India has the highest number of medical colleges in the world and subsequently the higher number of medical teachers. There is a dire need of adopting a systematic approach to faculty development to enhance quality education to meet health challenges for 21st Century. This manuscript provides a landscape of faculty development programs in India, identifying gaps and opportunities for reforms in faculty development. Conventionally, FDPs are organized by medical colleges and universities through Basic Courses and Advanced Courses focusing on pedagogy. Medical Council of India is facilitating FDPs through 18 selected regional centers to enable medical teachers to avail modern education technology for teaching from July 2009. Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research has three Regional Institutes in India. Recommendations include the need for formulating a national strategy for faculty development to not only enhance the quantity of medical teachers but also the quality of medical education; providing support for Departments of Medical Education/Regional Centers in terms of finance and staffing and incorporation of teaching skills in postgraduate training. Distance learning courses focusing on educational leadership and pedagogy for medical teachers can be an option to reach a wider audience. FDPs can be an asset in recruiting and retaining teachers as they offer valued professional development opportunities. The unprecedented growth of medical institutions in India in the past two decades, almost doubling in strength, has led to a shortage of teachers and created a quality challenge for medical education, Faculty Development Programs aim to improve the quality of medical education by training and sensitizing teachers about new concepts in teaching and assessment methods; develop knowledge and clinical skills required for performing the role of competent and effective teachers, administrators, researchers and mentors; assist clinicians to acquire competency in communication and behavioral skills and update knowledge using modern information and research methodology tools. HoweverConventionally, the FDPs in India have been organized by medical colleges and universities through Basic Courses and Advanced Courses on pedagogy envisaged to improve the quality of medical education by training the medical teachers. The purpose of the Basic Courses in Medical Education Technologies (MET) is to provide the basic knowledge, skills and eventually change the attitude of the faculty in medical colleges which the faculty can implement in their day to day practice in different areas of teaching and assessment . MCI, in 2014, started Advanced Courses in medical education with the aim to develop educational practitioners who can lead informative and instructional and educational changes in their institutions and thereby making the medical education responsive to the health needs of the society. . Bhore Committee recognized the need for training of medical teachers in as early as 1946 and made recommendations for major changes in medical education which included three months of training in preventive and social medicine to prepare “social physicians”. Fifteen years later, Mudaliar Committee in 1961, re-emphasized the need for the “social physician”. Patel Report, in 1971, described a “basic doctor” of modern medicine who would be central to the delivery of primary healthcare and trained through a five-and-a-half years of university education. In 1974, Srivastav Committee advocated the set up for establishment of Medical and Health Education Commission for planning and implementing the reforms needed in health and medical education on the lines of University Grants Commission. An “Expert Committee for Health Manpower Planning, Production and Management” established in 1985 and known as Bajaj Committee, further urged for a formulation of national medical & health education policy  and the nodal agency was University of Illinois, United States. The IRTTC trained faculty from six Regional Teacher Training Centers (RTTCs). Two RTTCs were established in South-East Asia, one in Sri Lanka and one in Thailand supported by WHO. Government of India, constituted a Working Group on Continued Medical Education in 1974 which recommended National Teacher Training Centre (NTTC). The first NTTC was established in 1975 at JIPMER, Pondicherry and offered the National Courses on Educational Science for Teachers of Health Professions that are held twice a year. In March 2014, NTTC, JIPMER, Pondicherry organized its 69ew Delhi , 9. The ew Delhi .Consortium of Medical Institutions for Reform of Medical Education also played a crucial role in advancing the FDPs in India from 1989 to 1995. Four medical institutes, viz, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Christian Medical College, Vellore; JIPMER, Pondicherry and IMS-BHU, Varanasi and the Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois, formed a consortium. Later this consortium was expanded to 16 colleges. The consortium contributed to curriculum development, built consensus and classified essential skills, into ''must know'' and ''good to know'' categories.K.L. Wig Centre for Medical Education and Technology was another strong catalyst in promoting faculty development in India. It was established at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi in 1989-90. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore and The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University has a separate department of curriculum development and promotes Health Professionals' Education and aims to develop need based curricula for the medical and paramedical education. The Indian Journal of Medical Education was launched as an official publication of the Indian Association for the Advancement of Medical Education. The Department of Medical Education of K.M.C. Manipal was established in 1985 to bring about improvements in medical education and health care and regularly holds Teaching-Learning Workshop and Student Evaluation Workshops. The National Knowledge Commission was established by the Government of India in 2005 to recommend and undertake reforms in order to make India a knowledge-based economy and society. An important constituent of the National Knowledge Commission functions was professional education, particularly education in the field of medical sciences .MCI has taken a major initiative of conducting FDPs in India by making regulations on Graduate Medical Education in 1997 which made it mandatory for all medical colleges to establish Department of Medical Education. MCI has also selected 18 Nodal Centers, since July 2009. These centers are located at institutions which have trained manpower in Medical Education Technologies (MET) . All theMore than 40000 faculty are estimated to be working in 387 medical colleges based on the MCI norms and 12141 teachers have been oriented by MCI under FDPs through 429 workshops. The Nodal Centers of MCI have trained 5946 medical teachers in 186 workshops since its inception. And through the Medical Education Unit/ Department, 243 workshops have been conducted and 6195 medical teachers have been trained is also assisting faculty development in India. The FAIMER Institute, started in 2001, is a two year fellowship focused on educational leadership and methodology. There are seven Regional Institutes in the world out of which three are in India, one in Brazil, one in Southern Africa, one in China and one in Colombia. In India, the first regional institute, Seth G S Medical College was started in July 2005 in Mumbai, India, The second CMCL-FAIMER Regional Institute, fellowship started in January 2006 based at the Christian Medical College at Ludhiana, Punjab. It is based at PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research in Coimbatore in southern India.  These three Regional Institutes are open to South Asia health profession educators and sixteen fellows are accepted each year. The proEducation for Health” of The Network: Towards Unity for Health, a global consortium of health professions schools.Various training programs incorporating innovative models for faculty development are being conducted by various academies, associations, consortia and the deemed universities like Indian Association for Advancement of Medical Education, Consortium of Medical Institutions for Reform in Medical Education, Health Science University Initiatives, Consortium of Health Science Universities and Indian Academy of Health Profession Education. Apart from the MCI Nodal Centers, many other health sciences universities have initiated courses and programs in FDPs. Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS), Nasik, Maharashtra has established the Institute of Medical Education Technology & Teachers’ Training and has completed 12 trainings on “Advanced Certificate Course in Health Sciences Education Technology” till January 2014. It aims to impart advanced educational skills to teachers in positions of academic responsibility in their own institutions. This certificate course is of six months duration in which there is a seven days contact session consisting of full day sessions followed by a six month educational innovation project(Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha established the Department of Health Professional Education in 2009 and offers an Advanced Course in Medical Education recognized by MCI and 30% of the faculty of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences have been trained in Advanced Courses in Medical Education. DMIMS is also a MCI Regional Centre and has trained more than 1000 medical teachers from more than 15 medical colleges.  The institute also has six FAIMER faculty and three National Faculty for Advanced Courses in Medical Education recognized by MCI. South East Asia Regional Association for Medical Education of the World Federation for Medical Education is also supporting in this endeavor by promoting partnerships and linkages with various local and regional associations to collaborate for medical education under the umbrella of World Federation for Medical Education. Though several initiatives are being undertaken by various agencies to build the pedagogy skills of medical teachers, the flipside is that the number of workshops, trainings and courses are too meager to address the huge need. In near future, in addition to the existing medical colleges, HLEG on UHC has proposed establishing new 187 medical colleges by 2022. These mAlthough the MCI Basic Course has been made compulsory for medical teachers to the level of professor and teacher administrators, it is also being recommended that the Medical Education Units in all medical colleges should train all existing medical teachers in Basic Course and conduct the Basic Course for newly inducted faculty twice a year. MCI UndNodal faculty development centers, Medical Education Units and Centers of Regional FAIMER Institutes in India have been able to do the capacity building and ultimately helping to increase the ability of systems to function on their own to meet local needs . MCI hasA big lacunae at present is in terms of creating and developing an educational leadership. Programs need to be designed to educate policy makers and update them about recent advances in medical education worldwide. These include engaging people’s moral purposes, building capacity to generate forces for change, understanding the change process, developing the learning culture and the culture of evaluation and fostering development at all possible levels. This report highlights the need for strengthening faculty development as a vehicle for ensuring quality in medical education. There is evidence, in most countries, educators of health professionals are insufficiently prepared as teachers and trainers, even though their clinical knowledge and skills may be good. The success of educational reforms ultimately lies with the individual instructors and their capacity, individually and collectively to execute and implement some novel ways in teaching and training the future cadre of doctors and more importantly with India progressively becoming a new global hub of education. Faculty development efforts should empower the medical teachers and keep the passion in teaching going so that the lifelong learning never ceases.


The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.A grant number is missing in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: The project is supported by the National Institutes of Health grants 5R01GM080646-09 and HHSN272201000053C (


It has come to our attention that there was an omission in the Acknowledgements section in this article . The AckThe authors are grateful to the study participants, to the doctors and nurses at the Oxford Vaccine Group for assisting with sample collection, and to the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network. The authors thank Craig Waugh for help with cell sorting and the High-Throughput Genomics Group at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (subsidized by Wellcome Trust grant reference 090532/Z/09/Z) for the generation of sequencing data. Purified HBsAg was provided by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA, and conjugated to APC by Miltenyi Biotec.


There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: This study was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under award number K08CA155035 and the Melanoma Research Alliance. The authors are also grateful to Timothy Dattels for his generous support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


There is an error in the Correction published on August 19, 2014. The affiliation for Samuel Ginsberg is incorrect. Samuel Ginsberg is not affiliated with #3, please refer to his correct affiliation here: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town.


There is an omission in the Funding Statement. The correct funding information is as follows: This work was supported by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi): Network Projects BSC 0114 and BSC 0120. MG, KR and DDM are thankful to CSIR for fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: The present study was funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council Programme , and the R24 Alcohol Research Resource Award grant (R24 AA015512) from NIAAA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


In the Funding section, the name of the first funder is incorrect. The correct name is: Medical Research Scotland. The correct funding information is: This work was supported by Medical Research Scotland [grant 354FRG to AJC] and the Medical Research Council [grant G1100357 to RAA]. J.H. is supported by a University of Edinburgh Darwin Scholarship and K.S. is the recipient of a Society for Reproduction and Fertility Summer Vacation Scholarship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


There is a missing funder in the Funding section. Please refer to the complete funding statement here:We thank Karen Frutchey and Raymond Clarke of the Pacific Islands Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who provided key funding towards this project. The funders were base funding and add-on funding from the United States government to NOAA and had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


The grant funding from J. Juliano is missing from the original article. The correct funding statement is as follows:This study was funded by the Institute of General Medical Science (R01 GM089932 to AFR) and Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease  of the National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or the preparation of the manuscript.


Alan Wilton is not included in the author byline. He should be listed as the 23rd author and affiliated with School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. The contributions of this author are as follows: sample collection.The following sentence should also be included in the acknowledgements. "The authors also wish to thank the Australian Native Dog Conservation Society and the Dingo Sanctuary Bargo for generously providing the dingo sample used in this study."


The Weight Disorder Unit at Flinders Medical Centre was established in 1977 and in June 2014, the service was expanded under a rebranded name, the South Australian Statewide Eating Disorder Service (SEDS). Now, besides its inpatient unit, SEDS also has outpatient services and an eating disorder Day Program. This is the first Day Program in South Australia and besides providing nutritional support, the Day Program also focuses on helping participants to challenge disordered eating behaviours and thought patterns through group-based therapeutic interventions. To be admitted into the SEDS Day Program, clients need to be at least 15 years of age, have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 15 and above and be medically stable. In order to gain a better understanding of the profile of clients that get admitted to day programs and the effectiveness of the Day Program, we plan to present the clinical profile of the participants and information collected from the SEDS Day Program. Information presented will include sociodemographic and medical information, information collected from clients' psychological assessments pre, post and 3 months follow-up after completion of the Day Program, and the retention rate of the Day Program participants.


The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript." There are multiple errors throughout the Funding section. The complete Funding sectionshould read: "This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30972239 and 31130054,


There is an error in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: The research was supported by National Institute of Health grant R21HL117652 and grants from University of Minnesota Academic Health Center. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The publisher apologizes for the error.


In the Funding section, the grant number for the Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China grant is incorrect. Please refer to the correct Funding section here.This research was financially supported by The National Natural Science Foundation as a key project (grant No. 21037002), and by the Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China as an innovative research team project (grant No. IRT13024). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


The following information is missing from the Funding section: Publication of this article was funded in part by the George Mason University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund. Please refer to the complete funding statement here.http://ragnarsoderbergsstiftelse.se/, grant number: E56-10), Kungliga VetenskapsAkademin  and the Lab for Economics Applications and Policy at Harvard . Publication of this article was funded in part by the George Mason University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Financial support for this project is gratefully acknowledged from: the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (


There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: Funding was provided in part by NIH/NIAID U01 AI075526 and in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1066140. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


Natural Resources Defense Council was omitted as a funder for this study. Please refer to the correct funding statement below:Dr. Hess's work on this project was via a consultancy arrangement with the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) funded by the Climate and Knowledge Development Network (CDKN). This work was funded by a grant from the Climate Knowledge Development Network. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


The following information is missing from the Funding section: DB acknowledges NSF grant 1354793. The complete, correct funding information is as follows: The genetics and biogeographic research in this paper was funded by an Australian Research Council grant ; the linguistic research was supported by a grant from the Kimberley Foundation Australia (awarded to McConvell), a US NSF Grant , and an AIATSIS grant . DB acknowledges NSF grant 1354793.


There is an error in the first sentence of the Funding section. The first sentence should read: This work was partially supported by grants  from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and partially from Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc. (IBT) internal R&D research fund.


There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: Guoxin Zhang was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81072032 and No. 81270476) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (JX10231801); Xiaoying Zhou was funded by Jiangsu postgraduate scientific research and innovation projects (CXZZ13_0574). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


Marc Arbyn was supported by the seventh framework program of DG Research of the European Commission, through the COHEAHR Network (grant No 603019). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.There are errors in the Funding section of the published article. The correct funding information is as follows: Swedish Cancer Foundation  URL:


There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: This work was supported by the Korea Polar Research Institute (Grant PE14070). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


MK wishes to declare the following competing interest, which was omitted from the original article: MK is a founder of the Dog Aging Project, a University of Washington part-funded project that also solicits public donations through the University of Washington Foundation.


The following information is missing from the Funding section: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant HL114669.The complete, correct Funding statement is as follows: This work was supported by the Nebraska Research Initiative Grant, and the National Institutes of Health (HL114669). CM is a recipient of a postdoctoral research fellowship grant awarded by the Myocarditis Foundation, NJ.


The importance of scientific evidence to guide nutrition policy and programme design is well established.In an effort to address these evidence gaps, the Global Nutrition Report of 2014While in most countries governments regulate food fortification – i.e. what can be fortified, with which nutrients and at what levels – monitoring of compliance and enforcement of regulations needs to be strengthened considerably in many countries.The big question remains: how to garner the resources and political commitment needed for the generation and use of evidence for programme decision-making in nutrition broadly and food fortification specifically? This question was high on the agenda at the first Global Summit on Food Fortification in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania from 9 to 11 September 2015. Government delegations from 29 countries from Africa, Asia and Central and South America, and experts and representatives from donors, United Nations agencies, nongovernmental organizations working in food fortification and the private sector, met to discuss and debate the state of food fortification in their countries and globally. The Summit declaration


There is an error in the name of the funding organization, Hans und Gerti Fischer Foundation. Please refer to the correct funding statement below:This research was supported by the Dr. Heinz-Horst Deichmann Foundation and the Hans und Gertie Fischer Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


Dr. John P. Hart is not included as the Academic Editor of this article. He should be listed as the Academic Editor and is affiliated with the New York State Museum, UNITED STATES.


The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is a Directorate-General (DG) of the European Commission (EC), it was established in 1957 and its mission is to provide independent, evidence-based scientific and technical support throughout the EU policy cycle. Health is a key European policy area and research on Rare Diseases (RD) is identified as a priority in both the Commission Communication on RD: Europe's challenges COMM (2008) 679 final and the Council Recommendation on an action in the field of RD (2009/C 151/02).The specificities of RD – limited number of patients and scarcity of information – single them out as a unique domain for which an action at European level has high potential added value. For this reason and in the context of developing a long-term EU strategy in the area of health information including RD data collection, DG Health and Consumers (SANCO) and the JRC started an initiative aimed to improve the sustainability of the results achieved over the past years. Taking into account that the current fragmentation of data sources is a key obstacle to steering EU policy and to performing high quality research  and in the end to advancing knowledge on RD, the two DGs agreed on the development of the European Platform for RD registries. The main purpose of the Platform which will be established at the JRC is to support the existing registries by promoting their interoperability and accessibility, by improving RD data comparability and reliability. It will also support the development of new registries. This 'hub' will facilitate data analysis within and across many RD and across Europe and provide sound information on RD for policy, clinical trials and research. The Platform is intended to provide a central access point for information on RD patients registries for all stakeholders – health professionals, researchers, patients, public health authorities, industry, etc. Thus the benefits of collaboration and maximisation of limited resources are most obvious in a concerted action with the final aim of improving the quality of care and the quality of life for RD patients.


The following information is missing from the Competing Interests section: "The views expressed are those of Dr. Hamrick’s, and should not be attributed to the Economic Research Service or USDA. "The correct competing interest information is as follows.Dr. Hamrick, one of the co-authors, is employed by the USDA Economic Research Service. The views expressed are those of Dr. Hamrick’s, and should not be attributed to the Economic Research Service or USDA. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.


The outcome of different studies on the role of Zn & Mo in esophageal cancer (EC) is conflicting. Here, the levels of those elements in hair as well as food grain of two different ethnic populations across two continents have been studied to explore their role in EC. Two different ethnic populations are taken from (i) Eastern Cape, South Africa (RSA), an area of very high incidence of EC and (ii) West Bengal, India, an area of low incidence of that disease. Each ethnic population is divided into two groups: case and control . Hair samples from all groups and food grains from RSA and India are analyzed for Zn & Mo content. This study shows a strong correlation between reduced levels of those elements in hair and the development of EC in RSA (both Zn & Mo: p<0.0001), though it is only suggestive in Indian context (both Zn & Mo: p≥0.05). Interestingly, control group of RSA shows significantly reduced level of those elements in hair even with respect to Indian case group (Zn: p<0.001 & Mo: p<0.00001). Food grain from RSA has significantly reduced level of those elements with respect to India (both Zn & Mo: p<0.0001). This deficiency of Zn & Mo in food grains can be correlated to the deficiency of those elements in hair of RSA population. The deficiency of Zn & Mo can be correlated to the development of EC. In South Africa, esophageal cancer (EC) is the third most common cancer in males  but the incidence is moderately high among black males  . WorldwiThe role of Zn & Mo has been studied by many investigators. Some studies from endemic area of EC reported that plasma zinc was significantly reduced in EC compared to age matched healthy controls . In ChinSeveral retrospective and prospective studies on humans and animals  have shoSome studies have indicated that dietary deficiency of Zn is associated with the development of EC but the role of other trace elements like Mo are not conclusive . ConflicHowever, it is found that outcome of different studies are conflicting and the literature in this field are also scanty indeed. So, the role of trace elements (Zn & Mo) in the etiology of EC needs to be explored. Zn & Mo are deposited in hair and one of the sources of these elements is food grains consumed. In the present work the role of Zn & Mo in the etiology of EC has been studied by analyzing the amount of Zn & Mo both in food grain and hair.Epidemiological studies indicate that Eastern Cape, South Africa is one of the hot spot and West Bengal, India is one of the cold spot for EC. That is why Indian population from West Bengal has been taken for this study.The study included the following groups:Thirty EC patients are taken from the Surgical Department of Frere Hospital, Eastern Cape, South Africa. They are all above 18 years age, from black ethnical background and have squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. They have resided for more than 15 years in Eastern Cape, South AfricaThirty self volunteered people from the general population are taken. They are all above 18 years, from black ethnicity and do not have any history of EC. They have resided for more than 15 years in Eastern Cape, South Africa.Case group: Thirty EC patients are taken from the Surgical Department of CCWHRI Hosp, Kolkata, India. They are all above 18 years age, from Indian ethnical background and have squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. They have resided for more than 15 years in West Bengal, India.Control group: Thirty self volunteered people from the general population are taken. They are all above 18 years, from Indian ethnicity and do not have any history of EC. They have resided for more than 15 years in West Bengal, India.Inclusion criteria for all case groups:a)Both males and females are above18 years.b)Their staple dietary source is from local crops grown .c)The weight of all the subjects is above 36 kg.d)The patients are able to swallow at least a liquid diet.Control Group is taken from volunteered participation of the respective population of the respective study area.Inclusion criteria for all control Group:a)Physically and clinically normal adult above 18 years whose weight is above 36 kg.b)Their staple dietary source is from local crops grown .c)None of the subjects has a previous history of taking Zn & Mo supplementation in the previous two weeks.Food grain from residing places of the case and control group from Eastern Cape, South Africa as well as West Bengal, India are taken for evaluation of Zn & Mo content. The staple diet of the people in these areas is maize and rice for RSA and India respectively. Number of samples for food grain analysis is thirty for both RSA and India. Hair samples are collected from all subjects by a doctor and kept in a special container for Zn & Mo analysis.Zn & Mo are analyzed according to the standard methods of American Public Health Association . Both foOur results shows that EC patient of South African case group has significantly reduced level of Zn & Mo in hair with respect to the South African control group (both Zn & Mo: p<0.0001) ; Table 1Zn & Mo concentration of food grain in RSA and India shows a correlative pattern (both Zn & Mo: p<0.0001) ; Table 4All the statistical evaluations are indicating a deficiency of Zn & Mo in hair among RSA population and the deficiencies of Zn & Mo may play a distinct role for the development of EC in Eastern Cape, RSA (hot spot) and this is also supported by other studies (


Unfortunately, the original version of this article  containeThe authors gratefully acknowledge the funding of this research provided by the Ministry of Health and Consumers’ Affairs - –Spain (FIS Exp. PI13/01340 and FEDER funds) and the CHIR- Quebec Training Network in Perinatal Research (QTNPR). The study funders had no role in the study design, data analysis, data collection, data interpretation or the writing of the report. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the funding bodies.


There is a grant number missing from the Funding Statement. Please see the corrected Funding Statement here.This work is funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI118732) to MMK and the training grant (5T32AI007046) to CJA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.The following information is missing from the Funding section: JA received funding from Magnus Bergvall Foundation (


The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation promotes academic cooperation between excellent scientists and scholars from abroad and from Germany. To this end, it grants more than 700 research fellowships and research awards annually. These allow scientists and scholars from all over the world to come to Germany to work on a research project they have chosen themselves together with a host and collaborative partner. Scientists or scholars from Germany can also profit from the support and carry out a research project abroad as a guest of one of well over 26,000 Humboldt Foundation alumni worldwide – the Humboldtians.Once a Humboldtian, always a Humboldtian. Even after the stay in Germany has come to an end, the Humboldt Foundation maintains close links with their alumni. The alumni sponsorship is tailored to the needs of every single Humboldtian, providing flexible support for the particular development and path in life as well as for cooperation with others. The Humboldt Network includes 49 academics who have been awarded the Nobel Prize. In 2011, the Nobel Prize for Medicine was divided among Humboldtians Bruce A. Beutler from the United States, Jules Alphonse Hoffmann from Luxembourg and Canadian Ralph M. Steinman. Beutler and Hoffman jointly received one half of the prize for their discovery of innate immunity. Steinman received the other half for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity.From 2008 to 2012, a total of 2,830 fellowships were granted to academics abroad from all disciplines. For the same period, the Humboldt Foundation received 1,779 applications and approved 526 fellowships to researchers from the life sciences. The application and approval figures for medicine for the years 2008 to 2012 were 260 and 63, respectively.As an intermediary organisation for German foreign cultural and educational policy the Humboldt Foundation promotes international cultural dialogue and academic exchange. The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation is funded by the Federal Foreign Office, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as well as other national and international partners.http://www.humboldt-foundation.de


A grant from the Baxter Corporation was incorrectly omitted from the FundingStatement. The Funding Statement should read: "This work is supported by grants fromthe Baxer Clinical Research Award and Renal Research Grant of Baxter Corp, China,and the ISN Research Award of ISN GO R&P Committee. The funders had no role in studydesign, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of themanuscript."


The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decicion to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.The following funder is missing from the Funding section: The Norwegian Council for Mental Health. The complete, correct funding information is as follows: This project has been financially supported by The Norwegian Council for Mental Health and the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation through EXTRAfunds. Grant number: 2.13/2/0021. URL:


Details of correction: addition to acknowledgmentsExisting text:The authors would like to acknowledge the guidance of biostatistician Doctor Alison Bowling with the data analysis for this project; the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health for access to their data sets; the support of Professor Gita Mishra the ALSWH liaison person for our study and Doctor David Giles from the Victorian Cancer Council who constructed the DQESv2 FFQ used in this study.This work was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Programme (RTP) stipend grant for PhD candidate Megan Lee. RTP funding is an Australian support grant for domestic or international students conducting PhD or Master of Research degrees. The project received no other grants from funding agencies, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.This manuscript came from a PhD project. M. L. formulated the research question, designed the study, requested data through an EOI from the ALSWH, cleaned and analysed the data with contribution from A. B. and J. B., interpreted the findings and wrote the article under the supervision of S. S., J. Y. and J. B.The authors acknowledge no conflicts of interest for this research project.Corrected text should read:The research on which this paper is based was conducted as part of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health by the University of Queensland and the University of Newcastle. We are grateful to the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care for funding and to the women who provided the survey data.The authors would like to acknowledge the guidance of biostatistician Doctor Alison Bowling with the data analysis for this project; the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health for access to their data sets; the support of Professor Gita Mishra the ALSWH liaison person for our study and Professor Graham Giles and Professor Roger Milne of the Cancer Epidemiology Centre of Cancer Council Victoria, for permission to use the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies (Version 2), Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria, 1996This work was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Programme (RTP) stipend grant for PhD candidate Megan Lee. RTP funding is an Australian support grant for domestic or international students conducting PhD or Master of Research degrees. The project received no other grants from funding agencies, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.This manuscript came from a PhD project. M. L. formulated the research question, designed the study, requested data through an EOI from the ALSWH, cleaned and analysed the data with contribution from A. B. and J. B., interpreted the findings and wrote the article under the supervision of S. S., J. Y. and J. B.The authors acknowledge no conflicts of interest for this research project.Details of correction: changes to paper titleExisting text: Is dietary quality associated with depression? An analysis of the Australian longitudinal study of women’s health dataCorrected text should read: Is dietary quality associated with depression? An analysis of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health data


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation [4]. Instead of “Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing, China,” it should be “Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The Data Availability Statement for this article  is updathttps://doi.org/10.34894/V9IGKJ with the permission of the ethics board of the Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen (contact: dcc@rug.nl).The data that support the findings of this study are available from DataVerseNL. Because of ethical reasons, restrictions apply to the availability of these data . Data are available at


Following publication of the original article , the autAcknowledgementsThe manuscript is based on the project “Oslo-Rajasthan Sick Newborn Care Training Programme” which was originally designed by The International Collaboration Unit, Oslo University Hospital and FK Norway, along with J K Lone Hospital, Sir Padam Pat Mother and Child Health Institute, Jaipur and Department of Medical Education and Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Rajasthan, India, with support from Royal Norwegian Embassy in New Delhi, India. Special thanks to the leadership of and to all health workers from SMS Medical College, India and Oslo University Hospital, Norway who made tremendous contributions to enable and develop the project. The author wishes to acknowledge sterling everyday contributions of the dedicated exchanged nurses and is particularly grateful to Dr Ramesh Choudhary for excellent collaboration and for his collection of data on exclusive breastfeeding after discharge.The Acknowledgements section has been updated in this correction and the original article  has been


The Funding statement is incorrect. The correct Funding statement is as follows: This project has been funded in whole or in part with MOH Indonesia and Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, under contract Nos. HHSN261200800001E and HHSN261201500003I. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.


Funding statement. The funding statement did not use the text that is on the project agreement with the funder. The funding statement was displayed as: “The research project was funded by two grants: (1) The 2019 Early Career Fellowship Program of the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) and (2) The International Development Research Center (IDRC) with IDRC Grant Number: 109187-002 through the 2020 IndabaX-AI4D Innovation Grant.”In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement appears below.The correct This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from UNESCO and the International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Canada. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of UNESCO, IDRC, or its Board of Governors.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The authors regret that an incorrect grant number was shown in the Acknowledgements section of the published article. The corrected section should read:We acknowledge financial support from the General Directorate of Research Grants, أت-34-405, from King Abdul-Aziz City of Science and Technology (KACST), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


The authors regret that the data availability statement was not correctly given in the original article. The correct statement is as shown below.10.15125/BATH-01212.Data supporting this work is freely accessible in the University of Bath research data archive at DOI: The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement.“This work was funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Thuthuka Programme grant 128296 to SM-M. The North-West University, South African Medical Research Council and the University of Zululand is also acknowledged. All the content expressed in this review is the official views of the authors and do not represent that of the North-West University. FM acknowledges funding by the NRF, Thuthuka grant UID 128296 linked to SM-M.”The correct Funding statement appears below.“This work was funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Thuthuka Programme grant 128296 to SM-M. Funding from North-West University and the University of Zululand is also acknowledged. The work reported herein was made possible through funding by the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) through its Division of Research of Capacity Development under the Early Investigators Programme from the South African National Treasury (funding number: HDID8682/MB2022/EIP052). The content hereof is the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC. Also, all the content expressed in this review is the official views of the authors and do not represent that of the North-West University or the University of Zululand. FM acknowledges funding by the NRF, Thuthuka grant UID 128296 linked to SM-M.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement.This study was supported by the NSCF (grant number 31870520) and China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (grant number CARS-37).The correct Funding statement appears below.This study was supported by the NSCF (grant number 31872520) and China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (grant number CARS-37).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Funding statement. The support of the National Science Foundation was omitted. The correct Funding statement appears below.In the original article, there was an error in the Funding“The authors thank the National Institutes of Health (R01-EB022592) and the National Science Foundation (CCF-2007807) for funding support.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Due to a production error, the Funding statement was not provided. The correct Funding statement is as follows: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81903672), Peking University People’s Hospital Research and Development Funds (RS2020-04), and China International Medical Foundation (Z-2018-35-2003). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original version of this article has been updated. Your article has been copyedited to ensure that we publish the highest quality work possible. Please check it carefully to make sure that it is correct and that the meaning was not lost during the process.


Funding statement. The funding information was not included in the final publication. The correct Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the “This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China , the National Natural Science Foundation of China .”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The authors regret that the funding information in the acknowledgements of the original article was incorrect. Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21671114 and U1804113), should be “Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21671114 and U1804131)”.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10.1057/s41599-022-01097-5, published online 22 March 2022.Correction to: A change has been made to the Abstract to correct a statement about the merger of the Swedish Public Health Agency with the Institute for Infectious Disease Control.The original text read:In 2014, the Public Health Agency merged with the Institute for Infectious Disease Control; the first decision by its new head (Johan Carlson) was to dismiss and move the authority’s six professors to Karolinska Institute. With this setup, the authority lacked expertise and could disregard scientific facts.The corrected text now reads:In 2014, the Public Health Agency, after 5 years of rearrangement, merged with the Institute for Infectious Disease Control, with six professors leaving between 2010 and 2012 going to the Karolinska Institute. With this setup, the authority lost scientific expertise.


We continue the practice of transparency of potential competing interests for us as editors of the Journal of Global Health, following the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals . As we eWe declare below the following conflicts of interest, in alphabetical order. We will regularly publish updated declarations when there is a change in editors’ activities and relationships.Prof. Campbell is employed by the University of Edinburgh, where he holds a position as Professor in the Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine. He is also co-Director of the NIHR Global Respiratory Health Unit. He currently receives research funding from the European Commission (Innovative Medicines Initiative), WHO, UK NIHR and the Baszucki Brain Research Fund. He has received consultancy payments, paid via the University of Edinburgh, from WHO, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Funding Councils (Research Excellence Framework) and Sanofi in the past 10 years.Prof. Campbell holds a position as the co-Editor in Chief. He occasionally reimburses expenses related to Journal’s work, including travel and consumables. Prof. Campbell is a member of the International Society of Global Health (ISoGH) and a minority shareholder in the small publishing company JoGH LtdNumerous technical advisor appointments to WHO in the past 10 years.Prof. Rudan is employed by the University of Edinburgh, where he holds a position as Professor and Co-Director of the Centre for Global Health Research. He is also co-Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre in Population Health Research and Training.Prof. Rudan holds a position as the co-Editor in Chief. He occasionally reimburses expenses related to Journal’s work, including travel and consumables. Prof. Rudan serves as the President of the International Society of Global Health (ISoGH), and is also a minority shareholder in the small publishing companies JoGH Ltd and Inishmore Laser Scientific Publishing LtdProf. Rudan has numerous technical advisor appointments to WHO, UNICEF and the World Bank.


The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.The following information is missing from the Funding statement: This study received funding from the Jiangsu Social Science Fund (18EYC006;


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. Previously, it read: “This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China (Grant No. LY20H020003) and Medicine and Health Science and Technology Plan Projects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang China (Grant No. 2019KY377).” However, two more fundings supporting this research, the National Natural Science Foundation of China , should also be added to the Funding section. The correct Funding statement appears below.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China (Grant No. LY20H020003), Medicine and Health Science and Technology Plan Projects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang China (Grant No. 2019KY377) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China .All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Correction: BMC Health Serv Res 22, 1004 (2022)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08400-9Following publication of the original article , the autThe statement in the ‘Funding’ section originally read: This study is funded by the Norwegian Directorate of Health and the Research Council of Norway. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, nor in data collection, analysis, or data interpretation.The statement in the ‘Funding’ section should read: This study is funded by the Norwegian Directorate of Health and the Research Council of Norway. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, nor in data collection, analysis, or data interpretation.DGRdP was partially funded by the Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (SWCOEH), a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Education and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, and awardee of Grant No. 5T42OH008421 from the (NIOSH)/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.The original article  has been


There is an error in the Funding Disclosure. The correct Funding Disclosure reads:https://www.manchester.ac.uk/. CS and MS and the PCIE input were part-funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester (award number: NIHR200174). MS is a NIHR Senior Investigator. CS was part-funded and RW was funded by the NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre (award number: PSTRC-2016-003). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.This work was funded by an internal grant from the University of Manchester. University of Manchester website:


The Administrative Data Research Network (ADRN) is a UK-wide initiative, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). The Network facilitates safe access to linked de-identified administrative data for research which is aimed at providing a benefit to our society. Administrative data research can provide wide ranging and longitudinal evidence for policy makers which therefore has the potential to improve our society.Recognising the importance of public confidence and trust to the success of the ADRN, the ESRC commissioned a public consultation to gauge understanding of social research and the reactions to the use of administrative data in research. A comprehensive UK-wide communications and public engagement strategy has been developed. From this a number of initiatives been introduced over the past two years to address public concerns and these have been reviewed, revised and extended as the Network has evolved.Now to extend the Network's reach, the Administrative Data Research Network is developing a UK National Citizens Panel (CP). The panel will provide a representation of public views on potential changes to Network policy, procedures, governance and service provision issues. The CP will also assist with testing our public facing communications such as events, website and promotional materials.This paper presents the previous and current public engagement initiatives that the Administrative Data Research Network has incorporated within its policies and service that enables better knowledge for a better societywww.adrn.ac.ukFunded by the Economic & Social Research Council, the ADRN, set up as part of the UK Government's Big Data initiative, is a UK-wide partnership between universities, government bodies, national statistics authorities and the wider research community.


The correct affiliation details for Mariana Pinto Da Costa are as follows: Mariana Pinto Da Costa, MD, MSc, PhD, Consultant Psychiatrist at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UKThe correct wording in the declaration of interests should be “MPC is a member of the Editorial Board of The British Journal of Psychiatry and of BJPsych Advances” and “HE is a member of the Editorial Board of the British Journal of Psychiatry International”.The authors would like to make two corrections to the above paper.The authors apologise for these errors.


Funding statement. The Funding statement that was published was missing a second source. The correct Funding statement appears below:In the published article, there was an error in the “The authors received funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Career Development Award (C210112056) and Singapore National Medical Research Council (OFYIRG19may-0007).”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


In “Comparing Online and On-Site Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: Protocol for a Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial” :e29726), the following change was made:In the originally published article, the Conflicts of Interest section inadvertently appeared as follows:None declared.In the corrected version, the Conflicts of Interest section has been corrected as follows:NW is an employee of NexJ Health and holds stock in the company. NexJ Health provides in-kind subscriptions for the digital health platform of NexJ Connected Wellness, which enables the delivery of the CBT-M program and provides health coaching to the participants in the CBT-M intervention group. PR receives in-kind software support from NexJ Health for this investigator-initiated study, funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). He also receives research support from NexJ Health through the Digital Health Research Fund administered by the Faculty of Health at York University. ZD has received research and equipment in-kind support for an investigator-initiated study through Brainsway Inc and Magventure Inc. He is also on the scientific advisory board for Brainsway Inc. His work has been supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Brain Canada, and Temerty Family Foundation, and Grant Family Foundation.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on April 21, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper :In the original published article, the Institutional Review Board Statement was not included. The Institutional Review Board Statement is added below.Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethics approval was obtained from each of the two institutions: The Internal Ethics Review Committee of the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Israel, certificate number KSVM-VTH/07_2015 and Veterinary Research Ethics Committee, University of Liverpool, UK, certificate number VREC237.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. The original publication has also been updated.


The authors regret that the funder information in the Acknowledgements section is incorrect in the original article. The correct information is shown below.This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang, China, Grant No. 2016D01A073.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The funding number for Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University Young Scientist Program was incorrect. The corrected Funding statement appears below.“This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81771094 and 82170980) and the Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University Young Scientist Program (No. YSP202106).”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Funding statement. The state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation was incorrectly mentioned as a funding source. The correct Funding statement appears below:In the published article, there was an error in the “This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 17-15-01051.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Capital's Funds for Research and Application of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology (No. Z191100006619121), National Center for Clinical Research in Cardiovascular Diseases (No. NCRC2020015), and Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (No. 2018-2-4031).There is an error in the Funding statement. The correct order for funding information is: The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Funding statement. The published version of the Funding was, “This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81970230 for WZ), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81870292 for JW), and Major Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Lab (No. 2019MB0AD01 for HH).” There was one funding source [National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (No. 62005248 for Z.F.)] that was omitted. The correct Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the Funding“This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81970230 for WZ), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81870292 for J’aW), Major Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Lab (No. 2019MB0AD01 for HH), and National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (No. 62005248 for ZF)”.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusion of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


In the published article, there was an error in Funding statement. The grant number was incorrect. The correct Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the th Nuclear Energy R&D Project (No. 20201192). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript”.“This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China , the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province , the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82161160343 and 82002168), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (No. 22qntd4813), the 111 Project (No. B12003) and the 6The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


There is information missing from the Acknowledgments section. It should read as follows:The authors would like to thank the study participants for their time and responses without which this paper would not have been possible to write. We also thank the regional, district, shehia and village authorities where the study was conducted for granting the permission and providing every support to successfully conduct this study. We are grateful to Prof. Jennifer A. Downs of the Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America for her support in conceptualizing the project whose outputs include this paper. We also thank her for the reviews, comments and suggestions on the early drafts of this article. The authors would like to acknowledge that the article included qualitative data designed and collected in Tanzania as part of the study “Bringing Down Hurdles for Female Genital Schistosomiasis Access to Care: a Multi-Country Socio-Structural Integrated Approach to Developing a Community-Based Teaching Platform” carried out in Zambia, Tanzania and Malawi, funded by The Task Force for Global Health NTD-SD, and led by Virginia Bond , Humphrey Mazigo  and Khumbo Kalua (Blantyre Institute for Community Outreach (BICO). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funding agencies. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the supporting offices.


In “Using Wake-Up Tasks for Morning Behavior Change: Development and Usability Study” :e39497) the authors noted two errors.The affiliation of the author Jisu Ko was incorrectly mentioned as the following:Department of Human-Computer Interaction.This has been corrected to:Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence.Under “Acknowledgments” the original text read:This work was supported by Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT)  and Hanyang University ERICA.It has been replaced by the following:This work was supported by Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT) ).The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on October 3, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


In the original article, there were some errors in the funding part and in this correction, the correct funding text is as follows:This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China .The Original article has been corrected.


Funding statement. “This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51708326), the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China (Nos. 2017ZX07103007 and 2018ZX07111006), and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (No. 2018Z02ALB01).” The correct Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the This work was supported by the State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (22Y03ESPCT).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The National Institute on Aging (NIA) at the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, is the federally designated lead agency on aging research and supports research to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy, active years of life. In the last six years, NIA has experienced a tripling of its budget. In keeping with NIA’s scientific mission, funding includes significant investments in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and AD-related dementias research, as well as in non-AD research. This symposium will provide a forum for exploration of the implications of the NIA budget for the general research community. NIA’s senior staff will discuss research priorities and programs supported by the Institute. A question-and-answer session will follow these remarks on current funding and future priorities and research directions of NIA.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The grant number for the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China was displayed as “202201011577”. The correct grant number is “202201011571’’. The correct Funding statement appears below.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82072196 and 81871573), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation–funded project (2020M672721), and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (202201011571).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Following publication of the original article , the autNamely, the funding declaration has been corrected to the following:"This work is supported by the National Research Fund of Luxembourg (Grants # C14/BM/8225223 and C17/BM/11613033 to YD), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research of Luxembourg, and the Heart Foundation - Daniel Wagner. FMS received a fellowship from the National Research Fund of Luxembourg for this work (Grant # C17/BM/11613033). This work is also supported by independent research grants from nonprofit or governmental agencies  and by governmental funding of clinical research within the Swedish National Health Service."The authors thank you for reading and apologize for any inconvenience caused.


The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article. After publication, concerns were raised regarding the ethics approval for this study. The authors have confirmed that approval from the National Ethics Committee for Health Research in Cambodia was not sought prior to the study.All authors agree to this retraction.


The authors regret the omission of a funding acknowledgement in the original article. This acknowledgement is given below.Ding Ding would like to acknowledge support from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) AME Young Independent Research Grant, project: A1884c0020.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. [This research was supported by a fund (code: 2019ER690200) by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]. The correct Funding statement appears below.This research was supported by a fund (code: 2022-ER0507-00) by Research of Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Instead of Abcam it should have been Life Technologies, Bio-Rad and Life Technologies, respectively. The HTML and PDF versions of the Article have now been updated with the correct information.


In addition, the authors regret the omission of one of the authors, Stefan Krauss, from the original manuscript. The corrected author list and affiliations are as shown above.The authors regret that one of the affiliations  and SP from the Norwegian Cancer Society (grant No. 190257-2017). J. W. and S. K. were supported by the Research Council of Norway , by South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority  and from the Norwegian Cancer Society (grant No. 5803958).The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Funding statement as published. The correct grant number for the Startup Fund for Scientific Research of Fujian Medical University is 2018QH1202. Corrected funding statement is given below:In the original article, there was a mistake in the “This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project for the Middle-aged and Youths of Fuzhou Health Department (grant number: 2019-S-wq9) and the Startup Fund for Scientific Research of Fujian Medical University (grant number: 2018QH1202).”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


An analysis of currently existing partnerships and cross-country collaboration for physical activity (PA) promotion is valuable for understanding how such partnerships operate, and how they impact national PA promotion efforts. This study aimed to outline the structure of the European Union's (EU) National Physical Activity Focal Point Network, to evaluate its outputs and benefits, and to describe its potential and challenges.We employed a mixed methods approach with three components: (1) document analysis of network meeting reports, (2) semi-structured interviews with key officials who were involved in establishing the network, and (3) an online evaluation survey with the national PA Focal Points.The PA Focal Point Network was founded in 2014, and its main task is to coordinate the collection of information for the EU's HEPA Monitoring Framework. Each of the EU Member States nominated a representative to the network. Focal Points usually meet twice a year to discuss issues related to the HEPA Monitoring Framework and to share best practices and plan activities for the promotion of PA within the EU. The results of the evaluation survey show that participation in the network helped members to specify goals for PA promotion, gain knowledge, and identify opportunities to promote PA in their country. From the perspective of the Focal Points, most helpful outputs of the Network activity are the country factsheets on physical activity, the connections within the Network and the opportunity to share their experience with colleagues during meetings and group discussions.The study shows that the PA Focal Point Network may serve as an example of successful cross-country collaboration in PA promotion. The network has supported the monitoring of the implementation of the EU Council Recommendation on HEPA across sectors in particular and of PA promotion in the EU in general. It also had positive effects on national PA promotion efforts and on cooperation between countries. All in all, the PA Focal Point Network can serve as an example for other world regions or policy areas that set up similar networks.


The Data Availability statement is incomplete. The complete Data Availability statement is:HAR is funded by a UNSW Scientia Program Fellowship and the Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA) under grant DE220101210. HAR was also supported by a WA Department of Health Near-Miss Merit Award to HAR.ARRF is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Fellowship APP1154524. ARRF was also supported by funds raised by the MACA Ride to Conquer Cancer and a Senior Cancer Research Fellowship from the Cancer Research Trust.HRR and RG were supported by IRN National Science Foundation (INSF), Grant No. 96006077.This work was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Project grant to ARRF (DP160101960). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


In 2015 the German Prevention Act was implemented. The National Prevention Conference published the first National Prevention Report in 2019 to evaluate the health promotion activities. The second National Prevention Report is planned for 2023. Development of a harmonized prevention reporting system for the German Federal States is needed to form the basis for the contribution of the Federal States to the next National Prevention Report. A working group mandated from the sub-national health authorities has developed a harmonized prevention reporting system for the German Federal States since 2018. The Robert Koch Institute collaborated as representative of the national level during the process. Subject areas for indicators were selected based on a survey in which all 16 State Ministries of Health participated. Indicator subgroups developed indicators for each subject area based on predefined indicator selection criteria. Final set of indicators was adopted by indicator rating and majority voting process. The German Health Ministers Conference acknowledged the indicator system in June 2021. The conceptual framework is adapted from the health determinants model of Dahlgren and Whitehead. The indicator system is divided into 14 subject areas categorized into upstream, midstream and downstream level of prevention indicators. Seventy-three prevention indicators were included as a whole. The indicator short list consists of 32 Core indicators. An overview of the prevention indicator system will be given. First results of a pilot data collection will be shown. Health promotion and prevention reporting tools are needed to monitor prevention policies and evaluate health promotion measures. The prevention indicator system of the German Federal States will be used for the National Prevention Strategy in Germany of which one component is the next National Prevention Report 2023.• The prevention indicator system of the German Federal States is a useful tool to monitor prevention policies.• The indicator system will form the basis for the German Federal States’ contribution to the National Prevention Report 2023.


In “Gender-Specific Impact of Self-Monitoring and Social Norm Information on Walking Behavior Among Chinese College Students Assessed Using WeChat: Longitudinal Tracking Study” :e29167), one error was noted.The foundation number of the National Natural Science Foundation of China was mistaken. In the originally published paper, under “Acknowledgments”, the foundation information was listed as follows:This research was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation , the National Natural Science Foundation of China  …This has been corrected to:This research was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation , the National Natural Science Foundation of China  …The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on March 31, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The Funding statement was not present in the original version. The correct Funding statement appears below.“This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Award number(s): 81971194, 82171421, 91949118) and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Award number(s): 2018SHZDZX01, 21S31902200); National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


A. Rogers  The authors regret the omission of the following conflict of interest statement.Dr Martin J. T. Reaney is the founder of, and has an equity interest in, Prairie Tide Diversified Inc. . Dr Youn Young Shim is a Market Consultant for PTD in Korea. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of Saskatchewan in accordance with its conflict of interest policies.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Correction: BMC Public Health 22, 475 (2022)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12777-xThe original publication of this article  containeThere was a problem concerning the variable denoting responder ID. For one panel used, all respondents were assigned unique IDs each time they completed a survey, regardless of whether they had previously completed the survey.Therefore, repeat respondents were not identified. This affected data in waves 8 to 57 (inclusive). The authors have since worked with the market research companies to rectify this problem. For another article, re-running generalised estimating equations (GEEs) using corrected responder IDs did not meaningfully change results  .This should not affect the results nor conclusions of this article .Funding statementThis work was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme (NIHR project reference number (11/46/21)). Surveys were commissioned and funded by Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), with the authors providing advice on the question design and selection. LS, RA and GJR are supported by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, a partnership between the UK Health Security Agency, King’s College London and the University of East Anglia. RA is also supported by the NIHR HPRU in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, a partnership between the UK Health Security Agency and the University of Bristol. HWWP has received funding from Public Health England and NHS England. NTF is part funded by a grant from the UK Ministry of Defence. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UK Health Security Agency, the Department of Health and Social Care or the Ministry of Defence. The Department of Health and Social Care funded data collection (no grant number).Competing interests statementAll authors had financial support from NIHR for the submitted work. RA is an employee of the UK Health Security Agency; HWWP received additional salary support from Public Health England and NHS England; HWWP receives consultancy fees to his employer from Ipsos MORI and has a PhD student who works at and has fees paid by Astra Zeneca. At the time of writing GJR is acting as an expert witness in an unrelated case involving Bayer PLC, supported by LS. NTF is a participant of an independent group advising NHS Digital on the release of patient data. All authors were participants of the UK’s Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies or its subgroups.


Funding statement for this article was omitted:Due to a production error, the in vivo efficacy of fumarate for mitochondrial disease in vivo). Besides, we would like to acknowledge the UCLH/UCL for which PG works and receives a proportion of funding from the Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centers funding scheme, and the support given by the CRN: North Thames, National Institute for Health Research.”“We would like to thank the funders that supported us, in particular FARA  and an NIH grant we received (4R33NS106719-03 Pharmacodynamics and The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original version of this article has been updated.


Jadhav,  The authors regret the omission of the following conflict of interest statement.Dr Martin J. T. Reaney is the founder of, and has an equity interest in, Prairie Tide Diversified Inc. . Dr Youn Young Shim is a Market Consultant for PTD in Korea. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of Saskatchewan in accordance with its conflict of interest policies.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The funding statement for the Key Development Project of the Department of Science and Technology was displayed as “PS was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and Palacký University Grant Agency [IGA-2022_002]. JR work was supported by INTA PE-142 project. EW was supported by the USDA Hatch program through the Vermont State Agricultural Experimental Station.”. The correct statement is “PS was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and Palacký University Grant Agency [IGA-2022_002]. JR work was supported by INTA PE-142 project. EW was supported by the USDA Hatch program through the Vermont State Agricultural Experimental Station. EW was also funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of World-class Research Center program: Advanced Digital Technologies (contract No. 075-15-2022-311 dated 20.04.2022)”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) has increased its publications of scientific papers related to exercise; a search of Pubmed (on 22 June 2022) using IJERPH and exercise as keywords showed 1788 entries for 2021 compared to 80 entries in 2016 [The  in 2016  being th in 2016 , and ref in 2016  is to de


The authors regret that incorrect details were given for ref. 52 in the original article. The correct version of ref. 52 is given below as The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In the original article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The funder “Leibniz ScienceCampus SOEP RegioHub (Bielefeld University and SOEP/DIW Berlin)” was missing. The correct Funding statement appears below.This research was partly funded by (a) the Leibniz ScienceCampus SOEP RegioHub (Bielefeld University and SOEP/DIW Berlin) and (b) the German Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ) in the context of the National Discrimination and Racism Monitor (NaDiRa) as well as the Research Association Discrimination and Racism (FoDiRa) of the DeZIM Research Community (German Center for Integration and Migration Research).The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


After this article  was publThis study involved human stool samples that originated in Nepal. The samples were collected at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Microbiology and Public Health Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal; transferred to the University of Georgia in 2012; and provided to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015. As of the time of this notice, PLOS has been unable to reach the National Health Research Council (NHRC) in Nepal to clarify if the study complied with Nepalese regulations for human subjects research and/or transfer of human fecal samples from Nepal to the University of Georgia and then to the FDA.Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts was approved by the FDA Research Involving Human Subjects Committee (RIHSC) in 2010–2013 (#10-095F). However, neither University of Georgia nor Tribhuvan Teaching Hospital were specified as potential sources for specimens in the RIHSC approval document; instead, another US-based institution was named. This discrepancy has not yet been resolved. PLOS has contacted the FDA.A protocol for collection and analysis of anonymized fecal specimens for the isolation of The University of Georgia Office of Research evaluated the study’s compliance with applicable policies, regulations, and guidance, and noted that University of Georgia IRB concluded the study neither qualified as human subjects research  nor required further IRB review or approval. The project received approval of the University of Georgia Institutional Biosafety Committee in 2010 and 2015. The University of Georgia IRB and Biosafety Committee reviewed research conducted with these samples at the University of Georgia. The work conducted at the FDA and the use of the samples at the FDA were not assessed by the University of Georgia committees.PLOS ONE Editors issue this Expression of Concern to notify readers of the unresolved issues discussed above.The


Ref. 28 in the published article was incorrect, with an incorrect page range provided. The correct version is shown as The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


The following information is missing from the Funding statement: This work was supported by the UCLA AIDS Institute, the James B. Pendleton Charitable Trust, and the McCarthy Family Foundation.


Natalia Polouliakh. As well as having affiliation(s) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan and Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc., Tokyo, Japan, Natalia Polouliakh should also have Scientista Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for In the published article, the Conflict of Interest for Natalia Polouliakh (NP) was not sufficiently disclosed. The Conflict of Interest should have contained the following disclosure:NP is an employee of Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. and also the president and CEO of Scientista Co., Ltd. These companies did not provide funding for this study. Scientista Co., Ltd. sells a cosmetic compounded with alpha-arbutin: however, this situation did not affect the results reported in this study.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


In the original article, we neglected to include the funder Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project, Grant No. LGF21H090004 to Yuchen Ying, the funder Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province, Grant No. 2021KY335 to Yuchen Ying, and the funder Science and Technology Innovation Activity Plan of Zhejiang University Student & XinMiao Talents Program, Grant No. 2021R464003 to Yuchen Ying. The updated funding statement appears below:This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [Grant Nos. 2017YFC1310902 and 2018YFC1315305]; Ningbo Health Branding Subject Fund [Grant Nos. PPXK2018-01 and PPXK2018-02]; Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen [Grant No. SZSM201803080]; The Special Innovation Program  of Guangdong Education Department [Grant No. 2018GKTSCX077]; and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province [Grant No. LQ20H020001], Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project [Grant No. LGF21H090004] to YY, Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhejiang Province [Grant No. 2021KY335] to YY, and Science and Technology Innovation Activity Plan of Zhejiang University Student & XinMiao Talents Program [Grant No. 2021R464003] to YY. The funding body had no further role in the study design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, the writing of the manuscript and the decision to submit the paper for publication.In the published article, there was also an error regarding the affiliation(s) for Yuchen Ying. As well as having affiliation 1, they should also have Department of Elderly Health Care and Management, School of Health Services and Management, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, China.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.