising from the contents of the cell plate has formed between the daughter cells."], "question": "What would happen without vesicles from the Golgi apparatus?", "options": ["A. Microtubules would not be produced", "B. A cell plate would not be produced"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Instead, during telophase, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they coalesce, producing a cell plate (Figure 12.10b). Cell wall materials carried in the vesicles collect in the cell plate as it grows. The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane along the perimeter of the cell. Two daughter cells result, each with its own plasma membrane. Meanwhile, a new cell wall arising from the contents of the cell plate has formed between the daughter cells."], "question": "The new cell wall forms the cell plate", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Instead, during telophase, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they coalesce, producing a cell plate (Figure 12.10b). Cell wall materials carried in the vesicles collect in the cell plate as it grows. The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane along the perimeter of the cell. Two daughter cells result, each with its own plasma membrane. Meanwhile, a new cell wall arising from the contents of the cell plate has formed between the daughter cells."], "question": "What would happen without microtubules?", "options": ["A. The new cell wall would not be formed", "B. The vesicles from the Golgi apparatus would not be formed"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Instead, during telophase, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they coalesce, producing a cell plate (Figure 12.10b). Cell wall materials carried in the vesicles collect in the cell plate as it grows. The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane along the perimeter of the cell. Two daughter cells result, each with its own plasma membrane. Meanwhile, a new cell wall arising from the contents of the cell plate has formed between the daughter cells."], "question": "Cell wall materials produce the cell plate", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. A severe drop in population size can cause the bottleneck effect, so named because the population has passed through a \"bottleneck\" that reduces its size (Figure 23.10). By chance alone, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether. Ongoing genetic drift is likely to have substantial effects on the gene pool until the population becomes large enough that chance events have less impact."], "question": "what is the result of a fire?", "options": ["A. flood", "B. The bottleneck effect"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. A severe drop in population size can cause the bottleneck effect, so named because the population has passed through a \"bottleneck\" that reduces its size (Figure 23.10). By chance alone, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether. Ongoing genetic drift is likely to have substantial effects on the gene pool until the population becomes large enough that chance events have less impact."], "question": "What is the end result of a flood?", "options": ["A. Genetic drift", "B. The population becomes large"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. A severe drop in population size can cause the bottleneck effect, so named because the population has passed through a \"bottleneck\" that reduces its size (Figure 23.10). By chance alone, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether. Ongoing genetic drift is likely to have substantial effects on the gene pool until the population becomes large enough that chance events have less impact."], "question": "What makes chance events have less impact?", "options": ["A. The population becomes large", "B. The bottleneck effect"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. A severe drop in population size can cause the bottleneck effect, so named because the population has passed through a \"bottleneck\" that reduces its size (Figure 23.10). By chance alone, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether. Ongoing genetic drift is likely to have substantial effects on the gene pool until the population becomes large enough that chance events have less impact."], "question": "What two events can happen at the same time?", "options": ["A. Ongoing genetic drift and the population becomes large", "B. A severe drop in population and the bottleneck effect"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. A severe drop in population size can cause the bottleneck effect, so named because the population has passed through a \"bottleneck\" that reduces its size (Figure 23.10). By chance alone, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether. Ongoing genetic drift is likely to have substantial effects on the gene pool until the population becomes large enough that chance events have less impact."], "question": "What is caused by flood?", "options": ["A. The population becomes large", "B. genetic drift"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap each other extensively during metaphase (see Figure 12.8). During anaphase, the region of overlap is reduced as motor proteins attached to the microtubules walk them away from one another, using energy from ATP. As the microtubules push apart from each other, their spindle poles are pushed apart, elongating the cell. At the same time, the microtubules lengthen somewhat by the addition of tubulin subunits to their overlapping ends. As a result, the microtubules continue to overlap."], "question": "What would happen without ATP?", "options": ["A. Motor proteins would not walk away from one another", "B. Nonkinetochore microtubules would not overlap"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap each other extensively during metaphase (see Figure 12.8). During anaphase, the region of overlap is reduced as motor proteins attached to the microtubules walk them away from one another, using energy from ATP. As the microtubules push apart from each other, their spindle poles are pushed apart, elongating the cell. At the same time, the microtubules lengthen somewhat by the addition of tubulin subunits to their overlapping ends. As a result, the microtubules continue to overlap."], "question": "What would happen without motor proteins?", "options": ["A. The cell would not elongate", "B. Microtubules would not overlap"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap each other extensively during metaphase (see Figure 12.8). During anaphase, the region of overlap is reduced as motor proteins attached to the microtubules walk them away from one another, using energy from ATP. As the microtubules push apart from each other, their spindle poles are pushed apart, elongating the cell. At the same time, the microtubules lengthen somewhat by the addition of tubulin subunits to their overlapping ends. As a result, the microtubules continue to overlap."], "question": "What allows microtubules to continue to overlap even though they are pushed apart?", "options": ["A. microtubules lengthen", "B. Motor proteins walk away from one another"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap each other extensively during metaphase (see Figure 12.8). During anaphase, the region of overlap is reduced as motor proteins attached to the microtubules walk them away from one another, using energy from ATP. As the microtubules push apart from each other, their spindle poles are pushed apart, elongating the cell. At the same time, the microtubules lengthen somewhat by the addition of tubulin subunits to their overlapping ends. As a result, the microtubules continue to overlap."], "question": "What would happen without addition of tubulin subunits?", "options": ["A. Motor proteins would not use energy from ATP", "B. Microtubules would not continue to overlap"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap each other extensively during metaphase (see Figure 12.8). During anaphase, the region of overlap is reduced as motor proteins attached to the microtubules walk them away from one another, using energy from ATP. As the microtubules push apart from each other, their spindle poles are pushed apart, elongating the cell. At the same time, the microtubules lengthen somewhat by the addition of tubulin subunits to their overlapping ends. As a result, the microtubules continue to overlap."], "question": "What directly pushes spindle poles apart?", "options": ["A. Addition of tubulin subunits", "B. Microtubules pushing apart from each other"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The binding of signaling molecules to receptors is reversible. As the external concentration of signaling molecules falls, fewer receptors are bound at any given moment, and the unbound receptors revert to their inactive form. The cellular response occurs only when the concentration of receptors with bound signaling molecules is above a certain threshold. When the number of active receptors falls below that threshold, the cellular response ceases. Then, by a variety of means, the relay molecules return to their inactive forms: The GTPase activity intrinsic to a G protein hydrolyzes its bound GTP; the enzyme phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP; protein phosphatases inactivate phosphorylated kinases and other proteins; and so forth."], "question": "What happens when the external concentration of signaling molecules decreases below the threshold?", "options": ["A. The cellular response will cease", "B. The cellular response will occur"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The binding of signaling molecules to receptors is reversible. As the external concentration of signaling molecules falls, fewer receptors are bound at any given moment, and the unbound receptors revert to their inactive form. The cellular response occurs only when the concentration of receptors with bound signaling molecules is above a certain threshold. When the number of active receptors falls below that threshold, the cellular response ceases. Then, by a variety of means, the relay molecules return to their inactive forms: The GTPase activity intrinsic to a G protein hydrolyzes its bound GTP; the enzyme phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP; protein phosphatases inactivate phosphorylated kinases and other proteins; and so forth."], "question": "What would happen without receptors?", "options": ["A. Cellular response ceases", "B. External concentration of signaling molecules stays above threshold"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The binding of signaling molecules to receptors is reversible. As the external concentration of signaling molecules falls, fewer receptors are bound at any given moment, and the unbound receptors revert to their inactive form. The cellular response occurs only when the concentration of receptors with bound signaling molecules is above a certain threshold. When the number of active receptors falls below that threshold, the cellular response ceases. Then, by a variety of means, the relay molecules return to their inactive forms: The GTPase activity intrinsic to a G protein hydrolyzes its bound GTP; the enzyme phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP; protein phosphatases inactivate phosphorylated kinases and other proteins; and so forth."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. External concentration of signaling molecules falls, then number of active receptors falls", "B. External concentration of signaling molecules falls, then the cellular response occurs."], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The binding of signaling molecules to receptors is reversible. As the external concentration of signaling molecules falls, fewer receptors are bound at any given moment, and the unbound receptors revert to their inactive form. The cellular response occurs only when the concentration of receptors with bound signaling molecules is above a certain threshold. When the number of active receptors falls below that threshold, the cellular response ceases. Then, by a variety of means, the relay molecules return to their inactive forms: The GTPase activity intrinsic to a G protein hydrolyzes its bound GTP; the enzyme phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP; protein phosphatases inactivate phosphorylated kinases and other proteins; and so forth."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. External concentration of signaling molecules falls below threshold, then GTPase hydrolyzes GTP", "B. External concentration of signaling molecules remains above threshold, then GTPase hydrolyzes GTP"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one pathway, cyclic GMP, or cGMP, acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. A compound that inhibits the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP, thus prolonging the signal, was originally prescribed for chest pains because it increased blood flow to the heart muscle. Under the trade name Viagra, this compound is now widely used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in human males. Because Viagra leads to dilation of blood vessels, it also allows increased blood flow to the penis, optimizing physiological conditions for penile erections."], "question": "Hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP causes erections", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one pathway, cyclic GMP, or cGMP, acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. A compound that inhibits the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP, thus prolonging the signal, was originally prescribed for chest pains because it increased blood flow to the heart muscle. Under the trade name Viagra, this compound is now widely used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in human males. Because Viagra leads to dilation of blood vessels, it also allows increased blood flow to the penis, optimizing physiological conditions for penile erections."], "question": "Viagra inhibits hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one pathway, cyclic GMP, or cGMP, acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. A compound that inhibits the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP, thus prolonging the signal, was originally prescribed for chest pains because it increased blood flow to the heart muscle. Under the trade name Viagra, this compound is now widely used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in human males. Because Viagra leads to dilation of blood vessels, it also allows increased blood flow to the penis, optimizing physiological conditions for penile erections."], "question": "Relaxation of smooth muscle in artery walls leads to increased blood flow", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one pathway, cyclic GMP, or cGMP, acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. A compound that inhibits the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP, thus prolonging the signal, was originally prescribed for chest pains because it increased blood flow to the heart muscle. Under the trade name Viagra, this compound is now widely used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in human males. Because Viagra leads to dilation of blood vessels, it also allows increased blood flow to the penis, optimizing physiological conditions for penile erections."], "question": "What would happen without cGMP?", "options": ["A. Increased blood flow to the heart muscle", "B. Erectile dysfunction occurs"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one pathway, cyclic GMP, or cGMP, acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. A compound that inhibits the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP, thus prolonging the signal, was originally prescribed for chest pains because it increased blood flow to the heart muscle. Under the trade name Viagra, this compound is now widely used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction in human males. Because Viagra leads to dilation of blood vessels, it also allows increased blood flow to the penis, optimizing physiological conditions for penile erections."], "question": "Which acts as a signaling molecule?", "options": ["A. GMP", "B. cGMP"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The binding of a specific signaling molecule to a receptor in the plasma membrane triggers the first step in the chain of molecular interactions: the signal transduction pathway: that leads to a particular response within the cell. Like falling dominoes, the signal-activated receptor activates another molecule, which activates yet another molecule, and so on, until the protein that produces the final cellular response is activated."], "question": "What would happen without the signal transduction pathway?", "options": ["A. The cellular response would not be activated", "B. The receptor in the plasma membrane would not bind to signaling molecules"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The binding of a specific signaling molecule to a receptor in the plasma membrane triggers the first step in the chain of molecular interactions: the signal transduction pathway: that leads to a particular response within the cell. Like falling dominoes, the signal-activated receptor activates another molecule, which activates yet another molecule, and so on, until the protein that produces the final cellular response is activated."], "question": "What directly causes the final cellular response?", "options": ["A. a protein", "B. signaling molecules"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death in which cell components are disposed of in an orderly fashion, without damage to neighboring cells. Studies of the soil worm Caenorhabditis elegans showed that apoptosis occurs at defined times during embryonic development and clarified molecular details of the signaling pathway involved in the process. A protein (Ced-9) in the mitochondrial membrane acts as a brake; when released by a death signal, it allows activation of caspases, the main proteases that carry out apoptosis, and nucleases."], "question": "Apoptosis damages neighboring cells", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death in which cell components are disposed of in an orderly fashion, without damage to neighboring cells. Studies of the soil worm Caenorhabditis elegans showed that apoptosis occurs at defined times during embryonic development and clarified molecular details of the signaling pathway involved in the process. A protein (Ced-9) in the mitochondrial membrane acts as a brake; when released by a death signal, it allows activation of caspases, the main proteases that carry out apoptosis, and nucleases."], "question": "Without Ced-9, excessive apoptosis would occur", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death in which cell components are disposed of in an orderly fashion, without damage to neighboring cells. Studies of the soil worm Caenorhabditis elegans showed that apoptosis occurs at defined times during embryonic development and clarified molecular details of the signaling pathway involved in the process. A protein (Ced-9) in the mitochondrial membrane acts as a brake; when released by a death signal, it allows activation of caspases, the main proteases that carry out apoptosis, and nucleases."], "question": "On what does Ced-9 act?", "options": ["A. Nucleases and caspases", "B. the mitochondrial membrane"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death in which cell components are disposed of in an orderly fashion, without damage to neighboring cells. Studies of the soil worm Caenorhabditis elegans showed that apoptosis occurs at defined times during embryonic development and clarified molecular details of the signaling pathway involved in the process. A protein (Ced-9) in the mitochondrial membrane acts as a brake; when released by a death signal, it allows activation of caspases, the main proteases that carry out apoptosis, and nucleases."], "question": "Which is not a direct agent of apoptosis?", "options": ["A. Ced-9", "B. Nucleases"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is especially useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen (see Figure 6.3). The electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with a thin film of gold. The beam excites electrons on the surface, and these secondary electrons are detected by a device that translates the pattern of electrons into an electronic signal to a video screen. The result is an image of the specimen's surface that appears three-dimensional."], "question": "An SEM emits a beam of secondary electrons", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is especially useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen (see Figure 6.3). The electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with a thin film of gold. The beam excites electrons on the surface, and these secondary electrons are detected by a device that translates the pattern of electrons into an electronic signal to a video screen. The result is an image of the specimen's surface that appears three-dimensional."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Secondary electrons are detected, the electron beam scans the sample, then the image is translated into a three-dimensional image", "B. Electron beam scans sample, secondary electrons are detected, then the image is translated into a three-dimensional image"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These data suggest that genetic drift during the bottleneck may have led to a loss of genetic variation and an increase in the frequency of harmful alleles."], "question": "What causes a loss of genetic variation?", "options": ["A. genetic drift", "B. harmful alleles"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These data suggest that genetic drift during the bottleneck may have led to a loss of genetic variation and an increase in the frequency of harmful alleles."], "question": "What would happen without genetic drift?", "options": ["A. no loss of genetic variation", "B. an increase in the frequency of harmful alleles"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of cells (see Figure 6.3). The TEM aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen, similar to the way a light microscope transmits light through a slide. The specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures, thus enhancing the electron density of some parts of the cell more than others. The electrons passing through the specimen are scattered more in the denser regions, so fewer are transmitted. The image displays the pattern of transmitted electrons. Instead of using glass lenses, the TEM uses electromagnets as lenses to bend the paths of the electrons, ultimately focusing the image onto a monitor for viewing."], "question": "The TEM uses what?", "options": ["A. an electron beam", "B. a light microscope"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of cells (see Figure 6.3). The TEM aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen, similar to the way a light microscope transmits light through a slide. The specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures, thus enhancing the electron density of some parts of the cell more than others. The electrons passing through the specimen are scattered more in the denser regions, so fewer are transmitted. The image displays the pattern of transmitted electrons. Instead of using glass lenses, the TEM uses electromagnets as lenses to bend the paths of the electrons, ultimately focusing the image onto a monitor for viewing."], "question": "what do atoms of heavy metals do?", "options": ["A. use electromagnets", "B. enhance electron density of some parts of the cell more than others"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A cell is frozen and fractured with a knife. The fracture plane often follows the hydrophobic interior of a membrane, splitting the phospholipid bilayer into two separated layers. Each membrane protein goes wholly with one of the layers."], "question": "Each membrane protein is fractured", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A cell is frozen and fractured with a knife. The fracture plane often follows the hydrophobic interior of a membrane, splitting the phospholipid bilayer into two separated layers. Each membrane protein goes wholly with one of the layers."], "question": "What entity fractures the cell?", "options": ["A. The hyrdophobic interior", "B. a knife"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A cell is frozen and fractured with a knife. The fracture plane often follows the hydrophobic interior of a membrane, splitting the phospholipid bilayer into two separated layers. Each membrane protein goes wholly with one of the layers."], "question": "What would happen if the phospholipid bilayer was not split into two separated layers?", "options": ["A. the cell would not be frozen", "B. Each membrane protein would not go wholly with one of the layers"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A cell such as an amoeba crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions called pseudopodia (from the Greek  pseudes, false, and pod, foot), and moving toward them. Pseudopodia extend by assembly of actin subunits into microfilament networks that convert cytoplasm from a sol to a gel inside these cell projections. Cell surface proteins on the pseudopodium make strong attachments to the \"road.\" Next, the interaction of microfilaments with myosin near the cell's trailing end causes contraction of that region, loosening its cell-surface attachments and pulling it forward toward the pseudopodia."], "question": "What converts cytoplasm from a sol to a gel?", "options": ["A. microfilament networks", "B. pseudopodia"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A cell such as an amoeba crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions called pseudopodia (from the Greek  pseudes, false, and pod, foot), and moving toward them. Pseudopodia extend by assembly of actin subunits into microfilament networks that convert cytoplasm from a sol to a gel inside these cell projections. Cell surface proteins on the pseudopodium make strong attachments to the \"road.\" Next, the interaction of microfilaments with myosin near the cell's trailing end causes contraction of that region, loosening its cell-surface attachments and pulling it forward toward the pseudopodia."], "question": "What would happen without cell surface proteins?", "options": ["A. actin subunits could not assemble into microfilament networks", "B. The amoeba could not crawl along a surface"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A cell such as an amoeba crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions called pseudopodia (from the Greek  pseudes, false, and pod, foot), and moving toward them. Pseudopodia extend by assembly of actin subunits into microfilament networks that convert cytoplasm from a sol to a gel inside these cell projections. Cell surface proteins on the pseudopodium make strong attachments to the \"road.\" Next, the interaction of microfilaments with myosin near the cell's trailing end causes contraction of that region, loosening its cell-surface attachments and pulling it forward toward the pseudopodia."], "question": "Cytoplasm is converted from a sol to a gel inside pseudopodia", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the electron transport chain. Electrons move down the chain, losing energy in several energy-releasing steps. Finally, electrons are passed to O2, reducing it to H2O."], "question": "What reduces O2?", "options": ["A. H2O", "B. electrons"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the electron transport chain. Electrons move down the chain, losing energy in several energy-releasing steps. Finally, electrons are passed to O2, reducing it to H2O."], "question": "NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several energy-releasing steps", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In 1795, Scottish geologist James Hutton (1726-1797) proposed that Earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today. For example, he suggested that valleys were often formed by rivers wearing through rocks and that rocks containing marine fossils were formed when sediments that had eroded from the land were carried by rivers to the sea, where they buried dead marine organisms.The leading geologist of Darwin's time, Charles Lyell (1797-1875), incorporated Hutton's thinking into his principle of uniformitarianism, which stated that mechanisms of change are constant over time. Lyell proposed that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate."], "question": "How were valleys formed?", "options": ["A. rivers wearing through rocks", "B. rocks containing marine fossils"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In 1795, Scottish geologist James Hutton (1726-1797) proposed that Earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today. For example, he suggested that valleys were often formed by rivers wearing through rocks and that rocks containing marine fossils were formed when sediments that had eroded from the land were carried by rivers to the sea, where they buried dead marine organisms.The leading geologist of Darwin's time, Charles Lyell (1797-1875), incorporated Hutton's thinking into his principle of uniformitarianism, which stated that mechanisms of change are constant over time. Lyell proposed that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate."], "question": "How were rocks containing marine fossils formed?", "options": ["A. sediments eroded from the land were carried by rivers to the sea", "B. rivers wearing through rocks"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Organisms share many characteristics, leading Darwin to perceive unity in life. He attributed the unity of life to the descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the remote past. He also thought that as the descendants of that ancestral organism lived in various habitats over millions of years, they accumulated diverse modifications, or adaptations, that fit them to specific ways of life. Darwin reasoned that over long periods of time, descent with modification eventually led to the rich diversity of life we see today."], "question": "What lead Darwin to perceive unity in life?", "options": ["A. organisms share many characteristics", "B. The remote past"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Organisms share many characteristics, leading Darwin to perceive unity in life. He attributed the unity of life to the descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the remote past. He also thought that as the descendants of that ancestral organism lived in various habitats over millions of years, they accumulated diverse modifications, or adaptations, that fit them to specific ways of life. Darwin reasoned that over long periods of time, descent with modification eventually led to the rich diversity of life we see today."], "question": "What caused adaptations?", "options": ["A. the remote past", "B. various habitats"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Organisms share many characteristics, leading Darwin to perceive unity in life. He attributed the unity of life to the descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the remote past. He also thought that as the descendants of that ancestral organism lived in various habitats over millions of years, they accumulated diverse modifications, or adaptations, that fit them to specific ways of life. Darwin reasoned that over long periods of time, descent with modification eventually led to the rich diversity of life we see today."], "question": "What does descent with modification eventually lead to?", "options": ["A. rich diversity of life", "B. long periods of time"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Darwin reasoned that if artificial selection can bring about dramatic change in a relatively short period of time, then natural selection should be capable of substantial modification of species over many hundreds of generations. Even if the advantages of some heritable traits over others are slight, the advantageous variations will gradually accumulate in the population, and less favorable variations will diminish. Over time, this process will increase the frequency of individuals with favorable adaptations and hence refine the match between organisms and their environment (see Figure 1.20)."], "question": "Advantageous variations and less favorable variations will diminish", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Darwin reasoned that if artificial selection can bring about dramatic change in a relatively short period of time, then natural selection should be capable of substantial modification of species over many hundreds of generations. Even if the advantages of some heritable traits over others are slight, the advantageous variations will gradually accumulate in the population, and less favorable variations will diminish. Over time, this process will increase the frequency of individuals with favorable adaptations and hence refine the match between organisms and their environment (see Figure 1.20)."], "question": "What would happen without natural selection?", "options": ["A. Artificial selection would not bring about dramatic change in a relatively short period of time", "B. substantial modifications of species over many hundreds of generations would not occur"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Darwin reasoned that if artificial selection can bring about dramatic change in a relatively short period of time, then natural selection should be capable of substantial modification of species over many hundreds of generations. Even if the advantages of some heritable traits over others are slight, the advantageous variations will gradually accumulate in the population, and less favorable variations will diminish. Over time, this process will increase the frequency of individuals with favorable adaptations and hence refine the match between organisms and their environment (see Figure 1.20)."], "question": "Which of the following is caused by the increased frequency of individuals with favorable adaptations?", "options": ["A. artificial selection", "B. refined match between organisms and their environment"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["For example, suppose that near our original hypothetical wildflower population there is another population consisting primarily of white-flowered individuals (CWCW). Insects carrying pollen from these plants may fly to and pollinate plants in our original population. The introduced CW alleles would modify our original population's allele frequencies in the next generation. Because alleles are exchanged between populations, gene flow tends to reduce the genetic differences between populations. In fact, if it is extensive enough, gene flow can result in two populations combining into a single population with a common gene pool."], "question": "What is the result of gene flow?", "options": ["A. reduced genetic differences between populations", "B. Insects carry pollen"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["For example, suppose that near our original hypothetical wildflower population there is another population consisting primarily of white-flowered individuals (CWCW). Insects carrying pollen from these plants may fly to and pollinate plants in our original population. The introduced CW alleles would modify our original population's allele frequencies in the next generation. Because alleles are exchanged between populations, gene flow tends to reduce the genetic differences between populations. In fact, if it is extensive enough, gene flow can result in two populations combining into a single population with a common gene pool."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Alleles are exchanged between populations, then gene flow reduces genetic differences between populations, then two populations combine into a single population", "B. Alleles are exchanged between populations, then two populations combine into a single population, then gene flow reduces genetic differences between populations"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["For example, suppose that near our original hypothetical wildflower population there is another population consisting primarily of white-flowered individuals (CWCW). Insects carrying pollen from these plants may fly to and pollinate plants in our original population. The introduced CW alleles would modify our original population's allele frequencies in the next generation. Because alleles are exchanged between populations, gene flow tends to reduce the genetic differences between populations. In fact, if it is extensive enough, gene flow can result in two populations combining into a single population with a common gene pool."], "question": "Extensive gene flow can result in a common gene pool.", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The story begins in 1943, when penicillin became the first widely used antibiotic. Since then, penicillin and other antibiotics have saved millions of lives. However, by 1945, more than 20% of the S. aureus strains seen in hospitals were already resistant to penicillin. These bacteria had an enzyme, penicillinase, that could destroy penicillin. Researchers responded by developing antibiotics that were not destroyed by penicillinase, but some S. aureus populations developed resistance to each new drug within a few years. In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus appeared."], "question": "What entity destroys penicillin?", "options": ["A. penicillinase", "B. Hospitals"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The story begins in 1943, when penicillin became the first widely used antibiotic. Since then, penicillin and other antibiotics have saved millions of lives. However, by 1945, more than 20% of the S. aureus strains seen in hospitals were already resistant to penicillin. These bacteria had an enzyme, penicillinase, that could destroy penicillin. Researchers responded by developing antibiotics that were not destroyed by penicillinase, but some S. aureus populations developed resistance to each new drug within a few years. In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus appeared."], "question": "Each new drug was what?", "options": ["A. Developed by researchers", "B. destroyed by penicillinase"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Also, the development of newer sequencing techniques, generally called sequencing by synthesis (see Chapter 20), has resulted in massive increases in speed and decreases in the cost of sequencing entire genomes. In these new techniques, many very small fragments (fewer than 100 base pairs) are sequenced at the same time, and computer software rapidly assembles the complete sequence. Because of the sensitivity of these techniques, the fragments can be sequenced directly; the cloning step (stage ➋ in Figure 21.3) is unnecessary."], "question": "What has caused massive increases in speed and decreases in the cost of sequencing?", "options": ["A. entire genomes", "B. sequencing by synthesis"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Also, the development of newer sequencing techniques, generally called sequencing by synthesis (see Chapter 20), has resulted in massive increases in speed and decreases in the cost of sequencing entire genomes. In these new techniques, many very small fragments (fewer than 100 base pairs) are sequenced at the same time, and computer software rapidly assembles the complete sequence. Because of the sensitivity of these techniques, the fragments can be sequenced directly; the cloning step (stage ➋ in Figure 21.3) is unnecessary."], "question": "What are sequenced?", "options": ["A. very small fragments", "B. new techniques"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Also, the development of newer sequencing techniques, generally called sequencing by synthesis (see Chapter 20), has resulted in massive increases in speed and decreases in the cost of sequencing entire genomes. In these new techniques, many very small fragments (fewer than 100 base pairs) are sequenced at the same time, and computer software rapidly assembles the complete sequence. Because of the sensitivity of these techniques, the fragments can be sequenced directly; the cloning step (stage ➋ in Figure 21.3) is unnecessary."], "question": "What is required for sequencing?", "options": ["A. the cloning step", "B. fragments"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["By a similar process, a particular exon within a gene could be duplicated on one chromosome and deleted from the other. The gene with the duplicated exon would code for a protein containing a second copy of the encoded domain. This change in the protein's structure could augment its function by increasing its stability, enhancing its ability to bind a particular ligand, or altering some other property."], "question": "What entity could be duplicated?", "options": ["A. a gene", "B. a particular exon"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["By a similar process, a particular exon within a gene could be duplicated on one chromosome and deleted from the other. The gene with the duplicated exon would code for a protein containing a second copy of the encoded domain. This change in the protein's structure could augment its function by increasing its stability, enhancing its ability to bind a particular ligand, or altering some other property."], "question": "What would happen if a particular exon within a gene was not duplicated on one chromosome and deleted from another?", "options": ["A. the protein would not be able to bind a particular ligand", "B. The gene with the duplicated exon would not code for a protein containing a second copy of the encoded domain"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population; this is called the founder effect. The founder effect might occur, for example, when a few members of a population are blown by a storm to a new island. Genetic drift, in which chance events alter allele frequencies, will occur in such a case if the storm indiscriminately transports some individuals (and their alleles), but not others, from the source population. The founder effect probably accounts for the relatively high frequency of certain inherited disorders among isolated human populations."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. the smaller group may establish a new population", "B. a few individuals become isolated from a larger population"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population; this is called the founder effect. The founder effect might occur, for example, when a few members of a population are blown by a storm to a new island. Genetic drift, in which chance events alter allele frequencies, will occur in such a case if the storm indiscriminately transports some individuals (and their alleles), but not others, from the source population. The founder effect probably accounts for the relatively high frequency of certain inherited disorders among isolated human populations."], "question": "Genetic drift describes what process?", "options": ["A. chance events alter allele frequencies", "B. the founder effect"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population; this is called the founder effect. The founder effect might occur, for example, when a few members of a population are blown by a storm to a new island. Genetic drift, in which chance events alter allele frequencies, will occur in such a case if the storm indiscriminately transports some individuals (and their alleles), but not others, from the source population. The founder effect probably accounts for the relatively high frequency of certain inherited disorders among isolated human populations."], "question": "What is the result of the founder effect?", "options": ["A. the storm indiscriminately transports some individuals", "B. a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Millions of greater prairie chickens (Tympanuchus cupido) once lived on the prairies of Illinois. As these prairies were converted to farmland and other uses during the 19th and 20th centuries, the number of greater prairie chickens plummeted (Figure 23.11a). By 1993, only two Illinois populations remained, which together harbored fewer than 50 birds. The few surviving birds had low levels of genetic variation, and less than 50% of their eggs hatched, compared with much higher hatching rates of the larger populations in Kansas and Nebraska (Figure 23.11b). These data suggest that genetic drift during the bottleneck may have led to a loss of genetic variation and an increase in the frequency of harmful alleles."], "question": "What is the result of genetic drift?", "options": ["A. less than 50% of the eggs hatched", "B. the bottleneck"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Thus, as predicted, drift had reduced the genetic variation of the small 1993 population. Drift may also have increased the frequency of harmful alleles, leading to the low egg-hatching rate. To counteract these negative effects, 271 birds from neighboring states were added to the Illinois population over four years. This strategy succeeded: New alleles entered the population, and the egg-hatching rate improved to over 90%. Overall, studies on the Illinois greater prairie chicken illustrate the powerful effects of genetic drift in small populations and provide hope that in at least some populations, these effects can be reversed."], "question": "what was the result of drift?", "options": ["A. New alleles entered the population", "B. the low egg-hatching rate"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Thus, as predicted, drift had reduced the genetic variation of the small 1993 population. Drift may also have increased the frequency of harmful alleles, leading to the low egg-hatching rate. To counteract these negative effects, 271 birds from neighboring states were added to the Illinois population over four years. This strategy succeeded: New alleles entered the population, and the egg-hatching rate improved to over 90%. Overall, studies on the Illinois greater prairie chicken illustrate the powerful effects of genetic drift in small populations and provide hope that in at least some populations, these effects can be reversed."], "question": "What was the result of new alleles entering the population?", "options": ["A. the egg-hatching rate improved", "B. 271 birds from neighboring states were added"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Thus, as predicted, drift had reduced the genetic variation of the small 1993 population. Drift may also have increased the frequency of harmful alleles, leading to the low egg-hatching rate. To counteract these negative effects, 271 birds from neighboring states were added to the Illinois population over four years. This strategy succeeded: New alleles entered the population, and the egg-hatching rate improved to over 90%. Overall, studies on the Illinois greater prairie chicken illustrate the powerful effects of genetic drift in small populations and provide hope that in at least some populations, these effects can be reversed."], "question": "genetic drift can be reversed", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Thus, as predicted, drift had reduced the genetic variation of the small 1993 population. Drift may also have increased the frequency of harmful alleles, leading to the low egg-hatching rate. To counteract these negative effects, 271 birds from neighboring states were added to the Illinois population over four years. This strategy succeeded: New alleles entered the population, and the egg-hatching rate improved to over 90%. Overall, studies on the Illinois greater prairie chicken illustrate the powerful effects of genetic drift in small populations and provide hope that in at least some populations, these effects can be reversed."], "question": "What would happen if 271 birds from neighboring states were not added?", "options": ["A. New alleles would not have entered the population", "B. genetic drift would not have occured"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Finally, gene flow has become an increasingly important agent of evolutionary change in human populations. Humans today move much more freely about the world than in the past. As a result, mating is more common between members of populations that previously had very little contact, leading to an exchange of alleles and fewer genetic differences between those populations."], "question": "Gene flow causes what?", "options": ["A. Humans today move much more freely about the world", "B. fewer differences between populations"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Finally, gene flow has become an increasingly important agent of evolutionary change in human populations. Humans today move much more freely about the world than in the past. As a result, mating is more common between members of populations that previously had very little contact, leading to an exchange of alleles and fewer genetic differences between those populations."], "question": "What happens because mating is more common between members of populations that previously had very little contact?", "options": ["A. humans today move much more freely", "B. fewer genetic differences between those populations"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Stabilizing selection (Figure 23.13c) acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. This mode of selection reduces variation and tends to maintain the status quo for a particular phenotypic character. For example, the birth weights of most human babies lie in the range of 3-4 kg (6.6-8.8 pounds); babies who are either much smaller or much larger suffer higher rates of mortality."], "question": "Stabilizing selection results in what?", "options": ["A. extreme phenotypes", "B. intermediate variants"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Stabilizing selection (Figure 23.13c) acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. This mode of selection reduces variation and tends to maintain the status quo for a particular phenotypic character. For example, the birth weights of most human babies lie in the range of 3-4 kg (6.6-8.8 pounds); babies who are either much smaller or much larger suffer higher rates of mortality."], "question": "Human babies that in the range of 3-4 kg suffer higher rates of mortality", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["If individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes, they exhibit heterozygote advantage. In such a case, natural selection tends to maintain two or more alleles at that locus."], "question": "If individuals exhibit heterozygote advantage at a particular locus, natural selection tends to maintain two or more alleles at that locus", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["If individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes, they exhibit heterozygote advantage. In such a case, natural selection tends to maintain two or more alleles at that locus."], "question": "What is required for heterozygote advantage?", "options": ["A. natural selection", "B. individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Because biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of a new species hinges on reproductive isolation: the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. Such barriers block gene flow between the species and limit the formation of hybrids, offspring that result from an interspecific mating. Although a single barrier may not prevent all gene flow, a combination of several barriers can effectively isolate a species' gene pool."], "question": "what is required for the formation of a new species?", "options": ["A. reproductive isolation", "B. reproductive compatibility"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Because biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of a new species hinges on reproductive isolation: the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. Such barriers block gene flow between the species and limit the formation of hybrids, offspring that result from an interspecific mating. Although a single barrier may not prevent all gene flow, a combination of several barriers can effectively isolate a species' gene pool."], "question": "producing viable, fertile offspring requires the formation of a new species", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Because biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of a new species hinges on reproductive isolation: the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. Such barriers block gene flow between the species and limit the formation of hybrids, offspring that result from an interspecific mating. Although a single barrier may not prevent all gene flow, a combination of several barriers can effectively isolate a species' gene pool."], "question": "What most effectively prevents all gene flow?", "options": ["A. a combination of several barriers", "B. a single barrier"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A second form of polyploidy can occur when two different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring. Most such hybrids are sterile because the set of chromosomes from one species cannot pair during meiosis with the set of chromosomes from the other species. However, an infertile hybrid may be able to propagate itself asexually (as many plants can do). In subsequent generations, various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid called an allopolyploid (Figure 24.11)."], "question": "What is the final result of an infertile hybrid propagating itself asexually?", "options": ["A. other species", "B. an allopolyploid"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A second form of polyploidy can occur when two different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring. Most such hybrids are sterile because the set of chromosomes from one species cannot pair during meiosis with the set of chromosomes from the other species. However, an infertile hybrid may be able to propagate itself asexually (as many plants can do). In subsequent generations, various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid called an allopolyploid (Figure 24.11)."], "question": "Why are most hybrids sterile?", "options": ["A. various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid", "B. meiosis is prevented"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A second form of polyploidy can occur when two different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring. Most such hybrids are sterile because the set of chromosomes from one species cannot pair during meiosis with the set of chromosomes from the other species. However, an infertile hybrid may be able to propagate itself asexually (as many plants can do). In subsequent generations, various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid called an allopolyploid (Figure 24.11)."], "question": "What would happen if the set of chromosomes could pair during meiosis with the set of chromosomes from the other species?", "options": ["A. most hybrids would not be sterile", "B. hybrid offspring would not be produced"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When hybrids are less fit than members of their parent species, as in the Bombina example, we might expect natural selection to strengthen prezygotic barriers to reproduction, thus reducing the formation of unfit hybrids. Because this process involves reinforcing reproductive barriers, it is called reinforcement. If reinforcement is occurring, a logical prediction is that barriers to reproduction between species should be stronger for sympatric populations than for allopatric populations."], "question": "What is required for reinforcement?", "options": ["A. hybrids are less fit than members of their parent species", "B. the Bombina example"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When hybrids are less fit than members of their parent species, as in the Bombina example, we might expect natural selection to strengthen prezygotic barriers to reproduction, thus reducing the formation of unfit hybrids. Because this process involves reinforcing reproductive barriers, it is called reinforcement. If reinforcement is occurring, a logical prediction is that barriers to reproduction between species should be stronger for sympatric populations than for allopatric populations."], "question": "Reinforcement creates stronger barriers to reproduction in which populations?", "options": ["A. allopatric", "B. sympatric"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When hybrids are less fit than members of their parent species, as in the Bombina example, we might expect natural selection to strengthen prezygotic barriers to reproduction, thus reducing the formation of unfit hybrids. Because this process involves reinforcing reproductive barriers, it is called reinforcement. If reinforcement is occurring, a logical prediction is that barriers to reproduction between species should be stronger for sympatric populations than for allopatric populations."], "question": "Reinforcement does what?", "options": ["A. strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction", "B. formation of unfit hybrids"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Next let's consider the case in which two species contact one another in a hybrid zone, but the barriers to reproduction are not strong. So much gene flow may occur that reproductive barriers weaken further and the gene pools of the two species become increasingly alike. In effect, the speciation process reverses, eventually causing the two hybridizing species to fuse into a single species."], "question": "If the speciation process reverses, what is the result?", "options": ["A. two hybridizing species", "B. a single species"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Next let's consider the case in which two species contact one another in a hybrid zone, but the barriers to reproduction are not strong. So much gene flow may occur that reproductive barriers weaken further and the gene pools of the two species become increasingly alike. In effect, the speciation process reverses, eventually causing the two hybridizing species to fuse into a single species."], "question": "what would happen if two species did not contact one another in a hybrid zone?", "options": ["A. gene flow would not occur", "B. The speciation process would not occur"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Next let's consider the case in which two species contact one another in a hybrid zone, but the barriers to reproduction are not strong. So much gene flow may occur that reproductive barriers weaken further and the gene pools of the two species become increasingly alike. In effect, the speciation process reverses, eventually causing the two hybridizing species to fuse into a single species."], "question": "What is caused by the reversal of the speciation process?", "options": ["A. two hybridizing species", "B. a single species"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["They hypothesize that chemical and physical processes on early Earth, aided by the emerging force of natural selection, could have produced very simple cells through a sequence of four main stages: The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids The packaging of these molecules into protocells, droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible"], "question": "Which event occurred first?", "options": ["A. production of very simple cells", "B. synthesis of small organic molecules"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["They hypothesize that chemical and physical processes on early Earth, aided by the emerging force of natural selection, could have produced very simple cells through a sequence of four main stages: The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids The packaging of these molecules into protocells, droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible"], "question": "protocells do what?", "options": ["A. maintain an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings", "B. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["They hypothesize that chemical and physical processes on early Earth, aided by the emerging force of natural selection, could have produced very simple cells through a sequence of four main stages: The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids The packaging of these molecules into protocells, droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible"], "question": "What is required for inheritance?", "options": ["A. their surroundings", "B. self-replicating molecules"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["They hypothesize that chemical and physical processes on early Earth, aided by the emerging force of natural selection, could have produced very simple cells through a sequence of four main stages: The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids The packaging of these molecules into protocells, droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible"], "question": "Which of the following happened first?", "options": ["A. very simple cells were produced", "B. The joining of small molecules into macromolecules"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The term refers to the last stage of infection, during which the bacterium lyses (breaks open) and releases the phages that were produced within the cell. Each of these phages can then infect a healthy cell, and a few successive lytic cycles can destroy an entire bacterial population in just a few hours."], "question": "What is the direct result of lysing?", "options": ["A. Phages are released", "B. Infection of a healthy cell"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The term refers to the last stage of infection, during which the bacterium lyses (breaks open) and releases the phages that were produced within the cell. Each of these phages can then infect a healthy cell, and a few successive lytic cycles can destroy an entire bacterial population in just a few hours."], "question": "Phages are produced during lysing", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Though we usually cannot date these old fossils directly, an indirect method can be used to infer the age of fossils that are sandwiched between two layers of volcanic rocks. As lava cools into volcanic rock, radioisotopes from the surrounding environment become trapped in the newly formed rock. Some of the trapped radioisotopes have long half-lives, allowing geologists to estimate the ages of ancient volcanic rocks."], "question": "What would happen if the trapped radioisotopes did not have long half-lives?", "options": ["A. radioisotopes from the surrounding environment would not become trapped in the newly formed rock", "B. geologists could not estimate the ages of ancient volcanic rocks"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Though we usually cannot date these old fossils directly, an indirect method can be used to infer the age of fossils that are sandwiched between two layers of volcanic rocks. As lava cools into volcanic rock, radioisotopes from the surrounding environment become trapped in the newly formed rock. Some of the trapped radioisotopes have long half-lives, allowing geologists to estimate the ages of ancient volcanic rocks."], "question": "What is required to estimate the ages of ancient volcanic rock?", "options": ["A. radioisotopes", "B. old fossils"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The amount of atmospheric O2 increased gradually from about 2.7 to 2.3 billion years ago, but then shot up relatively rapidly to between 1% and 10% of its present level (Figure 25.8). This \"oxygen revolution\" had an enormous impact on life. In certain of its chemical forms, oxygen attacks chemical bonds and can inhibit enzymes and damage cells. As a result, the rising concentration of atmospheric O2 probably doomed many prokaryotic groups."], "question": "The increase of atmospheric O2 produced what?", "options": ["A. an enormous impact on life", "B. many prokaryotic groups"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been identified and isolated. Each restriction enzyme is very specific, recognizing a particular short DNA sequence, or restriction site, and cutting both DNA strands at precise points within this restriction site. The DNA of a bacterial cell is protected from the cell's own restriction enzymes by the addition of methyl groups (CH3) to adenines or cytosines within the sequences recognized by the enzymes."], "question": "Restriction enzymes do what?", "options": ["A. Cut both DNA strands at precise points", "B. protect the DNA of a bacterial cell"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been identified and isolated. Each restriction enzyme is very specific, recognizing a particular short DNA sequence, or restriction site, and cutting both DNA strands at precise points within this restriction site. The DNA of a bacterial cell is protected from the cell's own restriction enzymes by the addition of methyl groups (CH3) to adenines or cytosines within the sequences recognized by the enzymes."], "question": "What protects the DNA of a bacterial cell?", "options": ["A. methyl groups", "B. the cell's own restriction enzymes"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been identified and isolated. Each restriction enzyme is very specific, recognizing a particular short DNA sequence, or restriction site, and cutting both DNA strands at precise points within this restriction site. The DNA of a bacterial cell is protected from the cell's own restriction enzymes by the addition of methyl groups (CH3) to adenines or cytosines within the sequences recognized by the enzymes."], "question": "What would happen without restriction sites?", "options": ["A. DNA strands would not be cut", "B. Hundreds of different restriction enzymes would not have been identified and isolated"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The restriction enzyme in this example (called EcoRI) recognizes a specific six-base-pair sequence, the restriction site, and makes staggered cuts in the sugar-phosphate backbones within this sequence, producing fragments with sticky ends. Any fragments with complementary sticky ends can base-pair, including the two original fragments. If the fragments come from different DNA molecules, the ligated product is recombinant DNA."], "question": "EcoRI does what?", "options": ["A. makes staggered cuts", "B. comes from different DNA molecules"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The restriction enzyme in this example (called EcoRI) recognizes a specific six-base-pair sequence, the restriction site, and makes staggered cuts in the sugar-phosphate backbones within this sequence, producing fragments with sticky ends. Any fragments with complementary sticky ends can base-pair, including the two original fragments. If the fragments come from different DNA molecules, the ligated product is recombinant DNA."], "question": "The restriction enzyme in this example produces fragments with sticky ends", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The restriction enzyme in this example (called EcoRI) recognizes a specific six-base-pair sequence, the restriction site, and makes staggered cuts in the sugar-phosphate backbones within this sequence, producing fragments with sticky ends. Any fragments with complementary sticky ends can base-pair, including the two original fragments. If the fragments come from different DNA molecules, the ligated product is recombinant DNA."], "question": "What would happen without sticky ends?", "options": ["A. fragments could not base-pair", "B. EcoRI would not recognize a specific sequence"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After HIV enters a host cell, its reverse transcriptase molecules are released into the cytoplasm, where they catalyze synthesis of viral DNA. The newly made viral DNA then enters the cell's nucleus and integrates into the DNA of a chromosome. The integrated viral DNA, called a provirus, never leaves the host's genome, remaining a permanent resident of the cell. (Recall that a prophage, in contrast, leaves the host's genome at the start of a lytic cycle.) The host's RNA polymerase transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA molecules, which can function both as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for the new viruses that will be assembled and released from the cell."], "question": "What produces viral DNA?", "options": ["A. cytoplasm", "B. reverse transcriptase molecules"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After HIV enters a host cell, its reverse transcriptase molecules are released into the cytoplasm, where they catalyze synthesis of viral DNA. The newly made viral DNA then enters the cell's nucleus and integrates into the DNA of a chromosome. The integrated viral DNA, called a provirus, never leaves the host's genome, remaining a permanent resident of the cell. (Recall that a prophage, in contrast, leaves the host's genome at the start of a lytic cycle.) The host's RNA polymerase transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA molecules, which can function both as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for the new viruses that will be assembled and released from the cell."], "question": "Which entity is part of HIV?", "options": ["A. Prophage", "B. Provirus"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After HIV enters a host cell, its reverse transcriptase molecules are released into the cytoplasm, where they catalyze synthesis of viral DNA. The newly made viral DNA then enters the cell's nucleus and integrates into the DNA of a chromosome. The integrated viral DNA, called a provirus, never leaves the host's genome, remaining a permanent resident of the cell. (Recall that a prophage, in contrast, leaves the host's genome at the start of a lytic cycle.) The host's RNA polymerase transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA molecules, which can function both as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for the new viruses that will be assembled and released from the cell."], "question": "What can RNA become?", "options": ["A. A provirus", "B. Genomes for the new viruses"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After HIV enters a host cell, its reverse transcriptase molecules are released into the cytoplasm, where they catalyze synthesis of viral DNA. The newly made viral DNA then enters the cell's nucleus and integrates into the DNA of a chromosome. The integrated viral DNA, called a provirus, never leaves the host's genome, remaining a permanent resident of the cell. (Recall that a prophage, in contrast, leaves the host's genome at the start of a lytic cycle.) The host's RNA polymerase transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA molecules, which can function both as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for the new viruses that will be assembled and released from the cell."], "question": "What is required to make mRNA?", "options": ["A. RNA polymerase", "B. A prophage"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After HIV enters a host cell, its reverse transcriptase molecules are released into the cytoplasm, where they catalyze synthesis of viral DNA. The newly made viral DNA then enters the cell's nucleus and integrates into the DNA of a chromosome. The integrated viral DNA, called a provirus, never leaves the host's genome, remaining a permanent resident of the cell. (Recall that a prophage, in contrast, leaves the host's genome at the start of a lytic cycle.) The host's RNA polymerase transcribes the proviral DNA into RNA molecules, which can function both as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for the new viruses that will be assembled and released from the cell."], "question": "What would happen without RNA molecules?", "options": ["A. synthesis of viral proteins would not occur", "B. RNA polymerase would not transcribe proviral DNA"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Bacterial plasmids are widely used as cloning vectors for several reasons: They can be readily obtained from commercial suppliers, manipulated to form recombinant plasmids by insertion of foreign DNA in vitro, and then introduced into bacterial cells. Moreover, recombinant bacterial plasmids (and the foreign DNA they carry) multiply rapidly owing to the high reproductive rate of their host cells."], "question": "Recombinant bacterial plasmids carry foreign DNA", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➋ Both the plasmid and the hummingbird DNA are cut with the same restriction enzyme, and then ➌ the fragments are mixed together, allowing base pairing between their complementary sticky ends. We then add DNA ligase, which covalently bonds the sugar-phosphate backbones of the fragments whose sticky ends have base-paired."], "question": "What cuts the plasmid?", "options": ["A. a restriction enzyme", "B. the hummingbird DNA"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➋ Both the plasmid and the hummingbird DNA are cut with the same restriction enzyme, and then ➌ the fragments are mixed together, allowing base pairing between their complementary sticky ends. We then add DNA ligase, which covalently bonds the sugar-phosphate backbones of the fragments whose sticky ends have base-paired."], "question": "What does DNA ligase do?", "options": ["A. allows base pairing between complementary sticky ends", "B. covalently bonds the sugar-phosphate backbones of the fragments"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➋ Both the plasmid and the hummingbird DNA are cut with the same restriction enzyme, and then ➌ the fragments are mixed together, allowing base pairing between their complementary sticky ends. We then add DNA ligase, which covalently bonds the sugar-phosphate backbones of the fragments whose sticky ends have base-paired."], "question": "What would happen without sticky ends?", "options": ["A. DNA ligase would covalently bond the sugar-phosphate backbones of the fragments", "B. the hummingbird DNA would not be cut"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➍ The DNA mixture is then added to bacteria that have a mutation in the lacZ gene on their own chromosome, making them unable to hydrolyze lactose or X-gal. Under suitable experimental conditions, the cells take up foreign DNA by transformation (see p. 306). Some cells acquire a recombinant plasmid carrying a gene, while others may take up a nonrecombinant plasmid, a fragment of noncoding hummingbird DNA, or nothing at all."], "question": "The foreign DNA does what?", "options": ["A. makes bacteria unable to hydrolyze lactose or X-gal", "B. Is taken up by transformation"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➍ The DNA mixture is then added to bacteria that have a mutation in the lacZ gene on their own chromosome, making them unable to hydrolyze lactose or X-gal. Under suitable experimental conditions, the cells take up foreign DNA by transformation (see p. 306). Some cells acquire a recombinant plasmid carrying a gene, while others may take up a nonrecombinant plasmid, a fragment of noncoding hummingbird DNA, or nothing at all."], "question": "What can the bacteria do?", "options": ["A. hydrolyze lactose or X-gal", "B. acquire a recombinant plasmid"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➍ The DNA mixture is then added to bacteria that have a mutation in the lacZ gene on their own chromosome, making them unable to hydrolyze lactose or X-gal. Under suitable experimental conditions, the cells take up foreign DNA by transformation (see p. 306). Some cells acquire a recombinant plasmid carrying a gene, while others may take up a nonrecombinant plasmid, a fragment of noncoding hummingbird DNA, or nothing at all."], "question": "Some cells may take up nothing at all", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➎ First, plating out all the bacteria on solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin allows us to distinguish the cells that have taken up plasmids, whether recombinant or not, from the other cells. Under these conditions, only cells with a plasmid will reproduce because only they have the ampR gene conferring resistance to the ampicillin in the medium. Each reproducing bacterium forms a clone of cells. Once the clone contains between 105 and 108 cells, it is visible as a mass, or colony, on the agar. As cells reproduce, any foreign genes carried by recombinant plasmids are also copied (cloned)."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. a clone of cells is formed", "B. plating out all the bacteria"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➎ First, plating out all the bacteria on solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin allows us to distinguish the cells that have taken up plasmids, whether recombinant or not, from the other cells. Under these conditions, only cells with a plasmid will reproduce because only they have the ampR gene conferring resistance to the ampicillin in the medium. Each reproducing bacterium forms a clone of cells. Once the clone contains between 105 and 108 cells, it is visible as a mass, or colony, on the agar. As cells reproduce, any foreign genes carried by recombinant plasmids are also copied (cloned)."], "question": "What does the ampR gene do?", "options": ["A. forms a clone of cells", "B. confers resistance to the ampicillin in the medium"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["➎ First, plating out all the bacteria on solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin allows us to distinguish the cells that have taken up plasmids, whether recombinant or not, from the other cells. Under these conditions, only cells with a plasmid will reproduce because only they have the ampR gene conferring resistance to the ampicillin in the medium. Each reproducing bacterium forms a clone of cells. Once the clone contains between 105 and 108 cells, it is visible as a mass, or colony, on the agar. As cells reproduce, any foreign genes carried by recombinant plasmids are also copied (cloned)."], "question": "What happens because reproducing bacteria form clones of cells?", "options": ["A. Any foreign genes carried by recombinant plasmids are also copied", "B. The ampR gene will confer resistance to the ampicillin in the medium"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Figure 20.6 Making complementary DNA (cDNA) from eukaryotic genes. Complementary DNA is DNA made in vitro using mRNA as a template for the first strand. Because the mRNA contains only exons, the resulting double-stranded cDNA carries the complete coding sequence of the gene but no introns. Although only one mRNA is shown here, the final collection of cDNAs would reflect all the mRNAs that were present in the cell."], "question": "mRNA is made in vitro", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Figure 20.6 Making complementary DNA (cDNA) from eukaryotic genes. Complementary DNA is DNA made in vitro using mRNA as a template for the first strand. Because the mRNA contains only exons, the resulting double-stranded cDNA carries the complete coding sequence of the gene but no introns. Although only one mRNA is shown here, the final collection of cDNAs would reflect all the mRNAs that were present in the cell."], "question": "cDNA carries what?", "options": ["A. the complete coding sequence of the gene", "B. introns"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Figure 20.6 Making complementary DNA (cDNA) from eukaryotic genes. Complementary DNA is DNA made in vitro using mRNA as a template for the first strand. Because the mRNA contains only exons, the resulting double-stranded cDNA carries the complete coding sequence of the gene but no introns. Although only one mRNA is shown here, the final collection of cDNAs would reflect all the mRNAs that were present in the cell."], "question": "Why does the cDNA carry the complete coding sequence but no introns?", "options": ["A. The DNA is made in vitro", "B. The mRNA contains only exons"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Such researchers can make another kind of DNA library by starting with fully processed mRNA extracted from cells where the gene is expressed (Figure 20.6). The enzyme reverse transcriptase (obtained from retroviruses) is used in vitro to make a single-stranded DNA reverse transcript of each mRNA molecule. Recall that the 3' end of the mRNA has a stretch of adenine (A) ribonucleotides called a poly-A tail. This feature allows use of a short strand of thymine deoxyribonucleotides (dT's) as a primer for the reverse transcriptase. Following enzymatic degradation of the mRNA, a second DNA strand, complementary to the first, is synthesized by DNA polymerase. The resulting double-stranded DNA is called complementary DNA (cDNA)."], "question": "What would happen without reverse transcriptase?", "options": ["A. mRNA would not be produced", "B. single-stranded DNA would not be produced"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Such researchers can make another kind of DNA library by starting with fully processed mRNA extracted from cells where the gene is expressed (Figure 20.6). The enzyme reverse transcriptase (obtained from retroviruses) is used in vitro to make a single-stranded DNA reverse transcript of each mRNA molecule. Recall that the 3' end of the mRNA has a stretch of adenine (A) ribonucleotides called a poly-A tail. This feature allows use of a short strand of thymine deoxyribonucleotides (dT's) as a primer for the reverse transcriptase. Following enzymatic degradation of the mRNA, a second DNA strand, complementary to the first, is synthesized by DNA polymerase. The resulting double-stranded DNA is called complementary DNA (cDNA)."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. cDNA is produced", "B. enzymatic degradation of mRNA"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Such researchers can make another kind of DNA library by starting with fully processed mRNA extracted from cells where the gene is expressed (Figure 20.6). The enzyme reverse transcriptase (obtained from retroviruses) is used in vitro to make a single-stranded DNA reverse transcript of each mRNA molecule. Recall that the 3' end of the mRNA has a stretch of adenine (A) ribonucleotides called a poly-A tail. This feature allows use of a short strand of thymine deoxyribonucleotides (dT's) as a primer for the reverse transcriptase. Following enzymatic degradation of the mRNA, a second DNA strand, complementary to the first, is synthesized by DNA polymerase. The resulting double-stranded DNA is called complementary DNA (cDNA)."], "question": "What is eventually produced by the enzymatic degradation of the mRNA?", "options": ["A. DNA polymerase", "B. cDNA"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Recall that the clones in our hummingbird genomic library have been stored in a multiwell plate (see Figure 20.5c). If we transfer a few cells from each well to a defined location on a membrane made of nylon or nitrocellulose, we can screen a large number of clones simultaneously for the presence of DNA complementary to our DNA probe (Figure 20.7)."], "question": "What is transferred to a defined location on a membrane?", "options": ["A. a few cells from each well", "B. our hummingbird genomic library"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["By using probes with different nucleotide sequences in different experiments, researchers can screen the collection of bacterial clones for different genes. After we've identified the location of a clone carrying the beta-globin gene, we can grow some cells from that colony in liquid culture in a large tank and then easily isolate many copies of the gene for our studies. We can also use the cloned gene as a probe to identify similar or identical genes in DNA from other sources, such as other species of birds."], "question": "What is the result of liquid culture?", "options": ["A. identifying the location of a clone", "B. growing cells"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["By using probes with different nucleotide sequences in different experiments, researchers can screen the collection of bacterial clones for different genes. After we've identified the location of a clone carrying the beta-globin gene, we can grow some cells from that colony in liquid culture in a large tank and then easily isolate many copies of the gene for our studies. We can also use the cloned gene as a probe to identify similar or identical genes in DNA from other sources, such as other species of birds."], "question": "What will happen if we do not identify the location of a clone carrying the beta-globulin gene?", "options": ["A. We cannot isolate many copies of the gene", "B. We cannot use probes with different nucleotide sequences"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["To overcome differences in promoters and other DNA control sequences, scientists usually employ an expression vector, a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted in the correct reading frame. The bacterial host cell will recognize the promoter and proceed to express the foreign gene now linked to that promoter. Such expression vectors allow the synthesis of many eukaryotic proteins in bacterial cells."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. the bacterial host will express the foreign gene", "B. the eukaryotic gene is inserted in the correct reading frame"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["To overcome differences in promoters and other DNA control sequences, scientists usually employ an expression vector, a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted in the correct reading frame. The bacterial host cell will recognize the promoter and proceed to express the foreign gene now linked to that promoter. Such expression vectors allow the synthesis of many eukaryotic proteins in bacterial cells."], "question": "The promoter expresses the foreign gene", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["To overcome differences in promoters and other DNA control sequences, scientists usually employ an expression vector, a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted in the correct reading frame. The bacterial host cell will recognize the promoter and proceed to express the foreign gene now linked to that promoter. Such expression vectors allow the synthesis of many eukaryotic proteins in bacterial cells."], "question": "What is eventually synthesized because the bacterial host cell will recognize the promoter?", "options": ["A. An expression vector", "B. Many eukaryotic proteins"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In electroporation, a brief electrical pulse applied to a solution containing cells creates temporary holes in their plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter. (This technique is now commonly used for bacteria as well. )"], "question": "DNA does what?", "options": ["A. Is used for bacteria", "B. enters through temporary holes in plasma membranes"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In electroporation, a brief electrical pulse applied to a solution containing cells creates temporary holes in their plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter. (This technique is now commonly used for bacteria as well. )"], "question": "What creates temporary holes in the plasma membranes?", "options": ["A. DNA", "B. a brief electrical pulse"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Occasional errors during PCR replication impose limits on the number of good copies that can be made by this method. When PCR is used to provide the specific DNA fragment for cloning, the resulting clones are sequenced to select clones with error-free inserts. PCR errors also impose limits on the length of DNA fragments that can be copied."], "question": "PCR errors limit what?", "options": ["A. sequencing", "B. the length of DNA fragments that can be copied"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Occasional errors during PCR replication impose limits on the number of good copies that can be made by this method. When PCR is used to provide the specific DNA fragment for cloning, the resulting clones are sequenced to select clones with error-free inserts. PCR errors also impose limits on the length of DNA fragments that can be copied."], "question": "Sequencing produces error-free inserts", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Many approaches for studying DNA molecules involve gel electrophoresis. This technique uses a gel made of a polymer, such as the polysaccharide agarose. The gel acts as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other physical properties (Figure 20.9). Because nucleic acid molecules carry negative charges on their phosphate groups, they all travel toward the positive pole in an electric field. As they move, the thicket of agarose fibers impedes longer molecules more than it does shorter ones, separating them by length. Thus, gel electrophoresis separates a mixture of linear DNA molecules into bands, each band consisting of many thousands of DNA molecules of the same length."], "question": "Polysaccharide agarose does what?", "options": ["A. studies DNA molecules", "B. acts as a molecular sieve"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Many approaches for studying DNA molecules involve gel electrophoresis. This technique uses a gel made of a polymer, such as the polysaccharide agarose. The gel acts as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other physical properties (Figure 20.9). Because nucleic acid molecules carry negative charges on their phosphate groups, they all travel toward the positive pole in an electric field. As they move, the thicket of agarose fibers impedes longer molecules more than it does shorter ones, separating them by length. Thus, gel electrophoresis separates a mixture of linear DNA molecules into bands, each band consisting of many thousands of DNA molecules of the same length."], "question": "Nucleic acid molecules do what?", "options": ["A. impede longer molecules", "B. move toward the positive pole"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Many approaches for studying DNA molecules involve gel electrophoresis. This technique uses a gel made of a polymer, such as the polysaccharide agarose. The gel acts as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other physical properties (Figure 20.9). Because nucleic acid molecules carry negative charges on their phosphate groups, they all travel toward the positive pole in an electric field. As they move, the thicket of agarose fibers impedes longer molecules more than it does shorter ones, separating them by length. Thus, gel electrophoresis separates a mixture of linear DNA molecules into bands, each band consisting of many thousands of DNA molecules of the same length."], "question": "What happens because longer molecules are impeded more than shorter ones?", "options": ["A. nucleic acid molecules carry negative charges on their phosphate groups", "B. a mixture of linear DNA molecules is separated into bands"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Gel electrophoresis separates macromolecules on the basis of their rate of movement through an agarose gel in an electric field: The distance a DNA molecule travels is inversely proportional to its length. A mixture of DNA molecules, usually fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion (cutting) or PCR amplification, is separated into bands. Each band contains thousands of molecules of the same length. Results After the current is turned off, a DNA-binding dye (ethidium bromide) is added. This dye fluoresces pink in ultraviolet light, revealing the separated bands to which it binds."], "question": "Ethidium bromide does what?", "options": ["A. turns the current off", "B. reveals separated bands"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Gel electrophoresis separates macromolecules on the basis of their rate of movement through an agarose gel in an electric field: The distance a DNA molecule travels is inversely proportional to its length. A mixture of DNA molecules, usually fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion (cutting) or PCR amplification, is separated into bands. Each band contains thousands of molecules of the same length. Results After the current is turned off, a DNA-binding dye (ethidium bromide) is added. This dye fluoresces pink in ultraviolet light, revealing the separated bands to which it binds."], "question": "Macromolecules move through an agarose gel", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Gel electrophoresis separates macromolecules on the basis of their rate of movement through an agarose gel in an electric field: The distance a DNA molecule travels is inversely proportional to its length. A mixture of DNA molecules, usually fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion (cutting) or PCR amplification, is separated into bands. Each band contains thousands of molecules of the same length. Results After the current is turned off, a DNA-binding dye (ethidium bromide) is added. This dye fluoresces pink in ultraviolet light, revealing the separated bands to which it binds."], "question": "What would happen without a DNA-binding dye?", "options": ["A. separated bands would not be revealed", "B. The current would not be turned off"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The sequence of nucleotides in any cloned DNA fragment of up to 800-1,000 base pairs in length can be determined rapidly with machines that carry out sequencing reactions and separate the labeled reaction products by length. Technique This method synthesizes a set of DNA strands complementary to the original DNA fragment.  Each strand starts with the same primer and ends with a dideoxyribonucleotide (ddNTP), a modified nucleotide. Incorporation of a ddNTP terminates a growing DNA strand because it lacks a 3' OH group, the site for attachment of the next nucleotide (see Figure 16.14). In the set of strands synthesized, each nucleotide position along the original sequence is represented by strands ending at that point with the complementary ddNTP. Because each type of ddNTP is tagged with a distinct fluorescent label, the identity of the ending nucleotides of the new strands, and ultimately the entire original sequence, can be determined."], "question": "What does ddNTP do?", "options": ["A. attachment of the next nucleotide", "B. terminates a growing DNA strand"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The sequence of nucleotides in any cloned DNA fragment of up to 800-1,000 base pairs in length can be determined rapidly with machines that carry out sequencing reactions and separate the labeled reaction products by length. Technique This method synthesizes a set of DNA strands complementary to the original DNA fragment.  Each strand starts with the same primer and ends with a dideoxyribonucleotide (ddNTP), a modified nucleotide. Incorporation of a ddNTP terminates a growing DNA strand because it lacks a 3' OH group, the site for attachment of the next nucleotide (see Figure 16.14). In the set of strands synthesized, each nucleotide position along the original sequence is represented by strands ending at that point with the complementary ddNTP. Because each type of ddNTP is tagged with a distinct fluorescent label, the identity of the ending nucleotides of the new strands, and ultimately the entire original sequence, can be determined."], "question": "ddNTP is required to determine the entire original sequence", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The sequence of nucleotides in any cloned DNA fragment of up to 800-1,000 base pairs in length can be determined rapidly with machines that carry out sequencing reactions and separate the labeled reaction products by length. Technique This method synthesizes a set of DNA strands complementary to the original DNA fragment.  Each strand starts with the same primer and ends with a dideoxyribonucleotide (ddNTP), a modified nucleotide. Incorporation of a ddNTP terminates a growing DNA strand because it lacks a 3' OH group, the site for attachment of the next nucleotide (see Figure 16.14). In the set of strands synthesized, each nucleotide position along the original sequence is represented by strands ending at that point with the complementary ddNTP. Because each type of ddNTP is tagged with a distinct fluorescent label, the identity of the ending nucleotides of the new strands, and ultimately the entire original sequence, can be determined."], "question": "What will not happen without a distinct fluorescent label?", "options": ["A. each nucleotide position along the original sequence is not represented by strands ending at that point with the complementary ddNT", "B. The entire nucleotide can not be determined"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Having cloned a given gene, researchers can make labeled nucleic acid probes that will hybridize with mRNAs transcribed from the gene. The probes can provide information about when or where in the organism the gene is transcribed. Transcription levels are commonly used as a measure of gene expression."], "question": "What is required to make labeled nucleic acid probes?", "options": ["A. having cloned a given gene", "B. mRNAs"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Having cloned a given gene, researchers can make labeled nucleic acid probes that will hybridize with mRNAs transcribed from the gene. The probes can provide information about when or where in the organism the gene is transcribed. Transcription levels are commonly used as a measure of gene expression."], "question": "What is enabled using the information of about when and where the gene is transcribed?", "options": ["A. The probes", "B. a measure of gene expression"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The first is called Northern blotting (a play on words based on this method's close similarity to Southern blotting). In this method, we carry out gel electrophoresis on samples of mRNA from hummingbird embryos at different stages of development, transfer the samples to a nitrocellulose membrane, and then allow the mRNAs on the membrane to hybridize with a labeled probe recognizing beta-globin mRNA. If we expose a film to the membrane, the resulting image will look similar to the Southern blot in Figure 20.11, with one band of a given size showing up in each sample."], "question": "What is required for Northern blotting?", "options": ["A. a play on words", "B. gel electrophoresis"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The first is called Northern blotting (a play on words based on this method's close similarity to Southern blotting). In this method, we carry out gel electrophoresis on samples of mRNA from hummingbird embryos at different stages of development, transfer the samples to a nitrocellulose membrane, and then allow the mRNAs on the membrane to hybridize with a labeled probe recognizing beta-globin mRNA. If we expose a film to the membrane, the resulting image will look similar to the Southern blot in Figure 20.11, with one band of a given size showing up in each sample."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. mRNAs on the membrane hybridize with a labeled probe", "B. gel electrophoresis"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The first is called Northern blotting (a play on words based on this method's close similarity to Southern blotting). In this method, we carry out gel electrophoresis on samples of mRNA from hummingbird embryos at different stages of development, transfer the samples to a nitrocellulose membrane, and then allow the mRNAs on the membrane to hybridize with a labeled probe recognizing beta-globin mRNA. If we expose a film to the membrane, the resulting image will look similar to the Southern blot in Figure 20.11, with one band of a given size showing up in each sample."], "question": "What happens after the transfer of the samples to a nitrocellulose membrane?", "options": ["A. gel electrophoresis", "B. one band showing up in each sample"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Analysis of hummingbird beta-globin gene expression with RT-PCR begins similarly to Northern blotting, with the isolation of mRNAs from different developmental stages of hummingbird embryos. Reverse transcriptase is added next to make cDNA, which then serves as a template for PCR amplification using primers from the beta-globin gene. When the products are run on a gel, copies of the amplified region will be observed as bands only in samples that originally contained the beta-globin mRNA."], "question": "reverse transcriptase does what?", "options": ["A. makes cDNA", "B. serves as a template"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Analysis of hummingbird beta-globin gene expression with RT-PCR begins similarly to Northern blotting, with the isolation of mRNAs from different developmental stages of hummingbird embryos. Reverse transcriptase is added next to make cDNA, which then serves as a template for PCR amplification using primers from the beta-globin gene. When the products are run on a gel, copies of the amplified region will be observed as bands only in samples that originally contained the beta-globin mRNA."], "question": "What does cDNA do?", "options": ["A. is added to reverse transcriptase", "B. serves as a template for PCR amplification"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Analysis of hummingbird beta-globin gene expression with RT-PCR begins similarly to Northern blotting, with the isolation of mRNAs from different developmental stages of hummingbird embryos. Reverse transcriptase is added next to make cDNA, which then serves as a template for PCR amplification using primers from the beta-globin gene. When the products are run on a gel, copies of the amplified region will be observed as bands only in samples that originally contained the beta-globin mRNA."], "question": "What does the reverse transcriptase do?", "options": ["A. serves as a template for PCR amplification", "B. isolates mRNAs"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Genome-wide expression studies are made possible by DNA microarray assays. A DNA microarray consists of tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced array, or grid (see Figure 20.1). (The microarray is also called a DNA chip by analogy to a computer chip. ) Ideally, these fragments represent all the genes of an organism. Figure 20.15 outlines how the DNA fragments on a microarray are tested for hybridization with cDNA molecules that have been prepared from the mRNAs in particular cells of interest and labeled with fluorescent dyes."], "question": "What is fixed to a glass slide?", "options": ["A. a large number", "B. DNA fragments"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Genome-wide expression studies are made possible by DNA microarray assays. A DNA microarray consists of tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced array, or grid (see Figure 20.1). (The microarray is also called a DNA chip by analogy to a computer chip. ) Ideally, these fragments represent all the genes of an organism. Figure 20.15 outlines how the DNA fragments on a microarray are tested for hybridization with cDNA molecules that have been prepared from the mRNAs in particular cells of interest and labeled with fluorescent dyes."], "question": "What is required to produce cDNA molecules?", "options": ["A. mRNAs", "B. a microarray"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Genome-wide expression studies are made possible by DNA microarray assays. A DNA microarray consists of tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced array, or grid (see Figure 20.1). (The microarray is also called a DNA chip by analogy to a computer chip. ) Ideally, these fragments represent all the genes of an organism. Figure 20.15 outlines how the DNA fragments on a microarray are tested for hybridization with cDNA molecules that have been prepared from the mRNAs in particular cells of interest and labeled with fluorescent dyes."], "question": "What is labeled with fluorescent dyes?", "options": ["A. mRNAs", "B. cDNA molecules"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one application of this approach, called in vitro mutagenesis, specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, and then the mutated gene is returned to a cell in such a way that it disables (knocks out) the normal cellular copies of the same gene. If the introduced mutations alter or destroy the function of the gene product, the phenotype of the mutant cell may help reveal the function of the missing normal protein."], "question": "a cell disables the normal cellular copies of the same gene", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one application of this approach, called in vitro mutagenesis, specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, and then the mutated gene is returned to a cell in such a way that it disables (knocks out) the normal cellular copies of the same gene. If the introduced mutations alter or destroy the function of the gene product, the phenotype of the mutant cell may help reveal the function of the missing normal protein."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. introduced mutations alter or destroy the function of the gene product", "B. specific mutations are introduced"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In one application of this approach, called in vitro mutagenesis, specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, and then the mutated gene is returned to a cell in such a way that it disables (knocks out) the normal cellular copies of the same gene. If the introduced mutations alter or destroy the function of the gene product, the phenotype of the mutant cell may help reveal the function of the missing normal protein."], "question": "What happens if the mutations alter the function of the gene product?", "options": ["A. the mutated gene is returned to a cell", "B. the function of the missing normal protein is revealed"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The successful cloning of whole plants from single differentiated cells was accomplished during the 1950s by F. C. Steward and his students at Cornell University, who worked with carrot plants (Figure 20.17). They found that differentiated cells taken from the root (the carrot) and incubated in culture medium could grow into normal adult plants, each genetically identical to the parent plant. These results showed that differentiation does not necessarily involve irreversible changes in the DNA. In plants, at least, mature cells can dedifferentiate and then give rise to all the specialized cell types of the organism."], "question": "What was successfully cloned?", "options": ["A. F.C. Steward", "B. carrot plants"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The successful cloning of whole plants from single differentiated cells was accomplished during the 1950s by F. C. Steward and his students at Cornell University, who worked with carrot plants (Figure 20.17). They found that differentiated cells taken from the root (the carrot) and incubated in culture medium could grow into normal adult plants, each genetically identical to the parent plant. These results showed that differentiation does not necessarily involve irreversible changes in the DNA. In plants, at least, mature cells can dedifferentiate and then give rise to all the specialized cell types of the organism."], "question": "What was incubated in culture medium?", "options": ["A. differentiated cells", "B. students at Cornell University"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The successful cloning of whole plants from single differentiated cells was accomplished during the 1950s by F. C. Steward and his students at Cornell University, who worked with carrot plants (Figure 20.17). They found that differentiated cells taken from the root (the carrot) and incubated in culture medium could grow into normal adult plants, each genetically identical to the parent plant. These results showed that differentiation does not necessarily involve irreversible changes in the DNA. In plants, at least, mature cells can dedifferentiate and then give rise to all the specialized cell types of the organism."], "question": "What is the result of successful cloning?", "options": ["A. irreversible changes in the DNA", "B. the cells grow into normal adult cells"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These researchers achieved the necessary dedifferentiation of donor nuclei by culturing mammary cells in nutrient-poor medium. They then fused these cells with enucleated sheep eggs. The resulting diploid cells divided to form early embryos, which were implanted into surrogate mothers. Out of several hundred implanted embryos, one successfully completed normal development, and Dolly was born."], "question": "What is necessary for dedifferentiation of donor nuclei?", "options": ["A. enucleated sheep eggs", "B. nutrient-poor medium"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These researchers achieved the necessary dedifferentiation of donor nuclei by culturing mammary cells in nutrient-poor medium. They then fused these cells with enucleated sheep eggs. The resulting diploid cells divided to form early embryos, which were implanted into surrogate mothers. Out of several hundred implanted embryos, one successfully completed normal development, and Dolly was born."], "question": "What were implanted into surrogate mothers?", "options": ["A. early embryos", "B. diploid cells"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These researchers achieved the necessary dedifferentiation of donor nuclei by culturing mammary cells in nutrient-poor medium. They then fused these cells with enucleated sheep eggs. The resulting diploid cells divided to form early embryos, which were implanted into surrogate mothers. Out of several hundred implanted embryos, one successfully completed normal development, and Dolly was born."], "question": "What happened because of one successfully completed normal development?", "options": ["A. several hundred implanted embryos", "B. Dolly was born"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Many early animal embryos contain stem cells capable of giving rise to differentiated embryonic cells of any type. Stem cells can be isolated from early embryos at a stage called the blastula stage or its human equivalent, the blastocyst stage (Figure 20.21). In culture, these embryonic stem (ES) cells reproduce indefinitely; and depending on culture conditions, they can be made to differentiate into a wide variety of specialized cells, including even eggs and sperm."], "question": "What do ES cells produce?", "options": ["A. culture conditions", "B. a wide variety of specialized cells"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Many early animal embryos contain stem cells capable of giving rise to differentiated embryonic cells of any type. Stem cells can be isolated from early embryos at a stage called the blastula stage or its human equivalent, the blastocyst stage (Figure 20.21). In culture, these embryonic stem (ES) cells reproduce indefinitely; and depending on culture conditions, they can be made to differentiate into a wide variety of specialized cells, including even eggs and sperm."], "question": "Stem cells produce early embryos", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Many early animal embryos contain stem cells capable of giving rise to differentiated embryonic cells of any type. Stem cells can be isolated from early embryos at a stage called the blastula stage or its human equivalent, the blastocyst stage (Figure 20.21). In culture, these embryonic stem (ES) cells reproduce indefinitely; and depending on culture conditions, they can be made to differentiate into a wide variety of specialized cells, including even eggs and sperm."], "question": "What can be eventually produced from stem cells isolated from early embryos?", "options": ["A. a wide variety of specialized cells", "B. the blastula"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After the chromosomes duplicate in interphase, the diploid cell divides twice, yielding four haploid daughter cells."], "question": "Haploid cells duplicate chromosomes during interphase", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After the chromosomes duplicate in interphase, the diploid cell divides twice, yielding four haploid daughter cells."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Chromosomes duplicate, then four haploid cells are produced, then the diploid cell divides twice", "B. Chromosomes duplicate, then the cell divides twice, then four haploid cells are produced"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Analysis of hummingbird beta-globin gene expression with RT-PCR begins similarly to Northern blotting, with the isolation of mRNAs from different developmental stages of hummingbird embryos. Reverse transcriptase is added next to make cDNA, which then serves as a template for PCR amplification using primers from the beta-globin gene."], "question": "With what process does analysis of hummingbird beta-globin gene expression with RT-PCR begin?", "options": ["A. Northern blotting", "B. Isolation of mRNAs"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Analysis of hummingbird beta-globin gene expression with RT-PCR begins similarly to Northern blotting, with the isolation of mRNAs from different developmental stages of hummingbird embryos. Reverse transcriptase is added next to make cDNA, which then serves as a template for PCR amplification using primers from the beta-globin gene."], "question": "What would happen without reverse transcriptase?", "options": ["A. Primers from the beta-globin gene would not be produced", "B. cDNA would not be made"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Analysis of hummingbird beta-globin gene expression with RT-PCR begins similarly to Northern blotting, with the isolation of mRNAs from different developmental stages of hummingbird embryos. Reverse transcriptase is added next to make cDNA, which then serves as a template for PCR amplification using primers from the beta-globin gene."], "question": "Reverse transcriptase serves as a template for PCR amplification", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Although adult animals have only tiny numbers of stem cells, scientists are learning to identify and isolate these cells from various tissues and, in some cases, to grow them in culture. With the right culture conditions (for instance, the addition of specific growth factors), cultured stem cells from adult animals have been made to differentiate into multiple types of specialized cells, although none are as versatile as ES cells."], "question": "What grows in culture?", "options": ["A. stem cells", "B. scientists"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Although adult animals have only tiny numbers of stem cells, scientists are learning to identify and isolate these cells from various tissues and, in some cases, to grow them in culture. With the right culture conditions (for instance, the addition of specific growth factors), cultured stem cells from adult animals have been made to differentiate into multiple types of specialized cells, although none are as versatile as ES cells."], "question": "What causes stem cells to differentiate into multiple types of specialized cells?", "options": ["A. the right culture conditions", "B. adult animals"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Although adult animals have only tiny numbers of stem cells, scientists are learning to identify and isolate these cells from various tissues and, in some cases, to grow them in culture. With the right culture conditions (for instance, the addition of specific growth factors), cultured stem cells from adult animals have been made to differentiate into multiple types of specialized cells, although none are as versatile as ES cells."], "question": "Specific growth factors differentiate into multiple types of specialized cells", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["There are two major potential uses for human iPS cells. First, cells from patients suffering from diseases can be reprogrammed to become iPS cells, which can act as model cells for studying the disease and potential treatments. Human iPS cell lines have already been developed from individuals with type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and at least a dozen other diseases. Second, in the field of regenerative medicine, a patient's own cells could be reprogrammed into iPS cells and then used to replace nonfunctional tissues (Figure 20.22)."], "question": "What act as model cells for studying the disease and potential treatments?", "options": ["A. patients suffering from diseases", "B. iPS cells"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["There are two major potential uses for human iPS cells. First, cells from patients suffering from diseases can be reprogrammed to become iPS cells, which can act as model cells for studying the disease and potential treatments. Human iPS cell lines have already been developed from individuals with type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and at least a dozen other diseases. Second, in the field of regenerative medicine, a patient's own cells could be reprogrammed into iPS cells and then used to replace nonfunctional tissues (Figure 20.22)."], "question": "What is necessary for replacement of nonfunctional tissues?", "options": ["A. Parkinson's disease", "B. iPS cells"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["There are two major potential uses for human iPS cells. First, cells from patients suffering from diseases can be reprogrammed to become iPS cells, which can act as model cells for studying the disease and potential treatments. Human iPS cell lines have already been developed from individuals with type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and at least a dozen other diseases. Second, in the field of regenerative medicine, a patient's own cells could be reprogrammed into iPS cells and then used to replace nonfunctional tissues (Figure 20.22)."], "question": "What happens when the patient's own cells are reprogrammed?", "options": ["A. Human iPS cell lines are developed", "B. replacement of nonfunctional tissues"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In a trial begun in France in 2000, ten young children with SCID were treated by the same procedure. Nine of these patients showed significant, definitive improvement after two years, the first indisputable success of gene therapy. However, three of the patients subsequently developed leukemia, a type of blood cell cancer, and one of them died. Two factors may have contributed to the development of leukemia: the insertion of the retroviral vector near a gene involved in the proliferation of blood cells and an unknown function of the replacement gene itself."], "question": "What would happen without gene therapy?", "options": ["A. leukemia would not have developed", "B. Ten young children would not have SCID"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In a trial begun in France in 2000, ten young children with SCID were treated by the same procedure. Nine of these patients showed significant, definitive improvement after two years, the first indisputable success of gene therapy. However, three of the patients subsequently developed leukemia, a type of blood cell cancer, and one of them died. Two factors may have contributed to the development of leukemia: the insertion of the retroviral vector near a gene involved in the proliferation of blood cells and an unknown function of the replacement gene itself."], "question": "The procedure caused leukemia in three of the patients", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Genes conferring useful traits, such as pest resistance, herbicide resistance, delayed ripening, and increased nutritional value, can be transferred from one plant variety or species to another using the Ti plasmid as a vector. Technique Results Transformed cells carrying the transgene of interest can regenerate complete plants that exhibit the new trait conferred by the transgene. Genetic engineering is rapidly replacing traditional plant-breeding programs, especially for useful traits, such as herbicide or pest resistance, determined by one or a few genes. Crops engineered with a bacterial gene making the plants resistant to herbicides can grow while weeds are destroyed, and genetically engineered crops that can resist destructive insects reduce the need for chemical insecticides."], "question": "What is required for complete plants to exhibit the new trait?", "options": ["A. delayed ripening", "B. a vector"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Genes conferring useful traits, such as pest resistance, herbicide resistance, delayed ripening, and increased nutritional value, can be transferred from one plant variety or species to another using the Ti plasmid as a vector. Technique Results Transformed cells carrying the transgene of interest can regenerate complete plants that exhibit the new trait conferred by the transgene. Genetic engineering is rapidly replacing traditional plant-breeding programs, especially for useful traits, such as herbicide or pest resistance, determined by one or a few genes. Crops engineered with a bacterial gene making the plants resistant to herbicides can grow while weeds are destroyed, and genetically engineered crops that can resist destructive insects reduce the need for chemical insecticides."], "question": "What is destroyed?", "options": ["A. weeds", "B. genetically engineered crops"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Genes conferring useful traits, such as pest resistance, herbicide resistance, delayed ripening, and increased nutritional value, can be transferred from one plant variety or species to another using the Ti plasmid as a vector. Technique Results Transformed cells carrying the transgene of interest can regenerate complete plants that exhibit the new trait conferred by the transgene. Genetic engineering is rapidly replacing traditional plant-breeding programs, especially for useful traits, such as herbicide or pest resistance, determined by one or a few genes. Crops engineered with a bacterial gene making the plants resistant to herbicides can grow while weeds are destroyed, and genetically engineered crops that can resist destructive insects reduce the need for chemical insecticides."], "question": "What can genetically engineered crops resist?", "options": ["A. chemical insecticides", "B. destructive insects"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After we've identified the location of a clone carrying the beta-globin gene, we can grow some cells from that colony in liquid culture in a large tank and then easily isolate many copies of the gene for our studies."], "question": "What is the final product of growing cells in liquid culture?", "options": ["A. many copies of the gene", "B. a clone carrying the beta-globin gene"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After we've identified the location of a clone carrying the beta-globin gene, we can grow some cells from that colony in liquid culture in a large tank and then easily isolate many copies of the gene for our studies."], "question": "What is produced by growing cells in a liquid culture?", "options": ["A. many copies of the gene", "B. the beta-globulin gene"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Advocates of a cautious approach toward GM crops fear that transgenic plants might pass their new genes to close relatives in nearby wild areas. We know that lawn and crop grasses, for example, commonly exchange genes with wild relatives via pollen transfer. If crop plants carrying genes for resistance to herbicides, diseases, or insect pests pollinated wild ones, the offspring might become super weeds that are very difficult to control."], "question": "transgenic crops might do what?", "options": ["A. fear", "B. pass their new genes to close relatives"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Advocates of a cautious approach toward GM crops fear that transgenic plants might pass their new genes to close relatives in nearby wild areas. We know that lawn and crop grasses, for example, commonly exchange genes with wild relatives via pollen transfer. If crop plants carrying genes for resistance to herbicides, diseases, or insect pests pollinated wild ones, the offspring might become super weeds that are very difficult to control."], "question": "What can be produced if crop plants carrying genes for resistance pollinated wild ones?", "options": ["A. super weeds", "B. insect pests"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In this method, we carry out gel electrophoresis on samples of mRNA from hummingbird embryos at different stages of development, transfer the samples to a nitrocellulose membrane, and then allow the mRNAs on the membrane to hybridize with a labeled probe recognizing beta-globin mRNA."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Gel electrophoresis, then transfer of samples to nitrocellulose membrane, then mRNAs hybridize to a labeled probe", "B. Gel electrophoresis, then embryo development, then transfer of samples to a nitrocellulose membrane."], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After the current is turned off, a DNA-binding dye (ethidium bromide) is added. This dye fluoresces pink in ultraviolet light, revealing the separated bands to which it binds."], "question": "What would happen without the dye?", "options": ["A. Current would not be turned off", "B. separated bands would not be revealed"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After the current is turned off, a DNA-binding dye (ethidium bromide) is added. This dye fluoresces pink in ultraviolet light, revealing the separated bands to which it binds."], "question": "Ethidium bromide binds DNA.", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["For example, a transgene for a human blood protein such as antithrombin can be inserted into the genome of a goat in such a way that the transgene's product is secreted in the animal's milk (Figure 20.24). The protein is then purified from the milk (which is easier than purification from a cell culture)."], "question": "Antithrombin can be purified the animal's milk", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["For example, a transgene for a human blood protein such as antithrombin can be inserted into the genome of a goat in such a way that the transgene's product is secreted in the animal's milk (Figure 20.24). The protein is then purified from the milk (which is easier than purification from a cell culture)."], "question": "Which of the following produces antithrombin?", "options": ["A. The genome of a goat", "B. the transgene"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["For example, a transgene for a human blood protein such as antithrombin can be inserted into the genome of a goat in such a way that the transgene's product is secreted in the animal's milk (Figure 20.24). The protein is then purified from the milk (which is easier than purification from a cell culture)."], "question": "What would happen without the transgene?", "options": ["A. the protein could not be purified from the milk", "B. the protein could not be purified from a cell culture"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After such long fragments were put in order, each fragment was cut into smaller pieces, which were cloned in plasmids or phages, ordered in turn, and finally sequenced."], "question": "long fragments are cloned into plasmids or phages", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["After such long fragments were put in order, each fragment was cut into smaller pieces, which were cloned in plasmids or phages, ordered in turn, and finally sequenced."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. long fragments are put in order, then each fragment is cut, then the smaller pieces are cloned into plasmids are phages", "B. long fragments are put in order, then each fragment is cut, then plasmids or phages are sequenced"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Messenger RNA, the carrier of information from DNA to the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery, is transcribed from the template strand of a gene. An enzyme called an RNA polymerase pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide (Figure 17.7)."], "question": "What does messenger RNA do?", "options": ["A. carries information from DNA", "B. synthesizes protein"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Messenger RNA, the carrier of information from DNA to the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery, is transcribed from the template strand of a gene. An enzyme called an RNA polymerase pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide (Figure 17.7)."], "question": "Which of the following is transcribed from the template strand of a gene?", "options": ["A. Messenger RNA", "B. the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Messenger RNA, the carrier of information from DNA to the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery, is transcribed from the template strand of a gene. An enzyme called an RNA polymerase pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide (Figure 17.7)."], "question": "What would happen if RNA polymeraste did not join together RNA nucleotides?", "options": ["A. the RNA polynucleotide would not be elongated", "B. RNA polymerase would not pry the two strands of DNA apart"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Messenger RNA, the carrier of information from DNA to the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery, is transcribed from the template strand of a gene. An enzyme called an RNA polymerase pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide (Figure 17.7)."], "question": "The cell's protein-synthesizing machinery is required to produce RNA", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Messenger RNA, the carrier of information from DNA to the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery, is transcribed from the template strand of a gene. An enzyme called an RNA polymerase pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide (Figure 17.7)."], "question": "Which of the following is required to elongate the RNA polynucleotide?", "options": ["A. the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery", "B. DNA"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it continues to untwist the double helix, exposing about 10-20 DNA nucleotides at a time for pairing with RNA nucleotides (Figure 17.9). The enzyme adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule as it continues along the double helix. In the wake of this advancing wave of RNA synthesis, the new RNA molecule peels away from its DNA template, and the DNA double helix re-forms."], "question": "what would happen if 10-20 DNA nucleotides were not exposed?", "options": ["A. RNA polymerase would not untwist the double helix", "B. Nucleotides would not be paired with RNA nucleotides"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it continues to untwist the double helix, exposing about 10-20 DNA nucleotides at a time for pairing with RNA nucleotides (Figure 17.9). The enzyme adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule as it continues along the double helix. In the wake of this advancing wave of RNA synthesis, the new RNA molecule peels away from its DNA template, and the DNA double helix re-forms."], "question": "RNA polymerase untwists the double helix", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it continues to untwist the double helix, exposing about 10-20 DNA nucleotides at a time for pairing with RNA nucleotides (Figure 17.9). The enzyme adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule as it continues along the double helix. In the wake of this advancing wave of RNA synthesis, the new RNA molecule peels away from its DNA template, and the DNA double helix re-forms."], "question": "What happens when the new RNA molecule peels away from its DNA template?", "options": ["A. The DNA double helix re-forms", "B. RNA synthesis"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When cAMP binds to this regulatory protein, CAP assumes its active shape and can attach to a specific site at the upstream end of the lac promoter (Figure 18.5a). This attachment increases the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter, which is actually rather low even when no repressor is bound to the operator."], "question": "What would happen without CAP?", "options": ["A. affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter would not increase", "B. No repressor would bind to the operator"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When cAMP binds to this regulatory protein, CAP assumes its active shape and can attach to a specific site at the upstream end of the lac promoter (Figure 18.5a). This attachment increases the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter, which is actually rather low even when no repressor is bound to the operator."], "question": "What does cAMP do?", "options": ["A. Assumes its active shape", "B. binds to a regulatory protein"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When cAMP binds to this regulatory protein, CAP assumes its active shape and can attach to a specific site at the upstream end of the lac promoter (Figure 18.5a). This attachment increases the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter, which is actually rather low even when no repressor is bound to the operator."], "question": "What happens when the CAP attaches to a specific site at the upstream end of the lac promoter?", "options": ["A. no repressor is bound to the operator", "B. increase in the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["To mark a particular protein for destruction, the cell commonly attaches molecules of a small protein called ubiquitin to the protein. Giant protein complexes called proteasomes then recognize the ubiquitin-tagged proteins and degrade them (Figure 18.14)."], "question": "Small proteins are attached to ubiquitin", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["To mark a particular protein for destruction, the cell commonly attaches molecules of a small protein called ubiquitin to the protein. Giant protein complexes called proteasomes then recognize the ubiquitin-tagged proteins and degrade them (Figure 18.14)."], "question": "What would happen without ubiquitin?", "options": ["A. proteins would not be marked for destruction", "B. proteasomes would not be degraded"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Crossing over begins very early in prophase I as homologous chromosomes pair loosely along their lengths. Each gene on one homolog is aligned precisely with the corresponding gene on the other homolog. In a single crossover event, the DNA of two nonsister chromatids: one maternal and one paternal chromatid of a homologous pair: is broken by specific proteins at precisely corresponding points, and the two segments beyond the crossover point are each joined to the other chromatid. Thus, a paternal chromatid is joined to a piece of maternal chromatid beyond the crossover point, and vice versa. In this way, crossing over produces chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles (see Figure 13.11)."], "question": "Which entities are responsible for breaking DNA?", "options": ["A. homologous pairs", "B. proteins"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Crossing over begins very early in prophase I as homologous chromosomes pair loosely along their lengths. Each gene on one homolog is aligned precisely with the corresponding gene on the other homolog. In a single crossover event, the DNA of two nonsister chromatids: one maternal and one paternal chromatid of a homologous pair: is broken by specific proteins at precisely corresponding points, and the two segments beyond the crossover point are each joined to the other chromatid. Thus, a paternal chromatid is joined to a piece of maternal chromatid beyond the crossover point, and vice versa. In this way, crossing over produces chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles (see Figure 13.11)."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. homologous chromosomes pair, then DNA is broken, and then two segments are joined", "B. homologous chromosomes pair, then new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles are produced, then DNA is broken"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Crossing over begins very early in prophase I as homologous chromosomes pair loosely along their lengths. Each gene on one homolog is aligned precisely with the corresponding gene on the other homolog. In a single crossover event, the DNA of two nonsister chromatids: one maternal and one paternal chromatid of a homologous pair: is broken by specific proteins at precisely corresponding points, and the two segments beyond the crossover point are each joined to the other chromatid. Thus, a paternal chromatid is joined to a piece of maternal chromatid beyond the crossover point, and vice versa. In this way, crossing over produces chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles (see Figure 13.11)."], "question": "What would happen without the specific proteins?", "options": ["A. Homologous chromosomes would not pair", "B. new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles would not be produced"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Crossing over begins very early in prophase I as homologous chromosomes pair loosely along their lengths. Each gene on one homolog is aligned precisely with the corresponding gene on the other homolog. In a single crossover event, the DNA of two nonsister chromatids: one maternal and one paternal chromatid of a homologous pair: is broken by specific proteins at precisely corresponding points, and the two segments beyond the crossover point are each joined to the other chromatid. Thus, a paternal chromatid is joined to a piece of maternal chromatid beyond the crossover point, and vice versa. In this way, crossing over produces chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles (see Figure 13.11)."], "question": "Which of the following events occur at the same time?", "options": ["A. crossing over and homologs align", "B. DNA of nonsister chromatids is broken and two segments beyond the crossover point are each joined to the other chromatid"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The red blood cells of people with sickle-cell disease become distorted in shape, or sickled, under low-oxygen conditions (see Figure 5.21), as occurs in the capillaries. These sickled cells can clump together and block the flow of blood in the capillaries, resulting in serious damage to organs such as the kidney, heart, and brain."], "question": "What causes red blood cells to become distorted in shape?", "options": ["A. flow of blood in the capillaries", "B. low-oxygen conditions"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The red blood cells of people with sickle-cell disease become distorted in shape, or sickled, under low-oxygen conditions (see Figure 5.21), as occurs in the capillaries. These sickled cells can clump together and block the flow of blood in the capillaries, resulting in serious damage to organs such as the kidney, heart, and brain."], "question": "Distorted red blood cells clump together and block the flow of blood in the capillaries, resulting in serious damage to organs", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The red blood cells of people with sickle-cell disease become distorted in shape, or sickled, under low-oxygen conditions (see Figure 5.21), as occurs in the capillaries. These sickled cells can clump together and block the flow of blood in the capillaries, resulting in serious damage to organs such as the kidney, heart, and brain."], "question": "What is caused by sickled cells clumping together?", "options": ["A. serious damage to organs", "B. low oxygen conditions"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Retrotransposons always leave a copy at the original site during transposition, since they are initially transcribed into an RNA intermediate (Figure 21.10). To insert at another site, the RNA intermediate is first converted back to DNA by reverse transcriptase, an enzyme encoded by the retrotransposon. (Reverse transcriptase is also encoded by retroviruses, as you learned in Chapter 19. In fact, retroviruses may have evolved from retrotransposons.) Another cellular enzyme catalyzes insertion of the reverse-transcribed DNA at a new site."], "question": "The retrotransposon encodes reverse transcriptase", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Retrotransposons always leave a copy at the original site during transposition, since they are initially transcribed into an RNA intermediate (Figure 21.10). To insert at another site, the RNA intermediate is first converted back to DNA by reverse transcriptase, an enzyme encoded by the retrotransposon. (Reverse transcriptase is also encoded by retroviruses, as you learned in Chapter 19. In fact, retroviruses may have evolved from retrotransposons.) Another cellular enzyme catalyzes insertion of the reverse-transcribed DNA at a new site."], "question": "What would happen without the RNA intermediate?", "options": ["A. the retrotransposon could not insert at another site", "B. retroviruses would not encode reverse transcriptase"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Retrotransposons always leave a copy at the original site during transposition, since they are initially transcribed into an RNA intermediate (Figure 21.10). To insert at another site, the RNA intermediate is first converted back to DNA by reverse transcriptase, an enzyme encoded by the retrotransposon. (Reverse transcriptase is also encoded by retroviruses, as you learned in Chapter 19. In fact, retroviruses may have evolved from retrotransposons.) Another cellular enzyme catalyzes insertion of the reverse-transcribed DNA at a new site."], "question": "What does reverse transcriptase do?", "options": ["A. converts the RNA intermediate back to DNA", "B. encodes retroviruses"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These rRNA molecules are transcribed from a single transcription unit that is repeated tandemly hundreds to thousands of times in one or several clusters in the genome of a multicellular eukaryote. The many copies of this rRNA transcription unit help cells to quickly make the millions of ribosomes needed for active protein synthesis. The primary transcript is cleaved to yield the three rRNA molecules, which combine with proteins and one other kind of rRNA (5S rRNA) to form ribosomal subunits."], "question": "What would happen if the primary transcript was not cleaved?", "options": ["A. ribosomal subunits would not be formed", "B. rRNA molecules would not be transcribed from a single transcription unit"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These rRNA molecules are transcribed from a single transcription unit that is repeated tandemly hundreds to thousands of times in one or several clusters in the genome of a multicellular eukaryote. The many copies of this rRNA transcription unit help cells to quickly make the millions of ribosomes needed for active protein synthesis. The primary transcript is cleaved to yield the three rRNA molecules, which combine with proteins and one other kind of rRNA (5S rRNA) to form ribosomal subunits."], "question": "What would happen without millions of ribosomes?", "options": ["A. active protein synthesis would not occur", "B. the primary transcript would not be cleaved"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These rRNA molecules are transcribed from a single transcription unit that is repeated tandemly hundreds to thousands of times in one or several clusters in the genome of a multicellular eukaryote. The many copies of this rRNA transcription unit help cells to quickly make the millions of ribosomes needed for active protein synthesis. The primary transcript is cleaved to yield the three rRNA molecules, which combine with proteins and one other kind of rRNA (5S rRNA) to form ribosomal subunits."], "question": "what is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. rRNA molecules are transcribed, then the primary transcript is cleaved, then ribosomal subunits are formed", "B. rRNA molecules are transcribed, then active protein synthesis occurs, then the primary transcript is cleaved"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These rRNA molecules are transcribed from a single transcription unit that is repeated tandemly hundreds to thousands of times in one or several clusters in the genome of a multicellular eukaryote. The many copies of this rRNA transcription unit help cells to quickly make the millions of ribosomes needed for active protein synthesis. The primary transcript is cleaved to yield the three rRNA molecules, which combine with proteins and one other kind of rRNA (5S rRNA) to form ribosomal subunits."], "question": "What is eventually produced when the primary transcript is cleaved?", "options": ["A. active proteins", "B. ribosomal subunits"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In allopatric speciation (from the Greek allos, other, and patra, homeland), gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations."], "question": "Gene flow interruption causes populations to be divided into geographically isolated subpopulations", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In allopatric speciation (from the Greek allos, other, and patra, homeland), gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations."], "question": "What would happen if a population is not divided into geographically isolated subpopulations?", "options": ["A. Allopatric speciation would not occur", "B. gene flow would not occur"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Once geographic separation has occurred, the separated gene pools may diverge. Different mutations arise, and natural selection and genetic drift may alter allele frequencies in different ways in the separated populations. Reproductive isolation may then arise as a by-product of selection or drift having caused the populations to diverge genetically."], "question": "Which of the following events can occur at the same time?", "options": ["A. different mutations arise and natural selection and genetic drift alter allele frequencies", "B. geographic separation and gene pools diverge"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Once geographic separation has occurred, the separated gene pools may diverge. Different mutations arise, and natural selection and genetic drift may alter allele frequencies in different ways in the separated populations. Reproductive isolation may then arise as a by-product of selection or drift having caused the populations to diverge genetically."], "question": "What can separated gene pools produce?", "options": ["A. geographic separation", "B. reproductive isolation"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Once geographic separation has occurred, the separated gene pools may diverge. Different mutations arise, and natural selection and genetic drift may alter allele frequencies in different ways in the separated populations. Reproductive isolation may then arise as a by-product of selection or drift having caused the populations to diverge genetically."], "question": "Geographic separation may cause reproductive isolation", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Though rarer than allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation can occur when gene flow to and from the isolated subpopulation is blocked."], "question": "Allopatric speciation occurs when gene flow to and from the isolated population is blocked", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The RNA molecule whose sequence is best suited to the surrounding environment and has the greatest ability to replicate itself will leave the most descendant molecules. Occasionally, a copying error will result in a molecule that folds into a shape that is even more stable or more adept at self-replication than the ancestral sequence."], "question": "Copying errors can result in leaving the most descendant molecules", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The RNA molecule whose sequence is best suited to the surrounding environment and has the greatest ability to replicate itself will leave the most descendant molecules. Occasionally, a copying error will result in a molecule that folds into a shape that is even more stable or more adept at self-replication than the ancestral sequence."], "question": "What do copying errors produce?", "options": ["A. the ancestral sequence", "B. a molecule that folds into a shape that is even more stable or more adept at self-replication"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When the organism dies, it stops accumulating carbon, and the amount of carbon-12 in its tissues does not change over time. However, the carbon-14 that it contains at the time of death slowly decays into another element, nitrogen-14."], "question": "Carbon-12 slowly decays into nitrogen-14.", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["When the organism dies, it stops accumulating carbon, and the amount of carbon-12 in its tissues does not change over time. However, the carbon-14 that it contains at the time of death slowly decays into another element, nitrogen-14."], "question": "What happens when an organism dies?", "options": ["A. the time of death slowly decays into another element", "B. the amount of carbon-12 in its tissues does not change over time"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These chloride transport channels are defective or absent in the plasma membranes of children who inherit two recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis. The result is an abnormally high concentration of extracellular chloride, which causes the mucus that coats certain cells to become thicker and stickier than normal. The mucus builds up in the pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and other organs, leading to multiple (pleiotropic) effects, including poor absorption of nutrients from the intestines, chronic bronchitis, and recurrent bacterial infections."], "question": "What causes an abnormally high concentration of extracellular chloride?", "options": ["A. Defective or absent chloride transport channels", "B. mucus that coats certain cells becomes thicker and stickier than normal"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These chloride transport channels are defective or absent in the plasma membranes of children who inherit two recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis. The result is an abnormally high concentration of extracellular chloride, which causes the mucus that coats certain cells to become thicker and stickier than normal. The mucus builds up in the pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and other organs, leading to multiple (pleiotropic) effects, including poor absorption of nutrients from the intestines, chronic bronchitis, and recurrent bacterial infections."], "question": "What would happen if the concentration of extracellular chloride did not become abnormally high?", "options": ["A. Chronic bronchitis would not occur", "B. children would not inherit two recessive alleles"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These chloride transport channels are defective or absent in the plasma membranes of children who inherit two recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis. The result is an abnormally high concentration of extracellular chloride, which causes the mucus that coats certain cells to become thicker and stickier than normal. The mucus builds up in the pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and other organs, leading to multiple (pleiotropic) effects, including poor absorption of nutrients from the intestines, chronic bronchitis, and recurrent bacterial infections."], "question": "Which entity directly causes poor absorption of nutrients?", "options": ["A. Mucus", "B. the pancreas"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["These chloride transport channels are defective or absent in the plasma membranes of children who inherit two recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis. The result is an abnormally high concentration of extracellular chloride, which causes the mucus that coats certain cells to become thicker and stickier than normal. The mucus builds up in the pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and other organs, leading to multiple (pleiotropic) effects, including poor absorption of nutrients from the intestines, chronic bronchitis, and recurrent bacterial infections."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Chloride channels are defective or absent, then children inherit two recessive alleles of cystic fibrosis, then mucus builds up", "B. Children inherit two recessive alleles of cystic fibrosis, then chloride channels are defective or absent, then mucus builds up"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The original cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds it with a tough multilayered structure, forming the endospore. Water is removed from the endospore, and its metabolism halts. The original cell then lyses, releasing the endospore."], "question": "What would happen if the cell did not lyse?", "options": ["A. The endospore would not be released", "B. water would not be removed from the endospore"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The original cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds it with a tough multilayered structure, forming the endospore. Water is removed from the endospore, and its metabolism halts. The original cell then lyses, releasing the endospore."], "question": "The endospore's metabolism halts", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The original cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds it with a tough multilayered structure, forming the endospore. Water is removed from the endospore, and its metabolism halts. The original cell then lyses, releasing the endospore."], "question": "What will not happen if the original cell does not lyse?", "options": ["A. endospore is not released", "B. metabolism halts"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, a pilus of the donor cell attaches to the recipient (Figure 27.12). The pilus then retracts, pulling the two cells together, much like a grappling hook. The next step is thought to be the formation of a temporary \"mating bridge\" between the two cells, through which the donor may transfer DNA to the recipient."], "question": "What would happen without the \"mating bridge\"?", "options": ["A. the donor will not transfer DNA to the recipient", "B. the pilus will not retract"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In E. coli, a pilus of the donor cell attaches to the recipient (Figure 27.12). The pilus then retracts, pulling the two cells together, much like a grappling hook. The next step is thought to be the formation of a temporary \"mating bridge\" between the two cells, through which the donor may transfer DNA to the recipient."], "question": "what is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. a pilus of a donor cell attaches to the recipient, then the donor may transfer DNA to the recipient, then the pilus retracts", "B. a pilus of a donor cell attaches to the recipient, then the pilus retracts, then the donor may transfer DNA to the recipient"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["One way a triploid cell may arise is by the fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg produced by nondisjunction of all its chromosomes. Tetraploidy could result from the failure of a 2n zygote to divide after replicating its chromosomes. Subsequent normal mitotic divisions would then produce a 4n embryo."], "question": "What can cause a triploid cell?", "options": ["A. fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg", "B. failure of a 2n zygote to divide after replicating its chromosomes"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["One way a triploid cell may arise is by the fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg produced by nondisjunction of all its chromosomes. Tetraploidy could result from the failure of a 2n zygote to divide after replicating its chromosomes. Subsequent normal mitotic divisions would then produce a 4n embryo."], "question": "Tetraploidy involves a 4n embryo", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["One way a triploid cell may arise is by the fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg produced by nondisjunction of all its chromosomes. Tetraploidy could result from the failure of a 2n zygote to divide after replicating its chromosomes. Subsequent normal mitotic divisions would then produce a 4n embryo."], "question": "Fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg produced by nondisjunction of all its chromosomes results in what?", "options": ["A. Tetraploidy", "B. a triploid cell"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["We imagine that prior to duplication the hydrogen bonds are broken, and the two chains unwind and separate. Each chain then acts as a template for the formation onto itself of a new companion chain, so that eventually we shall have two pairs of chains, where we only had one before. Moreover, the sequence of the pairs of bases will have been duplicated exactly."], "question": "The companion chain acts as a template", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["We imagine that prior to duplication the hydrogen bonds are broken, and the two chains unwind and separate. Each chain then acts as a template for the formation onto itself of a new companion chain, so that eventually we shall have two pairs of chains, where we only had one before. Moreover, the sequence of the pairs of bases will have been duplicated exactly."], "question": "What would happen if the two chains did not unwind and separate?", "options": ["A. Hydrogen bonds would not be broken", "B. duplication would not occur"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["We imagine that prior to duplication the hydrogen bonds are broken, and the two chains unwind and separate. Each chain then acts as a template for the formation onto itself of a new companion chain, so that eventually we shall have two pairs of chains, where we only had one before. Moreover, the sequence of the pairs of bases will have been duplicated exactly."], "question": "Which events can occur at the same time?", "options": ["A. duplication and the hydrogen bonds are broken", "B. the two chains unwind and separate"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In many cases, a segment of the strand containing the damage is cut out (excised) by a DNA-cutting enzyme: a nuclease: and the resulting gap is then filled in with nucleotides, using the undamaged strand as a template. The enzymes involved in filling the gap are a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. One such DNA repair system is called nucleotide excision repair (Figure 16.19)."], "question": "A segment of the strand containing the damage is cut out by what?", "options": ["A. nucleotides", "B. a nuclease"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In many cases, a segment of the strand containing the damage is cut out (excised) by a DNA-cutting enzyme: a nuclease: and the resulting gap is then filled in with nucleotides, using the undamaged strand as a template. The enzymes involved in filling the gap are a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. One such DNA repair system is called nucleotide excision repair (Figure 16.19)."], "question": "DNA polymerase and DNA ligase fill the gap with nucleotides", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In many cases, a segment of the strand containing the damage is cut out (excised) by a DNA-cutting enzyme: a nuclease: and the resulting gap is then filled in with nucleotides, using the undamaged strand as a template. The enzymes involved in filling the gap are a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. One such DNA repair system is called nucleotide excision repair (Figure 16.19)."], "question": "When a segment of the strand containing the damage is cut out, what is produced?", "options": ["A. a nuclease", "B. a gap"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Sickle-cell disease is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle-cell (abnormal) variety. When the oxygen content of an affected individual's blood is low (at high altitudes or under physical stress, for instance), the sickle-cell hemoglobin molecules aggregate into long rods that deform the red cells into a sickle shape (see Figure 5.21). Sickled cells may clump and clog small blood vessels, often leading to other symptoms throughout the body, including physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis."], "question": "What would happen without the substitution of a single amino acid?", "options": ["A. Hemoglobin protein would not be produced", "B. Sickle-cell disease would not occur"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Sickle-cell disease is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle-cell (abnormal) variety. When the oxygen content of an affected individual's blood is low (at high altitudes or under physical stress, for instance), the sickle-cell hemoglobin molecules aggregate into long rods that deform the red cells into a sickle shape (see Figure 5.21). Sickled cells may clump and clog small blood vessels, often leading to other symptoms throughout the body, including physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis."], "question": "Which entity is responsible for sickle-cell disease?", "options": ["A. Hemoglobin", "B. small blood vessels"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Sickle-cell disease is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle-cell (abnormal) variety. When the oxygen content of an affected individual's blood is low (at high altitudes or under physical stress, for instance), the sickle-cell hemoglobin molecules aggregate into long rods that deform the red cells into a sickle shape (see Figure 5.21). Sickled cells may clump and clog small blood vessels, often leading to other symptoms throughout the body, including physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis."], "question": "What would happen if hemoglobin molecules did not aggregate into long rods?", "options": ["A. red cells do not deform into a sickle shape", "B. Oxygen content of an individual's blood does not become low."], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Sickle-cell disease is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle-cell (abnormal) variety. When the oxygen content of an affected individual's blood is low (at high altitudes or under physical stress, for instance), the sickle-cell hemoglobin molecules aggregate into long rods that deform the red cells into a sickle shape (see Figure 5.21). Sickled cells may clump and clog small blood vessels, often leading to other symptoms throughout the body, including physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis."], "question": "Homozygous individuals can have paralysis", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Each mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens (Figure 43.6). In each case, the recognized macromolecule is normally absent from the vertebrate body and is an essential component of certain groups of pathogens. After detecting invading pathogens, a phagocytic cell engulfs them, trapping them in a vacuole. The vacuole then fuses with a lysosome (see Figure 43.3), leading to destruction of the invaders in two ways. First, gases produced in the lysosome poison the engulfed pathogens. Second, lysozyme and other enzymes in the lysosome degrade the components of the pathogens."], "question": "What is the result of gasses being produced in the lysosome?", "options": ["A. engulfed pathogens are poisoned", "B. degradation of the components of the pathogens"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Each mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens (Figure 43.6). In each case, the recognized macromolecule is normally absent from the vertebrate body and is an essential component of certain groups of pathogens. After detecting invading pathogens, a phagocytic cell engulfs them, trapping them in a vacuole. The vacuole then fuses with a lysosome (see Figure 43.3), leading to destruction of the invaders in two ways. First, gases produced in the lysosome poison the engulfed pathogens. Second, lysozyme and other enzymes in the lysosome degrade the components of the pathogens."], "question": "The Toll-like receptor binds to what?", "options": ["A. a macromolecule that is normally absent from the vertebrate body", "B. a phagocytic cell"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Each mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens (Figure 43.6). In each case, the recognized macromolecule is normally absent from the vertebrate body and is an essential component of certain groups of pathogens. After detecting invading pathogens, a phagocytic cell engulfs them, trapping them in a vacuole. The vacuole then fuses with a lysosome (see Figure 43.3), leading to destruction of the invaders in two ways. First, gases produced in the lysosome poison the engulfed pathogens. Second, lysozyme and other enzymes in the lysosome degrade the components of the pathogens."], "question": "What would happen if the vacuole did not fuse with a lysosome?", "options": ["A. Destruction of invaders would not occur", "B. pathogens would not be trapped in a vacuole"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Each mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens (Figure 43.6). In each case, the recognized macromolecule is normally absent from the vertebrate body and is an essential component of certain groups of pathogens. After detecting invading pathogens, a phagocytic cell engulfs them, trapping them in a vacuole. The vacuole then fuses with a lysosome (see Figure 43.3), leading to destruction of the invaders in two ways. First, gases produced in the lysosome poison the engulfed pathogens. Second, lysozyme and other enzymes in the lysosome degrade the components of the pathogens."], "question": "Phagocytic cells trap invading pathogens in a vacuole", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Histamine released at sites of damage triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. Activated macrophages and neutrophils discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that enhance an immune response. These cytokines promote blood flow to the site of injury or infection. The increase in local blood supply causes the redness and increased skin temperature typical of the inflammatory response. Blood-engorged capillaries leak fluid into neighboring tissues, causing swelling. During inflammation, cycles of signaling and response transform the site. Activated complement proteins promote further release of histamine, attracting more phagocytic cells that enter injured tissues (see Figure 43.8) and carry out additional phagocytosis. At the same time, enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides. The result is an accumulation of pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Damage causes release of histamine, which triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate.", "B. Histamine causes damage, which triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Histamine released at sites of damage triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. Activated macrophages and neutrophils discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that enhance an immune response. These cytokines promote blood flow to the site of injury or infection. The increase in local blood supply causes the redness and increased skin temperature typical of the inflammatory response. Blood-engorged capillaries leak fluid into neighboring tissues, causing swelling. During inflammation, cycles of signaling and response transform the site. Activated complement proteins promote further release of histamine, attracting more phagocytic cells that enter injured tissues (see Figure 43.8) and carry out additional phagocytosis. At the same time, enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides. The result is an accumulation of pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue."], "question": "Which events can happen at the same time?", "options": ["A. enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides and histamine is released", "B. enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides and phagocytosis"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Histamine released at sites of damage triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. Activated macrophages and neutrophils discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that enhance an immune response. These cytokines promote blood flow to the site of injury or infection. The increase in local blood supply causes the redness and increased skin temperature typical of the inflammatory response. Blood-engorged capillaries leak fluid into neighboring tissues, causing swelling. During inflammation, cycles of signaling and response transform the site. Activated complement proteins promote further release of histamine, attracting more phagocytic cells that enter injured tissues (see Figure 43.8) and carry out additional phagocytosis. At the same time, enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides. The result is an accumulation of pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue."], "question": "What would happen if capillaries did not leak fluid into neighboring tissues?", "options": ["A. Swelling would not occur", "B. Neutrophils would not discharge cytokines"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Histamine released at sites of damage triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. Activated macrophages and neutrophils discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that enhance an immune response. These cytokines promote blood flow to the site of injury or infection. The increase in local blood supply causes the redness and increased skin temperature typical of the inflammatory response. Blood-engorged capillaries leak fluid into neighboring tissues, causing swelling. During inflammation, cycles of signaling and response transform the site. Activated complement proteins promote further release of histamine, attracting more phagocytic cells that enter injured tissues (see Figure 43.8) and carry out additional phagocytosis. At the same time, enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides. The result is an accumulation of pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue."], "question": "Sites of damage result in an inflammatory response", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Histamine released at sites of damage triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. Activated macrophages and neutrophils discharge cytokines, signaling molecules that enhance an immune response. These cytokines promote blood flow to the site of injury or infection. The increase in local blood supply causes the redness and increased skin temperature typical of the inflammatory response. Blood-engorged capillaries leak fluid into neighboring tissues, causing swelling. During inflammation, cycles of signaling and response transform the site. Activated complement proteins promote further release of histamine, attracting more phagocytic cells that enter injured tissues (see Figure 43.8) and carry out additional phagocytosis. At the same time, enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides. The result is an accumulation of pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue."], "question": "What would happen without activated complement?", "options": ["A. Additional phagocytosis would not occur", "B. histamine release would not occur"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Recognition of protein antigens by T cells begins when a pathogen or part of a pathogen either infects or is taken in by a host cell (Figure 43.12a). Inside the host cell, enzymes in the cell cleave the antigen into smaller peptides. Each peptide, called an antigen fragment, then binds to an MHC molecule inside the cell. Movement of the MHC molecule and bound antigen fragment to the cell surface results in antigen presentation, the display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein. Figure 43.12b shows a close-up view of antigen presentation, which advertises the fact that a host cell contains a foreign substance. If the cell displaying an antigen fragment encounters a T cell with the right specificity, the antigen receptor on the T cell can bind to both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule."], "question": "What would happen if the MHC molecule did not move to the cell surface?", "options": ["A. The cell would not encounter a T-cell with the right specificity", "B. Figure 43.12b would not show a close-up view"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Recognition of protein antigens by T cells begins when a pathogen or part of a pathogen either infects or is taken in by a host cell (Figure 43.12a). Inside the host cell, enzymes in the cell cleave the antigen into smaller peptides. Each peptide, called an antigen fragment, then binds to an MHC molecule inside the cell. Movement of the MHC molecule and bound antigen fragment to the cell surface results in antigen presentation, the display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein. Figure 43.12b shows a close-up view of antigen presentation, which advertises the fact that a host cell contains a foreign substance. If the cell displaying an antigen fragment encounters a T cell with the right specificity, the antigen receptor on the T cell can bind to both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. a pathogen or part of a pathogen either infects or is taken in by a host cell", "B. Recognition of protein antigens by T cells"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Recognition of protein antigens by T cells begins when a pathogen or part of a pathogen either infects or is taken in by a host cell (Figure 43.12a). Inside the host cell, enzymes in the cell cleave the antigen into smaller peptides. Each peptide, called an antigen fragment, then binds to an MHC molecule inside the cell. Movement of the MHC molecule and bound antigen fragment to the cell surface results in antigen presentation, the display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein. Figure 43.12b shows a close-up view of antigen presentation, which advertises the fact that a host cell contains a foreign substance. If the cell displaying an antigen fragment encounters a T cell with the right specificity, the antigen receptor on the T cell can bind to both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule."], "question": "Antigen presentation is necessary for the T cell to bind to both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The rearranged genes are transcribed, and the transcripts are processed for translation. Following translation, the light chain and heavy chain assemble together, forming an antigen receptor (see Figure 43.13). Each pair of randomly rearranged heavy and light chains results in a different antigen-binding site."], "question": "What is processed for translation?", "options": ["A. The transcripts", "B. The rearranged genes"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The rearranged genes are transcribed, and the transcripts are processed for translation. Following translation, the light chain and heavy chain assemble together, forming an antigen receptor (see Figure 43.13). Each pair of randomly rearranged heavy and light chains results in a different antigen-binding site."], "question": "What would happen without translation?", "options": ["A. an antigen receptor would not be formed", "B. The rearranged genes would not be transcribed"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The rearranged genes are transcribed, and the transcripts are processed for translation. Following translation, the light chain and heavy chain assemble together, forming an antigen receptor (see Figure 43.13). Each pair of randomly rearranged heavy and light chains results in a different antigen-binding site."], "question": "What is formed when the light chain and the heavy chain assemble together?", "options": ["A. An antigen receptor", "B. rearranged genes"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In response to a specific antigen and to immune cell signals (not shown), one B cell divides and forms a clone of cells. The remaining B cells, which have antigen receptors specific for other antigens, do not respond. The clone of cells formed by the selected B cell gives rise to memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells."], "question": "Antibody-secreting plasma cells are produced in response to what?", "options": ["A. memory B cells", "B. a specific antigen and immune cell signals"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In response to a specific antigen and to immune cell signals (not shown), one B cell divides and forms a clone of cells. The remaining B cells, which have antigen receptors specific for other antigens, do not respond. The clone of cells formed by the selected B cell gives rise to memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells."], "question": "In response to a specific antigen and to immune cell signals, one B cell produces what?", "options": ["A. other antigens", "B. memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In response to a specific antigen and to immune cell signals (not shown), one B cell divides and forms a clone of cells. The remaining B cells, which have antigen receptors specific for other antigens, do not respond. The clone of cells formed by the selected B cell gives rise to memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells."], "question": "The remaining B cells are necessary to produce memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The antigen receptors on the surface of the helper T cell bind to the antigen fragment and to the class II MHC molecule displaying that fragment on the antigen-presenting cell. At the same time, an accessory protein on the helper T cell surface binds to the class II MHC molecule, helping keep the cells joined. As the two cells interact, signals in the form of cytokines are exchanged in both directions."], "question": "What binds to the antigen fragment and to the class II MHC molecule?", "options": ["A. The surface of the helper T cell", "B. The antigen receptors"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The antigen receptors on the surface of the helper T cell bind to the antigen fragment and to the class II MHC molecule displaying that fragment on the antigen-presenting cell. At the same time, an accessory protein on the helper T cell surface binds to the class II MHC molecule, helping keep the cells joined. As the two cells interact, signals in the form of cytokines are exchanged in both directions."], "question": "The accessory protein binds to the antigen fragment and to the class II MHC molecule", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The antigen receptors on the surface of the helper T cell bind to the antigen fragment and to the class II MHC molecule displaying that fragment on the antigen-presenting cell. At the same time, an accessory protein on the helper T cell surface binds to the class II MHC molecule, helping keep the cells joined. As the two cells interact, signals in the form of cytokines are exchanged in both directions."], "question": "What two entities exchange signals in the form of cytokines?", "options": ["A. an accessory protein and the helper T cell", "B. The helper T cell and the antigen-presenting cell"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The antigen receptors on the surface of the helper T cell bind to the antigen fragment and to the class II MHC molecule displaying that fragment on the antigen-presenting cell. At the same time, an accessory protein on the helper T cell surface binds to the class II MHC molecule, helping keep the cells joined. As the two cells interact, signals in the form of cytokines are exchanged in both directions."], "question": "What would happen without the accessory molecule?", "options": ["A. The MHC molecule would not display the fragment", "B. helping keep the cells joined would not occur"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses refract (bend) the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into a camera (see Appendix D)."], "question": "What would happen without the specimen?", "options": ["A. the image of the specimen would not be projected", "B. lenses would not refract the light"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses refract (bend) the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into a camera (see Appendix D)."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. light passes through the specimen, then light passes through glass lenses", "B. lenses refract the light, then visible light passes through the specimen"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses refract (bend) the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into a camera (see Appendix D)."], "question": "The specimen refracts the light", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As we described in Chapter 6, the cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane; this process is called exocytosis. A transport vesicle that has budded from the Golgi apparatus moves along microtubules of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the vesicle membrane and plasma membrane come into contact, specific proteins rearrange the lipid molecules of the two bilayers so that the two membranes fuse. The contents of the vesicle then spill to the outside of the cell, and the vesicle membrane becomes part of the plasma membrane (see Figure 7.12, step 4)."], "question": "The Golgi apparatus moves along microtubules", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As we described in Chapter 6, the cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane; this process is called exocytosis. A transport vesicle that has budded from the Golgi apparatus moves along microtubules of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the vesicle membrane and plasma membrane come into contact, specific proteins rearrange the lipid molecules of the two bilayers so that the two membranes fuse. The contents of the vesicle then spill to the outside of the cell, and the vesicle membrane becomes part of the plasma membrane (see Figure 7.12, step 4)."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. The cell secretes certain biological molecules", "B. a transport vesicle moves along microtubules"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As we described in Chapter 6, the cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane; this process is called exocytosis. A transport vesicle that has budded from the Golgi apparatus moves along microtubules of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the vesicle membrane and plasma membrane come into contact, specific proteins rearrange the lipid molecules of the two bilayers so that the two membranes fuse. The contents of the vesicle then spill to the outside of the cell, and the vesicle membrane becomes part of the plasma membrane (see Figure 7.12, step 4)."], "question": "The transport vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma membrane", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["How does NAD+ trap electrons from glucose and other organic molecules? Enzymes called dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from the substrate (glucose, in this example), thereby oxidizing it. The enzyme delivers the 2 electrons along with 1 proton to its coenzyme, NAD+ (Figure 9.4). The other proton is released as a hydrogen ion (H+) into the surrounding solution. By receiving 2 negatively charged electrons but only 1 positively charged proton, NAD+ has its charge neutralized when it is reduced to NADH. The name NADH shows the hydrogen that has been received in the reaction. NAD+ is the most versatile electron acceptor in cellular respiration and functions in several of the redox steps during the breakdown of glucose."], "question": "Which molecule receives only 1 positively charged proton?", "options": ["A. NADH", "B. NAD+"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["How does NAD+ trap electrons from glucose and other organic molecules? Enzymes called dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from the substrate (glucose, in this example), thereby oxidizing it. The enzyme delivers the 2 electrons along with 1 proton to its coenzyme, NAD+ (Figure 9.4). The other proton is released as a hydrogen ion (H+) into the surrounding solution. By receiving 2 negatively charged electrons but only 1 positively charged proton, NAD+ has its charge neutralized when it is reduced to NADH. The name NADH shows the hydrogen that has been received in the reaction. NAD+ is the most versatile electron acceptor in cellular respiration and functions in several of the redox steps during the breakdown of glucose."], "question": "A dehydrogenase delivers the 2 electrons along along with 1 proton to its coenzyme", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["How does NAD+ trap electrons from glucose and other organic molecules? Enzymes called dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from the substrate (glucose, in this example), thereby oxidizing it. The enzyme delivers the 2 electrons along with 1 proton to its coenzyme, NAD+ (Figure 9.4). The other proton is released as a hydrogen ion (H+) into the surrounding solution. By receiving 2 negatively charged electrons but only 1 positively charged proton, NAD+ has its charge neutralized when it is reduced to NADH. The name NADH shows the hydrogen that has been received in the reaction. NAD+ is the most versatile electron acceptor in cellular respiration and functions in several of the redox steps during the breakdown of glucose."], "question": "What happens to the 2 electrons?", "options": ["A. released into the surrounding solution", "B. delivered to NAD+"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A small area of the plasma membrane sinks inward to form a pocket. As the pocket deepens, it pinches in, forming a vesicle containing material that had been outside the cell."], "question": "The plasma membrane had been outside the cell", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A small area of the plasma membrane sinks inward to form a pocket. As the pocket deepens, it pinches in, forming a vesicle containing material that had been outside the cell."], "question": "What happens because the pocket deepens?", "options": ["A. The plasma membrane sinks", "B. A vesicle containing material is formed"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In most enzymatic reactions, the substrate is held in the active site by so-called weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. R groups of a few of the amino acids that make up the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product, and the product departs from the active site. The enzyme is then free to take another substrate molecule into its active site."], "question": "What catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product?", "options": ["A. Ionic bonds", "B. R groups"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In most enzymatic reactions, the substrate is held in the active site by so-called weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. R groups of a few of the amino acids that make up the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product, and the product departs from the active site. The enzyme is then free to take another substrate molecule into its active site."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. the substrate is held in the active site by hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds", "B. conversion of substrate to product"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In most enzymatic reactions, the substrate is held in the active site by so-called weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. R groups of a few of the amino acids that make up the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product, and the product departs from the active site. The enzyme is then free to take another substrate molecule into its active site."], "question": "what would happen if the product did not depart from the active site?", "options": ["A. The enzyme would not be free to take another substrate molecule into its active site", "B. R groups would not catalyze the conversion of substrate to product"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As summarized in Figure 9.8, glycolysis can be divided into two phases: energy investment and energy payoff. During the energy investment phase, the cell actually spends ATP. This investment is repaid with interest during the energy payoff phase, when ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from the oxidation of glucose. The net energy yield from glycolysis, per glucose molecule, is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH. The ten steps of the glycolytic pathway are shown in Figure 9.9."], "question": "What would happen without the oxidation of glucose?", "options": ["A. NAD+ would not be reduced to NADH", "B. ATP would not be produced"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As summarized in Figure 9.8, glycolysis can be divided into two phases: energy investment and energy payoff. During the energy investment phase, the cell actually spends ATP. This investment is repaid with interest during the energy payoff phase, when ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from the oxidation of glucose. The net energy yield from glycolysis, per glucose molecule, is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH. The ten steps of the glycolytic pathway are shown in Figure 9.9."], "question": "Which event is part of the energy investment phase?", "options": ["A. the cell actually spends ATP", "B. the energy payoff phase"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As summarized in Figure 9.8, glycolysis can be divided into two phases: energy investment and energy payoff. During the energy investment phase, the cell actually spends ATP. This investment is repaid with interest during the energy payoff phase, when ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from the oxidation of glucose. The net energy yield from glycolysis, per glucose molecule, is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH. The ten steps of the glycolytic pathway are shown in Figure 9.9."], "question": "Substrate-level phosphorylation is necessary to produce NADH", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As summarized in Figure 9.8, glycolysis can be divided into two phases: energy investment and energy payoff. During the energy investment phase, the cell actually spends ATP. This investment is repaid with interest during the energy payoff phase, when ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from the oxidation of glucose. The net energy yield from glycolysis, per glucose molecule, is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH. The ten steps of the glycolytic pathway are shown in Figure 9.9."], "question": "Which of the following happens first?", "options": ["A. Energy payoff", "B. Energy investment"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["New layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock called strata (singular, stratum). The fossils in a particular stratum provide a glimpse of some of the organisms that populated Earth at the time that layer formed. Later, erosion may carve through upper (younger) strata, revealing deeper (older) strata that had been buried."], "question": "What would happen if new layers of sediment did not cover older ones?", "options": ["A. Strata would not form", "B. Erosion would not occur"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["New layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock called strata (singular, stratum). The fossils in a particular stratum provide a glimpse of some of the organisms that populated Earth at the time that layer formed. Later, erosion may carve through upper (younger) strata, revealing deeper (older) strata that had been buried."], "question": "Newer layers are upper strata", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The first step is carried out by an enzyme present only in mesophyll cells called PEP carboxylase. This enzyme adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), forming the four-carbon product oxaloacetate. PEP carboxylase has a much higher affinity for CO2 than does rubisco and no affinity for O2. Therefore, PEP carboxylase can fix carbon efficiently when rubisco cannot: that is, when it is hot and dry and stomata are partially closed, causing CO2 concentration in the leaf to fall and O2 concentration to rise. After the C4 plant fixes carbon from CO2, the mesophyll cells export their four-carbon products (malate in the example shown in Figure 10.20) to bundle-sheath cells through plasmodesmata (see Figure 6.31). Within the bundle-sheath cells, the four-carbon compounds release CO2, which is reassimilated into organic material by rubisco and the Calvin cycle. The same reaction regenerates pyruvate, which is transported to mesophyll cells. There, ATP is used to convert pyruvate to PEP, allowing the reaction cycle to continue; this ATP can be thought of as the \"price\" of concentrating CO2 in the bundle-sheath cells. To generate this extra ATP, bundle-sheath cells carry out cyclic electron flow, the process described earlier in this chapter (see Figure 10.16). In fact, these cells contain PS I but no PS II, so cyclic electron flow is their only photosynthetic mode of generating ATP."], "question": "What adds CO2 to PEP?", "options": ["A. PEP carboxylase", "B. oxaloacetate"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The first step is carried out by an enzyme present only in mesophyll cells called PEP carboxylase. This enzyme adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), forming the four-carbon product oxaloacetate. PEP carboxylase has a much higher affinity for CO2 than does rubisco and no affinity for O2. Therefore, PEP carboxylase can fix carbon efficiently when rubisco cannot: that is, when it is hot and dry and stomata are partially closed, causing CO2 concentration in the leaf to fall and O2 concentration to rise. After the C4 plant fixes carbon from CO2, the mesophyll cells export their four-carbon products (malate in the example shown in Figure 10.20) to bundle-sheath cells through plasmodesmata (see Figure 6.31). Within the bundle-sheath cells, the four-carbon compounds release CO2, which is reassimilated into organic material by rubisco and the Calvin cycle. The same reaction regenerates pyruvate, which is transported to mesophyll cells. There, ATP is used to convert pyruvate to PEP, allowing the reaction cycle to continue; this ATP can be thought of as the \"price\" of concentrating CO2 in the bundle-sheath cells. To generate this extra ATP, bundle-sheath cells carry out cyclic electron flow, the process described earlier in this chapter (see Figure 10.16). In fact, these cells contain PS I but no PS II, so cyclic electron flow is their only photosynthetic mode of generating ATP."], "question": "Which enzyme cannot fix carbon when CO2 concentration in the leaf falls and O2 concentration rises?", "options": ["A. rubisco", "B. PEP carboxylase"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The first step is carried out by an enzyme present only in mesophyll cells called PEP carboxylase. This enzyme adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), forming the four-carbon product oxaloacetate. PEP carboxylase has a much higher affinity for CO2 than does rubisco and no affinity for O2. Therefore, PEP carboxylase can fix carbon efficiently when rubisco cannot: that is, when it is hot and dry and stomata are partially closed, causing CO2 concentration in the leaf to fall and O2 concentration to rise. After the C4 plant fixes carbon from CO2, the mesophyll cells export their four-carbon products (malate in the example shown in Figure 10.20) to bundle-sheath cells through plasmodesmata (see Figure 6.31). Within the bundle-sheath cells, the four-carbon compounds release CO2, which is reassimilated into organic material by rubisco and the Calvin cycle. The same reaction regenerates pyruvate, which is transported to mesophyll cells. There, ATP is used to convert pyruvate to PEP, allowing the reaction cycle to continue; this ATP can be thought of as the \"price\" of concentrating CO2 in the bundle-sheath cells. To generate this extra ATP, bundle-sheath cells carry out cyclic electron flow, the process described earlier in this chapter (see Figure 10.16). In fact, these cells contain PS I but no PS II, so cyclic electron flow is their only photosynthetic mode of generating ATP."], "question": "What would happen without plasmodesmata?", "options": ["A. mesophyll cells could not export their four-carbon products to bundle-sheath cells", "B. The C4 plant could not fix carbon from CO2"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["The first step is carried out by an enzyme present only in mesophyll cells called PEP carboxylase. This enzyme adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), forming the four-carbon product oxaloacetate. PEP carboxylase has a much higher affinity for CO2 than does rubisco and no affinity for O2. Therefore, PEP carboxylase can fix carbon efficiently when rubisco cannot: that is, when it is hot and dry and stomata are partially closed, causing CO2 concentration in the leaf to fall and O2 concentration to rise. After the C4 plant fixes carbon from CO2, the mesophyll cells export their four-carbon products (malate in the example shown in Figure 10.20) to bundle-sheath cells through plasmodesmata (see Figure 6.31). Within the bundle-sheath cells, the four-carbon compounds release CO2, which is reassimilated into organic material by rubisco and the Calvin cycle. The same reaction regenerates pyruvate, which is transported to mesophyll cells. There, ATP is used to convert pyruvate to PEP, allowing the reaction cycle to continue; this ATP can be thought of as the \"price\" of concentrating CO2 in the bundle-sheath cells. To generate this extra ATP, bundle-sheath cells carry out cyclic electron flow, the process described earlier in this chapter (see Figure 10.16). In fact, these cells contain PS I but no PS II, so cyclic electron flow is their only photosynthetic mode of generating ATP."], "question": "What is required to produce ATP in bundle-sheath cells?", "options": ["A. PS II", "B. electron flow"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A second photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions has evolved in many succulent (water-storing) plants, numerous cacti, pineapples, and representatives of several other plant families. These plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day, just the reverse of how other plants behave. Closing stomata during the day helps desert plants conserve water, but it also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. During the night, when their stomata are open, these plants take up CO2 and incorporate it into a variety of organic acids. This mode of carbon fixation is called crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM, after the plant family Crassulaceae, the succulents in which the process was first discovered. The mesophyll cells of CAM plants store the organic acids they make during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the stomata close. During the day, when the light reactions can supply ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle, CO2 is released from the organic acids made the night before to become incorporated into sugar in the chloroplasts. Figure 10.21 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared. Both adaptations are characterized by A; preliminary incorporation of CO2 into organic acids, followed by B; transfer of CO2 to the Calvin cycle. The C4 and CAM pathways are two evolutionary solutions to the problem of maintaining photosynthesis with stomata partially or completely closed on hot, dry days."], "question": "Other plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day.", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A second photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions has evolved in many succulent (water-storing) plants, numerous cacti, pineapples, and representatives of several other plant families. These plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day, just the reverse of how other plants behave. Closing stomata during the day helps desert plants conserve water, but it also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. During the night, when their stomata are open, these plants take up CO2 and incorporate it into a variety of organic acids. This mode of carbon fixation is called crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM, after the plant family Crassulaceae, the succulents in which the process was first discovered. The mesophyll cells of CAM plants store the organic acids they make during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the stomata close. During the day, when the light reactions can supply ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle, CO2 is released from the organic acids made the night before to become incorporated into sugar in the chloroplasts. Figure 10.21 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared. Both adaptations are characterized by A; preliminary incorporation of CO2 into organic acids, followed by B; transfer of CO2 to the Calvin cycle. The C4 and CAM pathways are two evolutionary solutions to the problem of maintaining photosynthesis with stomata partially or completely closed on hot, dry days."], "question": "succulents make organic acids during the night", "options": ["A. True", "B. False"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A second photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions has evolved in many succulent (water-storing) plants, numerous cacti, pineapples, and representatives of several other plant families. These plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day, just the reverse of how other plants behave. Closing stomata during the day helps desert plants conserve water, but it also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. During the night, when their stomata are open, these plants take up CO2 and incorporate it into a variety of organic acids. This mode of carbon fixation is called crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM, after the plant family Crassulaceae, the succulents in which the process was first discovered. The mesophyll cells of CAM plants store the organic acids they make during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the stomata close. During the day, when the light reactions can supply ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle, CO2 is released from the organic acids made the night before to become incorporated into sugar in the chloroplasts. Figure 10.21 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared. Both adaptations are characterized by A; preliminary incorporation of CO2 into organic acids, followed by B; transfer of CO2 to the Calvin cycle. The C4 and CAM pathways are two evolutionary solutions to the problem of maintaining photosynthesis with stomata partially or completely closed on hot, dry days."], "question": "What is incorporated into sugar in the chloroplasts?", "options": ["A. CO2", "B. Organic acids"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["A second photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions has evolved in many succulent (water-storing) plants, numerous cacti, pineapples, and representatives of several other plant families. These plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day, just the reverse of how other plants behave. Closing stomata during the day helps desert plants conserve water, but it also prevents CO2 from entering the leaves. During the night, when their stomata are open, these plants take up CO2 and incorporate it into a variety of organic acids. This mode of carbon fixation is called crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM, after the plant family Crassulaceae, the succulents in which the process was first discovered. The mesophyll cells of CAM plants store the organic acids they make during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the stomata close. During the day, when the light reactions can supply ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle, CO2 is released from the organic acids made the night before to become incorporated into sugar in the chloroplasts. Figure 10.21 C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared. Both adaptations are characterized by A; preliminary incorporation of CO2 into organic acids, followed by B; transfer of CO2 to the Calvin cycle. The C4 and CAM pathways are two evolutionary solutions to the problem of maintaining photosynthesis with stomata partially or completely closed on hot, dry days."], "question": "What would happen without vacuoles?", "options": ["A. the stomata could not close", "B. plants could not store the organic acids"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Now that we know about the role of cAMP in G protein signaling pathways, we can explain in molecular detail how certain microbes cause disease. Consider cholera, a disease that is frequently epidemic in places where the water supply is contaminated with human feces. People acquire the cholera bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, by drinking contaminated water. The bacteria form a biofilm on the lining of the small intestine and produce a toxin. The cholera toxin is an enzyme that chemically modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion. Because the modified G protein is unable to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, it remains stuck in its active form, continuously stimulating adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. The resulting high concentration of cAMP causes the intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of salts into the intestines, with water following by osmosis. An infected person quickly develops profuse diarrhea and if left untreated can soon die from the loss of water and salts."], "question": "What does Vibrio cholerae do?", "options": ["A. produces a toxin", "B. Drinks contaminated water"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Now that we know about the role of cAMP in G protein signaling pathways, we can explain in molecular detail how certain microbes cause disease. Consider cholera, a disease that is frequently epidemic in places where the water supply is contaminated with human feces. People acquire the cholera bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, by drinking contaminated water. The bacteria form a biofilm on the lining of the small intestine and produce a toxin. The cholera toxin is an enzyme that chemically modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion. Because the modified G protein is unable to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, it remains stuck in its active form, continuously stimulating adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. The resulting high concentration of cAMP causes the intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of salts into the intestines, with water following by osmosis. An infected person quickly develops profuse diarrhea and if left untreated can soon die from the loss of water and salts."], "question": "The cholera toxin does what?", "options": ["A. regulates salt and water secretion", "B. chemically modifies a G protein"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Now that we know about the role of cAMP in G protein signaling pathways, we can explain in molecular detail how certain microbes cause disease. Consider cholera, a disease that is frequently epidemic in places where the water supply is contaminated with human feces. People acquire the cholera bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, by drinking contaminated water. The bacteria form a biofilm on the lining of the small intestine and produce a toxin. The cholera toxin is an enzyme that chemically modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion. Because the modified G protein is unable to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, it remains stuck in its active form, continuously stimulating adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. The resulting high concentration of cAMP causes the intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of salts into the intestines, with water following by osmosis. An infected person quickly develops profuse diarrhea and if left untreated can soon die from the loss of water and salts."], "question": "which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. an infected person quickly develops profuse diarrhea", "B. intestinal cells secrete large amounts of salt into the intestine"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Now that we know about the role of cAMP in G protein signaling pathways, we can explain in molecular detail how certain microbes cause disease. Consider cholera, a disease that is frequently epidemic in places where the water supply is contaminated with human feces. People acquire the cholera bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, by drinking contaminated water. The bacteria form a biofilm on the lining of the small intestine and produce a toxin. The cholera toxin is an enzyme that chemically modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion. Because the modified G protein is unable to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, it remains stuck in its active form, continuously stimulating adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. The resulting high concentration of cAMP causes the intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of salts into the intestines, with water following by osmosis. An infected person quickly develops profuse diarrhea and if left untreated can soon die from the loss of water and salts."], "question": "The modified G protein hydrolyzes GTP to GDP", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage. The first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate (Figure 12.10a). On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein myosin. The actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. The contraction of the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of a drawstring. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two, producing two completely separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular structures."], "question": "What is necessary for the appearance of a cleavage furrow?", "options": ["A. actin microfilaments", "B. the old metaphase plate"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage. The first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate (Figure 12.10a). On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein myosin. The actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. The contraction of the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of a drawstring. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two, producing two completely separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular structures."], "question": "Which entity is part of the contractile ring?", "options": ["A. the furrow", "B. actin microfilaments"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage. The first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate (Figure 12.10a). On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein myosin. The actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. The contraction of the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of a drawstring. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell is pinched in two, producing two completely separated cells, each with its own nucleus and share of cytosol, organelles, and other subcellular structures."], "question": "What is produced by the cleavage furrow deepening?", "options": ["A. Other subcellular structures", "B. two completely separated cells"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In alcohol fermentation (Figure 9.17a), pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in two steps. The first step releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate, which is converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde. In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for the continuation of glycolysis. Many bacteria carry out alcohol fermentation under anaerobic conditions."], "question": "Which event occurs first?", "options": ["A. carbon dioxide is released from the pyruvate", "B. ethanol is produced"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In alcohol fermentation (Figure 9.17a), pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in two steps. The first step releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate, which is converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde. In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for the continuation of glycolysis. Many bacteria carry out alcohol fermentation under anaerobic conditions."], "question": "What regenerates the supply of NAD+?", "options": ["A. The second step", "B. The first step"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["In alcohol fermentation (Figure 9.17a), pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in two steps. The first step releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate, which is converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde. In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for the continuation of glycolysis. Many bacteria carry out alcohol fermentation under anaerobic conditions."], "question": "Bacteria is produced by alcohol fermentation", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Like an animal cell, the plant cell swells as water enters by osmosis (Figure 7.15b). However, the relatively inelastic wall will expand only so much before it exerts a back pressure on the cell, called turgor pressure, that opposes further water uptake. At this point, the cell is turgid (very firm), which is the healthy state for most plant cells."], "question": "What is required for the wall to exert a back pressure on the cell?", "options": ["A. an animal cell", "B. water"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Like an animal cell, the plant cell swells as water enters by osmosis (Figure 7.15b). However, the relatively inelastic wall will expand only so much before it exerts a back pressure on the cell, called turgor pressure, that opposes further water uptake. At this point, the cell is turgid (very firm), which is the healthy state for most plant cells."], "question": "How does water enter the cell?", "options": ["A. osmosis", "B. the relatively inelastic wall will expand"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Like an animal cell, the plant cell swells as water enters by osmosis (Figure 7.15b). However, the relatively inelastic wall will expand only so much before it exerts a back pressure on the cell, called turgor pressure, that opposes further water uptake. At this point, the cell is turgid (very firm), which is the healthy state for most plant cells."], "question": "Turgor pressure is caused by and prevents water uptake.", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Methicillin works by deactivating a protein that bacteria use to synthesize their cell walls. However, S. aureus populations exhibited variations in how strongly their members were affected by the drug. In particular, some individuals were able to synthesize their cell walls using a different protein that was not affected by methicillin. These individuals survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common, leading to the spread of MRSA."], "question": "Methicillin works directly by deactivating cell walls", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Methicillin works by deactivating a protein that bacteria use to synthesize their cell walls. However, S. aureus populations exhibited variations in how strongly their members were affected by the drug. In particular, some individuals were able to synthesize their cell walls using a different protein that was not affected by methicillin. These individuals survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common, leading to the spread of MRSA."], "question": "Methicillin allows individuals to reproduce at higher rates", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Methicillin works by deactivating a protein that bacteria use to synthesize their cell walls. However, S. aureus populations exhibited variations in how strongly their members were affected by the drug. In particular, some individuals were able to synthesize their cell walls using a different protein that was not affected by methicillin. These individuals survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common, leading to the spread of MRSA."], "question": "What would happen without Methicillin?", "options": ["A. Resistant individuals would not be produced", "B. bacteria would not synthesize cell walls"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Methicillin works by deactivating a protein that bacteria use to synthesize their cell walls. However, S. aureus populations exhibited variations in how strongly their members were affected by the drug. In particular, some individuals were able to synthesize their cell walls using a different protein that was not affected by methicillin. These individuals survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common, leading to the spread of MRSA."], "question": "What is the correct order of events?", "options": ["A. Methicillin deactivates a protein, then some individuals use a different protein, then MRSA spreads", "B. Methicillin deactivates a protein, then MRSA spreads, then some individuals use a different protein."], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As a polypeptide chain grows from a bound ribosome, the chain is threaded into the ER lumen through a pore formed by a protein complex in the ER membrane. As the new polypeptide enters the ER lumen, it folds into its native shape."], "question": "What would happen if the chain is not threaded into the ER lumen?", "options": ["A. the new polypeptide would not enter the ER lumen", "B. The protein complex would not be formed"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As a polypeptide chain grows from a bound ribosome, the chain is threaded into the ER lumen through a pore formed by a protein complex in the ER membrane. As the new polypeptide enters the ER lumen, it folds into its native shape."], "question": "What folds into its native shape?", "options": ["A. the new polypeptide", "B. The ER lumen"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["As a polypeptide chain grows from a bound ribosome, the chain is threaded into the ER lumen through a pore formed by a protein complex in the ER membrane. As the new polypeptide enters the ER lumen, it folds into its native shape."], "question": "The bound ribosome is threaded into the ER lumen", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles, a process called phagocytosis (from the Greek phagein, to eat, and kytos, vessel, referring here to the cell). The food vacuole formed in this way then fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food (Figure 6.13a, bottom). Digestion products, including simple sugars, amino acids, and other monomers, pass into the cytosol and become nutrients for the cell."], "question": "Phagocytosis produces what?", "options": ["A. the food vacuole", "B. food particles"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles, a process called phagocytosis (from the Greek phagein, to eat, and kytos, vessel, referring here to the cell). The food vacuole formed in this way then fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food (Figure 6.13a, bottom). Digestion products, including simple sugars, amino acids, and other monomers, pass into the cytosol and become nutrients for the cell."], "question": "What becomes nutrients for the cell?", "options": ["A. digestion products", "B. enzymes"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles, a process called phagocytosis (from the Greek phagein, to eat, and kytos, vessel, referring here to the cell). The food vacuole formed in this way then fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food (Figure 6.13a, bottom). Digestion products, including simple sugars, amino acids, and other monomers, pass into the cytosol and become nutrients for the cell."], "question": "The food vacuole digests food", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Sutherland's research team discovered that epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by somehow activating a cytosolic enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase. However, when epinephrine was added to a test-tube mixture containing the enzyme and its substrate, glycogen, no breakdown occurred. Epinephrine could activate glycogen phosphorylase only when the hormone was added to a solution containing intact cells."], "question": "What is required for epinephrine to activate glycogen phosphorylase?", "options": ["A. intact cells", "B. a test-tube mixture"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Sutherland's research team discovered that epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by somehow activating a cytosolic enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase. However, when epinephrine was added to a test-tube mixture containing the enzyme and its substrate, glycogen, no breakdown occurred. Epinephrine could activate glycogen phosphorylase only when the hormone was added to a solution containing intact cells."], "question": "What directly causes breakdown of glycogen?", "options": ["A. epinephrine", "B. glycogen phosphorylase"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Reception. Reception is the target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is \"detected\" when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell's surface or inside the cell. Transduction. The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction. The transduction stage converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. In Sutherland's system, the binding of epinephrine to a receptor protein in a liver cell's plasma membrane leads to activation of glycogen phosphorylase. Transduction sometimes occurs in a single step but more often requires a sequence of changes in a series of different molecules: a signal transduction pathway. The molecules in the pathway are often called relay molecules. Response. In the third stage of cell signaling, the transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response. The response may be almost any imaginable cellular activity: such as catalysis by an enzyme (for example, glycogen phosphorylase), rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or activation of specific genes in the nucleus. The cell-signaling process helps ensure that crucial activities like these occur in the right cells, at the right time, and in proper coordination with the activities of other cells of the organism. We'll now explore the mechanisms of cell signaling in more detail, including a discussion of fine-tuning and termination of the process."], "question": "What is required for reception?", "options": ["A. glycogen phosphorylase", "B. a receptor"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Reception. Reception is the target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is \"detected\" when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell's surface or inside the cell. Transduction. The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction. The transduction stage converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. In Sutherland's system, the binding of epinephrine to a receptor protein in a liver cell's plasma membrane leads to activation of glycogen phosphorylase. Transduction sometimes occurs in a single step but more often requires a sequence of changes in a series of different molecules: a signal transduction pathway. The molecules in the pathway are often called relay molecules. Response. In the third stage of cell signaling, the transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response. The response may be almost any imaginable cellular activity: such as catalysis by an enzyme (for example, glycogen phosphorylase), rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or activation of specific genes in the nucleus. The cell-signaling process helps ensure that crucial activities like these occur in the right cells, at the right time, and in proper coordination with the activities of other cells of the organism. We'll now explore the mechanisms of cell signaling in more detail, including a discussion of fine-tuning and termination of the process."], "question": "What is required for transduction?", "options": ["A. reception", "B. response"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Reception. Reception is the target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is \"detected\" when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell's surface or inside the cell. Transduction. The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction. The transduction stage converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. In Sutherland's system, the binding of epinephrine to a receptor protein in a liver cell's plasma membrane leads to activation of glycogen phosphorylase. Transduction sometimes occurs in a single step but more often requires a sequence of changes in a series of different molecules: a signal transduction pathway. The molecules in the pathway are often called relay molecules. Response. In the third stage of cell signaling, the transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response. The response may be almost any imaginable cellular activity: such as catalysis by an enzyme (for example, glycogen phosphorylase), rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or activation of specific genes in the nucleus. The cell-signaling process helps ensure that crucial activities like these occur in the right cells, at the right time, and in proper coordination with the activities of other cells of the organism. We'll now explore the mechanisms of cell signaling in more detail, including a discussion of fine-tuning and termination of the process."], "question": "Epinephrine acts as what?", "options": ["A. A signaling molecule", "B. a receptor"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Reception. Reception is the target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is \"detected\" when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell's surface or inside the cell. Transduction. The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction. The transduction stage converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. In Sutherland's system, the binding of epinephrine to a receptor protein in a liver cell's plasma membrane leads to activation of glycogen phosphorylase. Transduction sometimes occurs in a single step but more often requires a sequence of changes in a series of different molecules: a signal transduction pathway. The molecules in the pathway are often called relay molecules. Response. In the third stage of cell signaling, the transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response. The response may be almost any imaginable cellular activity: such as catalysis by an enzyme (for example, glycogen phosphorylase), rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or activation of specific genes in the nucleus. The cell-signaling process helps ensure that crucial activities like these occur in the right cells, at the right time, and in proper coordination with the activities of other cells of the organism. We'll now explore the mechanisms of cell signaling in more detail, including a discussion of fine-tuning and termination of the process."], "question": "What do relay molecules do?", "options": ["A. signal transduction", "B. almost any imaginable cellular activity"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Cells of mating type a secrete a signaling molecule called a factor, which can bind to specific receptor proteins on nearby cells. At the same time, cells secrete factor, which binds to receptors on a cells. Without actually entering the cells, the two mating factors cause the cells to grow toward each other and also bring about other cellular changes. The result is the fusion, or mating, of two cells of opposite type. The new a/ cell contains all the genes of both original cells, a combination of genetic resources that provides advantages to the cell's descendants, which arise by subsequent cell divisions."], "question": "fusion results in what?", "options": ["A. the new a/ cell", "B. two cells of the opposite type"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Cells of mating type a secrete a signaling molecule called a factor, which can bind to specific receptor proteins on nearby cells. At the same time, cells secrete factor, which binds to receptors on a cells. Without actually entering the cells, the two mating factors cause the cells to grow toward each other and also bring about other cellular changes. The result is the fusion, or mating, of two cells of opposite type. The new a/ cell contains all the genes of both original cells, a combination of genetic resources that provides advantages to the cell's descendants, which arise by subsequent cell divisions."], "question": "What would happen without fusion?", "options": ["A. the new a/ cell would not be produced", "B. factors would not be secreted"], "answer": "A", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Cells of mating type a secrete a signaling molecule called a factor, which can bind to specific receptor proteins on nearby cells. At the same time, cells secrete factor, which binds to receptors on a cells. Without actually entering the cells, the two mating factors cause the cells to grow toward each other and also bring about other cellular changes. The result is the fusion, or mating, of two cells of opposite type. The new a/ cell contains all the genes of both original cells, a combination of genetic resources that provides advantages to the cell's descendants, which arise by subsequent cell divisions."], "question": "fusion results in a combination of genetic resources", "options": ["A. False", "B. True"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}
+{"context": ["Cells of mating type a secrete a signaling molecule called a factor, which can bind to specific receptor proteins on nearby cells. At the same time, cells secrete factor, which binds to receptors on a cells. Without actually entering the cells, the two mating factors cause the cells to grow toward each other and also bring about other cellular changes. The result is the fusion, or mating, of two cells of opposite type. The new a/ cell contains all the genes of both original cells, a combination of genetic resources that provides advantages to the cell's descendants, which arise by subsequent cell divisions."], "question": "What would happen if factors did not bind to receptors?", "options": ["A. Cells would not secrete factor", "B. cells would not grow toward each other"], "answer": "B", "prompt": "Given the context, pick the right choice that answers the question", "num_options": "2", "question_type": "Reading Comprehension"}