Do plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria?
Plants and animals are very different on the outside as well as on the cellular level. mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts. Plants don’t get their sugar from eating food, so they need to make sugar from sunlight. This process (photosynthesis) takes place in the chloroplast.
Do all cells have chloroplasts and or mitochondria?
Explanation: Eukaryotic plant and plant-like cells have chloroplasts, which are the site of photosynthesis. Glucose is a product of photosynthesis, and is the primary food molecule for nearly all life on the earth. Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells, including plant and plant-like cells.
Do plant cells have both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Plant cells need both chloroplasts and mitochondria because they perform both photosynthesis and cell respiration. Chloroplast converts light (solar) energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis, while mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell produces ATP- the energy currency of the cell during respiration.
Is this statement true or false plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria?
False. Explanation: The chloroplast organelles are associated with the process of photosynthesis but the mitochondria are associated with the process of cellular respiration. The plant cells possess both of these organelles that is chloroplast and the mitochondria as the photosynthesis process provides the glucose.
Do plant cells have a mitochondria?
Furthermore, it is no surprise that mitochondria are present in both plants and animals, implying major shared regulatory, bioenergetic, and chemical substrate pathways. Commonalities of energy processing in both plants and animals have become even stronger by the finding that chloroplast can be found in animal cells.
Why do all plant cells contain mitochondria but only some contain chloroplasts?
Do all plant cells have mitochondria?
Mitochondria are found in the cells of nearly every eukaryotic organism, including plants and animals. Cells that require a lot of energy, such as muscle cells, can contain hundreds or thousands of mitochondria. A few types of cells, such as red blood cells, lack mitochondria entirely.
Why do plant cells have chloroplasts but animal cells do not?
Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells because chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which traps sunlight and uses it to prepare food for plants by the process of photosynthesis, while animal cells doesn’t require chloroplast because they are heterotrophic organisms and thus they depend on other organisms for their food …
Do any plant cells have mitochondria?
Mitochondria are found in the cells of nearly every eukaryotic organism, including plants and animals. Cells that require a lot of energy, such as muscle cells, can contain hundreds or thousands of mitochondria.
Which type of cell has mitochondria but does not contain chloroplast?
All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts. 2. Eukaryotic cells arose through endosymbiotic events that gave rise to the energy-producing organelles within the eukaryotic cells such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Do plant and animal cells have mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Both animal and plant cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts. Once the sugar is made, it is then broken down by the mitochondria to make energy for the cell. Because animals get sugar from the food they eat, they do not need chloroplasts: just mitochondria.
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts convert sunlight into food during photosynthesis, then mitochondria makes energy out of the food in the form of ATP. Why do plant cells need chloroplasts and animal cells don t?
What would happen to a Plant Cell Without mitochondria?
Without mitochondria, plants would not be able to perform this function. In addition to producing energy, mitochondria produce another important substance in plant cells, oxygen. Plant chloroplasts produce oxygen during photosynthesis, and mitochondria use it to make ATP.
Where are mitochondria found in a plant cell?
In plants, mitochondria are located in chloroplast and contain a large number of chloroplasts in the cell. Mitochondria are found in organelles of a plant cell. Plant cells have types of organelles that include Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, ribosomes and peroxisomes.


Officially the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), this small nation in South East Asia has often existed under the influence of neighbouring states – Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam, Cambodia, and especially Thailand where about three times as many Lao speakers reside as the five million in Laos itself.
Puppetry has often adapted their models but Lao language and music characterize forms that appeal to the mass audience. This article will focus on traditional puppet practices in three major categories: body figures associated with festival celebrations; palace traditions following Khmer-Thai court models, and popular traditions of shadow puppetry.
Festivals and Celebrations
Large figures of a male (Pu Nyeu or Nheu) and female (Nya Nyeu or Nheu) along with lion figures (singkeo singkham) are paraded in the area of Luang Pabang for the Pu Mai (New Year) festival each April. The body puppets with large wooden heads and raffia costumes are said to represent a mythical couple at the beginning of the kingdom of Luang Pabang who cut down an enormous gourd plant, releasing the animals, people, plants and gems within. The couple’s act resulted in their own deaths, but gave birth to the kingdom which was ruled over by the son of a god who descended from heaven. The archetypal male and female figures are incorporated in a procession where a beautiful young woman called the Nang Sang Khan is chosen to represent one of the seven daughters of the god Kabilaphom, a four-headed god-king who was decapitated. To prevent calamity, young women who represent his daughters must parade the god-king’s head once a year. During the annual festival the Pu Nyeu and Nya Nyeu are given offerings at the Sieng Tong Temple.
The procession extends over the last day of the old year and the first day of the New Year. The lion figures that accompany them are iconically related to the Chinese and Vietnamese lion and the barong figures of Indonesia while the rough-hewn male and female body puppets are analogous to male and female figures found in Indonesian ondel-ondel and barong landang. Across the region such figures of lion and a couple are related to the beginning of the year. The pair may represent the ancestors and the lion, the playful yet powerful animal energy. These figures have the function of exorcising evil and bringing fertility.
Rocket and Kites
Rockets and kites can be considered within the broad definition of puppetry. They are manipulated objects that take on a life of their own. In Laos, both are traditionally associated with human attempts to communicate with the god of rain. Myth says that an enlightened toad (Phraya Khan Khak), who was an incarnation of the Buddha, roused the ire of the god of rain (Phaya Thaen), who attacked the toad, but was eventually subdued by him. In the peace agreement between them, it was decided that when men send rockets into the sky to solicit rain, the god must respond, and frogs will sing in these showers remembering the Toad king.
Rockets are brightly coloured, and have a phallic shape. Some are decorated with naga (snake/dragon), an image associated with water and fertility. Lao celebrate the rocket festival (Bun Bang Fai) annually as beautiful rockets exploding into the heavens announce the need for rain. When it is time for the end of the rainy season, kites and the sounds of the flute announce to Phaya Thaen that showers should stop. These brightly coloured rockets and kites, some bearing anthropomorphic images, are launched by humans who via these manipulated objects and their associated sounds, capture the attention of the heavens as they entertain humans at festival times.
Little is known of the older history of puppetry in Laos, but it is likely that the art was a part of aristocratic performance from at least 1352 CE when Prince Fa Ngum, king of Lan Xang (“Million Elephants”), is supposed to have introduced court performance including the Ramayana, the story of Prince Rama, and jataka, tales of the previous incarnations of the Buddha. In all neighbouring countries, these stories are routinely portrayed in puppet traditions, so it is likely that Laos followed suit. However, the first clear references to puppetry in Laos came after the area was brought under the influence of the Thai monarchy in l778. During this period, Thai nang yai, with its large opaque shadow figures, and Thai khon, mask dance (see Thailand), were imported into the Lao courts as was the female court dance.
The best artists were trained in Bangkok and the Thai model, complete with phipat orchestra, was carefully emulated. Such court arts were enervated during the French colonial occupation beginning in l893. By the 20th century, fragmentary court dance and mask performance remained as well as ipok – a form which corresponds to Thai hun krabok rod puppets. The South East Asian war disrupted all performance. The monarchy ended in l975 as Laos became a socialist State. Modest revivals of mask episodes or ipok (revived in l998 for performances at temples in Luang Pabang) can be found in tourist displays, but these arts that are associated with South East Asian kingship have largely been in the last quarter of the 20th century seen as anachronisms to be purged from the modern egalitarian State.
Nang daloong – a comic form related to nang talung of Thailand and the ayang (nang sbek touch) of Cambodia – uses small opaque shadow puppets made of leather with a central rod and sticks attached to each hand. The performances are presented outside at night on a white screen. This shadow theatre appeared as early as l926, when amateurs began performing the Thai version of the Ramayana (Ramakien, “Glory of Rama”) to the accompaniment of xylophones, finger cymbals, and drums. At the beginning of the 21st century, troupes performed Lao tales as well as stories from the Thai repertoire, incorporating kaen (pan pipe) playing and the mawlum style singing of the area to win local audiences. Amplified music played on Western instruments is now found as well. Although the form may ultimately derive from wayang traditions of Malaysia and Indonesia, multiple manipulators have replaced the single puppet master of Indo-Malay genres and ritual is absent.
- Berval, René de, ed. Kingdom of Laos: Land of the Million Elephants and of the White Parasol. Saigon: France-Asie, 1959.
- Berval, René de, ed. Présence du royaume lao, pays du million d’éléphants et du parasol blanc. “Saïgon” series. No. 118-120, France-Asie, 1956.
- Brandon, James. Theatre in Southeast Asia. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Univ. Press, 1967.
- Foley, Kathy. “Laos”. Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. Ed. James Brandon. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993.
- Laubu, Michel. Ka Bong Lao. Théâtre d’objets [Ka Bong Lao. Object Theatre]. Montreuil: Éditions de l’Œil, 2003.
- Miller, Terry. “Laos”. New Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. Sadie Thompson. London: Grove, 1980.
- Sepul, René, and Cici Olsson. Luang P[r]abang. Vientiane: Raintrees, 1998.


Our culture is beginning to wake up to how essential
fats are to our survival — especially omega-3s. We’re sure you’ve seen the phrase
“A good source of Omega-3s” stamped on food packaging in your grocery store. From
eggs to waffles, food manufacturers have figured out that omega-3 fatty acids sell.
Many women are confused about why these fats in particular are so good
for us, especially if we’ve been avoiding other fats for all these years.
Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids can have a positive impact on, or even
prevent, serious degenerative illnesses like heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid
arthritis, Alzheimer’s, diabetes and more. The anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3s
are especially beneficial to menopausal women for preserving heart, breast and bone
health, and even help keep our moods on an even keel.
Bottom line: omega-3s — one of our essential fatty acids — do wonders for
women. From our hearts to our minds and every cell in between, omega-3s contribute
to every inch of our bodies, in terms of health. And no matter how busy you are,
there are easy ways to include them in your diet.
Let’s take a closer look at omega-3 fatty acids and how they can work for you.
What’s so essential about essential fatty acids?
What makes some fats “essential”? Put simply, our bodies need them for good health
but cannot make essential fatty acids (EFAs) on their own, so they must
come from our diets. What’s more, both omega-3 and omega-6 EFAs are found in the
membranes of every cell in our bodies!
At the molecular level, EFAs protect and keep our cardiovascular, musculoskeletal,
GI and immune systems functioning optimally. They help insulate our nerve cells
and produce molecular messengers involved in immunity and the central nervous system.
We can obtain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids from a range of food sources. Here
are some common sources of these special fats. (Many foods have both omega-3s and
6s, so you’ll see them on both lists below.)
- Seafood (sources both high in omega-3’s and low in environmental
contaminants include anchovies, herring, mackerel, oysters, wild salmon, and sardines)
- Hempseed oil
- Canola oil
- Pumpkin seeds
- Marine microalgae (Most algae-based supplements contain docosahexaenoic acid [DHA],
but no eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]
- Borage oil
- Evening primrose oil (EPO)
- Sunflower oil
- Safflower oil
- Corn oil
- Canola oil
You may wonder why olive oil isn’t on either of these lists. Olive oil contains
no omega-3s (or 6s). The main fatty acid in olive oil is oleic acid, an
omega-9 fatty acid. Although it’s superb for your health, it’s not considered
“essential.” (See our pages on omega-3s and the Mediterranean diet and the differences between 3s, 6s and 9s for more specifics.)
Omega-3s and omega-6s — a healthy balance is best
These days, all omega-3s tend to be being lumped together as “good fats” and all
omega-6s as “bad fats.” This good–bad thinking is probably because omega-6 fats
can either prevent inflammation or contribute to it depending on how we metabolize
them, and also because we tend to eat far too many 6s in our diet, and too few 3s.
Unlike omega-6s, omega-3s only prevent inflammation. And increased inflammation
is what contributes to the very diseases omega-3s have been shown to help. But the
reality is that both 3s and 6s are essential to our bodies, not in abundance,
but rather in the optimal ratio.
Concerning that ratio, take another look at the foods listed above. Researchers
agree that the optimal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 is somewhere between 2:1 and
4:1. Yet the typical American diet provides a ratio of anywhere between 15:1 and
This imbalance, tipped disproportionately in favor of omega-6 over omega-3, stems
in part from a diet laden with animal fats, such as corn-fed beef, and other corn-derived
products, and lacking in seafood, seeds, and nuts. Availability of omega-3s is made
worse by our over-reliance on packaged, fast and fried foods high in hydrogenated
oils, or trans fats. These are the only truly “bad” fats, and are not found
anywhere in nature. In our bodies, trans fats can shove the healthy fats out of
cell membranes, wreak havoc with cell function, and interfere with the conversion
of dietary fats into healthy eicosanoids (compounds derived from polyunsaturated
The food industry creates these hydrogenated trans fats by pumping extra hydrogen
atoms into their molecular configurations, to create malleable, melt-in-the-mouth,
yet solid-at-room-temperature products. Along with prolonging the shelf-life of
all sorts of processed foods — cookies, crackers, breads, spreads, sauces, fried
foods and snack foods — trans fats have an even darker side. They’ve also been shown
to raise LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease.
If the words “hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated” are listed in a product’s
ingredients, do yourself a favor and don’t buy it! And because federal regulations
permit a product’s label to claim “Zero trans fats” if its trans fat content is
less than half a gram per serving, be sure to check that the serving size listed
hasn’t been minimized to ridiculously small proportions.
Omega-3s and disease prevention
The more we learn about omega-3 fats, the more amazing they seem. How can something
so simple, so affordable, and so readily available be so good for us? Because of
their anti-inflammatory properties, omega-3s have been linked with prevention and
treatment of a whole host of health problems, including:
- Heart disease
- High cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Depression/bipolar disorders
- Skin disorders
- Breast, colon, and prostate cancers
So it’s no surprise that omega-3 fatty acids have become one of the most researched
topics in the scientific community — and one of the most celebrated among people
who care about whole-body health. Yet data indicate that, for most people, omega-3
fatty acid intake continues to be inadequate.
Omega-3s and women
Let’s start with women in their reproductive years. Scientists have found a correlation
between increased menstrual pain and high omega-6 concentrations in the blood, which
happens when omega-3 intake is too low. Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual cramps,
occurs when cell membranes release omega-6 fatty acids, which then produce proinflammatory
Infertility is another women’s health issue where omega-3s may be helpful. In one
study, infertile women who received low-dose aspirin, which, like omega-3s, are
anti-inflammatory, showed much higher subsequent pregnancy rates compared to women
who received placebo. Additionally, an imbalanced omega-6-to-omega-3 ratio has been
linked to polycystic
ovarian syndrome (PCOS), another cause of infertility in some women.
When pregnant women increase their omega-3 intake, their risk of giving birth prematurely
can plummet by up to 50%. Infant brain development also benefits from omega-3 supplementation,
especially DHA, during pregnancy, as well as after birth. Moms who supplement during
pregnancy may lower their risk of postpartum depression.
The omega-6/omega-3 ratio may also influence cancer risk in women. An excess of
the proinflammatory eicosanoids derived from omega-6s fats makes it easier for certain
cancers to grow and spread. Animal studies have already demonstrated that a diet
high in omega-3s can slow tumor growth, and people following a Mediterranean diet
(rich in omega-3s and other phytonutrients) have been found to be 56% less likely
to develop cancer, and 61% less likely to die from it.
Omega-3 fatty acids and menopause
Omega-3 fatty acids can also help many of the issues women experience in menopause.
Hormonal changes in menopause, particularly a decline in estrogen, contribute to
problems such as osteoporosis, heart disease, vaginal dryness, thinning skin and
hair, joint pain, or dry eyes. However, low-grade inflammation — which results from
low levels of omega-3s—can make any of these problems worse. Ingesting more omega-3
fats can calm this inflammation. Omega-3s, for example, may help with the following:
Hot flashes. In two small but well-controlled studies,
a team of Italian scientists in 2005 attributed a “progressive and highly significant
reduction” in hot flashes to omega-3s, possibly through their influence
on nerve cell membranes or by modulating neurotransmitter function. In fact, a diet
high in omega-3s may be one of the reasons why Japanese women, whose diets are rich
in fish and seaweed, have fewer menopausal problems than American women do.
Osteoporosis. Normal bone is constantly being broken
down (resorbed) and rebuilt. When the rate of resorption exceeds that of formation,
bone mass slowly deteriorates, which can lead to osteoporosis. Derivatives of omega-6
fatty acids can contribute to lower bone density by inhibiting bone formation. .
Fortunately, it’s never too late to start rebuilding good bones, and we can call
on omega-3s to counteract omega-6s and help prevent osteoporosis.
Mood and memory. These can both become challenging
as we grow older. Some research on omega-3s shows promise for preventing, and possibly
treating, depression. Researchers recently found that people with high levels of
omega-3s in their blood had more grey matter in the sectors of the brain associated
with positive emotions and moods, while the subjects with mild-to-moderate depressive
symptoms showed decreased grey matter in those same areas. More research is needed
to determine whether omega-3s actually cause this phenomenon, but it’s safe to say
that healthy omega-3 levels are associated with a more positive outlook on life.
Omega-3s have also been shown to reduce the risk of memory loss with aging.
Cardiovascular disease. We know that women, especially
those over 40, whose lipid profiles show a high ratio of triglycerides to HDL (“good”
cholesterol) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Omega-3-rich fish
oil supplements do double duty in protecting the heart and blood vessels by bringing
triglyceride levels down while simultaneously increasing HDL. Taking omega-3s is
also a good idea if you’re on conventional
hormone replacement therapy, because HRT can increase triglyceride levels
to unhealthy levels.
Lower heart rate = longer life? Longevity is perhaps
the ultimate omega-3 benefit. Researcher Jørn Dyerberg, known throughout the world
for his pioneering work on omega-3s, was the first to note the virtual absence of
heart disease among Greenland’s indigenous people. Attributing this directly to
their high dietary omega-3 content, Dyerberg believes that the net effect of lowering
one’s heart rate over a lifetime is a heart that beats longer — in other words,
a longer lifespan. More research is needed, but studies suggest that DHA is the
principal omega-3 fatty acid responsible for lowering heart rate and improving resilience
of heart rate variability, which together significantly lower risk of deadly sudden
Now that we understand why omega-3s are so essential, the next questions to explore
are What kind of omega-3 is best? and How much omega-3 should you take?
Getting it right — how to pick your omega-3 supplement
Naturally, getting our omega-3 fatty acids from diet is ideal, and we can also improve
our omega-3/omega-6 ratio by limiting our intake of omega-6s. Even with an excellent
diet, though, it’s difficult to achieve optimal omega-3 levels, especially if we
already have health problems. Taking a supplement can help. There are loads of companies
selling omega-3 supplements, though quality varies immensely. Base your choice on
the quality and purity of the product.
Omega-3 fish oils should be sourced from deep-water fish inhabiting the least polluted
waters on earth. Unfortunately, oily fish can contain high levels of toxic pesticides,
dioxins, PCBs, or heavy metals such as lead and mercury, all of which should be
removed in the preparation process for omega-3 supplements. Today, highly-advanced
omega-3 extraction and distillation processes efficiently remove toxins and impurities,
as well as maintain stability and freshness. If you are concerned about purity,
call the manufacturer and request a certificate of analysis that shows the results
of tests for levels of lead, mercury, and cadmium in each batch.
Another consideration is dosage. The American Heart Association recommends consuming
1–3 grams per day of EPA and DHA. For certain medical conditions, however, higher
doses of omega-3 products, up to 4 grams per day, can be used safely, and with good
effect. A number of recent studies show that higher-dose omega-3 fatty acids can
be extremely helpful, for example, for lowering high triglycerides, and that they
are usually very well tolerated. We encourage you to talk with a qualified healthcare
practitioner before using higher than average doses of omega-3s.
At Women's Health Network, we know that the basis of health is balance, not overabundance.
Unless your healthcare provider recommends otherwise, your best bet when purchasing
omega-3 supplements is to base your choice on the following criteria:
- Look for natural forms that have been purified by molecular distillation,
to ensure that the product is free of mercury and other contaminants.
- Look for added antioxidants,
or take them separately.
- The label shouldn’t suggest more than 3 grams of EPA and DHA per day
- Look for both EPA and DHA in the supplement. Since each of these
can be converted into the other, the ratio of EPA:DHA is not as important as quality
and amount are, but both should be present, and a reasonable ratio to look for is
- Always check the expiration date, and take note of any
bad smell or taste, which may mean the product was poorly purified, has expired,
or has already oxidized. (Note that a fishy smell does not necessarily mean the
fish oil is bad, just that it has not undergone a process to remove that odor.)
In addition to taking a high-quality omega-3 supplement, one of the best ways to
optimize your omega-3 intake is by following a Mediterranean diet . Generous amounts
of richly colored fruits and vegetables, virgin olive oil and fresh fish can help
your body acquire a healthier balance.
Getting back to omega-3 balance — the Women's Health Network approach
There’s no question that increasing your omega-3 fatty acid intake promotes better
health, especially for women. From PMS to menopause to disorders like Alzheimer’s,
heart disease and osteoporosis, these fats can help women of all ages reduce harmful
inflammation and restore the balance they’ve lost through modern, omega-6-heavy
There are many ways to get your omega-6-to-3 ratio back where it should be. As you
begin the process, here are some tips we’ve found helpful:
- Consider testing your omega-6/omega-3 ratio. If you have symptoms
of inflammation or some of the other health problems we’ve discussed above, ask
your healthcare provider for a fatty acid test. When describing diet with your healthcare
providers, it’s not always easy to remember the details. Testing gives both you
and your provider an objective number to use as your individual starting point.
- Transition to a more Mediterranean style of eating. Carve out some
time to plan your weekly menu — you may not even have to spend a lot of time, once
you get the hang of it. Look for simple recipes made from fresh, whole foods that
you can chop up and prepare ahead of time. That way, it will be simpler to serve
a wholesome meal when you come home after a long day, and you’ll have time to relax
and savor it fully. Stock up every week on brightly colored fresh fruits, vegetables,
and nuts for quick and easy snacks. Keep nuts and oils refrigerated.
- Supplement with high-quality omega-3s daily. For women who eat
at least two seafood servings a week and who have no pressing health concerns, 600–650
mg of EPA and DHA per day may be sufficient. Women with those health concerns shown
to benefit from omega-3s may want a higher intake of 1000–3000 mg per day. Up to
4000 mg per day should be taken only under a physician’s care. If you supplement
with fish oil, always choose natural, stable preparations of the highest quality
and purity (like the Omega-3s we offer through our shop).
- Include a high-quality,
multivitamin-mineral complex supplement. Pyroxidine, biotin, magnesium
and zinc are all nutrients that help convert the parent omega-3 ALA into EPA and
DHA. Getting enough of these nutrients, by planning and preparing perfectly nutritious
meals every single day, week after week, is impossible for most of us in our busy
lives. As much as we’d all like to eat this way, you can be certain to replenish
your body’s supply of these important micronutrients by taking a high-quality, nutritional
supplement (like the one we offer in our
A lesson from the past — balance
Thousands of years ago, before the advent of agriculture, the human diet was much
closer to the earth and sea than it is today. As a result, it provided omega-3s
in far greater quantities than our modern diets do. For millennia, people ate whatever
they could hunt, catch, dig or pick without thinking much about nutrition or what
was “good” or “bad” for them. They simply wanted to be full and nourished. Their
greatest challenge was simply to find enough. With the abundance of food choices
today, though we still have to “hunt” for what is best, omega-3-rich foods and supplements
are readily available.
With all the promising science being released about omega-3s, it’s refreshing to
know that this fat is all it’s cracked up to be. But like everything else, a fish
oil supplement isn’t a magic bullet. It’s all about balance — on a cellular level
with your omega-3/omega-6 ratio, as well as on the level of your life as a whole.
No supplement or pill is going to erase all your health problems. Incorporating
good nutrition with a positive outlook will help keep you on the path to the long
and disease-free life you deserve.
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acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy
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women. J Lab Clin Med. 1994 Jan;123(1):59-64.
18 Dyerberg J, Christensen JH, Eskesen D, et al. Trans, and n-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids and vascular function-a yin yang situation? Atheroscler Suppl. 2006
19 McKenney JM, Sica D. Role of prescription omega-3 fatty acids in the
treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 May;27(5):715-28.
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One of the founders of the Russian professional puppet theatre, an artist, educator, and writer. In 1918, Nina Simonovitch-Efimova and her husband, the sculptor Ivan Efimov (1878-1958), founded the first children’s puppet theatre repertory in Moscow. Everything – from folding screens to the puppets to the curtain – was handcrafted by the artists themselves, who also doubled as directors and performers. Aside from their permanent stage, they used to perform outside of Moscow, at workers’ clubs, railway stations, river ports and hospitals.
The Efimovs’ Teatr Petrushki (Petrushka Theatre) followed traditional Russian puppetry by employing the glove puppet and in preserving the priority of movement and the dominance of gesture over the spoken word (see Petrushka). At the same time their repertoire was constantly expanding (introducing the works of William Shakespeare, Giovanni Boccaccio, Aleksandr Pushkin, Ivan Krylov), and the glove puppet was modernized. Nina Simonovich-Efimova studied the psychological impact of the performances and audience’s perceptions of puppet theatre, summing up her experience, knowledge and thoughts in the book, Zapiski petrushechnika (Notes of the Petrushka Puppeteer, 1925), the first ever study of the Petrushka theatre in Russia. In 1935, the book was translated into English, published in the United States as Adventure of a Russian Puppet.
After having seen a collection of Indonesian puppets (wayang) at a museum, the Efimovs invented a rod puppet of their own design (the so-called “elbow rod puppet”). It soon was used by many Russian puppeteers, and after World War II shown in Europe by the Sergei Obraztsov Central Puppet Theatre (later to be renamed Gosudarstvenny akademichesky tsentralny teatr kukol imeni S.V. Obraztsova, the Sergei Obraztsov State Academic Central Puppet Theatre). Since then it has been used by many puppeteers around the world. The invention was patented in 1935, and the couple published the essay, Kukly na trostyakh (Rod Puppets), in 1940. Their search for adult repertoire peaked with their 1931 production Makbet (based on William Shakespeare’s Macbeth), a landmark production of rod puppet theatre.
Experimentation was central to Nina Simonovitch-Efimova’s work. She was deeply involved in the silhouette and shadow theatre, and she dreamt of creating a new art form that she would call “shadow and music”. As a designer at the Central Ethnography Museum, she came up with a “dynamic display” of objects of material culture.
Nina Simonovitch-Efimova was the first to recognize the specific nature of puppet theatre itself in general and in its particular versions, each with its own laws. She pioneered the view that each puppet had to be regarded on an individual basis, singled out by its material, its texture and the method of manipulation.
The Efimovs’ puppet theatre gave around 1,500 performances. Their puppets are exhibited at the Obraztsov Theatre Museum in Moscow, the Puppet Museum in Munich, the Moscow Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, and the Efimovs’ Memorial Apartment Museum.
Nina Simonovich-Efimova is the author of many articles and essays about puppetry and puppet training manuals. Her best-known writings are in the collection, Zapiski petrushechnika i statii o teatre kukol (Notes of the Petrushka Puppeteer and Essays on Puppetry, 1980).
- Goldovsky, Boris. Kukly Entsiklopediya [Puppets. Encyclopedia]. Moscow: Vremya, 2004, pp. 156-158.
- Jurkowski, Henryk, and Penny Francis. A History of European Puppetry: The Twentieth Century. Vol. 2. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996-1998, pp. 103-106.
- Simonovitch-Efimova, Nina Yakovlevna. Adventure of a Russian Puppet. Birmingham: Puppetry Imprints, 1935.
- Simonovitch-Efimova, Nina Yakovlevna. Zapiski petrushechnika [Notes of the Petrushka Puppeteer]. Moscow: GIZ, 1925.
- Simonovitch-Efimova, Nina Yakovlevna. Zapiski petrushechnika i statii o teatre kukol [Notes of the Petrushka Puppeteer and Essays on Puppetry]. Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1980.


By organizing open-air booksellers into a professional association, Abdourahmane Mbengue helps legitimize their trade and makes them aware that they are "social actors" who can play a signigicant role in making education more accessible to people throughout Senegal.
The New Idea
Many Senegalese buy textbooks and school supplies from "librairies par terre," open-air bookstores, which sell at low prices. Though most of them are unaware of it, by providing education resources at low cost, these book vendors play an important, though informal, role in education and literacy. By forming a professional association, the booksellers can legitimize their informal segment of the economy, protect their interests as small businessmen, and, most importantly to Abdourahmane, promote education and literacy both in Senegal and across West Africa.
Given the low purchasing power of most Senegalese households, many parents, professors, high school, and university students rely on street booksellers for school supplies, textbooks, and research documents. Street booksellers distribute an estimated 70 percent of all school textbooks. Books bought on the street are much less expensive than those sold in stores because the street vendors have their own flexible supply and distribution system, through which they negotiate special prices and save on storage and marketing. Additionally, they sell second-hand books, rent out books for a few days, and accept textbook trades for a small fee. The variety of their low-cost marketing tactics keeps them in business and makes books accessible to people who might otherwise not be able to afford them. Although they provide an important public service, street booksellers sometimes suffer from a bad reputation and lack a clearly defined legal status. Previous state-led attempts to organize street vendors have failed because they were caught up in bureaucracy or politics.
Abdourahmane's objective is to win greater recognition for the important economic, educational, and social role played by Senegal's open-air booksellers. He organizes them and promotes the fact that they perform a vital social service. Abdourahmane set up the Association Nationale des Bouquinistes du Sénégal (ANBS) in 1996. By this time, many booksellers already understood that they could advocate for their profession by setting up a professional association that would bring them together as colleagues. Abdourahmane and the other founding members organized a general assembly in 1996 where Abdourahmane was elected ANBS's president. Today the association has around three hundred members, mostly in the capital, Dakar, and membership in other regions of the country is increasing. Abdourahmane's next task was to convince his colleagues to enlarge their mission to include serving the educational needs of society. Recognizing that looking after their own commercial interests and bettering education are complementary goals, ANBS members seek to provide their customers with better access to educational resources. ANBS explains these social and economic objectives to new members so that, as the association grows, it maintains its commitment to social work.Abdourahmane and other ANBS members have developed new services for booksellers to offer. ANBS members give a special rebate on all textbooks and school supplies, so that parents can more easily afford the costs of education. They donate books to prison libraries and have organized book fairs where students and parents were encouraged to exchange and trade books among themselves. In the future, ANBS will set up book clubs and public libraries in low-income neighborhoods, to which ANBS members will donate the first books. As the association grows, and as its reputation for professionalism and social work also spreads, it plans to negotiate directly with publishers and the Ministry of Education to allow ANBS to distribute the textbooks used in public schools. To win official approval, the association is trying to eradicate practices that give booksellers a bad name. For example, it fights against the sale of books stolen from public offices, libraries or schools by educating members about ethical business conduct. Abdourahmane hopes to show that the ANBS respects the law and expects its members to comply.Another ANBS objective is to make books available to people in rural areas. It has started identifying booksellers outside the capital and is planning to hold rural book fairs. ANBS has also formed relationships with local governments, municipalities, teachers, students, parent associations and community leaders.For Abdourahmane, ANBS's expansion does not stop at Senegal's borders. His goal is to see this strategy used throughout West and Central Africa. He already has professional contacts with booksellers in Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Mali and Cote d'Ivoire, and he will use them to promote similar associations in these countries. Senegal is the ideal place from which to launch this initiative because it supplies books to booksellers in all these countries.
Abdourahmane began advocating for education at an early age through his involvement in school clubs, workshops, and protests. Booksellers were a familiar sight in his neighborhood and would often lend him books. In 1993, Abdourahmane left university where he was studying philosophy, to study accountancy at a private college. The switch was prompted by the difficulty of finding a job as a teacher and the need for practical, hands-on training that would earn him a living. He spent his vacations selling books on the street to earn money for his tuition and school supplies. As he gained experience as an open-air bookseller, Abdourahmane became aware of the positive social, economic, and educational utility of this profession. He also discovered the threats that booksellers faced-residents wanted them off the streets because they blocked sidewalks and house entrances. Through youth neighborhood associations, Abdourahmane began advocating for the continued presence of street booksellers. He also met other booksellers who shared his view, and after a few informal meetings, they decided to create an association to organize and manage this vital educational and economic activity for the benefit of all.


Don't diddle code to make it faster -- find a better algorithm
-- The Elements of Programming Style
Donít Optimize Code -- Benchmark It
-- from Ten Essential Development Practices by Damian Conway
The real problem is that programmers have spent far too much time worrying about efficiency in the wrong places and at the wrong times;
premature optimization is the root of all evil (or at least most of it) in programming
-- Donald Knuth
Donít pessimize prematurely.
All other things being equal, notably code complexity and readability, certain efficient design patterns and coding idioms should just flow naturally
from your fingertips and are no harder to write than the pessimized alternatives. This is not premature optimization; it is avoiding gratuitous pessimization.
-- Andrei Alexandrescu and Herb Sutter
Rule 1: Bottlenecks occur in surprising places, so don't try to second guess and put in a speed hack until you have proven that's where the bottleneck is.
Rule 2: Measure. Don't tune for speed until you've measured, and even then don't unless one part of the code overwhelms the rest.
Rule 3. Fancy algorithms are slow when n is small, and n is usually small. Fancy algorithms have big constants. Until you know that n is frequently going to be big, don't get fancy. (Even if n does get big, use Rule 2 first.)
Rule 4. Fancy algorithms are buggier than simple ones, and they're much harder to implement. Use simple algorithms as well as simple data structures.
Rule 5. Data dominates. If you've chosen the right data structures and organized things well, the algorithms will almost always be self-evident. Data structures, not algorithms, are central to programming.
Note: Pike's rules 1 and 2 restate Tony Hoare's "Premature optimization is the root of all evil". Ken Thompson rephrased Pike's rules 3 and 4 as "When in doubt, use brute force". Rules 3 and 4 are instances of KISS. Rule 5 was stated by Fred Brooks in The Mythical Man-Month and is often shortened to "write stupid code that uses smart objects" (see also quotes on data structures vs code).
-- Rob Pike
Without good design, good algorithms, and complete understanding of the
program's operation, your carefully optimized code will amount to one of
mankind's least fruitful creations -- a fast slow program.
-- Michael Abrash
A couple of related general guidelines from On Coding Standards and Code Reviews:
- Correctness, simplicity and clarity come first. Avoid unnecessary cleverness. If you must rely on cleverness, encapsulate and comment it.
- Don't optimize prematurely. Benchmark before you optimize. Comment why you are optimizing.
On Interfaces and APIs cautions that library interfaces are very difficult to change once they become widely used - a fundamentally
inefficient interface cannot be easily fixed later by optimizing.
So it is not "premature optimization" to consider efficiency when designing public library interfaces.
- The 10**21 Problem (Part I) : complex problem where the running time was reduced from 50 million years to one year via a long series of optimizations
- Re^2: More Betterer Game of Life : reduced running time from 1635 seconds to 17 seconds ... where tweaking the code, via a long series of micro-optimizations, reduced the running time from 1635 secs to 450 secs (3.6 times faster), while finding a better algorithm reduced it from 450 secs to 17 secs (26.5 times faster)
- Re^2: What's Perl good at or better than Python (Perl vs C++ Performance) : The C++ version of the simple GoL algorithm was 450/36 = 12.5 times faster than the Perl version; for the complex algorithm C++ was 17/0.08 = 212.5 times faster; C++ memory use was 2.8 times lower than Perl for the simple algorithm, 10.1 times lower for the complex one.
These experiences convinced me of don't assume measure and especially find a better algorithm!
Extra Performance/Optimization References Added Later
From BrowserUk (2012-2015):
Two spookily similar nodes posted late 2021 (both requesting XS C code, both by new monks who won't show us their code):
Some external references:
PDL and Array Processing References
See: Re^2: Organizational Culture (Part II): Meta Process (BioPerl and Data Science References)
Updated: Added Donald Knuth premature optimization quote and Alexandrescu/Sutter premature pessimization quotes and Rob Pike quotes. Mentioned efficiency of interfaces. Added more references.


As previously shown, overhead is applied based on a predetermined formula, after careful analysis of the appropriate cost drivers for this allocation. An account called “Factory Overhead” is credited to reflect this overhead application to work in process. But, what is the source of the debits to Factory Overhead?
As the overhead costs are actually incurred, the Factory Overhead account is debited, and logically offsetting accounts are credited. The table below provides representative examples.
The indirect labor would relate to the cost of factory staff not directly involved in production. This can include break time of line workers, shop managers, maintenance, guards, and so forth. The indirect materials relates to supplies and components that are not a significant cost item. Importantly, selling and administrative costs not related to production (e.g., advertising, salaries for non-production related staff, sales commissions, rent of the corporate offices, etc.) are separately expensed, and are not part of factory overhead. A typical entry to record factory overhead costs would be as follows:
To recap, the Factory Overhead account is not a typical account. It does not represent an asset, liability, expense, or any other element of financial statements. Instead, it is a “suspense” or “clearing” account. Amounts go into the account and are then transferred out to other accounts. In this case, actual overhead goes in, and applied overhead goes out.
The Balance Of Factory Overhead
Since the Factory Overhead account is debited for actual overhead incurred and credited for allocated (applied) overhead, the general ledger account would appear as follows (the job costs are newly assumed for this illustration):
The next graphic provides a visual representation of the cost flow associated with the Factory Overhead account. In this case, the applied overhead equaled the actual overhead, leaving a zero balance. This means that the predetermined allocation rate was exactly what was incurred during the period. More often than not, this level of perfection will not result.
A more likely outcome is that the applied overhead will not equal the actual overhead. The following graphic shows a case where $100,000 of overhead was actually incurred, but only $90,000 was applied.
This last situation is called underapplied overhead. It is said to be an “unfavorable” outcome, because not enough jobs were produced to absorb all of the overhead incurred. This might result from below normal levels of output or overspending. In any event, the fact remains that more was spent than allocated. Because the Factory Overhead account is just a clearing account (not a financial statement account), the remaining balance must be transferred out. Several options are available for disposing of this amount, but one approach is to remove (credit) the underapplied amount and charge (debit) Cost of Goods Sold:
The preceding entry has the effect of reducing income for the excessive overhead expenditures. Only $90,000 was assigned directly to inventory and the remainder was charged to cost of goods sold.
If the applied overhead exceeds the actual amount incurred, overhead is said to be overapplied. This is usually viewed as a favorable outcome, because less has been spent than anticipated for the level of achieved production.
The next journal entry shows the reduction of cost of goods sold to offset the amount of overapplied overhead:
Always keep in mind that the goal is to “zero out” the Factory Overhead account and measure the actual cost incurred. In this last example, $100,000 was actually spent and accounted for: $110,000 charged to specific jobs and $10,000 offset as a reduction in cost of goods sold.
These illustrations of the disposition of under- and overapplied overhead are typical, but not the only solution. A more theoretically correct approach would be to reduce cost of goods sold, work in process inventory, and finished goods inventory on a pro-rata basis. However, this approach is cumbersome and occasionally runs afoul of specific accounting rules discussed next.
Influence Of GAAP
Although managerial accounting information is generally viewed as for internal use only, be mindful that many manufacturing companies do prepare external financial statements. And, generally accepted accounting principles dictate the form and content of those reports.
For example, generally accepted accounting principles require that underapplied overhead relating to idle facilities, wasted material, the allocation of fixed production overhead, and so forth, be charged to current period income by means similar to those just illustrated.
|Did you learn?|
|Discuss the issues and problems associated with accounting for factory overhead.|
|How is actual overhead cost accumulated?|
|Describe the basic content of the Factory Overhead account.|
|What is meant by over- and underapplied overhead, and how do such amounts emerge from within the accounting system?|


Family: Mimosoideae / Mimosaceae
Common Name: Makahiya, Bashful Mimosa, Sensitive Plant
Origin: introduced from tropical America
- “The leaflets fold together in the early evening and reopens at sunrise. It is called bashful or sensitive because the leaflets fold together on touching, warming and shaking. The phenomenon is called seismonastic movement due to a rapid change in turgor pressure and changes in membrane permeability in the pulvini cells in the leaf regions with rapid movement of calcium ions. At night, the leaves also fold and bend, termed nyctonastic movements (reaction to absence of light).”
- “When the leaflets fold together on touching, they reopen in about 10 minutes.”
- This is a very common weed in the Philippines and known to most children who love to touch the leaves to make them close!
weeds and other plants


Colonists came to America for many reasons in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.Some of these motivations were wealth, land, and religion.Since America was formed by people with such diverse religious backgrounds, our founding fathers didn"t want America to support just one religion like other countries.
Colonists came to America for many reasons in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.Some of these motivations were wealth, land, and religion.Since America was formed by people with such diverse religious backgrounds, our founding fathers didn"t want America to support just one religion like other countries.Tags: Application Letter For Practical TrainingCreative Writing Seminar ManilaDental Hygiene Application EssayChinese Exclusion Act EssayHow To Solve Blood Relation ProblemHelping My Mother Essay
In short, many have argued and observed that Bellah has basically shown that America legitimates itself with a dynamic of sacred and secular myths.
Civil religion, on one hand, links the US to the biblical tradition; on the other hand, the moral and political philosophies of the Enlightenment instill a deeply utilitarian orientation.
But, I will argue, something analogous to a civil religion exists there, which might be explored for its merits and could serve as a counterpoint to the US experience.
American Civil Religion American civil religion, as Bellah pointed out, was framed by the crucible of three definitive trials in US history: the War of Independence, slavery, and responsible action in a global atmosphere that fostered revolution, namely, the Cold War.
South Africans have rugby, which has shown its potential to create a certain kind of national reconciliation (tolerance) and common values as the movie portrays.
As art the film fails, yet it manages to dramatize the role of Nelson Mandela and his use of the sport of rugby to create a climate of nation building and co-existence between whites and blacks in South Africa.
Many settlers tried with minimal success to convert the natives to Christianity.
A Bible was translated into Algonquin by a minister named John Eliot.
Religion was the dominant factor in migrating, because many people were fleeing from religious persecution.
They were not allowed to believe what they wanted to in their home countries. If they did not accept this religion they were banished, dismembered, or even put to death.


The views of ancient and modern Rome by Giuseppe Vasi usually focused on the monuments of the Eternal City and they rarely sketched
daily life; this 1759 etching is an exception to the previous statement because it gives relevance to a luxury coach with a collapsed axle; maybe Vasi had in mind an actual event which involved someone he knew,
but in the text accompanying the plate he did not provide any clue to explain his choice.
Traffic in XVIIIth century Rome is a page with a small selection of traffic scenes taken from Vasi's etchings.
The view is taken from the green dot in the 1748 map below. In the description below the plate Vasi made reference to: 1) Part of Collegio Romano; 2) Oratorio del Caravita; 3) Buildings forming a theatre opposite the church. 1) is shown in another page. The map shows also 4) S. Ignazio. The dotted line in the small map delineates the borders among Rione Pigna (lower section), Rione Colonna (upper section) and Rione Trevi (right side).
The view in July 2010
The original project for the fašade of S. Ignazio was modified during its construction and the planned height was raised by some 15 feet. The tall fašade was completed in 1650 and it would have required a large square in order to be properly viewed. The Jesuits who owned the church asked to be allowed to pull down existing buildings to create that square, but in 1727 they had to accept the decision by Pope Benedict XIII who authorized the redesign of the area with only a small square opposite the church.
From the point of view chosen by Vasi it is not possible to see the entire fašade of S. Ignazio and Oratorio del Caravita (in the narrow street leading to Piazza Sciarra) at the same time.
Detail of the fašade; the inscription celebrates the role of Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, nephew of Pope Gregory XV
In 1562-1566 a church was built on the site of today's S. Ignazio;
it was dedicated to S. Maria Annunziata and its fašade can be seen in a 1588 Guide to Rome. The church however did not meet the
requirements of Collegio Romano, a Jesuit public school which was attended by some 2,000 students and in 1626 it was pulled down to make room for a larger church. The construction was financed by
Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi. The new church was dedicated to St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order, who was canonized in 1622.
Orazio Grassi, who taught mathematics at Collegio Romano, designed the new building and his project was endorsed by a commission which included Carlo Maderno, the leading architect of the time. The fašade follows the pattern established by Il Ges¨, the first large church of the Jesuits.
(left) Model of the planned dome; (right) painted dome by Andrea Pozzo seen from the nave
It is indeed but the Representation of a Cupola upon
the flat Roof; it's made in that part of the Church, where, if real, it ought properly to be; and from the place mark'd out on the
Floor, in the middle of the great Nave, to view it from, one
would almost imagine it were so.
Edward Wright - Some Observations made in France, Italy etc. in the years 1720, 1721 and 1722, .
The initial design of the church included a dome, but when in 1685 the rest of the building was completed, the Jesuits had not enough money left for its construction and in addition there were some worries about the solidity of the walls which should have supported it. At this point Andrea Pozzo, a Jesuit Brother who had acquired fame by designing stages for religious representations and by decorating the rooms where St. Ignatius lived at Casa Professa, suggested to temporarily complete the interior of the church by painting an illusionistic view of the dome on canvas. His knowledge of perspective led to a very successful result and the matter was settled for good.
(left) Another view of the painted dome; (right) pendentives by Andrea Pozzo: (above) Jael and Sisara; (below) Judith and Holofernes (see other scenes of Torture and Death in the Churches of Rome)
In the nave a circular slab of yellow marble indicates the point selected by Pozzo to develop his calculations; moving away from there, one gradually notices that the church has a rather unusual dome. Pozzo completed the illusionistic dome by decorating its pendentives. Very often the four pendentives of a dome were decorated with frescoes or mosaics depicting the Four Evangelists (as at S. Pietro), but Pozzo selected other subjects. He surely took this decision with the agreement of the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, yet many criticized the choice to portray Biblical heroines in the act of killing enemy generals in their sleep. The meaning of the paintings was to highlight the victory of Religion over Heresy.
Details of the nave ceiling by Andrea Pozzo: (left) first part of a quotation from Luke 12:49 "Ignem veni mittere in terra"; (right) Allegory of America
The church seemed to be purposely somewhat darkened,
so that I could not well see the details of the ornamentation, except the frescoes on the ceiling of the
nave, which were very brilliant, and done in so
effectual a style, that I really could not satisfy myself
that some of the figures did not actually protrude
from the ceiling; in short, that they were not
coloured bas-reliefs, instead of frescoes. No words
can express the beautiful effect, in an upholstery
point of view, of this kind of decoration.
Nathaniel Hawthorne - French and Italian Notebooks - 1883.
The Jesuits were so satisfied with the fake dome that they asked Pozzo to decorate the large ceiling of the nave (you can see the entire fresco in a page with other ceilings). It depicts the Glory/Ascension of St. Ignatius and the activities of the Order.
I came to cast fire on the earth, and would that it were already kindled!, a quotation from Luke 12:49 (ESV), was the theological background out of which St. Ignatius told his Jesuits to Go, set the world on fire and in flame when they departed for foreign missions. The Jesuit missionary presence in the world was celebrated by the depiction of allegories of the four continents known at the time.
Because of the size of the ceiling Pozzo understood he needed to guide the viewer and help him in fixing his attention on the various scenes. He did so by painting a gigantic open building having two triumphal arches at its long ends. It is regarded as the finest example of quadratura, a deceptive technique based on feigned architecture and scientific calculations.
In 1693 Pozzo summarized his studies on perspective in Perspectiva pictorum and architectorum, a text which had a great influence on the decoration of XVIIIth century palaces, e.g. the Belvedere Palace in Vienna, and churches throughout Europe.
An impressive altar was dedicated to St. Aloysius Gonzaga, a Jesuit who died in 1591 at the age of 23 while caring for the sick during a pestilence; he was canonized in 1605, before the founder of his Order (St. Ignatius of Loyola, canonized 1622). Pozzo emphasized the illusionistic effect of the ceiling above the altar by positioning St. Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi (1566-1607), a Carmelite nun known for her repeated ecstasies, outside the scene.
The fame acquired by Pozzo was such that he was asked to decorate other Jesuit churches, as at Frascati; in 1703 he went to Vienna where he decorated Jesuitenkirche. Fake domes were painted also by other artists e.g. at Gozo, one of the Maltese Islands.
Pozzo was involved in the design of the altar, but perhaps because the church was already too full of colours it was decided to decorate it with a large marble relief (you may wish to see a page on these altarpieces). Piere Legros (or Le Gros) was a French sculptor who attended the courses of Accademia di Francia. In 1695 he prepared a clay model for a statue (Religion Crushes Heresy) for the Altar of St. Ignatius at il Ges¨, which he eventually made in marble, thus becoming a favourite artist of the Jesuits.
In 1709 Legros received a very important commission by the Ludovisi who wanted to build an imposing funerary monument to Pope Gregory XV and Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi. It was completed by Pierre-Etienne Monnot, another French sculptor, after Legros had a rift with the Jesuits in 1713. The image shown in the background of this page shows a detail of the monument. Another detail showing the tomb of Cardinal Ludovisi can be seen in a page covering Symbols of Death in Baroque Rome.
(left) Oratorio del Caravita; (right) detail of the fašade with dedicatory inscription to St. Francis Xavier
The oratory was built in 1630-1633 at the initiative of Father Pietro Gravita, a Jesuit in charge of Missione Urbana i.e. of preaching to the farm labourers of the Roman Campagna, especially to those who worked on a seasonal basis. The oratory became known as Oratorio del Caravita, a corruption of Father Gravita's surname; the building was used for musical performances, educational plays and the worship practice known as Macchina delle Quarant'Ore.
(left) Interior (prior to a meeting of the Caravita Community - it opens in another window); (right) XVIth century wooden crucifix
A famous educational play which was performed in this oratory was Dialogo tra il Sapiente e l'Ignorante in which the two actors impersonating a savant and an uneducated man explained the basic aspects of religion and provided the audience with simple to understand answers to their questions. This method was not developed by the Jesuits, but they found ways to make these plays very amusing.
(left) XVIIIth century baptismal font with a crab holding a crucifix, a reference to a miracle which occurred to St. Francis Xavier; (right) Allegory of Africa by Lazzaro Baldi ca. 1673
The houses which stood opposite the church were redesigned in 1727-1728 by Filippo Raguzzini, the preferred architect of Pope Benedict XIII;
they did not belong to important families and they were split into flats. Raguzzini arranged them in a way that they resemble the stage of a theatre.
The buildings surrounding the square were regarded as examples of bad taste by Francesco Milizia, a neoclassic art historian, and foreigners before the XXth century did not talk about them in their travel accounts, but today's guidebooks describe the square as delightful and a "theatrical" masterpiece.
Excerpts from Giuseppe Vasi 1761 Itinerary related to this page:
Il Card. Lodovico Ludovisi nipote di Gregorio XV. eresse questo vasto tempio lĺan.
1626. col disegno del P. Grassi Gesuita, cavato quello del Domenichino, e dell'Algardi,
di questo per˛ Ŕ disegno il prospetto. E' notabile, che cavandosi i fondamenti verso la
chiesa di s. Macuto, fu trovata la statua di Minerva, e fu ancora scoperto parte di un
acquedotto, che fu creduto dell'acqua vergine; e perchŔ era incrostato di marmi, e ornato
di colonne, e di statue, si credette, che ivi facesse la principale sua comparsa.


It took centuries for the spud to travel from the New World to the Old and back again
The Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2018
At the first Thanksgiving dinner, eaten by the Wampanoag Indians and the Pilgrims in 1621, the menu was rather different from what’s served today. For one thing, the pumpkin was roasted, not made into a pie. And there definitely wasn’t a side dish of mashed potatoes.
In fact, the first hundred Thanksgivings were spud-free, since potatoes weren’t grown in North America until 1719, when Scotch-Irish settlers began planting them in New Hampshire. Mashed potatoes were an even later invention. The first recorded recipe for the dish appeared in 1747, in Hannah Glasse’s splendidly titled “The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, Which Far Exceeds Any Thing of the Kind yet Published.”
By then, the potato had been known in Europe for a full two centuries. It was first introduced by the Spanish conquerors of Peru, where the Incas had revered the potato and even invented a natural way of freeze-drying it for storage. Nevertheless, despite its nutritional value and ease of growing, the potato didn’t catch on in Europe. It wasn’t merely foreign and ugly-looking; to wheat-growing farmers it seemed unnatural—possibly even un-Christian, since there is no mention of the potato in the Bible. Outside of Spain, it was generally grown for animal feed.
The change in the potato’s fortunes was largely due to the efforts of a Frenchman named Antoine-Augustin Parmentier (1737-1813). During the Seven Years’ War, he was taken prisoner by the Prussians and forced to live on a diet of potatoes. To his surprise, he stayed relatively healthy. Convinced he had found a solution to famine, Parmentier dedicated his life after the war to popularizing the potato’s nutritional benefits. He even persuaded Marie-Antoinette to wear potato flowers in her hair.
Among the converts to his message were the economist Adam Smith, who realized the potato’s economic potential as a staple food for workers, and Thomas Jefferson, then the U.S. Ambassador to France, who was keen for his new nation to eat well in all senses of the word. Jefferson is credited with introducing Americans to french fries at a White House dinner in 1802.
As Smith predicted, the potato became the fuel for the Industrial Revolution. A study published in 2011 by Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian in the Quarterly Journal of Economics estimates that up to a quarter of the world’s population growth from 1700 to 1900 can be attributed solely to the introduction of the potato. As Louisa May Alcott observed in “Little Men,” in 1871, “Money is the root of all evil, and yet it is such a useful root that we cannot get on without it any more than we can without potatoes.”
In 1887, two Americans, Jacob Fitzgerald and William H. Silver, patented the first potato ricer, which forced a cooked potato through a cast iron sieve, ending the scourge of lumpy mash. Still, the holy grail of “quick and easy” mashed potatoes remained elusive until the late 1950s. Using the flakes produced by the potato ricer and a new freeze drying method, U.S. government scientists perfected instant mashed potatoes, which only requires the simple step of adding hot water or milk to the mix. The days of peeling, boiling and mashing were now optional, and for millions of cooks, Thanksgiving became a little easier. And that’s something to be thankful for.


Whether you’ve just started out on your career path or already occupy a corner office, you have the ability to make a difference in the lives of those around you every single day. Of course, that difference can be positive or negative. But if you want the power to light a spark inside of others, and make them want to be better, stronger, bigger, and more of who they are… you can. With your words, with your actions, with your ethics.
All truly inspiring people share two fundamental qualities: they believe in themselves and they believe in others. But they also share other critical traits that make those around them want to be better, reach further, leap higher. Here are six of the most important ones.
- They express positivity. They’re not necessarily “upbeat” every second of every day – nobody is – but they’re enthusiastic about their work, their lives, their families. They spread their positive vibes and good energy to others, like a joyful contagion. Being with people who are passionate about what they do makes us feel good. Their enthusiasm prompts us to do our best work.
- They have empathy for others. Those who inspire us understand and care about our personal stories – who we really are and what we feel, deep down. They appreciate who we are inside, which makes us feel safe to be more authentic without worrying we’ll be humiliated for our differences or our weaknesses. And empathetic people are also capable of showing their own vulnerabilities, which puts us even more at ease.
- They listen. Hearing isn’t the same as listening. Inspirational people really pay attention to what we say to them and respond appropriately, asking questions, offering suggestions, and furthering the conversation. The never just let things go in one ear and out the other. They want your feedback and encourage you to contribute to the common goal. This creates a shared sense of value because when everyone participates, everyone is important.
- They foster equality. The people who inspire us the most are not full of hate, bigotry, or racism. They don’t harbor or encourage thoughts of who is “better” than someone else, or who “deserves” more. They strive for equality. They use caring, accepting language, and are inclusive rather than divisive. Understanding, compassion, acceptance, and appreciation are at the heart of who they are and what they stand for.
- They are trustworthy. We look up to those who show integrity. When a person always tells the truth, systematically delivers on what they promise, and lives honestly and earnestly, we can’t help but be inspired by them. We know they won’t use us for their own purposes or to cover up their misdeeds. We can rely on them in a crisis; we know we can count on them if we tell them something in confidence. They always place the common good above their ego, as hard as it may sometimes be.
- They’re generous by nature. Inspirational people try to give others what they want whenever it’s possible or reasonable. They understand that, while money is a motivator, so too are praise, recognition, non-monetary rewards, saying “thank you”, and publicly celebrating an individual’s contribution to a successful endeavor. Speaking directly to you about the value that your work provides for the organization is also inspiring – and fulfilling.
Every day at work, the words you speak and the actions you take are powerful beyond your wildest dreams. Make it your goal to see that they’re inspirational and you’ll elicit the best from those around you.


process flow diagram of soap manufacturing plant - Ciros Industryprocess flow diagram of soap manufacturing plant,Process flow diagram of Soap Manufacturing Plant - Angelfireundefined. undefined. Site hosted by Angelfire: Build your free website today! Page-1. Process flow diagram of Soap Manufacturing Plant Table of Contens.process flow diagram of soap manufacturing plant.process flow diagram of soap manufacturing plant,Soap Manufacturing Process,Manufacturing of Soaps,Detergent .The manufacturing of soaps and detergents is a complex process that involves different activities and processes. The size and complexity of these processes and activities may range from small manufacturing plants that employ a small number of people to those with hundreds and thousands of workers. products may range.
How soap is made - material, manufacture, making, used .Soap is a combination of animal fat or plant oil and caustic soda. When dissolved in water, it breaks dirt away from . The French chemist Eugene-Michel Chevreul put the soap-forming process (called in English saponification) into concrete chemical terms in 1823. In saponification, the animal fat, which is chemically neutral,.process flow diagram of soap manufacturing plant,Soap Manufacturing Process | Soap | Materials - ScribdSoap was manufactured by using batch kettle boiling method. Chemical Process in Bar Soap Manufacturing Bar soap can be manufactured by either using batch or continuous process. palm and palm kernel oils are the main oils that are used in soap manufacturing.Flow Chart . which may include human and environmental.John Frank
soap production process flow diagram pdf. . industrial soap manufacturing flow diagrams pdf – Crusher South . process flow chart of detergent powder . process of detergent production with diagram - … . Gelatine Processing Plant, Industrial . Browse and Read Process Flow Diagram Of Detergent Process Flow.
Soap is a combination of animal fat or plant oil and caustic soda. When dissolved in water, it breaks dirt away from . The French chemist Eugene-Michel Chevreul put the soap-forming process (called in English saponification) into concrete chemical terms in 1823. In saponification, the animal fat, which is chemically neutral,.
Feb 18, 2012 . Saponification is the name of the process and raw material required is vegetable oil which contains fatty acids having minimum 12 to 18 carbon atoms, some of the . The process can be explained by series of unit operation involved: . Commercial Full-Boiled Soap Manufacture Process Flow Diagram.
Number Title Page 29 Glycerine Recovery 160 30 Concentration of 80% Glycerine to 99.5% 161 31 Continuous Detergent Slurry Processing Plant 176 High-Active Alkylate Sulfonation with Oleum 32 Continuous Detergent Slurry Processing Plant 177 Fatty Alcohol Sulfation with Oleum 33 Soap Manufacture by Continuous.
Mar 9, 2017 . Process Control & Instrumentation? Why do we need Process Control? Process Variables and sensors ? Soap? Soap Production Flow Chart Equipments used in Soap Making Industry Why Automation is needed in Soap Manufacturing Industries? Automation In Soap Manufacturing.
Soap Drying Systems; Process Flow Diagram; Appendix. 8: Bar Soap Finishing. Introduction; Processing . He has represented (the) Italian Manufacturers of Soap Processing Plants and Packaging Machinery and is currently an independent consultant in the soap industry. From 1977-2015, Luis chaired and presented at.
Soaps & Detergents: Manufacturing. 00mnf. Soap and detergent manufacturing consists of a broad range of processing and packaging operations. The size and complexity of these operations vary from small plants employing a few people to those with several hundred workers. Products range from large-volume types like.
Site Study 2. Plant Layout 26-34 34-36 Section III : Mass Balance Summary 37 Section IV : Process Flow Diagram 37-39 Section V : Extended Summary 40-43 References 44-47 Section I: Process background 1.Production Overview Introduction Soap is generally long-chain fatty acid of sodium and potassium salts. It can be.
Sep 2, 2015 . A soap manufacturer located in Ontario supplies private label detergent products such as toilet bar soaps, liquid soaps and shampoos to major retailers in North America. The plant block diagram below illustrates the toilet bars soap making process at the company. The red boxes highlight the input raw.
Jun 18, 2013 . In this unit students will learn about chemistry, engineering design, and the work activities of a chemical engineer. ... The students will create a flow chart that shows the procedural steps in the soap making process. • The students will share their graphic organizers in groups and then as a class. • Finally.
The procedure for bar soap manufacture (O) will vary significantly from plant to plant, depending on the particular clientele served. A typical flow diagram for process O is shown in. Figure 7. The amount of water used in bar soap manufacture varies greatly. In many cases, the entire bar soap processing operation is carried.
Abstract: In this paper, using quality management tools, we track root causes and principal causes of the rising manufacturing cost of the bar soaps and propose solution to .. later called a flow chart or a run chart. They are also called ... Located in the center of the Ivory Coast, the plant of this soaps company has existed for.
The Solvay process or ammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash). The ammonia-soda process was developed into its modern form by Ernest Solvay during the 1860s. The ingredients for this are readily available and inexpensive: salt brine (from inland sources.
Apr 30, 2007 . treatment unit in the production process. Glycerin Production. Condensation water from glyceric solution evaporation and distillation, and water from vacuum generation systems, are . soaps, glycerin, and traces of methanol) and inorganic acids . filtration for separation of filterable solids; flow and load.
Factory: the case of Repi Soap and Detergent S.Co. A Thesis Submitted To the . As consumption trend of soaps and detergents rise in Ethiopia, assessment of the environmental performance of the industry . PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND FLOW DIAGRAM FOR LIQUID DETERGENT PRODUCTION. 47. 4.5. PROCESS.
Apr 30, 2016 . Surfactant Manufacturing;. Liquid Soap Making A and B;. Dry Consumer Products A; and. Site Supporting Utilities. Each of these business areas will be discussed in greater detail in this section. A process flow diagram is included as. Attachment F. The installation of equipment at the facility will be installed.
The products of the chemical industry can be broadly divided into three groups, which correspond to the principal steps in manufacture: base chemicals (organic and .. Process technology information includes block flow diagrams and/ or simple process flow diagrams as well as descriptions of the chemistry of each specific.
Projects Executed. Project Scope: Major capital investment project and capacity increase. Industry Served: One of the largest international pharmaceutical companies in the field of biotechnology in Canada. Key Deliverables: On site Project Management services, project planning, scheduling, cost controls and cost.
1) Draw neat process flow diagram of DCDA process.(4). 2) How air is dried in sulfuric acid plant?(3). 3) Why SO3 is not directly absorbed in water to produce sulfuric acid?(3). 4) Write any four industrial uses of sulfuric acid.(4). 5) Describe DCDA process for sulfuric acid manufacturing.(4). Chapter-2. 1) Explain working of.


[flickr id=”8291432550″ thumbnail=”medium” overlay=”true” size=”original” group=”” align=”none”]
What is the Zooniverse? The Zooniverse, in partnership with Citizen Science, is an awesome website that allows everyday people to participate in active scientific research on topics ranging from space research to health. It’s an amazing site, and it has become a great launching pad for me when I am planning art integration lesson plans.
If you’re like me, your first thought is that you’re absolutely not qualified to analyze cancer cells, or supernovae, or fragmented papyri texts. Let’s debunk that myth now. It’s not true! Since hundreds of thousands of people across the world are actively taking part in the different Zoos right now, scientists take the average answers and develop their research based on that. So, if you categorize 10 galaxies incorrectly, chances are that you were one of 10,000 people who got those wrong out of 500,000 people who categorized galaxies in the Galaxy Zoo in total. No bigs! You are not about to steer the entire world’s knowledge base of space science in the wrong direction.
Right now, there are fourteen Zoos (different Zooniverse projects) in the Zooniverse. After scientists collect enough data, they close one Zoo and eventually another opens up. If you’re wondering why this sort of thing exists, it’s because in each of these projects, there was an overload of data that it would take decades for scientists to fully vet out. By turning the data over to the public in a fun and engaging way, scientists have been able to have this data analyzed in much shorter amounts of time.
My favorite Zoos right now are the Cell Slider zoo, where the public is able to analyze cancerous cells versus healthy cells. Another is the Snapshot Serengeti zoo (this one is really great to get elementary students involved in—the wheels in my head are turning) where the public categorizes animals that have been photographed in the Serengeti. The Ancient Lives Zoo is definitely a favorite, and I have created an arts integration unit based on it.
I highly recommend spending a little of your free time exploring the Zooniverse. Also, for awesome lesson plans based on the Zooniverse, some of them developed by me during my internship in the Education Department at the Adler Planetarium (see photo above of me on my last day as an intern), visit www.zooteach.org!
[flickr id=”8291432550″ thumbnail=”medium” overlay=”true” size=”original” group=”” align=”none”] What is the Zooniverse? The Zooniverse, in partnership with Citizen Science, is an awesome website that allows everyday people to participate in active scientific research …


Thursday, February 3, 2011
African-American History Month Book Review: Ruth and the Green Book, by Calvin Alexander Ramsey, illustrated by Floyd Cooper (Carolrhoda Books, 2010)
This outstanding historical fiction picture book highlights the harsh realities of travel for African-Americans in the Jim Crow South. It's well-known that many hotels would not accept African-American travelers, but did you know that many gas stations refused to sell gas to African-Americans as well?
In this story, beautifully illustrated by Floyd Cooper's nostalgic, almost sepia-toned paintings, young Ruth is so excited when Daddy comes home with their very own automobile--a shiny green Buick, that Daddy will use for work but also for them to take a trip from their home in Chicago to her grandma's home in Alabama. When they eventually stop for gas on the way, Ruth and her Mama have to relieve themselves in the bushes, because the restrooms were for whites only. And when they stop in a hotel with plenty of vacancies, they are refused a room, and are forced to drive through the night instead.
Ruth overhears her daddy talking about someone named Jim Crow, but then finds out that Jim Crow "wasn't a who. It was a bunch of ugly laws forbidding blacks and whites from mixing in any way." Ruth finds this hard to understand, and her feelings are hurt to be so unwelcome. Isn't our money just as good, she wonders.
But at an Esso station they learn about The Negro Motorist Green Book, started by a postman named Victor Green to help black people out who were traveling by car. Like today's AAA guides, it listed places around the country to eat, stay, shop, and visit--but in this case places that would welcome African-American travelers. With the guide, Ruth's family finds inns that welcomed them, and other African-Americans, including traveling salesmen, who depended on the Green Book to do their jobs.
This picture book highlights just one aspect of the Jim Crow laws, but in a compelling way, from a child's point of view, in a manner that makes the racism of the time more accessible to a young person's level of understanding. This is an excellent title for starting or enhancing a discussion of civil rights either at home or in the classroom. The book was recognized by ALA as a Notable Children's Book from 2010.
For more information related to this title, see the book's website: ruthandthegreenbook.com, where you can download discussion questions and other curricular materials, including the an original Green Book from the 1950's.


A post from 2008 mentions that April 23, is the traditional date given for Shakespeare's birthday,
what i would like to ask (and we are talking Elizabethan era) is one simple question:
If U don't have a small Latine letter r
and an even lesser Greeke one,
U (VVILL) Ne ve r understand, how
"to draw know ENVY on (Shakespea r es) name."
Ref Mr Ben Johnson's eulogy & etc.
I know this post is probably illegible, but in all honesty, i try my best to pass an astonishing
thing on. Its very hard to do. It was hard enough to see 400 years ago, it is almost impossible to see it now.
Which is weird, because texing is the new language' and i claim that a similar thing is going on in Shakespeare.
If what I claim is true, then there is no chance whatever of truly understanding the Works of William Shakespeare.
If I claim to know Y the famous birth was on that day, and said it is represented on the Sonnets (1609) front cover,
that will sound damn silly. I am not a silly person. I am willing to put my money where my mouth is.
But who will take me up on the thing?
The administrator has disabled public write access.


Curious about data analytics?
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Don’t miss these 3 data analytics books. From basics to hands-on, to a data viz classic.
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The Muscat grape has been grown and cultivated for centuries all over Europe, and in more recent years has become something of a flagship varietal for many New World countries. It is widely admired for its versatility and for the fact that it can be successfully used for the production of many different styles and types of wine. In eastern and central Europe, it is most commonly associated with elegant sweet dessert wines, further west it is used for bright and strong dry white wines, and it is also famous for the superb sparkling wines it produces, full of elegant bubbles and a mineral-rich flavor which compliments its natural 'grapey' character. Muscat grapes are generally agreed to be one of the oldest varietals in the world, and this goes some way to explaining the seemingly vast differences the fruit shows in various parts of the world.
It isn't difficult to see how California became one of the world's most important, successful and influential wine regions. Since the first vines were planted in the state by Spanish pioneers in the 18th century, the region has made the most of its ideal climatic conditions, which range from hot, dry and arid to windswept and cool, for vineyard cultivation and wine production. Today, California has almost half a million acres under vine, and hundreds of independent and well established wineries dotted across its vast wine-making areas. Californian wines range from the traditional, and those emulating fine Old World wines, to the experimental and unique, and it is the home to many of the world's most exciting and trailblazing wineries producing excellent bottles for the global market.
Country: United States
For three hundred years now, the United States has been leading the New World in wine production, both in regards to quantity and quality. Wine is actually produced in all fifty states across the country, with California leading the way by an enormous margin. Indeed, as much as eighty-nine percent of all wines to come out of the United States are produced in California, where the fertile soils and sloping mountain sides, coupled with the long, hot summers provide ideal conditions for producing high quality, European style red, white and rosÃ© wines. With over a million acres of the country under vine, the United States sits comfortably as the fourth largest wine producer in the world, where imported grape varietals from all over the Old World are processed using a successful blend of traditional and contemporary techniques.


Actually, that was a lie. It is, in fact, not remotely done. Which is good, since you can read about the steps being taken to correct the fact that it is not done.
In this entry Michael explains the z-buffer. Let me take a crack at the same thing, because I enjoy doing it…
So you’re there, rendering polygons, and you want to make sure that stuff in the background is properly obscured by the things in front of it. In the old days, it was a lot like painting with oil-based paints. You had to paint the far away details first, and gradually layer on things closer and closer to the viewer, covering up the stuff you painted before.
Of course, we’re talking about computer rendering here, so we’re trying to make a new painting 30 times a second. (Eat your heart out, Bob Ross.) The problem with drawing the world back-to-front, is that players insist on always moving around all the time. This means that you have to keep re-calculating the distances to all of the stuff to be rendered and then re-sorting them. That’s expensive even today, and back in the (very) early 90’s, computers had even less CPU time to waste on this sort of business.
Enter the z-buffer. (Sometimes called the depth buffer, because programmers are never happy until they have eleven different names for everything.) Imagine that we have two canvases. One is the rendering buffer, where we will paint our picture.
The other is the z-buffer, where we will record how far away things are. Now, the z-buffer is never shown to the user, but you can think of it as a grayscale image.
Every time we draw a pixel in the render buffer, we draw a pixel in the z-buffer as well, recording how far away that pixel is. In our example, farther = brighter. If we ever run into a situation where we would be drawing a brighter pixel over a darker one in the z-buffer, then we skip drawing it and neither the z-buffer or the render buffer are changed.
Once the painting is done, you wipe the z-buffer clean and start over.
But that only solves half of your problems. If you want to draw transparent stuff (like windows) then you need both a z-buffer and sorting to make it look right. Check out the Let’s Code entry to read the rest of that puzzle.
Quakecon 2012 Annotated
An interesting but technically dense talk about gaming technology. I translate it for the non-coders.
The Dumbest Cutscene
This is it. This is the dumbest cutscene ever created for a AAA game. It's so bad it's simultaneously hilarious and painful. This is "The Room" of video game cutscenes.
A game I love. It has a solid main story and a couple of really obnoxious, cringy, incoherent side-plots in it. What happened here?
Internet News is All Wrong
Why is internet news so bad, why do people prefer celebrity fluff, and how could it be made better?
The Best of 2016
My picks for what was important, awesome, or worth talking about in 2016.


Data Interpretation or Data Analysis, as the name suggests, is all about data. Looking at life scientifically, we can say that life is all about DATA. It is all around us, almost everything is accompanied with data. From sales reports to trends to budget planning to almost every single operation, some calculations or the other are required. In this section, we explore these calculations.
The basic idea that operates behind these questions is to test a candidate on his ability to make decisions and establish what would be the best recourse in different situation. Each set of question generally consist of multiple conditions and one is supposed to use these clues to solve the questions.
Some Tips to solve these questions:
- Read the figures given closely and do not over-approximate just to simplify your task.
- DO NOT ASSUME information that is not given in the questions.
- Data Interpretation revolves around Arithmetic and calculation speed.