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+clip1.wav|carlinQuote|en|Japan has, within 40 years, gone through the various administrative phases that occupied England about 800 years, and Rome about 600. And I am loathe to say that anything is impossible with her.
+clip2.wav|carlinQuote|en|There was, in fact, hardly any occasion for samurai to put their martial training into practice. As the actual experience of battle receded into the mists of history, the ethos of the samurai became paradoxically ever more rigid and militaristic, with stress on absolute loyalty to the superior, preparedness to carry out any order even at the risk of death and a disdain for softness and physical comfort.
+clip3.wav|carlinQuote|en|Surrender was unthinkable. In Tunisia, when the German Africa Corps surrendered in 1943, the British captured more than 120,000 German soldiers, including a Colonel General and his staff, 12 generals and all. The Allied liberation of France in the summer of 1944 netted another 200,000 Germans. As the war progressed, the Allies captured so many German officers that the British set up a special residence for them in the English countryside. During the final weeks of the war in Europe, more than 1,500,000 Germans surrendered to the Western Allies. In contrast, no organized unit of the Imperial Japanese Army surrendered during the entire Pacific War, until they were ordered to do so by the emperor after Japan had formally agreed to capitulate. This was a record unprecedented in the annals of modern warfare.
+clip4.wav|carlinQuote|en|No American will think it wrong of me, if I proclaim that to have the United States at our side was to me the greatest joy. I could not foretell the course of events. I do not pretend to have measured accurately the martial might of Japan, but now, at this very moment, I knew the United States was in the war, up to the neck, and into the death. So we had won, after all. Yes, after Dunkirk, after the fall of France, after the horrible episode of Iran, after the threat of invasion, when apart from the air and the navy, we were an almost unarmed people, after the deadly struggle of the U-boat war, the first battle of the Atlantic, gained by a hands' breath, after seventeen months of lonely fighting and nineteen months of my own responsibility and dire stress, the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live. How long the war would last, or in what fashion it would end, no man could tell. Nor did I at this moment care. Once again, in our long island history. We should emerge however mauled or mutilated safe and victorious.
+clip6.wav|carlinQuote|en|I ran over to my offices and I happened to be standing alongside the commander in chief himself, Admiral Kimmel. We were glumly watching the havoc, the carnage that was going on. And suddenly he reached up and tore off his four star shoulder boards, which indicated his rank and title as commander in chief Pacific Fleet. He stepped into his adjacent offices and realizing he was going to lose command, donned two star rear admiral shoulder boards.
+clip7.wav|carlinQuote|en|Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War was, if anything, even more striking than its triumph 10 years earlier over the Qing Chinese. For the first time since the fall of Constantinople, a non-Christian, non-Western power defeated the forces of a Christian nation. Both the Japanese navy and army acquitted themselves brilliantly, with the navy sinking much of the Russian fleet off the coast of Korea, while the Army's battles on the Korean Peninsula, culminating in the siege of Port Arthur, led to Japanese mastery on land. Some of the consequences of the two wars were similar, he writes. Like the Qing, the Tsarist regime never recovered its prestige. Its defeat set the stage for the 1917 revolution. Meanwhile, just as Tokyo had picked up Taiwan as a spoil of the earlier war, so the 1905 settlement finally put Korea into its orbit. Tokyo had to use an ugly trick to force the abdication of Korea's King, Cheoljong, in order to legally convert Korea into an outright colony. But the trick, he says, was probably no worse than what the United States had done in 1893 to overthrow Queen Liliʻuokalani and incorporate Hawaii into the American Empire. Japan, he says, was behaving pretty much according to the standards of the time. More to the point, in fewer than 40 years, he writes, "The country had transformed itself from a weak, tottering polity into the preeminent nation state of Asia and the first non-Western country in centuries that the great powers had to admit into their ranks. But the bill for that transformation had not yet been paid in full. It turned out to be far higher than anyone at the time could have imagined.
+clip8.wav|carlinQuote|en|In places as distant as Turkey, Iran, and India over the several years following the war, Japan's victory over Russia was invoked by modernizers and anti-imperialist activists as an inspiring harbinger of their own possibilities for nation-building and independence from the west.
+clip9.wav|carlinQuote|en|If Japan had been a champion of Asian nationalism, had really desired independence and progress for its neighbor, and had joined with China to liberate Asia from Western imperialism, the subsequent history of the region would have been vastly different. Japan would have identified with Chinese nationalism, helped to end foreign domination, and made a real effort to create enduring good relations with the new China. Unfortunately, Japanese leaders chose the opposite course of action. They competed with the West for a place at the imperialist table and a slice of the Chinese melon.
+clip10.wav|carlinQuote|en|The wars for control of Korea exceeded their objective and escalated into a general advance into China. Policies towards Taiwan and Korea became more ruthless as pressure increased on China. Resistance to annexation in both areas was mercilessly crushed. I discovered a vivid example of that cruelty among the papers of a military man assigned to Taiwan immediately after the island was ceded to Japan. It was a photograph of Japanese troops beheading two pig-tailed Taiwanese rebels who apparently had been captured in a skirmish. The horrible scene foreshadowed the atrocities committed in every area touched by Japanese forces during the Pacific War.
+clip11.wav|carlinQuote|en|Hirohito's father, Crown Prince Yoshihito, made emperor at 33, was unable to continue Meiji's legacy. Physically weak, indolent, and incapable of making political decisions, he was utterly lacking in knowledge of military matters, even though he was now the commander in chief. Less than one month after Yoshihito's accession to the throne, at the start of the new Taishou era, the press reported the appointment of extra doctors to the court. In December 1912, Admiral Yamamoto told General Matsukada Matsayoshi that when it came to recommending a successor prime minister, Emperor Yoshihito is not of the same caliber as the previous emperor. In my view, it is loyal not to obey the Taishou emperor's word if we deem it to be "disadvantages to the state." Thus, without any institutional change having occurred, the Assession in 1912 of Hirohito's father became an important turning point in the conduct of state affairs.
+clip12.wav|carlinQuote|en|feisty tenants and disgruntled labor, intrepid feminists and radical students, seething minorities and outcasts, Moga and Mobo, anarchists and communists. To many within the governing establishment, it appeared that the country was coming apart at the seams. In the 1920s, the disruptive consequences of modernization, the competing attractions of new visions, the dislocations inherent in industrialization, the tensions associated with new modes of living, and the stresses that accompanied imperialism were imploding on one another, the tumult of the 20s alarmed many bureaucrats and members of the mainstream parties who sought ways to restrain the more extreme forms of radicalism that seemed at times to threaten the very existence of the state.
+clip13.wav|carlinQuote|en|To begin with, structural and political weaknesses within Japan confused the development of a clear-cut policy. First among these debilities was a lethal flaw in the modern Japanese constitutional system. It's centered on a link between a theoretical supreme imperial throne, supposedly the source of all political legitimacy and authority, and an ill-defined locus of political responsibility. It meant that any institution in the Japanese state could, if it had sufficient practical power, pretend to act in the name of an inviolable emperor and thus assume a supreme decision-making role. With one critical exception, however, no institution could claim an actual constitutional right to do so. The exception was the armed services, right of Supreme Command, which made the services directly responsible to the Emperor and to no civil authority. It thus gave the army and navy the legal authority to act and speak in the name of the Imperial Throne. As the throne was not constitutionally responsible to any other institution within the Japanese state, the services could theoretically act as they please, without check or interference from the civil government.
+clip14.wav|carlinQuote|en|The principle that Japan was dependent upon access to the resources of Manchuria for survival as a nation was part of an attempt to create a narrative justifying Japan's claim to the region and was closely linked with the assertion that Manchuria rightfully belonged to the Japanese, despite China's technical sovereignty over it.
+clip15.wav|carlinQuote|en|Far from being a dry, diplomatic term, Keniki in the early 1930s was rather, as Mirakami Hiowe has pointed out, a vivid word suggesting sacrifice and the shedding of blood, and it relied for its effect upon a certain view of history in which the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars figured prominently. Manchuria was frequently referred to as the place where the spirits of 200,000 Japanese war heroes slept. The importance of the South Manchurian Railway and the large amount of Japanese public money which it contributed through the railway to the development of Manchuria were also evoked as evidence of Japan's right freely to exploit the Manchurian resources.
+clip16.wav|carlinQuote|en|Captain Kawamoto Suimori laid the 42 yellow packages of blasting powder with care. Shortly after 10 p.m. on September eight, 1931, he detonated them, displacing a portion of the tracks of the South Manchuria railway line as it passed the northern outskirts of Mukton. Kawamoto and his co-conspirators intended to derail the Darian Express, due just minutes later, and blame the act on the local Chinese warlord. Incredibly, when the train reached the damage section of track, it swayed only slightly and passed on safely. Unruffled, Kawamoto relayed a pre-arranged message to his home base. Engaged in action with the Chinese forces who set off explosion along railroad, ostensibly in response to that unprovoked aggression, units of Japan's Kwantung Army immediately attacked the barracks of Zhang's soldiers in Mukden and Changchun. Within 48 hours, Japanese troops occupied the two cities, and Doehara Kenji, a colonel in the Kwantung army, named himself to head an emergency committee to govern Mukton, effectively detaching that provincial capital from Chinese control.
+clip17.wav|carlinQuote|en|plotters had better success in Manchuria. In the days preceding the explosion that triggered the Manchurian incident, an unsavory group of Japanese had collected a Kwantung army headquarters. Arrogance, avarice, and dishonesty found shelter under the claims of crisis. Kwantung army officers were in touch with associated figures in the Tokyo General Staff. But those men, doubting the timing, though personally favoring the coup, dispatched Tatigawa Yoshitsigu, freshly disappointed that March to the scene, to urge caution and delay. Kwantung army plotters, aware of Takikawa's mission, deflected him when he arrived with a round of partying that delayed his appearance at headquarters. When he was ready to resume his mission the next morning, a bomb had already gone off on the South Manchurian tracks.
+clip18.wav|carlinQuote|en|I am not being kept informed by either the foreign ministry or the army ministry. I have just warned them through Chief Cabinet Secretary Kawasaki, the Chinese forces in Manchuria and Mongolia number more than 200,000. While we have only some 10,000. I asked the army minister, "What are you going to do if by chance your challenge causes something you haven't anticipated, something that, given you are so outnumbered, you can't stop." The Army Minister told me, "We'll send in troops from Korea. Indeed, they may have already gone in." I rebuked him. How can you allow dispatch of soldiers from Korea without government authorization? He said, "Well, the fact is that during the Tanaka Cabinet, troops were dispatched without Imperial sanction. I gathered he had not foreseen any problem at all. Under these circumstances, I am quite powerless to restrain the military. How can his Majesty's military act without his sanction? What can I do? Maybe I should not be talking to you like this, but can you do anything? I'm in serious trouble.
+clip19.wav|carlinQuote|en|Within hours, the Kwantung army had achieved its initial military objectives against the Fengdian army. Once the forces were engaged, pleats of military necessity were used as justification for additional moves, giving the lie to promises from the Tokyo civilian government that these were steps taken to preserve order and that no further expansion was contemplated. Those in positions of responsibility were anxious to limit the incident and regain control of events. While the field and junior grade officers that peopled the general staff and army ministry were jubilant that the Manchuria Mongolia problem was finally being addressed. In Tokyo, he writes, "The atmosphere was electric with rumors of plots to take on the home government. A nervous government did its best to hush things up to avoid destabilizing the situation, but this had the effect of magnifying rumors. The reality, he writes, was bad enough.
+clip20.wav|carlinQuote|en|A few weeks after violence broke out in Manchuria, Lieutenant Colonel Hashimoto Kingaro of the Second Division, General Staff and Stahlwertz of the Cherry Blossom Society conceived a bizarre plan to wipe out the entire government by aerial bombardment of a cabinet meeting, a crowd of rightists would then surround the war ministry in General Staff headquarters and demand the creation of a military government. For this, which never took place, Hashimoto received 20 days' confinement from superiors who did their best to deny that anything untoward had taken place.
+clip21.wav|carlinQuote|en|The Manchurian incident and the violence from the right in 1931 and 1932 marked a Copernican turn in Japan's foreign relations and domestic politics. On the continent, the conception of the new state carved from Chinese territory and dominated by a wing of the Japanese military, soured Sino-Japanese relations beyond redemption, began the isolation of Japan from an infuriated West, which viewed Japanese actions as naked aggression, and propelled the island nation along a path that would lead it to even more dangerous foreign confrontations. At home, the assassinations and attempted coups exposed the fragile structure of Japanese politics, contributed to a snowballing loss of confidence in party politicians, and encouraged the ideologues who romanticized the country's imperial past, and sought to forge a new national polity.
+clip22.wav|carlinQuote|en|If we allow one more inch of our territory to be lost, or sovereign rights to be encroached upon, then we shall be guilty of committing an unpardonable crime against our Chinese race. China's sovereign rights cannot be sacrificed, even at the expense of war, and once war has begun, there is no looking back.
+clip23.wav|carlinQuote|en|For the foreigners of Shanghai, visitors and residents alike, the war was a rather violent diversion, but nothing truly dangerous, or so they thought. For the Chinese, life was falling apart. As the fighting intensified around the Japanese district, thousands of refugees fled through the streets, heading for Susao Creek and the Garden Bridge, which was the only link to the international settlement that remained open. It was a mad and merciless stampede where the weak had little chance. My feet were slipping in blood and flesh. Half a dozen times I knew I was walking on the bodies of children, or old people sucked under by the torrent, trampled flat by countless feet. Near the creek, the mass of sweating and panting humanity was almost beyond control, as it funneled towards the bridge, which was a mere 55 feet wide. Two Japanese sentries were nearly overwhelmed by the crowds and reacted the way that they had been taught, with immediate, reflexive brutality. One of them, bayoneted an old man, and threw the lifeless body into the filthy creek below. This did not deter any of the other refugees who kept pushing toward the bridge and what they believed to be the safety of the international settlement. They could not know it, but they were now moving in the wrong direction, towards the most horrific slaughter of innocent civilians of the entire Shanghai campaign.
+clip24.wav|carlinQuote|en|The two bombs released by the Chinese airplane had struck at exactly 4.27 p.m. The attacks stopped the arms of a clock at the entrance of Cathay Hotel, freezing in time the moment of the twin blasts. The shockwaves and the debris had both taken a toll on the mass of people who had been crammed into the street. To Percy Finch, a foreign correspondent, it was as if a giant mower had pushed through the crowd, chewing it to bits. Here was a headless man, there a baby's foot wearing its little red silk shoe embroidered with fierce dragons. One body, that of a young boy was flattened high against a wall, to which it clung with ghastly adhesion. A sickening stench of burnt flesh filled the air. As the wounded came to, they started moaning. Some were screaming. Part of the facade of the palace hotel had been blown away. On the fourth floor, a man clung desperately to the remains of the wall with one hand, waiting for help. It came too late, and he eventually let go, crashing through the glass awning of the hotel's entrance before hitting the pavement. Others attempted to crawl to safety, scrambling with fumbling limbs over mangled bodies and slipping in the blood that covered the sidewalk.
+clip25.wav|carlinQuote|en|The mood was excited once more at about 4.45 pm when two Chinese aircrafts seemed about to make another run on the Japanese positions. Cheers and applause rose from the street, then sharp-eyed individuals noticed two small, dark dots dropped from one of the planes, the same bombs that had seen. They fell with deadly haste, hitting the busy street before anyone had time to react, let alone escape. One left a huge crater near the traffic control tower in the middle of the road. The other exploded a few feet above the ground, causing shrapnel to fly over a large area. The explosions were so powerful that they killed a servant at the building of the YMCA nearly 700 feet down. The casualties included several foreigners. On Avenue Edward VII, Reverend Rawlinson lay dying in his wife's arms while his teenage daughter was watching. Just yards away, two other Americans, Hubert Honingsburg and his wife were killed in their car. It was the same type of carnage as in the Nanjing Road earlier, just larger. Death on the most massive scale was at the entrance of the Great World Amusement Center, where the fatalities were piled five feet high. The victims, men, women, and children had been thrown up against the walls of the buildings. Many were stripped completely naked after the intense gas pressure from the bombs had torn off their clothes.
+clip26.wav|carlinQuote|en|First and foremost, however, the massive fatality rates among officers and to an even larger extent, the rank and file, were the result of Chinese forces employing frontal attacks against a well-armed entrenched enemy. The men who, as a result, were dying by the hundreds, were China's elite soldiers, the product of years of effort to build up a modern military. They formed the nation's best hope to be able to resist Japan in a protracted war. Nevertheless, on the first day of battle, they were being squandered at an alarming, unsustainable rate.
+clip27.wav|carlinQuote|en|Like the oncoming of a storm, I broke loose and overwhelmed it like a hurricane. With their corpses, I filled the city squares. The city and its houses, from its foundations to its top, I destroyed. I devastated, I burned with fire. The wall and outer wall, temples and gods, temple towers of brick and earth, as many as there were, I raised and dumped them into the Erotu Canal. Through the midst of that city, I dug canals. I flooded its sight with water and the very foundations thereof I destroyed. I made its destruction more complete than that by a flood. That in days to come on the side of that city and its temples and its gods might not be remembered, I completely completely blotted it out with floods of water and made it like a meadow.
+clip28.wav|carlinQuote|en|40,000 armed men forced their way into the city. Neither rank nor years saved the victims from an indiscriminate orgy in which rape alternated with murder and murder with rape. Gray beards and frail old women who had no value as loot were dragged off to raise a laugh, but any full-grown girl or good-looking lad who crossed their path was pulled this way and that in a violent tug of war between the would-be captors. A single looter, trailing a horde of money or temple offerings of massive gold, was often cut to pieces by others who were stronger. In their hands they held fire brands, which once they got their spoil away, they want and leave flung into empty houses and rifle temples. There was a diversity of wild desires, differing conceptions of what was lawful and nothing barred. Cremona lasted them four days.
+clip29.wav|carlinQuote|en|Japanese units learned of this retreat on the morning of the 13th. Skirmishes broke out in many areas as small groups of Chinese troops outside the city, now lacking a chain of command, desperately tried to slip past advancing Japanese forces. Then the surrendering began. Most of the Chinese troops still inside Nanking rushed to escape Helter Skelter through the Pachang Gate, which led to the Shokwan Warfaria. From Shokwan they hoped to cross the Yangtze by boat, by raft, or by clinging desperately to scraps of lumber, where they madly ran up and down the riverbank, only to encounter Japanese forces sent to cut them off. Huge numbers of Chinese troops became prisoners of war on the 13th and 14th at Shaquan, Mufoshan, Changtung Gate, and the Shaohah Gate, with no avenue of escaped Chinese soldiers lost all will to fight. Despite trying to surrender in droves, most were killed in the Palmele of battle.
+clip30.wav|carlinQuote|en|We see prisoners everywhere, so many that there's no way we can deal with them. The general policy is, accept no prisoners, so we ended up having to take care of them, lot stock and barrel. But they came in hordes, in units of thousands or five thousands, so we couldn't even disarm them. Later I heard that the Sasaki unit alone disposed of about 1500, a company commander guarding Taiping Gate took care of another 1300. Another 7,000 to 8,000 clustered at the Shinho Gate are still surrendering. We need a really huge ditch to handle those 7,000 to 8,000, but we can't find one, so someone suggested this plan. Divide them up into groups of 100 to 200 and then lure them to some suitable spot for finishing off. The number of abandoned enemy bodies in our area today was 10,000 plus thousands more. If we include those Chinese whose escape rafts or boats on the Yangtze were sunk by fire from our armored cars, plus POWs killed by our units, our detachment alone must have taken care of over 20,000. We finished the mop up and secured our rear area at about 2pm. While regrouping, we advanced to the hoping gate. Later the enemies surrendered in the thousands. Frenzied troops, rebuffing efforts by superiors to restrain them, finished off those POWs one after another. Even if they aren't soldiers, for example, medics or priests. Men would yell, "Kill the whole damn lot lot after recalling the past ten days of bloody fighting in which so many buddies had shed so much blood.
+clip31.wav|carlinQuote|en|There were no orders to rape. Nor did Imperial Headquarters ever ordered the total extermination of the enemy as the ultimate goal of the Nang King encirclement campaign. Standing orders to take no prisoners did exist, however. And once Nangking fell, Japanese soldiers began to execute en mass, military prisoners of war, and unarmed deserters who had surrendered. They also went on an unprecedented and unplanned rampage of arson, pillage, murder, and rape. The resulting slaughter continued in the city and its six adjacent rural villages for three months. And far exceeded earlier atrocities committed during the Battle of Shanghai and along the escape routes to Nanking. General Nakajima's 16th Division, in just its first day in the capital, killed approximately 30,000 Chinese prisoners of war and fleeing soldiers.
+clip32.wav|carlinQuote|en|In general, the massacre itself can be divided into two types of killings, mass killings and sporadic killing. Incidents of mass killing ranged from the murder of 10 to 20 to the slaughter of tens of thousands of people, with the greatest number in any one incident reaching more than 50,000. Sporadic killing included varying numbers of three to eight people. Among the mass killings, in addition to those who died by the sword and firing squad, others were burned, buried alive or drowned. Several, after being soaked with gasoline, were set on fire by gunshot, causing the wounded person to lie covered in flames, rolling and writhing on the ground until finally dying a miserable death. Individual sporadic acts of torture and killing included splitting, gutting, slicing, piercing alive, and dog biting. Some were even burned with acid and then left burning all over. Others were tortured to death. Two Japanese lieutenants amused themselves by having a killing contest. The first one to reach a hundred killed won the… game. Then they raised the limit to a hundred and fifty. In addition to killing, he writes, "The Nanking Massacre also involved rape, arson, theft, and other violent crimes. The Japanese troops who attacked Nanking raped tens of thousands of Chinese women, many of whom were then murdered."
+clip33.wav|carlinQuote|en|To the regret of many Japanese economic planners, in the late 1930s, Japan still depended upon the United States for nearly one-third of its imports, from cotton to scrap iron and oil, and matters seemed to be growing worse. Between 1929 and 1932, Japan purchased from the United States 36% of its scrap iron used to manufacture steel for munitions and ships. By 1938, American sources were supplying 74% of Japan's scrap. Similarly, in 1938, Japan received more than 60% of its imported machine tools, and nearly all sophisticated alloys, such as vanadium and molybdenum from the United States. Traditionally, self-sufficient in copper, Japan in 1939 extracted 90,000 tons of that metal from its mines. But industry was gobbling up so much for detonators and shell casings that the nation that year had to import 105,000 tons of copper, 93% of it from the United States. The situation for oil, the most critical of all commodities in the estimation of military planners, was extremely desperate. Japan relied on America for almost 80% of its fuel, and for special distillates, dependence stood at more than 90%. In the eyes of economic and military strategists, by the summer of 1940, Western colonies in Southeast Asia had come to represent a treasure trove of raw materials, whose possession would allow Japan to vault into the ranks of the economic haves, to recall, and thus to free itself from dependence upon an increasingly hostile West.
+clip34.wav|carlinQuote|en|At the best of times, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a difficult man to read. Henry Wallace, his former vice president, said of him, "He doesn't know any man, and no man knows him. Even his own family doesn't know anything about him." "I am like a cat," he said about himself. "I make a stroke, and then I relax." Loved and respected as a leader, seemingly happiest in the company of women, he was an enigma, detached, enigmatic, and ruthless. While flying over Cairo, Roosevelt glanced out the window and said, "Ah, my friend the Sphinx."
+clip35.wav|carlinQuote|en|FDR could brilliantly oversimplify. His best remembered single statement, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself" is patently absurd and was probably excellent tonic for a country whose banking system had collapsed." But in the early and middle stages of decision-making, before it was time to simplify and oversimplify, Roosevelt could be impenetrable. Rexford Tugwell, one of the early New Deal brain trusters, wrote, "No one could tell what he was thinking, to say nothing of what he was feeling. He clearly relished being hard to figure out. He liked secrets and had a few. He was often devious for good reason, but could also be devious just for the fun of it. General Douglas MacArthur, who despised him, said Roosevelt, would never tell the truth when a lie would serve him just as well. This was considerable slander, but FDR unquestionably did enjoy manipulation and maneuver for their own sake, all part of the great game of politics and power. He was also a man of deep convictions and dedication and unquenchable ideal power. He was also a man of deep convictions, and dedication, and unquenchable idealism. He was firm and serene in his religious faith, and had a decent sense of privacy about it. It is impossible to imagine him at a congressional prayer breakfast. He was impatient with the abstract or theoretical, in no sense profound, but spacious in vision, for America and ultimately all the nations. He believed, if not in the perfectibility of man, in a rather spectacular improvement in man's behavior worldwide.
+clip36.wav|carlinQuote|en|The drastic application of economic sanctions in July 1941 brought to a head the internal crisis in Japanese politics. Conservative elements were shocked, and the moderate leaders scared. The domestic prestige of the Japanese army as a constitutional factor in shaping Japanese policy was already involved. Hitherto, the Navy had exerted its restraining force. But the embargo's which the United States, Britain, and Holland had enforced, cut off from Japan all supplies of oil, on which the Navy and indeed the whole war power of Japan depended. The Japanese Navy was at once forced to live on its oil reserves, and at the outbreak of the Pacific War had in fact consumed four out of 18 months supply. It was evident that this was a stranglehold, and that the choice before them was either for Japan to reach an agreement with the United States or go to war. The American requirements involved Japanese withdrawal, not only from their new aggression in Indochina, but from China itself, where they had already been fighting at heavy expense for so long. This was a rightful but a hard demand. In these circumstances, the Navy associated itself with the Army in the policy of war, if an acceptable diplomatic agreement could not be obtained.
+clip37.wav|carlinQuote|en|As the situation in China worsened after 1937, Secretary of State Hull became the primary proponent of waging an economic cold war against Japan. In his view, Japan's reliance on the American market for strategic goods made the smaller nation particularly vulnerable to economic sanctions, and the systematic application of ever greater amounts of pressure would bring the Japanese to their senses. The Secretary of State realized that he had to be careful about his calibrations. He did not wish to push Japan into a shooting war with the United States, but he did mean to convince the country's leaders about the folly of playing a high-stakes game in which the United States could continually up the economic ante. At some point, moderates would return to power in Tokyo, Japan would fold its hand, and peace would be possible.
+clip38.wav|carlinQuote|en|On the evening of 25 July 1941, Roosevelt signed Executive Order number 8832, which subjected all of Japanese monetary assets held in the United States to control by license. The White House press release stated, "This measure, in effect, brings all financial and import and export trade transactions in which Japanese interests are involved under the control of the government and imposes criminal penalties for violation of the order. The order, extended to Japanese colonies, including Manchukuo and China, to protect them from looting by Japan's puppet government installed in Nanking. All assets owned 25% or more by Japanese interests were frozen. When Wall Street opened for business on Monday 28th July, the foreign exchange market for yen simply disappeared. Japanese dollar bonds crashed to 20 to 30% of their par value. The Yokohama Silk Exchange closed. The New York commodity exchange suspended silk futures. In effect, the entire Japanese international payment system seized up. Japan's gold held in America became immovable and unusable. In South America, modest amounts of gold and foreign exchange were similarly immobilized by governments that followed Roosevelt's lead. Cargos destined for America remains stuck on Japanese wars. When Great Britain and Holland followed America's lead, the Yen could only be used and traded within Japan's own empire.
+clip39.wav|carlinQuote|en|After the Manchurian incident, Kanoei had been vociferously anti-Anglo American and pro-German. On January 21, 1941, he declared firmly before a secret session of the diet that "Germany will win." Now he was just as sure that Germany would lose, and also sure that the senior officers of both services could not promise a Japanese victory.
+clip40.wav|carlinQuote|en|At that time, Seongi was preoccupied with helping Kanoei arrange a meeting with Roosevelt. Seongi and many of his blue-blooded friends knew that a war with the west would be unwinnable. Matsumoto Shigiharu, the Yale-educated journalist who was a direct descendant of another illustrious Meiji oligarch, shared Seongi's concern. "I have made a big mistake on Japan's relations with China, Kanoei can fight it to him. In a show of vulnerability displayed only to his social equals, the Prime Minister went on to lament, "I am so ashamed it cannot face up to my ancestors. I do not want to repeat such a mistake, and I want to avoid war with the United States at all costs. If at all possible, I want to improve Sino-Japanese relations as well. I will give it my best shot. So won't you help me?
+clip41.wav|carlinQuote|en|Japan's leaders let the diplomatic crisis brew. Meanwhile, its people remained ignorant of such developments. In a sweeping national campaign to raise money, citizens were urged to buy national life insurance. In mid-July, it was announced with great fanfare that 50 million policies had been sold. Japan's population was about 73 million, raising 10 billion yen, almost 40% of the country's gross national product for 1941. Most of that money, she writes, went to purchase government bonds to fund Japan's war in China. Little did people know that their lives would become very cheap, even worthless thanks to the government they so earnestly supported with their hard-earned, hard-saved money.
+clip42.wav|carlinQuote|en|But their instinctive hopes are daily contradicted by the evidence of their senses. They listen to alarming statements by the highest government officials about the greatest crisis Japan has ever faced in her 2600-year history. They are called to mass meetings to hear denunciations of the enemy, and they read a steady war clamor in the press. They see air shelters and water reservoirs being built everywhere in preparation for air raids. They are being drilled in air raid defense, especially in fighting fires, the greatest dread of Japanese cities. Finally, they see taxes and prices rising. They know that all these things are not done for fun, and that war, real war, which only a short time ago seems so very far away, is rapidly stretching out its fiery arms towards Nippon, land of the gods. The people do not want war, but neither do they want to give up the fruits of the war that they have been fighting, which has caused them such a lot of blood and treasure. They have been told that this war is a war of self-defense, to obtain elbow room for the Japanese people, crowded into a few small islands with few national resources, and to liberate 1,000 million of Oriental peoples from exploitation by the white races. It would be a great mistake to assume that the Japanese are so war-weary that they would be reluctant to fight if war really came to their land, or that their war potential is as small or as straightened as the outward picture might suggest. As members of a divine family state in which patriotism and religion merge, they not merely say "my country right or wrong," but they're convinced with all the fervor of religious faith that their country is right. Whatever mistakes in tactics individual statesman may take.
+clip43.wav|carlinQuote|en|It had seemed impossible that Japan would court destruction by war with Britain and the United States, and probably Russia in the end. A declaration of war by Japan could not be reconciled with reason. I felt sure she would be ruined for a generation by such a plunge, and this proved true. But governments and peoples do not always take rational decisions. Sometimes they take mad decisions. Or one set of people get control, who compel all others to obey and aid them in folly. I have not hesitated to record repeatedly my disbelief that Japan would go mad. However, sincerely, we try to put ourselves in another person's position. We cannot allow for processes of the human mind and imagination, to which reason offers no key. Madness is, however, an affliction which in war carries with it the advantage of surprise.
+clip44.wav|carlinQuote|en|If I might add, it is evident that a U.S. Japanese war is bound to be protracted. The United States will not give up fighting as long as Japan has the upper hand. The war will last for several years. In the meantime, Japan's resources will be depleted, battleships and weaponry will be damaged, replenishing materials will be impossible, Japan will be impoverished. He then famously concluded, "A war with so little chance of success should not be fought."
+clip45.wav|carlinQuote|en|The Japanese planned to seize and occupy a vast area, including all of Southeast Asia they did not already hold. Burma, Siam, Malaya, the Philippines, and the Dutch East Indies. Japan would occupy the American island outposts of Guam and wake. She would also destroy or at least neutralize the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. On the first day of the war, the Philippines and Malaya were to be hit by air attacks, followed soon after by invasion. Simultaneously, troops would occupy British Borneo and Hong Kong. Once the Philippines and the Malay Peninsula, with its important fortress of Singapore, had been taken, the conquest of Burma and the Dutch East Indies would follow.
+clip46.wav|carlinQuote|en|The Hawaiian Air Force's chief of staff, James Mullison, returned to Short's original point, and he's saying now, "Our mission is to protect Oahu, and shipping out those army planes will lessen our capability to do so." Kimmel wanted details on his thinking, "Why are you so worried about this? Do you think we are in danger of attack?" When Mullison replied, "The Japanese have such a capability," the Admiral argued, "Capability, yes, but possibility?" Kimmel then asked his naval war plan's officer, Rear Admiral Charles McMorris. What do you think about the prospects of a Japanese air attack? McMorris said, "None. Absolutely none."
+clip47.wav|carlinQuote|en|From the beginning, Imperial Japanese Army officers planned to invade Singapore without giving prior notice to Britain. But the Imperial Japanese Navy felt very differently about the United States and Operation Z. After the Imperial Conference on December 1st, in fact, the Emperor told Prime Minister Hideki Tojo repeatedly that he was not to attack the United States without warning. Naval Attache, Yazuro, Sahimatsu explained the sense of honor that was a hallmark of Japanese military history. Japanese warriors never tried to assassinate a person who was sleeping. When they tried to kill him, they first kicked the pillow and woke him up and then killed him. The same principle applied to the attack. The required time to wake America up would be approximately 30 minutes.
+clip48.wav|carlinQuote|en|Fushita's radio was still clicking when the first wave broke into its component parts. Fushita swung around Barber's point, and sure beyond all possible doubt that they had indeed achieved maximum strategic surprise. At 7.53 AM he sang out "Tiger, Tiger, Tiger" the code words which told the entire Japanese Navy that they had caught the Pacific Fleet unawares. Aboard, Akagi, Kusaka was not in the least ashamed of the tears which coursed down his wind-burned cheeks, impassive Zen Buddhist though he was. Admiral Nagumo could not have uttered a word, had life and honor depended on it. Incredibly, miraculously, they had brought off Yamamoto's madcap venture. With silent instinct, each man stretched out his hand to the other, and in their eyes were all the words they could not speak.
+clip49.wav|carlinQuote|en|As the attack began at 7.55 AM, unbelieving Americans watched as bombs rained down on Hickam and Ford Island airfields, while the low-flying "Cates" released their torpedoes against the ships. On Ford Island's west side, Utah, moored in the aircraft carrier Enterprise's usual place and possibly mistaken for a carrier by an inexperienced Japanese pilot, took two torpedoes. Another struck the cruiser Raleigh, moored in line ahead. Both ships began to list, and the target ship capsized at 812, while Raleigh's crews saved the cruiser by heroic damage control efforts. On the opposite shore of Ford Island, torpedoes struck Nevada, Arizona, West Virginia, Oklahoma, and California, Tennessee moored inboard of West Virginia and Maryland inboard of Oklahoma, escaped torpedo damage, as did the fleet's flagship Pennsylvania in Dry Dock 1.
+clip50.wav|carlinQuote|en|"The ship," he said, seemed to jump at least 15 or 20 feet upward in the water and sort of break in two.
+clip51.wav|carlinQuote|en|Ships on fire, ships burning, explosions going on all over the place. I saw the Arizona blow up, and she just rained sailors. And of course those were the ones that were fortunate enough to live. The ones that were blown off the ship. Burning Arizona crewmen ran aft or into the water, thinking they would find relief. Instead, they found six-inch pools of fiery fuel oil covering the sea, turning them into match sticks. All the oil tanks on all the battle wagons had been ruptured, most of them. And you could just about almost get out and walk on it. It was that thick. And around those ships that had fire on it, it was on fire as well. So a lot of these people jumping off the ships were jumping right into burning oil. We had just loaded the day before because we were going back to the States for Christmas. The Admiral had told us so we had filled the tank Saturday.
+clip52.wav|carlinQuote|en|These people were zombies. They were burned completely white. Their skin was just as white as if you had taken a bucket of white wash and painted it white. Their hair was burned off, their eyebrows were burned off, the pitiful remains of their uniforms in their crotch was a charred remnant, and the insoles of their shoes was about the only thing that was left on these bodies. They were moving like robots. Their arms were out, held away from their bodies, and they were stumping along the decks.
+clip53.wav|carlinQuote|en|Seaman JP Burkholder looked out a porthole on the bridge just as one of the converted sixteen-inch shells crashed down on number two turret, a few feet forward. The porthole covered Tor loose, clobbered him on the head, and sent him scurrying through the door. Outside he helped a wounded ensign, but couldn't help one of his closest friends, who was so far gone he only wanted Burkholder to shoot him. Another armor-piercing bomb burst through number 3 turret, farther aft. Seaman S.F. Bowen, stationed there as a powder-carman, was just dogging the hatch when the bomb hit. It wasn't a shattering crash at all. Just a ball of fire, about the size of a basketball, appeared overhead and seemed to melt down on everyone. It seemed to run down on his skin and there was no way to stop it. As he crawled down to the deck below, he noticed that his shoe strings were still on fire.
+clip54.wav|carlinQuote|en|An officer phoned Admiral Husband Kimmel at home with the news that Japanese planes were attacking his fleet. The Admiral was still buttoning his white uniform as he ran out of the house and onto the neighboring lawn of the district's chief of staff, Captain John Early, which had a panoramic view of battleship Roe. Mrs. Early said later that Kimmel stood, quote, "in utter disbelief and completely stunned, his face as white as the uniform he wore." "The sky was full of the enemy," Kimmel said later. He saw the Arizona lift out of the water, then sink back down, way down. "Mrs. Early," he writes, "saw a battleship capsize and said, "Looks like they've got the Oklahoma.
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+clip1.wav|carlinSpeak|en|It was a cultural system, one might call it an organic system that was similar and is often compared to the broad contemporary system in Europe. The Japanese during the Mongol Chinese invasions were in a feudal stage, it's often said. At the same time when Europe was in a feudal stage, it's a really dicey subject. I mean, a lot of people complain about trying to fit the square peg of Japanese culture into the round hole of the European historical template. I mean, the context of things like knights and feudalism is a European context. The problem is it's the best analogy for Europeans to understand the situation in shorthand, even with all the problems attached to it. Maybe you could say both Europe and Japan starting to explore the early ideas of statehood and that kind of thing. Both cultures with a hereditary warrior class that made up an aristocracy that had a bunch of fighters who as individuals compete for the title of most dangerous warrior of all time.
+clip2.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Now, a dictionary may say that the Shogun runs things, but in reality, he's dealing with a bunch of local lords. These people call daimyos. Japan during this time period split up into about roughly 200 separate little areas. And each one of these areas has its local lord and they raise their own taxes, they raise their own military forces, they owe allegiance to the central government, but they have broad ranges of powers to deal with everything in their own domain, their own military forces. They owe allegiance to the central government, but they have broad ranges of powers to deal with everything in their own domain, their own way. You can see why maybe people can be forgiven for applying the feudalism tag to that, because on a surface level, it kind of looks that way, doesn't it?
+clip3.wav|carlinSpeak|en|And part of the reason it's so influential is it's a time where the cultural head binding is particularly tight and the Edo period is known as I would suggest a double-edged sword a good and bad kind of thing on the good side in the early 1600s I'm not sure there's a cleaner place to live than Edo, and for a mild germaphobe like myself. Probably the only place I could go back to in the time machine if I had to run away from the present and take refuge in the past where I wouldn't be totally freaked out.
+clip4.wav|carlinSpeak|en|But think of all the stuff Japan misses because it's not engaging fully with the rest of the world and the European powers. I mean, just off the top of my head, they're missing the Enlightenment, the French and American revolutions, the industrial revolution, Napoleon, the revolutions of 1848, Marx, all this stuff. And remember, these things are tsunamis in places like Europe. Social revolutions, upheavals, big wars. And the only thing you can say for the way the people experience them at the time that they happened is that at least they got them one at a time usually and in the right order. So sometimes you have time to recover from one tsunami before the next one hits you, time to sort of incorporate and absorb the lessons or what have you from that era. But when Japan eventually will have to join the rest of the world, they're going to get all that stuff at once.
+clip5.wav|carlinSpeak|en|In the later part of the 19th century, in order to maintain a first class military by the great power standards of the time, your entire society has to be devoted and organized in a way to gird it as a foundation. I mean, it doesn't seem like that, but that's the way it is. And so when you find out way we've got to catch up real fast or somebody's going to eat us, we We got to be able to resist anybody that would land on our shores or fight us. That takes longer than most places have. The Meiji Restoration Rulans clearly see that they've got this clock ticking and so they need a mammoth amount of change and they need it as quickly as possible. That's what makes this whole thing a miracle. The Meiji government, which is usually called the Meiji oligarchs later they'll be called a cabal working in conjunction with the emperor by the way. And we've not spoken much about the emperor, but we will in a minute. They're trying to ride the tiger here in terms of a balance.
+clip6.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Think about what that does to a culture because you can transform a society new constitutions, which the Meiji provide with a parliament, which the Meiji provide with new courts and banks and finance systems. I mean, this is amazing stuff. Right? They will intentionally launch an industrial revolution. Think about how hard it was on the ones that got to have all these historical moments happen to them. One at a time in the right order, the Japanese extra traditional culture gets to have all this stuff happen in like 10 years. Now, this isn't a story about the Meiji Restoration, which is good because I'd be over my head already. We should point out that it's such an amazing time period that there are very sober historians that compare some of these Meiji oligarchs, some of these really dynamic people to figures like George Washington, role that the young Turks played in the Ottoman state that laid the foundation for the modern Turkish state.
+clip7.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Think about how they would handle their tasks though if it were your task. So if I said to you, listen, you're in an adapt or die situation, you have to modernize your society as fast as possible. What's job one? What do you do first? What the Japanese did, and smart, when you think about it, is they looked around and they sent out observers. The Tokugawa regime had been very insulate. This is like 180 degree turn because they have to. The new government sends out observers and students all over the world and they have them come back and report on what all the different countries do well.
+clip8.wav|carlinSpeak|en|And so the Japanese want to be taken seriously by the other great powers. So they have to also copy some form of government that the great powers have. What is the template that they're going to build this new modern Japanese government on? It's a conscious effort to create a modern state. And you have lots of choices if you're looking at say European examples, don't you? And they sort of run the game at the entire spectrum. You can go all the way over to one side and you have like a British or a French system. God forbid an America system. But you know, rights of man, a parliament or in the case of the Japanese who were in the process, can we say that the Meiji restoration rulers were giving Japan sort of a soft landing from feudalism, if you will, that's one of the things they're known for, probably a little too new to maybe go off France and Britain. So maybe you go to something with a little bit more military muscle built into the constitutional design. This is the period where Prussia is active, but will soon become United Germany. So this is a transition period for them. But either way, it's a more muscular military involvement in terms of the way the state is organized. Right? The Kaiser will be called the Supreme War, Lord. That's the kind of thing autocrats and emperors like a lot, or you could just go, you know, turn the dial all the way to the other side and go, "Full Zare" on things if you want to. The Zare of Russia, of course, during this period and autocrat. He's an old-fashioned throwback to the divine right of kings. His position is divinely ordained in the social hierarchy by God. This is not a person who is fearful of Christianity like the Japanese were in the Tokugawa regime. This is a person who has wrapped up in a Christian bow and presented to his people as one step below a deity. The Tsars regime is also notably hostile to all this talk of democracy and all this social agitation that bothers the Japanese oligarchs as much as it bothers the Russian ones. So the Japanese will form a system that actually takes the whole idea of the Tsars wrapped up as the chosen man of God one step farther and creates an emperor that is a God.
+clip9.wav|carlinSpeak|en|You know, maybe something along the lines of an 11-year-old or a 12-year-old what they would read in school. And it doesn't matter what great power in air quotes country you go to. The books could all be entitled, you know, have your flag on it and the title could say something, here's what's so great about us. Cause that's what they kind of sound like. And if you open them up, I want to remind Americans, cause I grew up with just the fumes of this left, that if you open up those books and look at for example, how they portray George Washington, you would not call him a deity, but he was portrayed and I mean, people believed this at this time as a guy who never lied and he was portrayed as almost superhuman. He's a pretty interesting guy, I'm not saying, but you know what I mean? It's this is part of your national mythology that was so important during this era, and Japan took this and turned it up to 11. First of all, they outdid the Tsar, who was only chosen by God, and they wrapped the emperor into a warped version of Shintoism that got more warped over time and turned him into a God. Full disclaimer here, had you done a public sampling of Japanese opinion 100 years ago and asked the people on the street whether or not the emperor was a God, I'm going to guess here that she gets somewhere in the 85% range that says yes anyway, I don't know that that's at true at all though. But the point is is that this was an existing thing that the government for its own state purposes like most governments anywhere took and used. And they used it by wrapping the entire organization of this modern state around the emperor figure.
+clip10.wav|carlinSpeak|en|When I was a kid the histories taught that the emperor during the Second World War was like a figurehead sort of to a military dictatorship, not unlike a 20th century version of the Shogun. But nowadays, there are Pulitzer Prize-winning histories by historians like Herbert P. Bix that suggest that that's not true. And it may be what was a conspiracy theory when I was growing up isn't such a conspiracy theory. The idea that the emperor had his reputation laundered the way engineers and scientists who had to work for the Nazis did an operation paperclip. So maybe the way you make the emperor an okay figure to be a post war figure on the global geopolitical Cold War chess board is to launder his past by saying, hey, listen, he was a tool of the military dictatorship. He didn't have any power, but maybe he did. Now, the way this system is designed, this Meiji restoration system, the emperor supposed to be like the top of the apex in the Japanese social hierarchy and theoretically he controls everything. And he has the power to reach down through layers of bureaucracy and create justice and solve problems and cut through red tape and what's the likelihood of single figures going to be able to do all that, as they say, when one person is in charge of everything, nobody's really in charge of anything. And you can see how this gets the entire nation state into trouble, for example, when you look at the relationship in this system, the major restoration constitutional system of the emperor to the armed forces. The army in the Navy of Japan don't know their allegiance to the nation state of Japan. They owe their allegiance to the emperor personally. In fact, they're kind of taken out of the realm of politics altogether and put into, you know, his hands for his use as he sees fit. But what if he doesn't ever get involved in the situation? Well what that really means is that the political leaders have no control over the military. The military can say, "Hey, we're answerable only to the emperor." And the emperor stays in his room and doesn't bother anyone. It's a little like that.
+clip11.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Because when the guy wants to, and this seems to be almost like the role of the emperor going way back into ancient times they have all this latent power. But they don't use it very often so it's the Hulk but they don't turn into the Hulk very often and they're almost madeningly inconsistent when they do. But when they do they can move mountains and we wanted the things that the war crime investigations after the war story and Herbert P. Bix says that they wanted to know from the Japanese emperor is they were trying to figure out if the guy had the power to stop the war, you know, all he has to do is turn into the incredible Hulk, say the war will end now on the war ends. Why didn't he end it at the beginning before millions of people had died, right? It's very frustrating for the people in the West to look at this society and try to figure out where the lines of power are. We're very comfortable with a couple of different things, right, that we're used to. I mean, if you say you have a ruler and you have like a magna Carta or a constitution that dictates what they could do, we totally get that right, bring in the magnifying glass and the lawyers, you know, you can then read the text and say, well, you can't do this, you can do that. And this other stuff that's murky in the middle, we can argue about. We get that. We have a lot of that. Unfortunately, we also have a lot of the other extreme and we get that too. You know, that one, that's the Pharaoh God, Julius Caesar, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Genghis Khan thing. We have nothing written down because there's nothing you can't do. Total power. The Japanese emperor is neither one of those things, but seems to be bound by what historian Herbert P. Bix called an ethos of restraint in the use of his power, right? Something that's bound by things that are not written, things that are very difficult for outsiders to proceed. Because for a bunch of this stuff, you have to have, you know, your cultural antenna set to the Japanese setting. You can really only get that most of the time through amazing decades of study or being Japanese. But so to outsiders, it's difficult for us to understand, but maybe to the Japanese emperor, this court protocol, the tradition, and a bunch of other considerations, maybe is binding to him as a magna carta or a constitution would be to some other ruler.
+clip12.wav|carlinSpeak|en|But I couldn't even figure out a shorthand way to describe it. So one of the rare times I went to look for somebody else's shorthand way to describe it. And I ended up on Wikipedia, which may be the first time we're using something from there, but it was perfect. They described this government, remember, with adaptations and evolutions, this is going to be the government that goes into the second world war. So where are the lines of power? Well, the Wikipedia piece described it as a quote, "form of mixed constitutional absolute monarchy", a form of mixed constitutional absolute monarchy. Wouldn't you think that the term absolute monarchy sort of makes the rest of that phrase moot? But here's the wild part. That is what it is. That's a good description of it. But that's not a description that really makes any sense or helps you figure out who's in charge of the place. One thing you can say though is that by injecting a deity or a religious level of fervor and belief into this state and this culture at this time period deliberately as as for state purposes, these rulers ratchet up the intensity level yet again because I mean, after all, when do you normally inject religion and deities into things and people don't get more serious and passionate about it? Probably never. And in this case, that was not a bug. That was a feature. And I don't mean to say, because I think most of these Meiji oligarchs were true believers. I think the, for example, most of them probably believed in the divinity of the emperor. But let's imagine for a minute that instead of them being true believers, they were much more cynical power, mongerers who were just looking at the tools they could use to keep the people under their boot. What an amazing tool this idea that the emperor is divine is. Look at how if you buy into the state, we would call it state propaganda, look at how it completely changes your logical calculations. If you buy the state, we would call it state propaganda. Look at how it completely changes your logical calculations. If you buy the parameters, it turns your mind against you, your rational mind. For example, if you buy the two pillars in this system that's going to be drilled into the heads increasingly of Japanese students as they grow up, that the emperor is responsible for all the decisions that are made in terms of charting the course of the nation and the policies. And also that the emperor is basically superhuman.
+clip13.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Japan, of course, started the public school system copying the great powers. They thought it might have been some of the secret sauce that made those great powers dominant, but they also needed a literate population to man all those industries and all those other things that were going to support their modern military. So it was a no brainer. But, you know, there's an old saying, I think that nobody ever really objects to children learning to read. The question that always comes is what are they reading? And in this case, as in every country, it's pretty propagandized state stuff. And in the Japanese case, more intense than most. And in the same way that people in the United States may have had a little bit of a hero worship over George Washington, in Japan, they had a little bit of a worship worship over the Japanese emperor. And if you think about how into a population and these Japanese school children increasingly, if you boil it down to the subject matter, they're all learning things that we would think are good things to teach. We said patriotism, love of country, sacrifice, honor your parents, respect authority. I mean, these are all values that all the school systems, the Japanese were imitating or teaching and that Japanese parents at the time probably would have approved of. But there's no doubt it'll brainwash you if you're buying what they're selling. And if you're going to walk a mile in a guy like Hiroo Onoda moccasins, let's understand that his logical calculation said that simply doing what the emperor told him to do is the smart choice to make. And if you are a cynical wielder of the levers of power, if you're a true real politique dictator type, you'd give you a right arm to have that kind of belief system on the part of your population. Now let's remember the number one goal of this new government though that, you know, they have to deal with. I mean, all this other stuff is kind of a means to an end. If you can't defend yourself from an outside power who wants to take you over none of this other stuff matters, right?
+clip14.wav|carlinSpeak|en|What if you already had an indigenous long-standing Warrior ethos and tradition of your own just sitting there not doing anything Could you Reanimate it repurpose it? Clone it? Could you customize it so that it meets the needs of a late 19th century early 20th century regime? I mean if I told you that a state was pushing these values, what would you think? Values like courage, benevolence, politeness, selflessness, sincerity, honor, loyalty, self-control, and a strong sense of justice. The various virtues that have sometimes been ascribed to Bushido, the ethical way of the samurai. If your kids were learning those kinds of things in school, you'd probably think that that was a good thing. What the government of Japan will do during this time period is that they will pick and choose, and we had said earlier that they warp all these things that were pre-existing in Japan. Well, Bushido goes way, way back, although the term itself may only date from the late 19th century. But this will be another traditional Japanese thing that the modern state will take and warp for its own purposes. And according to Benish, if I understand it correctly, he's basically saying that amongst the wide-ranging intelligentsia debating the various aspects of Bushido, you could find almost every opinion out there you want, but the state would pick the ones that most corresponded with things that would help it. For example, finally settling on one of the most influential, they're called Bushido theorists out there who has boiled Bushido down to just simply really two things. And you can see why the state would like a guy like this and validate his viewpoint on Bushido because he boils it down to love of the emperor and patriotism.
+clip15.wav|carlinSpeak|en|and it will only get higher as time goes on. Remember, this military only exists from like the late, the 1870s, 1880s, it really is built. And of course, in 1945, it all comes to a halt. But in that time period, you will go from instantly higher than should be expected morale to unbelievable fanatical levels of morale. For comparison purposes, because we all know that the German army in the Second World War is a very good army, but in the book Implacable Foes, historians, Waldo Heinrichs and Marc Gallicchio compare the two in this morale regard. They point out that the Japanese situation was often just going to be a question of victory or death?
+clip16.wav|carlinSpeak|en|after a global intervention put an end to its its steroid addiction, its half-century long steroid addiction, but if it wanted to go back and trace the roots of how it began, that initial taste that seems so consequence-free, that got you hooked and led you down, that terrible path, the rise and fall of Japan's imperialism addiction, it starts with Korea, which was just sitting there, wasn't it? Like a dagger aimed at the heart of Japan as the German advisor von Bismarck told the Japanese government, the Japanese had already treated Korea very shortly after it was opened up against a twill by the Western powers to that exact same treatment and then foisted the same sort of unequal treaties on Korea that the West had foisted on Japan. So Japan learns quickly. They were ripe for trying out what the Western powers were, you know, building their muscles up with and the first hit free happened in Korea. In the 1870s and 1880s, the Japanese involved themselves more and more in internal Korean politics and dynamics. Korea is generally in the sphere of influence of the Great Jupiter of the region, China, but increasingly as the Russians have advanced all the way to the Pacific, they have more of an impact too in that area. But to the Japanese, this is a key, I mean, if this were a game of Risk or something where there were no morals or ethics or anything involved, because the Korean people will suffer terribly into this time period we're getting into. But let's imagine people don't matter in a Risk game. If you're planning Japan, you want to take Korea. During this time period, the Chinese and the Russians are in a much better position than you are. So what do you do? Well, in 1894, somehow, Japan ends up in a war over the sphere of influence control of Korea with China. 1894, it's called the first Sino-Japanese war, and it is really the first time that this new army of Japan, since they opened up leaves Japan to fight somebody else.
+clip17.wav|carlinSpeak|en|There was a lot of admiration, but it was still tempered by this idea that, yes, they're pretty amazing for Oriental folk. It was an almost racialist view of things. Wow, they have moved themselves up to the top of the food chain amongst their people in that part of the world. I mean, and that was the progressive way of looking at things. There were people around the Russian Tsar, and again, pardon, this is a little sound like racism folks, but we're talking about one of the most racist periods in world history. And it impacts decision making. When the people around the Russian Tsar thought of the Japanese, there was one quote of there's just yellow monkeys. Okay, well, what happens to you if it's your job to deal with yellow monkeys and you're trying to figure out, okay, how many troops do we need on the border with those people? I mean, when you're trying to make out, okay, how many troops do we need on the border with those people? I mean, when you're trying to make conscious decisions about how you should behave, but your view of reality is so tainted by your racism that you can't possibly imagine these people doing anything that would hurt you. And that's what a lot of the other people said. The Japanese were able to do this to the Chinese because obviously the Chinese are weak as heck. They'd never be able to do it to a white nation. Well, the end of Japan's war with China here opens up the door to them having a problem with their first European nation because Japan gets a peace treaty extracted from China that is like hitting the jackpot in Las Vegas for the Japanese. First of all, the terms are that they get a ton of money. It's like the equivalent of four years of Japan's total budget handed over to them. They also get the island of Taiwan, which is huge and the surrounding smaller islands. Here's Japan's first colony. They also get an agreement that they will sort of have the sphere of influence control of Korea. And in order to make that work, they have to get this peninsula, which is strategically very important. So it's all part of the deal. Japan has sort of had this coming out party. They're in the great powers now. And then all of a sudden, I love the way R. Taggart Murphy describes it. He says it's the equivalent of having three old seasoned lions come in and steal the first kill of a young leopard who's just learning how to hunt and just you know things he's hit the jackpot no no no no we're gonna alter the terms of the deal said the three lions metaphorically named France Germany and Russia
+clip18.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Now, I should point out something about Port Arthur before we go any farther, because it's germane to the story. Port Arthur was the site of a terrible massacre in the Sino-Japanese War that just ended. In it, the Japanese army went in and killed men, women, and children, between a thousand is the low end number you see see and the high end possible number is 20,000. That's a huge gap obviously, but there are other people that take that number much, much, much, much higher than that. But there really aren't that many people in that region. So they're not really that credible, but just know that the incredible numbers go much higher than 20,000. The reason it's important, though, is because you will see on display things that both look medieval to modern people in the late 19th century and things that are going to be reminiscent of incidents we will see over and over in the second World War. The Japanese go into port Arthur and the three rationales. Just so you know that you'll get for this, you'll get for the other basically, um, situations like it in the Second World War. You got them at the time. You will get them today from ultra nationalist. There's three. One is that these incidents happened when atrocities were committed against Japanese troops. And so the soldiers kind of lose their minds for a while. You know, these, these suggestions is that this is understandable for troops in combat, and that it's not something that the army itself condones, but it's understandable, right? So you have the atrocity thing. The second thing you'll often hear is that the presses reporting that these are civilians, but they're really enemy soldiers who are trying to hide from our troops and live to snipe at them and everything from behind buildings dressed as civilians. So all these people that look like civilians are really enemy soldiers. And the last thing you will hear reliably is that the numbers are inflated.
+clip19.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Now, the next big foreign policy milestone on the way to our story here involves a war that the Japanese get involved within 1904 against the Russians. The Russians who were one of the three lions that said for the peace of Asia, you can't have this Port Arthur area. Just not right and forced the Japanese to give in. The Japanese always thought that Russia really wanted it for themselves. Within three years. The Russians had taken it, confirming the Japanese suspicions and they started fortifying Port Arthur in the whole thing. So in 1904, when the Japanese had decided, you know, for all sorts of reasons that they still needed to control this area, they launched, let's just call it a pre-aircraft version of a pearl harbor on the Russian Far Eastern fleet. Having torpedo boats go in there and attack Russian ships about three hours before war was officially declared. In short order, the Japanese will destroy the Russian Far Eastern fleet. The Russian leaders around the Tsar who are so caught off guard by this, they didn't think the Japanese would attack them or didn't have it in them. Attack a white power, send the fleet that they have in the Baltic, the Baltic fleet from up near Finland, takes months to get there, and when they get there, the Japanese beat that too. In stunning fashion. It's not like a close fight at all. On land, it's more of a harder slog for simple reasons. I mean, we're like a decade away from the first World War and all of those lessons they're going to learn in the first year of the first World War, like, you know, you can't charge machine guns frontally, the impact of, you know, defense. I mean, all the stuff you're going to learn the Japanese get to learn against the Russians on land. And they're a horrible photo showing just, I mean, like walls of Japanese soldiers dead in front of these fortified positions because, you know, often led by an officer with a samurai sword, they blindly and fanatically charged.
+clip20.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Now, another viewpoint, though you can look at is from the colonial victim viewpoint of people like the Koreans. This will be an awful period in their history. They will suffer terribly. So from their viewpoint, this isn't a good thing. This is the tragedy. And once again, keeps them from ruling themselves. They will be seen by the Japanese government the same way that colonial victims were often seen by the mother country, sometimes especially if the colonial victims are of a different skin color, they will be seen as less than human or certainly less than Japanese. Second class citizens from the get go. But finally, there's another interesting group of people whose reaction here is important. The other non-white victims of colonialism who have just seen something that inspires them. They've seen a non-white power punch the great powers in the nose in a way they could only dream of, and it gives them an opportunity to dream of the potential of maybe even with Japanese help doing that down the road. This idea may be that the Japanese emergence in Asia is the beginning of the reality of a bunch of ideas that are some kind called pan-Asianism, the idea of it. It's basically the Kaiser's worst nightmare come true in a way that helps a bunch of people that would love to gain their freedom from non-Asian powers.
+clip21.wav|carlinSpeak|en|This is the marketing front that Japan uses to disguise their war aims, but that's a very simplistic allied way of looking at it because truthfully a lot of people bought into this idea whether or not the government did and some of the people in the government certainly did. The problem with the idea of creating a giant Asia for Asians in a hemisphere freed by the sacrifice of Japanese soldiers willingly giving up their lives for the greater good. TRight, that's something every mother and father can get behind when they send their son off to the Imperial Japanese Army. You have to kind of live up to that on the ground. You can't cloak yourself in the robe of Asian liberation and then treat the people that you liberated worse than the people that you liberated them from. In 1910, Japan officially annexes Korea. They had acquired the sphere of influence rights officially in a treaty when the Japanese war with Russia ended. Five years later, boom, they just take it out. Right. It's the first real colony of Japan. Of course, they've had Taiwan for a while now, too. So Japan goes from a country writing about joining the colonial great powers to one of them, and they don't act a whole lot differently than the countries that they wanted to be like. The Korean economy becomes a subsidiary of the Japanese economy for the purposes of the Japanese economy and the people in Korea are treated like second class citizens and sometimes they're treated like chattel. The brutalities sometimes are horrible. The Koreans would sometimes have the gall to get out and demand their rights and they would be shot down at protest. I mean, this is not the kind of thing that goes on the greater East Asia co-prosperities. We are marketing brochure.
+clip22.wav|carlinSpeak|en|The area is huge by the way, I read it's the size of Texas, Louisiana and Alabama put together. Lots of coal, lots of iron, potentially huge amounts of wheat like, I mean we're talking United States bread basket type amounts of wheat. The entire area of which the Japanese only have a little tiny little piece of South Manchuria at this point, but the entire area borders several different countries and several different cultures and if you're looking at it in the terms the period would use several different ethnic groups or races. It's mostly Chinese, by the way, but this Manchurian area touches Korea. It touches China. It touches Siberia. It touches Mongolia. it's a huge area big enough to give you, you know, whatever you wanted in terms of raw materials or food or space or customers in an emerging market, but also large enough if it sucks you in to kill you. And the potential to draw you deeper into the affair is ever present. And there are people working on making sure that happens in several different places in this story at the same time. It's like a wild west with spies. It's like Berlin used to be when I was a kid where all the spies in the world supposedly hung out in that one little area. That's what this area around the South Manchurian railway, the Japan is developing. It becomes a little like that. And there's people in there who work for the corporations who are developing things. There's people who work for some shadowy groups. And they're just trying to see what the opportunities are to expand a little bit.
+clip23.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Well, they say nature of pours of vacuum, and power does too. And all of a sudden we get to a very interesting question, which is in a system where if you said, "Who's got the power?" Everyone answered the emperor in a period where the emperor is not up to using that power. Who is your default choice when the emperor is not up to the task? That's not been really defined in this vague system. And so the 1920s will be a period, for example, when different elements in the system will be trying to sort of jockey for a larger position of power in the state. Now that, you know, there's a vacuum sort of where the emperor's world is supposed to be. More on that, after the brief interlude that is known as World War I, the First World War breaks out in 1914, and in Asia, it is a very different sort of an animal than it is in Europe, obviously. In Europe, it is a catastrophe, it is a charnel house, it is a nightmare. In Asia, it's not that bad at all. In fact, the Japanese get into the war. They have an alliance with Britain anyway, but they get into the war on the allied side. Interesting to note that both the Italians and the Japanese will fight with the allies against the Germans in the First World War and then switch sides in the second. But in this case, for the Japanese, this is a wonderful opportunity to like hit the jackpot in the way they haven't hit it since that first war in China, right? The first Sino-Japanese war. In this case, the Germans don't have a lot in Asia, but what they do have is almost undefended. And so you can argue, you know, who came out of the first world war the best? And I think the two candidates that are the most logical choices here is, is it the United States or is it Japan? The United States came out of it much, much stronger than, you know, what they were like when they went into it. And they did much better than Japan did, but they paid a much larger price in doing it in a really short period of combat operations. The United States lost a lot of people, comparatively.
+clip24.wav|carlinSpeak|en|But there was also a real sense that one of the main reasons that the world got sucked into those wars was competition over colonies and things like that, the very crocodile and the water that's played such an important role in the story was seen to be an important role in why the first World War happened. So one might think this would change people's attitudes in terms of having or not having colonies. What it really seems to have done is change the way you have to speak about them, talk about them, and refer to them, right? You can't really talk about dominating a people, but you can talk about a protector where you're creating the conditions where a stable government can take hold. For the safety of the citizens, I mean, it's a different way of sort of explaining to other people why you have things like veto power over the foreign policy of another country. But the Japanese are watching all this stuff to sort of see what this new willsonian world's going to be like. And what it kind of does, sort of the mood of the age is strengthen that group of people in Japan who think we should be working with China. We should be the leader of Asia in an economic sense. I mean, that group is sort of exalted all throughout the 1920s. And the 1920s are this really sort of exciting era in Japanese history where if you're looking at it in terms of sort of the stages that one would expect a true democracy to go through when they're going, you know, from where Japan was to where a true democracy would go, you would expect the stage that Japan has in the 1920s to happen. It's a crucial stage. It's the stage though. Where all those bintellectual contagions brought over in Pandora's box by that American fleet that opened Japan in the 1850s. It's when they've all had a chance to sort of take seed and mature and grow up in bloom and bear fruit even. The 1920s is a wild time in Japan and it's a time where the oligarchs that were controlling that country start to lose control of the country.
+clip25.wav|carlinSpeak|en|These groups, by the way, have some of the greatest names you will ever run into. These patriotic groups that start off as kind of like pseudo-secret societies, but more and more, you know, come out in the open. I mean, there's one called the Black Dragon Society. There's another one called the Dark Ocean Society. And they have one called the Cherry Blossom Society, which sounds beautiful, but those members of that Cherry Blossom Society kill people. There will be assassinations in Japan, a rising amount starting at least in the late 19 teens. They have a prime minister in like 19, I think it's 21 who's assassinated. They have another one assassinated in 1932. They have the head of a major corporation assassinated. And these groups are killing these people as a way one to get them out of positions of power. And sometimes they do. They'll change the course of the way things go by taking out a key person. Other times they do it as a way to send a message. There's the other people out there. It's an intimidation move and an American diplomat. I think it's an American diplomat will call the government of Japan during the late 20s, early 30s as a government by assassination. And oftentimes the assassins are members of these groups. What do these groups want? They want to go back to a golden age that never existed. These groups are generally, although there's differences among them, but they're generally strongly anti-communist. They are strongly pro-military, and they think that Japan's been given into the Western powers on arms limitations and all that too much. They are usually pan-Asian, so they believe in Japan leading an Asian revolution against Western supremacy and the superior nature, often of the Japanese race and people, superior nature, often of the Japanese race and people, and spirit. They loathe parliamentary democracy and all its vile politicians who are corrupt, but they also have a big problem with the business-incorporate interests of the times, the Zibatsu, the people that, you know, the corporations and the governments that are partnering together for developmental purposes and everything else. These people see them as a Western infection.
+clip26.wav|carlinSpeak|en|There will be several major historical wildcards that get played on Japan in the 1920s that would have made it tough for Democracy to flourish anyway. I mean in 1923. There's a horrible earthquake and it affects a couple of major cities more than the rest of the country But it's like 150,000 dead people. A tsunami. Massive economic damage in 1924 the USA decides they're going to pass some immigration act that the Japanese see is particularly discriminating against them. The United States is almost oblivious to the fact that it bothers the Japanese. To the Japanese it's another sign that they're not being taken as equals, goes right on the Rain Man grievance list. In 1927, there will be a financial crisis that throws Japan into economic turmoil. And then two years later, everybody gets hit by the Great Depression. That's a hard sort of soil to try to nurture the seed of democracy, isn't it? We should point out that the emperor who has not been seen in public very much since like 1920, his son Hirohito, is sort of taking over the duties as crown prince. Well, in December, 1926, Yoshihito dies. Hirohito takes over. So we now have the World War II emperor, you know, here in power and theoretically, perhaps more capable of playing, you know, some sort of activist role in the system, you know, should he want to. Japan does play a part in several major between the two World Wars arms control agreements, specifically one's limiting naval shipping. This absolutely infuriates the ultra nationalist, rightists as you might imagine, and there will be more assassinations. I think it's a little ironic that some of the people that get bumped off in this interwar period are people trying to address the fatal flaw in the Japanese constitutional system. The one that prevents the political leaders from actually controlling the military pretty basic when you think about it. If you're going to have a real representative system, right?
+clip27.wav|carlinSpeak|en|Now maybe the upside of a policy of letting them off easy is that you don't create martyrs out of them, but the obvious downside is it's not much of a deterrent either. An example, perhaps of this gekokujo, you know, inaction happens on June third, 1928, when a railway car full of officials from a province, a warlord province in Manchuria in air quotes, get shredded by a bomb. The bomb kills several people, including the governor of one of these provinces. It also kills the warlord himself, who'll die a few hours later. This warlord had been a friend of Japan's up until that very explosion. But a couple of Japanese mid-level junior officers, including maybe as low as a lieutenant's involvement, but a colonel and a captain maybe, took it upon themselves, we are told to plant this bomb in order to create an incident that required a response that triggered a policy change that these officers thought was the smart move here, right? They would have triggered something that may have led to the takeover of Manchuria. If you wanted to craft an analogy here, you have to start playing with things like, you know, US central command forces in the Middle East, having some mid-level officers there, you know, independently decide we're going to spark a war with a place like Iran because we think it's in a long-term, good interest of the United States to do so, right? It'd be better to fight them now than later. I mean, everyone would thank me if they knew what I knew. I mean, it's a little inconceivable to think about that. It has happened throughout history. I mean, it's not that inconceivable, but amongst the great powers, usually there's more, you know, control over that middle level of command. In this case, it's very possible that what you have here is a tail wagging the dog.
+clip28.wav|carlinSpeak|en|How do the long term trends here look? I mean, you can see a positive possible outcome if you were the people, you know, who want to keep this lifeline to Japan open. You want to keep this, you know, addiction. You can make it work, but it means you've got to either keep China perpetually divided or split it up permanently. Well, you've got to take it over or you've got to control it in such a way that you will never lose control of it, but you get to tell it what to do. You can't have a powerful independent China though, because obviously that's going to get messy when they want their stuff back. The other, of course, policy approach you could take is the one that those more liberal people in Japan have been advocating. Maybe you go the route those people want because it's the only way to deal with China once they're back on their feet. Start negotiating now when they're still weak so that they don't hate you later because the Japanese are not in good graces with the Chinese population during this period. The sleeping giant has already awoken on the ground. The Chinese people are pissed off. And a lot of historians blame the 1950s. You know, we sit in the middle of the first war when everybody's attention was on Western Europe. The Japanese tried to slip one of these treaties on a very weakened China that would have made them a proto-colony and they freaked out the Chinese. But the people freaked out. It wasn't a governmental thing. I mean, the people started boycotting Japanese goods. Riots would erupt where they kill Japanese officials in, in the Chinese cities. I mean, it was anger. It was the same kind of nationalist awakening that Japan had had when Commodore Perry and America's Black Fleet came and opened them up.
+clip29.wav|carlinSpeak|en|historian Andrew Gordon says that in Japan, this is generally considered to be the start of what they call the 15 year war, which is essentially the Second World War. So this is an explosive moment in some people's view of the entire subject we're going to talk about here. And it is the result of so much James Bond undercover, you know, it's like the Star Wars bar with all the guns slinging bootlegers from that time period. I mean, here's how Historian Mary Speed Jensen describes it. And he's a pretty sober historian. So when he uses a word like partying, understand how much like a novel this is. But these are the people engineering these events on the ground in a place like Manchuria. Jensen writes quote.
+clip30.wav|carlinSpeak|en|What's going to happen here, though, is going to get Japan in all kinds of trouble because as over the months go on and the Kwantung army just keeps rounding out their conquest and looking to create, it says, buffer zones to keep bandits and whatnot farther away, they're conquering Manchuria. And the people in Japan that were worried and were against this start coming around. I mean, for the first two weeks, the stuff I've been reading says the Japanese populace wasn't sure what to think about this. But after incessant propaganda and talk about how this is the lifeline and stories and films of Japanese heroic victories, the public comes around and they support this big. So if you're the politician, kind of worried and saying we need to get control of the situation and no more expansion, but every time the army expands, the public loves it, what do you do? Well, if there were no consequences, maybe you just go along with it, but there are consequences in they're huge and they lead directly to war. And let's remember in this war, a bunch of these patriotic civilians supporting the troops are going to die in their homes, burned to death. And I've had conversations a lot over the years with people about what's called strategic bombing, the bombing of civilians in cities that was so prevalent in the Second World War. And there are so many side issues and moral quantities and things to examine, but the one that often gets brought up and it's, well, it's at this point in the story where it's relevant, if it's relevant at all, has to do with responsibility on the part of your average Japanese person. If they're getting bombed in the Second World War, is that something that's the equivalent of getting their just desserts, right? Is, or is it a historical sort of, you know, warning, maybe lessons are not real in history, but is it sort of something that reminds you that these sorts of things have consequences? Because there are people that will blame the Japanese public for supporting, you know, this road to war that they're going down. But to not support, it seems a little counterintuitive. I mean, how likely is it to imagine this Japanese public conditioned the way we've talked about with all the carrots and sticks and cultural head binding and punishment for people who didn't tow the line and all these other things, how likely is it to have imagined that they would do anything other than support their troops when the troops are victorious in the field, right? When it's their own sons out there fighting.
+clip31.wav|carlinSpeak|en|So at a certain point, not only is the rest of the world not believing anything that Japanese government is saying, but it's making them extra angry. I read one historian who made a point of this and this is a really bad time for the world in the Great Depression and all this. Everybody's got their own problems. Every country on the world stage would love to be able to say, I'm just going to ignore this. It's a long way away. But looking like they're being played for fools over and over by the Japanese government, instigates pushback that might not otherwise have been there. In the defense of the Japanese government, they may have believed it every time they said we're not going to move any farther. And then think about the weird position it puts the government in when the army does move farther against orders, has great victories, conquerors more territory. The media shows the newsreels and plays it up. The public is cheering. What are you supposed to do? Denounce them? And remember, nobody in the foreign world out there at all knows that you don't control your own army. You don't want to admit that to them. So you kind of have to own these things now. It's a bizarre situation. It gets even more weird at times too, because and you can't tell again if there's a forced feeling to this, if you feel like you have to do it or if they really want to. But I mean, the emperor has to have the general of the Kwantung over for tea. Private meeting in the palace means this enormous honor. And he's being honored for all these conquests in Manchuria that he went against orders to do. I mean, what sort of message are you sending here? It's bizarre.
+clip32.wav|carlinSpeak|en|The best example I came up with is unfortunately of limited practical value because unless you've gone out too deep in the ocean, you know, with the breakers crashing on you, you're not going to know what I mean. But in my head, it seems like the perfect analogy. And if you've ever done it, you know what I mean when you get trapped in that no man's land between the breaking surf and the shore. Too far away from the shore to get to safety before the next giant wave crushes you. So there's only one option. You have to go out deeper into the surf so you can dive under that giant wave before it starts crashing. The problem as we all know is that when you come up sputtering from that, you have another giant breaker bearing down on you and you're even farther away from the shore. So you have to go out even deeper and dive under that one. Of course, you can't keep this up forever. Eventually, you drown following that strategy and the Japanese are going to drown in China. And if you believe the army defenders out there who were trying to explain what they were doing, they're going to drown in China simply trying to find a defensible place to stop advancing. The army claims it's got bandits to deal with, for example. these bandits are probably really Chinese guerrilla fighters and at one point there'll be like 350,000 of them. That's a lot of bandits, by the way. There will be a constant drumbeat of things that are called incidents when Japanese troops and bandits or Japanese troops and Chinese troops or Japanese troops and warlords troops will have some sort of a gunfight or something and all that can break loose for a while that the Japanese will take another city in response to that and they'll settle down and then another incident.
+clip33.wav|carlinSpeak|en|people getting help, for example, from the new Soviet Union, Chiang, by the way, getting help from the Soviet Union, too. But he'll take help from anybody who will give it to him. All he wants to do is achieve his goals. The Communists are working with the Communists. But there may be the second great power in China during this era. And they and Chang will have this terrible struggle with each other. Sometimes they'll kiss and make up long enough to fight the common enemy. But Chiang Kai-Shek's point most of the time is that he wants to unify China first, destroy his internal enemies first, and then turn on the Japanese. So when during this period, the Chinese appeared to really not be fighting back too much and deliberately sort of taking the easy road backing up, making nice. It's all because Chiang Kai-Shek's got his eyes elsewhere. He's trying to defeat the Communist in his country. And by the way, as I said, when this guy's taken money in arms and organization from the Soviet Union, the Western press is portraying him as a communist stooge. He's the red general to them. But later on, he's going to turn on the communist and he may be, this is arguable, it's off the top of my head, he may hold the record for most communists or suspected communists killed. He'll kill like 300,000 of them in one purge. He may have killed millions of them and many of them he may have killed millions of them. And many of them may not have been communist at all. He's famous for a phrase he may or may not have said. So let me issue that disclaimer right here. But the phrase was something like, you know, he'd rather kill a thousand innocent people than let one communist get through. It's a little twist of the old American idea, you know, that better a hundred guilty should go free than one innocent man be prosecuted.
+clip34.wav|carlinSpeak|en|the United States will be the most vociferous critic. And by the way, the US is operating on many levels here, on one level there's a moral level that the Americans have a lot of Christian missionaries, for example, in China, and they get to watch a lot of this stuff unfold, and it's horrible on the ground. So they're complaining for moral reasons, but the Americans have huge economic stakes in this region, something called the open door policy that they want to keep open. They don't want anything that would threaten the good thing that they have going trade-wise with China. If Japan starts taking all these areas or making treaties that lock China up for themselves, well, that cuts out the US interests. There's a lot of reasons the Americans aren't so happy about this. They'll invoke something from this period called the Stimson doctrine, which basically says the US is not going to acknowledge, support, countenance or anything, any territories that are created through aggression, whether or not its aggression is up to the League of Nations. They do their investigation. They come back with a report that is actually so even-handed. You have a feeling that the great powers didn't want anything where they had to confront anybody because as I said earlier, they all have their own issues. They'd rather look the other way, but the Japanese required like, you know, a real acceptance that they'll be allowed to keep Manchuria. They did not get that. So when forced to make a choice between the steroid that could make them maybe as big as they want, or staying in the good guy column off the global international naughty list, they chose keeping the Manchurian addiction, and this will be disastrous in the long run.
+clip35.wav|carlinSpeak|en|You also have that wonderful element in play that we talked about, the number of people now that have died to conquer this place, the number of people that have died to protect the investment in money that's been invested to create this wonderful safe area in China by the South Manchurian railway, it just goes on and on. So if you're a political leader that's going to see this as a way to avoid having a showdown with the other great powers in the world and your choices, you have to give this as a way to avoid having a showdown with the other great powers in the world. And your choice is you have to give this back. Could you realistically do that? I mean, I would think that the loss of face on the world stage, the embarrassment of having to listen to what everyone's saying, go with your tail between your legs. I mean, I think that alone would doom a politician, you know, with the voters in an electoral system. Wouldn't you? But what about, you know, real doom, as opposed to electoral doom? Because this is the period where, you know, if you realistically suggested giving Manchuria back because the great powers were telling you to, you might not live to see the next month because we talked earlier about something one American, I think referred to as government by assassination in Japanese history. This is the period where that skyrockets and it's the high water market that between like 1931 and 1936 and you will see a number of major figures, not just political figures but also corporate ones gunned down. How about the one in 1932, where 11 naval cadets from a faction in the Navy that wants a military dictatorship and it returned to the emperor and the golden age and all that, they storm into the building where the prime minister is and the 11 of them kill him.
+clip36.wav|carlinSpeak|en|They'll put these young navel guys, the assassins on trial, and they're all like 20 years old, so they're kids. And they'll wrap themselves in the ultra patriotism stuff. And the public will be very sympathetic. I think they get a petition, the court does. Signed in the blood of hundreds of thousands of Japanese citizens pleading for leniency. People offer to die in the place of the young naval officers. I mean, it's, it's a level of fanaticism on the part of one segment of Japanese society that makes it difficult to just crush these people as anti-government terrorists. And by the way, for killing the prime minister, these guys get a pretty lenient sentence. Jail time, be out maybe in not too long. What the hell is that? sentence, jail time, be out maybe and not too long. What the hell is that? So there'll be several of these events in the 1930s culminating in the very famous one, the February 26th incident that happens on February 26th. Imagine that 1936. And this one, you get some of these imperial way, faction junior officers who lead like 1500 soldiers against the war ministry and some other major buildings. They take them over. They kill a bunch of officials, two former prime ministers. It's very dramatic actually. And once again, there's sometimes talking between the assassins and the ones who are going to be killed. It's very dramatic. But if you believe the Emperor's post-war comments, he basically says he turned into the Hulk again at this moment, ordered the, uh, the imperial guard to crush the whole thing. Uh, some people commit suicide. The rebels give up. And this time there's a crack down afterwards. So this is the bridge too far for the ultra nationalist right in Japan, the Kodoha faction, and they get crushed after this. So several people, I think it's like 18 to 20 people will go to the firing squad. Be hooked up to the old stake and shot.
+clip37.wav|carlinSpeak|en|But while most people don't think of the Japanese during this period as Nazis, fascism is sometimes debated and people will ask well We know where the Japanese are this period fascists You didn't ask for it, but my own opinion is to me it looks more like you know this era provides some frosting on the top of a very tall multi-layer Japanese cultural cake each piece of which we've been lovingly talking about in this story. So not Naziistic or fascistic, but both of those ideologies make an impact and they seep into some of this during this period. They influence things. That is, of course, as I always say, my own non-expert opinion. The experts on this from multiple countries have different views, by the way, on, you know, the proper classification of the Japanese Second World War government, or just right before the Second World War government. Now, if you wanted to just sort of look at the optics, though, and try to make a judgment based on that, well, the Japanese are not doing themselves any favors because they may not officially be fascist, at least in my mind, but they sure do play nicely with them. In November 1936, the Japanese and Nazi Germany will sign something called the Anti-Comintern Pact, which is supposed to be sort of directed at global, you know, communist efforts to undermine the world. The Italians will eventually sign at the Spanish will eventually sign it. So these are basically the fascist states of Europe. So if you're not a fascist, you're sure signing the same treaties and the Japanese who already were not getting wonderful press in places like the United States, see, it just get worse. Now, we should point out a new geopolitical reality that's very important now in the scene here that now that the Japanese have this puppet state of Manchukuo, where Manchuria used to be, It means they now have the same neighbors, Manchuria used to have.
+clip38.wav|carlinSpeak|en|This meeting has the feeling of like a mafia, so to get together where it's you know, put a gun on the table and say either you change your policy or you're not leaving this meeting. It gets even scarier for Chiang kai-shek when the communists show up. They've been invited. And instead of some sort of explosion amongst arch-enemies, maybe Chiang had no choice of course, you actually get this patriotic moment in Chinese history where these bitter enemies decide to work for the common cause. They're going to fight the Japanese and stop fighting each other now. Let's just play the cynical card for a minute. Chiang will eventually execute one of these guys that lured him to this detainment. I think in 1949, something like that. And There are more than a couple of books that will suggest that the goal of the Communists here, rather than some high-minded national unity thing involved. The positives for them of getting the nationalist Chinese enemies of theirs and the Japanese enemies of theirs to fight each other, kill as many of each other as they can, and then eventually may be easier to take over down the road. So you can always go there if you want to. But on the surface, this looks like a pretty patriotic heroic moment in Chinese history. And you can certainly see it in the writings of the common soldiers saying things like, for the first time in my life, I get to fight in a united effort against an outsider. Now the Japanese are unaware, basically, of any of this. So in July 1937, when another one of the incidents breaks out in Beijing, which is, of course, the modern day capital of China, everyone thinks it's the same old same old. And by the way, there's Japanese troops in small numbers all over China for various reasons going back to treaties decades ago. In this case, though, the ones in Beijing open fire against Chinese troops vice versa. They fight for a little while. The truce gets started and the Japanese can't get the Chinese to agree to the normal kind of almost embarrassing terms that they agree to routinely.