You know, what I do is write for children, and I'm probably America's most widely read children's author, in fact.

正如你们所知，我的工作是写儿童读物 实际上，我也许是美国 最广泛的儿童读物作者


And I always tell people that I don't want to show up looking like a scientist.

我经常告诉其他人 我不想被看成一个科学家


You can have me as a farmer, or in leathers, and no one has ever chose farmer.

你能把我当做一个农民，或者穿着皮衣的人 但是没人曾选是农民


I'm here today to talk to you about circles and epiphanies.

我今天来告诉你们 是关于循环和顿悟


And you know, an epiphany is usually something you find that you dropped someplace.

顿悟 通常指你发现你陷入某些境况


You've just got to go around the block to see it as an epiphany.

你需要四处的碰壁 去寻找顿悟


A friend of mine did that -- Richard Bollingbroke.

我的一个朋友画的--理查德·鲍林布罗克


It's the kind of complicated circle that I'm going to tell you about.

这是中很复杂的 我将要告诉你们的


My circle began back in the '60s in high school in Stow, Ohio where I was the class queer.

我的循环起源于60世纪 源于俄亥俄州，斯朵高中 当我还是个捣蛋鬼


I was the guy beaten up bloody every week in the boys' room, until one teacher saved my life.

我是那种每周在男生宿舍 被打到出血的那种人 直到一个老师把我从这种生活中解救出来


She saved my life by letting me go to the bathroom in the teachers' lounge.

她把我解救出这种生活让我住在 老师休息室的浴室里


但是我不得不离开这个城镇


I had a thumb, I had 85 dollars, and I ended up in San Francisco, California -- met a lover -- and back in the '80s, found it necessary to begin work on AIDS organizations.

带着特长，还有85美元， 最终我落脚在斯圣弗朗西科，加利福尼亚-- 遇到了我的爱人-- 回想到80年代，我发现 开始在艾滋病组织工作是很必要的


About three or four years ago, I got a phone call in the middle of the night from that teacher, Mrs. Posten, who said, "I need to see you.

大约三四年之前 我在深夜接到了一通 来自于那个老师，普斯顿老师的电话 她说，“我需要见你


I'm disappointed that we never got to know each other as adults.

我很失望 我们从来没有以成年人的姿态互相了解


Could you please come to Ohio, and please bring that man that I know you have found by now.

你能来俄亥俄吗 请把那个你 寻找到的人也带过来


And I should mention that I have pancreatic cancer, and I'd like you to please be quick about this."

我应该提一下 我有胰脏癌 但我想请你 能忽略这部分


Well, the next day we were in Cleveland.

那，第二天我们就到了克利夫兰市


We took a look at her, we laughed, we cried, and we knew that she needed to be in a hospice.

我们遇见了她，交谈着，哭泣着 我们知道她需要住进晚期病人的安养院


We found her one, we got her there, and we took care of her and watched over her family, because it was necessary.

我们为她找了一个，带她过去 照顾她 并照料她的家庭 因为这是必须的


有些事我们需要知道如何去做


And just as the woman who wanted to know me as an adult got to know me, she turned into a box of ashes and was placed in my hands.

就是这个把我当做成年人看待 想了解我的女生 最终化成了盒中的粉末 安置在我的手中


And what had happened was the circle had closed, it had become a circle -- and that epiphany I talked about presented itself.

所发生的 就是循环的结束 这就形成了一个循环-- 其中我所说的顿悟 就得到了自我体现


The epiphany is that death is a part of life.

这顿悟是 死亡是生命的一部分


She saved my life; I and my partner saved hers.

她救了我的命 我和我朋友救了她的命


And you know, that part of life needs everything that the rest of life does.

那段日子需要的东西 生命来完成


It needs truth and beauty, and I'm so happy it's been mentioned so much here today.

它需要真实和美好 我很高兴这些今天被多次的提到


It also needs -- it needs dignity, love and pleasure, and it's our job to hand those things out.

它还需要-- 它需要尊严 爱和欢乐 我们的工作就是把这些散步开去


As an artist, connection is very important to me.

作为一名艺术家， 联系对我来说是非常重要的 。


Through my work I'm trying to articulate that humans are not separate from nature and that everything is interconnected.

通过我的艺术作品我试着阐明 人类不是与自然分隔开 而是每一件事都是互相联系的。


I first went to Antarctica almost 10 years ago, where I saw my first icebergs.

大约10年前我第一次去了南极洲， 我也第一次看到了冰山。


My heart beat fast, my head was dizzy, trying to comprehend what it was that stood in front of me.

我的心快速地砰动，头晕目眩， 试着理解在我面前的这到底是什么。


The icebergs around me were almost 200 feet out of the water, and I could only help but wonder that this was one snowflake on top of another snowflake, year after year.

在我身边的冰山 浮出水面几乎200英尺。 我只能感到很奇怪 这就是一片雪花 覆盖在另一片雪花， 年复一年形成的。


Icebergs are born when they calve off of glaciers or break off of ice shelves.

冰山的形成是 当它们从冰川断裂开 或者从冰架上断裂开。


Each iceberg has its own individual personality.

每个冰山都有它们自己的独特个性。


They have a distinct way of interacting with their environment and their experiences.

它们 与其周边的环境 和其情况的互动具有一个鲜明的方式。


Some refuse to give up and hold on to the bitter end, while others can't take it anymore and crumble in a fit of dramatic passion.

有些冰山拒绝妥协 坚持到底， 而另一些冰山就不能忍受 在一时剧烈激情喷涌下就水崩冰裂。


It's easy to think, when you look at an iceberg, that they're isolated, that they're separate and alone, much like we as humans sometimes view ourselves.

当你看到冰山，很容易就想到 它们都是孤立的， 它们是独立的，单独一体的， 更像是我们人类有时候对自身的看法。


As an iceberg melts, I am breathing in its ancient atmosphere.

随着冰山融化， 我呼吸到 它古老的气味。


As the iceberg melts, it is releasing mineral-rich fresh water that nourishes many forms of life.

随着冰山融化， 它释放了富有矿物质的鲜水 它们滋养了万物。


I approach photographing these icebergs as if I'm making portraits of my ancestors, knowing that in these individual moments they exist in that way and will never exist that way again.

我着手拍摄这些冰山 好似我在拍摄我祖先的肖像， 了解到在这些个别的时刻 冰山原是以那样方式存在 但再也不会像那样存在了。


It is not a death when they melt; it is not an end, but a continuation of their path through the cycle of life.

当它们融化时，这绝不是死亡； 也绝不是一个终结， 而是 通往生生不息之路的一个延续。


Some of the ice in the icebergs that I photograph is very young -- a couple thousand years old.

我拍摄过的冰山，有些冰是非常年轻-- 几千年年龄。


And some of the ice is over 100,000 years old.


The last pictures I'd like to show you are of an iceberg that I photographed in Qeqetarsuaq, Greenland.

我想给大家展示的最后图片 是我在格陵兰岛的 Kekertsuatsiak上拍摄的一个冰山。


It's a very rare occasion that you get to actually witness an iceberg rolling.

这是一个非常难得的机会 大家实际上得以见证 一个冰山翻滚。


You can see on the left side a small boat.

在左边你能看到一个小船。


这是一个约15英尺的船。


And I'd like you to pay attention to the shape of the iceberg and where it is at the waterline.

我想让你注意 冰山的形状 它在水面上的变形。


You can see here, it begins to roll, and the boat has moved to the other side, and the man is standing there.

在这儿你看到它开始翻滚， 小船移动到另一边，一个男人站在那里。


This is an average-size Greenlandic iceberg.

这是一个平均尺寸的格陵兰冰山。


It's about 120 feet above the water, or 40 meters.

它浮出水面大约有120英尺高 或者40米高。


And just like that, the iceberg shows you a different side of its personality.

就像这冰山， 它们展示给大家的是其个性的不同方面。


I want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day, at the exact same moment, each conceiving a baby -- okay?

我希望大家设想一下， 两对夫妇 在1979年的年中 在相同的一天，相同的时刻 每对怀上了一个孩子 -- 好


So two couples each conceiving one baby.

那么两对夫妇各自都都怀上了一个孩子


Now I don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception, because if you spend all that time imagining that conception, you're not going to listen to me.

现在，我不希望大家花太多的时间去想象怀孕 因为如果你花太多时间去想它 你就不会听我说了


And in this scenario, I want to imagine that, in one case, the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome, meeting that X chromosome of the egg.

那么在这种情况下 我来设想一下，一个个例是 携带着Y染色体的精子 遇到携带着X染色体的卵子


And in the other case, the sperm is carrying an X chromosome, meeting the X chromosome of the egg.

另一个是 携带着X染色体的精子 遇到携带着X染色体的卵子


两个都存活下来了，两个都开始发育


我们之后再来看这两对夫妇


So I wear two hats in most of what I do.

我担任两个角色 在我所从事的领域


As the one hat, I do history of anatomy.

一个角色是 我做解剖学历史研究


I'm a historian by training, and what I study in that case is the way that people have dealt with anatomy -- meaning human bodies, animal bodies -- how they dealt with bodily fluids, concepts of bodies; how have they thought about bodies.

我是个史学工作者 我所研究的是 人类是怎么对待解剖学的—— 对无论是人类躯体，或是动物躯体—— 他们如何处理体液，抽象的躯体 他们是如何看待躯体的


The other hat that I've worn in my work is as an activist, as a patient advocate -- or, as I sometimes say, as an impatient advocate -- for people who are patients of doctors.

另一个角色是 一名社会活动家 作为一个为病人辩护人的角色—— 或者说，像我有时候说的，作为医生们的病人的辩护人—— 我是很激进的


In that case, what I've worked with is people who have body types that challenge social norms.

那样的话，在我工作中 所接触到的是一些 挑战着社会规范的人


So some of what I've worked on, for example, is people who are conjoined twins -- two people within one body.

比如，我接触到的一些人 是连体婴儿 两个人共用一个身体


Some of what I've worked on is people who have dwarfism -- so people who are much shorter than typical.

还有一些是侏儒症患者 他们比一般人要矮小的多


And a lot of what I've worked on is people who have atypical sex -- so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types.

另外，许多我接触的人 他们的性别与众不同 -- 即他们没有很标准的男性特征 或者女性特有的身体特征


And as a general term, we can use the term intersex for this.

总的来说，这个症状可以被叫做双性人


Intersex comes in a lot of different forms.


I'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex that isn't standard for male or female.

我来举几个例子 来说明你可以具有 既不是标准的男性特征也不是标准的女性特征的类型


So in one instance, you can have somebody who has an XY chromosomal basis, and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life, to become testes.

例子之一 一个人可以拥有XY染色体 并且，在Y染色体上的SRY基因 刺激我们在胎儿时期都有的原始性腺 使其变成睾丸


And so in the fetal life the testes are pumping out testosterone.

因此在胎儿时期，睾丸分泌睾丸激素


But because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone, the body doesn't react to the testosterone.

但是这个个体缺少受体 来接收睾丸激素 身体不能对睾丸激素做出反应


And this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome.

这是一种叫做睾丸不敏感综合征


So lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it.

所以，睾丸激素的量很大，但是不能引起反应


As a consequence, the body develops more along the female typical path.

因此，身体就会朝着 女性化的趋势发展


When the child is born, she looks like a girl.

当婴儿诞生时，她看起来像个女孩儿


她就是女孩儿，并且被当作小姑娘来抚养


And it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts, but she's not getting her period, that somebody figures out something's up here.

大多数情况，直到青春期 她的胸部开始发育的时候 她却没有女性周期 这时我们才会开始怀疑有什么差错


And they do some tests and figure out that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus, she actually has testes inside, and she has a Y chromosome.

于是他们检查发现 她并没有卵巢和子宫 实际上，在她身体内有睾丸，并且她携带着Y染色体


Now what's important to understand is you may think of this person as really being male, but they're really not.

现在，有一个重要问题需要说明的是 大家一定认为这个人实际上是个男孩儿 其实并非如此


Females, like males, have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands.

女性，和男性一样 体内有一个器官叫做肾上腺


And the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone.

并且肾上腺负责分泌雄性激素 即一种雄性荷尔蒙


Most females like me -- I believe myself to be a typical female -- I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up but I think I'm probably typical -- most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive.

像我一样的大多数女性--我相信我自己是个典型的女性-- 我其实不太清楚我的染色体的组成 但是我想我应该是有典型的女性—— 大多数像我一样的女性实际上是雄激素敏感的


We're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens.

我们分泌雄性激素，并且对它有反应


The consequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome.

结果是，有的像我一样女性， 大脑暴露在过多的雄性激素下 比那个出生时有睾丸的女孩 那个雄性激素不敏感综合征的女孩有的雄性激素还多


So sex is really complicated; it's not just that intersex people are in the middle of all the sex spectrum -- in some ways, they can be all over the place.

所以说性别是个非常复杂的东西；并不是说那些双性的人 就处在男性和女性之间—— 在某些方面，他们可以覆盖整个性特征的范围


Another example: a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old, who was born a boy, raised a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend, had a life as a guy and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside.

还有一个例子 几年前，我接到一个十九岁的男孩打来的电话 他生下来是个男孩，也被当作男孩来养 后来有了女朋友，也和女友发生了性关系 一直过着男孩的生活 但是最近，他发现自己体内有卵巢和子宫


What he had was an extreme form of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

他所有的是一种很极端的病症 叫做类固醇21-羟化酶缺乏症


He had XX chromosomes, and in the womb, his adrenal glands were in such high gear that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment.

他携带XX染色体 并且在子宫内的时候 他的肾上腺很活跃 从而形成了一个男性荷尔蒙的环境


And as a consequence, his genitals were masculinzed, his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones.

结果就是，他发育了男性生殖器官 他的大脑接受了 更多的典型的男性荷尔蒙


And he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything.

因此他生下来看起来像个男孩儿--根本没人怀疑


And it was only when he had reached the age of 19 that he began to have enough medical problems actually from menstruating internally, that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female internally.

只有当他长到19岁的时候 当他开始遇到生理问题的时候 其实是在体内出现月经起 医生发现，实际上他的内部是女性


Okay, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex.

好，我们再来快速的看一个例子 另一个可能带来两性特征的情况


Some people who have XX chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis, which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it.

有XX染色体的一些人 会发育一种叫做卵睾的器官 也就是当卵巢组织 被睾丸组织包裹起来的一种器官


And we're not exactly sure why that happens.


So sex can come in lots of different varieties.

所以说性别可以是很多种形式


The reason that children with these kinds of bodies -- whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning, or it's an intersex type -- are often normalized by surgeons is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health.

拥有这些身体特征的 孩子们—— 不论是侏儒症，或者连体婴儿 或者是双性型的—— 常被外科医生手术纠正的原因 实际上并不是为了 身体健康


In many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy.

因为很多情况下，他们的身体其实都很健康


The reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries is because they threaten our social categories.

他们接受各种外科手术的原因 是因为他们受到我们社会上对人分类的威胁


Or system has been based typically on the idea that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity.

或者说社会上已经有一个典型的认识 什么样的身体结构，有什么样的特征


So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman is to have a female identity; what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, is to have an African anatomy in terms of your history.

因此，我们的概念就是作为一个女人 就必须有女性的特性 以此类推，一个黑人 就得具有非洲人的身体结构特征 在你的履历中


And so we have this terribly simplistic idea.

因此我们就有了这种过于简单的认识


And when we're faced with a body that actually presents us something quite different, it startles us in terms of those categorizations.

当我们面对一个 某些方面是与众不同的身体的时候 那些不能归类的想法让我们感到吃惊


So we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism.

因此我们的文化中有很多天真的想法 是关于个人主义的


And our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism.

并且我们国家建立在一个非常不实际的个人主义的概念上的


Well you can imagine how startling then it is when you have children that are born who are two people inside of one body.

好，你可以想象那多么令人震惊 当你的两个孩子 出生的时候是在一个身体中的


Where I ran into the most heat from this most recently was last year the South African runner, Caster Semenya, had her sex called into question at the International Games in Berlin.

我最近一次遇到这种情况是 去年的时候，非洲田径运动员，卡斯特尔·塞门亚 在柏林国际比赛中被质疑性别问题


I had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me, "Which is the test they're going to run that will tell us whether or not Caster Semenya is male or female?"

许多记者给我打电话，问我 “他们会用哪种检测方法 来向大家证明 卡斯特尔·塞门亚是男还是女？”


And I had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test.

于是我不得不跟他们解释说，根本没有检测的方法


In fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough that we have to admit nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female, or between male and intersex and female and intersex; we actually draw that line on nature.

事实上，我们现在已经了解 性别是非常复杂的 我们不得不承认 大自然根本就没有一个明确的分界线来区分男性或女性 或者男性和双性以及女性和双性 这条分界线实际上是我们自己画的


So what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes, the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories that we thought of as stable anatomical categories that mapped very simply to stable identity categories are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.

因此我们现在的情况是 科学越发展 我们越得承认 这些性别的分类形式 也就是我们认为很理所当然的身体结构学上的分类 是过于简单地 给特性分了类 实际情况要比我们想象的模糊的多


并且这不仅仅是关于性别的问题


It's also in terms of race, which turns out to be vastly more complicated than our terminology has allowed.

也同样是关于种族的问题 这个复杂程度 远不是我们的学术语言所能形容的


As we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas.

如我们所见，我们涉及各种各样艰难的领域


We look, for example, about the fact that we share at least 95 percent of our DNA with chimpanzees.

我们来看一个例子，现实情况是 我们用95%的人类的DNA 与大猩猩进行对比


What are we to make of the fact that we differ from them only really by a few nucleotides?

得出的事实是 人类和大猩猩的DNA只是在一些核苷酸上有所不同


And as we get farther and farther with our science, we get more and more into a discomforted zone where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had are probably overly simplistic.

科技越发展 我们越会涉及到让人苦恼的领域 我们必须承认 那些沿用的简单的分类 是过于简单化了


So we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life.

正因如此，我们正在审视着 人类生活中的各个领域


One of the places we're seeing it, for example, in our culture today, in the United States today, is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life.

其中的一个领域，举个例子 就是我们的文化领域，当今美国的文化领域 热议着生命的起源和终结


We have difficult conversations about at what point we decide a body becomes a human, such that it has a different right than a fetal life.

我们有一个艰难的讨论 关于我们什么时候从一个躯体变成了一个人类 从而有了不同于胎儿的权利


We have very difficult conversations nowadays -- probably not out in the open as much as within medicine -- about the question of when somebody's dead.

我们当今有一个非常有争议的话题—— 也许在外部不如在医学界内争论的激烈—— 是关于何时认定为人死亡的疑问 过去，人死的时候


In the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much At most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose, and if it twitched, they didn't bury them yet.

我们的祖先从来不会过多的纠结于此 最多也就是把一个羽毛粘在人的鼻子下 如果羽毛动了，旁人就不会把他们埋掉


如果羽毛不动，就会埋了他们


But today, we have a situation where we want to take vital organs out of beings and give them to other beings.

但是如今的情况都是 我们希望把死者的器官 移植到其他人的身体上


And as a consequence, we're stuck with having to struggle with this really difficult question about who's dead, and this leads us to a really difficult situation where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before.

结果 我们开始纠结在上面所提到的难题中 关于到底死了没有 这导致我们进入一个很困难的情况 这个情况没有之前简单的分类了


Now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories would make somebody like me really happy.

现在你也许会想，所有的这些正在崩溃的分类 也许会让像我这样的人感到高兴


I'm a political progressive, I defend people with unusual bodies, but I have to admit to you that it makes me nervous.

我是一个在政治观点上不断进步的人，我维护那些身体异于常人的人 但是我必须承认，这种改变让我感到不安


Understanding that these categories are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense.

认识到这些分类制度 比我们想象的还不稳定，使我感到紧张


And it makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy.

同时，我的紧张来自于 民主的观点


So in order to tell you about that tension, I have to first admit to you that I'm a huge fan of the Founding Fathers.

所以，为了告诉大家这种紧张的程度 我首先要承认，我是国父们的忠实粉丝


I know they were racists, I know they were sexist, but they were great.

我知道他们是种族主义者，他们是男性至上主义者 但是他们非常伟大


I mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did that I find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years, and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable.

我的意思是，他们是如此的英勇、无畏 并且积极的从事他们的事业 我自己每隔几年就要重新去欣赏那个挺土的音乐剧“1776”（美国建国史的音乐剧） 并不是因为音乐好，音乐是完全可以被忽略的


It's because of what happened in 1776 with the Founding Fathers.

是因为1776年围绕着 建国者们发生的事情


The Founding Fathers were, for my point of view, the original anatomical activists, and this is why.

建国者们，我认为他们是 最早的解剖学活动家 这是我爱他们的原因


What they rejected was an anatomical concept and replaced it with another one that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years.

他们反对了一个解剖学的概念 并且用另一个取而代之 这个新进的美好的概念保持了200年


So as you all recall, what our Founding Fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy, and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy.

大家回忆一下 我们的建国者们反对的是一个君主制度的概念 并且这个君主制是基于 过于简单化的解剖学概念上的


The monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of DNA, but they did have a concept of birthright.

旧体制下的帝王们 没有DNA的概念 但是他们遵从的是“出身”的理念


They had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grandfather to father to son and so forth.

他们认为，身在政治权力下的人 就应该掌握权力 是因为贵族血统要 从祖父到父亲到儿子一代代传承


The Founding Fathers rejected that idea, and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept, and that concept was all men are created equal.

建国者们反对这种观点 他们用一种新的解剖上的概念取而代之 那种概念就是 人人平等


They leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy, and that was a really radical thing to do.

他们消除了等级观念 并且确定解剖学的重要性 在于全民平等 而不是出身的贵贱 在当时那确实是一个很激进的改革


Now they were doing it in part because they were part of an Enlightenment system where two things were growing up together.

某种程度上，这种改革现在仍然在进行 因为他们是启蒙运动系统的一部分 两件事情是共同发展的


And that was democracy growing up, but it was also science growing up at the same time.

民主制度在当时正在形成 但同时科技也在发展


And it's really clear, if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers, a lot of them were very interested in science, and they were interested in a concept of a naturalistic world.

非常明显的是，如果你注意一下建国者的历史 他们中的许多人都对科学很感兴趣 并且他们都对自然主义世界这个概念 很感兴趣


They were moving away from supernatural explanations, and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power, where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright.

他们摒弃超自然的说法 他们排斥那些关于超自然力量的说法 因为超自然力量的概念被传播 是基于非常模糊的身世的理念


They were moving towards a naturalistic concept.


And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence, they talk about nature and nature's God.

如果你观察会发现，例如在独立宣言中 他们提及到自然和自然之神


They don't talk about God and God's nature.

他们没有提到上帝和上帝的自然


They're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are.

他们提到自然的力量 来解释我们是谁


So as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept that was about anatomical commonality.

因此作为其中的一部分 他们为我们带来一个概念 那就是人人生来平等


And in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way the Civil Rights movement of the future.

为此 他们确实为将来的民权运动 铺垫了一个很美好的道路


They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great.

他们想不到将来会怎样，但是他们为我们奠定了基础，这是非常伟大的


那么数年后发生了什么呢？


What happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote, took the Founding Fathers' concept of anatomical commonality being more important than anatomical difference and said, "The fact that we have a uterus and ovaries is not significant enough in terms of a difference to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote, the right to full citizenship, the right to own property, etc., etc."

例如在女性身上都发生了什么 她们渴望投票的权利 按照建国者的概念 人人平等要远重要于 人的出身 她们说：“我们有子宫和卵巢是事实 这些不同完全不足以 意味着我们没有投票权 没有充分的公民权利 没有私人财产权等等”


Next came the successful Civil Rights movement, where we found people like Sojourner Truth talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"

接下来便是成功的民权运动 运动中出现了像索杰纳·特鲁思这样的人 她的名言“我就不是女人吗？”


We find men on the marching lines of the Civil Rights movement saying, "I am a man."

我们知道男人 曾经在民权运动的发展路线上 有句名言“我是个男人”


Again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully.

此外，有色人群 呼吁人人平等而不应种族歧视 再者，


We see the same thing with the disability rights movement.

我们看到同样的成功案例发生在伤残人士的权利运动中


The problem is, of course, that, as we begin to look at all that commonality, we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions.

问题是，当然 当我们开始去审视所有的公民 我们不得不开始质疑 为什么我们去维护一个固定的界限


Now mind you, I want to maintain some divisions, anatomically, in our culture.

现在，需要提醒大家的是，我希望去保持一些界限 身体结构上的，在我们的文化范围被内


For example, I don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human.

举个例子，我不希望 给予鱼和人类一样的权利


I don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy.

我不希望我们放弃一切在解剖学上的区分界限


I don't want to say five-year-olds should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry.

我不希望，一个五岁的孩子 可以被允许有性行为或者说允许结婚


So there are some anatomical divisions that make sense to me and that I think we should retain.

所以说，有一些在解剖学上的界限 对我们来说是有意义的，我想那些应该被保留


But the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are and why do we retain them and do they have meaning.

但是，艰巨的任务是试着去找出哪些是应该保留的 为什么我们要保留它们，它们有什么意义


So let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk.

所以，让我们回到刚才说到的那两人 就是演讲一开始所虚构的那两个人


We have two beings, both conceived in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day.

我们有两对夫妇 都在1979年年中的同一天怀孕了


Let's imagine one of them, Mary, is born three months prematurely, so she's born on June 1, 1980.

让我们设想一下，玛丽 提前三个月出生了 因此她出生于1980年6月1日


Henry, by contrast, is born at term, so he's born on March 1, 1980.

亨利，相反的，足月出生 他出生于1980年3月1日


Simply by virtue of the fact that Mary was born prematurely three months, she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than Henry does -- the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.

仅仅是由于 玛丽早出生了三个月这个事实 她获得各种权利的时间 要比亨利早三个月 允许有性行为的权利 选举的权利，喝酒的权利


Henry has to wait for all of that, not because he's actually any different in age, biologically, except in terms of when he was born.

亨利就不得不等待 他的生理学年龄没有任何不同 只是因为他出生的时间不同


We find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are.

我们还发现其他一些离奇的权利问题


Henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male -- although I haven't told you that he's the XY one -- by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted, which Mary does not need to worry about.

亨利，由于被假定为男性-- 尽管我没有告诉过大家他是XY型染色体—— 由于被假定为男性 所以现在要应征入伍 玛丽就不需要去担心这些


Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states have the same right that Henry has in all the states, namely, the right to marry.

与此同时，玛丽不能在所有的州 像亨利一样享受同样权利 也就是，结婚的权利


Henry can marry in every state a woman, but Mary can only marry today in a few states a woman.

亨利可以在任何一个州结婚 但是玛丽如今只能在少数几个州娶一位女性


So we have these anatomical categories that persist that are in many ways problematic and questionable.

因此我们所坚持的一些结构上的生物分类 它们在很多方面是有问题并且需要质疑的


And the question to me becomes: What do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy, that we reach the point where we have to admit that a democracy that's been based on anatomy might start falling apart?

对我来说，问题就变成了： 我们要做什么 当我们的科学在解剖学上 如此先进的时候 我们已经到了不得不承认 基于解剖学上的人的民主 也许正在崩溃的时候


I don't want to give up the science, but at the same time it kind of feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us.

我不想对科学失去希望 但是同时，有的时候隐约觉得 科学的发展是受到我们影响的


It seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude: "Well, we have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere."

看起来我们的社会 有着一种实用主义的态度： “好，我必须在某处画一条界限， 那么我就在那画一条界限”


But a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position.

但是很多人会因此陷在一个非常尴尬的位置


So for example, Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome, and what it means to marry a woman means you do have a Y chromosome.

举个例子 德克萨斯州有一个决定 嫁给一个男人 意味着你没有Y染色体 同时如果你娶一个女人意味着你有Y染色体


Now in practice they don't actually test people for their chromosomes.

现实中，他们实际上不会去检测染色体


But this is also very bizarre, because of the story I told you at the beginning about androgen insensitivity syndrome.

但是这也非常奇怪 因为我一开始告诉了大家那个关于 雄激素不敏感综合征的故事


If we look at one of the founding fathers of modern democracy, Dr. Martin Luther King, he offers us something of a solution in his "I have a dream" speech.

如有我们看一下现代民主制度的奠基人之一 马丁·路德·金 博士 在他的“我有一个梦想”的演讲中，为我们提供了一个解决方法


He says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin, but on the content of their character," moving beyond anatomy.

他认为我们“不应该根据一个人的肤色 而是应该根据他的品格”去评判一个人 摒弃人种差异


And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds like a really good idea."

我想说“是的，那听起来确实是个好方法”


但实际操作中，你怎么去做？


How do you judge people based on the content of character?

你如何根据他的品德去评判他？


I also want to point out that I'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans, because, I have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers I know that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans I know.

我还想指出 我不太确定我们应该如何分配人类的权利 因为，我不得不承认，有些黄金猎犬 比起我知道的一些人似乎更应该 得到社会的帮助


I also want to say there are probably also some yellow Labradors that I know that are more capable of informed, intelligent, mature decisions about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that I know.

我还想说，我知道有些拉布拉多似乎 比有些40岁左右的人在性关系问题上 更慎重，更聪明，更能作出成熟的决定


So how do we operationalize the question of content of character?

因此我们如何去衡量 品德的问题？


And part of me also wonders, what if content of character turns out to be something that's scannable in the future -- able to be seen with an fMRI?

我还想知道 如果品德的好坏 在未来可以被扫描出来—— 也许可以用核磁共振成像看见？


我们真的愿意走到那一步吗？


What I do know is that it seems to be really important to think about the idea of the United States being in the lead of thinking about this issue of democracy.

我知道的是应该思考一下 美国所引领的民主存在的问题 看起来是非常重要的


We've done a really good job struggling with democracy, and I think we would do a good job in the future.

我们在争取民主的问题上已经做得非常好了 我认为今后同样会做的更好


We don't have a situation that Iran has, for example, where a man who's sexually attracted to other men is liable to be murdered, unless he's willing to submit to a sex change, in which case he's allowed to live.

我们情况和伊朗不同，比如 一个男人在性方面对其他男人有吸引力 那么他是可以被杀的 除非他愿意改变自己的性取向 那么他将可以活下来


I'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with -- a surgeon I talked to a few years ago who had brought over a set of conjoined twins in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself.

我非常高兴的说我们没有那样的情况-- 对一位外科医生说，那是在数年之前 他带来一个连体婴儿 希望可以帮助他们分离，某种程度上也想让自己出名


But when I was on the phone with him, asking why he was going to do this surgery -- this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation, these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this.

但是当我跟他通电话时 问他为什么希望做这个手术—— 因为这是个危险性很高的手术—— 他答道，在这个国家 这样的孩子将会被残忍的对待，因此他必须要帮助他们这么做


My response to him was, "Well, have you considered political asylum instead of a separation surgery?"

我对他的回答是，“恩，你为他们考虑过政治避难 而不是进行手术吗？”


The United States has offered tremendous possibility for allowing people to be the way they are, without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state.

美国为像这样的孩子保持他们自己的特征 提供了很大的可能 他们从不用为了国家改变自己的身体


因此我认为我们应该要引领这种思想


Well, just to close, I want to suggest to you that I've been talking a lot about the fathers.

好，说到这里，我想提醒大家 我已经谈论了很多前人的事情


And I want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like, if we had more involved the mothers.

我还想考虑一下 民主会是什么样子，或者是已经是什么样子的可能性 如果我们可以让更多的母亲参与进来


And I want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist, and that is that I think that there may be different kinds of insights that can come from different kinds of anatomies, particularly when we have people thinking in groups.

我还想说对女权主义者有点激进的话 那就是我认为 不同的人 也许可以带来不同的的观察视角 特别是当我们习惯于群体性思维的时候


Now for years, because I've been interested in intersex, I've also been interested in sex difference research.

我已经对双性人感兴趣很多年了 也对性别差异也进行了多年的研究


And one of the things that I've been really interested in is looking at the differences between males and females in terms of the way they think and operate in the world.

我十分感兴趣的事情之一是 去观察世界范围内男性与女性之间 在思考问题和解决问题上的差别


And what we know from cross-cultural studies is that females, on average -- not everyone, but on average -- are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations and to taking care of people who are basically vulnerable within the group.

我们从跨文化研究中得知 女性，平均的看—— 当然不是每个人，而是平均的看—— 更倾向于留意 复杂的社会关系 同时更加关心、同情 人群中的弱势群体


And so if we think about that, we have an interesting situation on our hands.

那么如果我们这么认为 我们发现一个有趣的情况


Years ago, when I was in graduate school, one of my graduate advisers who knew I was interested in feminism -- I considered myself a feminist, as I still do -- asked a really strange question.

数年前，当我读研究生的时候 我的一位指导教授知道我对女权运动很感兴趣—— 我自认是女权主义者，一直是—— 他问了我一个很怪的问题


He said, "Tell me what's feminine about feminism."

他说：“告诉我女权主义女性化在哪里”


And I thought, "Well that's the dumbest question I've ever heard.

我想“恩……这是我听过的最让我哑口无言的问题


Feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender, so there's nothing feminine about feminism."

女权主义是所有消除陈腐性别观念的一切活动的统称， 因此，女权主义不存在女性化”


But the more I thought about his question, the more I thought there might be something feminine about feminism.

但是，进一步解读这个问题， 我想的更多的是，也许女权主义存在着一些女性化


That is to say, there might be something, on average, different about female brains from male brains that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable.

也就是说，也许有一些，总的说来 女性的思维不同于男性的部分 使得我们更加富有警惕性 对于复杂的社会关系 并且更加注意关心那些弱势群体


So whereas the fathers were extremely attentive to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state, it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept, what we would have is more of a concept of, not just how to protect, but how to care for each other.

但是前人们细心的 指出如何保护个人不受国家的影响 如果我们在这个概念中注入如更多的母性 是可能的 我们将拥有的要远多于一个概念 不仅仅是如何保护 而是如何照顾彼此


And maybe that's where we need to go in the future, when we take democracy beyond anatomy, is to think less about the individual body, in terms of the identity, and think more about those relationships.

也许这就是我们未来要走的路 当我们抛开人种的分别来讲民主—— 也就是较少的考虑到人的个体 关于人的身份特性， 而是更多的考虑人们之间的关系


So that as we the people try to create a more perfect union, we're thinking about what we do for each other.

因此，当人们试图创造一个更加美好的联合体的时候 我们需要考虑的是我们为他人都做了什么


In 2007, I decided that we needed to reconceptualize how we thought about economic development.

2007年 我觉得我们需要重新定义 我们意识中的经济发展的概念。


Our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work, they should be able to choose between at least a handful of different cities that were all competing to attract new residents.

我们新目标应该致力于 当每个家庭考虑他们想住和工作的地方的时候 他们能有至少5个 不同的 可以选择 有竞争力吸引新住户的城市。


Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.

对于这个目标我们还有很长的路要走。


There are billions of people in developing countries who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.

在发展中国家有几十亿的人 处于没有一个城市愿意接纳他们的阶段。


But the amazing thing about cities is they're worth so much more than it costs to build them.

但是城市的惊人之处在于 它的利用价值 要比建造消耗价值要多的多。


So we could easily supply the world with dozens, maybe hundreds, of new cities.

所以我们能很轻松的为世界 建造几十，或者上百的 新城。


Now this might sound preposterous to you if you've never thought about new cities.

你可能觉得这听起来很荒谬 如果你从来没有考虑过新城。


But just substitute apartment building for cities.

但是这只是替代城市的住宅建筑而已。


Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them; the other half aren't there yet.

想象下半数的想住在公寓的人已经入住了； 另外半数还没有入住。


You could try and expand the capacity by doing additions on all the existing apartments.

你可以加盖已有的住宅 来试着扩大面积。


But you know what you'd run into is those apartments and the surrounding areas have rules to avoid discomfort and the distractions of construction.

但是你知道你经手的 住宅和周边地块 是受法律保护保证其舒适性的 和娱乐性的建筑。


So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.

做这些加盖是十分的困难的。


But you could go out someplace brand new, build a brand new apartment building, as long as the rules there were ones that facilitated construction rather than getting in the way.

但是你能在未开发的地区 建设一幢新的大楼， 就像俗话说的 重新开始强过 停滞不前。


So I proposed that governments create new reform zones big enough to hold cities and gave them a name: charter cities.

所以我提议 政府划定新的足够容纳 城市的地域 并起名为：宪章城市。


Later I learned that at about this same time, Javier and Octavio were thinking about the challenge of reform in Honduras.

大约我了解这些的同时， 哈维尔和奥克塔维奥 正在思考在洪都拉斯重新规划的 问题。


They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year would leave to go to the United States, and they wanted to ask, what could they do to make sure that those people could stay and do the same things in Honduras.

据说大约每年7万5千洪都拉斯人 移民到美国 他们想问，他们能做什么 来确保能让这些人留下来 在洪都拉斯做同样的工作，生活下来。


At one point, Javier said to Octavio, "What if we took some of our empty land -- what if we just gave it to an embassy -- give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy -- and then if people want to go work under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States, they can go get jobs, do everything they do on those embassy grounds

有一次，哈维尔对奥克塔维奥说 “如果我们把我们闲置的土地-- 如果我们把它送给大使馆会怎么样-- 一些给美国大使馆；一些给加拿大大使馆-- 届时如果想在 加拿大或者美国规则下本土找工作的话 他们就能找到工作， 在这些大使馆本土地区做工作


that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"

否则就得去加拿大或美国找工作？”


In the summer of 2009, Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.

2009年夏天 洪都拉斯经历了一次铁血的军事政变。


At the next regularly scheduled election, Pepe Lobo won in a landslide on a platform that promised reform, but reconciliation as well.

在下一届例行选举中 佩佩·洛沃凭借选举演讲 上许诺改革以及和谈 赢得了压倒性的优势。


He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.

他邀请奥克塔维奥作为他的参谋长。


Meanwhile, I was getting ready to give a talk at TEDGlobal.

同时，我在准备一个 TEDGlobal上的演讲。


Through a process of refinement, trial and error, a lot of user testing, I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city down to the bare essentials.

通过一系列的改良 试错，大量用户的测试 我试着把这宪章城市复杂的概念 压缩成最基本的精华。


The first point was the importance of rules, like those rules that say you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.

第一点是法令的重要性， 就像法令所说的 你不能骚扰已经入住的住户一样。


We pay a lot of attention to new technologies, but it takes technologies and rules to get progress, and it's usually the rules that hold us back.

我们关注新的科技 但是新科技需要技术和要求来执行。 通常是这些要求拖我们的后腿。


In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.

在2010年秋，一个危地马拉的朋友 发给奥克塔维奥这个TEDTalk的链接。


They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."

说，“让我们把这个展示给我们总统吧。”


So in December we met in Miami, in a hotel conference room.

12月我们就在迈阿密 在一个宾馆的会议室碰了面。


I tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are, how much more valuable they are than they cost.

我试着解释这些城市 的价值所在 以及相比它的消耗它的价值会有多少。


And I used this slide showing how valuable the raw land is in a place like New York City: notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases, per square meter.

我用这张幻灯片 展示了像纽约这块地区 一块未开发地块的价值。 注意，在某些点，地价要 每平方米几千美金。


But it was a fairly abstract discussion, and at some point when there was a pause, Octavio said, "Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."

但是这是一个大致的抽象的讨论 当某些间隙的时候 奥克塔维奥说， “保罗，也许我们可以观看TEDTalk。”


So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms, a charter city is a place where you start with uninhabited land, a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there and then a chance for people to opt in, to go live under those rules or not.

TEDTalk用简单的方式就讲明了 宪章城市是一个 起始于无人居住的地域， 宪章细化了执行的条例 也是人们选择是否入住 是否生活在这些条例下的一个机会。


So I was asked by the president of Honduras who said that we need to do this project, this is important, this could be the way forward for our country.

洪都拉斯总统向我提问 那个表态说我们需要这个项目的人 这是关键 这会是引领我们国家前进的道路。


I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa and talk again on January fourth and fifth.

我被邀请造访特古西加尔巴 在1月4日，5日重述此项目。


So I presented another fact-filled lecture that included a slide like this, which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city, it has to be very big.

我展示了 另外一个包括了这张幻灯片 的案例课 试着讲述这个观点，如果你想在城市创造巨大价值的话 它必须也是很巨大的。


This is a picture of Denver, and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.

这是丹佛市的照片 高亮出的是丹佛新建的机场。


This airport alone covers more than 100 square kilometers.

单这机场 就占地超过100平方千米。


So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans, if you build a new city, you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.

我试着说服洪都拉斯总统 如果你要建一座新城 你就要在至少1000平方千米的区域入手。


That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.

这要比2500万英亩还大。


每个人都很有礼貌地鼓着掌。


The faces in the audience were very serious and attentive.

观众的表情 都是严肃而警惕的。


The leader of the congress came up on stage and said, "Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture, but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.

大会主席走到台前说 “罗摩教授，很感谢你的讲课 但也许我们能看看TEDTalk。


So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.

于是我坐下，他们则看起了TEDTalk。


And it got to the essence, which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.

它同时也抓住了精髓 就是新的城市带给了人们新的选择。


There would be a choice of a city which you could go to which could be in Honduras, instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.

这是一个你会前往城市的选择 也许在洪都拉斯 而不是几百公里远的北方。


And it also involved new choices for leaders.

它也给了领导者新的选择。


Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras would need help from partner countries, who could benefit from partner countries who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement, so everybody can trust that the charter really will be enforced.

因为洪都拉斯政府的领导 需要友国的帮助 那些从友国中获得利益 那些帮助他们设定并实行宪章中的条例 来让每个人都会相信 宪章实际上会得到实行。


And the insight of President Lobo was that that assurance of enforcement that I was thinking about as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras who had suffered for so many years from fear and distrust.

总统洛沃的领悟 就是对实行能力的保证 我认为 作为一个吸引外商投资建造的城市的方法 应该和洪都拉斯经历了多年 恐惧和怀疑的不同党派 一样的重要。


我们实地考察了那块地区。


It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.

这能轻易容纳一千平方千米。


And shortly thereafter, on January 19th, they voted in the congress to amend their constitution to have a constitutional provision that allows for special development regions.

之后不久，1月19日 他们在国会中投票修改了宪法 来提供一个法律的支持 来许可特定的发展地区。


In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis, the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment was 124 to one.

在刚经历过政变的这个国家 国会上赞成宪法修正案的票数 是124比1。


All parties, all factions in society, backed this.

社会上派系，所有党派都支持这修正案。


To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.

作为宪法的一部分，你实际需要在国会上通过两次。


On February 17th they passed it again with another vote of 114 to one.

在2月17日他们以114比1 再次通过了法案。


Immediately after that vote, on February 21st to the 24th, a delegation of about 30 Hondurans went to the two places in the world that are most interested in getting into the city building business.

立刻在投票之后 2月21到24日 大约30个人的洪都拉斯代表团 来到了世上 两个建筑业最感兴趣的两个地方。


This is a picture of a big, new city center that's being built in South Korea -- bigger than downtown Boston.

这是一张韩国将建成的 大型的，新市中心-- 比波士顿商业区还大。


Everything you see there was built in four years, after they spent four years getting the permits.

所有你看到的刚建设了4年 但他们得到许可来建设就花费了4年。


The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.

另外一个吸引建筑业的是新加坡。


They've actually built two cities already in China and are preparing the third.

他们实际上已经在中国建设了两个新城 并准备建第三个。


So if you think about this practically, here's where we are.

如果你理性地考虑这个的话 这就是我们当下处境。


They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.

他们有了地块，并已经考虑把它建设成第二城市。


They're putting in place a legal system that could allow for managers to come in, and also an external legal system.

他们正步入一个法定的程序 来允许管理人员介入 同时也有个外加的法律系统。


One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.

一个国家已经自愿让最高法院 为了这新的司法体系而成为最终上诉申请的法院。


There's designers and builders of cities They even can bring with them some financing.

这是对其感兴趣的 城市设计师和建筑师而言。 这些甚至能带给他们一些经济支持。


But the one thing you know they've already solved is that there's lots of tenants.

但是有一件你了解的早被解决的事 是有很多的佃户。


There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas, especially in a place with a free trade zone, and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.

有很多商家意向进驻美国 特别进驻到自由交易区 也有很多人想去那里。


Around the world, there's 700 million people who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.

全世界，有7亿人 想立刻永久的移民到某些其他地方。


There's a million a year who leave Latin America to go to the United States.

每年100万人 从拉丁美洲前往美国。


Many of these are a father who has to leave his family behind to go get a job -- sometimes a single mother who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.

其中很多是远离 家庭的来寻找工作的父亲-- 有时是单亲妈妈 来赚钱为了衣食生计。


Sadly, sometimes there are even children who are trying to get reunited with their parents that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.

可悲的是，有时甚至是孩子 尝试着为了和很久未见的父母 有些时候，数十年，他们才团聚。


So what kind of an idea is it to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?

这是个怎么样的愿景 来考虑在洪都拉斯建立一个新城？


Or to build a dozen of these, or a hundred of these, around the world?

或者建立十几个新城 或者全世界建立几百个新城？


What kind of an idea is it to think about insisting that every family have a choice of several cities that are competing to attract new residents?

这又是个怎么样的愿景 来考虑坚持 每个家庭都有数个具有竞争力吸引新住户 的城市的选择？


这是一个值得传播的观点。


And my friends from Honduras asked me to say thank you, TED.

我的洪都拉斯的朋友 让我来说声感谢，TED。


我是杰西， 这是我的旅行箱。


But before I show you what I've got inside, I'm going to make a very public confession, and that is, I'm outfit-obsessed.

但是当我给你看我在里面装什么之前， 我要做一个非常公开的坦白， 那就是， 我对衣服极度迷恋。


I love finding, wearing, and more recently, photographing and blogging a different, colorful, crazy outfit for every single occasion.

我超爱寻找它们并穿上它们， 最近， 还爱上了拍它们的照片和写有关它们的博客， 每一套与众不同，丰富多彩，疯狂的衣服 都有其最适合的那一个场合。


I get all my clothes secondhand from flea markets and thrift stores.

我的衣服都是二手买到的 从跳蚤市场和旧货店。


Secondhand shopping allows me to reduce the impact my wardrobe has on the environment and on my wallet.

二手购物 让我减少 购买衣服对环境的影响， 以及对我钱包的影响。


I get to meet all kinds of great people; my dollars usually go to a good cause; I look pretty unique; and it makes shopping like my own personal treasure hunt.

我能结识各种有趣的人； 还能省下钱捐给慈善机构； 我的打扮也自成一派； 同时，购物变成了我的私人寻宝。


我会想，我今天会找到什么？


If all the answers are yes, I feel as though I've won.

如果答案都是“是”， 我就觉得自己赢了。


I want to get back to my suitcase and tell you what I packed for this exciting week here at TED.

我想回到我的旅行箱 告诉你们为了在TED这激动人心的一周，


I mean, what does somebody with all these outfits bring with her?

我都带了些什么。 这个有这么多的衣服的家伙到底会带什么？


So I'm going to show you exactly what I brought.

所以我要给你看到底我带了什么。


I brought seven pairs of underpants and that's it.

我带了七条內裤 就这些。


Exactly one week's worth of undies is all I put in my suitcase.

正好一周的內裤 是我旅行箱内的一切。


I was betting that I'd be able to find everything else I could possible want to wear once I got here to Palm Springs.

我打赌我在棕榈泉， 会找到 我需要的所有衣服。


And since you don't know me as the woman walking around TED in her underwear -- that means I found a few things.

既然你现在看到的我， 不是那个“穿着内裤在TED走来走去的女人”- 这就说明我确实找到了一些新东西。


And I'd really love to show you my week's worth of outfits right now.

而且现在我真的很想给你看我一周的衣服。


So as I do this, I'm also going to tell you a few of the life lessons that, believe it or not, I have picked up in these adventures wearing nothing new.

当然同时， 我还会和你们聊一聊生活指导之类的， 无论你们是否相信，这些都是 我在“旧衣新穿”冒险中提炼出来的想法。


You do not have to spend a lot of money to look great.

你不需要用很多的钱也能显得气质非凡。


You can almost always look phenomenal for under $50.

甚至你几乎总可以只花不到50美金，就能令人印象深刻。


This whole outfit, including the jacket, cost me $55, and it was the most expensive thing that I wore the entire week.

这整套衣服， 包括外套 用了我五十五美金， 而这是我这一整周内 穿的最贵的衣服。


It is almost physiologically impossible to be in a bad mood when you're wearing bright red pants.

在生理上，几乎不可能 穿上明亮的红色裤子时仍然心情郁闷。


If you are happy, you are going to attract other happy people to you.

如果你快乐， 你会吸引到其他快乐的人。


星期二： 主流被远远高估了。


I've spent a whole lot of my life trying to be myself and at the same time fit in.

我一生中花了很多时间， 想做自己， 同时融入主流。


If you are surrounding yourself with the right people, they will not only get it, they will appreciate it.

如果你身边有对的人， 他们不仅会懂， 他们还会欣赏。


星期三： 接受你的童心。


Sometimes people tell me that I look like I'm playing dress-up, or that I remind them of their seven-year-old.

有时候有人会告诉我， 说我像玩打扮， 或者我让他们想起了他们七岁的孩子。


我喜欢对他们微笑， 并且说“谢谢。”


星期四： 自信心是关键。


If you think you look good in something, you almost certainly do.

如果你觉得你穿什么好看， 那你一定会穿得好看。


And if you don't think you look good in something, you're also probably right.

如果你不觉得你穿什么好看， 那你差不多也肯定是对的。


I grew up with a mom who taught me this day-in and day-out.

从小到大，我妈妈每天都告诉我这个，


But it wasn't until I turned 30 that I really got what this meant.

但是我到了三十岁， 才知道这是什么意思。


And I'm going to break it down for you for just a second.

而且我会为你很快的分析一下。


If you believe you're a beautiful person inside and out, there is no look that you can't pull off.

如果你相信你是个美丽的人， 里里外外， 没有什么衣服是你不能穿的好看的。


So there is no excuse for any of us here in this audience.

所以在座的各位都没有任何理由。


We should be able to rock anything we want to rock.

我们可以想穿什么就穿什么。


Friday: A universal truth -- five words for you: Gold sequins go with everything.

星期五： 一个普遍的真理 -- 几个字给你： 金亮片百搭。


And finally, Saturday: Developing your own unique personal style is a really great way to tell the world something about you without having to say a word.

最后，星期六： 发展独特的个人风格。 真的是个很好的方式告诉世界你是谁， 一字都不必说。


It's been proven to me time and time again as people have walked up to me this week simply because of what I'm wearing, and we've had great conversations.

它一次又一次对我证明 这周内当人们一次次走向我， 只是因为我穿了什么。 我们进行很愉快的谈话。


So obviously this is not all going to fit back in my tiny suitcase.

当然这衣服都不会挤进 我的小旅行箱。


So before I go home to Brooklyn, I'm going to donate everything back.

所以在我回布鲁克林之前， 我会把一切都捐回。


Because the lesson I'm trying to learn myself this week is that it's okay to let go.

因为这个星期我在教自己 放手是可以的。


I don't need to get emotionally attached to these things because around the corner, there is always going to be another crazy, colorful, shiny outfit just waiting for me, if I put a little love in my heart and look.

我不需要对东西眷恋， 因为在下一个角落， 永远会有 又一套疯狂的，色彩鲜艳 闪闪发光的衣服 在等我， 只要我带着爱去寻找。


This is a representation of your brain, and your brain can be broken into two parts.

这是大脑的描绘图。 你的大脑可以被分为两个部分。


There's the left half, which is the logical side, and then the right half, which is the intuitive.

左脑，主要负责理性方面， 而右脑， 主要负责直觉。


And so if we had a scale to measure the aptitude of each hemisphere, then we can plot our brain.

如果我们用刻度线来测量脑半球的能力的话， 并标记我们的大脑。


And for example, this would be somebody who's completely logical.

比如说，这表示某人完全的理性。


This would be someone who's entirely intuitive.

这就表示着某人完全的感性。


So where would you put your brain on this scale?

那你会把你的大脑放在线上的哪里呢？


Some of us may have opted for one of these extremes, but I think for most people in the audience, your brain is something like this -- with a high aptitude in both hemispheres at the same time.

一些人可能会选这极端情况的一种， 但是我觉得大多数听众， 你的大脑位置应该大致像这样-- 两个脑半球同时有着很高的潜力。


It's not like they're mutually exclusive or anything.

它们不太可能会互相的排斥或其他什么的。


And so I consider myself one of these people, along with most of the other experimental quantum physicists, who need a good deal of logic to string together these complex ideas.

我自认为是一个 和大多数其他的实验量子物理学家一样， 有着很好的逻辑思维 能把那些复杂的想法串连起来。


But at the same time, we need a good deal of intuition to actually make the experiments work.

但是同时，我们也需要一个好的直觉 让实验能切实的进行下去。


How do we develop this intuition? Well we like to play with stuff.

那我们如何来提高这种直觉力呢？嗯我们喜欢研究东西。


So we go out and play with it, and then we see how it acts, and then we develop our intuition from there.

我们本身研究和捣鼓东西，然后我们会看它怎么反应。 接着我们从中提升我们的直觉力。


实际上你也做同样的事情。


So some intuition that you may have developed over the years is that one thing is only in one place at a time.

有一些你可能 培养了很多年了的直觉 像一个事物只能同时出现在一个方位。


I mean, it can sound weird to think about one thing being in two different places at the same time, but you weren't born with this notion, you developed it.

我的意思是，这会很奇怪，要你去考虑一个事物可以 同时出现在两个不同的地方， 但是你不是天生就有这种概念，你是后天培养的。


And I remember watching a kid playing on a car stop.

我记得看到过一个小孩在阻车器上玩。


He was just a toddler and he wasn't very good at it, and he kept falling over.

他还只是个学步而且并不擅长这个的小孩，他就一直摔倒。


But I bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson, and that's that large things don't let you get right past them, and that they stay in one place.

但是我打赌和阻车器玩耍给他上了很有价值的一课， 就是大型的物体不会让你轻易的穿过， 而且它们停留在一个地方。


And so this is a great conceptual model to have of the world, unless you're a particle physicist.

这是世上拥有的一个很具备概念性的模型， 除非你是粒子物理学家。


It'd be a terrible model for a particle physicist, because they don't play with car stops, they play with these little weird particles.

对于粒子物理学家这也会是一个很糟糕的模型， 因为他们不研究阻车器， 他们研究那些很小的奇怪的微粒。


And when they play with their particles, they find they do all sorts of really weird things -- like they can fly right through walls, or they can be in two different places at the same time.

当他们研究他们的微粒的时候， 他们觉得他们在做各种真正奇怪的事情-- 好像他们能穿墙， 或者他们能同时出现在两个地方。


And so they wrote down all these observations, and they called it the theory of quantum mechanics.

他们记录下这些发现的时候， 他们以此起名为量子力学理论。


And so that's where physics was at a few years ago; you needed quantum mechanics to describe little, tiny particles.

这就是几年前物理学的前沿； 你需要量子力学 来描述细小，微小的粒子。


But you didn't need it to describe the large, everyday objects around us.

但是你不需要它 来描述那些巨大的，周围日常的物体。


This didn't really sit well with my intuition, and maybe it's just because I don't play with particles very often.

这并不很符合我的直觉认知， 也许是因为我不太时常研究微粒的缘故吧。


Well, I play with them sometimes, but not very often.

嗯，我还是有时候研究它们的， 只是不太平常而已。


而且我也从来没有看到过它们。


But it didn't sit well with my logical side either.

但是这也不符合我的逻辑认知。


Because if everything is made up of little particles and all the little particles follow quantum mechanics, then shouldn't everything just follow quantum mechanics?

因为如果所有事物都是由微粒组成的 而每个微粒 都遵循量子力学理论的话， 那所有事物不也应该遵循量子力学理论吗？


I don't see any reason why it shouldn't.

我找不到为什么它不遵循的原因。


And so I'd feel a lot better about the whole thing if we could somehow show that an everyday object also follows quantum mechanics.

所以我对于整件事情会了解的更好 如果我们用某种方式来表明 日常的每件事物 也都遵循量子力学理论。


So a few years ago, I set off to do just that.


This is the first object that you can see that has been in a mechanical quantum superposition.

这是第一个你能看的见 同时也是 量子力学叠加的产物。


So what we're looking at here is a tiny computer chip.

这里我们看到的 是一个电脑微型芯片。


And you can sort of see this green dot right in the middle.

在中间你大概能看到的那个绿点。


And that's this piece of metal I'm going to be talking about in a minute.

那就是我接下去要讲的金属。


And here I'll zoom in a little bit. We're looking right there in the center.

聚焦一点。我们看到正中心的那点。


And then here's a really, really big close-up of the little piece of metal.

这则是一个很近，很近距离观测到的金属片。


So what we're looking at is a little chunk of metal, and it's shaped like a diving board, and it's sticking out over a ledge.

我们看到的是一小块金属， 它的外形像一个跳水板，并且它伸出了一端。


And so I made this thing in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip.

我用几乎和制造电脑芯片 同样的方法制造出这金属。


I went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wafer, and then I just cranked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours.

我在无菌室操作一片硅晶片， 接着我周转于所有这些大型机器中大约100个小时。


For the last stuff, I had to build my own machine -- to make this swimming pool-shaped hole underneath the device.

为了最后的结果，我不得不制造自己的机器-- 让这泳池型的洞 在设备的下方。


This device has the ability to be in a quantum superposition, but it needs a little help to do it.

这个设备有能力 来进行量子叠加， 但是它需要些帮助来完成这步骤。


You know how uncomfortable it is to be in a crowded elevator?

你知道在一个拥挤的电梯里是多么不舒服吗？


I mean, when I'm in an elevator all alone, I do all sorts of weird things, but then other people get on board and I stop doing those things because I don't want to bother them, or, frankly, scare them.

我指，当我一个人在电梯里，我能做各种奇怪的事情， 但是当其他人进来的时候 我就停止做这些事， 因为我不想打扰到其他人， 或者，实话说，吓到其他人。


So quantum mechanics says that inanimate objects feel the same way.

所以量子力学表明 非生命体也变现出同样的情况。


The fellow passengers for inanimate objects are not just people, but it's also the light shining on it and the wind blowing past it and the heat of the room.

那些非生命体的乘客 不仅仅是人， 但是它还包括照射它的光 吹拂过它的风和空间内的热度。


And so we knew, if we wanted to see this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically, we're going to have to kick out all the other passengers.

所以，如果我们想目睹 这片金属表现出量子力学的特性， 我们就不得不剔除所有其他的乘客。


We turned off the lights, and then we put it in a vacuum and sucked out all the air, and then we cooled it down to just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero.

我们关闭灯光， 接着我们把它放入抽真空机中并抽出所有的空气， 接着我们将它冷却 到绝对零度以上一点点。


Now, all alone in the elevator, the little chunk of metal is free to act however it wanted.

现在，在电梯里， 小金属片可以做任何它想做的事。


We found it was moving in really weird ways.

我们发现它用很古怪的方式在运动。


Instead of just sitting perfectly still, it was vibrating, and the way it was vibrating was breathing something like this -- like expanding and contracting bellows.

它是在震动，而不是完全的静止。 它震动的方式是像这种-- 像一张一合的风箱。


And by giving it a gentle nudge, we were able to make it both vibrate and not vibrate at the same time -- something that's only allowed with quantum mechanics.

只要给它一个轻微的撞击， 我们就能让它震动 的同时 也不震动-- 某些只在量子力学范围下才会发生的事。


So what I'm telling you here is something truly fantastic.

我在这里告诉大家的是一些很奇妙的事情。


What does it mean for one thing to be both vibrating and not vibrating at the same time?

一个事物震动的 同时也不震动 这是什么意思？


So in one case: all the trillions of atoms that make up that chunk of metal are sitting still and at the same time those same atoms are moving up and down.

一个例子： 所有万亿个形成金属片的原子 正保持静止 同时同样的这些原子 正在上下移动。


Now it's only at precise times when they align.

只有在特定精确时间，它们是一致的。


The rest of the time they're delocalized.

余下的时间它们则是不定域的。


That means that every atom is in two different places at the same time, which in turn means the entire chunk of metal is in two different places.

这意味着每个原子 在同一时间在两个不同的地方， 进一步说明整个金属片 在两个位置。


It was worth locking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years because, check this out, the difference in scale between a single atom and that chunk of metal between that chunk of metal and you.

我这些年把自己锁在无菌室所做的事都是很值得的。 因为，看这个， 单个原子 和金属片的比例差 大约和整片金属片和你这个个体的 比例差是一样的。


So if a single atom can be in two different places at the same time, that chunk of metal can be in two different places, then why not you?

所以如果单个原子能同时处于不同的两个位置， 那金属片也能处于不同的两个位置， 那么为什么你不能呢？


I mean, this is just my logical side talking.

我指的，这只是我的理性思考的逻辑。


So imagine if you're in multiple places at the same time, what would that be like?

那想想如果你能同时处于多个位置， 那会是什么样子的？


How would your consciousness handle your body being delocalized in space?

你的认知将如何处理 你自身在空间中的不定域问题呢？


It's when we warmed it up, and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box, we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece.

当我们把它加热， 并打开灯光观察盒子里面的时候， 我们看到金属片依旧只是一块。


And so I had to develop this new intuition, that it seems like all the objects in the elevator are really just quantum objects just crammed into a tiny space.

所以我不得不形成一个新的直觉， 似乎所有电梯中的物体 实际上都被塞进一个极小空间中的


You hear a lot of talk about how quantum mechanics says that everything is all interconnected.

量子物体。 大家听过很多 关于量子物理学如何解释万物是互相联系的。


它要比这个更广泛，更深奥。


It's that those connections, your connections to all the things around you, literally define who you are, and that's the profound weirdness of quantum mechanics.

正是这些联系， 你和你周边的这些联系， 真正的定义了你是谁。 这才是量子力学的深奥和不可思议。


And 18 months ago, I had another job at Google, and I pitched this idea of doing something with museums and art to my boss who's actually here, and she allowed me to do it.

18月以前，我在谷歌有另外一个工作 我跟我的老板提出了这个点子 想要在艺术和博物馆方面做些事情 我老板今天也在这里 她同意了


A lot of fun, negotiations and stories, I can tell you, with 17 very interesting museums from nine countries.

经历了很多有趣的谈判和故事，我可以跟你们聊 走了9个国家，接触了17个非常有意思的博物馆


但是我先要集中介绍这个演示


There are a lot of stories about why we did this.

我可以讲很多故事来解释我们为什么要做这件事


I think my personal story is explained very simply on the slide, and it's access.

我个人的故事很简单地在幻灯片上写明着 就是如何进入（参观这些艺术品）


I had a great education -- I'm not complaining -- but I didn't have access to a lot of these museums and these artworks.

我得到了很好的教育，我不想抱怨什么 但是我没有很多参观这些博物馆和艺术品的机会


And so when I started traveling and going to these museums, I started learning a lot.

所以当我有机会旅游很参观这些博物馆时 我开始学到了很多东西


And while working at Google, I tried to put this desire to make it more accessible with technology together.

当我在谷歌工作后 我萌发了 融入技术使其更容易为大家进入参观的想法


So we formed a team, a great team of people, and we started doing this.

所以我们建立了一个团队，一个很棒的小组 我们开始从事这个工作


I'm going to probably get into the demo and then tell you a couple of the interesting things we've had since launch.

我先进入演示 然后给你们讲几个这个项目启动后 几个有趣的故事


So, simple: you come to GoogleArtProject.com.


You look around at all these museums here.

你看到所有这些博物馆 你看到乌菲兹博物馆，你看见纽约现代艺术博物馆


You've got the Uffizi, you've got the MoMA, the Hermitage, the Rijks, the Van Gogh.

艾尔米塔什博物馆， 荷兰国立博物馆，凡高博物馆


I'm going to actually get to one of my favorites, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

现在让我到其中我最喜欢的一个 纽约大都会艺术博物馆


有两种进入的方法， 非常简单


点击，砰，你进了博物馆，


It doesn't matter where you are -- Bombay, Mexico, it doesn't really matter.

无论你在哪里 孟买，墨西哥， 都无所谓


你想要在博物馆中按平面图走一圈


Open the plan up, and, in one click, jump.

你把平面图打开 点击一下，跳入


You're in there, you want to go to the end of the corridor.

你就进去了，你想要走到走廊尽头


Thanks. I haven't come to the best part.

谢谢。 我还没讲到最好的部分呢


So now I'm in front of one of my favorite paintings, "The Harvesters" by Pieter Bruegel at the Met.

现在我面对着我最喜欢的一幅画 彼得·勃鲁盖尔的收割者


If the museum has given us the image, you click on it.

如果博物馆给我们图象，你点击它


So this is all of the meta-data information.


For those of you who are truly interested in art, you can click this -- but I'm going to click this off right now.

如果你真的对这个艺术品有兴趣 你可以点击这里， 但是现在我先把它给关了


And this is one of these images that we captured in what we call gigapixel technology.

这是我们拍的一个图象 这是我们所谓的千兆象素技术


So this image, for example, has close to, I think, around 10 billion pixels.

比如，这个图象， 接近100亿个像素


And I get a lot of people asking me: "What do you get for 10 billion pixels?"

很多人都问我 “你从100亿个像素中得到什么呢？”


So I'm going to try and show you what you really get for 10 billion pixels.

我现在就给你们看100亿个像素给你们提供了什么


I love this guy; his expression is priceless.

我热爱这个家伙，他的表情是无价的


但是你真的想要进一步深入其中


And so I started playing around, and I found something going on over here.

所以我就到处看看 我看到这里有情况


And I was like, "Hold on. That sounds interesting."

我说：“等一下， 这挺有趣。“


Went in, and I started noticing that these kids were actually beating something.

靠近，我开始注意到 这些孩子正在投掷什么东西


I did a little research, spoke to a couple of my contacts at the Met, and actually found out that this is a game called squall, which involves beating a goose with a stick on Shrove Tuesday.

我研究了一下，跟博物馆的几个人联系人聊了一下 发现原来这是个游戏 叫[不明]， 用棍子打鹅 在礼拜二的忏悔日


I don't know why they did it, but I learned something about it.

我不知道为什么他们这么做 但是我学到点新东西


Now just to get really deep in, you can really get to the cracks.

现在再进入得更深，你就可以看见裂痕了


Now just to give you some perspective, I'm going to zoom out so you really see what you get.

现在让我你们看一下远景 我来缩小画面，你可以真的看到全部


Here is where we were, and this is the painting.

这是我们的所在地 这是那幅画


The best is yet to come -- so in a second.

最好的还没讲到呢， 等一下


So now let's just quickly jump into the MoMA, again in New York.

现在让我们立刻 进入纽约现代艺术博物馆


So another one of my favorites, "The Starry Night."

我的另一个最爱：“星夜”


Now the example I showed you was all about finding details.

我刚才给你们讲的例子全是关于细节


But what if you want to see brush strokes?


And what if you want to see how Van Gogh actually created this masterpiece?

如果你想看 凡高到底是怎样创造了这幅杰作


I'm going to go to one of my favorite parts in this painting, and I'm really going to get to the cracks.

我推近到我最喜欢的部分 我真的可以看到裂痕


This is "The Starry Night," I think, never seen like this before.

这是“星夜” 我想，我从来没有这样看过它


I'm going to show you my other favorite feature.

我要给你们介绍另外一个我喜欢的功能


There's a lot of other stuff here, but I don't have time.

这儿有很多东西，我没时间一一介绍


This is the real cool part. It's called Collections.

这是特别酷的一个部分，叫收藏


Any one of you, anybody -- doesn't matter if you're rich, if you're poor, if you have a fancy house -- doesn't matter.

你们任何人， 任何人 不管你是富有还是贫穷 无论你是否有一个华丽的房子，无所谓


You can go and create your own museum online -- create your own collection across all these images.

你可以进入，建立你自己的网络博物馆 在这些作品中建立自己的收藏


Very simply, you go in -- and I've created this, called The Power of Zoom -- you can just zoom around.

很简单， 你进入 我创建了这个叫做变焦的力量 你可以不断变焦到处看看


This is "The Ambassadors," based in the National Gallery.

这是国家艺术馆的“使者们”


You can annotate the stuff, send it to your friends and really get a conversation going about what you're feeling when you go through these masterpieces.

你可以写注解，然后发给朋友 真的展开讨论 探讨你的欣赏这些 杰作的感想


So I think, in conclusion, for me, the main thing is that all the amazing stuff here does not really come from Google.

所以我想， 概括一下 对我来说，最主要的是 这些精湛的艺术品不是来自谷歌


It doesn't, in my opinion, even come from the museums.

我个人甚至认为它也不是来自博物馆


And that's been my humbling experience in this.

这就是我在这个过程中的谦诚的感受


I mean, I hope in this digital medium that we do justice to their artwork and represent it properly online.

我是说我希望这个数字媒体 能够为他们的艺术作品赢得公证 正确地展示他们的作品


And the biggest question I get asked nowadays is, "Did you do this to replicate the experience of going to a museum?"

而如今我得到的最大的问题是： “你这样做 是想复制去博物馆的经验吗？”


我有些东西想展示给大家。


Think about this as a pixel, a flying pixel.

把这个看作一个像素，一个飞行的像素。


This is what we call, in our lab, sensible design.

我们在实验室里，叫它感应设计。


让我为你们介绍一下这个东西


Now if you take this picture -- I'm Italian originally, and every boy in Italy grows up with this picture on the wall of his bedroom -- but the reason I'm showing you this is that something very interesting happened in Formula 1 racing over the past couple of decades.

现在如果你拿着这张照片--我是意大利人， 每个意大利男孩卧室墙上都有 这张照片来伴随他们长大。 但是我给你看这个原因是因为 一些有趣的事情 发生在F1方程式赛上 在过去的几十年里。


Now some time ago, if you wanted to win a Formula 1 race, you take a budget, and you bet your budget on a good driver and a good car.

以前， 如果你想在F1赛上夺冠， 你只需要有预算，然后把你的预算赌在 一个好车手和好车上。


And if the car and the driver were good enough, then you'd win the race.

如果你的车和车手够好的话，那你会夺冠。


Now today, if you want to win the race, actually you need also something like this -- something that monitors the car in real time, has a few thousand sensors collecting information from the car, transmitting this information into the system, and then processing it and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions and changing things in real time as information is collected.

现如今，如果你想夺冠， 事实上你还需要其他一些东西比如这个-- 一些能实时检测赛车的装备 它连接着上千感应器 能把收集到的车的相关数据， 传输进系统中， 并处理 并用这个来反馈决定给车本身 使其实时地改变 做到与信息收集同步。


This is what, in engineering terms, you would call a real time control system.

这就是，用工程师的说法， 叫做实时监控系统。


And basically, it's a system made of two components -- a sensing and an actuating component.

基本上，这个系统包括两个部件 一个是感应器一个是驱动器


What is interesting today is that real time control systems are starting to enter into our lives.

如今，有趣的是 这个实时监控系统 正开始渗透到我们的生活中。


Our cities, over the past few years, just have been blanketed with networks, electronics.

我们的城市，在过去的几年中， 已经被网络，电子工业 所覆盖。


They're becoming like computers in open air.

它 们变得好像无线收放电脑。


And, as computers in open air, they're starting to respond in a different way to be able to be sensed and to be actuated.

同时，作为无线收放的电脑， 它们开始做出不同的回应 能传感和制动。


If we fix cities, actually it's a big deal.

如果我们能优化城市，实际上这是个飞跃。


Just as an aside, I wanted to mention, cities are only two percent of the Earth's crust, but they are 50 percent of the world's population.

说句题外话，我想说， 城市只占了地球表面的百分之2， 但是它们却占据了世界人口的百分之50。


They are 75 percent of the energy consumption -- up to 80 percent of CO2 emissions.

它们的能源消耗占世界的百分之75-- 产生百分之80的二氧化碳排放量。


So if we're able to do something with cities, that's a big deal.

所以如果我们优化城市，那将会是个飞越。


Beyond cities, all of this sensing and actuating is entering our everyday objects.

在这些城市之上， 所有这些传感和制动 正在进入我们每天的日常事物中。


That's from an exhibition that Paola Antonelli is organizing at MoMA later this year, during the summer.

这是今年夏天柏拉·安东内利 在纽约现代艺术博物馆 组织的一次展览。


Well our objects, our environment is starting to talk back to us.

我们的事物，我们的环境， 正在开始给我们反馈。


In a certain sense, it's almost as if every atom out there were becoming both a sensor and an actuator.

某种意义上，就像每个原子 都在变成传感器和制动器。


And that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans with the environment out there.

同时这也根本上改变了我们作为人类 和大自然之间的关系。


In a certain sense, it's almost as if the old dream of Michelangelo ...

某种意义上， 这简直就是米开朗琪罗古老的梦想...


you know, when Michelangelo sculpted the Moses, at the end it said that he took the hammer, threw it at the Moses -- actually you can still see a small chip underneath -- and said, shouted, "Perché non parli? Why don't you talk?"

你知道，当米开朗琪罗雕刻摩西像时， 在最后他拿起铁锤，扔向摩西像-- 事实上你还看到底下那小的凹槽-- 说着，咆哮着， “你为什不说话，为什么？”


Well today, for the first time, our environment is starting to talk back to us.

今天，第一次， 我们的环境开始给我们反馈。


And I'll show just a few examples -- again, with this idea of sensing our environment and actuating it.

我将展示几个案例-- 有一次，随着我们的意识去感应并回应我们环境。


Well, the first project I wanted to share with you is actually one of the first projects by our lab.

我想分享给你的第一个项目 事实上是我们实验室的最初几个项目之一。


It was four and a half years ago in Italy.

那是在4年6个月之前的意大利。


And what we did there was actually use a new type of network at the time that had been deployed all across the world -- that's a cellphone network -- and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network, that's collected anyway by the operator, in order to understand how the city works.

我们在那里做的 实际上是用那时的一种新型的网络 现如今已经覆盖全球-- 手机网络-- 并通过这个网络收集任何终端发出的 密名的整合过的信息 来理解 城市是如何运作的。


那年夏天是个幸运的夏天-2006年。


It's when Italy won the soccer World Cup.

这是刚意大利在世界杯夺冠的那年。


Some of you might remember, it was Italy and France playing, and then Zidane at the end, the headbutt.

你们中的一些也许记得，有场意大利对法国的比赛， 那时齐达内终场前的，那个头槌。


不管怎样，意大利最后赢了。


Now look at what happened that day just by monitoring activity happening on the network.

现在看看那天发生了什么 就用网格来实时演示 发生的情况。


You see the Colosseum in the middle, the river Tiber.

你看到正中的罗马圆形大剧场， 台伯河。


Early afternoon, people here and there, making calls and moving.

中午， 这里那里的人 打着电话，行走着。


法国队进球。意大利对进球。


Halftime, people make a quick call and go to the bathroom.

半场，大家迅速地打个电话，上个厕所。


第一个加时，第二个加时。


齐达内，头槌的那个时候。


Well, that night, everybody went to celebrate in the center.

那天夜里，每个人都去市中心庆祝。


The following day, again everybody went to the center to meet the winning team and the prime minister at the time.

第二天，每个人都去市中心 迎接凯旋的队伍 和总理。


You see the image of the place called Circo Massimo, where, since Roman times, people go to celebrate, to have a big party, and you see the peak at the end of the day.

你们看到图上的这个地方叫做 马西莫赛场， 从罗马时期开始，人们就去那里庆祝-- 会有一个盛大的聚会，在这天结束的时候看到高峰期。


Well, that's just one example of how we can sense the city today in a way that we couldn't have done just a few years ago.

话说，这只是我们如今如何感知这个城市的例子之一， 用这种我们几年前 无法做到的方式。


Another quick example about sensing: it's not about people, but about things we use and consume.

另外一个简略的关于感知的例子： 这次不是关于人的， 而是关于我们使用和消耗的东西。


Well today, we know everything about where our objects come from.

今天，我们知道每一样 东西从哪里来。


This is a map that shows you all the chips that form a Mac computer, how they came together.

这是一张地图展示给你 所有的一台苹果电脑的零配件，如何组装到一起。


But we know very little about where things go.

但是我们却极少知道这些零配件最后报废到哪里。


So in this project, we actually developed some small tags to track trash as it moves through the system.

所以这个项目， 我们实际上发明了一些小的标签 来追踪这些废物从而使它在系统中移动。


So we actually started with a number of volunteers who helped us in Seattle, just over a year ago, to tag what they were throwing away -- different types of things, as you can see here -- things they would throw away anyway.

实际上我们和一些志愿者一起 那些在西雅图愿意帮助我们的志愿者， 就在一年之前， 给那些人们丢弃的东西贴上标签-- 不同种类的东西，就像你看到的这些-- 那些我们无论如何都要扔掉的东西。


Then we put a little chip, little tag, onto the trash and then started following it.

我们把小的集成块，小的标签， 贴在那些垃圾上 然后开始追踪它。


With this information we realized there's a lot of inefficiencies in the system.

从这些信息中我们认识到 系统中有太多的低效运作。


We can actually do the same thing with much less energy.

我事实上能用更少的能源做同样的事情。


But there's a lot of wasted transportation and convoluted things happening.

但是有很多垃圾运输和费解的事情发生了。


But the other thing is that we believe that if we see every day that the cup we're throwing away, it doesn't disappear, it's still somewhere on the planet.

还有另外一件我们坚信的事 如果我们想那些我们每天 扔掉的杯子，它并没有消失， 它还是在地球上的某个角落。


And the plastic bottle we're throwing away every day still stays there.

我们每天扔得塑料瓶还是会呆在那里。


And if we show that to people, then we can also promote some behavioral change.

如果我们把这个展示给人们， 接着我们也就能提倡一些行为上的改变。


所以这就是这个项目的意义所在。


My colleague at MIT, Assaf Biderman, he could tell you much more about sensing and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing, but I wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning, and that's actuating our environment.

我在麻省理工的同事，阿萨夫·彼得曼， 他会告诉你更多关于感知 和很多我们用感知能做的奇妙的事情， 但是我想先从第二部分开始讲起， 这实际上是关于我们的环境。


And the first project is something we did a couple of years ago in Zaragoza, Spain.

第一个项目 是关于我们几年前在西班牙萨拉戈萨做的事。


It started with a question by the mayor of the city, who came to us saying that Spain and Southern Europe have a beautiful tradition of using water in public space, in architecture.

它开始于市长提出的一个问题， 他找到我们说 西班牙以至于欧洲南部 用建筑，在公共场合善用水资源的传统。


And the question was: How could technology, new technology, be added to that?

问题就是：技术，新的技术，怎么样才能 使其锦上添花？


And one of the ideas that was developed at MIT in a workshop was, imagine this pipe, and you've got valves, solenoid valves, taps, opening and closing.

其中一个点子是来自麻省理工的一个研发组 是关于，想象一个管道，你有它的阀门， 电磁阀，读数表， 开启又关闭。


You create like a water curtain with pixels made of water.

你就创造了一个用水作为像素的水帘。


If those pixels fall, you can write on it, you can show patterns, images, text.

如果这些像素落下， 你可以在它上面创作， 你能展现出花案，图像，文字。


And even you can approach it, and it will open up to let you jump through, as you see in this image.

你接近它的时候，它甚至会关闭 来让你跳过， 就像你所看到这个图片。


Well, we presented this to Mayor Belloch.

我们把这个展示给贝洛克市长。


And we got a commission to design a building at the entrance of the expo.

接着我们就得到了在世博会入口 建造一幢大楼的允许。


There's no doors or windows, but when you approach it, it will open up to let you in.

没有门或者窗户， 但是当你走进它的时候， 它会自动开辟路口让你进入。


屋顶同样也是被水覆盖着。


And if there's a bit of wind, if you want to minimize splashing, you can actually lower the roof.

如果有一点风的话， 如果你想少一点水溅出的话，你事实上可以把屋顶降低一些。


Or you could close the building, and the whole architecture will disappear, like in this case.

或者甚至关闭整座大楼， 那这个建筑就会消失， 就好像这个样子。


You know, these days, you always get images during the winter, when they take the roof down, of people who have been there and said, "They demolished the building."

这些天，你会在冬天常常能看这样的景象 当他们降低屋顶 去过那里的人就会说，“他们在拆除这建筑。”


No, they didn't demolish it, just when it goes down, the architecture almost disappears.

没有，他们没有拆毁它，只是当它下降的时候， 建筑本生几乎就是消失了。


You see the person puzzled about what was going on inside.

你可以看到人们对如何进入表示很疑惑。


And here was myself trying not to get wet, testing the sensors that open the water.

这是我在试着不让自己变湿， 在测试打开水帘的感应器。


Well, I should tell you now what happened one night when all of the sensors stopped working.

我应该告诉你有天晚上发生的事 那时所有的感应器停止工作。


But actually that night, it was even more fun.

但是这使那个晚上变得更为有趣。


All the kids from Zaragoza came to the building, because the way of engaging with the building became something different.

所有在萨拉戈萨的孩子云集此楼， 因为进入大楼的方式变的有些不同。


Not anymore a building that would open up to let you in, but a building that would still make cuts and holes through the water, and you had to jump without getting wet.

大楼不再会自动打开让你进入， 但是大楼还是会被水帘分割出不同的空间 那你就不能不跳过这次来不弄湿自己。


And that was, for us, was very interesting, because, as architects, as engineers, as designers, we always think about how people will use the things we design.

同时，对于我们，这也很有意思， 因为，作为一个建筑师，一个工程师，一个设计师， 我们经常考虑人们如何使用我们设计出的东西。


But then reality's always unpredictable.


And that's the beauty of doing things that are used and interact with people.

这也是做这些事的魅力所在 使用和互动同在。


Here is an image then of the building with the physical pixels, the pixels made of water, and then projections on them.

这是一张 用物理像素，用水做成的， 然后在上面做投影


And this is what led us to think about the following project I'll show you now.

同时它让我想起 下一个我要展示给大家的项目。


That's, imagine those pixels could actually start flying.

这是，想象这这些像素能飞。


Imagine you could have small helicopters that move in the air, and then each of them with a small pixel in changing lights -- almost as a cloud that can move in space.

想象你会有一个小的 可以在空中移动的直升机， 同时每个上面都有一个小的可以变色的像素-- 几乎像一片可以在空中移动的云层。


So imagine one helicopter, like the one we saw before, moving with others, in synchrony.

想象一架直升机， 像我们刚刚看到的那种， 和另外一些直升机， 同步的，移动。


于是乎你得到了这样的云。


You can have a kind of flexible screen or display, like this -- a regular configuration in two dimensions.

你就得到了一种可弯曲的屏幕或者展示板，像这个-- 一个二维的常规配置。


Or in regular, but in three dimensions, where the thing that changes is the light, not the pixels' position.

或者常规的，但是三维的， 这里，改变的是亮点， 而不是像素的位置。


Imagine your screen could just appear in different scales or sizes, different types of resolution.

想象你的显示屏能 用不同的尺寸或规模， 用不同的清晰度来放映。


But then the whole thing can be just a 3D cloud of pixels that you can approach and move through it and see from many, many directions.

但是所有的一切 只是一个3维的像素云而已 你能拉近并穿过它 并从很多，很多角度观看。


Here is the real Flyfire control and going down to form the regular grid as before.

这是 受控下降像刚才一样形成标准的网格。


When you turn on the light, actually you see this. So the same as we saw before.

当你开灯的时候，你事实上看的这个。和我们之前看的一样。


And imagine each of them then controlled by people.

想象如果其中的每一个都是被人所控制的。


You can have each pixel having an input that comes from people, from people's movement, or so and so.

你能让每个像素 都有从人那里得到对应的输入， 从人的移动，诸如此类。


I want to show you something here for the first time.

我给你们看一些第一次展出的东西。


We've been working with Roberto Bolle, one of today's top ballet dancers -- the étoile at Metropolitan in New York and La Scala in Milan -- and actually captured his movement in 3D in order to use it as an input for Flyfire.

我们正在和罗伯托·博列合作， 现今最顶级的芭蕾舞者之一-- 纽约大都会艺术博物馆 和米兰斯卡拉歌剧院的明星-- 来实时的捕捉他3D的动作 为了用它来


You see on the left the pixels, the different resolutions being captured.

你能在左边的像素点， 不同的


It's both 3D scanning in real time and motion capture.

这都是实时的3维的扫描 和动态捕捉。


So you can reconstruct a whole movement.

这样你就能重现这整个舞步。


But then, once we have the pixels, then you can play with them and play with color and movement and gravity and rotation.

但是，一旦你有了这些像素，你就能操控他们 用彩色和动作 重力和旋转来操控。


So we want to use this as one of the possible inputs for Flyfire.

我们想用这个来作为飞行火的一种可能的 输入端。


I wanted to show you the last project we are working on.

我想展示给你们最后一个我们在做的项目。


It's something we're working on for the London Olympics.

它是我们为了伦敦奥林匹克而做的事。


And the idea here is, imagine, again, we can involve people in doing something and changing our environment -- almost to impart what we call cloud raising -- like barn raising, but with a cloud.

这个想法的来源，再一次，发挥想象， 我们能让大家参与 来做一些事来改变环境-- 就是来赞助我们的数字云的建造-- 就像谷仓的建造一样，但是是数字云。


Imagine you can have everybody make a small donation for one pixel.

想想你能让每个人捐出一个像素的钱。


And I think what is remarkable that has happened over the past couple of years is that, over the past couple of decades, we went from the physical world to the digital one.

我认为过去几年 发生的什么事是卓越的 是，过去的几十年里， 我们经历了物理世界到数字化世界的转变。


This has been digitizing everything, knowledge, and making that accessible through the Internet.

现在电子产品，知识， 能连入互联网的端口到处都是。


Now today, for the first time -- and the Obama campaign showed us this -- we can go from the digital world, from the self-organizing power of networks, to the physical one.

今天，第一次-- 奥巴马竞选告诉我们-- 我们能从数字化世界 靠自发组织的网络力量 回归到物理世界。


This can be, in our case, we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol.

这是可行的，用我们这个例子， 我们想用它来设计和创作一个标志。


它会意味着在城市中建立的某些建筑。


But tomorrow it can be, in order to tackle today's pressing challenges -- think about climate change or CO2 emissions -- how we can go from the digital world to the physical one.

但是未来它能是 它能解决今天日益临近的挑战-- 想想气候变化或者二氧化碳排放-- 我们如何从数字化世界回归到物理世界的方法。


So the idea that we can actually involve people in doing this thing together, collectively.

所以我们事实上能让大家集体参与 一起做这件事。


The cloud is a cloud, again, made of pixels, in the same way as the real cloud is a cloud made of particles.

这数字云是云，而且，用像素形成的， 用现实中云形成的方式 用微粒来形成云一样。


And those particles are water, where our cloud is a cloud of pixels.

这些微粒是水， 这数字云是像素组成的云。


It's a physical structure in London, but covered with pixels.


You can move inside, have different types of experiences.

你能步入其中，感受不一样的体验。


You can actually see from underneath, for the Olympics in 2012 and beyond, and really using it as a way to connect with the community.

你实际能在下方看见， 2012年奥林匹克 的重要时刻， 并真正用它来作为连接社会的桥梁。


So both the physical cloud in the sky and something you can go to the top [of], like London's new mountaintop.

同时天上的云 和一些你能到达的顶部， 像伦敦的新的山顶。


And a kind of new digital beacon for the night -- but most importantly, a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top.

这是夜晚一种全新的数字化火炬-- 但是最重要的是， 创造了一种任何人都能到达高峰的体验


How would you like to be better than you are?

如果你可以比现在的你更好，你希望是怎样？


Suppose I said that, with just a few changes in your genes, you could get a better memory -- more precise, more accurate and quicker.

比如说， 你的基因可以有一些改动， 使得你有更好的记忆力， 更精确， 更准且更快。


Or maybe you'd like to be more fit, stronger, with more stamina.

或者你想变得更健康，更强壮， 更多的精力。


Would you like to be more attractive and self-confident?

你想变得更具吸引力，更加自信？


How about living longer with good health?

能健康地活很久，这怎么样？


Or perhaps you're one of those who's always yearned for more creativity.

或者，你是 想要有更多的创造力。


Which would you like, if you could have just one?

如果你只能有一样，你想要什么？


（听众：创造力。） 创造力。


How many people would choose creativity?


A few. Probably about as many as there are creative people here.

有一些。或许和我们这里有创造力的人数一样多。


Ah, the majority. That makes me feel very good as a doctor.

啊，大多数。我是医生，看到这里我很高兴。


If you could have any one of these, it would be a very different world.

如果你能有这其中之一的改变， 世界将会非常不同。


或是说，这或许可能发生？


Evolution has been a perennial topic here at the TED Conference, but I want to give you today one doctor's take on the subject.

进化是个永久的话题了， 在TED的论坛上。 但是今天我要告诉你们 关于这个话题的一个医生的看法。


The great 20th-century geneticist, T.G. Dobzhansky, who was also a communicant in the Russian Orthodox Church, once wrote an essay that he titled "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution."

20世纪著名的遗传学家， T.杜布尚斯基， 同时他也是受圣餐的教徒， 在俄罗斯东正教教堂里。 他曾写过一篇文章，名为： “生物学的一切很难说通， 除非用进化的思想来思考。”


Now if you are one of those who does not accept the evidence for biological evolution, this would be a very good time to turn off your hearing aid, take out your personal communications device -- I give you permission -- and perhaps take another look at Kathryn Schultz's book on being wrong, because nothing in the rest of this talk is going to make any sense whatsoever to you.

现在，如果你是 不相信生物进化证据的 现在你可以关掉你的助听器的时候了， 拿出你的个人通讯设备了 -- 你得到允许了 -- 或者再看一次卡瑟林·舒尔茨（Kathryn Schulz)那本关于犯错的书。 因为接下来的演讲 你将感觉到没有任何意义。


But if you do accept biological evolution, consider this: is it just about the past, or is it about the future?

可如果你相信 生物进化论， 想想一下这个： 那是关于过去的， 还是关于将来的？


Does it apply to others, or does it apply to us?

那是发生在其他生物身上的， 还是我们也会发生？


This is another look at the tree of life.


In this picture, I've put a bush with a center branching out in all directions, because if you look at the edges of the tree of life, every existing species at the tips of those branches has succeeded in evolutionary terms: it has survived; it has demonstrated a fitness to its environment.

在这张图片里， 我让树状从中心向各个方向展开分支， 因为如果看生命树的 边角部分， 每个现有的物种 在那些分支尖端的， 用进化术语来说，都是成功的， 存活了。 这表明了一种适合度 对它的环境。


The human part of this branch, way out on one end, is, of course, the one that we are most interested in.

人类的部分，在这个分支里， 在一个边角的末端， 当然是我们最感兴趣的。


We branch off of a common ancestor to modern chimpanzees about six or eight million years ago.

我们从一个共同祖先分支出来 和现代黑猩猩分开 大概是600万或800万年前。


In the interval, there have been perhaps 20 or 25 different species of hominids.

在这期间， 大概有20到25个 类人的物种。


We have been here for about 130,000 years.

我们在这里生存了13万年。


It may seem like we're quite remote from other parts of this tree of life, but actually, for the most part, the basic machinery of our cells is pretty much the same.

看起来，我们似乎 和这生命树的其他物种离得很远。 但事实上，在很多层面上， 组成我们细胞的基本的基本的构造 是几乎一样的。


Do you realize that we can take advantage and commandeer the machinery of a common bacterium to produce the protein of human insulin used to treat diabetics?

你知道吗？我们可以利用 和应用一个普通细菌的构造 来制造人类胰岛素的蛋白质 而用来治疗糖尿病？


This is not like human insulin; this is the same protein that is chemically indistinguishable from what comes out of your pancreas.

这并非人类的胰岛素； 这是一样的蛋白质 在生化角度上 和我们胰腺生成的很难区分。


And speaking of bacteria, do you realize that each of us carries in our gut more bacteria than there are cells in the rest of our body?

说到细菌， 你知道我们每人肚子里的细菌 多于 我们身体里的细胞？


I mean think of it, when Antonio Damasio asks about your self-image, do you think about the bacteria?

大家想想， 当安东尼奥·达马西奥问你个人自我形象时， 你会想到细菌吗？


Our gut is a wonderfully hospitable environment for those bacteria.

我们的肠子是一个很适宜的环境， 对那些细菌来说。


It's warm, it's dark, it's moist, it's very cozy.

温暖，黑暗，潮湿， 相当舒适。


And you're going to provide all the nutrition that they could possibly want with no effort on their part.

而且，我们还会提供给它们需要的几乎所有的养分 它们不费任何力气。


It's really like an Easy Street for bacteria, with the occasional interruption of the unintended forced rush to the exit.

对细菌来说，这真是逍遥自在， 虽然有偶尔的打扰 被不情愿地排放出去。


But otherwise, you are a wonderful environment for those bacteria, just as they are essential to your life.

但仍然， 对细菌来说，你是一个极好的生活环境， 而且他们对你的生活也是必需的。


They help in the digestion of essential nutrients, and they protect you against certain diseases.

他们帮助消化你所需的养分。 而且他们还保护你抵抗一些疾病。


Are we at some kind of evolutionary equipoise as a species?

我们是否已经处于进化上的平衡， 作为一个物种？


Or, are we destined to become something different -- something, perhaps, even better adapted to the environment?

或者，我们的命运是 会变成其他不同的物种 —— 其他或许能更好地适应 环境？


Now let's take a step back in time to the Big Bang, 14 billion years ago -- the Earth, the solar system, about four and a half billion years -- the first signs of proto-life, maybe three to four billion years ago on Earth -- the first multi-celled organisms, perhaps as much as 800 or a billion years ago -- and then the human species, finally emerging in the last 130,000 years.

现在让我们回到 宇宙大爆炸的时候，140亿年前 — 地球，太阳系， 大概是45亿年前 — 原始生命的最初跡象， 可能三、四十亿年前的地球 — 第一个多细胞有机体， 大概是在 8亿或者10亿年前 — 然后是人类这一物种 终于出现在 最后的13万年。


In this vast unfinished symphony of the universe, life on Earth is like a brief measure; the animal kingdom, like a single measure; and human life, a small grace note.

在这宇宙的庞大的未完成的交响曲中， 地球上的生命就如一个简单的乐谱； 动物， 是单一的小节 而人类， 是一个装饰音。


That also constitutes the entertainment portion of this talk, so I hope you enjoyed it.

那也是这次演讲的有趣的部分， 我希望你们喜欢。


Now when I was a freshman in college, I took my first biology class.

在我还是大学新生的时候， 我上了我第一节生物学课。


I was fascinated by the elegance and beauty of biology.

我很震惊， 生物学是优雅且美丽的。


I became enamored of the power of evolution, and I realized something very fundamental: in most of the existence of life in single-celled organisms, each cell simply divides, and all of the genetic energy of that cell is carried on in both daughter cells.

我为进化的力量而着迷， 并意识到一个很基本的东西： 在大部分生命存在的形式中， 在单细胞生物体中， 每一个细胞的简单构造， 和所有该细胞的基因能量， 都被子细胞继承。


But at the time multi-celled organisms come online, things start to change.

不过在多细胞生物体出来的时候， 情况开始变化。


And very importantly, with the introduction of sexual reproduction that passes on the genome, the rest of the body becomes expendable.

而且非常重要的是， 采用有性生殖的方式 而传递的基因， 而其他部分 变得可消耗。


In fact, you could say that the inevitability of the death of our bodies enters in evolutionary time at the same moment as sexual reproduction.

实际上，你可以说 我们部分的死亡的必然性 出现在进化里 和有性繁殖 同时发生


Now I have to confess, when I was a college undergraduate, I thought, okay, sex/death, sex/death, death for sex -- it seemed pretty reasonable at the time, but with each passing year, I've come to have increasing doubts.

如今我得说 当我还是大学生的时候 我当时想，好吧，性/死亡，性/死亡，为性而亡— 那时候听起来还是挺合理的， 但一年一年过去 我开始产生很多疑问。


I've come to understand the sentiments of George Burns, who was performing still in Las Vegas well into his 90s.

我开始理解乔治伯恩斯， 他之前一直在拉斯维加斯表演 直到他90岁。


And one night, there's a knock at his hotel room door.

有一天晚上，有人敲他住的酒店的门。


Standing before him is a gorgeous, scantily clad showgirl.

出现在他面前的是一个漂亮的穿得很少舞女。


She looks at him and says, "I'm here for super sex."

她看着他说， “我来这里是想要做个大爱。”


"That's fine," says George, "I'll take the soup."

“好的，”乔治说，“那我就喝汤吧。”


I came to realize, as a physician, that I was working toward a goal which was different from the goal of evolution -- not necessarily contradictory, just different.

我开始意识到 作为一个医生 一直以来我努力的方向 是一个不同于进化方向的方向 — 并不是绝对的矛盾，只是不同。


I wanted to restore health from disease.

想要使得我们从疾病中恢复。


I wanted us to live long and healthy lives.

想要我们活得更长久更健康。


Evolution is all about passing on the genome to the next generation, adapting and surviving through generation after generation.

进化，却是传递基因 给下一代 适应和存活 从上一代到下一代。


From an evolutionary point of view, you and I are like the booster rockets designed to send the genetic payload into the next level of orbit and then drop off into the sea.

从进化论的观点来看， 我们就像是火箭助推器 被设计成发送“基因”载荷 到下一层轨道 然后再跌落大海。


I think we would all understand the sentiment that Woody Allen expressed when he said, "I don't want to achieve immortality through my work.

我想我们都应该理解伍迪·艾伦所说的， 他说，“我不想通过我的工作而不朽，


I want to achieve it through not dying."

“我想通过不死而不朽。”


Evolution does not necessarily favor the longest-lived.

进化，不是一定 是要活得更长久。


It doesn't necessarily favor the biggest or the strongest or the fastest, and not even the smartest.

它不一定看中那些个头最大的 或者最强壮的，或者速度最快的 而且甚至不是最聪明的。


Evolution favors those creatures best adapted to their environment.

进化想要的 是那些能最好适应 它们环境的生物。


That is the sole test of survival and success.

这是一个单一的 成功存活的测试。


At the bottom of the ocean, bacteria that are thermophilic and can survive at the steam vent heat that would otherwise produce, if fish were there, sous-vide cooked fish, nevertheless, have managed to make that a hospitable environment for them.

在大海深处， 细菌都是耐热的 它们能在热蒸汽中生存 不然地话，如果那里有鱼，就会有 苏斯维特煮鱼， 不过，它们却可以 让自己生活在一个舒服的环境里。


So what does this mean, as we look back at what has happened in evolution, and as we think about the place again of humans in evolution, and particularly as we look ahead to the next phase, I would say that there are a number of possibilities.

所以，这意味着什么， 当我们回头看进化过程中发生的事情， 以及我们再想想 进化中的人类， 特别是我们向上看 到下一个阶段的时候 我只能说 有很多的可能性。


第一种可能，我们不会进化了。


我们已经达到了 某个平衡点。


And the reasoning behind that would be, first, we have, through medicine, managed to preserve a lot of genes that would otherwise be selected out and be removed from the population.

这背后的原因可能是， 首先，我们通过药物， 可以保留很多基因 那些本会被淘汰 和从大多数人中移除的基因。


And secondly, we as a species have so configured our environment that we have managed to make it adapt to us as well as we adapt to it.

其次，我们是一个 能够配置我们的环境的物种 使得环境来适应我们 以及我们来适应环境。


And by the way, we immigrate and circulate and intermix so much that you can't any longer have the isolation that is necessary for evolution to take place.

另外，我们移民，流通 而且混杂在一起 这使得你不在 处于隔离状态，而这个状态又正是 进化发生的必要条件。


A second possibility is that there will be evolution of the traditional kind, natural, imposed by the forces of nature.

第二种可能， 就还是传统的进化形式， 自然的，由自然界力量推动的。


And the argument here would be that the wheels of evolution grind slowly, but they are inexorable.

在此争议的就是 进化的轮盘转得缓慢， 是不能阻挡。


And as far as isolation goes, when we as a species do colonize distant planets, there will be the isolation and the environmental changes that could produce evolution in the natural way.

只有孤立现象存在， 而我们作为一个物种 统治着遥远的星球 那就会有孤立的现象，环境的改变 会导致的进化 自然界方式的进化。


But there's a third possibility, an enticing, intriguing and frightening possibility.

但是有第三种可能， 一种诱人的，有趣且骇人的可能性。


I call it neo-evolution -- the new evolution that is not simply natural, but guided and chosen by us as individuals in the choices that we will make.

我把它叫做：新进化 — 一种新的进化方式 不是简单的自然界方式， 是有指导和选择的方式 由我们作为个体来 进行选择而促成的方式。


How could it be possible that we would do this?

我们如何可能让这发生呢？


Consider, first, the reality that people today, in some cultures, are making choices about their offspring.

先来考虑现实 现在，一些文化中的人们， 他们对他们的后代做的一些选择。


They're, in some cultures, choosing to have more males than females.

其中在一些文化中，他们 选择更多的男生多余女生。


It's not necessarily good for the society, but it's what the individual and the family are choosing.

对整个社会来说，这必定不是好事， 但是这确是一个个体和家庭做出的一个选择。


Think also, if it were possible ever for you to choose, not simply to choose the sex of your child, but for you in your body to make the genetic adjustments that would cure or prevent diseases.

再来想想， 如果你可以 去选择，不是简单的选择你的子女的性别， 而是选择在你身体里 去做一些基因的调整 可以治愈或者防治疾病的调整。


What if you could make the genetic changes to eliminate diabetes or Alzheimer's or reduce the risk of cancer or eliminate stroke?

如果你真能做一些基因的调整 去消除糖尿病或者阿尔茨海默氏症 或者减少癌症的发病率 或者消除中风？


Wouldn't you want to make those changes in your genes?

难道你不想 对你的基因做 那些改变？


If we look ahead, these kind of changes are going to be increasingly possible.

如果我们向前看， 这些改变 将会是非常有可能的。


The Human Genome Project started in 1990, and it took 13 years.

人类基因组计划 从1990年开始， 并用了13年时间。


The year after it was finished in 2004, you could do the same job for 20 million dollars in three to four months.

在计划完成之后的2004年， 你能做同样的事情 两千万美元，三到四个月。


Today, you can have a complete sequence of the three billion base pairs in the human genome at a cost of about 20,000 dollars and in the space of about a week.

今天你就能得到一个完整的基因序列 包含了人体基因的30亿个碱基对 花费大概是2万美元 大概是一个星期之内。


It won't be very long before the reality will be the 1,000-dollar human genome, and it will be increasingly available for everyone.

不会太久 就能实现 一千美元的人类基因组， 而且越来越多人都可以做。


Just a week ago, the National Academy of Engineering awarded its Draper Prize to Francis Arnold and Willem Stemmer, two scientists who independently developed techniques to encourage the natural process of evolution to work faster and to lead to desirable proteins in a more efficient way -- what Frances Arnold calls "directed evolution."

就在一周前， 国家工程院 授予了“德雷珀奖” 给弗朗西斯·阿诺德和威廉·思特梅尔 两位科学家独立开发了技术 能使得自然进化过程更快 且更多可取蛋白质 能够更有效地产生。 弗朗西斯·阿诺德称之为“定向进化”。


A couple of years ago, the Lasker Prize was awarded to the scientist Shinya Yamanaka for his research in which he took an adult skin cell, a fibroblast, and by manipulating just four genes, he induced that cell to revert to a pluripotential stem cell -- a cell potentially capable of becoming any cell in your body.

多年前，拉斯克奖 授予了科学家山中伸弥 他的研究 是他取用成一个成熟的皮肤细胞， 一个纤维组织母细胞 并通过操控仅仅四个基因， 他引导该细胞 还原成一个多能干细胞 — 一个有可能 成为我们身体中任何细胞的细胞。


The same technology that has produced the human insulin in bacteria can make viruses that will not only protect you against themselves, but induce immunity against other viruses.

同样的技术 就是能从产生病毒的细菌中 生成人体胰岛素 这将不仅仅是保护你抵抗它们， 还会产生对其他病毒的免疫力。


Believe it or not, there's an experimental trial going on with vaccine against influenza that has been grown in the cells of a tobacco plant.

你是否相信， 有一个实验在研究 预防流感的疫苗 是从一种烟草植物细胞中培育的。


Can you imagine something good coming out of tobacco?

你能想象烟草中也能有有益的东西吗？


These are all reality today, and [in] the future, will be evermore possible.

这些在今天都是现实， 而且在未来，会有更多的可能。


Imagine then just two other little changes.

届时想想 另外两个小的变化。


You can change the cells in your body, but what if you could change the cells in your offspring?

你能改变自己身体中的细胞， 那如果你能改变你后代的细胞呢？


What if you could change the sperm and the ova, or change the newly fertilized egg, and give your offspring a better chance at a healthier life -- eliminate the diabetes, eliminate the hemophilia, reduce the risk of cancer?

如果你能改变精子和卵子， 或者是改变新的受精卵， 能给你的后代更好的机会 更健康的生活— 消除了糖尿病，消除了血友病， 减少了癌症的机率？


谁不想要更健康的儿女呢？


And then, that same analytic technology, that same engine of science that can produce the changes to prevent disease, will also enable us to adopt super-attributes, hyper-capacities -- that better memory.

到时候，同样的解析技术， 同样的科学技术 能够产生 防御疾病的改变， 也会使得我们 能集成一些超级的属性， 高级别的能力 — 更好的记忆力。


Why not have the quick wit of a Ken Jennings, especially if you can augment it with the next generation of the Watson machine?

为什么不要 肯·詹宁斯的机智 特别是你能有 和下一代沃森电脑系统一样的机智？


Why not have the quick twitch muscle that will enable you to run faster and longer?

为什么不要快速的收缩肌肉 能让我们跑得更快更持久？


And when we are at a position where we can pass it on to the next generation, and we can adopt the attributes we want, we will have converted old-style evolution into neo-evolution.

而且当我们处在一个位置 我们可以传给下一代， 我们可以集成我们想要的能力， 我们就会改变 旧模式的进化 为新进化。


We'll take a process that normally might require 100,000 years, and we can compress it down to a thousand years -- and maybe even in the next 100 years.

我们将有这样的过程 一般或许需要10万年， 但我们能压缩到一千年 — 或许甚至在下一个100年。


These are choices that your grandchildren, or their grandchildren, are going to have before them.

这些改变 我们的孙辈 或者他们的孙辈 将会拥有的。


Will we use these choices to make a society that is better, that is more successful, that is kinder?

他们会使用这些选择吗？ 去创建一个更好的社会？ 更成功的，更友善的社会？


Or, will we selectively choose different attributes that we want for some of us and not for others of us?

或者我们会有选择性地选择不同的能力 改变我们其中的一些人 而不是另外的一些人？


Will we make a society that is more boring and more uniform, or more robust and more versatile?

我们是否会创建一个社会 更为无聊和统一？ 或者更为健全和更多样？


These are the kinds of questions that we will have to face.

这是所有的问题 是要让我们面对的。


And most profoundly of all, will we ever be able to develop the wisdom, and to inherit the wisdom, that we'll need to make these choices wisely?

而最重要的， 我们能否推进智力， 或者是继承智力， 让我们更明智地来做这些选择？


For better or worse, and sooner than you may think, these choices will be up to us.

或好或坏地， 比你想象地还要快地 我们将会面临这些选择。


Imagine a big explosion as you climb through 3,000 ft.

想像一个大爆炸 当你在三千多呎的高空


Imagine an engine going clack, clack, clack.

想像引擎发出喀啦，喀啦， 喀啦，喀啦，喀啦的声响


Well, I had a unique seat that day. I was sitting in 1D.

那天我的位置很特别，我坐在1D


I was the only one who could talk to the flight attendants.

我是唯一可以和空服员说话的人


So I looked at them right away, and they said, "No problem. We probably hit some birds."

于是我看着他们 他们说“没问题，我们应该只是撞上鸟了。”


The pilot had already turned the plane around, and we weren't that far.

机长已经把机头转向 我们离目的地很近


Two minutes later, three things happened at the same time.

两分钟以后 三件事情同时发生


The pilot lines up the plane with the Hudson River.


Now, imagine being in a plane with no sound.


The most unemotional three words I've ever heard.

我听过最不带情绪的几个字


他说“即将迫降，小心冲击”


I didn't have to talk to the flight attendant anymore.


我可以从她的眼神看到恐惧


Now I want to share with you three things I learned about myself that day.

现在我想和你分享那天我所学到的三件事


I learned that it all changes in an instant.


We have this bucket list, we have these things we want to do in life, and I thought about all the people I wanted to reach out to that I didn't, all the fences I wanted to mend, all the experiences I wanted to have and I never did.

我们的人生目标清单 那些我们想做的事 所有那些我想连络却没有连络的 人 那些我应该修补的围墙，人际关系 所有我想要经历却没有经历的事


As I thought about that later on, I came up with a saying, which is, "I collect bad wines."

之后我回想那些事 我想到一个说法 那就是“我收藏的酒都很差”


Because if the wine is ready and the person is there, I'm opening it.

因为如果酒已成熟，对象也有，我早就把酒打开了


I no longer want to postpone anything in life.


And that urgency, that purpose, has really changed my life.

这种急迫的目的性 改变了我的生命


The second thing I learned that day -- and this is as we clear the George Washington Bridge, which was by not a lot -- I thought about, wow, I really feel one real regret.

我所学到的第二件事是 正当我们通过乔治华盛顿大桥 那也没过多久 我想，哇 我只有一件真正后悔的事


In my own humanity and mistakes, I've tried to get better at everything I tried.

但我的生命其实不错 我试着把每件事做得更好


But in my humanity, I also allow my ego to get in.

但因为人性 我难免有些自我中心


And I regretted the time I wasted on things that did not matter with people that matter.

我后悔竟然花了许多时间 和生命中重要的人 讨论那些不重要的事


And I thought about my relationship with my wife, with my friends, with people.

我想到我和妻子，和朋友 和人们的关系


And after, as I reflected on that, I decided to eliminate negative energy from my life.

之后，我回想这件事 我决定除掉我人生中的负面情绪


It's not perfect, but it's a lot better.


I've not had a fight with my wife in two years.

过去两年我从未和妻子吵架


I no longer try to be right; I choose to be happy.

我不再尝试争论对错 我选择快乐


The third thing I learned -- and this is as your mental clock starts going, "15, 14, 13."

我所学到的第三件事 当你脑中的时钟开始倒数 “15，14，13”


I don't want this thing to break in 20 pieces like you've seen in those documentaries.

我不想这个东西碎成20片 像纪录片里那样


And as we're coming down, I had a sense of, wow, dying is not scary.

当我们逐渐下沉 我突然感觉到，哇 死并不可怕


It's almost like we've been preparing for it our whole lives.

就像是我们一直在为此做准备


我不想就这样离开，我热爱我的生命


And that sadness really framed in one thought, which is, I only wish for one thing.

这个悲伤 的主要来源是 我只期待一件事


I only wish I could see my kids grow up.

我希望我能够看我的孩子长大