---
configs:
- config_name: time_complexity_test_set.jsonl
  data_files: "data/time_complexity_test_set.jsonl"
  default: true
- config_name: space_complexity_test_set.jsonl
  data_files: "data/space_complexity_test_set.jsonl"
- config_name: problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl
  data_files: "data/problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl"
- config_name: complexity_labels_full
  data_files: "data/complexity_labels_full/*.jsonl"
- config_name: complexity_labels_light.jsonl
  data_files: "data/complexity_labels_light.jsonl"
  
license: cc-by-nc-4.0
task_categories:
- text-classification
- question-answering
- text-generation
- reinforcement-learning
language:
- en
tags:
- code
- synthetic
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
---

<p align="center">
    <!-- <p><b><i>BigO(Bench)</b></i></p> -->
    <img style="width: 500px;" src="logo.png" alt="logo">
</p>

<div align="center" style="line-height: 1;">
  <a href="https://facebookresearch.github.io/BigOBench" target="_blank" style="margin: 2px;">
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  <a href="https://github.com/facebookresearch/BigOBench">
    <img alt="Github" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Github-facebookresearch/BigOBench-black?logo=github"/>
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  <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.15242">
    <img alt="ArXiv" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2503.15242-b5212f?logo=arxiv"/>
  </a>
</div>

## 👋 Overview 

* 🚀 Introduction

* 📋 Getting Started with the data

* 🔥 `problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl`

* 🔥 `complexity_labels_light.jsonl`

* 🔥 `complexity_labels_full.jsonl`

* 🔥 `time_complexity_test_set.jsonl`

* 🔥 `space_complexity_test_set.jsonl`

* License

* 📝 Citation

## 🚀 Introduction

![image](benchmark_overview.png)

<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><b>BigO(Bench)</b></span> is a benchmark of ~300 code problems to be solved in Python, along with 3,105 coding problems and 1,190,250 solutions for training purposes, that evaluates whether LLMs can find the time-space complexity of code solutions or generate code solutions themselves that respect a time-space complexity requirement. This benchmark addresses the gap in current evaluations that often overlook the ability of models to comprehend and produce code constrained by computational complexity. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><b>BigO(Bench)</b></span> includes a complexity inference framework that can run any Python code snippet, measure multiple runtime and memory footprint values, and infer its algorithmic time-space complexity. It also includes of set of 3,105 coding problems and 1,190,250 solutions from Code Contests annotated with inferred (synthetic) time and space complexity labels from the complexity framework, as well as corresponding runtime and memory footprint values for a large set of input sizes.

For more details, see our [Paper](todo), [GitHub repository](https://github.com/facebookresearch/bigobench) and [Website](todo).


## 📋 Getting Started with the data

The data is available as a Huggingface dataset. 
You can directly download it from the HuggingFace website, or use the CLI

```bash
huggingface-cli download facebook/BigOBench --repo-type dataset --local-dir ./temp_dir
```

It can also be loaded in a Python script using

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

# Change the second parameter to the sub-dataset you would like to use
df_bb = load_dataset("facebook/BigOBench", 'time_complexity_test_set')
```

You will find 5 files, whose content is detailed below.


## 🔥 problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl

This gathers the general information about the coding problems and human solutions on which BigO(Bench) is built, from the problem descriptions to the public and private tests. There is also a lot of metadata used for postprocessing the results of BigO(Bench) and further analyze where models are strong and where they struggle.

In addition, you will find added data from BigO(Bench), first in the field `dataclass` that shares added value about the inputs of a problem, and the code of the dataclass corresponding to this problem as generated by ourselves using a LLM. Some metadata from the complexity framework is also available in `complexity_framework`, such as the fail rates and inputs metadata as parsed by the framework itself (which can differ from what the dataclass parsed):
- `dataclass.input_type_list` gives the list of arguments, listed as their data type, as inferred by a LLM. This comes along the dataclass code, that is also inferred by the LLM. The LLM uses the problem description and a reference solution to try to understand the data types. This field was used to create filters on the problems and solutions, to create the base dataset of BigO(Bench). 

- `complexity_framework.measures_set_id_to_input_properties.framework_input_type` is instead the data type of each argument as inferred by the framework. The framework uses the dataclass code generated by the LLM to split the input stream (string that represents all the inputs of the problem all together), and then each input is parsed into a data type using rules. This means that sometimes a LLM can correctly understand that there are two arguments, but mistake them for string arguments, whereas the framework will use the LLM-generated dataclass to split the input stream into the two arguments, but using rules will correctly infer that each argument is an integer. To understand fully the complexity framework outputs, use this field. The previous one was only used for filters on the base Code Contests dataset, but were not used within the complexity framework itself to generate the complexity output.

`problem_and_human_solutions_list`: dict list
* `problem_id`: str
* `problem_name`: str
* `description`: dict
    - `text`: str
    - `is_description_translated`: bool
    - `untranslated_text`: str
* `correct_solution_list`: dict list
    - `solution_id`: str
    - `solution_code`: str
* `data_source`: str
* `source_specific_limits`: dict
    - `time_limit`: dict
        - `seconds`: int
        - `nanos`: int
    - `memory_limit_bytes`: int
* `codeforces_specific_metadata`: dict
    - `cf_contest_id`: int
    - `cf_index`: str
    - `cf_points`: float
    - `cf_rating`: int
    - `cf_tags`: str list 
    - `difficulty`: str
* `tests`: dict
    - `public_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
    - `private_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
    - `generated_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
* `human_accuracy_rate`: float
* `dataclass`: dict
    - `dataclass_code`: str
    - `input_type_list`: str list
    - `number_inputs`: int
* `complexity_framework`: dict
    - `time_complexity_fail_rate`
    - `space_complexity_fail_rate`
    - `time_or_space_complexity_fail_rate`
    - `measures_set_id_to_input_properties`: dict
        - (measures_set_id) str: dict
            - `input_id`: str
            - `framework_input_type`: str
            - `input_dimension`: int

## 🔥 complexity_labels_light.jsonl

Light outputs of the complexity framework, as detailed in the module `src/complexity`, when run on all problems and solutions from `problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl`.

`complexity_labels_light`: dict list
* `problem_id`: str
* `problem_name`: str
* `solution_id`: str
* `time_complexity_inferred`: str
* `space_complexity_inferred`: str
* `time_curve_coefficient`: float
* `space_curve_coefficient`: float

## 🔥 complexity_labels_full.jsonl

Full outputs of the complexity framework, as detailed in the module `src/complexity`, when run on all problems and solutions from `problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl`.

`complexity_labels_full_n-m`: dict list
* `problem_id`: str
* `problem_name`: str
* `solution_id`: str
* `time_complexity_inferred`: str
* `space_complexity_inferred`: str
* `time_curve_coefficient`: float
* `space_curve_coefficient`: float
* `query_dataclass_code`: str
* `query_code`: str
* `query_inputs_example` : str
* `runtime_measures`: dict list
    - `measures_set_id`: str
    - `measures_per_expansion_multiplier`: dict list
        - `expansion_multiplier`: int
        - `measures_per_expansion_method`: dict list
            - `value_list`: float list
            - `expansion_method`: str
            - `measures_set_id_list`: str list
            - `measures_priority`: int 
* `memory_footprint_measures`: dict list
    - `measures_set_id`: str
    - `measures_per_expansion_multiplier`: dict list
        - `expansion_multiplier`: int
        - `measures_per_expansion_method`: dict list
            - `value_list`: float list
            - `expansion_method`: str
            - `measures_set_id_list`: str list
            - `measures_priority`: int 

## 🔥 time_complexity_test_set.jsonl

The time complexity test set is made out of 311 problems and 640 corresponding solutions covering 11 different classes (the most represented ones being O(n), O(n.log(n)), O(n2), O(1), O(n ×m) and the least represented O((n + m)log(n + m))).
It was created from `problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl` and the complexity framework outputs on this dataset, `complexity_labels_full.jsonl`. Filtering was applied to nail down the test set of problems and solutions.

`time_complexity_test_set`: dict list
* `problem_name`: str
* `problem_id`: str
* `solution_id`: str
* `description`: str
* `solution_code`: str
* `dataclass_code`: str
* `inputs_example`: str
* `time_complexity_inferred`: str
* `time_curve_coefficient`: float
* `tests`: dict
    - `public_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
    - `private_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
    - `generated_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
* `problem_time_curve_coefficient_list`: float list

## 🔥 space_complexity_test_set.jsonl

The space complexity test set consists in 308 problems and 636 solutions covering 5 different classes (by order of popularity O(n), O(1), O(n**2), O(n + m), O(n×m)).
It was created from `problem_and_human_solutions_list.jsonl` and the complexity framework outputs on this dataset, `complexity_labels_full.jsonl`. Filtering was applied to nail down the test set of problems and solutions.

`space_complexity_test_set`: dict list
* `problem_name`: str
* `problem_id`: str
* `solution_id`: str
* `description`: str
* `solution_code`: str
* `dataclass_code`: str
* `inputs_example`: str
* `space_complexity_inferred`: str
* `space_curve_coefficient`: float
* `tests`: dict
    - `public_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
    - `private_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
    - `generated_tests`: dict list
        - `input`: str
        - `output`: str
* `problem_space_curve_coefficient_list`: float list

## License

The majority of BigO(Bench) is licensed under CC-BY-NC (see [LICENCE](/LICENSE.md)), however portions of the project are available under separate license terms: https://github.com/pberkes/big_O is licensed under the BSD-3 license.

## 📝 Citation
If you find our project useful and/or are using its data, please cite our paper:
```
@misc{chambon2025bigobenchllmsgenerate,
      title={BigO(Bench) -- Can LLMs Generate Code with Controlled Time and Space Complexity?}, 
      author={Pierre Chambon and Baptiste Roziere and Benoit Sagot and Gabriel Synnaeve},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2503.15242},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.15242}, 
}
```