Due to errors introduced during the production process, some of the text has been reproduced incorrectly.http://www.plosone.org/corrections/pone.0052603.001.cn.tif In the Results section, in the sub-section "Incorporation of Gag-GFP into Yeast VLPs does not Require ESCRT Function", errors were introduced into the text. The correct text can be viewed here: http://www.plosone.org/corrections/pone.0052603.002.cn.tif In the Materials and Methods section, in the sub-section "Strains", errors were introduced into the text. The correct text can be viewed here: In the legends of Figure 1, Figure 4, and Figure 5, errors were introduced into the text. The correct legends can be found below.http://www.plosone.org/corrections/pone.0052603.003.cn.tif Figure 1: http://www.plosone.org/corrections/pone.0052603.004.cn.tif Figure 4: http://www.plosone.org/corrections/pone.0052603.005.cn.tif Figure 5:


There was an error in the Author Contributions designations. The correct Author Contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: PF PT GK CP AHF. Performed the experiments: PF ML CP. Analyzed the data: PF ML GK AJF NR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PF ML PM CP NR. Wrote the paper: PF PT GK BW ML PM. Provided data: PM AHF GK BW.


Recurrent/Persistent Pneumonia among Children in Upper Egypt. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2013 Apr 18;5(1):e2013028. doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2013.028. Print 2013. PubMed PMID: 23667726;PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3647710." has been removed from Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis because the paper was previously published in another journal.The article deposited in PUBMED as


Sensors [http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/4/9277.The authors wish to update the Acknowledgments in their paper published in Sensors , doi:10.


The third and fourth author's names are spelled incorrectly. The correct names are: Gert S. Faber and N. Peter Reeves. The correct citation is: Cofré Lizama LE, Pijnappels M, Faber GS, Reeves NP, Verschueren SM, et al. (2014) Age Effects on Mediolateral Balance Control. PLoS ONE 9(10): e110757. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110757


Footnotes 6 and 7:http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/abide/Should both refer to the ABIDE dataset: Footnote 8:http://neuro.debian.net.Should reference the article below, in addition to the NeuroDebian website: Front. Neuroinform. 6:22. doi: 10.3389/fninf.2012.00022. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fninf.2012.00022/pdfHalchenko, Y. O., and Hanke, M. (2012). Open is not enough. Let's take the next step: an integrated, community-driven computing platform for neuroscience. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Present: Due to a technical error during publication, duplicate videos were uploaded as Supplementary File 5 and Supplementary File 28. As a result, Figure 5E contains a reference to the duplicate files.Corrected: Correct Supplementary File 28 was uploaded. Updated figure 5E can be found below. The publisher apologizes for this oversight.21655-21674. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4130.Original Article: Oncotarget. 2015; 6:


There are errors in the Author Contributions. The correct contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: AM FT AG CC LR. Performed the experiments: FT DL GB AM. Analyzed the data: AM FT AG CC LR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FV. Wrote the paper: AM FT AG LR


Jaroma A, Soininvaara T, Kröger H. Periprosthetic tibial bone mineral density changes after total knee arthroplasty. ACTA ORTHOP 2016; 87 (3): 268-273.http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17453674.2016.1173982When the above article was first published online, co-author Tarja Soininvaara’s surname was incorrectly spelt as Soinninvaara. This has now been corrected online and in the print edition.


Nucl. Acids Res. (2013) 41 (18): e175. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt684The authors wish to correct the full name of Billie Jo Masek to Billie J. Masek.


Bulletin épidémiologique hebdomadaire 24-25/201626 July 2016, Francehttp://invs.santepubliquefrance.fr/beh/2016/24-25/2016_24-25_3.htmlHealth Protection Report; 10(23)15 July 2016, United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541028/hpr2316.pdfHealth Protection Report; 10(24)22 July 2016, United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541032/hrp2416.pdfHealth Protection Report; 10(23)15 July 2016, United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541028/hpr2316.pdfHealth Protection Report; 10(22)08 July 2016, United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/543433/hpr2216_crrctd2.pdfFolkehelseinstituttet website20 July 2016https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2016/oppdaterte-rad-om-forebygging-av-zikavirus-infeksjon-etter-opphold-i-utbrud/Health Protection Report; 10(24)22 July 2016, United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541032/hrp2416.pdfEpidemiologisches Bulletin 29, 201625 July 2016, Germanyhttp://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2016/Ausgaben/29_16.pdf?__blob=publicationFileHealth Protection Report; 10(24)22 July 2016, United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541032/hrp2416.pdfFolkehelseinstituttet website07 July 2016https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2016/mat-og-vannbarne-infeksjoner/Epi-Insight 2016;17(8)August 2016, Irelandhttp://ndsc.newsweaver.ie/epiinsight/xvz2wrpu8jr?a=1&p=50630336&t=17517774EPI-NEWS 27a+b, 20166 July 2016, Denmarkhttp://www.ssi.dk/English/News/EPI-NEWS/2016/No%2027%20-%202016.aspxEpidemiologisches Bulletin 30, 20161 August 2016, Germanyhttp://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2016/Ausgaben/30_16.pdf?__blob=publicationFileHealth Protection Report; 10(24)22 July 2016, United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541032/hrp2416.pdf


The fourth author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is David Johansen. The correct citation is: Songstad NT, Serrano MC, Sitras V, Johansen D, Ytrehus K, et al. (2014) Coronary Flow Reserve in Pregnant Rats with Increased Left Ventricular Afterload. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102147. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102147.


Tunga penetrans Antigens in Selected Epidemic Areas in Murang’a County in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(3): e0003517. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003517.The third author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is Joshua M. Mutiso. The correct citation is: Mwangi JN, Ozwara HS, Mutiso JM, Gicheru MM (2015) Characterization of


AbstractIn order to contribute to the butterflies’ biodiversity knowledge at Serra do Intendente State Park - Minas Gerais, a study based on collections using Van Someren-Rydon traps and active search was performed. In this study, a total of 395 butterflies were collected, of which 327 were identified to species or morphospecies. 263 specimens were collected by the traps and 64 were collected using entomological hand-nets; 43 genera and 60 species were collected and identified. Lepidoptera is comprised of butterflies and moths; it is one of the main orders of insects which has approximately 157,424 described species (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea and are subdivided into six families: Hesperiidae (Hesperioidea) and Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodionidae, and Nymphalidae (Papilionoidea) (The  species . The but species . The occ species . The groonoidea) .These insects are characterized as holometabolous, terrestrial, and diurnal. They are plant material chewers in the larval stage and liquid suckers in adulthood . ButterfButterflies are important indicators of environmental quality, because they are diverse, can be easily viewed, captured, identified, and manipulated by researchers . They arLepidoptera biodiversity in Minas Gerais, is still scarce , Minas Gerais, Brazil.Study SiteThe study was conducted in the region of Serra do Espinhaço, more precisely, within the Serra do Intendente State Park Fig.  and the The climate is mesothermal, characterized by mild, humid summers and dry, cold winters. The average annual rainfall is 1,600 mm. The annual mean temperature is 18, 7ºC . The preData CollectionThe collections began in April 2012 and were completed in February of 2013. During this period four collections (two in the rainy season and two in the dry season) were performed. Each collection was performed for five days. The study area was divided into two areas throughout the Peixe Tolo River basin and in each area, forty Van Someren-Rydon traps were distributed. Twenty traps were located on the right bank and other twenty on the left bank of the Peixe Tolo River . Genera and species were confirmed by Dr. André Freitas, from the Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Furthermore, a comparison with available identified species in the Lepidoptera collection in the Invertebrates Laboratory (PUC Minas) was performed.The collected material was mounted, identified and labeled in the PUC Minas Natural Sciences Museum entomological collection laboratory. The identification of the individuals was made using In this study 394 individuals were captured, and 327 were identified. Sixty-seven individuals were not identified to genus or species due to bad specimen conditions or incipient systematics.Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae and Riodinidae. A total of 299 individuals belonging to the Nymphalidae, 15 from the Pieridae, four from the Hesperiidae, four from the Lycaenidae, three from the Papilionidae, and one species from the Riodinidae.The families represented in this study were: A total of 263 butterflies were collected in traps and 63 using entomological hand-nets. The collections gathered specimens belonging to 43 genera and 60 species Table . During http://eol.org/pages/4090956/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/adelotypa_malca.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/168926/overviewhttp://butterfliesofamerica.com/L/archaeoprepona_d_demophoon_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/181967/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/159066/overviewhttp://butterfliesofamerica.com/anartia_a_amathea_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/172859/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/ascia_m_monuste_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/11555451/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/blepolenis_b_batea_types.htmHübner, 1820http://eol.org/pages/149491/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/caligo_a_arisbe_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/4090003/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/callicore_s_sorana_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/163630/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/catonephele_a_acontius_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/156101/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/colobura_d_dirce_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/158533/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/dryas_i_iulia_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/12083351/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/euptychoides_castrensis_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/146531/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/eryphanis_r_reevesii_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/160030/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/eresia_lansdorfi_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/176703/overviewhttp://butterfliesofamerica.com/L/eurema_a_albula_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/178177/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/eurema_e_elathea.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/184116/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/eurema_p_phiale_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/19949/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/961111/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/godartiana_muscosa_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/166283/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/hamadryas_a_amphinome_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/166346/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/hamadryas_f_februa_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/166361/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/hamadryas_f_feronia_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/155098/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/heliconius_besckei_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/151378/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/heliconius_e_erato_types1.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/157369/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/heliconius_e_ethilla_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/185550/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/heliopetes_omrina_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/162840/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/junonia_e_evarete_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/157257/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/junonia_g_genoveva_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/264320/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/leptotes_c_cassius_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/33170/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/165801/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/marpesia_c_chiron_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/29501563/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/memphis_m_moruus_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/29514890/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/memphis_otrere_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/23311886/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/19988/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/138539/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/morpho_h_helenor_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/148144/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/narope_cyllarus_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/150133/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/opsiphanes_c_cassiae_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/147972/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/opsiphanes_q_quiteria_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/148836/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/opoptera_syme_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/138517/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/pareuptychia_o_ocirrhoe.htmhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/paryphthimoides_undulata_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/168780/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/prepona_l_laertes_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/261603/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/pseudolycaena_marsyas_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/183872/overviewhttp://butterfliesofamerica.com/L/pyrgus_orcus_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/170707/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/siderone_g_galanthis_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/4068082/overviewhttp://butterfliesofamerica.com/siproeta_s_stelenes_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/164148/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/smyrna_b_blomfildia_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/20450/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/147615/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/taygetis_acuta_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/146471/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/taygetis_l_laches_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/139915/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/taygetis_m_mermeria_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/146462/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/taygetis_sylvia_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/164154/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/temenis_l_laothoe_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/153045/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/telenassa_t_teletusa_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/20632/overviewhttp://eol.org/pages/40034120/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/yphthimoides_straminea_types.htmhttp://eol.org/pages/36076631/overviewhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/zaretis_isidora_types.htmhttp://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/zaretis_isidora_types.htmhttp://butterfliesofamerica.com/zaretis_i_itys_types.htmThe present study showed greater richness of species than the studies performed by In southeastern Brazil Nymphalidae was the family with greatest richness; this diversity can be explained by the fact that this family has great diversity in morphology and habits, as well as in environments with varying vegetation types  belongs to the subfamily  studies , in addi studies . From thronments .Euremaalbula and Euremaelathea, also registered in this site, have cosmopolitan habits and great adaptations for disturbed areas (Morphohelenor, which was well sampled – 51 individuals (Table ed areas . It is ils Table . These dMorphohelenor, Siproetastelenes, Heliconiuserato, and Heliconiusethilla coincided with the study realized at the University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, in an urbanized area in the Federal District (Euptychoidescastrensis is found in abundance in tropical rain forest environments, being registered in the states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Minas Gerais District . These aNymphalidae. The species shared among these two studies are: Adelphapleasure, Archaeopreponademophon, Asciamonuste, Callicoresorana, Coloburadirce, Dryasiulia, Eresialansdorfi, Eryphanisreevesii, Euremaalbula, Euremaelathea, Hamadryasamphinome, Hamadryasfebrua, Hamadryasferonia, Heliconiuserato, Heliconiusethilla, Junoniaevarete, Leptotescassius, Pareuptychiaocirrhoe, Pyrgusorcus, Preponalaertes, Siproetastelenes, Smyrnablomfildia, Taygetislaches, Temenislaothoe, Zaretisitys, and Yphthimoidesstraminea.There are no records of inventories for the Espinhaço mountain range within the state of Minas Gerais: this is the first published inventory for the region. This study and the only study in the Serra do Espinhaço about butterflies, conducted in Chapada Diamantina in Bahia - Brazil by It is emphasized that in this study the majority of butterflies species captured are typical of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest .Lepidoptera showed great research and conservation potential for the Serra do Intendente State Park. The biodiversity information should be made available for decision makers, specially for regions such as the one studied, which is currently threatened by mining, tourism, and housing developments.Further investigation on biodiversity should be conducted and motivated in this region. The group of


Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 16;42(22):13887–96. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku1236.TamulaitieneG.SilanskasA.GrazulisS.ZarembaM.SiksnysV.Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 16;42(22):14022–30. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku1237.Throughout these articles, we have used the prefix ‘N’ (as in N.CglI and N.NgoAVII) to describe NTPases associated with the cognate restriction systems. However, this prefix is also used for nicking restriction enzymes as described in . To avoi


The first author’s name is incorrect. The correct name is: G. W. Wieger Wamelink.The third author’s name is incorrect. The correct name is: Joep Y. Frissel.The correct citation is: Wamelink GWW, Goedhart PW, Frissel JY (2014) Why Some Plant Species Are Rare. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102674. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102674


Phytophthora plurivora. PLoS ONE 9(1): e85368. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085368The third author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Niklaus J. Grünwald. The correct citation is: Schoebel CN, Stewart J, Grünwald NJ, Rigling D, Prospero S (2014) Population History and Pathways of Spread of the Plant Pathogen


The first author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Nina B. Illarionova. The correct citation is: Illarionova NB, Brismar H, Aperia A, Gunnarson E (2014) Role of Na,K-ATPase α1 and α2 Isoforms in the Support of Astrocyte Glutamate Uptake. PLoS ONE 9(6): e98469. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098469


The third author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: K. Suzanne Sherf. The correct citation is: Halliday DWR, MacDonald SWS, Sherf KS, Tanaka JW (2014) A Reciprocal Model of Face Recognition and Autistic Traits: Evidence from an Individual Differences Perspective. PLoS ONE 9(5): e94013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094013


The second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Antonia Díaz-Moreno. The correct citation is:Escribano BM, Díaz-Moreno A, Tasset I, Túnez I (2014) Impact of Light/Dark Cycle Patterns on Oxidative Stress in an Adriamycin-Induced Nephropathy Model in Rats. PLoS ONE 9(5): e97713. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097713


Cell Rep. 9(6): 2180–2191. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.035.In the Discussion, Khanna et al. is described as an accompanying manuscript. The correct reference for this paper is: Khanna A, Johnson DL, Curran SP (2014) Physiological Roles for


Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 1;42(21):13269–79. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku1067.In the legends of Figures


Sensors [http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/10/26281.The authors wish to add an Acknowledgments section to their paper published in Sensors , doi:10.


Nucl. Acids Res. 43 (13): 6207–6221. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv603The authors wish to correct the full name of Elenora Leucci to Eleonora Leucci.


The second author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct author’s name is: Natalie C. Hahn.Rai1. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105077. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105077The correct citation is: Alaimo JT, Hahn NC, Mullegama SV, Elsea SH (2014) Dietary Regimens Modify Early Onset of Obesity in Mice Haploinsufficient for


These μ-1,3-bridging thiocyante anions bridge the CdII cations, forming chains that propagate parallel to the b axis.In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cd(NCS) DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814024647/pk2535Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814024647/pk2535fig1.tif. DOI: Crystal structure of the title compound. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. Symmetry code: i: ; ii: .1033510CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 1035310.1038/srep10353; published online: 06032015; updated: 09022015.In this Article, Fig. 5 is a duplication of Fig. 7. The correct Fig. 5 appears below as


The third author’s name is incorrect. The correct name is: Henricus G. Ruhé.2/3 Receptor Availability in Treatment Resistant Depression. PLoS ONE 9(11): e113612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113612.The correct citation is: de Kwaasteniet BP, Pinto C, Ruhé HG, van Wingen GA, Booij J, Denys D (2014) Striatal Dopamine DThe correct author contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: BDK CP JB HGR. Performed the experiments: BDK CP. Analyzed the data: BDK CP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BDK CP JB. Wrote the paper: BDK CP JB HGR GVW DD.


The first author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Yoav Atsmon-Raz. The correct citation is: Atsmon-Raz Y, Tannenbaum ED (2014) Repression/Depression of Conjugative Plasmids and Their Influence on the Mutation-Selection Balance in Static Environments. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96839. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096839


The first author’s name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Karolina Skowronski. The correct citation is: Skowronski K, Andrews J, Rodenhiser DI, Coomber BL (2014) Genome-Wide Analysis in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Reveals Ischemia-Mediated Expression of Motility Genes via DNA Hypomethylation. PLoS ONE 9(7): e103243. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103243


The first, second and last links in the Data Availability Statement are incorrect. The correct Data Availability Statement is:The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Datasets used in this study have been deposited at opencontext.org and can be found at the following DOIs:http://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M76H4FBShttp://doi.org/10.6078/M7VX0DF7http://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M74Q7RW8http://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M7X34VD1http://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M7SB43PPhttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M70Z715Bhttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M7KS6PHVhttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M7D798BQhttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M7CC0XMThttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M73X84KXhttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M7S46PVNhttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M76H4FBShttp://dx.doi.org/10.6078/M78G8HM0.The DOIs are incorrect in the Illipinar and Çatalhöyük Area TP site rows of Table S1. Please view the correct Table S1 here.Table S1List of sites used in this paper including phasing, chronologies, sample sizes, authors, and links to online databases where available. Assemblages in bold were part of this data sharing project. Only biometric data from the Pendik and Yenikapı assemblages were included in this project. Assemblages in regular typeface represent previously published data. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099845.s002(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


Email nbudhoo@iapb.orgUseful and highly relevant news and updates (including events) related to eye health. For a free subscription, write to Neebha Budhoo: http://tinyurl.com/rehabcourse Email: vtc@gju.edu.joProfessional diploma and MSc in Vision Rehabilitation. For more information, visit www.health.uct.ac.za or email chervon.vanderross@uct.ac.zaShort courses, postgraduate diploma, and MPH Community Eye Health. Lions Medical Training Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. Small incision cataract surgery (SICS). Write to: The Training Coordinator, Lions Medical Training Centre, Lions SightFirst Eye Hospital, PO Box 66576-00800, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: +254 20 418 32 39www.kcco.net or contact Genes Mng'anga atgenes@kcco.net and/or genestz@yahoo.comVisit  Contact Anita Shah, ICEH, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. admin@cehjournal.orgwww.cehjournal.orgwww.facebook.com/CEHJournal/https://twitter.com/CEHJournal Share your questions and experiences with us at correspondence@cehjournal.org Articles of up to 800 words considered.web@cehjournal.org or visit www.cehjournal.org/subscribeGet an email alert each time a new issue is published! Write to


A reference is omitted from the article. All sentences in the Discussion section which mention “in an accompanying paper” should cite Flores-Sandoval et al., 2015.Marchantia polymorpha. PLoS Genet 11(5): e1005207. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005207.The reference is: Flores-Sandoval E, Eklund DM, Bowman JL (2015) A Simple Auxin Transcriptional Response System Regulates Multiple Morphogenetic Processes in the Liverwort


There are errors in the Author Contributions section. The correct contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: MB LB FB JC. Performed the experiments: MB EO LB. Analyzed the data: MB YB BB JZ FB JC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BB JZ PD. Wrote the paper: MB YB MH AB RH FB JC.


The author contributions of the manuscript are incorrect, the correct contributions are:Conceived and designed the experiments: SE KH JK JL.Performed the experiments: KH MF CT SE AH.Analyzed the data: BA CT KH AH AK JL MF.Contributed materials and analysis tools: SE AH KH JK CT JL.Wrote the paper: SE KH JD MF JK JL.Preprocessed/organized raw food sales data: CT MF BA AK.Designed/wrote likelihood algorithm: SE JL.Designed and performed clustering analysis: AH CT.Proposed this use of retail data with public health data: MF JK.


The third author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Sabrina D. Thiel. The correct citation is: Goltz D, Pleger B, Thiel SD, Villringer A, Müller MM (2013) Sustained Spatial Attention to Vibrotactile Stimulation in the Flutter Range: Relevant Brain Regions and Their Interaction. PLoS ONE 8(12): e84196. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084196


The first author's name is displayed incorrectly. The correct name is: Geir Pedersen. The correct citation is: Pedersen G, Selsbakk JM, Theresa W, Sigmund K (2014) Testing Different Versions of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales in a Clinical Sample. PLoS ONE 9(10): e109394. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109394


Unfortunately, the original version of this article  containehttp://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR/dosya/1-97020/h/saglik-istatistik-yilligi-2013.pdf)” should have read “The Turkish neonatal mortality rate is 0.4 % according to the Ministry of Health of Turkey (http://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR/dosya/1-97020/h/saglik-istatistik-yilligi-2013.pdf)”.The sentence “The Turkish neonatal mortality rate is 0.04 % according to World Health Organization Reports and the Ministry of Health of Turkey (The corrected sentence has been included in full in this erratum.


There are errors in the Author Contributions section. The correct Author Contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: FX LM VM RL GL. Performed the experiments: FX LM. Analyzed the data: FX LM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MZ GH. Wrote the paper: FX. Helped in designing the experiments: GH AD. Reviewed/edited the manuscript: LM AD RL GL.


The second author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Zubair Kabir. The correct citation is: Ajagbe OB, Kabir Z, O'Connor T (2014) Survival Analysis of Adult Tuberculosis Disease. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112838. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112838


During 2008–2012, 29.9% of adults aged ≥18 years currently employed in construction and 28.2% of those currently employed in mining were current smokers. Adults currently employed in construction were more likely than adults currently employed in manufacturing (23.3%), transportation/warehousing/utilities (23.2%), trade (22.0%), agriculture/forestry/fishing (18.6%), services (16.9%), or health care/social assistance (16.0%) to be current smokers.Sources: National Health Interview Survey, 2008–2012. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.Reported by: Debra L. Blackwell, PhD, debra.blackwell@cdc.hhs.gov, 301-458-4103.


This particular report describes cellulose conversion to isobutanol.http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/6/1/59This report describes a yeast-bacterial consortium that transforms cellulose to ethanol.http://www.researchgate.net/publication/221885494_Towards_synthetic_microbial_consortia_for_bioprocessingThis Research Gate page describes a review article on broad principles for engineering microbial consortia for practical purposes.http://www.springer.com/chemistry/biotechnology/book/978-1-4939-0553-9This e-book provides an engineering view of using mixed prokaryotic species for carrying out industrially relevant processes.http://yoric.mit.edu/design-microbial-consortia-industrial-biotechnologyThis report from a conference proceedings describes a chemical engineering approach to designing multi-species systems for robust industrial biotechnology.http://www.ifac-papersonline.net/Detailed/64335.htmlTrichoderma and Saccharomyces species for degrading cellulose and converting the monomers to ethanol.This report describes an association between http://journals.sfu.ca/rncsb/index.php/csbj/article/view/csbj.201210017/188This report contains some nice examples of naturally-occurring consortia and synthetic, or engineered, consortia that carry out useful biotransformations.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00203/fullThis Frontiers report largely focuses on mixed microbial populations for handling metals and metal remediation.http://www.eastscotbiodtp.ac.uk/using-synthetic-ecology-optimise-methanogenic-consortia-anaerobic-digestionBiogas production is a logical choice for investigating anaerobic microbial consortia that produce methane since methanogens are often highly metabolically interdependent with other microorganisms in natural settings.http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/96/20140065This is a comprehensive review of co-cultures for biotechnology, has many illustrative figures, and over one hundred references.http://www.academia.edu/7450923/Consortia_of_cyanobacteria_microalgae_and_bacteria_Biotechnological_potentialThe benefits of cyanobacteria and heterotroph consortia are obvious, with the ability to harvest energy from light and having oxygen transfer from phototroph to heterotroph.http://2014.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/logic/This IGEM project page describes the design of a control system for working with mixed populations of bacteria.


AbstractAlnusviridis (Chaix) DC., based on Betulaviridis Chaix (1785), has traditionally been attributed to green alders although it is based on a later basionym. Alnusalnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch based on Betulaalnobetula Ehrh. (1783) is the correct name for green alders. In light of the increasing use and recognition of the name Alnusalnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch in the literature. I herein propose new nomenclatural combinations to account for the Japanese and Chinese subspecies respectively: Alnusalnobetulasubsp.maximowiczii  J. Chery and Alnusalnobetulasubsp.mandschurica  J. Chery. Recent phylogenetic analyses place these two taxa in the green alder species complex, suggesting that they should be treated as infraspecific taxa under the polymorphic Alnusalnobetula.The name  Alnusalnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch is an anemophilous shrub with carpellate catkins that develop into woody strobili. It has a circumpolar distribution with subspecies in Europe  DC. has long been attributed to green alders; however a closer look at the literature reveals the name Alnusalnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch has priority  Raus, Alnusalnobetulasubsp.sinuata (Aiton) Raus  Lambinon & Kerguélen (The name priority . Appropron) Raus , and Alnerguélen . SubspecBetulaviridis Chaix dates from 1785  describing a shrub in which “the homeland is unknown to me” (translated from German). In Betulaalnobetula Ehrh. reappeared.The confusion lies in the appropriate basionym of this taxon. The name Betula species were transferred to Alnus, authors were evidently unaware of the original 1783 publication of the name Betulaalnobetula Ehrh., so Betulaviridis Chaix was thought to be the older name and was taken to be the basionym for green alders. Alnusalnobetula Ehrh. has consistently been associated with the 1788 reproduced work and thus listed as a later synonym of Alnusviridis (Chaix) DC.As Alnusviridis (Chaix) DC. as a synonym of Alnusalnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch. Other databases seem to be waiting for formal action to account for all subspecies names. For example, USDA, Germplasm Resources Information Network  K. Koch, based on Betulaalnobetula Ehrh. (1783) has priority over Alnusviridis (Chaix) DC., based on Betulaviridis Chaix (1786); nevertheless, Alnusviridis is retained here until all infraspecific taxa are accounted for under Alnusalnobetula”. Other major databases have incomplete citation list for synonyms such as Fl. North Amer. North of Mexico Editorial Committee [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 – accessed 22.07.2015]. Flora Europea [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html – accessed 22.07.2015] omits citations for green alder names.Major databases such as plantlist.org [accessed 22.07.2015], list the name  Network  [http://PageBreakAlnusmandshurica, Alnusfirma, Alnuspendula and Alnussieboldiana embedded within a greater polytomy that includes all other green alders  Cherycomb. n.urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77149153-1Alnusmaximowiczii Callier ex C.K. Schneid., Illustr. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 122. 1904: typified by the plate accompanying the protologue (Basionym).Alnuscrispasubsp.maximowiczii  Hultén, Acta Univ. Lund. Avd. 2. 40(1): 590. 1944.Alnastermaximowiczii  Czerep., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 17: 97. 1955.Alnastercrispussubsp.maximowiczii  Murai, Bull. Gov. Forest Exp.Sta.154: 62. 1963.Duschekiamaximowiczii  Pouzar, Preslia 36: 339. 1964.Alnastermaximowiczii  Czerep., Fl. Arct. URSS Fasc. 5, 133 in obs. 1966.Alnusviridissubsp.maximoviczii  D. Löve, Taxon 17: 89. 1968.Alnusviridissubsp.maximowiczii  H. Ohba, Fl. Japan 2a: 27. 2006.Temperate Asia: Russian Federation - Khabarovsk, Kurile Islands, Primorye, Sakhalin; Japan - Hokkaido, Honshu; KoreaTaxon classificationPlantaeFagalesBetulaceae Cherycomb. n.urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77149155-1Alnusfruticosavar.mandschurica Callier ex C.K. Schneid., Illustr. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:121. 1904: Lectotype: Nadelholzzone des Tschangpei-schan, immer vereinzelt, 1600–1800 m (Fenze 262); designated by Hand.-Mazz., not seen) (Basionym).Alnusfruticosavar.mandschurica Callier ex Kom., Acta Hort. Petr. 22: 59. 1903.Alnusfruticosavar.mandschuricaf.normalis Callier, Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. 10: 227. 1911.Alnusfruticosavar.mandschuricaf.grandifolia Callier, Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. 10: 227.1911.PageBreakAlnusmandschurica  Hand.-Mazz., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 81: 306–307.1932.Alnuscrispa(Aiton)Purshsubsp.mandshurica  Hara, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo III, -6, (2): 32. 1952.Alnusmandschuricavar.pubescens Baranov, in T. N. Liou, Illustrated Flora of Ligneous plants of N. E. China 206, t. 75, fig. 112, t. 76, figs 1–4. 1955.Duschekiamandschurica  Pouzar, Preslia 36(4): 339. 1964.Alnastercrispa(Aiton)ssp.mandshurica  Murai, Bull. Gov. For. Expt. Sta. Jap. 171: 34. 1964.Russian Federation: Khabarovsk, Primorye; China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggol; Korea


The second author's name is spelled incorrectly. The correct name is: Lauren A. Howell. The correct citation is: Korrapati MC, Howell LA, Shaner BE, Megyesi JK, Siskind LJ, et al. (2013) Suramin: A Potential Therapy for Diabetic Nephropathy. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73655. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073655The Author Contributions should read: Conceived and designed the experiments: MCK LJS RGS. Performed the experiments: MCK LAH BES. Analyzed the data: MCK LAH JKM LJS RGS. Wrote the paper: MCK LJS RGS.


AbstractThe island of Öland, at the southeast of Sweden, has unique geological and environmental features. The Station Linné is a well-known Öland research station which provides facilities for effective studies and attracts researchers from all over the world. Moreover, the station remains a center for ecotourism due to extraordinary biodiversity of the area. The present paper is aimed to support popular science activities carried out on the island and to shed light on diverse geometrid moth fauna of the Station Linné.Lepidoptera: Geometridae) collected on the territory of the station is presented. Images of moths from above and underside are shown. Of the totally 192 species registered for Sweden, 41 species (more than 21%) were collected in close proximity to the main building of the Station Linné. Malaise trap sampling of Lepidoptera is discussed.As an outcome of several research projects, including the Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP) and the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (STI) conducted at the Station Linné, a list of larentiine moths ( The island of Öland, at the southeast of Sweden, is famous for its dominant environmental feature, an Ordovician limestone pavement, which is called the Stora Alvaret (= the Great Alvar). Alvars are semi-natural grasslands which have been formed and developed due to long periods of human influence, including grazing . The StoThe Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP), funded by the Swedish Species Information Centre (ArtDatabanken), is based at the Station Linné. The project aims to provide species determinations for the specimens obtained from Malaise traps sampling at a wide range of landscapes and habitats. For many groups, including geometrid moths, the final data release is still awaited. The present paper is aimed to present a first list of the larentiine moths collected at the Station Linné.56.6186 N, 16.4989 E). The UV light trap was placed between the tree and shrub rows along a walking path, with a meadow on one side and a swampy area on the other side , a mercury vapor light trap (MV) and net sweeping (NS) by O. Schmidt in 2014  and 2015 (July 20-31) in the Mörbylånga kommun, Skogsby, Station Linné  was checked and the larentiine moths identified. This Malaise trap was placed on a lawn, about 100 m north of the Alvar edge  and was running from April 2007 until November 2008. A note is given for the species recorded from Malaise trap samples only.Furthermore, material collected as part of the SMTP in 2007 and 2008 using a Malaise trap (MF) located close to the main building of the Station Linné  and publications by The genitalia of all small-sized moths were studied to correctly identify the species. The material was identified using the http://eol.org/pages/4031647/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Phibalapteryx_virgataFigs 4http://eol.org/pages/283762/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Cidaria_FulvataFigs 6http://eol.org/pages/277279/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Colostygia_olivataFigs 8http://eol.org/pages/278481/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Colostygia_PectinatariaFigs 10http://eol.org/pages/270324/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Cosmorhoe_OcellataFigs 12http://eol.org/pages/281849/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eulithis_PrunataFigs 14http://eol.org/pages/284564/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eulithis_MellinataFigs 16http://eol.org/pages/286201/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eulithis_TestataFigs 18http://eol.org/pages/4017307/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Gandaritis_PyraliataFigs 20http://eol.org/search?q=Plemyria+rubiginata&search=Gohttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Plemyria_RubiginataFigs 22http://eol.org/pages/298019/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Thera_cognataFigs 24http://eol.org/pages/285123/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_absinthiatahttp://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=7586.1Figs 26http://eol.org/search?q=Eupithecia+denotata&search=Gohttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_denotatahttp://www.euroleps.ch/seiten/s_art.php?art=geo_denotataFigs 28http://eol.org/pages/284131/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_exiguataFigs 30http://eol.org/pages/281026/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_icterataFigs 32http://eol.org/pages/283937/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_LinariataFigs 34http://eol.org/pages/287885/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_nanataFigs 36http://eol.org/search?http://eol.org/search?q=Eupithecia+pusillata&search=Gohttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_PusillataFigs 38http://eol.org/pages/292707/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_satyrataFigs 40http://eol.org/pages/286559/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_SubfuscataFigs 42http://eol.org/pages/287281/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_subumbrataFigs 44http://eol.org/pages/292925/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_succenturiataFigs 46http://eol.org/pages/285093/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_tenuiataFigs 48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupithecia_valerianatahttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Eupithecia_ValerianataFigs 50http://eol.org/pages/4031644/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Pasiphila_ChloerataFigs 52http://eol.org/pages/277386/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Pasiphila_RectangulataFigs 54http://eol.org/pages/286763/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Hydriomena_furcataFigs 56http://eol.org/pages/284799/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Pelurga_ComitataFigs 58http://eol.org/pages/4012784/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Mesotype_DidymataFigs 60http://eol.org/pages/295004/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Perizoma_AlchemillataFigs 62http://eol.org/pages/296282/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Philereme_transversataFigs 64http://eol.org/search?http://eol.org/search?q=Philereme+vetulata&search=Gohttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Philereme_vetulataFigs 66http://eol.org/pages/295986/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Scotopteryx_ChenopodiataFigs 68http://eol.org/pages/297593/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Pterapherapteryx_sexalataFigs 70http://eol.org/search?http://eol.org/search?q=Camptogramma+bilineata&search=Gohttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Camptogramma_BilineataFigs 72http://eol.org/pages/276073/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Catarhoe_cuculataFigs 74http://eol.org/pages/279041/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Catarhoe_RubidataFigs 76http://eol.org/search?q=Epirrhoe+alternata&search=Gohttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Epirrhoe_AlternataFigs 78http://eol.org/pages/285918/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Epirrhoe_HastulataFigs 80http://eol.org/pages/285474/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Epirrhoe_TristataFigs 82http://eol.org/pages/288630/overviewhttp://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Xanthorhoe_ferrugataFigs 84Larentiinae are recorded for Sweden (http://www2.nrm.se/en/svenska_fjarilar/svenska_fjarilar.html). Bert Gustafsson listed 156 species occurring on Öland . Currently, 41 species are recorded for the territory of the Station Linné, which comprises 26.3% of the Öland species and more than 21% of the Swedish larentiine fauna. Interestingly, 37 species were sampled during 22 nights of light trapping in summer 2014 and 2015, when the weather was not quite favorable for collecting. For comparison, a recent rapid biotic survey at a 365 hectare Charitable Research Reserve in Ontario (Canada) revealed only nine larentiine species  and in the female genitalia (the length of the ductus bursae and the shape of the signum). The specimens require more detailed study.A series of specimens presumably belonging to the species e.g.Lepidoptera by means of malaise traps is a challenging method. Designed for Diptera and Hymenoptera, a malaise trap indeed effectively samples Lepidoptera, as they get trapped within the malaise tent, flying upward towards either the sun (during the day) or the moon (at night)  see . HoweverSupplementary material 1Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of the Station LinnéList of larentiine moth species (Data type: occurencesFile: oo_64905.xlsSchmidt, O.


This erratum corrects article: “Secondary reconstruction of vaginal stenosis using a posterior labial perforator based Falandry flap”, The Pan African Medical Journal. 2015;21:185. doi:10.11604/pamj.2015.21.185.6559. The original version of this article  was corr


The second author’s name is incorrect in the citation. The correct name is: van Sorge NM.The correct citation is:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004644Van Avondt K, van Sorge NM, Meyaard L (2015) Bacterial Immune Evasion through Manipulation of Host Inhibitory Immune Signaling. PLoS Pathog 11(3): e1004644. doi:


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1043810.1038/srep10438; published online: 07032015; updated: 09022015.In this Article, the Accession codes were omitted from the Additional Information section:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). The NGS data were submitted under accession number GSE62010 (URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE62017), The microarray data were submitted under accession number GSE62011 (URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE62011) and the NanoString data were submitted under accession number GSE62017 (URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE62017). These three accession numbers are linked as super series.Data availability: Accession codes: All the data generated and described in this article have been submitted to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO;


Background. Applying quantitative morphological approaches in systematics research is a promising way to discover cryptic biological diversity. Information obtained through twenty-first century science poses new challenges to taxonomy by offering the possibility of increased objectivity in independent and automated hypothesis formation. In recent years a number of promising new algorithmic approaches have been developed to recognize morphological diversity among insects based on multivariate morphometric analyses. These algorithms objectively delimit components in the data by automatically assigning objects into clusters.Method. In this paper, hypotheses on the diversity of the Malagasy Nesomyrmex angulatus group are formulated via a highly automated protocol involving a fusion of two algorithms, (1) Nest Centroid clustering (NC clustering) and (2) Partitioning Algorithm based on Recursive Thresholding (PART). Both algorithms assign samples into clusters, making the class assignment results of different algorithms readily inferable. The results were tested by confirmatory cross-validated Linear Discriminant Analysis (LOOCV-LDA).Results. Here we reveal the diversity of a unique and largely unexplored fragment of the Malagasy ant fauna using NC-PART-clustering on continuous morphological data, an approach that brings increased objectivity to taxonomy. We describe eight morphologically distinct species, including seven new species: Nesomyrmex angulatus , N. bidentatussp. n., N. clypeatussp. n., N. deviussp. n., N. exiguussp. n., N. fragilissp. n., N. gracilissp. n., and N. hirtellussp. n.. An identification key for their worker castes using morphometric data is provided.Conclusions. Combining the dimensionality reduction feature of NC clustering with the assignment of samples into clusters by PART advances the automatization of morphometry-based alpha taxonomy. Madagascar, one of Earth’s biodiversity hotspots , has a uNesomyrmex, may contain ten times more species than was previously described. This dramatic increase in suspected species is due to a profusion of microendemic species. Our approach to this taxonomic challenges is to apply a quantitative morphological approach in combination with modern algorithms to delineate species by statistical means.On Madagascar, the high rate of diversity and possible cryptic species    and Partstering)  using costering)  and PARTstering) .Delimitations of clusters recognized by these exploratory analyses were tested via confirmatory Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Multivariate Ratio Extractor, MRA  followinN. angulatus species-group comprises eight well-outlined clusters in the Malagasy zoogeographical region, all representing species; of these, seven taxa are new to science. The eight species outlined, Nesomyrmex angulatus , N. bidentatussp. n., N. clypeatussp. n., N. deviussp. n., N. exiguussp. n., N. fragilissp. n., N. gracilissp. n., and N. hirtellussp. n. are described or redefined here based on worker caste. We provide a combined key that includes both a traditional, character-based key and a numeric identification tool that helps readers resolve the most problematic cases.Multivariate evaluation of morphological data has revealed that the The final species hypotheses are corroborated by qualitative morphological characters. Combining NC clustering and PART has proved to be an efficient method to automate species delimitation in insect taxonomy.Ant samples used in this study comply with the regulations for export and exchange of research samples outlined in the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. For field work conducted in Madagascar, permits to research, collect, and export ants were obtained from the Ministry of Environment and Forest as part of an ongoing collaboration between the California Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Madagascar National Parks and Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza. Approval Numbers: No. 0142N/EA03/MG02, No. 340N-EV10/MG04, No. 69 du 07/04/06, No. 065N-EA05/MG11, No. 047N-EA05/MG11, No. 083N-A03/MG05, No. 206 MINENVEF/SG/DGEF/DPB/SCBLF, No. 0324N/EA12/MG03, No. 100 l/fEF/SG/DGEF/DADF/SCBF, No. 0379N/EA11/MG02, No. 200N/EA05/MG02. Authorization for export was provided by the Director of Natural Resources.In the present study, 23 continuous morphometric traits were recorded in 378 worker individuals belonging to 266 nest samples collected in the Malagasy region.The material is deposited in the following institutions, abbreviations after type material investigated sections for each taxon.The full list of material morphometrically examined in this revision is listed in http://www.antweb.org). Images are linked to their specimens via the unique specimen code affixed to each pin (CASENT0486461). Online specimen identifiers follow this format: http://www.antweb.org/specimen/CASENT0486461.All images and specimens used in this study are available online on AntWeb , or a Leica DFC 425 camera in combination with the Leica Application Suite software (version 3.8). Distribution maps were generated in R  via the Measurements were taken with a Leica MZ 12.5 stereomicroscope equipped with an ocular micrometer at a magnification of 100×. Measurements and indices are presented as arithmetic means with minimum and maximum values in parentheses. Body size dimensions are expressed in µm. Due to the abundance of worker specimens relative to queen and male specimens, the present revision is based on the worker caste only. Revision based on the study of the workers is further facilitated by the fact that the name-bearing type specimens of the vast majority of existing ant taxa belong to the worker caste. All measurements were made by the first author. For the definition of morphometric characters, earlier protocols  were conCL: Maximum cephalic length in median line. The head must be carefully tilted to the position providing the true maximum. Excavations of hind vertex and/or clypeus reduce CL .FRS: Frontal carina distance. Distance between the frontal carinae immediately caudal of the posterior intersection points between the frontal carinae and the torular lamellae. If these dorsal lamellae do not laterally surpass the frontal carinae, the deepest point of the scape corner pits may be taken as the reference line. These pits take up the inner corner of the scape base when the scape is directed caudally and produce a dark triangular shadow in the lateral frontal lobes immediately posterior to the dorsal lamellae of the scape joint capsule ( capsule .ML (Weber length): Mesosoma length from caudalmost point of propodeal lobe to transition point between anterior pronotal slope and anterior pronotal shield. Preferentially measured in lateral view; if the transition point is not well defined, use dorsal view and take the centre of the dark-shaded borderline between pronotal slope and pronotal shield as anterior reference point. In gynes: length from caudalmost point of propodeal lobe to the most distant point of steep anterior pronotal face  were used only in two species, http://purl.org/NET/mx-database). Taxonomic history and descriptions of taxonomic treatments were rendered from this software. Hymenoptera-specific terminology of morphological statements used in descriptions and identification key, and diagnoses are mapped to classes in phenotype-relevant ontologies (Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO)  phenotypes were compiled in mx (gy (HAO)  via a URgy (HAO) ; for morIn verbal descriptions of taxa based on external morphological traits, recent taxonomic papers  were conhttp://zoobank.org/. The LSID for this publication is: lsid:zoobank.org:pub:63B1A3E5-9E62-46AD-B594-6B3E83364D90. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PeerJ, PubMed Central and CLOCKSS.The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix The present statistical framework follows the procedure applied in Nest-centroid clustering (NC-clustering), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) do not require special data preparation , hence raw data were applied for each of the statistical analyses. Data, however, are standardized  for the multivariate ratio analysis (MRA) to prevent variables with large values from dominating the analysis . Variablcluster  using nest samples  as groups . The seccluster  and MASSer . Classification hypotheses were imposed for all samples congruently classified by partitioning methods, while wild-card settings  were given to samples that were incongruently classified by the two methods or proved to be outliers. To extract the best ratios for the easiest species separation in the key and diagnoses we applied multivariate ratio analysis (MRA), a modern statistical method based on principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) .Eight clusters were identified by both clustering algorithms ‘hclust’ and ‘kmeans’ using function ‘part’. The pattern recognized by these partitioning algorithms can be fitted on the hierarchical structure seen on the dendrogram generated by NC clustering .The grouping hypotheses generated by the combination of hypothesis-free exploratory analyses was validated by Linear Discriminant Analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV-LDA). The overall classification success is 100% . The pheThe geographic distribution of each morphospecies corresponds to the known major areas of endemism in Madagascar  and can Nesomyrmex angulatus , N. bidentatussp. n., N. clypeatussp. n., N. deviussp. n., N. exiguussp. n., N. fragilissp. n., N. gracilissp. n., N. hirtellussp. n..The eight species described here are as follows in alphabetic order: bidentatus-complex consists of two species: Nesomyrmex bidentatussp. n. and N. fragilissp. n.; the devius-complex includes two new species: N. deviussp. n., N. exiguussp. n., N. gracilissp. n. and N. hirtellussp. n.; while two species, N. angulatus  and N. clypeatussp. n., form a complex of their own in the Malagasy zoogeographical region. Separation of species as well as complexes are convincingly supported by Multivariate Ratio Analyses. Morphometric data for species calculated on individuals are given in These species are grouped into four species complexes based on morphological similarity. The angulatus angulatus ilgii = latinodis = angulatus concolor = bidentatus Csősz & Fisher sp. n.clypeatus Csősz & Fisher sp. n.devius Csősz & Fisher sp. n.exiguus Csősz & Fisher sp. n.fragilis Csősz & Fisher sp. n.gracilis Csősz & Fisher sp. n.hirtellus Csősz & Fisher sp. n.Note: absolute size is given in µm, indexes are dimensionless values minimum and maximum values are given in brackets. Classification power between couplet based on a certain character is calculated and percent value is given in parentheses. 1.clypeatusMedian clypeal notch present : Cdep Propodel spines short: SPST/CS = 0.286  (94.9%). In lateral view dorsal contour line of propodeal spine or tubercle continues in a flat transition into metasomal dorsum –4F. Post-5 (devius complex)Propodeal spines longer and acute: SPST/CS = 0.378 , (94.9%). In lateral view dorsal contour line of propodeal spine continues in bent transition to metasomal dorsum . Postpet4.bidentatusPropodeal spine very short: SPST CS = 0.264  (84.2%), forming blunt tubercle . Postocu-fragilisPropodeal spine moderately long: SPST CS = 0.307  (84.2%) and acute . Postocu5.6North Madagascar only, north of −15° latitude… -7The middle and southern part of Madagascar, south of −15° latitude… 6.exiguusIn profile, petiolar node rounded, leaning backward . Postocu-gracilisIn profile, petiolar node rectangular . Postocu7.deviusPostocular distance longer, apical spine distance shorter: PoOC/SPST = 1.261  (92.2%). Combination of best ratios (PoOC/SPST and MW/PPH) yields 100% of classification success see ... deviu-hirtellusPostocular distance shorter, apical spine distance longer: PoOC/SPST = 1.122  (92.2%). Combination of best ratios (PoOC/SPST and MW/PPH) yields 100% of classification success see ... hirteNesomyrmex angulatus .Type material investigated.Leptothorax angulatus Mayr, 1862:739—“Sinai” [Egypt], collect. G.Mayr. Lectotype, designated by Bolton 1982: 324 ;Leptothorax angulatus r. ilgii Forel, 1894:82—“r. L. ilgii Forel typus Harar (Ilg)” [Ethiopia] coll. Forel. Syntype ;Leptothorax latinodis Mayr, 1895:130—“latinodis” G. Mayr Type, “Delagoa Bay Mozambiqe”, collect. G. Mayr. Holotype. , [morphometrically not investigated due to fractured mesosoma];Leptothorax angulatus var. concolor Santschi, 1914:107—“L. Goniothorax angulatus Mayr v. concolor Sant Type”, Cote d’Afrique or. angl. Ile de Mombasa Allaud & Jeannel Oct. 1911 St.3. Syntypes ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow; brown. Body color pattern: concolorous; only clava darker. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 688 , (n = 33). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.258 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.371 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: converging posteriorly. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: feebly convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugoso-reticulate, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: converging; strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen count: present. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.280 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.325 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: present. Smooth median region on frons: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.818 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: setae absent, pubescence only. Median clypeal notch: absent. Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: smooth. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: 58–62°. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.273 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.325 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.334 . Propodeal spine shape: straight; curving upward. Anterolateral pronotal corner: present. Apical distance of pronotal spines vs. absolute cephalic size (PSTI/CS): 0.690 . Metanotal depression: absent. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugulose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.410 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture rogoso-reticulate. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.488 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Diagnosis. Workers of N. angulatus can be convincingly separated from those of N. clypeatus based on the lack of median clypeal notch in the former species  by having sharp anterolateral pronotal angles ;Paratypes: Eighteen workers, a single gyne and a male with the same locality data under CASENT codes: CASENT0486459, BLF6646, ; CASENT0486460, BLF6646, ; CASENT0486462, BLF6646, ; CASENT0486797, BLF6618, ; CASENT0486798, BLF6618, ; CASENT0486799, BLF6618, ; CASENT0488445, BLF6584(24), ; CASENT0746773, BLF6646, ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow. Body color pattern: concolorous. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 510  (n = 60). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.277 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.416 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: converging anteriorly; parallel. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex; convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugoso-reticulate, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: converging; strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen: absent. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.264 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.399 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: absent. Smooth median region on frons: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.665 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: 0–15°. Median clypeal notch: absent. Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: present. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: cannot be measured. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.264 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.346 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.335 . Propodeal spine shape: triangular, blunt. Anterolateral pronotal corner: absent. Metanotal depression count: absent; inconspicuous if present. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugulose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.397 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.462 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Etymology. The name (bidentatus) refers to the short propodeal denticle pair of this species.Diagnosis. Workers of N. bidentatus differ from those of N. clypeatus by having no median clypeal notch  D4 = + 1.973 T. fragilissp. n. (n = 42) D4 = − 2.234 Distribution.Nesomyrmex bidentatus is distributed in rainforests and littoral rainforests along the coastline around the entirety of Madagascar. This species occurs syntopically with its sister species N. fragilis in the western Antsisarana region ;Paratypes: four workers with the same locality data under CASENT codes: CASENT0427944, BLF3007, ; CASENT0422553, BLF2968, ; CASENT0427970, BLF2970, ; CASENT0427971, BLF2971, ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow; brown. Body color pattern: concolorous, only clava darker. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 898  (n = 12). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.076 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.434 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: converging posteriorly. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: feebly convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugoso-reticulate, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen: absent. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.210 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.310 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: absent. Smooth median region on frons count: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.758 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: setae absent, pubescence only. Median clypeal notch: present. Median clypeal notch depth vs. absolute cephalic size (Cdep/CS): 0.021 . Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: present. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: 50–60°. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.361 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.349 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.463 . Propodeal spine shape: straight; slightly bent. Anterolateral pronotal corner: present. Apical distance of pronotal spines vs. absolute cephalic size (PSTI/CS): 0.773 . Metanotal depression count: absent. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.460 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture rogoso-reticulate. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.493 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Etymology. The name (clypeatus) refers to the presence of an antero-median clypeal depression in this species, the characteristic found to be unique in this revisionary work.Diagnosis. This species cannot be confused with other taxa in this revisionary work based on the dark antennal club and the conspicuous median notch  on the anterior clypeal border.Distribution. This species is endemic to the Malagasy region. It is known to occur in tropical dry forests and littoral forests of the northern, dry area of Madagascar ;Paratypes: fifteen workers, and 6 gynes with the same label data with the holotype under CASENT codes: CASENT0448818, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448819, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448823, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448824, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448825, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448829, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448830, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448831, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448832, BLF5777, ; CASENT0448833, BLF5777, ; CASENT0746772, BLF5777, ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow; brown. Body color pattern: concolorous. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 593  (n = 27). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.188 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.394 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: converging anteriorly; parallel. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex; convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugose, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: converging; strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen: absent. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.263 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.415 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: absent. Smooth median region on frons: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.632 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: 0–15°. Median clypeal notch: absent. Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: present. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: 42–47°. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.340 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.371 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.430 . Propodeal spine shape: straight. Anterolateral pronotal corner: absent. Metanotal depression count: present. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugulose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.447 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose; ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture rugoso-reticulate. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.499 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Etymology. The name (dēvius = devious) refers to the relatively long path required to arrive at the current taxonomic situation of this species, caused by its superficial similarities to other taxa.Diagnosis. Workers of N. devius differ from those of N. clypeatus by having no median clypeal notch  offers 92.2% success in determination between this species and N. Hirtellus, but a combination of two ratios (PoOC/SPST and MW/PPH) yields a safer determination ;Paratypes: seventeen workers, a single gyne and a male with the same locality data under CASENT codes: CASENT0077580, BLF10161, ; CASENT0746774, BLF10161, ; CASENT0077624, BLF10190, ; CASENT0077625, BLF10190, ; CASENT0077626, BLF10190, ; CASENT0077586, BLF10206, ; CASENT0077587, BLF10206, ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow; brown. Body color pattern: concolorous. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 586  (n = 84). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.213 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.408 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: parallel; converging anteriorly. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex; convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugose, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: converging; strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen: absent. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.249 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.413 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: absent. Smooth median region on frons: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.656 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: 0–15°. Median clypeal notch: absent. Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: present. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: 27–32°. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.382 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.390 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.436 . Propodeal spine shape: straight; slightly bent. Anterolateral pronotal corner: absent. Metanotal depression count: present. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugulose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.437 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.516 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Etymology. This name exiguus  refers to the fact that this species is relatively easily to distinguish.Diagnosis. Workers of N. exiguus differ from those of N. clypeatus by having no median clypeal notch  provides a safe opportunity for separation  offers 94.5% success discriminating between this species and N. gracilis, and a combination of two ratios (PoOC/SPTI and CWb/ML) yields a safe determination  when these were added as wildcards to minimize the chance of possible misclassifications. These individuals are most probably representatives of populations brought to these localities by people.dagascar . There idagascar . These sNesomyrmex fragilis Csősz & Fisher sp. n..Type material investigated.Holotype worker: MADGAGASCAR: Prov. Antsisarana, Nosy Be, Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Lokobe, 6.3 km 112° ESE Hellville, 13.41933°S, 48.33117°E, 30 m, 19-24.iii.2001, collection code: BLF3496; CASENT0421396, Fisher et al. ;Paratypes: five workers and a single gyne with the same locality data under CASENT codes: CASENT0421397, BLF3496, ; CASENT0421395, BLF3496, ; CASENT0421398, BLF3482, ; CASENT0421399, BLF3482, ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow. Body color pattern: concolorous. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 539  (n = 42). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.229 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.404 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: converging anteriorly; parallel. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex; convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugoso-reticulate, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: converging; strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen: absent. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.260 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.409 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: absent. Smooth median region on frons: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.659 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: 15–30°. Median clypeal notch: absent. Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: present. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: 20–27°. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.310 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.369 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.377 . Propodeal spine shape: triangular, blunt. Anterolateral pronotal corner: absent. Metanotal depression: present, inconspicuous. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugulose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.407 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.470 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Etymology. This name fragilis (=fragile) refers to the small size of this species.Diagnosis. Workers of N. fragilis differ from those of N. clypeatus by having no median clypeal notch .a region . A singlNesomyrmex gracilis Csősz & Fisher sp. n..Type material investigated.Holotype worker: MADAGASCAR: Prov. Antsiranana, Forêt Ambato, 26.6 km 33° Ambanja, 13°27.87′S, 48°33.10′E, 150 m, 8-11.xii.2004, collection code: BLF11548; CASENT0107191, Fisher et al. ;Paratypes: three workers, three gynes, and a male with the same locality data under CASENT codes: CASENT0763758, BLF11548, ; CASENT0107710, BLF11539, ; CASENT0107026, BLF11624, ; CASENT0107027, BLF11624, ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow; brown. Body color pattern: concolorous. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 620 , (n = 44). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.199 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.387 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: parallel; converging anteriorly. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex; convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugose, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: converging; strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen: absent. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.252 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.413 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: absent. Smooth median region on frons: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.647 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: 0–15°. Median clypeal notch: absent. Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: present. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: 40–45°. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.399 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.393 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.489 . Propodeal spine shape: straight; slightly bent. Anterolateral pronotal corner: absent. Metanotal depression: present. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugulose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.454 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.500 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Etymology. This name gracilis  refers to the small, tiny appearance of this species.Diagnosis. Workers of N. gracilis differ from those of N. clypeatus by having no median clypeal notch  offers 94.5% success in distinguishing between this species and N. exiguus, and a combination of two ratios (PoOC/SPTI and CWb/ML) yields a safe determination ;Paratypes: Twenty six workers and three gynes with the same locality data under CASENT codes:CASENT0457483, BLF6155, ; CASENT0457482, BLF6155, ; CASENT0457476, BLF6155, ; CASENT0457481, BLF6155, ; CASENT0457480, BLF6155, ; CASENT0457478, BLF6155, ; CASENT0457479, BLF6155, ; CASENT0457477, BLF6155, ; CASENT0439545, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439552, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439546, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439555, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439551, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439547, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439553, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439548, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439550, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439549, BLF6118, ; CASENT0439554, BLF6118, ; CASENT0457598, BLF6119, ; CASENT0457596, BLF6119, ; CASENT0457599, BLF6119, ; CASENT0457597, BLF6119, ;Description of workers. Body color: yellow; brown. Body color pattern: concolorous. Absolute cephalic size (µm): 592 , (n = 75). Cephalic length vs. maximum width of head capsule (CL/CWb): 1.187 . Postocular distance vs. cephalic length (PoOc/CL): 0.387 . Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view orientation: parallel; converging anteriorly. Postocular sides of cranium contour frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex; convex. Vertex contour line in frontal view shape: straight; feebly convex. Vertex sculpture: main sculpture rugose, ground sculpture areolate. Gena contour line in frontal view shape: convex. Genae contour from anterior view orientation: converging; strongly converging. Gena sculpture: rugoso-reticulate with areolate ground sculpture. Concentric carinae laterally surrounding antennal foramen: absent. Eye length vs. absolute cephalic size (EL/CS): 0.272 . Frontal carina distance vs. absolute cephalic size (FRS/CS): 0.412 . Longitudinal carinae on median region of frons: absent. Smooth median region on frons: absent. Antennomere count: 12. Scape length vs. absolute cephalic size (SL/CS): 0.667 . Facial area of the scape absolute setal angle: ca. 15°. Median clypeal notch: absent. Ground sculpture of submedian area of clypeus: present. Median carina of clypeus: present. Lateral carinae of clypeus: present. Median anatomical line of propodeal spine angle value to Weber length in lateral view: 37–42°. Spine length vs. absolute cephalic size (SPST/CS): 0.375 . Minimum spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPBA/CS): 0.389 . Apical spine distance vs. absolute cephalic size (SPTI/CS): 0.460 . Propodeal spine shape: straight; slightly bent. Anterolateral pronotal corner: absent. Metanotal depression: present. Dorsal region of mesosoma sculpture: rugulose with areolate ground sculpture. Lateral region of pronotum sculpture: areolate ground sculpture, superimposed by dispersed rugae. Mesopleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Metapleuron sculpture: areolate ground sculpture superimposed by dispersed rugulae. Petiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PEW/CS): 0.460 . Dorsal region of petiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose. Postpetiole width vs. absolute cephalic size (PPW/CS): 0.525 . Dorsal region of postpetiole sculpture: ground sculpture areolate, main sculpture dispersed rugose.Etymology. The name hirtellus: hirtus (=hairy) + -ellus (diminutive) refers to the workers having short hairs.Diagnosis. Workers of N. hirtellus differ from those of N. clypeatus by having no median clypeal notch  offers 92.2% success in distinguishing between this species and N. devius and a combination of two ratios (PoOC/SPST and MW/PPH) yields a safe determination  and Multivariate Ratio Extractor, MRA  in decimal format, altitude (Elevation) in meters a.s.l., collector’s name, date and number of specimens investigated bearing the given CASENT number are provided. HT, Holotype; PT, paratype(s).Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.1796/supp-2Table S2Hymenoptera-specific terminology of morphological statements used in descriptions, identification key, and diagnoses are mapped to classes in phenotype-relevant ontologies.Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.1796/supp-3Table S3Morphometric data of 21 continuous morphometric traits of 378 individuals, plus two others applied to a small fragment of samples, is given in µm. CASENT code (casent), final species hypothesis (species), geographic coordinates  and the name format as samples appear on the dendrogram (dendro-name) are also provided in the table. HT, Holotype; PT, paratype(s).Click here for additional data file.10.7717/peerj.1796/supp-4Supplemental Information 1R script of NC clustering and method PART implementing cluster methods “hclust” and “kmeans”. Mark dendrogram function mapping the results of partitioning algorithm PART on the dendrogram is also added.Click here for additional data file.