Data is presented in support of model-based total evidence (MBTE) phylogenetic reconstructions of the Neotropical clade of Gymnotiformes “Model-based total evidence phylogeny of Neotropical electric knifefishes ”   Specifications TableValue of the data•Data summary for the most comprehensive phylogenetic study of Gymnotiformes to date, including an ingroup taxon sampling of 33 (94%) recognized genera and 120 (57%) of all valid species.•New molecular sequences for 149 specimens and descriptions of morphological characters for 166 specimens.•Supermatrix comprised of six genes (5277 bp) and 223 morphological characters used to reappraise relationships of GymnotiformesDataThe data provided below include supporting information to replicate phylogenetic analyses of Tagliacollo et al. Experimental design, materials and methodsCarassius auratus, Erythrinus erythrinus, Serrasalmus rhombeus, Cyphocharax festivus, Charax tectifer, Pseudostegophilus nemurus, Brachyplatystoma juruense, Dianema longibarbis, Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus. Ingroup taxon samples were chosen by using a clade-based approach to maximize the representation of phylogenetic diversity in Gymnotiformes.Outgroups were chosen to cover a broad spectrum of ostariophysan diversity in terms of clade representation. Outgroups included nine major lineages of Otophysi represented by: Ingroup species are comprised of representatives of all major gymnotiform clades, including 33 of 35 (94%) recognized genera and 120 of 218 (55%) of all currently valid species. Voucher specimens for tissue samples were identified either directly by the authors, directly by curators and collection managers at contributing institutions, or by exchange of photographs. Species identifications of Genbank sequences were not reevaluated. Molecular vouchers and GenBank accession numbers are presented in ® 96 Tissue kit (Macherey-Nagel). Fragments of the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA (16S-mit), Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI-mit), Cytochrome B (CytB-mit), and the nuclear gene Zic family member 1 (ZIC-nuc) were amplified by one round of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was carried out in a volume of 25.0 μl consisting of: 2.5 μl of 10x Taq Buffer, 2.0 μl of dNTP mixture at 10 mM each, 1.5 μl of 50 mM MgCl2, 1.0 μl of each primer at 5 μM, 0.2 μl of Platinum® Taq DNA Polymerase, 2.0 μl of template DNA (~50 ng), and 15.8 μl of double-distilled H2O. Fragments of the nuclear gene Recombination-Activating gene 2 (RAG2-nuc) and Recombination-Activating gene 1 (RAG1-nuc) were amplified by nested-PCRs. Each round of the two PCR was carried out in a volume of 25.0 μl consisting of: 2.5 μl of 10x Taq Buffer, 2.0 μl of dNTP mixture at 10 mM each, 2.0 μl of 50 mM MgCl2, 1.5 μl of each primer at 5 μM, 0.2 μl of Platinum® Taq DNA Polymerase, 2.0 μl of template DNA (~50 ng), and 14.8 μl of double-distilled H2O. Cycles of PCR for the mitochondrial genes consisted of five steps: (1) 60s for enzyme activation at 94 °C, (2) 30s of denaturation at 94 °C, (3) 60s of annealing at 56 °C (16S-mit), 54–58 °C (COI-mit), or 50–52 °C (CytB-mit), (4) 80s of extension at 72 °C, and (5) 300 s of extension at 72 °C. The steps 2–4 were repeated 35 times. Cycles of PCR for the nuclear genes consisted of six steps: (1) 60s for enzyme activation at 94 °C, (2) 30s of denaturation at 94 °C, (3) two start cycles of 60s each at 56 °C, 50 °C, 52 °C, 54 °C  and 54 °C, 50 °C 52 °C, 56 °C (ZIC-nuc), (4) 60s of annealing at 50 °C  and 52 °C (ZIC-nuc) and (5) 80s of extension at 72 °C, and (6) 300s of extension at 72 °C. The steps 2, 4 and 5 were repeated 35 times. PCR products were visually identified on a 1% agarose gel. Sequencing was held at Beckman Coulter Genomics Facility. The list of primers is shown in Genomic DNA was extracted from tissues, fins or livers of specimens preserved in pure ethanol with the NucleoSpinForward and reverse sequences were assembled in Geneious 5.5.6. The IUPAC ambiguity code of nucleotides was applied in cases where nucleotide identity was dubious. We combined newly generated data with available sequences from previous studies 1.Body shape 1.0: body laterally compressed, body width at pectoral fin base less than 70% its depth. 1: Body cylindrical or subcylindrical, roughly circular in cross section, body depth at pectoral girdle approximately equal to its width.2.Body shape 2.0: body laterally compressed. 1: Body dorsoventrally flattened. Newly coded herein.3.Body shape profile. “Body Depth,” character 2 in Albert, 2001. 0: Body relatively deep in profile, depth at pectoral girdle more than 11% total length. 1: Body elongate, slender, depth less than 11% total length.4.Snout length short. 0: preorbital length about one-third total head length in mature specimens. 1: Snout short, preorbital length less than one-third total head length -Fig. 13.5.Snout long. 0: Length of the snout  about one-third total head length in mature specimens. 1: Snout elongate, frontal, vomer and anterior portion of parasphenoid elongate; preorbital length longer than one-third total head length or greater in mature specimens  pale bands with straight margins of alternating high and low melanophore density along lateral surface of body, oriented at an oblique angle to longitudinal body axis -Fig. 1. 17.Vertical pigment lines. 0: Vertical pigment lines absent along longitudinal body axis. 1: Thin vertical pigment lines present along longitudinal body axis. Newly coded herein.18.Vertical pigment bars. “Saddle-shaped bars”, character 5 in 19.Caudal Peduncle Spot. 0: Pale spot absent from base of caudal region. 1: Pale spot present at base of caudal region. Newly coded herein.20.Longitudinal lines. 0: Absent. 1: 2–3 thin dark lines extending posteriorly along the lateral body surface . 2: A wh21.Pigment contrast. 0: Body surface yellow or pale brown, lacking high contrast dark brown or black and white pigments. 1: High contrast dark brown or black and white pigments on body surface.22.Apteronotus albifrons species group. Newly coded herein.White posterior bars. 0: White or pale bars absent from caudal region. 1: White or pale bars present on caudal region as observed in members of the 23.White mid-sagittal pigments. 0: All mid-sagittal surfaces brown. 1: Mid-sagittal region of dorsal and mental surfaces bright white.24.Antorbital stripe. 0: Melanophores on snout distributed evenly. 1: Melanophores absent from narrow band passing lateral to nares -Fig. 90.25.Pigment distribution. 0: Pigments distributed homogeneously over body surface. 1: Black and white pigments distributed unevenly over body surface, darker and paler areas grading into one another; integument with a marbled or mottled appearance.26.Body translucence. 0: Body opaque in living and formalin-fixed specimens, lateral body surface covered with brown melanophores. 1: Body translucent in living specimens, yellow or pink hue in living specimens, yellow or hyaline in formalin-fixed specimens, melanophores sparse or absent on lateral body surface.27.Branchial opening. 0: Branchial opening extends along entire posterior margin of opercle, from isthmus to pectoral fin insertion. 1: Vertical extent of branchial opening restricted to region around pectoral fin base; ventral portion reduced by a dorsolateral continuation of epidermis from isthmus .28.Pseudotympanum. 0: Sixth vertebra partially covered by superior oblique. 1: Sixth vertebra not covered by superior oblique.29.Body squamation. 0: Scales present on body and head. 1: Body devoid of scales . 1: Tips of teeth directed anteriorly (recurved). 39.Premaxilla size. 0: Large. Lateral margin of premaxilla longer than lateral margin of maxilla, premaxilla extends posterodorsal to articulation of maxilla with autopalatine; articular surface of maxilla with autopalatine oriented anterodorsally. 1: Small. The anterodorsal orientation of the articular surface of the maxilla with the autopalatine is a consequence of the large size of the premaxilla and the associated posterior position of the maxilla.40.Premaxillary teeth. 0: Teeth present on premaxilla of adults. 1: Premaxillary dentition reduced or lost.41.Maxillary dentition. 0: A single row of 6–10 conical teeth in along outer margin of maxilla. 1: No teeth on maxilla.42.Maxilla size. “Orientation and Shape of Maxilla”-character 30 in 43.Anterior maxillary process. 0: Anterior process of maxilla absent. 1: Anterior process of maxilla extends anterior to articulation of maxilla and autopalatine, forming a tapered process, its ventral margin continuous with descending blade of maxilla; maxilla forked in lateral view. 2: Anterior process of maxilla cartilaginous; ventral margin of descending blade extends to articulation of maxilla with autopalatine, forming anterior border of maxilla; maxilla crescent shaped in lateral view , ventral margin concave.Dentary gracile. 0: Dentary robust, posterodorsal process rounded, ventral margin straight or slightly convex in lateral view. 1: Dentary gracile, posterodorsal process tapering to a point , a ventral extension of the medial surface of dentary where it covers the anterior portion of Meckel׳s cartilage -Fig. 66.55.Dentary teeth size. 0: Teeth on posterior half of dentary roughly equal in size to anterior teeth. 1: Teeth on posterior half of dentary twice the size of anterior teeth. Newly coded herein, see de 56.M. Adductor mandibulae. 0: Belly of Adductor mandibulae muscle composed of muscle fibers and tendons. 1: Belly of Adductor mandibulae muscle with ossified intermuscular bones, oriented parallel to main axis of muscle fibers  inserts exclusively on maxilla; two discrete muscle bundles insert on oral jaws; A1 inserts exclusively on maxilla, and A2 on dentary. 1: Additional insertion of A1 on first infraorbital  broad and concave, with a medial groove located between two large anterolateral processes (forming articulation with premaxillae). 1: Anterior tip of mesethmoid small, anterodorsal surface narrow, with a median knob-shaped process directed anteriorly between two small lateral processes .68.Median septum of ventral ethmoid. 0: Portion of ventral ethmoid ossified within medial nasal septum approximately as long as deep; posterior margins of median septum and lateral process of ventral ethmoid approximately equal. 1: Ossified median septum of ventral ethmoid elongate in mature specimens, longer than deep, extending posterior to posterior margin of lateral process.69.Ventral ethmoid-Vomer. 0: Ventral ethmoid fused with vomer during growth. 1: Ventral ethmoid and vomer not fused in adults .70.Dermal vomer. 0: Dermal vomer extends from posterior margin of ventral ethmoid to parasphenoid. 1: Dermal vomer not ossified.71.Ethmoid cartilage. 0: Ethmoid cartilage anterior to lateral ethmoid longer than deep; antorbital region of snout longer than deep. 1: Ethmoid cartilage deeper than long; antorbital region of snout about as deep as long .72.Lateral ethmoid size. 0: Lateral ethmoid a large endochondral ossification in the antorbital region, arching laterally over Profundus (V1) nerve, with four margins; anterolateral process contacting ventral ethmoid, posteromedial process contacting parasphenoid, dorsomedial margin contacting frontal, and anteromedial margin contacting mesethmoid  in 83.Sphenotic process. 0: Dorsolateral margin of sphenotic straight, anterior margin underlies frontal. 1: Dorsolateral margin of sphenotic bearing a transversely oriented crest or process exposed on dorsolateral edge, anterior margin not underlying frontal . 1: Accessory optic tract reduced or absent; discrete accessory optic nucleus not visible in sections .107.Integumental taste buds. 0: Taste buds present on head in characiforms, and over entire integumental surface in siluriforms; diameters of nerves V and VII equal to or larger than that of other cranial nerves in isthmal region; primary facial and vagal sensory nuclei larger than medial octaval nucleus. 1: Taste buds entirely absent from extra-oral integument; nerves V and VII smaller than other cranial nerves of isthmal region; primary facial and vagal sensory nuclei smaller than medial octaval nucleus.108.Schreckstoff/club cells. 0: Schreckstoff , club cells, and fright response present in Ostariophysi. 1: Schreckstoff, club cells, and fright response absent  and central  nervous systems 110.Ampullary organ rosettes. 0: Ampullary organs distributed individually in integument. 1: Ampullary organs clustered in rosettes 111.Active electroreception. 0: Passive, low frequency electroreception, used in predation; neural apparatus for detecting low frequency electric currents. 1: Electrogeneration and high frequency electroreception, used in communication and navigation (in addition to predation); neural apparatus for producing and detecting high frequency electric currents 112.Tuberous electroreceptors. 0: One class of tuberous electroreceptor organs. 1: Two classes of morphologically distinct tuberous electroreceptor organs 113.Preotic lateralis ganglia. 0: All preotic lateral line nerve ganglia form from separate placodes, their axonal bundles entering brain separately. 1: Anterodorsal, anteroventral, and preopercular–mandibular lateral line nerve ganglia fused during ontogeny, their axons entering brain in a single bundle 114.Posterior lateral line nerve. 0: Posterior lateral line nerve with no accessory rami. 1: Posterior lateral line nerve with dorsal ramus 115.Lateral line afferents. 0: Lateral line afferents from electrosensory periphery intermingled as they course into the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL); fibers from different lateral line nerves not segregated. 1: Lateral line afferents fasciculated into discrete bundles; fibers from each lateral line nerve segregated from those of other lateral line nerves 116.Anterior extent of eminentia granularis. 0: Eminentia granularis (EG) of dorsal medulla well developed, extending to posterior pole of optic tectum. 1: EG small, its anterior margin not extending to contact optic tectum 117.Posterior EG. 0: Posterior margin of EG not extending to posterior margin of ELL. 1: Posterior lobe of EG well developed, wrapped around caudal lobe of cerebellum, its posterior margin extending to a vertical with posterior margin of ELL 118.Anterior corpus cerebellum. 0: Anterior lobe of corpus cerebellum large, extending anterior to midlength of optic tectum; cerebellum overlying commissure of optic tectum. 1: Anterior lobe of corpus cerebellum extending to midlength of optic tectum; commissure of optic tectum exposed on dorsal surface.119.Pacemaker nucleus. 0: Pacemaker nucleus of medulla oblongata small, positioned on midline of neuraxis, adjacent to medial longitudinal fasciculus; its ventral margin not contacting ventral aspect of medulla. 1: Pacemaker nucleus large, visible as a median, ovoid eminence on ventral surface of medulla; its ventral margin extending to medullary surface 120.Palatines. 0: Autopalatine totally or partially ossified, straight. 1: Autopalatine unossified, arched.121.Ectopterygoid. 0: Ectopterygoid ossified as a dentigerous element in membrane overlying ventral portion of endopterygoid. 1: Ectopterygoid and associated teeth absent . 1: Ascending process on lateral surface of endopterygoid; pterygocranial ligament ossified; base of ascending process situated approximately dorsal to articulation of quadrate with anguloarticular 123.Endopterygoid ascending process. 0: Ascending process of endopterygoid developed in juvenile stages of growth and retained into adult. 1: Small ascending process of endopterygoid in juveniles obliterated by growth along dorsal margin of bone; no endopterygoid process in adults.124.Endopterygoid anterior process. 0: Dorsal portion of pterygocranial ligament not ossified; base of ascending process of endopterygoid broader than its tip. 1: Entire extent of ligament ossified, forming a bony strut anterior to orbit; process equally as wide along most of its length125.Mesopterygoid dentition. 0: Numerous small teeth distributed in an irregular field on anterior portion of ventral surface of endopterygoid. 1: Few or no teeth on endopterygoid  not attached to gill arches  ossified, articulating with parasphenoid -Fig. 13.144.Pharyngobranchials. 0: Pharyngobranchials of third and fourth arches cartilaginous. 1: Pharyngobranchials of third and fourth arches ossified.145.Pharyngobranchial plates. 0: Four dentigerous plates present on posterior gill arches. 1: One dentigerous plate present on posterior gill arch  of Albert, 2001. 0: Posterior surface of second ceratobranchial smooth. 1: Posterior surface of second ceratobranchial with a medially oriented process  in Albert, 2001. 0: Lateral surface of fourth ceratobranchial smooth. 1: Lateral surface of fourth ceratobranchial with an anterolaterally oriented process  ossified. 1: All five elements of basibranchial series  unossified.159.Basibranchial one. 0: First (anterior) basibranchial elongate, width at midlength about same as at anterior and posterior ends. 1: First basibranchial foreshortened and broad, hourglass shaped, breadth at midlength narrower than at either end160.Urohyal head. 0: Anterior head of urohyal narrow, lateral surfaces flat. 1: Anterior head of urohyal large, with lateral ridges 161.Urohyal blade. 0: Posterior blade of urohyal ossified, extending posterior to fourth basibranchial. 1: Posterior blade of urohyal unossified, anterior head of urohyal positioned ventral to second basibranchial.162.Urohyal blade hyperossified. 0: Urohyal blade short, ossified to level of third basibranchial. 1: Urohyal blade long, ossified to level of fourth basibranchial.163.Posttemporal. 0: Posttemporal independent from supracleithrum in mature specimens. 1: Posttemporal fused with supracleithrum in mature specimens . 0: All hemal spines medial, fused with hemal arches in adult specimens; one to one correspondence between caudal vertebrae and associated hemal spines. 1: Three additional hemal spines positioned in hypaxial musculature posterior to body cavity, often lateral to unmodified hemal spines, rarely fused with hemal arches or parapophyses; irregular association with posterior thoracic and anterior caudal vertebrae.178.DHS anterior series. 0: Three DHSs in hypaxial musculature immediately posterior to body cavity. 1: Anterior series of 8–14 DHSs in hypaxial musculature lateral to body cavity.179.DHS 1. 0: Anterior DHS approximately as straight and as wide as other hemal spines. 1: Anterior DHS large, two to three times as broad as other hemal spines, often exhibiting additional distal tips. In the derived state the anterior DHS is curved and scythe shaped.180.DHS 1 proximal surface. 0: Proximal surface of first DHS narrower than descending blade. 1: Proximal surface of first DHS broad as blade.181.DHS 2 shape. 0: Second posterior DHS straight. 1: Second posterior DHS curved 182.Number posterior DHS. 0: Two or three DHSs posterior to large anterior spine. 1: A single DHS posterior to large anterior spine.183.Dorsal organ. 0: Posterodorsal margin of body without a longitudinal fleshy organ. 1: Posterodorsal margin of body with a median flap or bar of fleshy tissue, extending parallel to the dorsal margin of epaxial musculature 184.Dorsal organ length. 0: Dorsal organ extending along dorsal margin posterior to midlength of body. 1: Dorsal organ extends along entire dorsal margin of body, from nape to caudal peduncle  length. 0: Anal-fin pterygiophores shorter than hemal spines at midbody; less than one-third total body depth . 1: Anal-fin pterygiophores longer than hemal spines at midbody; more than one-third total body depth .191.Shape of AFP blades. 0: Descending blades of proximal anal-fin pterygiophores slender, approximately cylindrical in cross section. 1: Descending blades of anal-fin pterygiophores broad, anterior and posterior margins extending into ventral median septum in cross section.192.Shape of AFP tips. 0: Anal-fin pterygiophores tapering smoothly to tips. 1: Tips of pterygiophores shaped like an arrow-head; axial series of pterygiophores providing the ventral margin of the anal-fin base a scalloped appearance 193.Anal-fin ray articulation. 0: Anal-fin rays articulate with distal anal-fin pterygiophores. 1: Anal-fin rays articulate with proximal anal-fin pterygiophores . 1: Body cavity associated with 23–29 precaudal vertebrae. 2: Body cavity associated with 30–39 precaudal vertebrae. 3: Body cavity associated with 40 or more precaudal vertebrae.197.Body cavity short. 0: Body cavity associated with 16–19 vertebrae. 1: Body cavity short; associated with 12–15 precaudal vertebrae. 2: Body cavity very short; associated with 11 or fewer precaudal vertebrae  vertebrae bearing hemal spines present. 1: Hemal spines absent, body cavity extending almost to tip of the tail; no caudal (post-coelomic) vertebrae.199.Number of pleural ribs. 0: Eight or more pairs of pleural ribs. 1: Seven or fewer pairs of pleural ribs . 0: All axial muscle fibers unmodified; no organs capable of generating rhythmic electric discharges. 1: Paired electrogenic organs developing in larval hypaxial musculature; electric organ composed of rows of modified elongate myofibrils .216.Main EO electrocyte morphology. 0: Electrocytes cigar shaped, elongate; longitudinal axis parallel with neuraxis. 1: Electrocytes barrel shaped, cylindrical; long axis oriented vertically. 2: Electrocytes coin-shaped (new character state).217.Hypaxial EO ontogeny. 0: Main electric organ of mature specimens developing from a medial portion of hypaxial musculature, extending along ventral margin of hypaxial musculature. 1: Hypaxial electric organ replaced during development, adult organ not derived from hypaxial musculature 218.Mental accessory EO. 0: absent. 1: present 219.Mental accessory EO configuration. 0: Mental accessory organ absent or short with few electrocytes. 1: Mental accessory EO long, threadlike with many electrocytes 220.Humeral accessory EO. 0: No humeral electric organ. 1: Humeral electric organ extending dorsally from pectoral fin base, and then posteriorly along horizontal myoseptum a distance less than length of pectoral fin 221.Neural EO. 0: Main electric organ of mature specimens ontogenetically derived from hypaxial musculature. 1: Main electric organ of mature specimens derived from electromotor neurons which innervate larval hypaxial organ 222.EOD form. 0: EOD of mature specimens produced as discrete non-overlapping pulses with alternating periods of current flow and no current flow; capacity for EOD frequency modulations present; cells of pacemaker nucleus organized into two separate clusters. 1: EOD produced as a continual series of discharges to form a quasi-sinusoidal pattern of current emission; no capacity for EOD frequency modulations; relay and pacemaker cells mingled in a single medullary nucleus 223.EOD monophasic in adults. 0: EOD of mature specimens with two (sometimes three or four) phases; EOD characterized by both head-positive and head-negative depolarizations. 1: Monophasic EOD of juveniles retained into maturity; EOD characterized exclusively by head-positive depolarizations. 2: Monophasic hyperpolarization from negative baseline Mkv model MBTE-ML analyses datasets were conducted in Mkv model 3). Each run was comprised of 5.0×107 generations with model parameter values and a single tree sampled every 5×103 generation. All other parameters were set as default. To ensure adequate mixing of the MCMC, effective sample size values (ESS>200) were inspected for parameter estimates in Tracer 1.5. The two independent runs were summarized with “sump” and “sumt” commands in MrBayes 3.2 MBTE-BI analyses were conducted in MrBayes 3.2 Node 175: GYMNOTIFORMESch. 3-Body shape profile. “Body Depth,” character 2 in Albert, 2001. / 1: Body elongate, slender, depth less than 11% total length.ch. 7-Gape short. / 1: Rictus extends to a vertical with mental symphysis, gape very small, less than twice diameter of eye, oriented oblique to long axis of head.ch. 14-Position of eye. / 1: Eye completely covered by epidermis in adults; orbital margin not free.ch. 72-Lateral ethmoid size. / 1: Lateral ethmoid reduced in size; four peripheral margins not contacting other bony surfaces.ch. 84-Parasphenoid lateral process. / 1: Lateral margins of parasphenoid not extending to a horizontal with trigeminal foramen.ch. 106-Accessory optic system. / 1: Accessory optic tract reduced or absent; discrete accessory optic nucleus not visible in sections.ch. 107-Integumental taste buds. / 1: Taste buds entirely absent from extra-oral integument; nerves V and VII smaller than other cranial nerves of isthmal region; primary facial and vagal sensory nuclei smaller than medial octaval nucleus.ch. 108-Schreckstoff/club cells. / 1: Schreckstoff, club cells, and fright response absent.ch. 110-Ampullary organ rosettes. / 1: Ampullary organs clustered in rosettes.ch. 111-Active electroreception. / 1: Electrogeneration and high frequency electroreception, used in communication and navigation (in addition to predation); neural apparatus for producing and detecting high frequency electric currents.ch. 112-Tuberous electroreceptors. / 1: Two classes of morphologically distinct tuberous electroreceptor organs.ch. 120-Palatines. / 1: Autopalatine unossified, arched.ch. 121-Ectopterygoid. / 1: Ectopterygoid and associated teeth absent.ch. 125-Mesopterygoid dentition. / 1: Few or no teeth on endopterygoid.ch. 127-Metapterygoid shape. / 1: Metapterygoid triangular in lateral view.ch. 141-Gill raker configuration. / 1: Base of gill rakers not mineralized, rakers (when present) not attached to gill arches.ch. 148-Shape of 4th epibranchial. / 1: Fourth epibranchial with an elongate ascending process.ch. 165-Mesocoracoid. / 1: Mesocoracoid not ossified.ch. 169-Pelvic girdle and fin. / 1: No pelvic girdles or fins.ch. 170-Claustrum. / 1: Claustrum absent as an ossified element.ch. 185-Dorsal fin. / 1: Dorsal fin absent.ch. 186-Adipose fin. / 1: Adipose fin absent.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 2: 160–199 rays.ch. 193-Anal-fin ray articulation. / 1: Anal-fin rays articulate with proximal anal-fin pterygiophores.ch. 194-Distal AFP. / 1: No distal anal-fin pterygiophores.ch. 213-Caudal fin. / 1: Caudal fin absent.ch. 214-Electric organs (EO). / 1: Paired electrogenic organs developing in larval hypaxial musculature; electric organ composed of rows of modified elongate myofibrils.ch. 215-Number of hypaxial EO. / 1: Three anatomically distinct hypaxial electric organs .Node 176: GYMNOTIDAE cladech. 8-Oral opening in adults. / 0: Upper and lower jaws of equal length, oral aperture terminal.ch. 64-Mesethmoid, tip size. / 1: Portion of mesethmoid anterior to ventral ethmoid flexed ventrally in mature specimens; its dorsal surface anterior and posterior to ventral ethmoid at an oblique angle; its ventral surface oblique to dorsal surface. terminal.ch. 74-Base lateral ethmoid. / 1: Lateral ethmoid narrow or tubular; length of its base less than one-third length of its anterior margin.ch. 79-Cranial fontanels. / 1: Frontals in contact with each other along the entire extent of their medial margins in mature specimens.ch. 140-Branchiostegal ray morphology. / 0: Anterior 1–2 rays broad.ch. 163-Posttemporal. / 0: Posttemporal independent from supracleithrum in mature specimens.ch. 196-Body cavity long. / 2: Body cavity associated with 30–39 precaudal vertebrae.ch. 204-Post. chamber gas bladder. / 1: Posterior chamber of gas bladder elongate, passing between hemal arches of postcoelomic axial skeleton and musculature.ch. 210-Tail length. / 1: Tail short, 0–16% total length.Gymnotus cladeNode 177: ch. 8-Oral opening in adults. / 1: Lower jaw extends anterior to upper, oral aperture superior.ch. 10-Position of anterior nares. / 1: Anterior nares located very close to or within gape, narial opening oriented anteroventrally.ch. 11-Anterior narial pore. / 1: Anterior narial opening sessile, its rim flush with surrounding integument.ch. 33-Lateral line pores. / 1: Posterior lateral line pores tubular; tube length more than three times pore diameter.ch. 34-Lateral line ventral rami. / 1: Numerous ventral rami extending parallel with lateral line.ch. 37-Tooth shape. / 1: Teeth in both jaws villiform, each tooth a long cylindrical shaft with a narrow base.ch. 47-Maxilla descending blade. / 2: Anteroventral margin of descending blade not ossified; distal half of blade extending as a narrow process with a sharp point at its distal tip.ch. 66-Ventral ethmoid lateral process. / 1: No lateral process of ventral ethmoid; ventral ethmoid not contacting lateral ethmoid cartilage.ch. 67-Ventral ethmoid lateral process shape. / 1: Lateral process of ventral ethmoid robust, posterior surface forming articulation with lateral ethmoid cartilage broad and rounded, covered by a cartilage cap.ch. 68-Median septum of ventral ethmoid. / 1: Ossified median septum of ventral ethmoid elongate in mature specimens, longer than deep, extending posterior to posterior margin of lateral process.ch. 71-Ethmoid cartilage. / 1: Ethmoid cartilage deeper than long; antorbital region of snout about as deep as long.ch. 87-Parasphenoid process. / 1: Parasphenoid with anteroventral process.ch. 91-Nasal loop. / 1: Commissure between infraorbital and supraorbital canals extended anteriorly, forming a loop ventrolateral to nasal capsule; antorbital and first infraorbital bones situated near anterior nares.ch. 92-Infraorbital subnasal extension. / 1: Anterior extension of infraorbital canal shorter than width of canal pore; anterior canal pore of infraorbital canal situated near first infraorbital.ch. 122-Endopterygoid ascending process. / 1: Ascending process on lateral surface of endopterygoid; pterygocranial ligament ossified; base of ascending process situated approximately dorsal to articulation of quadrate with anguloarticular.ch. 143-Anterior pharyngobranchial. / 1: Anterior pharyngobranchial unossified.ch. 158-Basibranchials. / 1: All five elements of basibranchial series  unossified.ch. 195-Free neural and hemal spines. / 1: Capacity to generate series of free neural and hemal spines associated with regenerated cartilaginous rod.ch. 201-Size of anterior ribs. / 1: Anterior ribs broad, breadth two to three times width.Gymnotus pantherinus cladeNode 178: No diagnostic character in matrix.Gymnotus coatesi+G. anguillaris+G. tigre+G. cylindricus+G. carapo cladesNode 180: ch. 16-Oblique pigment bands. / 1: Multiple (13–50) pale bands with straight margins of alternating high and low melanophore density along lateral surface of body, oriented at an oblique angle to longitudinal body axis. Bands sometimes interrupted by patches of depigmented integument, resulting in a distribution of blotches arranged in oblique bands along the lateral surface of body.ch. 35-No. ventral rami. / 1: Median 15 or more.Gymnotus coatesi cladeNode 181: No diagnostic character in matrix. See Maxime (2014).Gymnotus anguillaris+G. tigre+G. cylindricus+G. carapo cladeNode 187: ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 3: 200–299 rays. Taxa coded by modal number of anal-fin rays.ch. 196-Body cavity long. / 3: Body cavity associated with 40 or more precaudal vertebrae.Gymnotus cataniapo cladeNode 188: No diagnostic character in matrix.Gymnotus tigre+G. cylindricus species groups+G. carapo cladeNode 190: ch. 16-Oblique pigment bands. / 2: Oblique pigment bands along longitudinal axis with wavy margins.ch. 37-Tooth shape. / 0: Teeth in both jaws conical, with a broad base tapering toward the cusp.ch. 135-Preopercular pores. / 1: Two pores at dorsoposterior corner of preopercle.ch. 165-Mesocoracoid. / 0: Mesocoracoid ossified within scapulocoracoid cartilage, forming a bridge between medial surface of coracoid and cleithrum.ch. 190-Anal-fin pterygiophore (AFP) length. / 1: Anal-fin pterygiophores longer than hemal spines at midbody; more than one-third total body depth .ch. 201-Size of anterior ribs. / 0: Anterior pair of pleural ribs narrow; breadth approximately equal to width.Gymnotus tigre cladeNode 191: ch. 15-Anal fin membrane. / 2: Anal fin membrane striped.ch. 38-Tooth tip shape. / 1: Tips of teeth directed anteriorly (recurved).Gymnotus cylindricus+G. carapo cladeNode 192: ch. 196-Body cavity long. / ch.196-Body cavity long. / 2: Body cavity associated with 30–39 precaudal vertebrae.Gymnotus cylindricus cladeNode 193: ch. 16-Oblique pigment bands. / 0: Body pigmentation evenly distributed along longitudinal axis.ch. 35-No. ventral rami. / 0: Median 14 or less.ch. 135-Preopercular pores. / 0: One pore at dorsoposterior corner of preoperculum.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 2: 160–199 rays.ch. 190-Anal-fin pterygiophore (AFP) length. / 0: Anal-fin pterygiophores shorter than hemal spines at midbody; less than one-third total body depth .G. carapo cladeNode 196: ch. 15-Anal fin membrane. / 1: With pale posterior patch.ch. 37-Tooth shape. / 2: Teeth with triangular, arrow-head shape.Gymnotus carapo species-complex cladeNode 201: ch. 1-Body shape 1. / 0: Body laterally compressed, body width at pectoral fin base less than 70% its depth.ch. 3-Body shape profile. / 0: Body relatively deep in profile, depth at pectoral girdle more than 11% total length.ch. 157-Basihyal dorsal groove. / 1: Dorsal surface of basihyal concave along its long axis, forming a shallow trough.ch. 166-Anterior coracoid process. / 1: Anterior coracoid process not extending to a vertical with contact of dorsomedial limb of coracoid with cleithrum.Node 216: STERNOPYGOIDEI cladech. 1-Body shape 1. / 0: Body laterally compressed, body width at pectoral fin base less than 70% its depth.ch. 27-Branchial opening. / 1: Vertical extent of branchial opening restricted to region around pectoral fin base; ventral portion reduced by a dorsolateral continuation of epidermis from isthmus.ch. 28-Pseudotympanum. / 1: Sixth vertebra not covered by superior oblique.ch. 39-Premaxilla size. / 1: Small. The anterodorsal orientation of the articular surface of the maxilla with the autopalatine is a consequence of the large size of the premaxilla and the associated posterior position of the maxilla.ch. 62-Mesethmoid, tip size. / 1: Anterior tip of mesethmoid small, anterodorsal surface narrow, with a median knob-shaped process directed anteriorly between two small lateral processes.ch. 63-Mesethmoid, tip shape. / 1: Portion of mesethmoid anterior to ventral ethmoid flexed ventrally in mature specimens; its dorsal surface anterior and posterior to ventral ethmoid at an oblique angle; its ventral surface oblique to dorsal surface.ch. 115-Lateral line afferents. / 1: Lateral line afferents fasciculated into discrete bundles; fibers from each lateral line nerve segregated from those of other lateral line nerves.ch. 139-Branchiostegal rays. / 1: 5–6 rays.ch. 160-Urohyal head. / 1: Anterior head of urohyal large, with lateral ridges.ch. 177-Displaced hemal spines (DHS). / 1: Three additional hemal spines positioned in hypaxial musculature posterior to body cavity, often lateral to unmodified hemal spines, rarely fused with hemal arches or parapophyses; irregular association with posterior thoracic and anterior caudal vertebrae.ch. 187-Anal fin origin. / 1: Anal-fin origin ventral to posterior margin of cleithrum.ch. 197-Body cavity short. / 1: Body cavity short; associated with 12–15 precaudal vertebrae.ch. 206-Anal position. / 1: Position of anus changing allometrically during ontogeny, starting near posterior end of coelomic cavity and growing anterior to pectoral girdle; anus located near isthmus.ch. 211-Elongate caudal rod. / 1: cartilaginous bar or rod, regenerated in place of caudal vertebrae.Node 217: RHAMPHICHTHYOIDEA cladech. 36-Adult dentition. / 1: Oral teeth present in juveniles, lost and not replaced during development.ch. 66-Ventral ethmoid lateral process. / 1: No lateral process of ventral ethmoid; ventral ethmoid not contacting lateral ethmoid cartilage.ch. 81-Orbitosphenoid shape. / 1: Anterior margin of orbitosphenoid not ossified, orbitosphenoid narrow, its ventral margin about as long or shorter than its dorsal margin.ch. 87-Parasphenoid process. / 1: Parasphenoid with anteroventral process.ch. 95-Antorbital size. / 1: Antorbital large; its ventral portion larger than maxilla; expanded dorsal portion contacts autopalatine.ch. 98-Infraorbital canal tube. / 1: Infraorbital canal a single, lightly ossified continuous tube.ch. 99-First infraorbital. / 1: First infraorbital not present as a separate ossification.ch. 118-Anterior corpus cerebellum. / 0: Anterior lobe of corpus cerebellum large, extending anterior to midlength of optic tectum; cerebellum overlying commissure of optic tectum.ch. 128-Metapterygoid posterior wing. / 1: Metapterygoid elongate and narrow, longer than wide at its midlength.ch. 134-Preopercular orientation. / 1: Long axis of preopercle horizontal, roughly parallel with main axis of neurocranium.ch. 137-Shape of opercle. / 0: Outline of opercle approximately rectangular; dorsal margin shorter than posterior margin, and interrupted by a pronounced angle.ch. 181-DHS 2 shape. / 1: Second posterior DHS curved.ch. 208-Urogenital papilla. / 1: Urogenital pore elevated onto a papilla in sexually mature specimens.Akawaio, Hypopomus, Microsternarchini, Brachyhypopomus) cladeNode 218: Hypopomidae  cladeNode 221: Microsternarchini ch. 140-Branchiostegal ray morphology. / 0: Anterior 1–2 rays broad.ch. 158-Basibranchials. / 1: All five elements of basibranchial series  unossified.Procerusternarchus+MicrosternarchusNode 222: ch. 139-Branchiostegal rays. / 0: 3–4 rays.Brachyhypopomus cladeNode 224: ch. 8-Oral opening in adults. / 0: Upper and lower jaws of equal length, oral aperture terminal.ch. 74-Base lateral ethmoid. / 1: Lateral ethmoid narrow or tubular; length of its base less than one-third length of its anterior margin.ch. 171-Os suspensorium. / 1: Anterior ramus short, reaching second vertebra.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 3: 200–299 rays. Taxa coded by modal number of anal-fin rays.ch. 212-Caudal appendage. / 1: Caudal appendage elongate in sexually mature males.Node 234: RHAMPHICHTHYIDAE cladech. 210-Tail length. / 2: Tail long, more than 45% total length.ch. 218-Mental accessory EO. / 1: present.Steatogenys, Hypopygus) cladeNode 235: Steatogenae , a ventral extension of the medial surface of dentary where it covers the anterior portion of Meckel׳s cartilage.ch. 55-Dentary teeth size. / 1: Teeth on posterior half of dentary twice the size of anterior teeth.ch. 71-Ethmoid cartilage. / 1: Ethmoid cartilage deeper than long; antorbital region of snout about as deep as long.ch. 73-Lateral ethmoid. / 1: Lateral ethmoid not ossified.ch. 86-Parasphenoid dorsal margin. / 1: Dorsal margin narrow.ch. 140-Branchiostegal ray morphology. / 0: Anterior 1–2 rays broad.ch. 143-Anterior pharyngobranchial. / 1: Anterior pharyngobranchial unossified.ch. 149-Epibranchial 5. / 1: Fifth epibranchial with posterior process.ch. 153-Hypobranchial 1. / 2: First hypobranchial rounded or pentagonal in dorsal view; anterior margin interrupted by a sharp angle.ch. 162-Urohyal blade hyperossified. / 1: Urohyal blade long, ossified to level of fourth basibranchial.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 1: Anal fin long, extending along majority of ventral body margin; 100–159 rays.ch. 197-Body cavity short. / 2: Body cavity very short; associated with 11 or fewer precaudal vertebrae.ch. 208-Urogenital papilla. / 0: Urogenital pore sessile, opening flush with ventral margin of body wall in sexually mature specimens.ch. 220-Humeral accessory EO. / 1: Humeral electric organ extending dorsally from pectoral fin base, and then posteriorly along horizontal myoseptum a distance less than length of pectoral fin.Steatogenys cladeNode 238: ch. 18-Vertical pigment bars. “Saddle-shaped bars”. / 1–10 dark bars across mid-dorsal surface extending as vertical bands onto lateral surfaces.ch. 165-Mesocoracoid. / 0: Mesocoracoid ossified within scapulocoracoid cartilage, forming a bridge between medial surface of coracoid and cleithrum.ch. 166-Anterior coracoid process. / 1: Anterior coracoid process not extending to a vertical with contact of dorsomedial limb of coracoid with cleithrum.ch. 167-Proximal pectoral radials. / 1: Proximal radials three and four co-ossified in adult specimens.ch. 219-Mental accessory EO configuration. / 1: Mental accessory EO long, threadlike with many electrocytes.Hypopygus cladeNode 236: ch. 10-Position of anterior nares. / 1: Anterior nares located very close to or within gape, narial opening oriented anteroventrally.ch. 12-Posterior narial pore. / 1: Posterior narial pore absent.ch. 17-Vertical pigment lines. / 1: Thin vertical pigment lines present along longitudinal body axis.ch. 32-Lateral line. / 1: Lateral line incomplete.ch. 70-Dermal vomer. / 1: Dermal vomer not ossified.ch. 163-Posttemporal. / 0: Posttemporal independent from supracleithrum in mature specimens.Node 240: Rhamphichthyinae cladech. 5-Snout long. / 1: Snout elongate, frontal, vomer and anterior portion of parasphenoid elongate; preorbital length longer than one-third total head length or greater in mature specimens.ch. 9-Position of nasal capsule. / 1: Anterior position of nasal capsule; located closer to tip of snout than to eye; posterior nares closer to anterior nares than to anterior margin of eye.ch. 30-Scales on middorsum. / 1: Scales absent from head, anterior portion of dorsal midline, and area dorsal to pectoral fins.ch. 33-Lateral line pores. / 1: Posterior lateral line pores tubular; tube length more than three times pore diameter.ch. 59-Posterior limb anguloarticular. / 1: Posterior limb of anguloarticular large; its ventral margin longer than that of retroarticular.ch. 61-Mesethmoid length. / 1: Mesethmoid elongate, its length greater than antorbital region of frontal.ch. 87-Parasphenoid process. / 0: Anteroventral margin of parasphenoid smooth.ch. 116-Anterior extent of eminentia granularis. / 1: EG small, its anterior margin not extending to contact optic tectum.ch. 124-Endopterygoid anterior process. / 1: Entire extent of ligament ossified, forming a bony strut anterior to orbit; process equally as wide along most of its length.ch. 129-Size of symplectic. / 1: Length of symplectic greater than hyomandibula.ch. 130-Orientation of hyomandibula. / 1: Main axis of hyomandibula oriented horizontally, parallel to main axis of neurocranium.ch. 138-Opercular dorsal margin. / 1: Dorsal margin of opercle straight.ch. 178-DHS anterior series. / 1: Anterior series of 8–14 DHSs in hypaxial musculature lateral to body cavity.ch. 181-DHS 2 shape. / 0: Second posterior DHS straight.ch. 187-Anal fin origin. / 2: Anal fin origin near branchial isthmus.ch. 189-Anal-fin rays unbranched. / 2: 30–60 unbranched anal-fin rays.ch. 190-Anal-fin pterygiophore (AFP) length. / 1: Anal-fin pterygiophores longer than hemal spines at midbody; more than one-third total body depth .Gymnorhamphichthys cladeNode 241: ch. 30-Scales on middorsum. / 2: Scales absent along entire middorsum.ch. 43-Anterior maxillary process. / 1: Anterior process of maxilla extends anterior to articulation of maxilla and autopalatine, forming a tapered process, its ventral margin continuous with descending blade of maxilla; maxilla forked in lateral view.ch. 51-Dentary dorsal margin. / 1: Dorsal margin of dentary concave.ch. 69-Ventral ethmoid-Vomer. / 1: Ventral ethmoid and vomer not fused in adultsch. 82-Orbitosphenoid margin. “Sphenoid fenestra” / 1: Posterior margin of orbitosphenoid not contacting pterosphenoid, except between dorsal portion of their common margin; presence of an unmineralized fenestra between orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid.Iracema, Rhamphichthys) cladeNode 249: Rhamphichthyini .ch. 88-Posttemporal fossa. / 1: Epioccipital, pterotic, and parietal bones not contacting one another along their mutual margins, forming a fossa in posttemporal region; lateral surface of otic capsule exposed.ch. 94-Antorbital. / 1: Infraorbital canal extending onto antorbital.ch. 117-Posterior EG. / 1: Posterior lobe of EG well developed, wrapped around caudal lobe of cerebellum, its posterior margin extending to a vertical with posterior margin of ELL.ch. 122-Endopterygoid ascending process. / 1: Ascending process on lateral surface of endopterygoid; pterygocranial ligament ossified; base of ascending process situated approximately dorsal to articulation of quadrate with anguloarticular.ch. 146-Epibranchial 4. / 1: Fourth epibranchial with short posterior process.ch. 173-Position of neural spines. / 1: Neural spine inserting on posterior margin of caudal vertebral centra.ch. 174-Vertebral fenestrae. / 1: Lateral walls of neural arches with several small fenestrae; dorsal margin uneven, with several evaginations.ch. 179-DHS 1. / 1: Anterior DHS large, two to three times as broad as other hemal spines, often exhibiting additional distal tips. In the derived state the anterior DHS is curved and scythe shaped.ch. 180-DHS 1. / 1: Proximal surface of first DHS broad as blade.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 3: 200–299 rays. Taxa coded by modal number of anal-fin rays.ch. 189-Anal-fin rays unbranched. / 1: Anterior 15–25 rays anal-fin rays unbranched to their tips.ch. 194-Distal AFP. / 0: Distal anal-fin pterygiophores present.ch. 217-Hypaxial EO ontogeny. / 1: Hypaxial electric organ replaced during development, adult organ not derived from hypaxial musculature.ch. 222-EOD form. / 1: EOD produced as a continual series of discharges to form a quasi-sinusoidal pattern of current emission; no capacity for EOD frequency modulations; relay and pacemaker cells mingled in a single medullary nucleus.ch. 223-EOD monophasic in adults. / 1: Monophasic EOD of juveniles retained into maturity; EOD characterized exclusively by head-positive depolarizations.Node 260: STERNOPYGIDAE cladech. 8-Oral opening in adults. / 0: Upper and lower jaws of equal length, oral aperture terminal.ch. 13-Eye size. / 0: Eye and optic tract large; about two eye diameters into postorbital head length.ch. 37-Tooth shape. / 1: Teeth in both jaws villiform, each tooth a long cylindrical shaft with a narrow base.ch. 57-M. Adductor mandibulae. / 1: Additional insertion of A1 on first infraorbital.ch. 72-Lateral ethmoid size. / 0: Lateral ethmoid a large endochondral ossification in the antorbital region, arching laterally over Profundus (V1) nerve, with four margins; anterolateral process contacting ventral ethmoid, posteromedial process contacting parasphenoid, dorsomedial margin contacting frontal, and anteromedial margin contacting mesethmoid.ch. 75-Nasal. / 1: Nasal broad.ch. 77-Antorbital process frontals. / 1: Lateroventral process of frontals anterior to orbit.ch. 97-Infraorbital canal plates. / 1: Antorbital and infraorbitals 1–4 large, partial cylinders with slender osseous arches.ch. 100-Mandibular canal. / 0: Canal bearing bones of preopercular–mandibular laterosensory canal long and slender ossifications embedded in dermis; diameter of canal slender.ch. 106-Accessory optic system. / 0: Accessory optic tract large, easily visible in histological sections; neurons of tract organized into a distinct tegmental cell cluster .ch. 133-Mandibular canal size. / 1: Mandibular canal ossicles dumbbell-shaped.ch. 152-Ceratobranchial 4. “Lateral process of sixth ceratobranchial”. / 1: Lateral surface of fourth ceratobranchial with an anterolaterally oriented process.ch. 172-Anterior vertebrae. / 1: Parapophyses of second vertebrae separated by distinct gap from the os suspensorium.ch. 176-Caudal intermusculars. / 1: Capacity to regenerate ossified intermuscular bones.ch. 197-Body cavity short. / 0: Body cavity associated with 16–19 vertebrae.Sternopygus cladeNode 261: ch. 14-Position of eye. / 0: Surface of eye not covered by epidermis in adults; free orbital margin.ch. 20-Longitudinal lines. / 2: A white narrow stripe extending parallel to the base of the anal-fin pterygiophores, and then posteriorly along the lateral midline.ch. 27-Branchial opening. / 0: Branchial opening extends along entire posterior margin of opercle, from isthmus to pectoral fin insertion.ch. 63-Mesethmoid, tip shape. / 0: Portion of mesethmoid anterior to ventral ethmoid horizontal; its dorsal surface anterior and posterior to ventral ethmoid approximately parallel; its ventral surface parallel with dorsal surface.ch. 68-Median septum of ventral ethmoid. / 1: Ossified median septum of ventral ethmoid elongate in mature specimens, longer than deep, extending posterior to posterior margin of lateral process.ch. 125-Mesopterygoid dentition. / 0: Numerous small teeth distributed in an irregular field on anterior portion of ventral surface of endopterygoid.ch. 163-Posttemporal. / 0: Posttemporal independent from supracleithrum in mature specimens.ch. 189-Anal-fin rays unbranched. / 3: all anal-fin rays unbranched.ch. 216-Main EO electrocyte morphology. / 0: Electrocytes cigar shaped, elongate; longitudinal axis parallel with neuraxis.Node 265: Eigenmanninae cladech. 4-Snout length short. / 1: Snout short, preorbital length less than one-third total head length.ch. 26-Body translucence. / 1: Body translucent in living specimens, yellow or pink hue in living specimens, yellow or hyaline in formalin-fixed specimens, melanophores sparse or absent on lateral body surface.ch. 83-Sphenotic process. / 1: Dorsolateral margin of sphenotic bearing a transversely oriented crest or process exposed on dorsolateral edge, anterior margin not underlying frontal.ch. 146-Epibranchial 4. / 0: Posterior margin of fourth epibranchial flat.ch. 148-Shape of 4th epibranchial. / 0: Fourth epibranchial with short ascending process.ch. 164-Scapular foramen. / 1: Unossified region of scapulocoracoid cartilage included entirely within the scapula, forming a large foramen.ch. 167-Proximal pectoral radials. / 1: Proximal radials three and four co-ossified in adult specimens.ch. 175-Shape anterior intermusculars. / 1: Intermusculars highly branched.ch. 180-DHS 1 proximal surface. / 0: Proximal surface of first DHS narrower than descending blade.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 2: 160–199 rays.ch. 197-Body cavity short. / 2: Body cavity very short; associated with 11 or fewer precaudal vertebrae.ch. 199-Number of pleural ribs. / 1: Seven or fewer pairs of pleural ribs.ch. 200-Length of anterior ribs. / 1: Length of anterior two ribs greater than 80% body depth at pectoral girdle.Rhabdolichops cladeNode 266: ch. 30-Scales on middorsum. / 1: Scales absent from head, anterior portion of dorsal midline, and area dorsal to pectoral fins.ch. 43-Anterior maxillary process. / 0: Anterior process of maxilla absent.ch. 46-Maxilla descending blade. / 1: Descending blade of maxilla broad, connective tissue membrane along its anteroventral margin ossified to form a thin shelf; anterior portion of maxilla rhomboid in lateral view.ch. 86-Parasphenoid dorsal margin. / 1: Dorsal margin narrow.ch. 87-Parasphenoid process. / 1: Parasphenoid with anteroventral process.ch. 182-Number posterior DHS. / 1: A single DHS posterior to large anterior spine.ch. 190-Anal-fin pterygiophore (AFP) length. / 1: Anal-fin pterygiophores longer than hemal spines at midbody; more than one-third total body depth .Distocyclus, Archolaemus, Japigny, Eigenmannia) cladeNode 270: Eigenmannini  length. / 1: Anal-fin pterygiophores longer than hemal spines at midbody; more than one-third total body depth .ch. 202-Posterior parapophyses. / 1: Parapophyses of posterior precaudal vertebra longer than wide, their ventral margins parallel with long axis of body, abutting at midline.ch. 203-Shape last precaudal parapophyses. / 1: Parapophyses of last precaudal vertebra slender and sinuous, their tips pointed.ch. 210-Tail length. / 1: Tail short, 0–16% total length.ch. 211-Elongate caudal rod. / 0: Caudal fin present with hypural plate and segmented rays.ch. 213-Caudal fin. / 0: Caudal fin present.ch. 221-Neural EO. / 1: Main electric organ of mature specimens derived from electromotor neurons which innervate larval hypaxial organ.Orthosternarchus, Sternarchorhamphus) cladeNode 280: Sternarchorhamphinae .ch. 123-Endopterygoid ascending process. / 1: Small ascending process of endopterygoid in juveniles obliterated by growth along dorsal margin of bone; no endopterygoid process in adults.ch. 128-Metapterygoid posterior wing. / 1: Metapterygoid elongate and narrow, longer than wide at its midlength.ch. 165-Mesocoracoid. / 0: Mesocoracoid ossified within scapulocoracoid cartilage, forming a bridge between medial surface of coracoid and cleithrum.ch. 184-Dorsal organ length. / 1: Dorsal organ extends along entire dorsal margin of body, from nape to caudal peduncle.ch. 187-Anal fin origin. / 2: Anal fin origin near branchial isthmus.ch. 189-Anal-fin rays unbranched. / 3: all anal-fin rays unbranched.ch. 191-Shape of AFP blades. / 1: Descending blades of anal-fin pterygiophores broad, anterior and posterior margins extending into ventral median septum in cross section.ch. 192-Shape of AFP tips. / 1: Tips of pterygiophores shaped like an arrow-head; axial series of pterygiophores providing the ventral margin of the anal-fin base a scalloped appearance.Node 281: Apteronotinae cladech. 67-Ventral ethmoid lateral process shape. / 1: Lateral process of ventral ethmoid robust, posterior surface forming articulation with lateral ethmoid cartilage broad and rounded, covered by a cartilage cap.ch. 153-Hypobranchial 1. / 1: First hypobranchial triangular in dorsal view. 2: First hypobranchial rounded or pentagonal in dorsal view; anterior margin interrupted by a sharp angle.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 1: Anal fin long, extending along majority of ventral body margin; 100–159 rays.ch. 201-Size of anterior ribs. / 1: Anterior ribs broad, breadth two to three times width.ch. 223-EOD monophasic in adults. / 0: EOD of mature specimens with two (sometimes three or four) phases; EOD characterized by both head-positive and head-negative depolarizations.Adontosternarchus cladeNode 282: ch. 4-Snout length short. / 1: Snout short, preorbital length less than one-third total head length.ch. 8-Oral opening in adults. / 0: Upper and lower jaws of equal length, oral aperture terminal.ch. 36-Adult dentition. / 1: Oral teeth present in juveniles, lost and not replaced during development.ch. 40-Snout length short. / 1: Snout short, preorbital length less than one-third total head length.ch. 47-Maxilla descending blade. / 2: Anteroventral margin of descending blade not ossified; distal half of blade extending as a narrow process with a sharp point at its distal tip.ch. 50-Dentary gracile. / 1: Dentary gracile, posterodorsal process tapering to a point (except in Adontosternarchus sachsi), ventral margin concave.ch. 71-Ethmoid cartilage. / 1: Ethmoid cartilage deeper than long; antorbital region of snout about as deep as long.ch. 81-Orbitosphenoid shape. / 1: Anterior margin of orbitosphenoid not ossified, orbitosphenoid narrow, its ventral margin about as long or shorter than its dorsal margin.ch. 85-Parasphenoid ventral margin. / 1: Ventral margin of parasphenoid flexed sharply on either side of the basicranial region; ventral margin of sphenoid region oblique relative to long axis of neurocranium.ch. 115-Lateral line afferents. / 0: Lateral line afferents from electrosensory periphery intermingled as they course into the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL); fibers from different lateral line nerves not segregated.ch. 138-Opercular dorsal margin. / 0: Dorsal margin of opercle convex. 1: Dorsal margin of opercle straight.ch. 139-Branchiostegal rays. / 1: 5–6 rays.ch. 161-Urohyal blade. / 1: Posterior blade of urohyal unossified, anterior head of urohyal positioned ventral to second basibranchial.ch. 202-Posterior parapophyses. / 0: Parapophyses of posterior precaudal vertebra small, their ventral margins oblique to long axis of body, not contacting one another along midline.Node 286: Apteronotini+Sternarchorhynchini+Navajini cladech. 64-Mesethmoid, tip size. / 1: Portion of mesethmoid anterior to ventral ethmoid flexed ventrally in mature specimens; its dorsal surface anterior and posterior to ventral ethmoid at an oblique angle; its ventral surface oblique to dorsal surface. terminal.ch. 92-Infraorbital subnasal extension. / 0: Anterior portion of infraorbital canal extending anterior from first infraorbital ventral to nasal capsule; anterior canal pore of infraorbital canal situated anterior to first infraorbital.ch. 203-Shape last precaudal parapophyses. / 0: Parapophyses of last precaudal vertebra broad and triangular, their tips rounded.Parapteronotus, Megadontognathus, Apteronotus) cladeNode 287: Apteronotini  length. / 0: Anal-fin pterygiophores shorter than hemal spines at midbody; less than one-third total body depth .Megadontognathus+Apteronotus cladeNode 289: ch. 21-Pigment contrast. / 1: High contrast dark brown or black and white pigments on body surface.ch. 58-Anterior limb anguloarticular. / 1: Anterior limb of anguloarticular shorter than posterior limb.ch. 90-Cranial skeleton texture. / 0: Surface of endochondral and dermal ossifications of cranial skeleton composed of lamellar or cancellous bone.ch. 197-Body cavity short. / 0: Body cavity associated with 16–19 vertebrae.ch. 210-Tail length. / 0: Length of tail posterior to anal-fin 17–45% total length.Apteronotus cladeNode 290: ch. 19-Caudal Peduncle Spot. / 1: Pale spot present at base of caudal region. Newly coded herein.ch. 23-White mid-sagittal pigments. / 1: Mid-sagittal region of dorsal and mental surfaces bright white.ch. 154-Hypobranchial 2. / 1: Anterior tip of second hypobranchial with a large medially oriented process, contacting contralateral third hypobranchial across midline by means of a cartilaginous bridge.Apteronotus magdalenensis+A. leptorhynchus cladeNode 291: ch. 5-Snout long. / 1: Snout elongate, frontal, vomer and anterior portion of parasphenoid elongate; preorbital length longer than one-third total head length or greater in mature specimens.ch. 80-Sphenoid region. / 1: Sphenoid region of neurocranium more than one-third total head length, combined axial length of the orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid bones greater than preorbital region.Apteronotus magdalenensis cladeNode 292: ch. 6-Gape large. / 0: Rictus of mouth extends ventral to nasal capsule, gape forming less than one-third total head length.ch. 25-Pigment distribution. / 1: Black and white pigments distributed unevenly over body surface, darker and paler areas grading into one another; integument with a marbled or mottled appearance.ch. 122-Endopterygoid ascending process. / 0: Lateral surface of endopterygoid smooth; no ascending process ossified in pterygocranial ligament (connecting endopterygoid with neurocranium).ch. 123-Endopterygoid ascending process. / 1: Small ascending process of endopterygoid in juveniles obliterated by growth along dorsal margin of bone; no endopterygoid process in adults.Apteronotus leptorhynchus cladeNode 293: ch. 55-Dentary teeth size. / 1: Teeth on posterior half of dentary twice the size of anterior teeth.Apteronotus albifrons cladeNode 294: ch. 22-White posterior bars. / 1: White or pale bars present on caudal region as observed in members of the Apteronotus albifrons species group. Newly coded herein.ch. 197-Body cavity short. / 1: Body cavity short; associated with 12–15 precaudal vertebrae.Node 298: Sternarchorhynchini+Navajini cladeNo known diagnostic character.Platyurosternarchus, Sternarchorhynchus) cladeNode 299: Sternarchorhynchini .ch. 123-Endopterygoid ascending process. / 1: Small ascending process of endopterygoid in juveniles obliterated by growth along dorsal margin of bone; no endopterygoid process in adults.ch. 128-Metapterygoid posterior wing. / 1: Metapterygoid elongate and narrow, longer than wide at its midlength.ch. 153-Hypobranchial 1. / 0: First hypobranchial rectangular in dorsal view; anterior margin straight.ch. 187-Anal fin origin. / 2: Anal fin origin near branchial isthmus.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 2: 160–199 rays.ch. 191-Shape of AFP blades. / 1: Descending blades of anal-fin pterygiophores broad, anterior and posterior margins extending into ventral median septum in cross section.ch. 202-Posterior parapophyses. / 0: Parapophyses of posterior precaudal vertebra small, their ventral margins oblique to long axis of body, not contacting one another along midline.Platyurosternarchus cladeNode 300: ch. 6-Gape large. / 1: Rictus extends posterior to a vertical through eye, gape forming more than one-third total head length.ch. 7-Gape short. / 0: Rictus extends ventral to nasal capsule, gape more than three times eye diameter, oriented parallel with long axis of head.ch. 125-Mesopterygoid dentition. / 0: Numerous small teeth distributed in an irregular field on anterior portion of ventral surface of endopterygoid.ch. 182-Number posterior DHS. / 0: Two or three DHSs posterior to large anterior spine.ch. 188-Number anal-fin rays. / 3: 200–299 rays. Taxa coded by modal number of anal-fin rays.Sternarchorhynchus cladeNode 301: ch. 8-Oral opening in adults. / 0: Upper and lower jaws of equal length, oral aperture terminal.ch. 9-Position of nasal capsule. / 1: Anterior position of nasal capsule; located closer to tip of snout than to eye; posterior nares closer to anterior nares than to anterior margin of eye.ch. 23-White mid-sagittal pigments. / 1: Mid-sagittal region of dorsal and mental surfaces bright white.ch. 45-Anterior maxillary shelf. / 0: Anterior process of maxilla extending as a shelf of bone less than one-third the length of the descending blade.ch. 53-Dentary filamentous. / 1: Dentary elongate and filamentous, more than four times as long as deep.ch. 81-Orbitosphenoid shape. / 1: Anterior margin of orbitosphenoid not ossified, orbitosphenoid narrow, its ventral margin about as long or shorter than its dorsal margin.ch. 94-Antorbital. / 0: Infraorbital canal not extending onto antorbital.ch. 139-Branchiostegal rays. / 1: 5–6 rays.ch. 146-Epibranchial 4. / 0: Posterior margin of fourth epibranchial flat.Node 312: Navajini cladech. 26-Body translucence. / 1: Body translucent in living specimens, yellow or pink hue in living specimens, yellow or hyaline in formalin-fixed specimens, melanophores sparse or absent on lateral body surface.ch. 30-Scales on middorsum. / 2: Scales absent along entire middorsum.ch. 31-Scale shape. / 1: Scales dorsal to lateral line rhomboid, their long axis oriented oblique to long axis of body, their dorsoventral axes longer than their longitudinal axes.ch. 49-Rows of dentary teeth. / 1: Teeth on dentary arranged in two to three rows at its midlength.ch. 101-Mandibular canal ossicles. / 1: Canal bearing bones of mandibular laterosensory canal ossified as short, broad, dumbbell-shaped ossicles.Pariosternarchus, Sternarchella, Magosternarchus) cladeNode 313: Sternarchellini  nerve, with four margins; anterolateral process contacting ventral ethmoid, posteromedial process contacting parasphenoid, dorsomedial margin contacting frontal, and anteromedial margin contacting mesethmoid.ch. 101-Mandibular canal ossicles. / 0: Canal bearing bones of mandibular laterosensory canal long and slender tubes.ch. 155-Hypobranchial teeth. / 1: Seven or fewer teeth present on sixth hypobranchial.Sternarchogiton, Compsaraia, Porotergus, "Apteronotus" bonapartiiNode 316: clade comprised of ch. 19-Caudal Peduncle Spot. / 1: Pale spot present at base of caudal region. Newly coded herein.ch. 46-Maxilla descending blade. / 1: Descending blade of maxilla broad, connective tissue membrane along its anteroventral margin ossified to form a thin shelf; anterior portion of maxilla rhomboid in lateral view.ch. 161-Urohyal blade. / 1: Posterior blade of urohyal unossified, anterior head of urohyal positioned ventral to second basibranchial.ch. 168-Pectoral fin. / 1: Pectoral fin, less than 43% head length.ch. 210-Tail length. / 0: Length of tail posterior to anal-fin 17–45% total length.Sternarchogiton cladeNode 317: ch. 4-Snout length short. / 1: Snout short, preorbital length less than one-third total head length .ch. 40-Snout length short. / 1: Snout short, preorbital length less than one-third total head length .ch. 47-Maxilla descending blade. / 1: Ventral margin of descending blade with a sharp angle about two-thirds distance to its tip; ventral margin posterior to this angle relatively straight.ch. 49-Rows of dentary teeth. / 0: A single row of teeth on dentary.ch. 50-Dentary gracile. / 1: Dentary gracile, posterodorsal process tapering to a point (except in Adontosternarchus sachsi), ventral margin concave.ch. 74-Base lateral ethmoid. / 1: Lateral ethmoid narrow or tubular; length of its base less than one-third length of its anterior margin.ch. 81-Orbitosphenoid shape. / 1: Anterior margin of orbitosphenoid not ossified, orbitosphenoid narrow, its ventral margin about as long or shorter than its dorsal margin.ch. 85-Parasphenoid ventral margin. / 1: Ventral margin of parasphenoid flexed sharply on either side of the basicranial region; ventral margin of sphenoid region oblique relative to long axis of neurocranium.ch. 93-Infraorbital–supraorbital prenasal commissure. / 1: Infraorbital–supraorbital prenasal commissure present.ch. 163-Posttemporal. / 0: Posttemporal independent from supracleithrum in mature specimens.ch. 191-Shape of AFP blades. / 1: Descending blades of anal-fin pterygiophores broad, anterior and posterior margins extending into ventral median septum in cross section.ch. 197-Body cavity short. / 2: Body cavity very short; associated with 11 or fewer precaudal vertebrae.Compsaraia+Porotergus gimbeli+"Apteronotus" bonapartii species group cladeNode 322: ch. 6-Gape large. / 1: Rictus extends posterior to a vertical through eye, gape forming more than one-third total head length.ch. 7-Gape short. / 0: Rictus extends ventral to nasal capsule, gape more than three times eye diameter, oriented parallel with long axis of head.ch. 9-Position of nasal capsule. / 1: Anterior position of nasal capsule; located closer to tip of snout than to eye; posterior nares closer to anterior nares than to anterior margin of eye.ch. 154-Hypobranchial 2. / 1: Anterior tip of second hypobranchial with a large medially oriented process, contacting contralateral third hypobranchial across midline by means of a cartilaginous bridge.ch. 159-Basibranchial one. / 1: First basibranchial foreshortened and broad, hourglass shaped, breadth at midlength narrower than at either end.Compsaraia cladeNode 323: ch. 5-Snout long. / 1: Snout elongate, frontal, vomer and anterior portion of parasphenoid elongate; preorbital length longer than one-third total head length or greater in mature specimens.ch. 24-Antorbital stripe. / 1: Melanophores absent from narrow band passing lateral to nares.ch. 78-Dorsal margin of frontals. / 1: Portion of frontal anterior to orbit concave in lateral profile.ch. 102-Supratemporal lateralis canal. / 1: Supratemporal laterosensory canal curved at a sharp angle on surface of parietal, extending posterior onto epaxial surface of body; terminal canal pore oriented posteriorly; epidermis overlying supratemporal canal depigmented, forming a pale inverted L shaped patch.ch. 133-Mandibular canal size. / 1: Mandibular canal ossicles dumbbell-shaped.Porotergus+“Apteronotus” bonapartii cladeNode 324: ch. 161-Urohyal blade. 0: Posterior blade of urohyal ossified, extending posterior to fourth basibranchial.Apteronotus” bonapartii cladeNode 325: “ch. 30-Scales on middorsum. / 1: Scales absent from head, anterior portion of dorsal midline, and area dorsal to pectoral fins.ch. 47-Maxilla descending blade. / 1: Ventral margin of descending blade with a sharp angle about two-thirds distance to its tip; ventral margin posterior to this angle relatively straight.ch. 84-Parasphenoid lateral process. / 0: Lateral margins of parasphenoid extending as broad dorsolateral processes anterior to prootic, extending to a horizontal with trigeminal foramen.ch. 168-Pectoral fin. / 0: Pectoral fin large, more than 43% head length.


Sensors [http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/5/11769.The authors wish to update the Acknowledgments in their paper published in Sensors , doi:10.


There are errors in the Author Contributions. The correct contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: LM MD MES BP ES BS WDH. Performed the experiments: LM MD MES ESC TD KTW. Analyzed the data: LM MD MES ESC BP ES BS TD KTW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KTW TD. Wrote the paper: LM WDH. Computational analysis: CL RRR.


From 2001 to 2011, the percentage of children aged <18 years who were receiving special educational or early intervention services increased overall and among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children, no change was observed among non-Hispanic black children. In 2001 and 2011, Hispanic children were less likely than non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black children to receive these services.Sources: Barnes PM, Adams PF, Schiller JS. Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 2001. Vital Health Stat 2003;10(217). Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_217.pdf.http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_255.pdf.Adams PF, Kirzinger WK, Martinez ME. Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 2011. Vital Health Stat 2012;10(255). Available at


The name of the fourth author was spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Patrice M. Ambühl. The correct citation is: Tomonaga Y, Risch L, Szucs TD, Ambühl PM (2013) The Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in a Primary Care Setting: A Swiss Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 8(7): e67848. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067848.