text_1: Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of human MDS.
text_2: Here we report that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which are classically linked to immunosuppression, inflammation, and cancer, were markedly expanded in the bone marrow of MDS patients and played a pathogenetic role in the development of ineffective hematopoiesis.