biomaterials_qa.csv

Question,Option_A,Option_B,Option_C,Option_D,Answer,Domain,Difficulty,Type,Task,Source,Source 2 
"1x DPBS was combined with 45% DMSO. The solution became warm to the touch, then cooled to room temperature. Then genipin was added to create a 1.5 milimolar solution. The solution was sonicated, and then placed over ice (but not in contact with the ice), and then vortexted. The solution became cloudy and translucent. When genipin was mixed with 1xDPBS, sonicated, and placed over (but not touching) ice and vortexted, the solution was observed to be clear. Why did the first solution become cloudy?",DMSO separated from PBS and froze,Genipin precipitated out of solution,"PBS would have frozen at this condition either way, and froze",The solution was bacterially contaminated,A,Materials,Hard,Advanced Reasoning,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"Which of the following hip implants designs should be used for a young, active patient, who is on their first replacement?","PMMA fixed, Ti Alloy stem, with Cobalt-Chromium alloy ball and cup","PMMA fixed, Cobalt-Chromium alloy ball and UHMWPE cup","Press fit and fixed by bone in-growth, cobalt-chromium alloy ball which has been sinter coated to increase osseointegration, and cobalt-chromium cup","Press fit and fixed by bone in-growth, Ti alloy stem, with UHMWPE cup",D,Materials,Medium,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420040036,
"A biomaterial is implanted into mice and removed and analyzed at timepoints of 1 hour, 3 hours, 10 hours. After 1 hour, the composition of the surface is 90% protein A, 10% protein B. After 3 hours, the composition of the surface is 75% protein A, 25% protein B. After 10 hours, the composition of the surface shows that there is an equal ratio of protein A as protein B. Imagine you are a researcher, and have isolated a combination of these two proteins A and B. You have prior knowledge that there are no charge or abundance differences between these two proteins. You run a single SDS PAGE gel to separate them, and resolve two bands, one nearer the top of the gel, and one nearer the bottom of the gel. Which band is most likely protein B?",There is no way to tell,The bottom band,The top band,,C,Materials,Hard,Advanced Reasoning,Biomaterials Q&A,,
What is the first step of osseointegration of a dental implant?,De novo bone formation at the implant surface,Fibrin clot formation,Recruitment and migration of osteogenic cells to the implant surface,Protein adsorption to the material surface,D,Materials,Easy,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"A dental implant with a root-form endosteal fixture has been modified via porous sinter coating to encourage osseointegration of the fixture. The osseointegration is highly successful, and the implant is fixed well. The implant is marketed as a bioresorbable material due to its high level of osseointegration. Is this a correct classification?","Yes, this is an example of a bioresorbable biomaterial.","Yes, this is an example of a bioactive biomaterial.","No, this is an example of a bioactive biomaterial.","No, this is an example of a bioresorbable biomaterial.",C,Materials,Medium,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"Rank the following as a scaffolding material for bone, designed for moderate/light load bearing during healing. Option 1: an amorphous network of silicon dioxide, modified with regions of sodium oxide, calcium oxide, and phosphorous pentoxide. Option 2: 316 stainless steel, with an addition of titanium. Option 3: A collagen hydrogel, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde for increased stiffness.","Option 1, Option 3, Option 2","Option 1, Option 2, Option 3","Option 2, Option 3, Option 1","Option 3 Option 2, Option 1",B,Materials,Hard,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"Analyze the following case study: A research group is using a plasma coating machine which coats at a temperature of 16000 C, with the outer surface of the substrate reaching temperatures ten times less than the plasma spray temperature. A 316 stainless steel fracture fixation plate with a young’s modulus of 200 GPa was work hardened to a yield strength of 1100 MPa and then was plasma coated using the coater described above to increase osseointegration. The material failed. What is a likely reason why and how it failed?","While stainless steel has a yield strength that is appropriate for fracture fixation, it does not have a high enough tensile modulus to withstand typical forces on bone, and deformed plastically in tension when the bone was flexed.","Osseointegration failed, micro motion at the implant site resulted in bone resorption, implant loosening and failure.","The use of metal, and resulting ions and debris from metal on metal contact caused a prolonged inflammatory response. This resulted in bone resorption and failure.","The plasma coating process increased the temperature of the material locally, creating a region of lower yield strength, which failed.",D,Materials,Easy,Advanced Reasoning,Biomaterials Q&A,https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00297-1,
"316 stainless steel was used as an implantable biomaterial, under moderate repeated load. When removed, cracks were observed along the grain boundaries of the steel. Why?",The stainless steel was operating at a higher load than its fatigue strength.,"Dislocations migrated to grain boundaries in the material and caused voids along them, which resulted in breakage","Carbon in the stainless steel formed carbide precipitates along the grain boundaries. This depleted the surrounding material of Cr, and left the area susceptible to corrosion. The material cracked along the corroded areas.",Galvanic corrosion occurred between two different grains of metal.,C,Materials,Hard,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
Imagine a patient had a disorder which impacted their ability to produce collagen fibrils. The imagined fibrils were weaker in tension than typical. What would the main impact be on the articular cartilage in the knee of this patient out of the options below?,This would impact the strength of the patient’s cartilage in shear.,This would impact the compressive strength of the patient’s cartilage.,This would impact the creep properties of the patient’s cartilage.,This would impact the compressive young’s modulus of the patient’s cartilage.,A,Materials,Medium,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"Imagine you have been given a radiograph which shows a healing fracture in a femur, and are trying to identify how much motion occurred at the fracture site. The fracture occurred 2.5 weeks ago. The radiograph shows the femur, appearing whitish/grey, a fracture fixation rod with pins, appearing white, and the background appearing dark. The fracture site is visible as a slightly darker line (a crack) through the whitish/grey bone. At the edge of the fracture site, a protrusion of whitish/grey is visible against the darker background. It appears to bump out from the side of the bone. What type of healing occurred here? If you could remove the bone from this bump and test it twice in tension, the second test at 90 degrees orientation to the first direction of testing, what would you observe?",Secondary fracture fixation occurred. The bone at this point would be mostly isotropic.,Primary fracture fixation occurred. The bone at this point would be mostly isotropic.,"Primary fracture fixation occurred. The bone at this point would be mostly anisotropic, according to Wolff’s law.","Secondary fracture fixation occurred. The bone at this point would be mostly anisotropic, according to Wolff’s law.",A,Materials,Medium,Advanced Reasoning,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"Imagine you are a biomaterials expert. In an effort to increase biocompatibility, you functionalize removable nylon sutures for skin wounds with RGD binding sites. Is this a good idea?",Yes,No,,,B,Materials,Medium,Advanced Reasoning,Biomaterials Q&A,,
What is the D band gap length in a collagen fibril?,18 nm,50 microns,27 nm,67 nm,D,Materials,Easy,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
What is a strategy to increase the fracture toughness of ZrO2?,Transforming to the monoclinic phase,Stabilizing the tetragonal phase with chromium addition,Stabilizing the tetragonal phase with yttria addition,Cold working the material.,C,Materials,Medium,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"In a ZrO2 biomaterial, imagine a crack has formed. Say you analyze the material directly surrounding the crack using SEM-EDX, and find a characteristic X-ray emission Ka line at 14.96, and a Ka2 line at 14.88. If you investigated the phase of the material surrounding the crack, what would you most likely find?",The tetragonal phase,The monoclinic phase,The cubic phase,,B,Materials,Medium,Advanced Reasoning,Biomaterials Q&A,https://www.horiba.com/fileadmin/uploads/Scientific/Documents/XRay/emission_lines.pdf,
Imagine you observe foreign body giant cells at the implantation site of a biodegradable chitosan-based tissue engineering scaffold. What does this tell you about the host response to the scaffold?,"The scaffold has done its job, and cells have colonized it.",The host is having an unresolved chronic immune response to the biomaterial.,The host cells are breaking down the chitosan as planned.,The host macrophages are successfully phagocytosing any foreign particles from the scaffold.,B,Materials,Medium,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
"During the initial healing process (less than 1 day post implantation), a patient is found to have a significant proportion of macrophages surrounding their implanted nitinol stent. The macrophages overexpress CD80, CD86, and CD16/32. Which of the following statements is most likely true?","The nitinol has released nickel, causing an allergic reaction for the patient, which has caused an inflammatory immune response.","Macrophages around the implant site are M1 polarized, which shows that the patient is not responding well to the stent.","So far, the area surrounding the stent is experiencing a normal part of the inflammatory response.","There are M2 macrophages at the stent site, which will promote healing in the implantation area.",C,Materials,Medium,Advanced Reasoning,Biomaterials Q&A,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4744134/,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1931524421001249
"Mineralized collagen fibrils at a concentration of 10 mg/mL were added to a collagen scaffold, in which BM-MSCs were cultured. What might the impact be?",Improved osteogenic differentiation through both chemical and mechanical signals to the BM-MSCs,"The hydrogel would become useful as a bone regeneration tool, as it would now have a young’s modulus very similar to that of natural bone.","The presence of hydroxyapatite would not allow cellular adhesions to the mineralized fibrils, and cells would die.",No impact.,A,Materials,Hard,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
What FDA class would a synthetic/biological composite vascular graft intended for cardiovascular applications be?,Class 1,Class 2,Class 3,,B,Materials,Easy,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPCD/classification.cfm?id=MAL,
Is it preferable to use an as-cast steel or a cold-worked steel for a fracture fixation plate?,As-Cast,Cold Worked,,,B,Materials,Easy,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,
Why might one observe implant loosening around the site of a well-fixed orthopaedic implant of 316 stainless steel?,Micro-motion at the implant site has resulted in bone resorption.,The body rejected and fibrously encapsulated the implant.,"The implant had been processed at high temperatures, and experienced thermal contraction when implanted.",Stress shielding has resulted in bone resorption.,D,Materials,Hard,Basic Knowledge,Biomaterials Q&A,,